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4007103 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahjoor | Mahjoor | Peerzada Ghulam Ahmad (August 1887 − 9 April 1952), known by his pen name as Mahjoor, was a poet of the Kashmir Valley, along with contemporaries, Zinda Kaul, Abdul Ahad Azad, and Dinanath Nadim. He is especially noted for introducing a new style into Kashmiri poetry and for expanding Kashmiri poetry into previously unexplored thematic realms. In addition to his poems in Kashmiri, Mahjoor is also noted for his poetic compositions in Persian and Urdu.
Early life
Mahjoor was born in the village of Mitrigam, Pulwama, 38 km from Srinagar and 5 km from Pulwama. He got his pen name Mahjoor when he visited Punjab and started writing poetry under the influence of great Urdu poet, Shibli Namani. He followed in the academic footsteps of his father, who was a scholar of Persian language.
He received the primary education from the Maktab of Aashiq Trali (a renowned poet) in Tral. After passing the middle school examination from Nusrat-ul-Islam School, Srinagar, he went to Punjab where he came in contact with Urdu poets like Bismil Amritsari and Moulana Shibi Nomani. He returned to Srinagar in 1908 and started writing in Persian and then in Urdu.
Determined to write in his native language, Mahjoor used the simple diction of traditional folk storytellers in his writing.
Mahjoor worked as a patwari (regional administrator) in Kashmir. Along with his official duties, he spent his free time writing poetry, and his first Kashmiri poem 'Vanta hay vesy' was published in 1918.
Poetic legacy
Many of the themes of the poetry of Mahjoor involved freedom and progress in Kashmir, and his poems awakened latent nationalism among Kashmiris. His popular verses engaged such topics as love, communal harmony, social reform, and the plight of the Kashmiris. He also wrote on such timeless themes as youth, the flowers of Nishat Garden, peasant girls, gardeners, and the golden oriole. At that time, such songs were unknown in formal Kashmiri poetry.He is like Bharathiyar in Tamil Nadu.
Mahjoor is also recognized as a poet who revolutionized the traditional forms of nazm and ghazal.
In 1972, a bilingual film named Shayar-e-Kashmir Mahjoor was released with the Hindi version starring Balraj Sahni. A square in Srinagar is named after him. He is buried near the poet Habba Khatoon at a site near Athwajan on the Jammu-Srinagar national highway.
A song featured in Coke Studio Explorer, "Ha Gulo" is written by Mahjoor and was sung by Kashmiri regional band Qasamir.
Bibliography
Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor. Poems of Mahjoor. New Delhi: Sahitya Academi, 1988.
Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor. The Best of Mahjoor: Selections from Mahjoor's Kashmiri Poems (translated by Triloki Nath Raina). Srinagar, India: J&K Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, 1989.
References
Kashmiri poets
1887 births
1952 deaths
20th-century Indian poets
Kashmiri people
Indian male poets
Poets from Jammu and Kashmir
20th-century Indian male writers |
4007104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme%20Measures%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20Deep%20Space%20Nine%29 | Extreme Measures (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) | "Extreme Measures" is the 173rd episode of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. The episode had over 4.3 million viewers when it first aired on television in May 1999, with a Nielsen rating of 4.3 points.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet-managed space station Deep Space Nine near the planet Bajor, as the Bajorans recover from a decades-long occupation by the imperialistic Cardassians. The later seasons of the series follow a war between the United Federation of Planets and an expansionist empire known as the Dominion, ruled by the shapeshifting Changelings, which has already absorbed Cardassia.
This is the seventh episode of the concluding nine-episode story arc of the series, which brings the Dominion War and other story elements to a close. In episodes preceding this one, the Changelings have fallen victim to a mysterious disease, including Deep Space Nine's security chief Odo, a rogue Changeling who opposes the Dominion. The station physician Julian Bashir has inferred that the Federation's shadowy black ops agency, Section 31, infected Odo deliberately to transmit the disease to the Dominion's Founders. In this episode, Bashir and Chief Miles O'Brien invade the mind of a dying Section 31 agent to find a cure for the disease.
This episode was written by Bradley Thompson and David Weddle and it was directed by Steve Posey. William Sadler returns to play Sloan.
Plot
The Changeling infection has taken its toll on Odo; Bashir estimates he has no more than two weeks to live. Odo asks his lover, Colonel Kira Nerys, to return to her mission aiding the Cardassian rebellion against Dominion rule, rather than stay to watch him die.
Bashir falsely announces that he has discovered a cure, aiming to lure a Section 31 agent to the station. Agent Sloan takes the bait, and Bashir captures him and prepares to interrogate him with a memory-scanning device to learn the cure for the Changeling disease. When Sloan sees no way to get out of Bashir's interrogation, he kills himself. Bashir and O'Brien construct a device that will allow them to infiltrate Sloan's dying mind. They only have a short time to find the information they seek; when Sloan's brain shuts down, they'll die with him if they're still connected.
Upon entering Sloan's mind, they are greeted by a personification of his subconscious. This Sloan apologizes to his family for choosing Section 31 over them, and is about to give Bashir the cure when it is killed by a personification of Sloan's loyalty to Section 31. Bashir and O'Brien are seemingly shot by a figure defending Sloan's secrets, and discuss their friendship before attempting to continue the search.
They seemingly awaken back in Bashir's lab, their mission a failure. In fact, they are still inside Sloan's mind, as Bashir realizes when he sits down in his quarters to read: his book ends where he stopped reading the previous night, and then starts over from the beginning on the next page. Realize they have fallen for a stalling tactic, the two resume the search.
They find Sloan in a representation of his office, which is filled with secret data about Section 31, including the formula for the cure for the Changeling disease. Sloan taunts Bashir with the information in his mind – information that would allow Bashir to dismantle Section 31 once and for all. Bashir is tempted, and begins to read. With seconds left before Sloan's brain shuts down, O'Brien recognizes the trap and tells Bashir to get them out of Sloan's mind. Having obtained the chemical formula for the cure, Bashir administers the drug to Odo, curing him.
Reception
The episode first aired on television May 17, 1999. It had Nielsen ratings of 4.3 points, and had over 4.3 million viewers.
Keith R.A. DeCandido, reviewing the episode in 2015 for Tor.com, gave it a rating of 4 out 10. He criticized the episode's slow pace and its focus on the Section 31 storyline at the expense of other plot lines in the concluding story arc.
In 2014, Zack Handlen, writing for The A.V. Club, called the episode "pretty clever", with well acted scenes; he enjoyed the relationship between O'Brien and Bashir.
In their book Make It So: Interaction Design Lessons from Science Fiction, Nathan Shedroff and Christopher Noessel note that this episode illustrates a common theme among virtual worlds in science fiction, in which characters have a hard time knowing when they have "woken up" or if they are still in the illusion.
See also
Section 31
A Tale of Two Cities (real-life novel by Charles Dickens mentioned in this episode)
Brainstorm (1983 film), film about entering a mind to get information
References
External links
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (season 7) episodes
1999 American television episodes |
4007112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%E2%80%93Thurner%20syndrome | May–Thurner syndrome | May–Thurner syndrome (MTS), also known as the iliac vein compression syndrome, is a condition in which compression of the common venous outflow tract of the left lower extremity may cause discomfort, swelling, pain or clots (deep venous thrombosis) in the iliofemoral veins.
Specifically, the problem is due to left common iliac vein compression by the overlying right common iliac artery. This leads to stasis of blood, which predisposes to the formation of blood clots. Uncommon variations of MTS have been described, such as the right common iliac vein getting compressed by the right common iliac artery.
In the 21st century the May–Thurner syndrome definition has been expanded to a broader disease profile known as nonthrombotic iliac vein lesions (NIVL) which can involve both the right and left iliac veins as well as multiple other named venous segments. This syndrome frequently manifests as pain when the limb is dependent (hanging down the edge of a bed/chair) and/or significant swelling of the whole limb.
Signs and symptoms
Because of its similarities to Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), May-Thurner's syndrome is rarely diagnosed amongst the general population. In this condition, the right iliac artery sequesters and compresses the left common iliac vein against the lumbar section of the spine, resulting in swelling of the legs and ankles, pain, tingling, and/or numbness in the legs and feet. The pain is often presented as dull, and may progress up and down the leg depending on the patient. Lower extremities may feel warm to the touch and swelling may maintain or dissipate throughout the day.
Mechanism
In contrast to the right common iliac vein, which ascends almost vertically to the inferior vena cava, the left common iliac vein traverses diagonally from left to right to enter the inferior vena cava. Along this course, it goes under the right common iliac artery, which may compress it against the lumbar spine and limit the flow of blood out of the left leg. There are case reports of the inferior vena cava being compressed by the iliac arteries or right-sided compression syndromes, but the vast majority are on the left side. While this is the suspected cause of the syndrome, the left iliac vein is frequently seen to be compressed in asymptomatic patients, and considered an anatomic variant- a 50% luminal compression of the left iliac vein occurs in a quarter of healthy individuals. Compression becomes clinically significant only if it causes appreciable hemodynamic changes in venous flow or venous pressure, or if it leads to acute or chronic DVT.
In addition to compression, the vein develops intraluminal fibrous spurs from the effects of the chronic pulsatile compressive force from the artery. The narrowed turbulent channel predisposes the patient to thrombosis. The compromised blood flow often causes collateral blood vessels to form. These are most often horizontal transpelvis collaterals, connecting both internal iliac veins, thus creating outflow through the right common iliac vein. Sometimes vertical collaterals are formed, most often paralumbar, which can cause neurological symptoms, like tingling and numbness.
This compressed, narrowed outflow channel causes stasis of the blood, which is one element of Virchow's triad that precipitates deep vein thrombosis.
Diagnosis
It is important to consider May–Thurner syndrome in patients who have no other obvious reason for hypercoagulability and who present with left lower extremity thrombosis. To rule out other causes for hypercoagulation, it may be appropriate to check the antithrombin, protein C, protein S, factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A, and antiphospholipid antibodies.
Venography will demonstrate the classical syndrome when causing deep venous thrombosis.
May–Thurner syndrome in the broader disease profile known as nonthrombotic iliac vein lesions (NIVLs) exists in the symptomatic ambulatory patient and these lesions are usually not seen by venography. Morphologically, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has emerged as the best current tool in the broader sense. Functional testing such as duplex ultrasound, venous and interstitial pressure measurement and plethysmography may sometimes be beneficial. Compression of the left common iliac vein may be seen on pelvic CT.
Treatment
Management of the underlying defect is proportional to the severity of the clinical presentation. Leg swelling and pain is best evaluated by vascular specialists (vascular surgeons, interventional cardiologists, interventional radiologists) who both diagnose and treat arterial and venous diseases to ensure that the cause of the extremity pain is evaluated. The diagnosis needs to be confirmed with some sort of imaging that may include magnetic resonance venography, venogram and usually confirmed with intravascular ultrasound because the flattened vein may not be noticed on conventional venography. In order to prevent prolonged swelling or pain from the consequences of the backed up blood from the compressed iliac vein, flow needs to be improved out of the leg. Uncomplicated cases may be managed with compression stockings.
Severe May–Thurner syndrome may require thrombolysis if there is a recent onset of thrombosis, followed by angioplasty and stenting of the iliac vein after confirming the diagnosis with a venogram or an intravascular ultrasound. A stent may be used to support the area from further compression following angioplasty. As the name implies, there classically is not a thrombotic component in these cases, but thrombosis may occur at any time.
If the patient has extensive thrombosis, it may be appropriate to consider pharmacologic and/or mechanical (also known as pharmacomechanical) thrombectomy. This is currently being studied to determine whether this will decrease the incidence of post-thrombotic syndrome.
Epidemiology
May–Thurner syndrome (MTS) is thought to represent between two and five percent of lower-extremity venous disorders. May–Thurner syndrome is often unrecognized; however, current estimates are that this condition is three times more common in women than in men. The classic syndrome typically presents in the second to fourth decades of life. In the 21st century in a broader disease profile, the syndrome acts as a permissive lesion and becomes symptomatic when something else happens such as, following trauma, a change in functional status such as swelling following orthopaedic joint replacement.
See also
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) – Compression of the brachial plexus or subclavian vessels.
Paget–Schroetter disease – Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in the axillary or subclavian veins, related to TOS.
Budd–Chiari syndrome – Venous compression or obstruction in the liver.
Nutcracker syndrome - Compression of the left renal vein between aorta and upper mesenteric artery.
References
External links
Vascular medicine – Vascular medicine and angiology related topics for experts and laypersons.
Syndromes affecting the vascular system |
4007115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Shah%20of%20Terengganu | Ali Shah of Terengganu | Sultan Ali Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah (24 January 1914 – 17 May 1996) was the fifteenth Sultan of Terengganu. He was the son of the fourteenth Sultan, Sultan Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah and the legitimate heir to the throne of Terengganu.
Sultan Sulaiman died on 25 September 1942 of blood poisoning. The Japanese Military Administration, which at that time occupied Malaya, proclaimed Sultan Ali as the Sultan of Terengganu.
On 18 October 1943, the Thai government under Prime Minister Field Marshal Plaek Pibulsonggram took over the administration of Terengganu from the Japanese and continued to recognise Sultan Ali as the legitimate Sultan.
When the British returned after the end of World War II, they declined to recognise Sultan Ali. Allegedly, Sultan Ali was too much in debt and had been too close to the Japanese during their occupation. According to Sultan Ali, the British Military Administration wanted him removed for his refusal to sign the Malayan Union treaty.
The British Military Administration also disapproved of Sultan Ali's character, where he was said to have repudiated his official consort Tengku Putri Hajjah ‘Ain ul-Jamal, Tengku Sri Nila Utama of Pahang (the daughter of Sultan Abu Bakar of Pahang) and had contracted an unsuitable second marriage to a former prostitute.
On 5 November 1945 the Terengganu State Council of thirteen members announced the dismissal of Sultan Ali and the appointment of Tengku Ismail as the sixteenth Sultan of Terengganu. Tengku Ismail became known as Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah and was installed on 6 June 1949 at Istana Maziah, Kuala Terengganu. Sultan Ismail's
descendants have since ruled Terengganu.
Sultan Ali continued to dispute his dismissal until his death on 17 May 1996.
References
Sultans of Terengganu
Malayan collaborators with Imperial Japan
1914 births
1996 deaths
Monarchs who abdicated
Malaysian people of Malay descent
Malaysian Muslims
People from Terengganu
20th-century Malaysian politicians |
4007152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirent | Spirent | Spirent Communications plc is a British multinational telecommunications testing company headquartered in Crawley, West Sussex, in the United Kingdom. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.
History
The company was founded by Jack Bowthorpe in 1936 as Goodliffe Electric Supplies. In 1949 it changed its name to Bowthorpe. It acquired Optima Electronics in 1987 and disposed of its defence businesses in 1990. The company's electronics business grew rapidly during the dot-com boom of the 1990s, with the 1995 purchase of Telecom Analysis Systems (located in Eatontown, New Jersey) and the 1997 purchase of businesses such as Adtech, a digital test equipment concern based in Hawaii and the company was a member of the FTSE 100 index from time to time. It disposed of its automotive industry businesses in 1999, the same year that it bought Netcom Systems, a US telecoms testing business which makes network equipment testers, and DLS, a Canadian telecoms testing business. In 2000 it also bought Hekimian, a major Operations Support Systems business, Zarak Systems, another communications software business and Net-Hopper, an access systems specialist.
In 2000 it changed its name to Spirent. The name is derived from the words "inspired innovation."
It acquired Caw Networks, a Santa Clara company which makes network performance testing appliances including Avalanche, in 2002, Scientific Software Engineering, a United States-based developer of software including Landslide for testing the performance and functionality of wireless network infrastructure, in 2006, Imperfect Networks, an IDS/IPS testing company, in 2006, and Fanfare Software, a United States-based developer of the iTest automation software, in 2011.
It went on to buy Mu Dynamics, a Sunnyvale company which makes cloud and app testing products such as Blitz, and Metrico Wireless, a company involved in mobile device performance analytics for wireless service providers, OEMs and corporate enterprises based in Frederick, Maryland, in 2012.
In July 2014, Spirent acquired Radvision's Technology Business Unit from Avaya. Radvision a company based in Tel Aviv, Israel, offers development and test suites for voice and video over IP communications.
In September 2014, Spirent announced that it acquired Mobilethink A/S and its wholly owned subsidiary, Tweakker ApS, a provider of mobile device management for mobile operators.
In July 2017, both the Tel Aviv operations and Mobilethink were divested by way of a management buyout into a separate company, Softil.
Operations
Spirent Communications PLC is a communications and network testing company. Spirent mainly consists of the former Consultronics (later DLS Testworks) (of Ottawa, Ontario), Netcom Systems (of Chatsworth, California and later Calabasas, California), Adtech (of Honolulu, Hawaii), Zarak Systems (of Sunnyvale, California), Caw Networks (of San Jose, California), Hekimian (of Rockville, Maryland), Telecom Analysis Systems (of Eatontown, New Jersey) in 1995, Global Simulation Systems (of Paignton, Devon) in 1997, DLS (of Ottawa, Ontario) in 1998 and a number of other small network test equipment providers that it has acquired such as Imperfect Networks (of Burlington, Massachusetts).
References
External links
Official site
Telecommunications companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Sussex
Telecommunications companies established in 1936
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
1936 establishments in England |
4007170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannville | Mannville | Mannville may refer to:
Mannville, Alberta, a town in Alberta, Canada
Mannville Group, a stratigraphical unit in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
See also
Manville (disambiguation) |
4007204 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killerton | Killerton | Killerton is an 18th-century house in Broadclyst, Exeter, Devon, England, which, with its hillside garden and estate, has been owned by the National Trust since 1944 and is open to the public. The National Trust displays the house as a comfortable home. On display in the house is a collection of 18th- to 20th-century costumes, originally known as the Paulise de Bush collection, shown in period rooms.
The estate covers some 2590 hectares (25.9 km2, 6400 acres). Included in the Estate is a steep wooded hillside with the remains of an Iron Age Hill fort on top of it, also known as Dolbury, which has also yielded evidence of Roman occupation, thought to be a possible fort or marching camp within the Hill fort.
Killerton House itself and the Bear's Hut summerhouse in the grounds are Grade II* listed buildings. The gardens are Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
History
The manor of Columb John in the parish of Broadclyst was purchased by Sir John Acland (d.1620), MP and High Sheriff of Devon. The adjoining estate of Killerton was purchased a short time thereafter from Sir Thomas Drewe (d.1651) of The Grange, Broadhembury, Sheriff of Devon in 1612, by his nephew
Sir Arthur Acland (d.1610) of Acland in the parish of Landkey as jointure for his wife Eleanor Mallet. The present Georgian Killerton House was built by Sir Thomas Acland, 7th baronet in 1778. The chapel was built in 1738 to the designs of Charles Robert Cockerell.
The garden was created in the 1770s by John Veitch, one of the leading landscape designers of the time. It features rhododendrons, magnolias, herbaceous borders and rare trees, as well as an ice house and early 19th-century summer house. The surrounding parkland and woods offer a number of circular walks. Plans attributed to William Sawrey Gilpin (1762-1843) for a new drive from Killerton to Columbjohn (1820) were not implemented; a short play about of the meeting between Veitch and Gilpin was commissioned by The National Trust in the gardens of Killerton in mid 2016.
Killerton was given to the National Trust by British politician Sir Richard Dyke Acland, 15th Baronet, and in September 2015 The National Trust commissioned a short drama to be staged on the site entitled The Gift, written by Eileen Dillon, telling the story of Sir Richard's decision to hand over his estate.
The Lost House
In 2016 an archeological dig discovered what is believed to be a footprint of an intended replacement home to the current Killerton. Reports believe that this is what has been known in history as the lost house of Devon, of 240 years, designed by architect James Wyatt. It is a shortish walk from the current site, but still within the grounds, and its existence was obscured by a copse that looks to have been deliberately planted to hide it. Killerton have placed woodwork in all four corners of what they believe would have been the corners of the intended property above the footprints found. They have also placed a door and frame on what they believe would have been the entrance to the intended billiard room. Killerton's information boards on the site state that there is an intention for further archeological digs in the future.
References
External links
Killerton information at the National Trust
Hill forts in Devon
Roman fortifications in Devon
Gardens in Devon
Country houses in Devon
Grade II* listed buildings in Devon
Grade II* listed parks and gardens in Devon
National Trust properties in Devon
Veitch Nurseries
Museums in Exeter
Historic house museums in Devon
Fashion museums in the United Kingdom
Grade II* listed houses
Roman fortified camps in England |
4007225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll%20Levis | Carroll Levis | Carroll Richard Levis (March 15, 1910 – October 17, 1968) was a Canadian talent scout, impresario and radio and television broadcaster, mainly working in Britain.
Biography
Born in Toronto and brought up in Vancouver, he grew up wanting to be an actor, but held various jobs in movie theatres and as a deckhand before doing some work as a comedian and stage hypnotist. He began broadcasting as an announcer with CKWX in Vancouver. When working in Alberta, on one occasion he had time to fill in during a live broadcast and persuaded a boy in the audience to sing a song. Following a good listener reaction, he started a local radio talent show, Saturday Night Club of the Air, and then a similar programme in Montreal.
In 1935, he decided to move to England. He met radio producer Eric Maschwitz, and they developed a tour of British cities to find new talent. His touring stage shows attracted thousands of applicants from potential performers, as well as large theatre audiences, and his first radio shows, Carroll Levis and his Discoveries, were broadcast in September 1936. The Radio Times reported the following year that "in the last two years [he] has heard thirty thousand people. Of the amateur acts he has introduced, forty-five have turned professional. Not one of them is earning less than £5 a week, and one is getting as much as £25."
Levis also presented talent shows on Radio Luxembourg, from 1937, and in 1939 played himself in a comedy film, Discoveries, which introduced the song "There'll Always Be an England". During World War II, he presented other programmes on BBC radio, such as the variety shows Carroll Levis Carries On and The Carroll Levis Hour, and toured military outposts in Europe and the Middle East. In 1945, Levis was featured in a concert show which entertained troops of the First Canadian Army.
Among the performers "discovered" by Levis were comedian and actor Jim Dale, comedian Barry Took, and actress Anne Heywood. After the end of the war, Levis continued with his stage shows and radio broadcasts. In 1946, The Carroll Levis Show introduced Cardew Robinson and Avril Angers. In 1948 he starred in the British mystery film Brass Monkey, in which he played himself. He became ill in the late 1940s, and for a time was replaced by his brother, Cyril Levis, the show being renamed Carroll Levis' Discoveries.
He returned in 1953, when The Carroll Levis Discovery Show moved to television, showcasing the talents of young people, with the catchline: "Truly, the discoveries of today are the stars of tomorrow". At the opening of his TV show, the banner read, "TeLEVISion", utilising his name, "Levis", which formed part of the word, "Television". He also had an acting role in The Depraved (1957), which featured his discovery, Anne Heywood.
In 1961, he removed himself from the public eye, only to attempt a return in 1968 after a four-year struggle with a stomach ailment. However, he died the same year, in London, aged 58.
References
External links
1910 births
People from Toronto
1968 deaths
British radio personalities
Canadian radio personalities
Canadian expatriates in the United Kingdom
BBC radio presenters
BBC television presenters |
4007230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bolam | John Bolam | John Bolam (1922–2009) was a British post war artist.
Background
John Bolam was born in 1922 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire. He originally studied painting at Hornsey School of Art and furniture design at High Wycombe School of Art. From 1970 to 1983 Bolam was Head of the School of Art at Cambridge College of Arts and Technology.
Work
John Bolam is seen by many as following in the path of the neo-Romantics, most notably John Piper and Graham Sutherland, but his imagery subsequently evolved independently. Bolam was also strongly influenced by French artists such as Braque and Degas as well as the English landscape, especially the Chilterns.
Exhibitions of Bolam's work have been held at AIA Galleries, Whitechapel Art Gallery, Arts Council Gallery, the Leicester Galleries and the New Art Centre (where he held a one-man show).
The major public collection of John Bolam's work is held at the Fry Art Gallery, Saffron Walden but his work also features in many important private art collections including those of Rank Xerox, Barclays Bank and Touche Ross.
References
Martin Salisbury, Artists at the Fry, Ruskin Press, Cambridge, 2003, pp 36–37
External links
John Bolam's "Flowers before the landscape"
1922 births
20th-century British painters
British male painters
21st-century British painters
2009 deaths
People from Amersham
20th-century British male artists
21st-century British male artists |
4007240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald%20Riggs | Gerald Riggs | Gerald Antonio Riggs (born November 6, 1960) is a former American football running back in the National Football League (NFL) for the Atlanta Falcons from 1982 to 1988 and the Washington Redskins from 1989 to 1991.
Before his NFL career, he attended Bonanza High School in Las Vegas, Nevada and after graduation attended Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona. He played sparingly in 1978, running for 410 yards and four touchdowns along with 10 catches for 126 yards. In 1979, he ran for 363 yards with three touchdowns and 14 catches for 120 yards and one touchdown. In 1980, he continued in a backup role and ran for 422 yards with four touchdowns with 15 catches for 165 yards. As a starter in 1981, he ran for 891 yards with six touchdowns and an average of six yards per carry, while also recording 11 catches for 139 yards in 11 games.
He would close out his collegiate career with 2,086 yards and 17 touchdowns on the ground and 50 catches for 550 yards. In the 1982 NFL draft, he was selected with the 9th overall pick by Atlanta.
Riggs made the Pro Bowl three times in his career from 1985 to 1987. His best season was in 1985, when he rushed for 1,719 yards and ten touchdowns, while also catching 33 passes for 267 yards, all without a fumble. He was the only running back in the 1980s to record a 1,000 yard rushing season without a fumble. In the three seasons from 1984 to 1986, Riggs amassed a whopping 5,212 combined rushing and receiving yards, and scored 32 touchdowns. In his seven years with the Falcons, he rushed for 6,631 yards, making him the franchise all-time leading rusher. Prior to the 1989 season, Riggs was traded to the Washington Redskins.
In his final year of 1991, Riggs rushed for 248 yards and 11 touchdowns, assisting his team to a 14–2 record. He is the only player to rush for 11 touchdowns in fewer than 80 attempts in a single season. He went on to rush for four touchdowns in Washington's two playoff games, and two touchdowns in Washington's 37–24 win over the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVI; it was the last game he played in. His six touchdowns in the postseason tied an NFL record.
Riggs finished his 10 NFL seasons with 8,188 rushing yards and 69 touchdowns, along with 201 receptions for 1,516 yards.
He is the father of Gerald Riggs, Jr., former running back at the University of Tennessee, who played for the Miami Dolphins, and Cody Riggs, a cornerback for the Tennessee Titans.
References
External links
Gerald Riggs career stats
1960 births
Living people
American football running backs
Arizona State Sun Devils football players
Atlanta Falcons players
Washington Redskins players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Sportspeople from Las Vegas
Players of American football from Nevada |
4007242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Hampshire%20Provincial%20Regiment | New Hampshire Provincial Regiment | The New Hampshire Provincial Regiment was a provincial military regiment made up of men from the New Hampshire Militia during the French and Indian War for service with the British Army in North America. It was first formed in 1754 with the start of hostilities with France.
1755
In 1755 Col. Joseph Blanchard was given command, and the regiment sent a company under Robert Rogers to build Fort Wentworth on the upper reaches of the Connecticut River before joining Sir William Johnson's army at Fort Edward in New York. During the Battle of Lake George, Col. Blanchard was in command at Fort Edward. When he heard the battle commence and saw the smoke of burning ox-carts he sent a company under Nathaniel Folsom to reinforce Sir William Johnson's army away. Capt. Folsom's company was able to capture the French baggage train and the French commanding officer Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau, as the French and Indian forces tried to disengage from Sir William Johnson's main force. After the battle a second battalion was raised under the command of Col. Peter Gilman and sent to reinforce the army at Lake George. Both battalions left Fort Edward in December to return home to New Hampshire except for Robert Rogers' ranger company that stayed behind as part of the winter garrison.
1756
In the spring of 1756 two more battalions were raised, with Col. Nathaniel Meserve in command. The 1st battalion was sent to Nova Scotia and the 2nd to the newly built Fort William Henry.
1757
For the 1757 campaign two more battalions were raised. The 1st would again go to Halifax and the 2nd battalion under the command of Lt. Col John Goffe to Fort William Henery. Of the 200 men from the New Hampshire Provincial Regiment at Fort William Henry 80 were killed in the siege and massacre that followed. With the 1st battalion in Nova Scotia and the 2nd battalion regrouping at Fort Edward a new 3rd battalion of infantry with two attached companies of Dragoons was quickly raised under the command of Maj. Thomas Tash and sent to Fort at Number 4 to protect the western frontier of the state.
1758
For the 1758 campaign again two battalions were raised. The 1st under Col. John Hart would join General Jeffrey Amherst in the capture of Fortress Louisbourg and the 2nd under Lt Col. Goffe was sent to join Gen. James Abercrombie in the defeat at the Battle of Carillon. The regiment and the attached rangers stayed on the flanks during the main assault and covered the retreat of the British Army preventing a complete disaster.
1759 & 1760
In 1759 the 1st Battalion went with Gen. James Wolfe to Quebec City and the Battle of the Plains of Abraham serving in a support role followed by the Battle of Sainte-Foy and the subsequent siege of Quebec. Meanwhile, the 2nd battalion was with Gen. Amherst at the capture of Fort Ticonderoga and Fort St. Frédéric, driving the French from the Lake Champlain valley. In 1760, with the continuation of the 1759 Lake Champlain campaign, Col. Goffe commanded the New Hampshire troops who built the Crown Point Military Road from the Fort at Number 4 to the new English fort at Crown Point in forty days during the spring and at the Siege of Montreal and the fall of New France later that year.
In 1759 one-third of all able-bodied males of military age in New Hampshire were serving in the British military.
1762
Volunteers from the regiment were with the British Army that captured Havana, Cuba, from the Spanish on August 10, 1762.
Other notable members of the regiment were John Stark, William Stark, James Reed, Timothy Bedel, Isaac Wyman, Enoch Hale, Hercules Mooney and Abraham Drake. All of these men would go on to serve as officers during the American Revolutionary War.
Sources
Montcalm and Wolfe: The French and Indian War by Francis Parkman, DeCapo Press, New York, New York 1995
A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers and Society in the Seven Years War by Fred Anderson, Univ. of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC 1984
Redcoats, Yankees and Allies: A History of the Uniforms, Clothing and Gear of the British Army in the Lake George-Lake Champlain Corridor 1755–1760 by Brenton C. Kemmer, Heritage Books Inc., Bowie, MD 1998
Colonel John Goffe: 18th Century New Hampshire by William Howard Brown, Lew A. Cummings Co., Manchester, NH 1950
Louisbourg: From its Founding to its Fall by J.S. McLennan, Macmillan and Co. LTD London, UK 1918
Colonial American Troops 1610–1774 (2) by Rene Chartrand, Osprey Pub. Oxford, UK 2002
A List of the Revolutionary Soldiers of Dublin, N.H. by Samuel Carroll Derby Press of Spahr & Glenn, Columbus, Ohio 1901
Military units and formations established in 1754
British colonial regiments
Military units and formations of the French and Indian War
New Hampshire militia
1754 establishments in New Hampshire |
4007267 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlaoise%20Prison | Portlaoise Prison | Portlaoise Prison () is a maximum security prison in Portlaoise, County Laois, Ireland. Until 1929 it was called the Maryborough Gaol. It should not be confused with the Midlands Prison, which is a newer, medium security prison directly beside it.
The prison was built in the 1830s, making it one of the oldest still operating today in the Irish prison system. It is the prison in which people convicted of membership of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and other illegal paramilitary and designated terrorist organisations are usually detained.
A number of IRA and dissident republican prisoners are housed in "E Block". Anyone charged under Section 30 of the Offences Against the State Act must be sent to the prison because of its unique security measures.
Soldiers from the Irish Army patrol Portlaoise Prison on a permanent basis.
Security
Soldiers guard the prison 24 hours a day. The security features include a detachment consisting of approximately platoon strength, armed with rifles and anti-aircraft machine guns, who patrol the prison complex. An air exclusion zone operates over the entire complex. The perimeter consists of high walls, cameras and sensors.
The prison has a capacity for 399 prisoners, but because of the security sensitive nature of its inmates, it operates below this capacity and its daily average number of resident inmates was only 119 in 2009.
There have been various high-profile attempts to spring prisoners from inside the walls.
In 1902, the infamous criminal James Lynchehaun, who was in prison for the attempted murder of Agnes McDonnell, escaped unaided over the walls and made his way to America. The method of escape is well documented in the book, The Playboy and the Yellow Lady and made headlines worldwide.
In 1974, nineteen Republican prisoners escaped in one daylight escape.
On Friday 29 December 1974 Provisional IRA prisoners held several prison officers hostage and caused considerable destruction to their wing in a protest for better living conditions inside the jail. Irish Army soldiers were used to regain control and the hostages were freed, all of them unharmed.
In 1975, during an attempted escape, Tom Smith of the IRA's Dublin Brigade was shot dead by the Irish Defence Forces. The prisoners had blasted their way through a door in the recreation area into the prison yard. As the prisoners entered the yard, Irish soldiers opened fire on the inmates, shooting Smith in the head.
In November 1985, an IRA mass breakout failed when a bomb, which had been assembled within the prison itself, failed to detonate at the prison gates.
Controversy
During the 1970s and 1980s the prison was noted for the harsh treatment meted out towards prisoners. In 1977 a number of prisoners went on hunger strike demanding a public enquiry into conditions in the prison.
In 1946 Sean McCaughey refused to wear prison clothes and spent nearly five years naked except for a blanket in protest against harsh conditions. He commenced a hunger strike on 19 April 1946. After 10 days, he stopped taking water and died on 11 May, the twenty-third day of his protest. An inquest was held in the prison at which the prison doctor admitted that during his four and a half years of imprisonment that McCaughey had never been allowed out in the fresh air or sunlight and that "he would not treat his dog the way Seán McCaughey had been treated in Portlaoise."
In 1984 the Assistant General Secretary of the Prison Officers Association, Tom Hoare strongly criticised conditions within the prison stating that staff were forced by senior management in the prison to use excessive force against prisoners. He also criticised the then Governor of Portlaoise Prison, William Reilly, and the Minister of Justice Michael Noonan stating "I accuse the minister of negligence in this area. I accuse the management of Portlaoise Prison of being indifferent to complaints. I would hate to be a prisoner making a complaint". At the Prison Officers Association 1984 conference a delegate from Portlaoise Prison, Larry O'Neill, told the conference: "If Hitler wanted generals today he would find plenty of them in Portlaoise. After the war the Nazis said many of them were doing their duty and that is what the management in Portlaoise are saying today".
Conditions within the prison improved after the death of Governor Reilly and the appointment of John Lonergan as Governor of the prison.
In May 2007, an inmate named John Daly, who was serving 9 years for armed robbery, called the RTÉ radio show Liveline from inside the prison. He called in to defend himself against Sunday World crime journalist Paul Williams who was speaking on the radio show at the time. Daly was on air for a few minutes before prison guards took the phone from him and ended the conversation.
This phone call resulted in a major clampdown in all Irish prisons and over 1,300 pieces of contraband being confiscated. Items confiscated in the cell-by-cell searches included numerous mobile phones, plasma televisions and even a budgie which was smuggled into the prison by a visitor who hid the bird internally in her vagina.
John Daly received many death threats from fellow inmates after calling the show and as a result was transferred to other prisons twice before his release in October 2007. A few weeks after his release, he was murdered in Finglas after a night out.
Notable inmates
Angelo Fusco
Martin Ferris
Dessie O'Hare
John Gilligan
Sean McCaughey
Richard Goss (Irish Republican)
George Plant
Michael McKevitt
Paul Magee
Dominic McGlinchey
James "Jim" McCann
Thomas Murphy
James Lynchehaun (escaped successfully 6 September 1902)
Gerry “The Monk” Hutch
See also
Prisons in Ireland
Midlands Prison
References
External links
Irish Prison Service
1830 establishments in Ireland
Buildings and structures in Portlaoise
Prisons in the Republic of Ireland
Irish prisoners who died on hunger strike |
4007290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tysons%20Corner%20station | Tysons Corner station | Tysons Corner (also known as Tysons Central 123 and Tysons I & II during planning phases) is a rapid transit station on the Silver Line of the Washington Metro in Tysons, Virginia. One of four Metro stations in Tysons, it is one of the five stations comprising the first phase of the Silver Line, which opened on July 26, 2014.
Station layout
Like other stations on the Silver Line, Tysons Corner has an elevated island platform and two tracks with the western side of the platform facing a tunnel portal on an open cut. Access is provided by two entrances, one at street level at the northwest corner of the intersection of Chain Bridge Road and Tysons Boulevard and the other on the southwest corner; the sitting of the railway viaduct on the north side of Chain Bridge Road as well as pedestrian safety means that entrance to the station from this corner is by a pedestrian overpass to a mezzanine above platform level.
History and location
Tysons Corner station opened as part of the first phase of the Silver Line to Wiehle–Reston East in 2014. In the planning stages, controversy ensued over whether to build the Metro in a tunnel or on an elevated viaduct through Tysons. It was eventually decided that the majority of the line would be built above ground, but the station was built partially below ground in order to send trains through a short tunnel connecting the line's Route 7 and Route 123-paralleling sections.
One of four Metro stations within Tysons, the station is located in the heart of the edge city. Specifically, it lies above Chain Bridge Road (VA 123) at its intersection with Tysons Boulevard. It is the closest station to two of the region's most important attractions, Tysons Corner Center and Tysons Galleria, which combined house roughly , or half of the region's retail space.
From May 23 until August 15, 2020, this station was closed due to the Platform Reconstruction west of and the Silver Line Phase II tie construction. This station reopened beginning on August 16, 2020 when trains were able to bypass East Falls Church station.
Name change
In November 2020, WMATA approved a request from Fairfax County to change the name of Tysons Corner station to Tysons. The new name will be added to Metro system maps when the second phase of the Silver Line opens in 2022.
Transit-oriented development
In order to reduce congestion and improve walkability and connectivity in the area, the Fairfax County Planning Commission created the "Tysons Corner Urban Center Comprehensive Plan", an outline for the urbanization of Tysons in conjunction with the opening of the Silver Line. As one of four Metro stations within the identified locale, the station is the focal point of one of the transit-oriented development schemes in the plan. According to the Commission's outline, the area bounded by Westpark Drive, International Drive, Route 123, Route 7 and the Capital Beltway will be designated as the Tysons Central 7 District and contain high-density residential and commercial mixed-use development.
The plan envisions two major subdistricts, the North and South Tysons Central subdistricts, along with additional satellite subareas near the edges of the planning district. The North Tysons Central subdistrict is to be anchored by the Tysons Galleria and has been revised to handle a maximum of of developable space in conjunction with better pedestrian access and improved street grid connectivity. Buildings heights within the North Tysons Central subdistrict will reach up to , among the highest in the metropolitan area.
Similarly, the South Tysons Central subdistrict is centered around Tysons Corner Center and has been upzoned for nearly of mixed-use space. New developments will be concentrated on the south side of Tysons Corner station and can reach , with the possibility of density bonuses allowing growth to . Additional changes are envisioned for the Towers Crescent and Watson Street subareas.
References
External links
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2014
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia
Washington Metro stations in Virginia
2014 establishments in Virginia
Tysons, Virginia
Washington Metro stations located above ground |
4007294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gompie | Gompie | Gompie is a Dutch band from Nijmegen, which in 1995 edited the Smokie hit "Living Next Door to Alice", adding the words "Alice, who the fuck is Alice!?". The song reached number 1 in the Netherlands and number 17 in the UK. Who the X Is Gompie! is the name of the album they released in 1995.
Background
The song "Living Next Door to Alice" was listened to on a regular basis in café Gompie in Nijmegen. When the name "Alice" had passed, it was common for disk jockey Onno Pelser to turn the volume down, and the entire café would scream "Alice, who the fuck is Alice?". Rob Peters, director of a record company, happened to visit café Gompie one evening and witnessed this show. He approached his friend, singer Peter Koelewijn, and one day later the song was recorded. "Gompie" was chosen as the artist name.
The single became a hit in the Benelux and 80 other countries. In the United Kingdom and the United States, a censored version was released with the name "Alice, who the bleep is Alice?". This charted in Britain (though was less popular than Smokie's own re-recording of the track with Roy 'Chubby' Brown) but made no impact in the US.
Album
Who the X Is Gompie! is the name of the album released by Gompie. The album came after the success of their single "Alice (Who The X Is Alice)", which is featured on this album. The catalogue number for this album is RPC 95542, although it has since been deleted and is very hard to get hold of.
The songs are mainly parodies of songs that were already released. On the obverse of the album under each track listed is the name of the song on which it is based, unless it is an original song.
This album has other interpretations and comical adaptations of hits from other various well-known artists, such as Smokie, Elvis Presley, Monty Python, Bob Dylan, The Animals, and many others. The album contains strong language.
Track listing
(Album title, Track length, Original song title, if applicable)
"Alice (Who The X Is Alice?)" (3:57) ("Living Next Door To Alice")
"I Will Survive" (Party Version) (5:01)
"Life? You Never Saw My Wife" (3:10) ("Always Look on the Bright Side of Life")
"Everybody Needs My Body" (5:04) ("Everybody Needs Somebody to Love")
"Muss I Denn/House of the Rising Sun" (3:53) ("Muss I Denn"/"House of the Rising Sun")
"Everybody Must Get Stoned" (4:26) ("Rainy Day Women Nos 12 and 35"/"They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha-Haaa!")
"Yes I'm Ready" (4:15) ("Get Ready")
"Voulez-Vous Coucher Avec Moi Ce Soir?" (4:10)
"Phoney Love" (3:28)
"King Knut's Can Can" (3:37)
"Black Money" (4;12) ("Black Kisses Never Make You Blue")
"Country Party" (3:39)
"Who The X Is Gompie?" (3:38)
"Tarzan & Heidi" (3:59)
The track titled "Country Party" is a medley of the following songs:
"Bonanza"
"(Ghost) Riders in the Sky"
"Rawhide"
"Deep in the Heart of Texas"
Although not credited, the track titled "Voulez-Vous Coucher Avec Moi Ce Soir?" is a version originally by Lady Marmalade. "Muss I Denn" is the original Swabian German title of the song which later became known as "Wooden Heart". "Phoney Love" is a version of "La Bamba".
Discography
Albums
Who the X Is Gompie! (1995)
Singles
"Alice (Who the X Is Alice?) (Living Next Door to Alice)" (1995) – NED #1, AUS #54, AUT #2, BEL (Fla) #1, BEL (Wal) #36, GER #2, NOR #4, NZ #29, SWI #2, UK #17
"Tarzan & Heidi" (1995) – BEL (Fla) #30
"Life? You Never Saw My Wife!" (1995)
"All I Want for X-Mas Is a Spice Girl" (1997)
"Hey Baby - Oe Aa" (2000)
References
Dutch comedy musicians
Musical groups from Nijmegen
Parody musicians
Musical groups established in 1995 |
4007309 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndetic | Syndetic | Syndetic may refer one of the following
Syndetic set, in mathematics
Syndetic coordination, in linguistics |
4007334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thick | Thick | Thick may refer to:
A bulky or heavyset body shape or overweight
Thick (album), 1999 fusion jazz album by Tribal Tech
Thick concept, in philosophy, a concept that is both descriptive and evaluative
Thick description, in anthropology, a description that explains a behaviour along with its broader context
Thick Records, a Chicago-based record label
Thick set, in mathematics, set of integers containing arbitrarily long intervals
Thick fluid, a viscous fluid
See also
Thicke, a surname
Thickened fluids, a medically prescribed substance
Thickening, a cooking process
Thickening agent, a substance used in cooking
Thickhead (disambiguation)
Thickness (disambiguation) |
4007341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensboro%20station%20%28Washington%20Metro%29 | Greensboro station (Washington Metro) | Greensboro (preliminary names Tysons Central 7, Tysons Central) is a Washington Metro station in Tysons, in Fairfax County, Virginia, on the Silver Line. It opened on July 26, 2014 as part of phase 1 of the Silver Line. Greensboro is one of four Metro stations in the Tysons area and is to be part of the massive regeneration of the district.
Station layout
Like Spring Hill station, Greensboro was built in the median of SR 7 with a single island platform serving two tracks. However, unique among all Silver Line stations in Tysons, it was built partially at ground level and sub-surface. The construction and overall design of the station have been likened to that of Southern Avenue on the Green Line because of its depressed but open-air layout. This is the result of the south end of the station acting as the western portal for the connecting tunnel leading to SR 123 while SR 7 slopes upwards towards the east. A mezzanine covering the central half of the platform contains ticket machines and faregates; two aerial walkway exits cross either side of Route 7 and meet at the mezzanine. The main platform has a height of at its east end and at its west end.
History
Greensboro station opened as part of the first phase of the Silver Line to Wiehle – Reston East in 2014. In the planning stages, controversy ensued over whether to build the Metro in a tunnel or on an elevated viaduct through Tysons. It was eventually decided that the majority of the line would be built above ground, but the station will be built partially below ground in order to send trains through a short tunnel connecting the line's Route 7 and Route 123-paralleling sections.
From March 26 until June 27, 2020, this station was closed due to the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. Shuttle buses began serving the station on June 28, 2020.
From May 23 until August 15, 2020, this station was further closed due to the Platform Reconstruction west of and the Silver Line Phase II tie construction. This station reopened beginning on August 16, 2020 when trains were able to bypass East Falls Church station.
Location
Greensboro station is located within west-central Tysons, specifically in the median of Route 7 (Leesburg Pike). Much of the surrounding area is commercial in nature, with the Pike Seven Plaza Shopping Center to the west and Tysons Galleria to the east. In the way of residential development, The Boro mixed-use district opened its first phase in 2019 to the immediate north. When fully completed, the initial phase will include two residential high-rises, an office tower, and a cinema complex, in addition to the already-existing office buildings.
Traffic counts by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) show that the section of Leesburg Pike on which the station sits is the most heavily used in Fairfax County, with 61,000 vehicles per day using the stretch of road between Route 123 and the Dulles Toll Road.
Transit-oriented development
In order to reduce congestion and improve walkability and connectivity in the area, the Fairfax County Planning Commission created the "Tysons Corner Urban Center Comprehensive Plan", an outline for the urbanization of Tysons in conjunction with the opening of the Silver Line. As one of four Metro stations within the identified locale, Greensboro is the focal point of one of the transit-oriented development schemes in the plan. According to the Commission's outline, the area bounded by Route 123, Gosnell Drive, Westpark Drive, and International Drive will be designated as the Tysons Central 7 District and contain high-density residential and commercial mixed-use development.
The Tysons Central 7 District is divided into two sub-districts, North and South, separated by Route 7. The south sub-district is approximately large and will contain mixed-use development, with offices predominating near the station and residential buildings in the outer transition zone. The plan calls for a "civic commons" to be the central open space in the sub-district with government and civi-related buildings surrounding it. The north sub-district is similar in nature, but is in area. In contrast, the north sub-district is planned to be more vibrant and 24-hour than the south, with a minimum building height of , although both sectors have a maximum allowance of . To connect these districts, it is envisioned that Leesburg Pike will be reconfigured, along with Chain Bridge Road, to a "boulevard" design, with a median separating four lanes of traffic each way, as well as landscaping the sidewalks to improve walkability. Radiating out from Route 7 will be a series of avenues and collector streets, each with different regulations to create a hierarchical street grid.
Station facilities
2 station entrances (each side of Route 7)
Pedestrian bridge crossing Route 7
Bus dropoff/pickup
References
External links
2014 establishments in Virginia
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2014
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia
Washington Metro stations in Virginia
Tysons, Virginia
Washington Metro stations located above ground |
4007349 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amagon | Amagon | Amagon, known in Japan as , is a side-scrolling platform action game for the Nintendo Entertainment System developed by Aicom.
Synopsis
In the game, players take the role of Amagon, a Marine who is trapped on an island after his plane crashed. Inconveniently, his rescue ship is on the other side of the island, which Amagon must now cross on foot.
The storyline used for the original Japanese release was somewhat different. The main character is a scientist named "Jackson" who transforms into his "Macho Man" form by using the special drug "Macho Max" that has been taken from his plane by the creatures of "Monster Island".
Gameplay
Amagon encounters a variety of enemies which he can dispose of with his rifle. He also has the ability (upon collecting and then activating the Mega-Key) to transform into a larger, stronger version of himself called "Megagon". Upon transformation, Megagon is given 1 hit point for every 5,000 points he scored as Amagon (whereas a single hit from any enemy or hazard will kill Amagon). Megagon cannot use the machine gun, but instead has a punch which does eight times the damage and never runs out of ammo. At the cost of one hit point each, he can also fire waves of energy from his chest; these are much broader than machine gun shots, do 16 times the damage, and can hit multiple enemies in a single blast.
The last boss in the game is based on the Flatwoods monster, a supposed space alien seen in Flatwoods, West Virginia on September 12, 1952.
Reception
Allgame gave Amagon a score of 2 stars of out of a possible 5. Just Games Retro assigned the video game a score of 40% (F) in their April 5, 2007 review of this game while Game Freaks 365 gave the video game a score of 78% (B+) in their 2005 overview of the game.
References
1988 video games
Aicom games
Nintendo Entertainment System games
Nintendo Entertainment System-only games
Platform games
Side-scrolling video games
Vic Tokai games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games set on islands
Single-player video games |
4007356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Roosevelt%20fire | Hotel Roosevelt fire | The Hotel Roosevelt fire, on December 29, 1963, was the worst fire that Jacksonville, Florida, had seen since the Great Fire of 1901, and it contributed to the worst one-day death toll in the city's history: 22 people died, mostly from carbon monoxide poisoning.
At the time, the Hotel Roosevelt was one of two luxury hotels in the city's downtown, with many restaurants and businesses on its ground floor, including a ballroom and a barber shop. At the end of each year, the Hotel Roosevelt hosted hundreds of travelers who came to attend the Gator Bowl.
Fire and evacuation
The fire started in the ballroom's ceiling. The old ceiling, which was deemed a fire hazard, was not removed when the new ceiling was installed, providing kindling for the fire, which started from faulty wires.
The first call to the Jacksonville Fire Department was made at 7:45 a.m., by hotel doorman Alton Joseph Crowden. Smoke was traveling throughout the 13-story building, and hotel visitors climbed out of the smoky building with the help of other patrons and bedsheets tied together. For some that saw that fire department ladders would not reach them, guests threw mattresses to the ground in an attempt to soften the landing. Guests were warned not to jump by a county patrol officer, who drove on the sidewalk and used his microphone to broadcast; "Don't jump. The firemen, are coming to get you."
Mayor W. Haydon Burns immediately called for assistance from the U.S. Navy, and eight helicopters were flown to downtown from Cecil Field and NAS Jacksonville. The airmen helped the patrons out of the building, and transported them to a nearby parking lot, where ambulances were already waiting.
The fire was extinguished by 9:30 a.m., and it was estimated that nearly 475 people were saved from the burning building.
Victims
After a day of recovering the dead, firefighters found 20 residents dead in their beds from smoke inhalation. A woman died after attempting to climb to safety from her 11th floor room, but slipped while on the makeshift bedsheets rope she had made. In addition, assistant chief J.R. Romedy collapsed of a heart attack during the initial rescue efforts, and died at the scene.
Notable survivors
Survivors of the fire included 1964 Miss America Donna Axum, Manhattan Jaspers basketball coach Ken Norton, and Florida Gators basketball coach Norm Sloan.
Aftermath
Immediately after the fire many local Jacksonville residents, churches and businesses took in displaced hotel guests, and provided food and clothes to those displaced.
Property damage to the Hotel Roosevelt was immense, and the hotel was closed in 1964, with most of the hotel's businesses and staff relocating to the equally upscale Hotel George Washington. After much renovation, the building was re-opened as a retirement home and the Jacksonville Regency House, which closed in 1989.
Legal
The city and fire department were cleared of liability in nearly 40 lawsuits, which were seeking $10 million in damages related to the fire. The ruling by Circuit Judge Marion Gooding, left Hotel Roosevelt Inc and the fire insurer U.S. Fidelity and Guarantee Co. as the targets for damage claims in the fire, and not the city and the insurance company.
Memorials
The former Hotel Roosevelt, located on Adams Street in downtown, is still standing. The building was placed in the National Register of Historic Places in February 1991. Memorials are still held to remember those who died in the fire; the most recent gathering occurred in December 2003, for the 40th anniversary of the blaze. The building was renovated in recent years and is now known as The Carling, an upscale apartment residence.
References
External links
The Roosevelt Hotel Fire at the Jacksonville Fire Museum via Wayback Machine
1963 fires
1963 in Florida
Hotel fires in the United States
History of Jacksonville, Florida
Fires in Florida
Laura Street
December 1963 events in the United States |
4007370 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis%20de%20la%20Corne%20de%20Chaptes | Jean-Louis de la Corne de Chaptes | Jean-Louis de la Corne de Chaptes, (b. October 23, 1666 – d. May 6, 1732) was from Chaptes, France. He arrived in New France in 1685 and, other than a trip home to France, served his whole adult life in the military. He achieved some military honours but little wealth and died leaving his wife in limited circumstances.
He established one of the most important families in New France and his four sons all did well. One son, Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne was both a successful soldier and fur trader while another son, Luc de la Corne became one of the wealthiest men in New France. A third son, François-Josué de la Corne Dubreuil was an active soldier and trader. All four were awarded the cross of Saint Louis as was Jean-Louis.
External links
Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
1666 births
1732 deaths
Order of Saint Louis recipients
People of New France |
4007381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing%20the%20Field | Playing the Field | Playing the Field is a BBC television drama series following the lives of the Castlefield Blues, a fictitious female football team from South Yorkshire.
Outline
Inspired by Pete Davies's book I Lost My Heart to the Belles – which was written about a real-life club, the Doncaster Belles – Playing the Field ran for five series, from 1998 to 2002, with scripts by, amongst others, Kay Mellor, Sally Wainwright and Gaynor Faye.
Despite being set in South Yorkshire, much of the location filming took place in Ilkeston, Derbyshire, although the fifth (and final) series was filmed around Leeds; whilst the theme song, "Blue" by Alison Moyet, was originally a B-side track about the singer's love of Southend United FC. A young Marsha Thomason – who has since appeared in U.S. shows Las Vegas and Lost – featured in the first three series of Playing the Field. The first four series have been released on DVD in the UK, but the fifth has yet to be made available.
Main cast
Lorraine Ashbourne ... Geraldine Powell
Melanie Hill ... Rita Dolan
Jo McInnes ... Jo Mullen
Lesley Sharp ... Theresa Mullen
Marsha Thomason ... Sharon 'Shazza' Pearce
Saira Todd ... Gabrielle 'Gabby' Holmes
Debra Stephenson ... Diane Powell
Tracy Whitwell ... Angie Gill
Emma Rydall ... Mikey
Olivia Caffrey ... Kate Howard
Gaynor Faye ... Holly Quinn
Claudie Blakley ... Kelly Powell
James Nesbitt ... James Dolan
Tim Dantay ... Dave Powell
Nicholas Gleaves ... Rick Powell
Ralph Ineson ... Luke Mullen
Chris Walker ... Matthew Mullen
John Thomson ... Eddie Ryan
James Thornton ... Scott
Lee Ross ... Ryan Pratt
James Ellis ... Mr. Mullen
Brigit Forsyth ... Francine Pratt
Elizabeth Spriggs ... Mrs. Mullen
Ricky Tomlinson ... Jim Pratt
Jason O'Mara ... Lee Quinn
Tom Moore ... Martin Dolan
Stephanie Putson ... Heidi
Episodes
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
Series 4
Series 5
Ratings
Home media
The first four series of Playing the Field have been made available via Universal Playback.
Playing the Field: Series 1 & 2 (VHS) – 23 October 2000
Playing the Field: Series 3 & 4 (VHS) – 23 October 2000
Playing the Field: Series 1 & 2 (DVD) – 29 January 2007 (released as "Seasons 1 & 2")
Playing the Field: Series 3 & 4 (DVD) – 23 April 2007 (released as "Seasons 3 & 4")
Series 5, which was broadcast in 2002 has not received a VHS release, nor has it been released on DVD.
References
External links
1998 British television series debuts
2002 British television series endings
1990s British drama television series
2000s British drama television series
BBC television dramas
Television series by Endemol
Television series by Tiger Aspect Productions
English-language television shows
Television shows set in Nottinghamshire |
4007397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambattista%20Benedetti | Giambattista Benedetti | Giambattista (Gianbattista) Benedetti (August 14, 1530 – January 20, 1590 in) was an Italian mathematician from Venice who was also interested in physics, mechanics, the construction of sundials, and the science of music.
Science of motion
In his works Resolutio omnium Euclidis problematum (1553) and Demonstratio proportionum motuum localium (1554), Benedetti proposed a new doctrine of the speed of bodies in free fall. The accepted Aristotelian doctrine at that time was that the speed of a freely falling body is directly proportional to the total weight of the body and inversely proportional to the density of the medium. Benedetti's view was that the speed depends on just the difference between the specific gravity of the body and that of the medium. As opposed to the Aristotelian theory, his theory predicts that two objects of the same material but of different weights would fall at the same speed, and also that objects of different materials in a vacuum would fall at different though finite speeds.
In a second edition of the Demonstratio (also 1554), he extended this theory to include the effect of the resistance of the medium, which he said was proportional to the cross section or the surface area of the body. Thus two objects of the same material but of different surface areas would only fall at equal speeds in a vacuum. He repeated this version of his theory in his later Diversarum speculationum mathematicarum et physicarum liber (1585). In this work he explains his theory in terms of the then current theory of impetus.
It is thought that Galileo derived his initial theory of the speed of a freely falling body from his reading of Benedetti's works. Thus the account found in Galileo's De motu, his early work on the science of motion, follows Benedetti's initial theory as described above. It omits the later development which included the resistance of the medium and not just its density. In this early work, Galileo also subscribes to the theory of impetus.
In 1572, the Jesuit Jean Taisner published from the press of Johann Birkmann of Cologne a work entitled Opusculum perpetua memoria dignissimum, de natura magnetis et ejus effectibus, Item de motu continuo. This is considered a piece of plagiarism, as Taisnier presents, as though his own, the Epistola de magnete of Peter of Maricourt and the second edition of Benedetti's Demonstratio.
Music
In a letter to Cipriano de Rore dated from around 1563, Benedetti proposed a new theory of the cause of consonance, arguing that since sound consists of air waves or vibrations, in the more consonant intervals the shorter, more frequent waves concurred with the longer, less frequent waves at regular intervals. Isaac Beeckman and Marin Mersenne both adopted this theory in the next century. In the same letter, he proposed a measure of consonance by taking the product of the numerator and the denominator of a rational interval in lowest terms. James Tenney also used this method to develop his measure of "harmonic distance" (log2(ab) is the harmonic distance for the ratio b/a measured from an arbitrary tonal center 1/1). When they sought Descartes' opinion on Benedetti's theory, Descartes declined to judge the goodness of consonances by such a rational method. Descartes argued that the ear prefers one or another according to the musical context rather than because of any concordance of vibrations.
Works
References
16th-century Italian mathematicians
16th-century Italian scientists
Italian music theorists
Republic of Venice scientists
1530 births
1590 deaths
16th-century Italian writers
16th-century male writers |
4007421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright%20Park%20Arboretum | Wright Park Arboretum | Wright Park is a arboretum and public park located in Tacoma, Washington, that is managed by Metro Parks Tacoma. The park was designed by Bavarian landscape architect Edward Otto Schwagerl.
The arboretum contains over 700 mature trees, representing about 100 native and exotic species.
The W. W. Seymour Botanical Conservatory is a Victorian-style conservatory located in Wright Park. Built in 1907, it was named in honor of donor William W. Seymour. Designed by Isaac J. Knapp, its wings and twelve-sided central dome contain some 3,500 panes of glass. Six sculptures created by former conservator Clarence Deming rest among the plants and reflect African, Māori, and Aztec traditions.
The conservatory contains more than 550 plant species in its permanent collection, including agapanthus, azaleas, bromeliads, cacti, clivias, cymbidium, epiphyllum, ferns, figs, more than 200 orchids, palms, and rhododendrons. It also contains a rotating exhibit of floral displays that generally features between 300-500 blooming plants at any given time.
The conservatory was featured in several scenes in the 1992 film The Hand that Rocks the Cradle, starring Annabella Sciorra and Rebecca De Mornay and directed by Curtis Hanson.
See also
List of botanical gardens in the United States
List of Registered Historic Places in Pierce County, Washington
References
Sources
External links
Wright Park - official site
W.W. Seymour Botanical Conservatory - official site
Arboreta in Washington (state)
Botanical gardens in Washington (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Tacoma, Washington
Geography of Tacoma, Washington
Parks in Pierce County, Washington
Tourist attractions in Tacoma, Washington
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington (state)
Greenhouses in Washington (state) |
4007428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linfox | Linfox | Linfox is an Australian transport and logistics and supply chain business founded in 1956 by Lindsay Fox.
History
Linfox was established in 1956 by Lindsay Fox as Lindsay Fox Cartage with one truck in Melbourne. In 1958, a contract with Schweppes saw the fleet grow to ten trucks. In the early 60's Lindsay joined with BP to distribute heating oil in Melbourne thus doubling his fleet. By 1966, the fleet comprised over 60 trucks. In the 1970s it expanded into New South Wales and Queensland, operating over 1,000 vehicles by the end of the decade winning notable distribution and warehousing contracts with Coca-Cola, Coles and Woolworths.
In 1984 Linfox commenced operations in Asia with an operation in Shanghai and in 1989 commenced operating in New Zealand. In July 1987, 34% of the company was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. Lindsay Fox purchased the shares back in 1988.
In 1995, Linfox commenced operations in the United Kingdom for BP. By the end of the 1990s, it operated 3,000 trucks. In 1997 Avalon Airport was purchased followed in 2001 by Essendon Airport.
In 2002, cash-in-transit transport company Armaguard was purchased from Mayne Group. In 2004, the Phillip Island Grand Prix Circuit was purchased followed in 2006 by rail freight forwarder FCL Interstate Transport Services.
In 2016, Linfox purchased a 14% shareholding in K&S Corporation, which, by January 2019, had jumped to 20%. In February 2019, after permission from the Federal Court, Aurizon, Queensland's intermodal container business was acquired by Linfox for A$7.3 million.
References
Airport operators
Companies based in Melbourne
Companies formerly listed on the Australian Securities Exchange
Logistics companies of Australia
Family-owned companies of Australia
Transport companies established in 1956
Transport companies of Australia
1956 establishments in Australia |
4007439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring%20Hill%20station | Spring Hill station | Spring Hill (preliminary names Tysons West, Tysons–Spring Hill Road) is a Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia, on the Silver Line. Located in Tysons, it began operation on July 26, 2014. The station is located in the central median of Leesburg Pike (SR 7) just west of Spring Hill Road.
There had been some controversy about whether to build the rail through Tysons below ground or on elevated tracks. The efforts to build a tunnel through all of Tysons failed, and the current design has the main platform with a height of at its east end and at its west end.
The station is about from , the next station to the west, but only about from directly to the southeast.
Station layout
Station facilities
2 station entrances (each side of SR 7)
History
From May 23 until August 15, 2020, this station was closed due to the Platform Reconstruction west of and the Silver Line Phase II tie construction. This station reopened beginning on August 16, 2020 when trains were able to bypass East Falls Church station.
References
External links
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2014
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia
Washington Metro stations in Virginia
2014 establishments in Virginia
Tysons, Virginia
Washington Metro stations located above ground |
4007440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach%20Blanket%20Bingo | Beach Blanket Bingo | Beach Blanket Bingo is a 1965 American beach party film directed by William Asher. It is the fifth film in the Beach Party film series. The film stars Frankie Avalon, Annette Funicello, Linda Evans, Deborah Walley, Paul Lynde, and Don Rickles. Earl Wilson and Buster Keaton appear. Evans's singing voice was dubbed by Jackie Ward.
Plot
A singer, Sugar Kane (Linda Evans), is unwittingly being used for publicity stunts for her latest album by her agent (Paul Lynde), for example, faking a skydiving stunt, actually performed by Bonnie (Deborah Walley).
Meanwhile, Frankie (Frankie Avalon), duped into thinking he rescued Sugar Kane, takes up skydiving at Bonnie's prompting; she secretly wants to make her boyfriend Steve (John Ashley) jealous. This prompts Dee Dee (Annette Funicello) to also try free-falling. Eric Von Zipper (Harvey Lembeck) and his Rat Pack bikers also show up, with Von Zipper falling madly in love with Sugar Kane. Meanwhile, Bonehead (Jody McCrea) falls in love with a mermaid named Lorelei (Marta Kristen).
Eventually, Von Zipper "puts the snatch" on Sugar Kane, and in a Perils of Pauline-like twist, the evil South Dakota Slim (Timothy Carey) kidnaps Sugar and ties her to a buzz-saw.
Cast
Frankie Avalon as Frankie
Annette Funicello as Dee Dee
Harvey Lembeck as Eric Von Zipper
John Ashley as Steve
Deborah Walley as Bonnie
Jody McCrea as Bonehead
Marta Kristen as Lorelei
Linda Evans as Sugar Kane
Don Rickles as Big Drop
Paul Lynde as Bullets
Donna Loren as Donna
Timothy Carey as South Dakota Slim
Buster Keaton as Buster
Bobbi Shaw as Bobbi
Earl Wilson as himself
Michael Nader as Butch
Donna Michelle as Animal
Patti Chandler as Patti
Andy Romano as J.D.
Alberta Nelson as Puss
Myrna Ross as Boots
Chris Cranston as a Beach Girl
Cast notes:
Beach Blanket Bingo was Frankie Avalon's last starring role in the beach party films. He appears for only a few minutes in How to Stuff a Wild Bikini and not at all in The Ghost in the Invisible Bikini.
Donna Michelle, who portrays Animal, was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Year for 1964.
Bobbi Shaw once again plays her "ya, ya" Swedish bombshell role.
Though this was Rickles' fourth film in the series, it's the only one in which he stepped out of his character in one scene and does a little of his night-club act, tossing some barbs at the characters, notably asking why Avalon and Funicello were in the picture, teasing "You're 40 years old!"
Production
Cast and character changes
The part of Sugar Kane, played by Linda Evans, was intended for Nancy Sinatra. This change was due in part to the fact that the plot involved a kidnapping, somewhat reminiscent of her brother Frank Sinatra Jr.'s kidnapping a few months before shooting began. That made her uncomfortable, causing her to drop out.
Elsa Lanchester was announced for a small role off the back of her performance in Pajama Party but does not appear in the final film.
The character of Deadhead in Beach Party, Muscle Beach Party and Bikini Beach is called Bonehead in this film because AIP had decided the term Deadhead was a so-called "bankable noun" and had decided to cast Avalon as the title character of its upcoming Sergeant Deadhead. The Rat Pack leader character Eric Von Zipper is given more screen time in this third film. He gets to sing his own song titled "Follow Your Leader" (which he reprises as "I Am My Ideal" for the follow-up How to Stuff a Wild Bikini).
John Ashley, who played Ken in Beach Party, and Johnny in both Muscle Beach Party and Bikini Beach, returns in this movie as Steve, playing opposite his real-life wife Deborah Walley. According to Diabolique magazine, the Beach Party movies "weren’t all about songs, sex, and surfing; they were also about friendship, and you really notice the entries where the lead male isn’t good friends with Ashley – in Beach Blanket Bingo it’s downright stressful to see him and Avalon as strangers."
Deleted sequences and songs
After the sequence wherein Frankie sings “These Are the Good Times”:
Dee Dee leaves the beach club and sings “I’ll Never Change Him” by herself at the beach house.
(This sequence can still be seen in 16mm prints and television broadcasts of Beach Blanket Bingo, but the Region 1 MGM DVD omits it. See Music section below)
After Frankie completes his skydiving jump:
Bonehead asks Frankie if Lorelei and himself can double-date with Frankie and Dee Dee;
Bonehead then goes to a dress shop to get Lorelei’s clothes – where an older saleslady flirts with him as he tries to illustrate Lorelei’s dress size;
A strolling Frankie and Dee Dee see Bonehead with his arms around the older saleslady and figure she must be his date;
After Bonehead brings Lorelei her clothes and shoes:
Frankie and Dee Dee arrive to pick them up, and the four of them sing “A Surfer’s Life For Me” as they drive to the beach club in Frankie’s hot rod coupe. Then, as seen in the release print, the two couples arrive together at the beach club as the Hondells are performing “The Cycle Set.”
Music
The score for this movie, like the four preceding it, was composed by Les Baxter.
Guy Hemric and Jerry Styner wrote seven songs for the movie:
“Beach Blanket Bingo” - sung by Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello with the cast
“I Think You Think” - performed by Avalon and Funicello
“These Are the Good Times” - sung by Avalon
“It Only Hurts When I Cry” - sung by Donna Loren
“Follow Your Leader” - sung by Harvey Lembeck with the “Rat Pack”
“New Love” and “Fly Boy” – both sung by studio call vocalist Jackie Ward off-screen – and lip-synched by Linda Evans onscreen
Gary Usher and Roger Christian wrote three songs:
“Cycle Set” - performed by the Hondells
“Freeway” (instrumental) - performed by the Hondells
“I'll Never Change Him” - performed by Annette Funicello, and although this song was included in initial prints, it was excised for wide release when the decision was made to feature the song as "We'll Never Change Them" in Ski Party
Comic book adaption
Dell Comics published a 12 cent comic book version of Beach Blanket Bingo, with 36 colour pages, in conjunction with the movie's release.
Reception
Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote "We simply can't believe, no matter what the reports say, that the teen-agers buy such junk. It's for morons." Variety wrote, "No one can blame Nicholson and Arkoff for continuing a pattern that has made them money, but this is ridiculous. Are teenagers responding to such drivel as good natured satire of themselves rather than identifying with it? Let's hope so." Margaret Harford of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "Some of it is pretty silly," but the movie "is best when it is giving the kids a sly drubbing. Its teen-age inanities are not nearly so dull as its adult presumptuousness. For example: Columnist Earl Wilson hovering awkwardly around as a talent spotter. Earl looks as though he'd give a pearl or two just to be back in his less strenuous New York haunts."
Legacy
Frankie Avalon later recalled "'That's the picture of mine that I think people remember best, and it was just a lot of kids having a lot of fun — a picture about young romance and about the opposition of adults and old people. There's nothing that young people respond to more than when adults say `These kids are nuts,` and that's what this movie was about. It was also fun because we got to learn how to fake skydive out of an airplane."
The title of this movie inspired the title for Steve Silver's 1974 play Beach Blanket Babylon, which has become America's longest-running musical revue.
The March 5, 1978 episode of The Carol Burnett Show featured "Beach Blanket Boo-Boo", a parody of the film with Burnett as "Nanette Vermacelli" and Steve Martin as "Frankie Travelon".
In the 1983 film The Outsiders, set in the mid-1960s, Beach Blanket Bingo is shown playing at a drive-in.
An excerpt from the title song and a partial scene from Beach Blanket Bingo, dubbed into Vietnamese, is included in the 1987 film Good Morning, Vietnam.
In the May 21, 1989 Season 3, Episode 21 ("Life's a Beach") of the American sitcom Married... with Children, Marcy sees a bodybuilder walk by on the beach and remarks "Ooh. Ooh. Ooh. Beach blanket bingo over here, babycakes."
Beach Blanket Bingo is also the name of a band from the UK.
The combination of surfing and skydiving also appear in the 1991 film Point Break. Both movies contain scenes of a football game on the beach, and feature scenes shot at Leo Carrillo State Beach in Malibu.
See also
List of American films of 1965
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
Beach Blanket Bingo at Brian's Drive-in Theatre
Entry at impdb.org
1965 comedy films
1960s teen comedy films
1965 films
American teen comedy films
American International Pictures films
American sequel films
Beach party films
1960s English-language films
Films directed by William Asher
Films scored by Les Baxter
Films about mermaids
Films about singers
Films set on beaches
Films adapted into comics |
4007455 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dattatreya%20Gopal%20Karve | Dattatreya Gopal Karve | Dattatreya Gopal Karve (; 24 December 1898 – 28 December 1967) was an Indian economist and professor who contributed to the fields of economics, public administration and the cooperative movement in India. He was also the deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India from 1962 to 1964.
Early life and education
D.G. Karve was born in Pune, India in 1898. His father died when he was one year old placing a financial burden on the remaining family. Supported by his mother, he studied at the New English School in Pune and later at Fergusson College. He failed a first-year college examination—an experience that spurred him to bring his academic and life goals into clearer focus. He studied under the distinguished Indian economist Professor V.G. Kale, and in 1921 was awarded the Cobden Club Medal for winning first position in economics on his B.A. examination.
Academic achievements
In 1923 D.G. Karve joined the Deccan Education Society as a professor of economics. In collaboration with Professor Kale he published a book on Principles of Economics in the Marathi language in 1927, followed by a second volume in 1929. In 1932 he succeeded Professor Kale as Head of the Economics Department at Fergusson College, Pune.
In June 1935 the Deccan Education Society appointed him Principal of Willingdon College, Sangli, an institution suffering from low numbers and poor academic standing. By the end of his five-year term the college saw significant improvements in its enrollment, finances and its reputation. He returned to Fergusson College as Head of the History-Economics Department in 1940. He went on to become the first principal of the newly formed Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce in 1943. Recognition of his contributions to the field of economics led to his election as President of the All-India Economic Conference in 1945 and President of the All-India Agricultural Economic Conference in 1956. He served as Vice Chancellor of the University of Poona from 1959 to 1961.
In 1962 Dattatreya Gopal Karve was awarded an Honorary Fellowship at the International Institute of Social Studies (ISS) in The Netherlands.
Public administration and the cooperative movement
Recognizing that economic policies are unlikely to be successful without effective planning and administration, D.G. Karve worked to educate and promote state planning in India. His contributions to public administration included serving as Chairman of the Bombay Administrative Enquiry Committee, and later as Director of the Indian Institute of Public Administration in 1954.
He contributed to India's cooperative movement using his background in agricultural economics to encourage state participation in cooperation. He was chosen to become a Director of the Bombay State Cooperative Bank, Vice-Chairman of the State Bank of India (1960-1962) and Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (1962-1964). During his tenure at the Reserve Bank of India he served as Chairman of the Central Committee of Cooperative Training – a position that helped spread the cooperative model widely within India. He went on to serve as a special consultant to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
He participated in and chaired several commissions of the International Cooperative Alliance, and was Chairman of the 23rd session of the International Cooperative Congress in Vienna in 1966.
Legacy
In 2005 the Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce (BMCC) established the Principal D.G. Karve Chair in Economics and Commerce. D.G. Karve served as the first Principal of the BMCC in 1943.
References
International Co-operative Alliance, Professor D.G. Karve Commemoration Volume (New India Press, New Delhi, 1971)
Selected bibliography
Federations: A Study in Comparative Politics (London, 1932)
Poverty and Population in India (H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1936)
References
External links
International Co-operative Alliance
Profile of Dattatreya Gopal Karve on the website of the International Institute of Social Studies
1898 births
1967 deaths
20th-century Indian economists
Scientists from Pune |
4007481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiehle%E2%80%93Reston%20East%20station | Wiehle–Reston East station | Wiehle–Reston East (; preliminary names Wiehle Avenue, Reston–Wiehle Avenue) is a Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. It began operation on July 26, 2014, and is the current western terminus of the Silver Line from 2014 until 2022, when the line is extended west to . Located in Reston, the station is situated alongside Reston Station, a mixed-use urban center.
Characteristics
The station is located within the median of Virginia State Route 267, similar to the Orange Line, which travels within the median of Interstate 66 between Ballston and Vienna. The station is about from Spring Hill, the next station to the east. It has approximately 2,300 parking spaces to the north of the road. Its main platform has a height of at its east end and at its west end.
The station is the staging point for the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority's Silver Line Express Bus, which travels in about 15 minutes between the station and Washington Dulles International Airport every 15 to 20 minutes with a fare of $5.00. The Fairfax Connector Route 983 bus travels to the Airport and the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum's Udvar-Hazy Center every 20 minutes, while the Connector's Route 981 bus travels to the Airport when the Center is closed. The paved Washington & Old Dominion Railroad Trail (W&OD Trail) crosses Wiehle Avenue (Virginia State Route 828) northeast of the station.
History
The "Wiehle" in the station's name refers to Wiehle Avenue at the eastern end of the station, which itself is named after a small town, Wiehle's Station, built in 1892 that used to be located nearby.
In order to foster high density development within walking distance of the station, Fairfax County awarded development rights to an existing park-and-ride lot on the station site. Reston-based Comstock Partners constructed a 2,300 space below-ground parking structure, and is developing of commercial and residential space, which when completed will consist of more than of Class A office space, approximately of restaurants, shops, and service-oriented retailers, a 200-plus room hotel, and approximately 900 luxury residences.
From May 23 until August 15, 2020, this station was closed due to the Platform Reconstruction west of and the Silver Line Phase II tie construction. This station reopened beginning on August 16, 2020 when trains were able to bypass East Falls Church station.
Station facilities
2 station entrances (both sides of SR 267)
Pedestrian bridge crossing SR 267
Bus dropoff/pickup (both entrances)
Kiss & Ride (north side only)
Secure bike storage room
Parking for 2,300 cars (north side)
Station layout
Gallery
References
External links
Railway stations in the United States opened in 2014
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia
Washington Metro stations in Virginia
2014 establishments in Virginia
Washington Metro stations located above ground
Railway stations in highway medians |
4007490 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B19 | B19 | B19 or B-19 may refer to:
B19 (New York City bus), serving Brooklyn
Douglas XB-19, an experimental bomber aircraft
Parvovirus B19, the virus that causes fifth disease
Caro–Kann Defence ECO code in chess
Patient B-19
Boron-19 (B-19 or 19B), an isotope of boron |
4007491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy%20Catoire | Georgy Catoire | Georgy Lvovich Catoire (or Katuar, , ) (Moscow 27 April 1861 – 21 May 1926) was a Russian composer of French heritage.
Life
Catoire studied piano in Berlin with Karl Klindworth (a friend of Richard Wagner) from whom he learned to appreciate Wagner. He became one of the few Russian 'Wagnerite' composers, joining the Wagner society in 1879.
Catoire graduated from Moscow University in mathematics in 1884 with outstanding honours. Upon graduating, he worked for his father's commercial business, only later becoming a full-time musician. It was at this time that Catoire began taking lessons in piano and basic harmony from Klindworth's student, V. I. Willborg. These lessons resulted in the composition of a piano sonata, some character pieces, and a few transcriptions. The most famous of these transcriptions was the piano transcription of Tchaikovsky's Introduction and Fugue from the First Orchestral Suite (which Jurgenson later published at the recommendation of Tchaikovsky).
Not satisfied with his lessons with Willborg, Catoire went to Berlin in late 1885 to continue his lessons with Klindworth. Throughout 1886, he made brief trips to Moscow, and on one of these trips, he became acquainted with Tchaikovsky, who was greatly pleased with Catoire's set of piano variations. Tchaikovsky told the younger composer that, "it would be a great sin if he did not devote himself to composition". It was during this visit to Moscow that Catoire was introduced to the publisher Jurgenson. Catoire continued to study piano with Klindworth in Berlin throughout 1886, and simultaneously studied composition and theory with Otto Tirsch. Not satisfied with Tirsch's instruction, he began study with Philipp Rüfer. These lessons were also short-lived but resulted in the composition of a string quartet.
Catoire returned to Moscow in 1887. He declined to make a debut as a concert pianist, despite Klindworth's recommendation. Catoire met Tchaikovsky again, and he showed him (along with Nikolai Gubert and Sergei Taneyev) the string quartet which he had written in Berlin for Rüfer. They all agreed that the work was musically interesting but lacking in texture. On Tchaikovsky's recommendation, Catoire went to Rimsky-Korsakov in St Petersburg with a request for composition and theory lessons. In a letter to Rimsky-Korsakov, Tchaikovsky later described Catoire as, "very talented... but in need of serious schooling."
Rimsky-Korsakov gave Catoire one lesson before passing him to Lyadov. This single lesson resulted in three piano pieces which were later published as Catoire's op.2. With Lyadov, Catoire studied counterpoint and wrote several pieces, including the lovely Caprice op.3. Lyadov's lessons concluded Catoire's formal schooling.
After returning to Moscow, Catoire became quite close to Anton Arensky. It was during this period that he wrote his second quartet (which he later rewrote as a quintet) and his cantata, "Rusalka", op.5, for solo voice, women's chorus and orchestra.
Catoire's family, friends, and colleagues were not sympathetic to his choice of career in composition, so in 1899, after a series of disappointments, he withdrew to the countryside and nearly gave up composing altogether. After two years of withdrawal from society, and having broken off almost all connections with musical friends, the opus 7 Symphony emerged in the form of a sextet as a result of this seclusion.
From 1919 Catoire was professor of composition in the Moscow Conservatory. He wrote several treatises on theory and composition during his tenure. Nikolai Myaskovsky had great regard for Catoire's students.
Today Catoire is very little known, although a few recordings exist of his piano works by Marc-André Hamelin, Anna Zassimova and Alexander Goldenweiser, while David Oistrakh and Laurent Breuninger have recorded the complete violin music. His music has a certain semblance to the works of Tchaikovsky, the early works of Scriabin, and the music of Fauré. Catoire's compositions demand not only high virtuosity but also an ear for instrumental colour.
Georgy Catoire is the uncle of author and musician Jean Catoire.
Selected discography
Poems for voice and piano. Yana Ivanilova, soprano, Anna Zassimova, piano. [Antes Edition, 2013]
Chamber music (Room music, Hyperion)
Piano music (Marc-Andre Hamelin, Hyperion)
Works for Violin & Piano (Laurent Breuninger, Anna Zassimova. cpo 777 378-2)
Piano Music (Anna Zassimova, Hänssler Classic, Antes Edition)
Morceaux Op. 6 Reverie, Contraste, Paysage.
https://www.jpc.de/jpcng/classic/detail/-/art/sonata-reminiszeca/hnum/8333103
Prélude As-Dur [Composition du jeune age]; Op. 12, Quatre Morceaux: Chant du Soir, Méditation, Nocturne, Etude fantastique; Op.34, Poème No.1 e-moll , Poeme Op. 34 No.2 C-Dur. Anna Zassimova. CD „Vergessene Weisen“ – Russian Music at the turn of the 20th Century. https://www.jpc.de/jpcng/classic/detail/-/art/Anna-Zassimova-Vergessene-Weisen/hnum/9989961
Selected works
Op. 1 Four Lieder: no.4, Lied for voice and piano on Lermontov's "Нет, не тебя так пылко я люблю..."
Op. 2 Trois Morceaux for piano (pub. 1888): 1. Chant intime, E major 2. Loin du Foyer, E♭ major 3. Soiree d'Hiver D major
Op. 3 Caprice for piano G♭ major (pub. 1886)
Op. 4 String Quartet (lost; reworked into a String Quintet)
Op. 5 "Rusalka" cantata for solo voice, women's chorus, orchestra (1888)
Op. 6 Six Morceaux for piano (1897): 1. Rêverie, A major 2. Prélude, G♭ major, 3. Scherzo, B♭ major 4. Paysage, A major 5. Intermezzo, B♭ major 6. Contraste, B minor
Op. 7 Symphony in C minor
Op. 8 Vision (Etude) for piano (pub. 1897)
Op. 9 Lieder: no.1 Lied for voice and piano on Apukhtin's "Опять весна"; no.4, Lied for voice and piano on Apukhtin's "Вечер"
Op. 10 Cinq Morceaux for piano (pub. c1899): 1. Prelude 2. Prelude 3. Capriccioso 4. Reverie 5. Legende
Op. 11 Lieder: no.1, Lied for voice and piano on Lermontov's "Песнь Русалки"; no.4, Lied for voice and piano on A. Tolstoy's "Не ветер, вея с высоты..."
Op. 12 Quatre Morceaux for piano (pub. 1901): 1. Chant du soir 2. Meditation 3. Nocturne 4. Etude fantastique
Op. 13 Mcyri (or Mtsyri) – Symphonic Poem (after Lermontov's "The Novice") (1899)
Op. 14 Piano Trio in F minor (1900) (pub. 1902)
Op. 15 Violin Sonata No.1 in B minor (in 3 movements)
Op. 16 String Quintet in C minor (two violins, viola, and two cellos)
Op. 17 Quatre Preludes for piano (pub. c1909)
Op. 18 Three Poems for female Choir and Piano
Op. 19 Three poems for Voice and Piano: no.1, Lied for voice and piano on F. Tiutchev's "Как над горячею золой..."; no.2, Lied for voice and piano on F. Tiutchev's "Silentium! (Молчание!)"
Op. 20 Violin Sonata no. 2 "Poeme" (single-mvt work) (1906)
Op. 21 Piano Concerto (1909) (pub. 1912)
Op. 22 Six songs
Op. 23 String quartet in F sharp minor (1909)
Op. 24 Chants du Crepuscule for piano (pub. 1914)
Op. 25 Prelude and Fugue in G minor for piano (pub. 1914)
Op. 26 Elegie for violin and piano (pub. 1916)
Op. 27 Vokal'nye ansambli for Voices and Piano
Op. 28 Piano Quintet (1914)
Op. 29 Seven Songs (1915): no.3, Lied for voice and piano on F. Tiutchev's "Сей день, я помню..."; no.6, Lied for voice and piano on F. Tiutchev's "Полдень"
Op. 30 Valse for piano (pub. 1916)
Op. 31 Piano Quartet in A minor (1916) (pub. c1928)
Op. 32 Six poems by Balmont for voice and piano (1916) (pub. c1924)
Op. 33 Six poems by Vladimir Soloviev for voice and piano (1916) (pub. c1924)
Op. 34 Quatre Morceaux for piano (1,2,4: composed 1924-6; 3: composition of youth) (pub. 1928): 1. Poeme 2. Poeme 3. Prelude 4. Etude
Op. 35 Tempest etude for piano (pub. 1928)
Op. 36 Valse for piano (composition of youth) (pub. 1928)
WoO Concert transcription of J.S. Bach's Passacaglia in C minor for piano (pub. 1889)
Selected bibliography
Anna Zassimova: Georges Catoire – Life, Music, Significance. [Deutsch]. Publishing House Ernst Kuhn, Berlin, 2011. [Georges Catoire – seine Musik, sein leben, seine Ausstrahlung. Verlag Ernst Kuhn – Berlin, 2011].
Anna Zassimova: The Correspondence between P.I. Tschaikowsky and G.L. Catoire. [Deutsch] Edition 15 of the Tschaikowsky Society Tübingen, 2008 [Der Briefwechsel zwischen P.I. Tschaikowsky und Jegor (Georgij) L. Catoire. Deutsche Tschaikowsky Gesellschaft, Mitteilungen 15. Tübingen, 2008]
Anna Zassimova: G. L. Catoire. Poem for Violin and Piano Op. 20. On Artistic Interpretation. [russ.] Editorial of the Moscow State Pedagogical University. Moscow, 2000
Anna Zassimova: The Piano Works of G. L. Catoire in the Contemporary Pianist's Repertory. [russ.] Editorial of the Moscow State Pedagogical University. Moscow, 2001
Notes
External links
Incomplete list of works (German)
Catoire String Quartet, Op.23 & Piano Trio, Op.14 Soundbites and discussion of works
Catoire Biography in French
1861 births
1926 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century male musicians
20th-century classical composers
20th-century Russian male musicians
Moscow Conservatory faculty
Moscow State University alumni
Musicians from Moscow
Russian male classical composers
Russian people of French descent
Russian Romantic composers |
4007508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20Now%2C%20Dow%20Jones | How Now, Dow Jones | How Now, Dow Jones is a musical comedy by Academy Award winner Elmer Bernstein, Tony Award nominee Carolyn Leigh and Max Shulman. The original Broadway production opened in December 1967. A critically acclaimed revised version premiered Off-Broadway in August 2009.
How Now, Dow Jones, set in Wall Street, follows Kate who announces the Dow Jones numbers. Her fiancé will not marry her until the Dow Jones Industrial Average hits 1,000.
Productions
The original Broadway production opened at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on December 7, 1967, and closed on June 15, 1968, after 220 performances and 19 previews. The David Merrick production was directed by George Abbott with choreography by Gillian Lynne (who was actually replaced by an uncredited Michael Bennett). The cast starred Tony Roberts, Marlyn Mason, Brenda Vaccaro and Hiram Sherman.
In August 2009, a revised version of How Now, Dow Jones was presented by UnsungMusicals at the Minetta Lane Theatre as part of the New York International Fringe Festival. The cast was led by Joseph Jefferson Award nominee Cristen Paige, Colin Hanlon and Fred Berman.
As revised by director Ben West, the new version featured three new songs that were cut from the original production: “Don’t Let a Good Thing Get Away”, “Where You Are” and “Touch and Go”. Five other musical numbers, four major characters and the ensemble were eliminated and the show was presented in one act.
The production starred Cristen Paige, Jim Middleton, Fred Berman, Colin Hanlon, Shane Bland, Dennis O'Bannion, Elon Rutberg, and Cori Silberman, and was choreographed by Rommy Sandhu with musical direction and arrangements by Fran Minarik.
Original Broadway production
Musical Numbers
Act One
A-B-C
They Don't Make 'Em Like That Anymore
Live a Little
The Pleasure's About to Be Mine
A Little Investigation
Walk Away
Gawk, Tousle, and Shucks
Step to the Rear
Shakespeare Lied
Big Trouble
Act Two
Rich Is Better
Just for the Moment
He's Here!
The Pleasure's About to Be Mine (Reprise)
That's Good Enough for Me
Characters
Cynthia Pike, a tour guide for the New York Stock Exchange, Kate's friend
Herbert Magruder, a Wall Street analyst for Wingate
Broker
Kate Montgomery, "the voice of Dow Jones", Herbert's fiancée
William Foster Wingate, a Wall Street tycoon
Nichols, his assistant
Judy Evans, a reporter
Wally, a friend of Herbert
Dr. Gilman
Charley Matson, a chronic failure
Senator McFetridge
Sue Ellen Bradbury, Charley's childhood sweetheart
Mr. Bradbury, her father, the richest man in Elmira, New York
Miss MacKenzie, Wingate's secretary
Wingate's Henchmen
Dow
Jones
A.K.
2009 FringeNYC production
Musical Numbers
A-B-C
They Don't Make ‘Em Like That
Live a Little
Walk Away
Gawk, Tousle and Shucks
Shakespeare Lied
Gawk, Tousle and Shucks (Reprise)
Don’t Let a Good Thing Get Away
Big Trouble
Where You Are
He’s Here
Touch and Go
Step to the Rear
Characters
Kate Montgomery
Charley Matson
Cynthia Pike
William Foster Wingate
Herbert P. Magruder
Dow
Jones
Dr. Gilman
A.K.
Production history
Before it reached Broadway, How Now, Dow Jones went through a great deal of turmoil in tryouts out of town. The original director, Arthur Penn, was fired in favor of veteran George Abbott who had never before worked with producer David Merrick. Similarly, choreographer Gillian Lynne was replaced by a young Michael Bennett, though he did not receive billing.
Several musical numbers were removed and/or rewritten. In a November 10, 1967 New York Times article, a cast member states that one song was "changed five times". Though no title was given, one suspects it was the tune titled “That’s Music” a.k.a. “Music to My Ears” a.k.a. “Music to Their Ears”. Regardless, it was eliminated with “Gawk, Tousle and Shucks” echoing the same sentiment.
Elsewhere, one of the songs, "Step to the Rear", caught on, and gave Marilyn Maye a major hit on Billboard's Easy Listening chart, where it peaked at number two. The song was used in Lincoln-Mercury television commercials for its 1969 model year cars, and Hubert Humphrey's campaign for president in 1968. The song was adapted into the fight song of the University of South Carolina under the title "The Fighting Gamecocks Lead the Way".
The original script is full of topical and cultural references highly specific to 1968. One entire scene in the play—requiring a set, costumes and actors not used anywhere else in the production—was an elaborate parody of a then-current Dreyfus Fund commercial depicting a lion emerging from a subway to stride down Wall Street, and many jokes rely on audience's familiarity with the store Lane Bryant and The Graduate.
The play was profiled in the William Goldman book The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway.
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
Original New York International Fringe Festival production
Original synopsis
New York City, 1968
Act I
Kate is frustrated that her engagement has gone on for three and a half years, only because Herbert has been expecting the Dow Jones average to hit the magic mark of 1000. She meets Charley, and they find that they share not only suicidal tendencies but also an attraction.
Cynthia, who recently met Wingate at a party and worships him, visits him in his office; Wingate, who is married, sets her up in an apartment as his mistress. After she leaves, Wingate and his fellow tycoons try to talk Senator McFetridge out of using an investigation of Wall Street to help his next election campaign.
After spending the night, Charley is smitten with Kate and wants them to travel the world together, but Kate turns him down, still hoping for a steady life with Herbert.
Having lured all other types of investors, Wingate now wants to convince widows and orphans to take their money out of safe bank accounts. But his customers' men don't have the kind of gawkiness that would win over old ladies. He notices Charley out on a window ledge about to jump, stops him, and finds him to be just the right kind of man for the job. Charley quickly becomes successful at charming rich widows into betting on the stock market.
Meanwhile, Kate finds out she's pregnant from her one-night stand with Charley. She loses her resolve to tell him when his childhood sweetheart Sue Ellen Bradbury and her father show up at their meeting place: now that Charley has turned out not quite the total failure Mr. Bradbury thought he was, Charley and Sue Ellen are engaged. In desperation, during her next Dow Jones update, Kate ignores the true figures given to her and announces that the Dow has reached 1000.
Act II
There is initial euphoria among investors such as the widows and Kate's doctor. But soon it is discovered that the announced figures were false. After all the tycoons eliminate each other as the perpetrators, they narrow down Kate as the suspect, but Senator McFetridge does not believe the scenario and plans to expose Wall Street corruption in a news interview. The rest try to find Kate.
Wingate visits Cynthia at her new apartment to ask if she knows where Kate is. It turns out that he has never taken advantage of their arrangement since it was first set up. He tells her that if the market crashes, the apartment will have to go. Cynthia brightens up when he asks her come with him to stand by his side when the national panic happens.
Wingate, Cynthia, Herbert, and Charley find Kate in her apartment. Even though she lied in order to get Herbert to marry her, she really doesn't love him. The matter of her pregnancy by Charley causes Wingate nearly to faint at the thought of what this entire illicit affair would do to the image of Wall Street. Left alone, Kate and Charlie resolve against suicide. Charlie is determined to come up with a solution and to make a life with Kate.
At Wingate's brokerage, the bottom is about to fall out. Even the Senator is resigned to having to live off of only his congressional salary from now on. Suddenly Charley comes in with Kate and the solution to the problem: the legendary old man A.K. himself, in a wheel-chair. Wall Street respects everything A.K. does in the stock market. Doddering near the end of his one sane hour a day, A.K. is convinced by Charley to buy up all the stocks that are now up for sale and thereby save the U.S. economy.
Bibliography
How Now, Dow Jones. Libretto. French's Musical Library. New York: Samuel French, Inc., 1968.
How Now, Dow Jones. The original Broadway cast recording. RCA STEREO LP # LSO 1142. (Also on CD)
References
External links
2010 Official Website
Elmer Bernstein Official Website
"How Now, Dow Jones" listing guidetomusicaltheatre.com
Playbill for 1967 production
Broadway musicals
1967 musicals
Original musicals
Plays set in New York City
Tony Award-winning musicals |
4007524 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFB-TV | ZFB-TV | ZFB-TV (channel 19) is a television station in Hamilton, Bermuda, serving the British territory as an affiliate of ABC. It is owned by the Bermuda Broadcasting Company alongside CBS affiliate ZBM-TV (channel 20). The two stations share studios on Fort Hill Road in Devonshire Parish.
History
ZFB-TV was founded in August 1965 by Capital Broadcasting Company Ltd. Originally, the station broadcast on VHF channel 8. In 1982, Capital Broadcasting Company merged with Bermuda Broadcasting Company and ZFB-TV was moved to channel 7.
Technical information
Subchannel
Analog-to-digital conversion
On the week of March 9, 2016, Bermuda Broadcasting ended analog broadcasts and converted ZFB-TV and ZBM-TV to digital using DVB-T, with both services sharing a multiplex on channel 20. The transmitter was knocked out of service some time later when lightning struck the transmitter. In 2017, in time for the America's Cup, Bermuda Broadcasting completed an upgrade that added a second transmitter for ZFB, using virtual channel 19.7, allowing both ZFB and ZBM to broadcast in HD; it also replaced its radio transmitters.
References
External links
Official website
Bermuda News media
Television stations in Bermuda
ABC network affiliates
Television channels and stations established in 1965
1965 establishments in Bermuda
Transnational network affiliates |
4007550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20Marinelli | Giovanni Marinelli | Giovanni Marinelli (18 October 1879 – 11 January 1944) was an Italian Fascist political leader.
Marinelli was born in Adria, Veneto.
A wealthy man, he contributed to Fascist success by financing the March on Rome. As secretary of the National Fascist Party (PNF), he created the Ceka, a secret police established on the model of the Soviet Cheka. The Ceka soon established itself as a terrorist squad, and was behind the assassination of Giacomo Matteotti, a prominent member of the opposition to the Fascist régime.
Tried as instigator of the murder in November 1925, Marinelli was defended by Roberto Farinacci himself, and eventually sentenced to a light punishment. His close friendship with Benito Mussolini ensured that he did not serve the full term. He remained out of the spotlight during most of the next two decades of Fascist rule, and appears to have been involved in the crushing of internal opposition to Mussolini (including moves inside the PNF). He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy in 1929 and in 1934, and from November 1939 to February 1943 he held the position of State Undersecretary for Communications.
As a member of the Grand Council of Fascism, on 25 July 1943 he joined the coup d'état carried out by Dino Grandi against Mussolini, as an attempt for Italy to switch sides in World War II (out of the alliance with Nazi Germany and into an agreement with the Allies). When the Nazis helped Mussolini re-establish his rule in Northern Italy, as leader of the Italian Social Republic, Marinelli was convicted of treason during the Verona trial of 1944, and executed by firing squad, along with former foreign minister Galeazzo Ciano, Emilio De Bono, Carlo Pareschi and Luciano Gottardi.
In Florestano Vancini's film The Assassination of Matteotti (1973), Marinelli is played by Orazio Stracuzzi.
References
1879 births
1944 deaths
Italian fascists
People from Adria
Executed politicians
People executed by Italy by firing squad
People executed by the Italian Social Republic
Executed Italian people |
4007564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o%20Marques%20de%20Oliveira | João Marques de Oliveira | João Joaquim Marques da Silva Oliveira (23 August 1853 - 9 October 1927) was a Portuguese painter in the Naturalist style.
Biography
Oliveira was born in Porto. In 1864, when he was only eleven, he entered the . Five years later, he enrolled in the history painting course taught by João António Correia and graduated in 1873. For the next six years, he lived in France with his colleague António da Silva Porto while they studied at the École des Beaux-arts under Alexandre Cabanel and Adolphe Yvon. While living there, they also made study trips to Belgium, England, the Netherlands and Italy. The sketches and paintings that resulted from these trips led to his participation in the Salons of 1876 and 1878.
Upon his return to Porto in 1879, he worked as a free-lance artist and helped introduce the concept of plein-air painting in Portugal. The following year, he became Vice-President of the Centro Artístico Portuense, an association for the advancement of the arts modeled on the "" of Lisbon. From 1881 to 1926, he was a Professor at the Academy in Porto and later held the position of Director.
Some of his pupils were Aurélia de Sousa and Lino António.
In 1911, he was appointed Chairman of the Board and a member of the Executive Committee for Art at the newly reorganized Soares dos Reis National Museum. In 1913, he became the Director. He reluctantly resigned all of his positions in 1926, when he reached the mandatory retirement age for public employees, and died the following year in his home city of Porto. In 1929, he was honored with a bronze bust in the , next to the Academy.
References
Further reading
José Augusto França: A Arte em Portugal no Século XIX, Livraria Bertrand, 1990. .
External links
ArtNet: more works by Oliveira
João Marques de Oliveira @ the Museo Nacional de Soares dos Reis
1853 births
1927 deaths
University of Porto alumni
Artists from Porto
19th-century Portuguese painters
Portuguese male painters
19th-century male artists
20th-century Portuguese painters
20th-century male artists |
4007579 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston%20Town%20Center%20station | Reston Town Center station | Reston Town Center (preliminary name Reston Parkway) is a rapid transit station under construction on the Silver Line of the Washington Metro in Reston, an unincorporated area in Northern Virginia. It is now expected to open on October 31, 2022.
The station is located in the central section of Reston, specifically within the median of SR 267 (Dulles Toll Road) west of its interchange with SR 602 (Reston Parkway). Reston Town Center is approximately to the north of the station.
Transit-oriented development
As with all stations on the Silver Line within Fairfax County, the Fairfax County Planning Commission aims to transform the surrounding area into a mixed-use, dense, and walkable neighborhood connected to Reston Town Center. The Planning Commission has delineated an area bounded by New Dominion Parkway, Reston Parkway, Sunset Hills Road, Sunrise Valley Drive, and Fairfax County Parkway for transit-oriented development. The vast majority of the precinct is devoted to mixed-use zoning, while some outlying areas are designated for office, industrial, or government use.
Station layout
As with all Silver Line stations extending northwest from East Falls Church station, Reston Town Center will have a single island platform with two tracks. Since the station will be built within the median of the Dulles Toll Road, there will be two pedestrian bridges crossing the highway, linking the station to bus bays and kiss and ride lots on either side of the highway area.
See also
Reston Town Center
Open Source Center
References
External links
Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Proposed Washington Metro stations
Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia
Reston, Virginia
Railway stations scheduled to open in 2022
Railway stations in highway medians |
4007600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Kwalick | Ted Kwalick | Thaddeus John Kwalick (born April 15, 1947) is a former American football tight end in the National Football League and World Football League. He played for the San Francisco 49ers from 1969-1974 and the Oakland Raiders from 1975-1977. In 1975, he also played with the Philadelphia Bell of the World Football League.
Early years
Kwalick attended Penn State University after growing up and playing high school football at Montour High School outside Pittsburgh.
He made several All-America teams in 1967, and was unanimous in 1968, becoming Penn State's first two-time All-America. His career totals, 1343 yards and 10 touchdowns, were Penn State records for a tight end. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1989 and National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in 2005.
Professional career
Kwalick was selected by the San Francisco 49ers in the 1st round (7th overall) of the 1969 NFL Draft. scored the first touchdown in Candlestick Park in 1971. In March 1974, he was selected by The Hawaiians in the first round (11th overall) of the WFL Pro Draft.
Personal life
Kwalick earned a BS in Physical Education from Penn State University in 1969. He is the president/owner of ProTech Voltage Systems, Inc., in Santa Clara, California.
External links
Kwalick takes in game from another perspective, Centre Daily Times, August 3, 2008
1947 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American football tight ends
Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Penn State Nittany Lions football players
San Francisco 49ers players
Sportspeople from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Philadelphia Bell players
Oakland Raiders players
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
People from McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania
American people of Polish descent |
4007617 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herndon%20station | Herndon station | Herndon (preliminary names Herndon–Monroe, Herndon–Reston West) is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. The station would be in the median strip of VA-267 adjacent to the current Herndon-Monroe Park and Ride parking garage and bus station, which is on the south side of the highway. This location is in Reston, but has a Herndon postal address. In anticipation of a future mass transit route in the Dulles Access Road median, in 1999 Fairfax County constructed a $20 million park and ride facility which includes a Fairfax Connector station that serves most bus lines in the Herndon and Reston areas as well as buses carrying commuters to the West Falls Church or other Metro stations daily. The existing facility is served by direct westbound on-ramps and eastbound off-ramps to SR 267. The existing parking garage has 1,750 spaces. The garage has drawn criticism because of alleged construction flaws. The garage will be expanded to 3,500 spaces for the Metro station.
Originally planned for revenue operations in 2018, the station is now expected to open in Fall 2022. In the meantime, the Town of Herndon has initiated transportation oriented development of the land on the north side of the station. In turn, the Town of Herndon, on November 10, 2009, designated commercial, industrial and multi-unit rental residential properties within the town boundaries for inclusion in a special tax district to fund construction of Phase II of the Silver Line.
Station layout
Planned facilities for this station include two pedestrian bridges across SR 267 to reach entrances on either side of the highway. Bus bays will be located on the south side of the highway. The station will be linked to the existing kiss and ride lot and parking for 3,500 cars.
External links
Diagram of pre-existing facility
Town of Herndon, VA : Metrorail Planning
References
Herndon, Virginia
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Proposed Washington Metro stations
Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia
Railway stations scheduled to open in 2022
Railway stations in highway medians |
4007650 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation%20Center%20station | Innovation Center station | Innovation Center (preliminary names Route 28, Herndon – Dulles East) is a planned Washington Metro station in Fairfax County, Virginia on the Silver Line. It will be located adjacent to the Virginia Center for Innovative Technology at the intersection of the SR 267 and SR 28 in McNair, near the Fairfax / Loudoun county line. Originally planned to begin operation in 2018, the station is now expected to open on October 31, 2022.
Station layout
Planned facilities for this station include two pedestrian bridges across SR 267, leading to bus bays and kiss and ride lots at both entrances, as well as parking for 2,000 cars at the south entrance.
References
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Proposed Washington Metro stations
Transportation in Fairfax County, Virginia
Railway stations scheduled to open in 2022
Railway stations in highway medians |
4007655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soares%20dos%20Reis%20National%20Museum | Soares dos Reis National Museum | Soares dos Reis National Museum () is a museum, currently housed in the Carrancas Palace situated in the civil parish of Cedofeita, Santo Ildefonso, Sé, Miragaia, São Nicolau e Vitória, in the northern Portuguese city of Porto.
Founded in 1833, it is the first Portuguese national museum exhibiting collections of Portuguese art, including a collection by Portuguese sculptor António Soares dos Reis, from which the museum derives its name.
History
The museum was founded in 1833 as Museum Portuense by King Peter IV. Initially it was housed in the Convent of Santo António (in the centre of Porto), exhibiting religious art confiscated from Portuguese convents, and those works of art expropriated from the absolutist followers of Miguel I (who had struggled against Peter IV a year before).
During the 19th century the museum made several acquisitions that were integrated into the main collection.
But, it was in 1911 that the museum obtained its collection of work by Soares dos Reis, a celebrated Portuguese sculptor, taking on the name of its benefactor.
In 1942 the museum was transferred from the centre of the city to the former-residence of the Moraes e Castro family, known commonly as the Carrancas (which means scowlers/frowners, a passing reference to the disapproving nature of its members). The large building provided the spaces and conditions to store and exhibit the collections. Over time, the spaces were expanded and modernised under a project by architect Fernando Távora.
Collections
The museum has a vast collection mainly focused on Portuguese art of the 19th and 20th centuries, including painting, sculpture, furniture, metalwork and ceramics.
Artists represented include painters Domingos Sequeira, Vieira Portuense, Augusto Roquemont, Miguel Ângelo Lupi, António Carvalho de Silva Porto, Marques de Oliveira, Henrique Pousão, Aurélia de Souza, Sofia Martins de Sousa, Dórdio Gomes, Júlio Resende and sculptors Soares do Reis, Augusto Santo, António Teixeira Lopes, Rodolfo Pinto do Couto and many others.
External links
Official site
Planetware information
The Soares dos Reis National Museum on Google Arts & Culture
Soares do Reis
Soares dos Reis
Soares dos Reis, Antonio
Soares do Reis
Art museums established in 1833
1833 establishments in Portugal |
4007666 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caridad%20Bravo%20Adams | Caridad Bravo Adams | Caridad Bravo Adams (; born on January 14, 1908 in Villahermosa, Tabasco – August 13, 1990 in Mexico City) was a prolific Mexican writer and the most famous telenovela writer worldwide.
She was born to a couple of Cuban actors and she was part of an extended family of artists, being the sister of Venezuelan actor Leon Bravo, one of the pioneers of theater, radio and TV in Venezuela. She published her first book at the age of 16, titled Pétalos sueltos. She then moved back to Cuba with her parents, and later returned to Mexico, where she kept writing and obtained a role in her only film, Corazón bandolero (1934). She became a chair member of the Ateneo Mexicano de Mujeres and later moved back to Cuba, where she wrote the radionovela Yo no creo en los hombres, which was adapted in Mexico for telenovelas in 1969 and 1988. Upon the rise of Fidel Castro, she returned to Mexico, where she would remain the rest of her life. Back in Mexico, she wrote Corazón salvaje, a novel that has been adapted to the screen twice and as a telenovela four times (including once as Juan del Diablo in Puerto Rico). She then wrote La intrusa, Bodas de odio and other novels that earned her important awards.
The nature of her work
Caridad Bravo Adams can easily be identified as the Margaret Mitchell of telenovelas. Though she has her own style of writing Caridad's most successful stories are the ones in which she deals with the Margaret Mitchell-like topic of loveless marriage and the process of conquering one's wife. In Corazón salvaje, La mentira, Bodas de odio (and later Amor real), El otro (and later Por tu amor) she deals with the subject of a seemingly loveless marriage that turns out not to be so. Just like Mitchell, Caridad explores the human psychology from the perspective of a protagonist who ignores her true emotions and goes through a process of realizing the feelings that were there all along. Hence a love and hate relationship begins until finally the emotional worlds of the couple come to light. Her male figure is always a dashing Rhett Buttler, noble, strong but hiding his feelings behind irony. Her female figure on the other hand varies keeping as only thing in common with Mitchell's Scarlet O'Hara, her strength of character and stubbornness.
Films as an actress
Corazón bandolero (1934)
As a writer
Poetry
Pétalos sueltos (1924)
Reverbación (1931)
Trópico(1933)
Marejada (1940)
Novels
La mentira o El amor nunca muere (1952)
Corazón salvaje (1956)
Tzintzuntzn (La Noche de los Muertos)-1967
Bodas de odio
La imperdonable
La intrusa
Yo no creo en los hombres
Cuatrilogía primordial
Plays
Agustín Ramírez (1962)
Films
La mentira (1952)
Pecado mortal (1955)
Corazón salvaje (1956)
Orgullo de mujer (1956, novel El otro)
Cuentan de una mujer (1959)
Corazón salvaje (1968)
Deborah (1968)
La mentira (1970)
Estafa de amor (1970)
Telenovelas
La mentira
Yo no creo en los hombres
La intrusa/ Gabriela
Pecado mortal
El engaño/ Estafa de amor
Corazón salvaje
Orgullo de mujer
El enemigo
Adiós, amor mío
Más allá del corazón
Cita con la muerte
Cristina Guzmán
Sueña conmigo Donaji
Más fuerte que el odio/ Amor en el desierto
Lo prohibido
Deborah
La desconocida
Águeda
Cristina
El precio de un hombre
La hiena
Mamá
Alma y carne
Bodas de odio
Herencia maldita
Una sombra entre los dos / Al pie del altar
Tormenta de pasiones
Un Paraíso Maldito / Azul infierno
Awards
Nezahualcóyolt medal of the Mexican Writers Guild
References
External links
Biography
1908 births
1990 deaths
Mexican people of Cuban descent
20th-century Mexican writers
Mexican screenwriters
Telenovela writers
People from Villahermosa
LGBT writers from Mexico
Mexican women journalists
Amor real
20th-century women writers
Women soap opera writers
20th-century screenwriters
20th-century LGBT people |
4007679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulles%20International%20Airport%20station | Dulles International Airport station | The Washington Dulles International Airport Station is a planned Washington Metro station at Washington Dulles International Airport in Loudoun County, Virginia, U.S., on the Silver Line. Originally planned to be operational by 2018, the station is expected to open on October 31, 2022. The station was originally planned to be underground, but was built as an above-ground station next to daily parking garage 1.
History
A Washington Metro station had been considered for Dulles since at least 1969, but formal plans were not made until 2002, with the first phase of the project commencing in 2004. According to a 1969–1970 engineering study, a full-scale Metro station was planned (but never built) 28 feet (8.6 m) below a parking lot. The originally planned single-side platform station would not meet current Metro specifications for a center platform, which is necessary since current plans would extend service beyond the airport to western suburbs. Plans for an above-ground facility drew concerns from the Virginia Historic Preservation Office regarding the visual impact on the Eero Saarinen-designed terminal. Consultants estimated that an above-ground station would save $640 million in construction costs.
On April 6, 2011, the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) board voted 9–4 to build an underground station away from the terminal, rather than an above-ground station away from the terminal, at an additional cost of $330 million. Construction of the underground station would have extended its expected opening to mid-2017. However, on July 20, 2011, the MWAA board reversed its previous vote and approved an above-ground station due to pressure from state and local officials to reduce overall project costs.
The pedestrian tunnel connecting the terminal and daily and hourly lots to parking garage 1 was closed in January 2016 in order to reconfigure that tunnel section to accommodate the future Metro station entrance. The pedestrian tunnel was reopened in November 2018.
Station layout
The station will be connected to the terminal building using the existing pedestrian tunnel which connects the hourly and daily parking lots and parking garage 1 to the baggage claim level of the airport terminal; it will be equipped with moving sidewalks.
References
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Buildings and structures in Loudoun County, Virginia
Proposed Washington Metro stations
Transportation in Loudoun County, Virginia
Airport railway stations in the United States
Railway stations scheduled to open in 2022
Station |
4007689 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic%20Washington | Vic Washington | Victor Arnold Washington (March 23, 1946 – December 31, 2008) was an American football running back and kick returner. After attending the University of Wyoming, he played nine professional seasons, three in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and six in the National Football League (NFL).
College career
Washington played for Wyoming from 1965 to 1967, as a running back, defensive back, and kick returner. As a sophomore, he intercepted three passes and returned 34 punts for 443 yards. In his Junior season, Washington set school records for punt return yards in a season (53 for 565 yards and 2 touchdowns) and in a single game (145 yards). He also had a 95-yard kickoff return touchdown, 40 tackles, 22 pass deflections, and four interceptions. Wyoming finished the season undefeated at 13-0 before losing to Louisiana State University in the Sugar Bowl, 28–13.
The Sugar Bowl loss turned out to be Washington's final college game. A few months later, Washington was charged with assaulting a 19-year-old student referee during an intermural basketball game. He pleaded guilty and received 5-day suspended jail sentence and a 25-dollar fine. Wyoming permanently expelled him. Despite this, Wyoming still voted him into their athletic hall of fame in 2005.
CFL
Vic Washington first starred with the CFL's Ottawa Rough Riders in 1968 and 1969, winners of back-to-back Grey Cup Championships in 1968 & 1969 against the Calgary Stampeders and the Saskatchewan Roughriders, respectively. In the first of the two title matches, Washington received the Most Valuable Player award for his 80-yard touchdown run from scrimmage, establishing a Grey Cup record that still stands. He played one more season in the CFL with the 1970 B.C.Lions before leaving for the NFL.
NFL
After signing with the NFL's San Francisco 49ers, he rushed for 811 yards with a 4.2 average, led the league with 1,986 all-purpose yards, was named to his only Pro Bowl and helped to lead the team to the National Football Conference finals in 1971. In a 49ers loss to the Dallas Cowboys in the playoffs the next season, he returned the opening kickoff 97 yards for a touchdown setting the NFL postseason record for longest kickoff return. He finished his professional football career with the Houston Oilers and Buffalo Bills. Washington retired with 129 kickoff returns for 3,341 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing for 2,028 yards and 16 touchdowns, and catching 130 passes for 1,090 yards and 5 scores.
See also
List of NCAA major college yearly punt and kickoff return leaders
References
External links
FitzGerald, Tom "Vic Washington, 49ers Pro Bowler from 1970s dies at 62" San Francisco Chronicle, Saturday, February 7, 2009
1946 births
2008 deaths
American football running backs
American football safeties
Buffalo Bills players
Canadian football running backs
Houston Oilers players
National Conference Pro Bowl players
Ottawa Rough Riders players
Sportspeople from Plainfield, New Jersey
San Francisco 49ers players
Wyoming Cowboys football players
Players of American football from New Jersey |
4007691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20River%2C%20South%20Australia | American River, South Australia | American River is a town in the Australian state of South Australia located on the western shore of Eastern Cove on Kangaroo Island.
History
The area now known as American River was first visited by Europeans in 1802 when Matthew Flinders landed to survey this part of Kangaroo Island. In 1803, a group of American sealers camped for four months in the area. They arrived on the brig and built their own 35 ton schooner Independence from local timber. The town takes its name from this time. A memorial plaque and accompanying anchor (recovered in 1969) from an early American whaling vessel is dedicated to Union s crew.
Frank Potts was the first official settler in 1842, before moving to the mainland and establishing the Bleasdale vineyard and winery at Langhorne Creek. John Buick, a professional boat builder, built the first house in the town in 1844. It was fashioned out of local stone, pug and sput timber and remained standing until 1985.
Somewhat erroneously, the waters of Eastern Cove, upon which the township is located, have been referred to as American River, compounding the illusion that the township is connected in any way with a river.
A fish canning factory existed for a few years from the late 1890s, remnants of which may still be found on the shore north of the town proper. Gypsum was mined at Flour Cask Bay, later at Pelican Lagoon and trucked to nearby Ballast Head, from 1956 until 1986.
Until the 1980s the town was serviced regularly by the ketches Falie, Nelcebee (last service 15 April 1982) and Ulonga, operated by R. Fricker & Co. Consequently, on cessation of this service the wharf area for some time was a redundant commercial facility, resulting in the removal of several buildings and fuel facilities. Recently however, the advent of oyster farming has seen new shedding erected and increased activity, in harmony with recreational boating activities.
The population has increased steadily in recent years, while nearby hamlets in the vicinity of Eastern Cove, such as Island Beach and Baudin Beach, South Australia have become more prominent.
Electricity supply to American River was only made permanent in 1967.
Tourism
The town looks out over Pelican Lagoon, which is a popular place for birdwatching, kayaking and boating, though fishing within the lagoon is prohibited.
The establishment of guest houses at American River in the early part of the 20th century were the forerunner of today's tourism industry on Kangaroo Island. Ryberg, Lierich, and Linnett, are names synonymous with the development of tourism at American River.
Nils Ryberg, a Swedish born immigrant, settled at American River in 1884, and ten years later built the original "Ryberg House" on the site of the present Kangaroo Island Lodge, exclusively for tourist accommodation.
Ryberg added to the building over several years, before selling to John and Valerie Linnett in 1913. Ryberg House was completely rebuilt in 1928, and remains today. Fishing trips were an integral part of the business, with three boats, Warrigal, Linnette and Linnette 2 comprising the fleet which operated until 1985.
The business was operated until John Linnett's death in 1955, after which time his four sons, Keith, Lionel, Leon and Gordon continued under the name of Linnetts Pleasure Resort.
Leon Linnett assumed sole proprietorship in 1971, expanding the resort with the erection of several new wings and refurbishing the reception, administration and restaurant areas in 1980, when the resort became known as Linnetts Island Club.
Leon Linnett sold the property in the late 1990s to an Adelaide-based consortium that trades under the name Kangaroo Island Lodge.
Facilities
The town supports a Country Fire Service brigade and South Australian Ambulance Service depot. An active sports and community association maintains a focal point for weekly meals and community awareness, whilst an annual fishing competition, normally held at Easter, is popular. There is a small store and post office, providing most postal services (limited banking) on Buick Drive. There is also a small cafe and gift shop located at the wharf which is open from 10.00am to 3.00pm daily.
An extensive wharf with mooring facilities for large commercial fishing boats was completed in 1964. A new, triple berth boat ramp with floating pontoons was completed in July 2008.
In recent years several new land subdivisions have seen increased development within the township, highlighting the need for improved effluent disposal and water supply. A Community Wastewater Management Scheme was implemented in 2009.
Transport
Since the withdrawal of services by ketches to American River, there has been no direct freight service.
During the 1980s, there was a passenger ferry service operated by John and Ann Hamlyn between Cape Jervis and American River, using the mono hulled Valerie Jane.
Air services were operated for a number of years by Emu Airways, utilising a privately owned airstrip located to the north of the township. Air Transport regulations subsequently rendered the airstrip unsuitable for commercial flights. An accommodation venue at nearby Muston publicises access via an alternative, private air strip.
See also
Pelican Lagoon
References
External links
Kangaroo Island
American River
Towns on Kangaroo Island
Populated places established in 1842
Coastal towns in South Australia
1842 establishments in Australia
Seal hunting |
4007694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oubkiri%20Marc%20Yao | Oubkiri Marc Yao | Oubkiri Marc Yao is a Burkinabé politician and a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Burkina Faso. He is also First Vice-President of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso, and former Ambassador of Burkina Faso to the Soviet Union, Denmark, and Ghana.
See also
List of members of the Pan-African Parliament
References
Members of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Burkina Faso
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Ambassadors of Burkina Faso to the Soviet Union
Ambassadors of Burkina Faso to Denmark
Ambassadors of Burkina Faso to Ghana
21st-century Burkinabé people |
4007702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Nichols | Grace Nichols | Grace Nichols FRSL (born 1950) is a Guyanese poet who moved to Britain in 1977, before which she worked as a teacher and journalist in Guyana. Her first collection, I is a Long-Memoried Woman (1983), won the Commonwealth Poetry Prize. In December 2021, she was announced as winner of the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry.
Biography
Grace Nichols FRSL was born in Georgetown, Guyana, and lived in a small village on the country's coast until her family moved to the city when she was eight years old. She took a Diploma in Communications from the University of Guyana, and subsequently worked as a teacher (1967–70), as a journalist and in government information services, before she immigrated to the United Kingdom in 1977. Much of her poetry is characterised by Caribbean rhythms and culture, and influenced by Guyanese and Amerindian folklore.
Her first collection of poetry, I is a Long-Memoried Woman won the 1983 Commonwealth Poetry Prize, and in 1992 she featured in the anthology Daughters of Africa (edited by Margaret Busby). Nichols has written several further books of poetry and a novel for adults, Whole of a Morning Sky, 1986. Her books for children include collections of short stories and poetry anthologies. Her latest work, of new and selected poems, is Startling the Flying Fish, 2006. Her poetry is featured in the AQA, WJEC (Welsh Joint Education Committee), and Edexcel English/English Literature IGCSE anthologies – meaning that many GCSE students in the UK have studied her work. Her religion is Christianity after she was influenced by the UK's many religions and multi-cultural society.
She lives in Lewes, East Sussex, with her partner, the Guyanese poet John Agard.
Anthologise — annual poetry competition for schools
In 2011 Nichols was a member of the first ever judging panel for a new schools poetry competition named "Anthologise", spearheaded by Poet Laureate Carol Ann Duffy. School students aged 11–18 from around the UK were invited to create and submit their own anthologies of published poetry. The first ever winners of Anthologise were the sixth form pupils of Monkton Combe School, Bath, with their anthology titled The Poetry of Earth is Never Dead.
Bibliography
I is a Long-Memoried Woman, London: Karnak House, 1983 to 1984
The Fat Black Woman's Poems, London: Virago Press, 1984
A Dangerous Knowing: Four Black Women Poets (Barbara Burford, Gabriela Pearse, Grace Nichols, Jackie Kay), London: Sheba, 1985
Whole of a Morning Sky (novel), London: Virago, 1986
Over the River, 1986
Hurricane Hits England, 1987
Come into my Tropical Garden (poems), 1988
Lazy Thoughts of a Lazy Woman (poems), 1989
Sunris (poems), London: Virago, 1996
Startling the Flying Fish, 2006
Picasso, I Want My Face Back, Bloodaxe Books, 2009
I Have Crossed an Ocean: Selected Poems, Bloodaxe, 2010
Island Man
The Insomnia Poems, 2017
Passport to Here and There, Bloodaxe, 2020
Awards
1983: Commonwealth Poetry Prize (for I is a Long Memoried Woman)
1986: Arts Council Writers' Award
1996: Guyana Poetry Prize (for Sunris)
2000: Cholmondeley Award
2007: Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
2008: Guyana Poetry Award Never live unloved
2021: Queen’s Gold Medal for Poetry
References
Further reading
"Grace Nichols", "Writers and Their Work" Series, Sarah Lawson Welsh (Northcote Press & the British Council; 2007)
1950 births
Black British women writers
Living people
Guyanese poets
Guyanese women writers
Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature
People from Georgetown, Guyana
Guyanese emigrants to England
Guyanese women novelists
Guyanese novelists
20th-century poets
Guyanese women poets
21st-century poets
20th-century women writers
21st-century women writers
Guyanese short story writers
20th-century Guyanese writers |
4007705 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing-optional%20bike%20ride | Clothing-optional bike ride | A clothing-optional bike ride is a cycling event in which nudity is permitted or expected. There are many clothing-optional cycling events around the world. Some rides are political, recreational, artistic or a unique combination. Some are used to promote topfreedom, a social movement to accord women and girls the right to be topless in public where men and boys have that right.
Body art (such as body painting) are common forms of creative expression, as well as costumes, art bikes, portable sound reinforcement systems (such as public address systems/bullhorns, and boomboxes), musical instruments as well as other types of noisemakers.
Many of the political rides have their roots from Critical Mass and are often described or categorized as a form of political protest, street theatre, party-on-wheels, streaking, public nudity and clothing-optional recreation and thus attracts a wide range of participants.
Events
Full and partial (especially topfree) nudity is encouraged, but not mandatory, on all rides. Some people ride in their underwear.
Political and often artistic rides
Critical Ass, a variant of the Critical Mass bike ride, where participating bicyclists ride in their underwear or in the nude. In June 2004, 22 world cities participated in World Naked Bike Ride, an international Critical Ass-style event. Regular Critical Ass rides have taken place in New York City, Chicago, Seattle and other locales throughout North America.
Hemp Ride, starting in 2007
World Naked Bike Ride, an international event (Since 12 June 2004)
Manifestación Ciclonudista Mundial in Spain (Since 2001)
Body Pride Ride in Seattle (Since 2005)
Critical Mass Ciclonudista in Italy
Recreational rides, not overtly political
Nackt Radtour, nude cycling tours in Germany (since 2000)
The Naked Bike Ride at the University of Vermont, a bi-annual event held at midnight after the last day of classes each semester
Mostly artistic, non-political rides
Solstice Cyclists in Seattle (Since 1992, with bodypainting since 1998?)
Critical Tits at Burning Man in the Black Rock Desert in Nevada
The music video made for the Queen song "Bicycle Race"
Topfree events
Events where topfreedom is allowed but full nudity is either not allowed or discouraged:
Sydney Body Art Ride in Sydney, Australia (Since 2005)
Washington, D.C. Dyke March
Activists
Known activists include Daniel Lorenz Johnson, Jennifer Moss, Simon Oosterman, Conrad Schmidt (WNBR founder), and Terri Sue Webb.
Filmography
Solstice: A Celebration of the Art of Bodypainting produced by James W. Taylor/Circle Rock, 2004. Includes clips of the 2003 Solstice Cyclists
Radtour-Classics 2001: Nackt-Radtour in und um Karlsruhe am 14. 6. 2001 A film by Karl-Heinz Kreutler.
See also
Outline of cycling
List of public outdoor clothes free places
Naked hiking
Nude beach
Nudity in sport
Public nudity
Utility cycling
References
Clothing controversies
Culture jamming techniques
Naked cycling events |
4007717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudoun%20Gateway%20station | Loudoun Gateway station | Loudoun Gateway is a planned Washington Metro station in Loudoun County, Virginia on the Silver Line. It will be located at SR 606 (Old Ox Road) and the ramps to SR 267. Originally planned to begin operations in 2018, the station is now expected to open on October 31, 2022.
In April 2015, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority approved the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors' name for the stop.
Station layout
Planned facilities for this station include a pedestrian bridge crossing to the north side of SR 267, leading to bus bays, a kiss and ride lot, as well as an expanded 2,750-space parking facility at the Dulles North Transit Center.
References
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Proposed Washington Metro stations
Transportation in Loudoun County, Virginia
Railway stations scheduled to open in 2022
Railway stations in highway medians |
4007722 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B14 | B14 | B14 may refer to:
Transportation
B14 (New York City bus)
HLA-B14, an HLA - B serotype
London Buses route B14
Bundesstraße 14, federal highway in Germany
Martin XB-14, a variant of the Martin B-10 bomber
The generation of Nissan Sentra built from 1995 to 1999
Volvo B14A engine
Chery V5, a Chinese car, also known as Chery B14
B14 (dinghy), the class of sailing dinghy designed by Julian Bethwaite
Other uses
Caro-Kann Defence, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code
B14-0,-5 and -7, a series of model rocket engines produced by Estes Industries from approximately 1968-1979
Boron-14 (B-14 or 14B), an isotope of boron |
4007723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%20Team | Green Team | Green Team is an independent strategic brand communications and creative agency with offices in New York, Sydney, Melbourne, Hobart, São Paulo and Mexico City. Founded in 1993, it is one of the first communications agencies to focus on the areas of sustainability and social responsibility.
Green Team's mission statement is "We consider the environment to include every social, natural and cultural surrounding that impacts the health of our minds, bodies and spirits. So defined, museums and marshlands are equally critical habitats; workplace diversity and World Heritage sites are both in need of preservation; and racial discrimination is just as toxic as diesel fumes."
Green Team president Hugh Hough was chosen as one of Al Gore's ambassadors for the Inconvenient Truth film in 2007.
Awakening Consumer
Green Team coined the term 'Awakening Consumer', relating to consumers that consider a company's or brand's values in addition to the price/performance ratio, when making a purchase. The Awakening Consumer demographic is similar, though more expansive, to the market segment designated LOHAS.
Green Team Australia
Green Team Australia was established in 2007. Independently owned and operated, it has offices located in Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart. Heather Rose, a director of Green Team Australia, is a businesswoman and author in Australia.
External links
"The Sky May Not Be Falling, But The Ground Is Definitely Shifting ", MediaPost, May 13, 2009
"Finding Success in a Green World", AirTran Magazine, February 2009
"A Garbage Hauler Tidies Up Its Image" New York Times, February 7, 2008
"Fine-Tuning the Green Rush" Corporate Responsibility Officer, December 2007
"Art & Commerce: Awake and Aware" Adweek, October 22, 2007
"Greenwashing, Be Gone! A tool to help companies assess their eco-friendliness" BusinessWeek September 4, 2007
"The New Black; Companies and Critics Try Collaboration" New York Times, May 17, 2006
"Green Team Rolls Out Monaco's Red Carpet" Adweek, February 25, 2005
"Green Team Debuts Resort for 'Fortunate Few'" Adweek, October 5, 2004
"Environmental Defense Goes on Offense " Adweek, July 30, 2004
"Green Team Creates 'Cut the Emissions' Ads" Adweek, June 4, 2004
"Green Team Takes Over VisitBritain" Adweek, May 10, 2004
"An agency makes progress by roughing it in a field with few competitors: environmental issues." New York Times, August 8, 1995
Advertising agencies of the United States
Companies based in New York City |
4007737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Hiorth%C3%B8y | Kim Hiorthøy | Kim Hiorthøy (born March 17, 1973) is a Norwegian electronic musician, graphic designer, illustrator, filmmaker and writer.
Biography
Hiorthøy was born and raised in Trondheim, Norway, and studied at the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art (1991–96) as well as the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen (1999–2000). During his tenure at the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art, Hiorthøy spent a year abroad in 1994 to attend the School of Visual Arts in New York. There he worked extensively with Cinematographer Mott Hupfel. Currently, he lives and works in Berlin, Germany. A fictionalized version of Hiorthøy is a character in Erlend Loe's novel L.
Career
Music
Hiorthøy began making music while attending the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art; he worked in the academy's sound studio until he left school and purchased his own equipment. After various "collaborations and accidents", his music was eventually introduced to Joakim Haugland of the Smalltown Supersound record label. Haugland asked Hiorthøy to work with the label, and in 2001 Hiorthøy released his debut album, "Hei". He has subsequently released several albums, EPs, and 7-inch records with Smalltown Supersound.
Hiorthøy's musical style is difficult to classify; the Smalltown Supersound website offers the following description: "On his records Kim Hiorthøy combines weird beats, lo-fi/leftfield electronics, field recordings, electro-acoustic sounds and samples, resulting in a sound all his own." His live sets, however, differ from his recordings, with louder, faster beats and a techno undertone.
Graphic design and film
While exploring music at the Trondheim Academy of Fine Art, Hiorthøy simultaneously began his work in graphic design. He started to publish fanzines and design record sleeves for local bands, and as time passed he began to work more seriously in a variety of creative mediums. To date, Hiorthøy has released several collections of photography, drawing and design, and has provided cover artworks for such record labels as Rune Grammofon, Smalltown Supersound, Smalltown Superjazzz and the rock group Motorpsycho. He is currently represented by STANDARD, an Oslo-based gallery aimed at promoting contemporary Norwegian artists. Some of his other creative achievements include film directing, film photography, and illustration for children's books.
In a 2004 interview with KultureFlash.com, Hiorthøy described the relationship between graphic design and music: "I regard them as very different things, even though the place in my head that decides if something works or not is the same for both".
Bibliography
"Tree Weekend", 2000, Die Gestalten Verlag
"Du kan ikke svikte din beste venn og bli god til å synge samtidig", 2002, Oktober
"Katalog", 2003, Smalltown Superbooks
"Tago Mago", 2007, Bergen Kunsthall on the occasion of the exhibition
Illustrations
Erlend Loe – "Fisken", 1994
Motorpsycho - "Timothy's Monster", 1994
Sissel Lie – "Pusegutten en en drittsekk!", 1995
Erlend Loe – "Kurt blir grusom", 1995
Sissel Lie – "Pusegutten og den lille gule", 1996
Erlend Loe – "Den store røde hunden", 1996
Motorpsycho - "Blissard", 1996
Sissel Lie – "Pusegutten er eldst og tykkest", 1997
Bjørn Sortland – "Den solbrente mammaen som blei bytta mot ti kamelar", 1997
Motorpsycho - "Angel And Daemons at Play", 1997
Erlend Loe – "Kurt for alle", 1998
Erlend Loe – "Kurt quo vadis?", 1998
Lunde, Stein Erik – "Eggg", 1998
Motorpsycho - "Trust Us", 1998
Sissel Lie – "Pusegutter tåler nesten alt", 1999
Tore Renberg – "Hando Kjendo : søndag", 1999
Bjørn Sortland – "Den solbrente mammaen som kledde seg naken for å bli kunst", 1999
Kim Fupz Aakeson – "Da gud fikk en hobby", 1999
Tore Renberg – "Hando Kjendo : torsdag", 2000
Motorpsycho - "Let Them Eat Cake", 2000
Erlend Loe – "Kurt 3", 2001
Motorpsycho - "Phanerothyme", 2001
Motorpsycho - "It's a Love Cult", 2002
Erlend Loe – "Kurt koker hodet", 2003
Jaga Jazzist – "What We Must", 2005
Motorpsycho - "Black Hole/Blank Canvas", 2006
Motorpsycho - "Little Lucid Moments", 2008
Motorpsycho - "Child of the Future", 2009
Motorpsycho - "Heavy Metal Fruit", 2010
Motorpsycho - "The Death Defying Unicorn", 2012
Motorpsycho - "Still Life With Eggplant", 2013
Motorpsycho - "Behind The Sun", 2014
Motorpsycho - "Here Be Monsters", 2016
Photography
Lindstrøm – Where You Go I Go Too, 2008
Discography
"Hei", 2000 (CD), Smalltown Supersound
"Melke", 2001 (CD), Smalltown Supersound
"Hopeness EP", 2004 (CD), Smalltown Supersound
"For the Ladies", 2004 (CD), Smalltown Supersound
"Live Shet", 2004 (CD), Smalltown Supersound
"This Record Can Not Set Me on Fire", 2006 (12"), Smalltown Supersound
"I'm This, I'm That", 2006 (7"), Smalltown Supersound
"My Last Day", 2007 (CD), Smalltown Supersound
"Dogs", 2014 (CD, 12"), Smalltown Supersound
References
External links
Gallery of most of his work for Rune Grammofon
1973 births
Living people
Norwegian writers
Norwegian illustrators
Norwegian electronic musicians
Intelligent dance musicians
Norwegian graphic designers
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
Smalltown Supersound artists |
4007738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Blandine%20Sawadogo | Marie Blandine Sawadogo | Marie Blandine Sawadogo is a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Burkina Faso.
Sawadogo is a member of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso representing the Congress for Democracy and Progress party. She was elected to the Pan-African Parliament in 2004.
See also
List of members of the Pan-African Parliament
References
External links
National Assembly biography
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Burkina Faso
Burkinabé women in politics
21st-century women politicians
Women members of the Pan-African Parliament
21st-century Burkinabé people |
4007744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashburn%20station%20%28Washington%20Metro%29 | Ashburn station (Washington Metro) | Ashburn is a planned Washington Metro station in Loudoun County, Virginia, United States, on the Silver Line. Originally planned to begin operation in 2018, the station is now expected to open on October 31, 2022. Ashburn will be the western terminus of the line; the current western terminus is Wiehle–Reston East station, which opened with phase one of the Silver Line in July 26, 2014.
In April 2015, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority approved the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors' name for the stop.
Ashburn station is located at the median of the Dulles Greenway (SR 267) east of Old Ryan Road (SR 772). It will be the furthest station from the Washington city center, and the closest to West Virginia, being only by road from Keyes Gap.
Station layout
The station will have two pedestrian bridges leading to either side of the Dulles Greenway, with bus bays and kiss and ride lots on both sides, as well as 1,650 parking spaces on each side. Bicycle racks are planned for both sides of the highway and five bike lockers are planned for the north entrance.
Construction delays
In April 2009, Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project officials projected that Phase 2 of the Silver Line, including Ashburn station, would open in 2016.
In April 2015, project officials pushed back the opening date for the station to late 2019, stating that stricter requirements for stormwater management caused much of the delay. Per officials, the line also had to incorporate improvements to the system's automated train controls that were a late addition to the project's first phase.
In August 2019, project officials reported that they expected construction on the second phase of the Silver Line to be done by April 17, 2020, and service to begin for riders by July 16. MWAA stated that service should be able to begin within two weeks of the July 16 projection "unless unexpected problems develop."
In February 2020, project officials projected that station would open in the spring of 2021.
In December 2020, Metro executive vice president of capital delivery Laura Mason projected that the station would open in the fall of 2021, but warned that there is a lot of uncertainly even about that date.
On February 11, 2021, Metro announced that it would need five months to test the Phase 2 extension of the Silver Line after construction was substantially completed by MWAA, extending the previously announced testing timeline of 90 days.
On March 5, 2021, the MWAA announced that substantial completion of the Phase 2 extension should be complete by Labor Day. Metro general manager Paul Wiedefeld said in a statement, “Today’s announcement enables Metro to begin planning and budgeting for the start of service in early 2022.”
On June 29, 2021, MWAA announced that it would not meet its Labor Day deadline for substantial completion of the Phase 2 extension. MWAA said that it expected to publish a new timeline for substantial completion of the project within two weeks.
On September 9, 2021, Andrew Off, Metro’s vice president of the Rail Operations Control Center and Strategic Transformation, told Metro board members that Phase 2 was scheduled for "substantial completion" in November 2021. However, an MWAA spokesperson advised that "[a]t this point we do not have a completion date planned."
References
Stations on the Silver Line (Washington Metro)
Proposed Washington Metro stations
Transportation in Loudoun County, Virginia
Railway stations scheduled to open in 2022
Railway stations in highway medians |
4007747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFYI | KFYI | KFYI (550 AM) – branded News/Talk 550 KFYI – is a commercial talk radio station licensed to serve Phoenix, Arizona. Owned by iHeartMedia, KFYI serves the Phoenix metropolitan area as the market affiliate for Fox News Radio, The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, The Sean Hannity Show, the Glenn Beck Radio Program and Coast to Coast AM.
Established as KFCB in 1922 by Earl A. Nielsen after a year of experimental broadcasting, this station adopted the KOY call sign in 1929. Sold to interests controlled by the Prairie Farmer/WLS in 1936, KOY was the Phoenix outlet for CBS radio in the 1930s and 1940s as well as an early home for Steve Allen and Jack Williams, the latter a part of the station from 1929 until his election to Arizona governor in 1966.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, KOY featured a popular adult contemporary format headlined by Bill Heywood, but declining ratings resulted in a 1988 flip to satellite-fed adult standards. As a result of mass consolidation, KOY's call letters and standards format were moved in 1999 to , with assuming the KGME call sign and sports format. Since 2000, this station has featured the KFYI calls and talk format—which had previously originated on —after a second intellectual property swap.
Studios for KFYI are located near 48th and Van Buren streets, near Sky Harbor Airport, and the transmitter is located on South 36th Street near East Vineyard Road in Phoenix. In addition to a standard analog transmission, KFYI is simulcast over the second HD subchannel of KYOT (95.5 FM) and streams online via iHeartRadio.
History
Early years
KFYI was first licensed as a broadcasting station, with the call sign KFCB, on September 6, 1922. However, the station's history includes earlier broadcasting experimentation by the station's founder, Earl A. Nielsen, and the station has claimed a 1921 start date on several occasions.
From 1912 to 1927, radio communication in the United States was regulated by the Department of Commerce, and originally there were no formal requirements for stations, most of which operated under Amateur and Experimental licenses, making broadcasts intended for the general public. In order to provide a common standard, the department issued a regulation effective December 1, 1921 requiring that broadcasting stations would now have to hold a Limited Commercial license that authorized operation on two designated broadcasting wavelengths: 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment", and 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market and weather reports". The first two Phoenix broadcasting station authorizations were issued to Smith Hughes & Company for KDYW on May 15, 1922, and McArthur Brothers Mercantile Company for KFAD (now KTAR) on June 21, 1922, both for 360 meters.
KFCB
In 1921, Earl A. Nielsen, a native of Kansas City, Missouri, received a license for an amateur station, with the call sign 6BBH, located at 115 South 21st Avenue in Phoenix. The Nielsen Radio Supply Company was incorporated in 1922 to purchase and distribute radios in Phoenix. The Department of Commerce's December 1, 1921, broadcasting regulations barred amateur stations from making broadcasts intended for the general public. Despite this, it was reported that on May 23, 1922, the Nielsen company, operating on the standard amateur radio wavelength of 200 meters (1500 kHz), had conducted what were described as the "first broadcasting tests in the Salt River Valley".
On September 6, 1922, the Nielsen Radio Supply Company was granted a broadcasting license with the call letters KFCB, for operation on 360 meters. This call sign was issued randomly from an alphabetical roster of available call letters. Because at this time only the single entertainment broadcasting wavelength of 360 meters was available, stations in a given region were encouraged to devise time-sharing agreements. In April 1923, KFCB's time slots were 7 to 8 p.m. on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. KDYW shut down in early 1924, leaving KFAD and KFCB as the only stations in the state capital. There were several frequency changes in the early years. KFCB was deleted in mid-1923 but quickly relicensed on 1280 kHz, which was changed to 1080 kHz later in the year. In 1924, KFCB was moved to 1260 kHz, which was followed by a reassignment to 1230 kHz on June 1, 1927, with 125 watts.
In the fall of 1927, Nielsen opened new studios at Pierce Street and Central Avenue; the $70,000 ($ in dollars) building also housed the company's sporting goods division and contained a basement with eight bowling lanes. On November 11, 1928, KFCB was initially assigned to a "local" frequency, 1310 kHz, as part of the Federal Radio Commission's implementation of General Order 40, a national radio reallocation. This was soon changed to a "regional" frequency, 1390 kHz.
KOY
On February 8, 1929, KFCB changed its call sign to KOY; the new call sign began to be used on March 16, when the station was rebuilt and began broadcasting with 500 watts. This power level was increased again to 1,000 watts during daylight hours in 1933.
Salt River Valley Broadcasting Company ownership
In 1936, Nielsen—whose radio and sporting goods businesses both suffered during the Great Depression—sold KOY to the newly formed Salt River Broadcasting Company, owned by WLS radio in Chicago and the Prairie Farmer and headed by Burridge Butler. (Nielsen later moved to Hawaii, where he managed Hilo station KHBC and served as a territorial legislator; he died in 1966.) At the time, KOY was a station in need of major repair: the station's antenna had fallen, hanging over Central Avenue, and the station had "gone broke twice and was floundering". Major changes followed, including a new transmitter and new facilities just outside the city limits in the 800 block of North Central Avenue. On March 1, 1937, KOY joined CBS, marking its second time with that network after a five-month stint in 1932, and several days later, it began using a new transmitter site at 12th Street and Camelback Road. In September 1937, KOY established the Arizona Network with Tucson's KGAR (which became KTUC) and KSUN in Bisbee. Burridge Butler's ownership strongly emphasized community involvement and service, in some cases copying successful WLS features as the Christmas Neighbors Club and its country music-oriented Dinnerbell program. A donation from Butler established the first two Boys Clubs in Phoenix, and a settlement of his estate led to the creation of a third, named in Butler's honor.
In 1938, KOY applied to move from 1390 to 550 kHz, which was approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on March 13, 1940, over the objections of KOAC in Corvallis, Oregon; the station made the move on April 7. A further power increase to 5,000 watts was initially granted in December 1941, but World War II postponed KOY's plans to make the change until 1948. Burridge Butler did not live to see the frequency change carried out; he died in April 1948, with ownership of KOY given to three company executives, per his will; one of these was program director John R. "Jack" Williams. Williams had already been a KOY veteran by this time, having been interviewed by founder Nielsen and hired on the same day in 1929, when Williams was a 20-year-old college student; he was appointed program director when the Butler ownership took over in 1936. Among Williams's hires was Steve Allen, who began his broadcasting career at KOY in 1942 before moving to Los Angeles. In a 1992 book, Allen called his years at KOY "pleasant ones and extremely educational".
KOY lost its CBS affiliation on January 1, 1950, to KOOL (960 AM), which went on the air in 1947; Gene Autry was one of the principal owners of KOOL, and his deep ties to CBS and Columbia Records helped seal the deal. In exchange, KOY picked up the Mutual–Don Lee hookup previously held by KOOL.
In 1952, KOY filed for a television station on channel 10; in competition with a similar bid from KOOL, and wanting to spare years of comparative hearings, the two parties agreed to a time-sharing proposal. On October 24, 1953, KOY-TV and KOOL-TV signed on, sharing time and studio and transmitter facilities on channel 10. After five months, KOY sold its interest to KOOL, which took over full operation of the venture; two months later, KOY-TV was no more.
Jack Williams's popularity on the air was also evident. In addition to his duties as program director and announcer, he forged close political ties with others. From 1945 to 1948, he read the State of the State address for governor Sidney Preston Osborn, who suffered from multiple sclerosis, and in 1952, he was appointed to fill a term on the Phoenix City Council. His KOY career was considered the springboard to his political career, which included terms as Mayor of Phoenix and Governor of Arizona. Even while mayor, he continued to host his program on KOY and only stepped aside from his duties at the station in 1965, when he prepared his first gubernatorial campaign.
The 1960s, 70s and 80s
In 1964, the sale of KOY to a Pennsylvania real estate firm, Cote Realty, was announced; the deal never went through because of excessive signal overlap with KTUC in Tucson, which Cote already owned. In 1967, KOY was instead sold to the Southern Broadcasting Company of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for $2 million. Southern filed to move the transmitter to its present site at the end of 1967 and sold the Camelback land to the Coulter car dealership group. Gary Edens became KOY's general manager in 1970 and helped bring Williams back to a part-time role at the station, hosting a taped version of his previous Yours Sincerely program, which would not discuss state government issues. In 1973, Southern bought KRFM (95.5 FM), a beautiful music station; however, the two would operate from separate premises until August 1984.
1973 brought someone else to KOY who would have a long run on the station. A format change at KTAR had cost Bill Heywood, that station's morning man, his job. He moved to Las Vegas, but Edens wanted him for his station, which happened to have an opening in morning drive. Edens flew to Las Vegas and went to Heywood's house in a successful bid to lure him back to Phoenix. Heywood grew to be one of the market's most popular radio hosts, being honored in 1975 as "Grand International Air Personality", the top individual honor of the International Radio Programming Forum, and pulled as much as 13 percent of the morning audience. The station supplemented its middle-of-the road format, which evolved into adult contemporary, with Heywood and sports. In 1983 and 1984, KOY was the broadcast home of the Arizona Wranglers of the United States Football League, though it lost money carrying the nascent team's games.
Southern Broadcasting merged with Harte-Hanks in 1978. Three years later, Edens was appointed president of the company's broadcast division, which was renamed Harte-Hanks Radio and relocated its corporate headquarters from Winston-Salem to Phoenix. When Harte-Hanks went private in a leveraged buyout in 1984, the company sought to shed its radio properties, and Edens purchased all nine of its stations—including KOY and the sister FM (then called KQYT)—for $40 million, forming Edens Broadcasting.
Decline and standards format
On July 1, 1986, Edens Broadcasting ended KQYT's long-running beautiful music format and launched KOY-FM, which simulcast the AM station's talk-heavy adult contemporary during the day and aired music at night while the AM station continued with talk shows. However, even with the FM added in an attempt to capture music listeners who had moved away from AM, ratings were falling, and Heywood's popularity diminished. KOY-FM split off as an adult top 40 station under the "Y-95" moniker in July 1987, with AM and FM only sharing Bill Heywood's morning show. The next month, Heywood departed, citing the incompatibility of the Y-95 format and his program; he then was hired by KTAR in January 1988.
In a cost-cutting move, in November 1988, Edens fired 12 employees and dropped KOY's music-and-talk format for the satellite-delivered AM Only format of adult standards music; Edens felt that what would have been the natural evolution of KOY, to a talk format competing with KTAR and KFYI (910 AM), would have taken too long, and that the move would allow the company to focus on KOY-FM. Gary Edens later cited that moment as the death of the "legendary KOY". Sundance Broadcasting acquired the Edens Phoenix stations in 1993, creating a four-station cluster with KOY, 95.5 (which was relaunched as "rhythm and rock" KYOT), KZON (101.5 FM), and KISO (1230 AM). Radio deregulation in 1996 brought more acquisitions in short order: Sundance sold its Phoenix cluster and five other stations in Milwaukee and Boise to Colfax Communications for $95 million, Before that deal had even closed, Colfax sold those four and KOOL-FM to Chancellor Media, plus seven stations in other cities, for $365 million.
KGME
In 1999, Chancellor sold KGME (1360 AM), a sports talk station, to Salem Communications. Its programming and call sign then moved to the 550 frequency, with KOY and its nostalgia format replacing classic country KISO at 1230 AM. Chancellor then merged with Capstar Communications later in the year and changed its name to AMFM, Inc.
KFYI
Later that year, Clear Channel Communications, predecessor to iHeartMedia, merged with AMFM. Clear Channel opted to sell four of AMFM's FM stations in Phoenix and retain all of its local AMs, including KGME at 550 and KFYI at 910. When the deal closed in September 2000, Clear Channel immediately moved to swap KFYI and KGME, moving the talk station to 550 and sports to 910. In conjunction with the swap, KFYI debuted a morning show hosted by former KTVK anchor Heidi Fogelsong and Jim Sharpe. In 2001, Heywood returned to the 550 frequency from KTAR, replacing Sharpe; the morning show was ended in 2003 and Heywood released due to "lack of ratings performance".
Former Congressman J. D. Hayworth hosted a weekday show in the late 2000s on KFYI. He resigned from KFYI in 2010 to pursue an unsuccessful run for the U.S. Senate against Senator John McCain.
On March 8, 2006, KFYI made news when fill-in host Brian James suggested that the United States National Guard and Border Patrol should shoot to kill people illegally crossing the U.S.-Mexican border. He also said on the air that he would be "happy to sit there with my high-powered rifle and my night scope" and kill people as they cross the border. Those remarks prompted Arizona Attorney General Terry Goddard and U.S. Attorney Paul Charlton to complain to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), calling the remarks "irresponsible and dangerous".
Programming
KFYI's weekday lineup begins with a local interview and information show hosted by James T. Harris, "The Conservative Circus"; Harris began hosting afternoons at KFYI in 2018 and moved to mornings in 2020. In afternoon drive time, Mike Russell and Rob Hunter host Russell & Hunter. The rest of the weekday schedule consists of nationally syndicated conservative talk shows, many supplied by co-owned Premiere Networks, including The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show, Sean Hannity, Glenn Beck, and Coast to Coast AM with George Noory. Weekend programs include a variety of specialty shows on topics including money, health, gardening, real estate, the outdoors, and beer, plus weekend syndicated shows from Bill Handel, Ben Ferguson, and Bill Cunningham.
Because Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, syndicated programs air on a one-hour recorded delay from mid-March to early November, so they can be heard in the same time slots on KFYI year-round. This practice has been utilized by KFYI since the mid-1990s (when it was at 910).
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Official website
FCC History Cards for KFYI (covering KFCB / KOY for 1927–1980)
FYI
News and talk radio stations in the United States
Radio stations established in 1922
1922 establishments in Arizona
IHeartMedia radio stations |
4007754 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson%20George | Nelson George | Nelson George (born September 1, 1957) is an American author, columnist, music and culture critic, journalist, and filmmaker. He has been nominated twice for the National Book Critics Circle Award.
Biography
George attended St. John's University. He was an intern at the New York Amsterdam News before being hired as black music editor for Record World. He later served as a music editor for Billboard magazine from 1982 to 1989. While there, George published two books: Where Did Our Love Go: The Rise and Fall of the Motown Sound in 1986, and The Death of Rhythm & Blues in 1988. He also wrote a column, entitled "Native Son", for the Village Voice from 1988 to 1992. He first got involved in film when, in 1986, he helped to finance director Spike Lee's debut feature She's Gotta Have It.
A lifelong resident of Brooklyn, New York, George currently lives in Fort Greene.
Literary work
George has authored 15 non-fiction books, including the bestseller The Michael Jackson Story in 1984, Blackface: Reflections on African-Americans and the Movies in 1994, Elevating the Game: Black Men and basketball in 1992, and Hip Hop America in 1998. In 2005, he published Post-Soul Nation, which further developed his concept of "post-soul" black culture. With Alan Leeds, he co-authored The James Brown Reader, a collection of articles about the "Godfather of Soul," in 2008.
George's The Death of Rhythm and Blues chronicles and critiques the path that R&B has taken. He takes a close look at the genre's fall to the hands of the mainstream and even suggests that some popular artists "sold out". George further articulates in the book that many of the middle-class black Americans that listen to R&B began assimilating into white culture and losing their black roots. He uses Prince and Michael Jackson as examples of "assimilation symbols", arguing that Jackson’s plastic surgery and unconventional sexuality enabled an "alarmingly unblack, unmasculine figure [to become] the most popular black man in America."
George has written three detective novels featuring bodyguard-turned-private investigator D Hunter. All three novels—The Accidental Hunter, The Plot Against Hip-Hop: A Novel, and The Lost Treasures of R&B—have been optioned by rapper/actor Common.
Film and television work
In 1991, George co-wrote the Halle Berry vehicle Strictly Business and in 1993 he was co-creator of the movie CB4 starring comedian Chris Rock.
In 2004, George made a short film called To Be a Black Man, starring Samuel L. Jackson, and a documentary called A Great Day in Hip-Hop. Both titles appeared in festivals in New York, London, and Amsterdam. He executive-produced the HBO film Everyday People which also debuted in 2004 at the Sundance Film Festival.
Currently he is serving as co-executive producer of VH1's Hip Hop Honors television show and executive producer of Black Entertainment Television's American Gangster series, which was the highest rated series in the history of BET in 2006. His directorial debut, Life Support, starring Queen Latifah, aired on HBO on March 10, 2007. Latifah won several awards for her performance as Ana Wallace, including a Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild award, and the NAACP Image Award. Life Support was also named best TV film of the year by the NAACP. He also currently hosts the VH-1 series Soul Cities, which examines the music and culture of six prominent cities in the U.S.
A resident of Fort Greene, Brooklyn, for more than 25 years, George wrote, narrated, and co-directed with Diane Paragas the 2012 feature documentary Brooklyn Boheme, portraying the uniquely vibrant and diverse African-American artistic community of Fort Greene and Clinton Hill during the 1980s and '90's that included Spike Lee, Chris Rock, Branford Marsalis, Rosie Perez, Saul Williams, Lorna Simpson, Toshi Reagon, writer Touré, writer Adario Strange, Guru of Gang Starr, Erykah Badu, and Talib Kweli, among many others. Unlike the legendary Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, which was largely a literary scene, the artists collected in these neighborhoods were as involved with newer means of expression (film, rock music, hip hop, avant garde theater, stand-up comedy, photography) as with traditional African-American artistic pursuits (poetry, jazz). The film premiered on Showtime Networks in February 2012 for Black History Month. Finding The Funk was released in March 2013, it traced the history of funk music from the 1960s to the present day. This documentary included interviews with musicians such as D'Angelo, Sly Stone, Bootsy Collins, Mike D, Sheila E, and countless others. It was aired on VH1 on February 14, 2013. In 2015, George released A Ballerina's Tale, a documentary on Misty Copeland, a principal ballet dancer for ABT (American Ballet Theatre).
Bibliography
Books
The Michael Jackson Story (December 1983)
Where Did Our Love Go: The Rise and Fall of the Motown Sound (1986; re-issued 2007)
The Death of Rhythm & Blues (1988; reissued 2003)
Elevating the Game: Black Men and Basketball (January 1992)
Buppies, B-Boys, Baps & Bohos: Notes on Post-Soul Black Culture (February 1993)
Blackface: Reflections on African-Americans and the Movies (October 1994)
Seduced (April 1996)
One Woman Short (August 2001)
Life and Def: Sex, Drugs, Money, and God (December 2001), Contributor - Russell Simmons
Show & Tell (2002)
Night Work: A Novel (May 2003)
Hip Hop America (April 2005)
Post-Soul Nation: The Explosive, Contradictory, Triumphant, and Tragic 1980s as Experienced by African Americans (Previously Known as Blacks and Before That Negroes) (April 2005)
The James Brown Reader: Fifty Years of Writing About the Godfather of Soul (April 2008), Contributor - Alan Leeds
City Kid: A Writer's Memoir of Ghetto Life and Post-Soul Success (April 2009)
Thriller: The Musical Life of Michael Jackson (June 2010)
The Plot Against Hip Hop: A Novel (A D Hunter Mystery) (November 2011)
The Hippest Trip in America: Soul Train and the Evolution of Culture & Style (March 2014)
The Lost Treasures of R&B (A D Hunter Mystery) (January 2015)
The Accidental Hunter (A D Hunter Mystery) (February 2015)
Filmography
Def by Temptation, 1990, executive producer
Strictly Business, 1991, associate producer
Just Another Girl on the I.R.T., 1992, associate producer
CB4, 1993, producer
Everyday People, 2004, executive producer
The N-Word, 2004, producer
Good Hair, 2009, producer
Left Unsaid, 2010, executive producer
Brooklyn Boheme, 2011, executive producer
Hell of a Life, 2011, producer
All Hail the Beat, 2012, producer
Finding the Funk, 2013, executive producer, producer
Top Five, 2014, associate producer
A Ballerina's Tale, 2015, executive producer
References
External links
Official website
1957 births
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American people
African-American non-fiction writers
American Book Award winners
American documentary filmmakers
American music critics
American music journalists
American non-fiction writers
Film producers from New York (state)
Grammy Award winners
Journalists from New York City
Living people
People from Fort Greene, Brooklyn
St. John's University (New York City) alumni
Television producers from New York City
Writers from Brooklyn |
4007763 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20State%20Route%20155 | Georgia State Route 155 | State Route 155 (SR 155) is a state highway that travels south-to-north through portions of Spalding, Henry, Rockdale, and DeKalb counties in the north-central part of the U.S. state of Georgia.
Route description
Spalding County
SR 155 begins at an intersection with US 19/US 41/SR 3/SR 7 south of Griffin, in Spalding County. This also marks the southern terminus of US 19 Bus./US 41 Bus., which travel concurrently with SR 155 to the northeast to an intersection with SR 16 in the central part of the city. They cross a Norfolk Southern Railway until SR 155 departs to the east. It heads northeast, and turns north on McDonough Road. It heads northward and enters Henry County.
Henry and Rockdale Counties
SR 155 meets Interstate 75 (I-75), just before it enters McDonough. In the city, it intersects US 23/SR 42. In the main part of the city is SR 20. The two highways travel concurrently for about a block. Then, SR 81 travels concurrent with it for a short distance. SR 155 departs to the north, and intersects SR 138 just before it reaches the Henry–Rockdale county line. It travels along the county line until just past Panola Mountain State Park, where it re-enters Henry County for a short distance. After that, it enters DeKalb County.
DeKalb County
SR 155 continues to the north-northwest to Snapfinger and turns west on Flat Shoals Parkway. It curves to the northwest and has an interchange with I-285 on the southeastern edge of Panthersville. The highway heads through Panthersville and meets I-20 on the northeast edge of it. In the East Lake neighborhood, it intersects SR 154. In Decatur, it has a brief concurrency with US 278/SR 10. In the northwest part of Decatur is US 23/US 29/SR 8. East of North Druid Hills is an intersection with SR 236. On the North Druid Hills–Brookhaven city line is an interchange with I-85. SR 155 curves to the northeast to meet its northern terminus, an intersection with US 23/SR 13, south of Chamblee.
Major intersections
See also
References
External links
Georgia Roads (Routes 141 - 160)
Georgia State Route 155 on State-Ends.com
155
Transportation in Spalding County, Georgia
Transportation in Henry County, Georgia
Transportation in Rockdale County, Georgia
Transportation in DeKalb County, Georgia |
4007764 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel%20Reed | Ethel Reed | Ethel Reed (March 13, 1874 – 1912) was an American graphic artist. In the 1890s, her works received critical acclaim in America and Europe. In 2016 they were on exhibit in the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Museum of Modern Art in New York, the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C., the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, and the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City.
Early life and career
Ethel Reed was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts, on March 13, 1874. She was the daughter of a local photographer, Edgar Eugene Reed, and Elizabeth Mahoney, an Irish immigrant. Her father died in 1892, and Ethel and her mother consequently suffered hardship. After they moved to Boston in 1890, she studied briefly at the Cowles Art School in 1893, and after 1894 began to receive public notice for her illustrations. Reed's youthful beauty and cleverness caught the attention of a Newburyport artist Laura Hills, who became a mentor. During her time in Boston, she achieved national fame as a poster artist while still in her early twenties. She did many series of posters and book illustrations during a span of less than two years. In the mid-1890s she was engaged to fellow artist Philip Leslie Hale, whose father Edward Everett Hale was a prominent Bostonian. However, the engagement was broken off. In 1896, she traveled Europe with her mother. In 1897 they settled in London where Reed worked as an illustrator, in particular for the Yellow Book, a quarterly literary periodical, which was co-founded by Aubrey Beardsley. She had two children with different lovers.
She was acquainted with important literary and artistic figures of her day: the writer Richard le Gallienne, the architects Bertram Goodhue and Ralph Adams Cram, the photographer Fred Holland Day. Ethel Reed was the model for Day's photographs Chloe and The Gainsborough Hat. She also modeled at least three times for portraits by Frances Benjamin Johnston.
In her short career, Ethel Reed achieved recognition as one of the preeminent illustrator artists of her time and remains one of the most mysterious figures of American graphic design.
Later life and death
Reed was unable to find work after moving to Europe; she turned to drugs and alcohol after years of disappointment. Her circumstances in England are difficult to trace, and certain records of her final years have yet to surface. However, according to recent research, she died in her sleep in 1912. Her biographer has asserted that alcoholism and the use of sleeping medications contributed to her death.
Works illustrated
Boston Sunday Herald (1895)
Boston Illustrated (1895)
Lily Lewis Rood, Pierre Puvis de Chavannes: A Sketch (Boston: L. Prang & Co., 1895)
Albert Morris Bagby, Miss Träumerei: A Weimar Idyl (Boston: Lamson, Wolffe & Co., 1895)
Gertrude Smith, The Arabella and Araminta Stories (Boston: Copeland & Day, 1895)
Julia Ward Howe, Is Polite Society Polite? (Boston: Lamson, Wolffe & Co., 1895)
Charles Knowles Bolton, The Love Story of Ursula Wolcott (Boston: Lamson, Wolffe, & Co., 1896)
Mabel Fuller Blodgett, Fairy Tales (Boston: Lamson, Wolffe, & Co., 1896)
Louise Chandler Moulton, In Childhood's Country (Boston: Copeland & Day, 1896)
Time and the Hour, (1896)
Richard Le Gallienne, The Quest of the Golden Girl: A Romance (London: John Lane, 1897)
The Yellow Book, Volumes XII (January, 1897) and XIII (April, 1897)
Agnes Lee, The Round Rabbit and Other Child Verse (Boston: Copeland & Day, 1898).
The Sketch, Volume 21 (6 April 1898)
References
External links
Ethel Reed Prints & Photographs Online Catalog of the Library of Congress
Ethel Reed New York Public Library Digital Collection
Ethel Reed Ask Art
The Evanescent Miss Ethel Reed
Ethel Reed Information about her life and artistic career
The Beautiful Poster Lady An Interview with William S. Peterson, Professor Emeritus of English at the University of Maryland
Ethel Reed, The Beautiful Poster Lady. Webcast from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
American graphic designers
Women graphic designers
Book designers
People from Newburyport, Massachusetts
1874 births
1912 deaths
Artists from Massachusetts
19th-century American artists
19th-century American women artists
20th-century American artists
20th-century American women artists
American women illustrators
American illustrators |
4007766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert%20No%C3%ABl%20Ou%C3%A9draogo | Gilbert Noël Ouédraogo | Gilbert Noël Ouédraogo (born 25 December 1968) is a Burkinabé politician who has been President of the Alliance for Democracy and Federation–African Democratic Rally (ADF-RDA), a political party in Burkina Faso, since 2003. He served in the government of Burkina Faso as Minister of Social Action and National Solidarity from 2000 to 2002 and as Minister of Transport from 2006 to 2013. He was the Fourth Vice-President of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso from 2013 to 2014.
Life and career
Ouédraogo, whose father was Gérard Kango Ouedraogo, was born in Ouagadougou and is a lawyer by profession. After standing unsuccessfully in the May 1992 parliamentary election as the seventh substitute candidate on the candidate list in Houet Province, he became the ADF-RDA's Secretary of Youth in 1994 and then its Secretary of External Relations in 1998. He was appointed to the government as Minister of Social Action and National Solidarity on 12 November 2000. In the May 2002 parliamentary election, he was elected to the National Assembly as an ADF-RDA candidate in Nord Region; he was not retained in his ministerial post in the government appointed on 10 June 2002, but was elected as the Third Vice-President of the National Assembly. He was re-elected to that post in June 2003 and June 2004.
Ouédraogo was elected as President of the ADF-RDA at the party's 28–29 June 2003 extraordinary congress, and as the head of the largest opposition party he received the title of Leader of the Opposition. In March 2004, he was elected by the National Assembly as one of Burkina Faso's members of the Pan-African Parliament. In the Pan-African Parliament, he became General Rapporteur of the ad hoc Judicial Affairs Commission, and in October 2004 he was elected as Vice-President of the West African Regional Group in the Pan-African Parliament. Despite being an opposition party, the ADF-RDA supported President Blaise Compaoré's candidacy in the November 2005 presidential election; after the election, Compaoré appointed Ouédraogo to the government as Minister of Transport on 6 January 2006.
In the May 2007 parliamentary election, Ouédraogo was again elected to the National Assembly as a candidate on the ADF-RDA's national list, but he remained a member of the government after the election.
In the December 2012 parliamentary election, he was again elected to the National Assembly. Following the election, the ADF-RDA was not included in the government that was formed on 2 January 2013. Later in the same month, he was elected as Fourth Vice-President of the National Assembly.
Ouédraogo and the ADF-RDA supported the proposed constitutional amendment in 2014 that would have lifted term limits and allowed Compaoré to run for President again. The controversy over the amendment resulted in violent protests and the forced resignation of Compaoré on 31 October 2014. In August 2015, Ouédraogo was designated as the ADF-RDA's candidate for the October 2015 presidential election. However, he was barred from running by the Constitutional Council on 29 August 2015, along with the leader of the Congress for Democracy and Progress, Eddie Komboïgo, for supporting the removal of term limits. For the same reason, he was also barred from standing as a parliamentary candidate.
See also
List of members of the Pan-African Parliament
References
Members of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso
Living people
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Burkina Faso
1968 births
Government ministers of Burkina Faso
Transport ministers of Burkina Faso
Alliance for Democracy and Federation – African Democratic Rally politicians
People from Ouagadougou
People from Nord Region (Burkina Faso)
Burkinabé lawyers
21st-century Burkinabé people |
4007780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wohlwill%20process | Wohlwill process | The Wohlwill process is an industrial-scale chemical procedure used to refine gold to the highest degree of purity (99.999%). The process was invented in 1874 by Emil Wohlwill. This electrochemical process involves using a cast gold ingot, often called a Doré bar, of 95%+ gold to serve as an anode. Lower percentages of gold in the anode will interfere with the reaction, especially when the contaminating metal is silver or one of the platinum group elements. The cathode(s) for this reaction are small sheets of pure (24k) gold sheeting or stainless steel. Current is applied to the system, and electricity travels through the electrolyte of chloroauric acid. Gold and other metals are dissolved at the anode, and pure gold (coming through the chloroauric acid by ion transfer) is plated onto the gold cathode. When the anode is dissolved, the cathode is removed and melted or otherwise processed in the manner required for sale or use. The resulting gold is 99.999% pure, and of higher purity than gold produced by the other common refining method, the Miller process, which produces gold of 99.95% purity.
For industrial gold production the Wohlwill process is necessary for highest purity gold applications. When lower purity gold is required refiners often utilize the Miller process due to its relative ease, quicker turnaround times, and because it does not require a large inventory of gold, in the form of chloroauric acid, on site at all times.
See also
Gold parting
References
Metallurgical processes
Gold |
4007782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20Ward%2C%20Houston | Third Ward, Houston | Third Ward is an area of Houston, Texas, United States, that evolved from one of the six historic wards of the same name. It is located in the southeast Houston management district.
Third Ward, located inside the 610 Loop is immediately southeast of Downtown Houston and to the east of the Texas Medical Center. The ward became the center of Houston's African-American community. Third Ward is nicknamed "The Tre".
Robert D. Bullard, a sociologist teaching at Texas Southern University, stated that Third Ward is "the city's most diverse black neighborhood and a microcosm of the larger black Houston community."
History
Soon after the 1836 establishment of Houston, the City Council established four wards as political subdivisions of the city. The original Third Ward district extended south of Congress Street and east of Main Street and ended at the north shore of the Brays Bayou; what was then the district includes what is today portions of Downtown Houston and Midtown Houston in addition to residential African-American area currently identified as Third Ward, which is located southeast of Downtown Houston. As of 2003 the usage of the land within the boundaries of the historic Third Ward is more diverse than the land usage in the current Third Ward.
In the 1800s much of what was Third Ward, the present-day east side of Downtown Houston, was what Stephen Fox, an architectural historian who lectured at Rice University, referred to as "the elite neighborhood of late 19th-century Houston." Ralph Bivins of the Houston Chronicle said that Fox said that area was "a silk-stocking neighborhood of Victorian-era homes." Bivins said that the construction of Union Station, which occurred around 1910, caused the "residential character" of the area to "deteriorate." Hotels opened in the area to service travelers. Afterwards, according to Bivins, the area "began a long downward slide toward the skid row of the 1990s" and the hotels were changed into flophouses. Passenger trains stopped going to Union Station. The City of Houston abolished the ward system in the early 1900s, but the name "Third Ward" was continued to be used to refer to the territory that it used to cover.
Historically, Whites lived in the southern part of Third Ward, while African Americans were economically segregated and lived north of Truxillo Street. By the 1930s the White and Black populations of Third Ward were about even. After World War II White residents and the Temple Beth Israel moved from Third Ward to newly developed suburbs on the southwest side, and Third Ward became mostly African-American. In the post-World War II period a large number of black migrants, many of them from Louisiana and some from East Texas and other areas in the Deep South, settled in Third Ward. The community became characterized by poverty since many of these migrants were unable to get non-menial jobs. In the era of racial segregation, Almeda Road, a road located in Third Ward area that at that time served as a corridor to Downtown Houston, was a busy commercial corridor. The construction of Interstate 45 in the 1950s separated portions of the historic Third Ward from the rest of Third Ward and brought those portions into Downtown.
The People's Party II, a community activist organization that eventually became the Houston Chapter of the Black Panther Party was originally led by Carl Hampton - a charismatic speaker who organized the PPII at 2800 Dowling Street in the spring of 1970 to address police brutality and corruption towards Black and Brown people in the community. Hampton died after being shot without provocation by police from a top of a church on July 26, 1970. J. R. Gonzales of the Houston Chronicle stated that there were disputes between southern whites and blacks regarding th nature of Hampton's death. Carl Hampton's contribution to Third Ward Community was the Rainbow Coalition that included The MAYO group - a Mexican community activist group - and The John Brown Revolutionary League, a group of white community activists. These groups worked together to bring about positive changes in their working class communities by supporting each other's "survival" programs. Programs included free childcare, free food giveaway, free fumigation for poor people, assisting the elderly in the community and free sickle cell anemia testing. Charles Boko Freeman became the PPII/local Black Panther Party Chairman. Party activity continued until membership dropped in late 1974 and early 1975 due to constant police repression.
In the 1960s and 1970s many families in Third Ward relocated to racially integrated suburbs; racial integration allowed many Blacks to move to the suburbs, therefore Third Ward lost some of its population with decades of neglect and economic traffic. Despite the relocations the Almeda Road commercial corridor remained busy. Kent Hadnot, the executive director of Third Ward Redevelopment Council, said in a 2000 Houston Press article that blockbusting beginning in the 1970s began to drive homeowners and business owners away from the Third Ward and into suburbs such as Missouri City. The construction of Texas State Highway 288, which offered a quicker alternative into Downtown, caused Almeda Road's commercial properties to decline. In addition 288's construction had divided existing parts of Third Ward. Many children of Third Ward area business owners, educated in universities, had no desire to work in their parents' businesses, reducing the employee base of the Third Ward businesses. The 1980s oil bust hurt the economy of Third Ward and the nearby Almeda Road commercial corridor.
From the 1980 U.S. Census to the 1990 Census, many African Americans left traditional African-American neighborhoods such as Third Ward and went into areas in Southwest Houston.
In 1987 Dr. Joyce Williams, the chairperson of the Southeast Area Council, an organization within the Mayor's Citizens Assistance Council, said that her group stopped referring to the area as "Third Ward." The practice became official on Wednesday June 3, 1987. The group itself was formerly named Third Ward Area Council. Williams said "The city has become a cosmopolitan city. The term 'ward' is stagnant, unsophisticated, and places areas in isolation." Williams hoped that fellow Houstonians would also stop referring to sections of the city as "wards." Kim Cobb of the Houston Chronicle explained that "She's particularly concerned about the Riverside-MacGregor area near the Medical Center that her group represents. She thinks the term "Third Ward" implies an economic division that will get in the way of the benefits that will come to the rest of the city from the opening of the George Brown Convention Center." Betty Chapman, a historian, said in 2007 "The wards haven’t had any real meaning since 1905. But people are very interested in them. They’re an important part of our history."
In 1998, a report by Third Ward Redevelopment Council concluded that the area had 55,000 residents. In addition, the report concluded that area shoppers and residents spend $345 million outside of the Third Ward per year; the residents and shoppers spend the money in other areas such as The Galleria, Meyerland, Pearland, Rice Village, and Sharpstown. By 2000 younger business owners began to increase activity in the Almeda Road corridor. Old Spanish Trail/Almeda TIRZ funded area businesses with collected property taxes and offered incentives to prospective business owners. The redevelopment council offered prospective entrepreneurs lists of contacts and other forms of assistance. Between 1990 and 2000 the Hispanic population of Third Ward increased by between 5 and 10 percent as Hispanics in the Houston area moved into majority black neighborhoods. In the same period the black population of the area declined by 1,272 as majority African-American neighborhoods in Houston had declines in their black populations. In 2002 the City of Houston planned to build its Olympic village in Third Ward if its bid for the 2012 Olympic Games was successful; many Third Ward residents and activists stated that they needed to receive some form of economic benefit from the proposed facilities. Houston's bid was rejected later that year.
Around 1996 many artists began moving into Third Ward. In 2011 Danyahel Norris, a Third Ward resident and a legal research instructor and attorney at Texas Southern University, said that he observed the first sign of gentrification in Third Ward in 2000, when a crack house was converted into a high-end residence. Some activists in Third Ward area created campaigns encouraging area residents to not sell their homes to new residents to avoid gentrification and re-development. By 2006 many townhouses appeared in the area across the freeway from the Third Ward, with childless couples, empty nesters, and yuppies occupying the movements. Garnet Coleman—a state representative from the area—expressed his opposition to gentrification and a desire to keep the original residents in the neighborhood. Coleman had some control over the Midtown Tax Increment Financing District, which bought land in Third Ward and enacted deeds restricting what may be done with the land, so that the land could indefinitely be used to house low income residents. In 2009, Coleman said "We learned a lot from the debacle in the Fourth Ward. So it would be stupid not to respond to the negative byproducts of rapid development. We want to find people who will make this community better by becoming part of its fabric, not by changing its fabric." In 2010 Norris published an article in the Thurgood Marshall Law Review stating how existing Third Ward residents could continue to keep their properties, including enforcing deed restrictions; because the City of Houston does not have zoning, many Houston neighborhoods use deed restrictions to maintain their existing setups and atmospheres.
In 2010 Paul Knight of the Houston Press wrote that from 2000 to 2010, "while other areas of the inner city have redeveloped dramatically in the last decade," citing the changes in the Fourth Ward, "Third Ward has, except for a few pockets, remained unchanged." By 2016 the western Third Ward was undergoing new development, influenced by Midtown to the west, while many demolitions occurred in the northeast Third Ward. In a ten-year period ending in 2016 the rate of construction was lower than the Harris County average while the rate of demolition in the Third Ward was higher than the county average.
By 2017, gentrification had become noticeable and white people moved into Greater Third Ward; the white population increased by 100% from 2007 to 2017, and the black population decreased by 10%. The dawn of a new decade in 2020 saw more changes as longtime residents pushed back against gentrification efforts changing the face of iconic structures such as the historic Sears building to pave way for a $100M innovation called The Ion.
Layout
Third Ward is immediately north of North MacGregor Boulevard and South MacGregor Boulevard. The area is northeast of the Texas Medical Center, Hermann Park, and the Houston Museum District, which are west of Texas State Highway 288. It is in close proximity to Downtown Houston.
Boundaries
Roger Wood, author of Down in Houston: Bayou City Blues, said that "determining exactly where to draw" the boundaries of Third Ward "is not easily done" due to the variety of opinions about what Third Ward is. The Third Ward Redevelopment Council has a defined set of boundaries, with the Houston Belt & Terminal Railroad as the eastern boundary of Third Ward area. Joe "Guitar" Hughes, a local musician, stated that Third Ward's cultural southern boundary was Truxillo Street, regardless of any technical map divisions, due to the cultural division between the shotgun shack areas to the north and the houses to the south. According to Hughes, the eastern boundary is a low rent group of houses near Texas Southern University that he refers to as "Sugar Hill." Wood says that among area musicians, Third Ward's boundaries are usually thought of as extending southward from the junction of Interstate 45 (Gulf Freeway) and Interstate 69/U.S. Route 59 (Southwest Freeway) to the Brays Bayou, with Main Street forming the western boundary.
The definitions of Third Ward as of 2004 differ from the definition of the historical Third Ward political entity. The political district had the following boundaries: Congress Street, Main Street, and the city limits to the east and south. Will Howard, an assistant manager of the Texas and local history department of the Houston Public Library, said in 2004 "They are cultural entities today, not legal entities, and like any culture, they are almost obligated to change." Jeannie Kever of the Houston Chronicle said "That evolution allows people to designate the area around Texas Southern University Third Ward, for example, even though the city limits stopped far short of there in the early 1900s."
Katharine Shilcutt of the Houston Press said that Third Ward is southwest of Interstate 45, southeast of Interstate 69/U.S. Route 59/Texas State Highway 288, north of Blodgett and Wheeler, and west of Texas State Highway 5/Calhoun. Shilcutt said that in her article on the best restaurants on the Third Ward, due to historical reasons she adjusted the western boundary to Almeda Road and the southern boundary down to MacGregor Way.
In the era of de jure segregation, Alabama Street was the dividing line between the black and white areas.
Composition
In 1995 T. R. Witcher of the Houston Press reported that the Third Ward, as defined by Third Ward Redevelopment Council, "may be the most variegated community in Houston." Witcher described the area west of Texas Southern University, "the heart of the Third Ward," as having "blocks of sturdy, well-tended brick houses," and being the "home" to the "diminished but still-viable base of middle-class and working-class homeowners and renters" of the area. The brick houses, south of Truxillo are larger and, in the words of Roger Wood, author of Down in Houston: Bayou City Blues, "nicer" than the housing stock north of Truxillo. Throughout the history of Third Ward, African Americans gradually occupied the brick houses. As of 2003 the brick houses are in varying conditions; Woods said that some are "beautifully renovated," some are "respectfully maintained," and some are "severely neglected."
Witcher described the northern part of Third Ward, which in his view "more than any other in Third Ward, call to mind the word "ghetto," Houston-style," as having "rows of shotgun shacks, worn frame houses and fraying apartments" owned by absentee landlords. The section included crime, families affected by welfare dependency, unemployment, and proliferation of recreational drugs. In the summer residents of that area who wanted to cool down from the summer heat sat on porches and visited friends on the streets. The Third Ward area included many churches of varying sizes; some churches still attracted members who lived in Missouri City and other suburbs. The shotgun shacks, located north of Truxillo Street, are smaller and more cheaply built than the houses, and they have been historically occupied by working class African Americans. Some shotgun shacks have been continually occupied, and some shotgun shacks have been abandoned; some of the abandoned shotgun shacks have been boarded up.
Emancipation Avenue, renamed as such in 2017 and previously Dowling Street, has served as the main northeast to southeast artery of the Third Ward. The street intersects with Elgin, Holman, Southmore, and Wheeler. It was named after the Confederate soldier Dick Dowling. Roger Wood, author of Down in Houston: Bayou City Blues, said that the street is widely viewed as the center of Houston's blues music culture. Big Robert Smith, an area singer, called Dowling the "main street of black Houston." Witcher described the Dowling Street corridor, which once functioned as the main commercial area of Third Ward, as still having "many thriving enterprises" while its blocks have "an unsettling profusion of empty, overgrown lots and dilapidated structures."
As of 2004 Third Ward has the highest concentration of "you buy, we fry" fish restaurants in the City of Houston.
In 2013 Katharine Shilcutt of the Houston Press said that "Today, Third Ward possess a dynamic mix of old and new as the area slowly undergoes a slow gentrification process: beautiful brick homes abutting wonderfully divey restaurants like Chief Cajun Snack Shack, 80-year-old meat markets turned into vegan coffee shops, non-profit arts organizations such as Project Row Houses side-by-side with still-occupied row houses."
The Third Ward Redevelopment Council defines Hermann Park, the Museum District, and the TMC as being part of Third Ward. Witcher of the wrote in 1995 that these are "not the first places that come to mind when you say "Third Ward,"[...]".
Demographics
Third Ward is a predominantly African-American community. As of 2011 over 13,000 people live in Third Ward. As of 2019, the area has gentrified rapidly with a surge in population, racial diversity, and cost of living.
The City of Houston-defined Greater Third Ward Super Neighborhood in 2015 had 14,295 residents. 67% were non-Hispanic black, 14% were Hispanics, 13% were non-Hispanic white, 5% were non-Hispanic Asians, and 1% was non-Hispanic other. In 2000 the super neighborhood had 15,463 residents. 79% were non-Hispanic black, 10% were Hispanic, 7% were non-Hispanic white, and 2% each were non-Hispanic Asians and others.
In 1870 29% of the African Americans in Houston lived in Third Ward. In 1910 the plurality now lived in Third Ward, with 32%.
Government and infrastructure
Local government
The Houston Police Department's South Central Patrol Division, headquartered at 2022 St. Emanuel in the Third Ward, serves the neighborhood. HPD opened the South Central Police Station in 1986 when the Central Police Station, 61 Riesner, split and the 3rd Ward, the East End and the Medical Center became 10 District. 3rd Ward, had one of the highest crime and homicide rates in the City and the South Central Police Station was Chief Browns attempt to include the citizens in his "NOP" or Neighborhood Oriented Policing.
Fire and emergency medical services are provided by Houston Fire Department Station 25 Third Ward. The station is in Fire District 8. The station opened at the intersection of Blodgett and Velasco in 1928 and opened in its current location at Rosewood at Scott in 1979.
The city operates the Third Ward Multi-Service Center at 3611 Ennis Street. The city multi-service centers provide several services such as child care, programs for elderly residents, and rental space.
Third Ward is Houston City Council part of council District D and, as of 2016, is represented by Dwight Boykins. In the 2000s Third Ward was split between districts D and I. In the 1990s it was split between districts D, E, and I.
In the 1991 Mayor of Houston election most Third Ward voters voted for Sylvester Turner. Turner had performed well in black neighborhoods throughout the city.
The Houston Housing Authority operates Cuney Homes, a public housing complex. Cuney is across from Texas Southern University. It first opened in 1938, and it was modernized in 1997. It is named after Norris Wright Cuney, a Texas politician who assisted African-Americans during the Reconstruction.
Third Ward is Home, University Village, and Washington Terrace civic clubs serve part of the community, along with Emancipation Park Community Association (EPCA).. Also, Riverside Civic Association serves the neighboring Riverside Terrace area.
County, state, and federal representation
Third Ward is in Texas's 18th congressional district. Its representative as of 2008 is Sheila Jackson Lee.
Crime
Crime in Third Ward has been on a steady decline since 2006 and as of 2014. According to Houston Police Department's Uniform Crime Summary, there were approximately 1,428 total violent and non-violent crimes in 2006 in the Third Ward area patrolled by police beat 10H50. In 2013, there were approximately 991 violent and non-violent crimes in the area. In other words, there were 437 fewer crimes in 2013 than in 2006.
Some of the drops in crime rate may be related to the fact that the City of Houston, the University of Houston, and other private companies are cleaning up the area through construction. A prime example of this is the Campus Vue apartment complex off North MacGregor Way and Calhoun Road. Other companies like Fountain Residential Partners and Asset Campus Housing, who have decided to build off-campus boutique dorms in the area, are receiving tax abatement and government support for building in a high poverty area.
“We continually evaluate the types of crime that are affecting our community and adjust our patrol and investigation methods to address those issues,” said Bret Collier, UHPD lieutenant and chief of staff.
Education
Colleges and universities
The historic Third Ward area has the campus of Texas Southern University. Waldivia Ardlaw of Cite: The Architecture + Design Review of Houston wrote that the university serves as "the cultural and community center of" the Third Ward area where it is located, in addition to being its university.
In addition, the University of Houston is located within proximity of the area which shares three main streets, namely Scott, the heart of Third Ward. The Redevelopment Council defines University of Houston as being part of the Third Ward.
The area previously housed the Houston Negro College of Nursing. The facility, as of 2003, now houses a charter school.
Primary and secondary schools
Public schools
Area students attend schools in the Houston Independent School District. The community is within Trustee District IV, represented by Paula M. Harris as of 2009.
Elementary schools serving sections of the Third Ward include Blackshear, located in Third Ward; and Lockhart in Riverside Terrace.
All area residents are zoned to Cullen Middle School and Yates High School. The Baylor College of Medicine Academy at Ryan, a magnet school, is located in the former Ryan Middle School building. Beginning in 2018 the school also serves as a boundary option for students zoned to Blackshear, Lockhart, and MacGregor elementary schools. The current Energy Institute High School campus opened in the Third Ward in 2018.
The Texas Southern University/Houston Independent School District Charter Laboratory School is in Cuney Homes. The building housing Young Women's College Preparatory Academy (which formerly had the Contemporary Learning Center) is in the Third Ward area. DeBakey High School is also in the Third Ward area. Energy Institute High School is in the former Dodson Elementary School in East Downtown, which once served the Third Ward.
History of public schools
Allan Turner of the Houston Chronicle said that the building now belonging to Ryan Middle School and formerly housing Yates High School served as an "educational anchor" for the Third Ward as many professionals in the Third Ward community such as educators, ministers, and lawyers received education in it.
Allen Elementary School opened as an elementary school for White people on February 1, 1907; back then the schools were segregated.<ref name="Seghist">"History." J. Will Jones Elementary School. September 15, 2004. Retrieved on April 5, 2009.</ref> Longfellow Junior High School, located at 2202 St. Emanuel Street, opened in 1913. Blackshear Elementary School opened in 1916. Bowie Elementary School opened in 1921. Johnston Middle School opened in 1925. Douglass opened in 1927. Bowie was renamed to Dodson Elementary School in 1945; for a period it was the second-largest Black elementary school in the Third Ward area.
In 1955 a new Allen elementary opened in another area not in proximity to the Third Ward. The former Allen campus became the Yates Annex, a school for Black 7th Graders meant to relieve Yates High School. In 1956 the campus was renamed J. Will Jones Elementary School, relieving Blackshear and Dunbar schools. In September 1959 the new Johnston opened in Meyerland and the old Johnston became Miller Junior High School. Blackshear received an expansion in 1960. In 1961 the Longfellow building began to house Dunbar Elementary School. Blackshear received expansions in 1965. In 1966 J. Will Jones received a 12 classroom annex. Contemporary Learning Center began in 1973 and moved into the former Miller building in 1976. Blackshear received an expansion in 1980. Dunbar closed in 1981. Kazi Shule, an HISD-affiliated charter school in the Third Ward serving grades 4-6, opened in 1996. The name in Swahili meant "The Working School".
Due to a decline in enrollment, HISD closed Douglass Elementary School in May 2005.Pace, Gina. "Schools Welcome Katrina Students." CBS News. September 16, 2005. Retrieved on April 4, 2009. In spring 2005 Douglass Elementary had 274 students and had faced a 26 percent decline in enrollment in a five-year period leading to 2005. After Hurricane Katrina struck in the fall of that year Douglass temporarily reopened to accommodate hurricane refugees. The HISD board voted 6-1 to lease Douglass to the KIPP program for one year, so the Katrina school could operate. KIPP opened NOW (New Orleans West) College Prep, a temporary K-8 school. In March 2006, HISD agreed to sell the Douglass Building to Yellowstone Academy. Yellowstone bid on the building for $1.9 million ($ when adjusted for inflation).
In May 2006 Kazi Shule closed. The TSU/HISD Lab School opened in fall 2006. Before the start of the 2009-2010 school year J. Will Jones Elementary School, which was located in Midtown Houston and served sections of the Third Ward,"J. Will Jones Elementary Attendance Boundary ." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on November 15, 2008. was consolidated into Blackshear.Mellon, Ericka. "Tears and fears at HISD board meeting -- UPDATED ." Houston Chronicle. October 9, 2008. During its final year of enrollment J. Will Jones had more students than Blackshear. Many J. Will Jones parents referred to Blackshear as "that prison school" and said that they will not send their children to Blackshear. Jones will house Houston Community College classes after its closure as a school. Turner Elementary School, a school in Riverside Terrace which served a section of the Third Ward,"Turner Elementary Attendance Zone ." Houston Independent School District. Retrieved on April 4, 2009. closed in 2009 and consolidated into Lockhart; by Spring 2011 a new campus was scheduled to be built on the Lockhart site. In March 2013 the HISD board voted to close Ryan Middle School and move all students into the zone of Cullen Middle School.
In 2013 the new Lockhart campus was to only have the Lockhart name, without combining "Lockhart" and "Turner", resulting in protests. HISD dedicated the campus, scheduled to house about 750 students, on Thursday August 22, 2013. The funds to build the campus originate from the 2007 bond.
In 2014 the Dodson school had about 445 students. That year, the HISD school board was to vote on whether to close Dodson Elementary. Terry Grier, the HISD superintendent, argued that Dodson needs to close so another school will be located there while its permanent facility is under construction. On Thursday March 13, 2014, the HISD board voted to close Dodson Elementary 5-4. The Montessori program will move to Blackshear Elementary. As part of rezoning for the 2014-2015 school year, all areas in the Third Ward previously under the Dodson zone were moved to the Blackshear zone.
Charter schools
The Lawson Academy, formerly WALIPP-TSU Preparatory Academy, is a charter middle school in Third Ward area.
KIPP Houston Public Schools operates the KIPP Liberation College Preparatory School, a middle school charter school, in the Third Ward. KIPP operates KIPP Sunnyside High School near Sunnyside; that school has some students from the Third Ward. KIPP PEACE Elementary School, a KIPP school near the Third Ward, opened in 2011.
Pro-Vision Academy was established as an HISD-affiliated charter school for boys in 1995, originally occupying a campus in the Third Ward. After 2008 it moved to a new campus in Sunnyside.
Private schools
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Houston operates area Roman Catholic private schools. St. Mary of the Purification School (kindergarten through grade five) and St. Peter the Apostle School, are in the area."St. Peter the Apostle Middle School ." Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Houston. Retrieved on April 14, 2009. St. Mary, located in the Riverside Terrace area, opened in a temporary building on September 8, 1930. The building was blessed on October 27. The Sisters of Dominic operated the school until it closed in 1967. The school reopened in 1980 as a Montessori school.
St. Peter the Apostle, before its closure, was a PreK-8 school. Its peak enrollment was about 600 students in the 1960s. Prior to 2009 St. Peter was a middle school with grades 6-8; that year St. Philip Neri School in the Sunnyside area merged into St. Peter, making it PK-8. In 2019 St. Peter the Apostle had 33 students; in May 2019 the Archdiocese announced that it was going to close. Debra Haney, the superintendent of schools of the Galveston-Houston diocese, stated that the enrollment decreased due to the proliferation of charter schools.
Yellowstone Academy, a Christian private school, is in the Third Ward. Yellowstone opened in August 2002, but in 2006 it agreed to purchase Douglass Elementary School from the Houston Independent School District.
The Wheeler Avenue Christian Academy is a private school for students in kindergarten to fifth grade. The school operates under Wheeler Avenue Baptist Church located on Scott Street.
Gallery of schools
Public libraries
The Third Ward is served by the Houston Public Library Smith Neighborhood Library at 3624 Scott Street.
Health care
The Quentin Mease Health Facility (formerly Quentin Mease Community Hospital), operated by Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District), is located in the Third Ward area. It was previously a long-term care hospital but as of 2021 is being transformed into an outpatient facility.
The Martin Luther King Health Center, also of Harris Health System, first opened on April 28, 1972. Quentin Mease opened in 1983. At one point, the MLK health center was located on the first and third floors of Quentin Mease. MLK's standalone facility on Cullen Boulevard was scheduled to open in 2009 and free space at Quentin Mease. On May 14, 2010, MLK relocated to a site in southern Houston, on Swingle Road."Martin Luther King Jr. Health Center." Harris County Hospital District. Retrieved on September 30, 2010. The designated public hospital is Ben Taub General Hospital in the Texas Medical Center.
The southeast branch of the American Red Cross serves the Third Ward.
In 2017 the University of Houston HEALTH Research Institute received a $2 million grant for an anti-obesity and anti-diabetes program to be established in the Third Ward.
Transportation
Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO) operates public transportation services, including buses and the METRORail tram service. METRORail Purple Line stations serving Third Ward include:
Leeland/Third Ward station (in the East Downtown)
Elgin/Third Ward station
TSU/UH Athletics District station
UH South/University Oaks station
Arts and culture
The Trinity United Methodist Church, which began in 1848, is the oldest African-American church congregation in the City of Houston. Trinity does not occupy the oldest church building.
Project Row Houses (PRH) is a community-based arts and culture non-profit organization in Houston's northern Third Ward, one of the city's oldest African-American neighborhoods. It was founded in 1993 by artist and community activist Rick Lowe, along with James Bettison (1991), Bert Long, Jr. (1940-2013), Jesse Lott, Floyd Newsum, Bert Samples, and George Smith, all seeking to establish a positive, creative and transformative presence in this historic community. Inspired by both the American artist Dr. John T. Biggers (1924-2001) and the German artist Josef Beuys (1921-1986), PRH is a unique experiment in activating the intersections between art, historic preservation, affordable and innovative housing, community relations and development, neighborhood revitalization, and human empowerment.
Katharine Shilcutt of the Houston Press said that the Third Ward includes "a diverse mix of restaurants to suit every taste". Among these are fried chicken restaurants; The original Frenchy's Chicken and its satellite location are both located in the Third Ward.
The University Museum at Texas Southern University (TSU) is one of a few museums in Texas that emphasizes celebrating art and artifacts by creators of the African Diaspora. Renowned art historian and curator Dr. Alvia Wardlaw is the director of the museum.
The Community Artists' Collective is a nonprofit organization founded by Michelle Barnes and Dr. Sarah Trotty that has served Third Ward community for thirty years, providing educational programming and support for African-American artists since its conception in 1985.Houston Chronicle columnist Joy Sewing wrote in 2020 that "The 'Tre, as we natives say, is a predominately Black neighborhood just south of downtown and east of the Museum District. Despite the stereotypes that often come with inner-city Black neighborhoods, Third Ward is also home to some of the city's most noted and greatest African-American artists, activists, educators and leaders."
Parks and recreation
Emancipation Park and Emancipation Community Center are located at 3018 Dowling Street. Around 1870 the original owners of Emancipation Park purchased it to commemorate the end of slavery in the United States. The community center includes an indoor gymnasium, a weight room, and meeting rooms. The park has an outdoor basketball pavilion, lighted sports fields, lighted tennis courts, a swimming pool, a playground, and picnic areas.
Moses Leroy Park is located at 3100 Trulley Street. Our Park is located at 2604 Alabama Street. Zurrie M. Malone Park is located at 2901 Nettleton Street, near Anita Street. Riverside Park is located at 2600 Calumet.
The Third Ward is included in the service area of the Sam Houston Area Council Boy Scouts W.L. Davis District.
The Houston Texans YMCA, serving the Third Ward, is located in Palm Center. The previous YMCA facility in the Third Ward was the South Central YMCA, between the two universities. This YMCA, in the era of de jure racial segregation, was open to African-Americans. Civil rights activist Quentin Mease found a previous facility and sought to expand it, with a new facility opening in 1955. This facility serviced activists in the Civil Rights Movement and housed NAACP meetings. By the mid-2000s, the building had problems with its air conditioning and plumbing. Membership fell by 90%, and at the end of its life it had 300 members. For these reasons it closed in December 2004. The following year the board of that YMCA planned to relocate to a new facility.
Notable residents
Famous people who have lived in Third Ward include:
Beyoncé
Solange Knowles
George Floyd
The Houston memorial mural was created by Donkeeboy (Alex Roman, Jr.) and Donkeemom (Sylvia Roman) and is on the side of Scott Food Mart in the Third Ward. It portrays Floyd as an angel.
Arnett Cobb
Albert Collins
Johnny Copeland
Garnet Coleman (State representative)
John C. Creuzot, Texas state district judge and son of Frenchy's Chicken founder Percy "Frenchy" Creuzot
Sam "Lightnin'" HopkinsLomax, John Nova. "O'Brien's Song." Houston Press. December 8, 2009 1. Retrieved on December 13, 2009.
Anthony Obi "Fat Tony"
Pat Parker
In popular culture
Beyoncé was raised in the Riverside Terrace area and features the neighborhood in her music video "No Angel" from her 2013 self-titled fifth album Beyoncé''. Also from the album, songs "Drunk in Love" and "Pretty Hurts" further representation of the neighborhood is portrayed. Her company, Parkwood Entertainment, is named for Parkwood Park, where she played as a child.
Rapper Drake has also made references to Third Ward, as well as Houston more generally, in his music. In his 2014 single "Days in the East," he states: "Know I do this [expletive] for Third Ward already/ Know I do this [expletive] for H-town already." Despite hailing from Toronto, Drake repeatedly mentions Houston in his songs and has adopted it as a city he represents.
Houston rappers often reference Third Ward in their lyrics.
See also
Emancipation Park of Third Ward
History of the African-Americans in Houston
Riverside Terrance
References
Reference notes
Further reading
Third Ward Urban Redevelopment Plan - April 2005, City of Houston
Third Ward at Texas Southern University
Historic Third Ward Strategic Implementation Framework – City of Houston et al – Final Report April 2019
External links
Third Ward Community Cloth Cooperative
Webarchive template wayback links
Neighborhoods in Houston
Skid rows |
4007789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasps%20FC | Wasps FC | Wasps FC is an amateur rugby union club formed in 1867. The men's first team was split from Wasps FC at the turn of professionalism, for the 1996-97 season, to become Wasps RFC, who currently play at the Coventry Building Society Arena in Coventry. The men's team currently plays rugby in the Herts/Middlesex 1 league. Wasps Women compete in the Premier 15s, the highest women's league in the country, the ladies section has been established since 1984 and have consistently been a top 7 team in the country. Wasps Women have attracted elite athletes from around the world including England international Danielle Waterman and global brand sponsors. Wasps FC owns the Twyford Avenue Sports Ground that was also used by the Wasps professional teams for training until the end of the 2015–16 season.
Wasps FC retains close links with their professional brothers and still owns approximately 5% of Wasps RFC.
The youth section has several championship sides and the minis compete actively at the higher levels.
Ladies 2019–20 season
Wasps FC Ladies gained sponsorship from global brand Vodafone UK alongside Wasps RFC and Wasps Netball, bringing together the entire Wasps brand.
Ladies 2018–19 season
The 1st XV placed 4th in the league and were beaten by Saracens Women in the Premier 15s semi final. The 2nd XV won all but 2 games during the entire season and finished 2nd in the Development League.
Men 2018–19 season
The first team finished 6th in the Herts & Middlesex 1 league.
Ladies 2017–18 season
The 1st XV placed 3rd in the league and were beaten by Harlequins in the Premier 15s double-legged semi final. The 2nd XV won all but 2 games during the entire season and finished 2nd in the Development League.
Men 2017–18 season
The first team finished 6th in the Herts & Middlesex 1 league.
Men 2014–15 season
The first team finished tenth in their league, and the second team was relegated to the third (of 6) divisions in the Middlesex Merit Table for 2015-16.
Men 2013–14 season
The first team finished fourth in their league, and the second team remained in the second (of 6) divisions in the Middlesex Merit Table for 2014-15. The third team, "The Fat Dads" (though not many are fat), continued to play friendlies and were inaugural members of the Middlesex Social League.
Men 2012–13 season
In 2012-13 the first XV finished mid-table in London 3 North West. The second XV finished 3rd in Middlesex Merit Table 3 and was promoted into Middlesex Merit Table 2.
Men 2011–12 season
In 2011-12 the first XV had a record-breaking season, winning all 18 games in Herts & Middlesex 1 to gain promotion to London 3 North West. Highlights included doing the double over both Hackney RFC and Old Priorians RFC, the closest challengers for the title.
Men 2010–11 season
In 2010-11 the first XV was relegated from London 3 North West back to Herts & Middlesex 1. The second XV competed in Middlesex Merit Table 4 league.
Men 2009–10 season
The 2009-10 season was a very successful one for Wasps FC. Fielding two senior men's sides, the first XV won promotion from Herts & Middlesex 1 into London 3 North West and the second XV won the Middlesex Merit Table 5 League, gaining promotion into the Middlesex Merit Table 4 league in the process. On the back of these successes it was announced the club would once again be fielding a third XV for the 2010-11 season.
Club Honours
Middlesex 7s winners (4): 1948, 1952, 1985, 1993
Middlesex Senior Cup winners (8): 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1984, 1987
Herts/Middlesex 3 South champions (2): 2000–01, 2001–02
Herts/Middlesex 1 champions (2): 2009–10, 2011–12
References
External links
Official Wasps Football Club Website
Wasps rugby club - Professional side
Wasps FC/Wasps supporters website
Wasps FC ground (Twyford Avenue) at Google Maps
Wasps RFC
English rugby union teams
Rugby union clubs in London
Rugby clubs established in 1867 |
4007799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larba%20Yarga | Larba Yarga | Larba Yarga was the Minister of Justice for Burkina Faso until approximately 2000. He also served as a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Burkina Faso.
References
Living people
Members of the Pan-African Parliament from Burkina Faso
Year of birth missing (living people)
Justice ministers of Burkina Faso
21st-century Burkinabé people |
4007815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobber%20%28fuel%29 | Jobber (fuel) | A jobber, or petroleum marketer, is a person or company that purchases quantities of refined fuel from refining companies (e.g., BP, Shell, Exxon), either for sale to retailers (e.g., gasoline stations), or to sell directly to the users of those products (e.g., home heating oil to homeowners, lubricating oils to industrial operations or repair shops, jet fuel to FBOs, etc.). In essence, the jobber acts as the "middleman" between the company that refines the petroleum products and those that use them or market them at retail prices. The jobber often owns the gasoline being sold, and the station it is being sold to, but allows an operator to lease the store.
In 2001, 44.3% of all gasoline in the U.S. was sold through jobbers. Approximately the same percentage was sold through integrated oil company-owned and operated stores or franchise arrangements. The percentage of jobbers responsible for fuel sale in the USA in 2004 fell to 37.3%.
Jobbers are represented by trade associations such as the Association for Convenience & Fuel Retailing, National Association of Shell Marketers, Sigma: America's Leading Fuel Marketers, and the Petroleum Marketers Association of America.
Distribution (marketing)
Fuels
Sales occupations |
4007832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langhorne%20Creek%2C%20South%20Australia | Langhorne Creek, South Australia | Langhorne Creek (formerly Langhorne's Creek) is a town in South Australia. At the 2016 census, Langhorne Creek had a population of 427.
Wine Industry
Langhorne Creek has a wine history dating back to 1850. Traditionally a red wine growing district well known for production of outstanding Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz. These two red wine grape varieties constitute approximately 70% of the total vineyard plantings in the region. Over recent years, considerable experimentation has occurred and a wide range of grape varieties are now grown. The vineyards harvest from early March to late April. The town is on the banks of the Bremer River which flows into Lake Alexandrina. In winter, the river frequently floods across the vineyards, contributing to the terroir of the region.
Features
The township has numerous places to eat: the Langhorne Creek General Store and The Bridge Hotel can be found on the main street of the town while the Angas Plains Estate, Bremerton and Lake Breeze cellar doors all offer lunch menus that go perfectly with a glass of wine. Additionally, The Winehouse is available to hire for functions and features a full kitchen. Langhorne Creek has seven cellar doors, all open seven days a week: Angas Plains Estate, Bremerton, Bleasdale, Lake Breeze, Rusticana, The Winehouse and Vineyard Road Cellar Door.
Frank Potts Reserve (named for the founder of the nearby Bleasdale winery) and Alfred Langhorne Park (for one of the cattle-droving brothers Alfred and Charles) are popular places to picnic and excellent areas to observe native flora and fauna.
Sport
Despite its relatively small population, Langhorne Creek boasts a strong culture of success across a number of sports. Langhorne Creek fields teams in the following sports: Australian rules football, netball, cricket, tennis, lawn bowls and table tennis. The main venue for football, cricket, netball, tennis and lawn bowls is Langhorne Creek Memorial Park which is located at Murray Road, Langhorne Creek. The Langhorne Creek Table Tennis Club plays its matches at the Langhorne's Creek Memorial Hall.
The Langhorne Creek Football Club was established in 1906 and currently competes in the Great Southern Football League. Known as the Hawks, Langhorne Creek Football Club has enjoyed a sustained period of success since 2000 having won the GSFL A Grade premiership six times (2001, 2002, 2011, 2012, 2018, 2019) and has consistently been among the strongest clubs in the region during that time while being the smallest club.
Notes and references
External links
Langhorne Creek Wine Industry Council Inc. website
Langhorne Creek Wine Region South Australian Tourism Bureau homepage
Towns in South Australia |
4007839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Briggs%20%28record%20producer%29 | David Briggs (record producer) | David Briggs (February 29, 1944 – November 26, 1995) was an American record producer best known for his work with Neil Young and his band Crazy Horse.
Early life
David Briggs was born in Douglas, Wyoming. Briggs left Wyoming in 1962 to hitchhike his way to Los Angeles and Canada, then finally settled in California, the place he would call home for the rest of his life. In the mid-sixties, Briggs began producing in the music business working on Bill Cosby's label, Tetragrammaton Records. One of the first albums he produced was for comedian Murray Roman. According to Briggs, this was the first album ever released with the word "fuck" on it. Working on Cosby's label led Briggs into doing his own production work with artists such as Alice Cooper, Summerhill, Quatrain, Spirit, Nils Lofgren and his band, Grin, and Jerry Lynn Williams.
Career
In 1968, after picking up a hitchhiking Neil Young, Briggs went on to produce the singer/songwriter's first solo album, entitled Neil Young (1968). This led to a lifelong friendship between the two men, with Briggs co-producing over a dozen of Young's albums including Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere and After the Gold Rush. Young's Sleeps with Angels album (1994) is the last work that Briggs produced before his death in 1995. Other than producing with Young, Briggs worked on albums with many successful artists, including Willie Nelson, Spirit, Tom Rush, Nils Lofgren, Steve Young, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Royal Trux.
Personal life
David had one son, Lincoln, with artist Shannon Forbes in 1969. In 1988, Briggs married Bettina Linnenberg. Bettina would soon be noted as the production coordinator on many of the projects that Briggs produced in the 1990s. These included recordings with Cave, Royal Trux, 13 Engines and Sidewinder. She also helped him on projects that remain unreleased, including work with John Eddie and Blind Melon. Briggs was a spiritual atheist.
Death and posthumous projects
David Briggs died on November 26, 1995, after a battle with lung cancer. He was 51 years old. Before his death, he was still working with Joel Bernstein on the Neil Young Archives project. This project had been underway for five years before his death and there could be anywhere from three to twenty albums worth of unreleased material.
After Briggs's death Neil Young and Crazy Horse went on to record material such as Broken Arrow, released in 1996 and Year of the Horse, released in 1997. They have recorded sporadically in the new millennium, releasing the studio albums Greendale (2003), and Psychedelic Pill (2012).
The band The Low & Sweet Orchestra was working with David Briggs at the time of his death. Their album Goodbye To All That was released in 1996, and featured 9 out of 12 tracks produced by Briggs.
Critical views
Briggs's work was not universally acclaimed. Neal Smith of the Alice Cooper group later said "David hated our music and us. I recall the term that he used, referring to our music, was 'psychedelic shit'." I think Easy Action sounded too dry, more like a TV or radio commercial, and he did not help with song arrangement or positive input in any way." His sessions with Nick Cave were also acrimonious, which led to Cave remixing the album Henry's Dream.
Selective discography as producer or co-producer
Neil Young
1968 – Neil Young
1969 – Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere
1970 – After the Gold Rush
1974 – On the Beach
1975 – Tonight's the Night
1975 – Zuma
1977 – American Stars 'N Bars
1978 – Comes a Time
1979 – Rust Never Sleeps
1979 – Live Rust
1981 – Re-ac-tor
1982 – Trans
1985 – Old Ways
1987 – Life
1990 – Ragged Glory
1991 – Weld
1993 – Unplugged
1994 – Sleeps with Angels
2017 – Hitchhiker
Other Artists
1968 Murray Roman – You Can't beat People Up and Have Them Say "I Love You"
1968 Lost and Found – Lost and Found
1968 Quatrain – Quatrain
1969 Summerhill – Summerhill
1970 Alice Cooper – Easy Action
1970 Tom Rush – Wrong End of the Rainbow
1970 Spirit – Twelve Dreams of Dr. Sardonicus
1971 Nils Lofgren & Grin – Grin
1972 Nils Lofgren & Grin – 1+1
1972 Spirit – Feedback
1973 Kathi McDonald – Insane Asylum
1975 Nils Lofgren – Nils Lofgren
1976 Nils Lofgren – Cry Tough
1986 Bradley Ditto – Check Me Out
1992 Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds – Henry's Dream
1995 Royal Trux – Thank You
1996 The Low & Sweet Orchestra – Goodbye to all that
References
1944 births
1995 deaths
Record producers from Wyoming
People from Douglas, Wyoming
20th-century American businesspeople
American atheists |
4007840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television%20in%20the%20Bahamas | Television in the Bahamas | Television in the Bahamas was introduced in 1977, though television broadcasts had already been available from the United States for several decades.
The television stations in the Bahamas include:
ZNS-13, Nassau/Freeport
JCN Channel 14
Our TV
Eyewitness News
See also
List of newspapers in the Bahamas
List of the Caribbean television channels
References
Society of the Bahamas |
4007870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Tatham | Nick Tatham | Nick Tatham (born 11 June 1983, Hong Kong) is a British singer-songwriter who has dealt with Tourette syndrome for most of his life whilst writing and recording ballads, pop songs and other assorted modern music.
Tatham has appeared in several BBC television documentaries and received the "Meridian Tonight Young Hero Award", live on TV in 2002, for his contributions to local music and his constant optimism and strength in dealing with his condition. In 2004 Tatham took the lead role in school student Richard Booth's Live for the Moment, a film drama which chronicled the life of a person with Tourette's syndrome.
On 20 April 2012 Tatham appeared in the blind auditions of the BBC talent series, The Voice, but failed to persuade any of the judging panel to choose him.
Discography
Nick Tatham Carousel (2005 & 2006)
Love is All Around (2002)
Tourette Blues (2000)
Music videos
Different (single) (2006), directed by Richard Booth
Notes
External links
Nick Tatham's official website
British male film actors
People with Tourette syndrome
Living people
1983 births
The Voice UK contestants
21st-century British singers
21st-century British male singers |
4007895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20mun | Korean mun | The mun (Hanja: ) was introduced as the main currency of Korea in 1625 and stayed in use until 1892. Prior to the mun, cash coins with the inscriptions tongbo (通寶) and jungbo (重寶) and silver vases called ŭnbyŏng were used as currency in the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392), as well as imported Chinese currency. The mun resembled and was derived from the Chinese wén (cognate also to the Japanese mon, Ryukyuan mon, and the Vietnamese văn). Coins denominated in mun were cast in copper-alloys such as brass or bronze and were round with square holes. From the 17th century until the end of the 19th century, coins denominated in mun bearing the inscription Sangpyeong Tongbo (, ), introduced in 1633, were the most widely circulated currency. In 1888, coins were struck in small numbers denominated in mun and won (written as "warn", which were equal to 1000 mun). The mun was replaced in 1892 when the yang was introduced.
The cast coins of the mun would remain in circulation long after their abolition. They continued to be legal tender in Korea at a value of 0.1 chon ( won) until 1908, when they were revalued to 0.2 chon, or won.
History
Goryeo
The first definitive record of currency use in Korea appears in the Goryeo period (918–1392). Early in that period, even though some imported Chinese currency from the Tang and Song dynasties were in circulation, commodity currency such as grain and linen continued in general circulation. In the 10th and 11th centuries, iron and bronze coins were issued, but saw limited circulation among the common people.
Around this time period, the Goryeo government issued a new monetary policy regarding the minting and distribution of cash coins. This decree was implemented to both strengthen royal authority and to regulate the national finances of Korea.
King Sukjong of Goryeo created a new monetary system based on round copper-alloy coins with square holes as well as the ŭnbyŏng (, ) shaped like the Korean peninsula. The coins were produced bearing the inscriptions (동국/Dong guk or "Eastern Country"), (해동/hae dong or "East of the Sea"), and (삼한/Samhan).
An extremely rare variant of the Samhan Tongbo (, 三韓通寶) cash coin exists that bears the character written in "official script" instead of , of which only 2 have currently been found.
A new government department, the Directorate of the Mint was created, this government agency in charge of regulating the newly established currency system, and the Dongguk Tongbo (東國通寶) was the first of these new Korean cash coins to be minted.
In order to strengthen the monetary policy of Goryeo, government officials were encouraged to receive their salaries in cash coins and it was hoped that if they would spend the new currency at local taverns that this would encourage their circulation to become widespread throughout Korea. However, the new cash coin's value would prove to be rather unreliable in the marketplace and it was considered to be impractical for purchasing and trading goods. Because of this perception the new cash coins of Goryeo did not find wide usage.
The ŭnbyŏng (or hwalgu) silver vases were widely used and circulated among the aristocracy. These ŭnbyŏng produced from the year 1101 and were engraved with an official state seal to mark them as a legitimate currency which was valid throughout Goryeo. The ŭnbyŏng weighed around one Kŭn (斤, ) which is roughly equal to 600 grams, this made them very useful for paying for large transactions. Historians suggest that the ŭnbyŏng primarily used by the aristocratic classes and that were also often involved in the bribing of government officials. In the year 1282 the government enacted a law that pegged the value of one ŭnbyŏng at between 2,700 and 3,400 litres of rice. But regardless of the fact that this currency was highly impractical for paying for low value items, the ŭnbyŏng would continue to be used during the next two centuries.
During the reign of Chungnyeol of Goryeo the government had permitted the circulation of rough or broken pieces of silver. By the year 1331 the ŭnbyŏng had completely disappeared from circulation. No specimens of the ŭnbyŏng are known to have survived to the modern era.
Joseon
Joseon Tongbo and Shibjeon Tongbo cash coins
It was not until the beginning of the Joseon period (1392–1910) that copper coins were minted for wide circulation.
The Jeohwa (/), which was made of standardized mulberry-bark paper (known as Korean paper) early in the Joseon period, became the first legal paper money in Korea and was used as a medium of exchange in place of coins until it disappeared in the early 16th century. Korean traders at the time also accepted the Chinese Da-Ming Baochao banknotes. However, banknotes were almost exclusively used for the payment of taxes, and they struggled to catch on in the general Korean market. No paper money survives from this period.
During the early years of the Joseon period cloth and grains would remain the most common forms of currency among the Korean people, during this time cotton was considered to be the most important medium of exchange. The government of Joseon also recognised the prominent role that cotton played in the Korean economy and the highest quality specimens of cotton would be stamped with the text "Joseon Tongpyejiin", which could be seen as a government seal of approval and meant that it could be used as currency throughout Korea. Barter would remain the norm in Joseon society for many generations before the reintroduction of cash coinage.
Bronze coins were cast starting in 1423 during the reign of king Sejong the Great with the Joseon Tongbo (, ) cash coins. The coins produced under Sejong were pegged to copper at 160 coins to one Kŭn (, ) which is equal to 600 grams, though the actual market rates regularly fluctuated. But the monetary system proved to be unpopular as people resorted back to barter after a few years.
The Sejong era Joseon Tongbo cash coins were only issued in the years 1423 (Sejong 5), 1424 (Sejong 6), and 1425 (Sejong 7) and all of these cash coins distinctively use the regular script font of Chinese characters which tended to be both clearly and distinctively inscribed while their reverse sides tend to be blank (blank reverses are known as "光背"). This first series of Joseon Tongbo are generally about 24 millimeters in diameter and tend to weigh between 3.2 and 4 grams. These cash coins were modeled after the Chinese Tang dynasty era Kaiyuan Tongbao (開元通寶, Gaewon Tongbo) cash coins.
The Kings of Joseon were consistently creating new legislation aimed at promoting coins and promoted their manufacture to be widely used. Through these measures, the monarchs hoped to dispel the general mistrust that the Korean people had towards coinage and they also hoped that these decrees would boost the value of Korean cash coins.
Following the Japanese invasions of Korea it had become more necessary for there to be circulating coinage in Korea, this was needed in order to both procure military supplies and secure the national finances.
In 1625 under the reign of king Injo of Joseon a new series of cash coins with the same inscription as under Sejong the Great were minted. In order to promote the circulation of the new coinage, King Injo tried to rent out vacant rooms for the opening of new restaurants which would accept these cash coins, these rooms were situated in front of Gyeongbok Palace. This was an attempt to encourage the circulation of the new coinage and the King hoped to open the eyes of the Korean people to the value of using coinage over barter.
The government soon enacted new national laws to stimulate the usage of coinage, for instance a law that allowed for people to pay their taxes using coins. Government officials were now also required to use cash coins to pay for their expenses when they would travel as a means to help promote their circulation. Another factor that led to the more widely adoption of coinage by the Korean people this time around was the fact seasonal problems such as droughts or less productive harvests made it more difficult to manufacture grains and cloth causing them to decrease in circulation.
The second series of the Joseon Tongbo came roughly two centuries after the first and the first issues were made in the year 1625 (Injo 3), these cash coins had their inscriptions written in "official style" script or palbun (八分, "eight part (script)"). During this era the government wasn't the only manufacturer as private minting was allowed to take place and as such these cash coins tend to be very diverse.
The second series of Joseon Tongbo cash coins tend to have a rather yellow-brown colour and the Hanja characters depicted on them were not very standardised. The character strokes can be either thin or thick and either small or large. Some varieties of this series have broad rims while others tend to have very narrow rims. Unlike with the first series of the Joseon Tongbo cash coins, Joseon Tongbo cash coins with inscriptions written using the clerical script (隸書) typeface are much more scarce.
In the year 1651, King Hyojong issued a royal decree which ordered the people of Joseon to use the Joseon Tongbo cash coins and it also prohibited the usage of cloth as a currency. During this era the private production of cash coins was also allowed.
A sudden and major increase in agricultural production during the reign of King Sukjong paved the way for the opening of about 1,000 markets across Korea, this led to the development of commerce and industry in the country which in turn gave a more favourable market for the circulation of coinage. The brisk production of goods to be traded and the subsequent development of commerce led to there being a relatively stable currency system during this era. These new markets and the merchants that they brought with them substantially raised the importance of currency, cash coins were now highly valued due to their ease of transportation and storage.
This second series of Joseon Tongbo coins became the inspiration for the following Sangpyeong Tongbo series, though later these coins would be suspended due to the Later Jin, and the Qing invasions of Joseon. After those wars Korea would become dependent on importing copper from Japan in order to sustain the production of coinage.
A number of different 10 mun and 1 jeon versions of the Joseon Tongbo cash coins were also created around the year 1881, these cash coins were experimental and therefore quite rare and not many contemporary records were written about them. These cash coins tend to have a diameter of 45 millimetres and tend to weigh around 30 grams and according to some reports they were 48.2 millimetres in diameter and had a weight of 29 grams. Some of them have blank reverse sides, these can be found in two different types which is dependent on whether the Chinese characters on the obverse side are written in a "small script" (小字) or a "large script" (大字), while others have the Hanja character "十" (십, "ten") located right above the square centre hole on the back.
The Joseon Tongbo cash coins with the denomination of 1 jeon were also only minted as an experimental issue and tend to have the mint mark of the Joseon Treasury Department on their reverse right above the square centre hole, this character was usually depicted as "戸", but can also sometimes be found as "户". On the right side of the square centre hole were the Chinese characters "一錢" (일전, il jeon), indicating its nominal value. The 1 jeon Joseon Tongbo cash coins was possibly 47.6 millimeters in diameter and allegedly had a weight of 31 grams.
During the time when the 1 jeon Joseon Tongbo cash coins were issued 400 mun (or 400 small cash coins of 1 mun) were valued as being worth 1 tael (兩, 양 or 냥) of silver. So in the new system planned for these Joseon Tongbo cash coins one coin of 1 jeon would have been worth forty coins of 10 mun and were themselves of a tael.
Other variants of the 1 jeon Joseon Tongbo cash coins can have some slight variations in the method that the "head" (or top part) of the Chinese character Tong (通) is written. Furthermore, there can be variations in how the Chinese character Seon (鮮) is written as well, there can be slight differences in the way that the 4 bottom strokes (or "dots") of the "魚" are written as well as the method that the top part (or "head") of the "羊" is inscribed.
Another cash coin attributed to this period is the Shibjeon Tongbo (, ), which has been attributed by some numismatists to private mints during the reign of King Hyojong around the year 1651, while other numismatists think that the Shibjeon Tongbo cash coins may been cast starting in 1793 under King Jeongjo. It is generally believed that the Shibjeon Tongbo is a series of privately issued cash coins which is supported by the extreme diversity between specimens.
Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins
Coins issued by a government famine relief organisation named the "Stabilisation Office" (Sangpyeongchong 상평청, ) were introduced in 1633, the coins bear an abbreviation of the office's name with the phrase Tongbo (통보/"" or circulating treasure) together formulating the inscription Sangpyeong Tongbo (, 常平通寶) which could be interpreted as "always even currency" and these first coins issued by the Sangpyeongchong had blank reverse sides. The round shape of the cash coin represented the sky, and a square hole situated in the middle coin represented the earth. The Sangpyeongchong served as a grain warehouse agency that would stockpile grain in years where the harvest was good, then in the years with less successful harvests the Sangpyeongchong would be able to distribute the stockpiled grains to prevent a major famine.
The adoption of the Sangpyeong Tongbo was slow, this was because the Korean economy didn't have much need for coinage in "commercial" quantities. The Sangpyeong Tongbo were cast in a wide range of weights, nominal values, as well as in various copper-alloys.
These new coins started to circulate all over Joseon in 1678 during the reign of king Sukjong of Joseon.
Unlike earlier minted coins from the Georyo period, no mun currency produced under the Joseon dynasty bore the inscription Wonbo (, ) on any large denomination because a Chinese naming taboo where the character "元" (Hangul: ) may not be used as it was a part of Hongwu's original name, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, of which Joseon was a tributary state. For this reason, all 100 mun coins also bear the inscription of "常平通寶", giving every coin from this period exactly the same obverse.
As the Sangpyeong Tongbo achieved nationwide circulation, it had now become more possible for people to accumulate wealth.
Cash coins were manufactured using a special casting technique where a Mother coin (母錢, ), or seed coin, was used that allowed for all coins in the same series to resemble each other with very little disparities between them. The mother coin was initially prepared by engraving a pattern with the legend of the cash coin which had to be manufactured. In the manufacturing process mother coins were used to impress the design in moulds which were made from easily worked metals such as tin and these moulds were then placed in a rectangular frame made from pear wood filled with fine wet sand, possibly mixed with clay, and enhanced with either charcoal or coal dust to allow for the molten metal to smoothly flow through, this frame would act as a layer that separates the two parts of the coin moulds. The mother coin was recovered by the people who cast the coins and was placed on top of the second frame and the aforementioned process was repeated until fifteen layers of moulds had formed based on this single mother coin. After cooling down a "coin tree" (錢樹, 전수) or long metallic stick with the freshly minted cash coins attached in the shape of "branches" would be extracted from the mould and these coins could be broken off and if necessary had their square holes chiseled clean, after this the coins were placed on a long metal rod to simultaneously remove the rough edges for hundreds of coins and then these cash coins could be strung together and enter circulation. Because of the way that the Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins looked likes the leaves of a tree branch during this process, they were known as yeopjeon (葉錢) which could be translated as "leaf coin".
The widespread success of the Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins also brought about many social changes to Korean society. One of these changes was the emergence of byeoljeon, these were non-monetary decorative objects that reflected on the desire of people to gain more wealth.
Between the years 1742 and 1752 great quantities of dangijeon (2 mun) Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins were cast that contained a character from the Thousand Character classic or various other types of symbols and words at the bottom of their reverse sides. Many of these dangijeon cash coins also had a number, circle, or crescent on the left of right sides of the square centre hole. It is currently not known if these symbols represented furnace numbers, series, casting periods, months, years, or if these symbols were just added for every new batch of mother coins.
1 tael of Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins could purchase 20 kilograms of rice, and 4 taels Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins could purchase either 80 kilograms of rice or 1 tael of silver. 1 piece, or 1 pun (分, 푼), would be worth 200 ~ 300 South Korean won in 2019 (or $0.16 ~ 0.25). The generally low value of small denomination Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins is also the origin of the common Korean phrase "Give me one pun!", which is used to figuratively refer to the price of a cheap item. In his 1888 book Life in Corea William Richard Charles stated that the value of a 1 mun Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coin was comparable to that of a farthing, a coin worth pound sterling.
Most Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins tend to be cast of high quality and have a yellowish colour and very clearly written Chinese characters, these were usually produced earlier at one of the 52 government mints, while later less refined Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins with rather crude appearances with a blackish colour and less well defined Chinese characters tend to be later made privately issues versions.
Variants and denominations of the Sangpyeong Tongbo
The most common Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins were the 1 mun variants, but quite early 2 mun variants were also being cast, the earliest 2 mun cash coins had the Chinese character "二" (이) on their reverses, but later versions of the 2 mun cash coins can only be distinguished by the fact that they were physically larger than the 1 mun cash coins.
The denominations of the Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins were known as the Dangiljeon (當一錢), Dangijeon (當二錢), dangojeon (當五錢), and Dangbaekjeon (當百錢) based on their value.
As records were not actively kept it is currently unknown how many different variants of the Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins were cast, and how much of each respective denomination (with the notable exception of the 100 mun coin, of which a total of 1,784,038 were minted).
There are 3,078 varieties of the 1, 2, and 5 mun denominations, and 48 varieties of the 100 mun denomination documented by the authoritative Korean coin catalogue (Hanja: 高麗朝鮮時代貨幣; Hangul: ), while there are estimated more than 5,000 different variants of the Sangpyeong Tongbo coins cast in the history of its production spanning 258 years, with many variants of the series still undocumented.
According to the numismatist Alan D. Craig the Bank of Korea once had 3,137 different variants of the Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins in its collection.
100 mun coin and inflation
The 100 mun denomination (Dangbeakjeon or Tangbeakjeon, /) was introduced in 1866 by regent Heungseon Daewongun to finance the state's military expenditures to strengthen Korea's military power. This was to compete with that of the Western powers which were forming an ever growing threat, as well as to rebuild the Gyeongbok Palace.
After its introduction, the mun started to suffer from inflation. This was because the intrinsic value of the 100 mun coin was only five to six times as much as 5 mun coins, leading to the consumer price of e.g. rice to expand sixfold within 2 years. This eventually lead to traders preferring silver foreign currency such as the Mexican peso, Japanese yen, Russian ruble, and Chinese sycees. As a result, some people started to melt smaller Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins down to make counterfeit money. People who had older, lower denomination Sangpyeong Tongbo avoided exchanging them with the newer 100 mun coins and withheld their Sangpyeong Tongbo from the market. The new 100 mun series would be discontinued in April of 1867 after being produced only for 172 days. Despite no longer being produced, the government of Joseon continued distributing them into Korean markets until an appeal from Choe Ik-hyeon convinced the government that these coins had an adverse effect on every class of Korean society.
The introduction of the 100 mun coin happened concurrent with the Tenpō Tsūhō 100 mon coin issued by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1835 (in reaction to government deficit), the 100 wén coin by the Qing dynasty in 1853 (in reaction to the Taiping rebellion), the Ryukyuan 100 mon and half Shu cash coins, and the large denomination Tự Đức Bảo Sao cash coins in Vietnam. All of these large denomination cash coins also caused inflation on comparable levels.
Introduction of Qing dynasty cash coins
Following the prohibition of the circulation of the Dangbaekjeon cash coins the government started receiving huge losses. Hence, to secure another source of revenue and to cover its losses, the Joseon government legalise the use of Qing Chinese money in Korea in June 1867, these Chinese cash coins were smuggled into by Korean interpreters of Mandarin Chinese. Among the Qing dynasty cash coin inscriptions it imported were the Jiaqing Tongbao (嘉慶通寶), Daoguang Tongbao (道光通寶), and Tongzhi Tongbao (同治通寶) and these would officially circulate in Korea at par with the native Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins, this was despite the fact that these Qing dynasty cash coins only had around ⅓ of the intrinsic value of Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins.
In the 11th year of the reign of King Gojong (1874), in January of that year that Joseon banned the circulation of Chinese cash coins within their borders, since the Chinese money accelerated price hikes just as the Dae Dong Jeon would later have. The total amount of Chinese cash coins in circulation at the time amounted to three or four million yang. This was as much as or of the outstanding Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins.
This sudden contraction of the volume of money in circulation caused an economic depression and led to a rise in unemployment.
5 mun coin and subsequent issues
The Korean government introduced the Dangojeon (當五錢, 당오전, alternatively Romanised as Tangojeon) in 1883, like the earlier Dangbaekjeon and legalisation of Qing Chinese money this denomination also caused a sharp decline in the value of coinage which brought a lot of turmoil to the Korean economy. The Dangojeon cash coins were only slightly larger than "value two" Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins. The introduction of this denomination also brought about a rise in the prices of various commodities such as cotton cloth and rice.
The effects that the Dangojeon had caused were not as bad as those that were caused by the gross overvaluing of the Danbaekjeon cash coins, but the effects were nevertheless not beneficial for both the Korean economy and the Korean currency system. Both the Danbaekjeon and the Dangojeon cash coins were symptoms of the considerable turmoil that were occurring within the royal family and its advisers during the reign of King Gojong. From this point onwards, Japanese currency began to flood the Korean market and the Korean mun began to lose its power.
After King Gojong established the Jeonwanguk mint in 1883 in Incheon in order to adopt a currency more akin to international standards leading the copper Sangpyeong Tongbo coins to eventually be phased out in favour of the silver yang following the adoption of the silver standard.
Mint marks
Originally the Stabilization Office or the Sangpyeongchŏng (상평청, 常平廳) was the first agency to mint Sangpyeong Tongbo coins in 1633, and eventually various other government agencies (including military offices, and the Six Ministries of Joseon) began to produce these coins which contained various mint marks to establish their origin. At the time the mun was replaced by the yang in 1892 there had been 52 government mints in operation producing mun coins locally.
Other symbols, numbers, and special characters used on Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins
Various other symbols to identify specific coins were also used such as the Thousand Character Classic, "furnace" and "series" numbers, as the Five Elements, astronomical symbols, the Eight Trigrams, the Ten Celestial Stems, the Twelve Terrestrial Branches, as well as a variety of characters with an unknown purpose. Mint marks were placed above the square hole on the reverse site, while furnace markings and other Chinese characters were placed below, special symbols such as dots, circles, crescents, horizontal lines, and vertical lines generally appeared either left or right of the square hole.
With the notable exception of the coins produced by the Government Office of Pukhan Mountain Fortress which bears the character "Kyŏng" (/경) written in Running script, all Hanja characters on both sides of every Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coin are written in regular script. Though the character "" (통) only contains one dot which is a characteristic of Clerical script as Regular script versions usually have 2 dots.
Numbers, Stars, Suns, and Man
In the year 1742 special characters began appearing on the reverse sides of some Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins, many of these special characters were used to indicate which furnace had been used to produce them or to which "series" they belonged. The series number may be to the left, right, or at the bottom of the center hole of the coin. The furnace designator may be either a numeral or a character from the Thousand Character Classic.
While most of these were Hanja characters, some also had dots, circles, crescents, and horizontal lines which were used to represent things like the stars (星), the sun (日), the moon (月), and man (人).
Thousand Character Classic
Some Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins contained characters from the Thousand Character Classic (千字文, Ch'ŏnjamun) to determine by which furnace they were cast, the Thousand Character Classic was used in the far east for teaching Chinese characters and was a large poem which consisted of 250 phrases with each one of these phrases being only composed 4 Hanja characters. The entire Thousand Character Classic is composed of 1000 Chinese characters and no point is a single character repeated.
From the year 1742 the first 44 characters of the Thousand Character Classic began being used on some Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins to indicate furnace number, while some Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins used Chinese numerals specifically for this purpose, others used this system because of the non-repetitive nature of the Thousand Character Classic it is often used as a numbering system for the numbers 1 to 1000. The characters of the Thousand Character Classic were usually placed at the bottom (often right below the square centre hole) on the reverse side of the Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins.
The Five Elements
Some Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins used the five elements (오행) to indicate furnace numbers or "series" number.
The Ten Celestial Stems
The Ten Celestial Stems (천간) were used as another "numbering" system for Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins for furnace or "series" numbers.
The Twelve Terrestrial Branches
Like how the Ten Celestial Stems are used for numbering Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins, the Twelve Terrestrial Branches (지지, or "Twelve Earthly Branches"), another system used in the traditional Chinese calendar's Sexagenary cycle (육십갑자), was used to indicate furnace or "series" numbers.
Cash coins with the character "☳"
A small number of 2 mun Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins (當二錢, dangijeon, "Value Two (Coins)") manufactured by the T'ongyong Naval Office with the Eight Trigrams (팔괘) character on them. The character "☳" ("Thunder") was written on their reverses as well as a number of other Hanja characters.
Miscellaneous characters
There are also a vast number of miscellaneous Hanja characters found on the reverse side of Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins of which their meaning or what they represent is currently not known.
Some of these Chinese characters include:
Machine-struck coinage
During the 1880s and 1890s the Korean government had experimented with several holed machine-struck coin designs, it is unknown if some of these coins entered circulation.
While it would be in the year 1892 that the over 250 year production of the Sangpyeong Tongbo series of cash coins would come to an end, a decade earlier in 1882 (or Gojong 19), the Korean government had experimented with creating machine-struck coinage based on Western designs and design patterns. The first issues were made from silver and lacked the iconic square centre hole designs of earlier and contemporary Korean coinages.
Machine-struck Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins
During this period the Central Government Mint (典圜局, 전원국) created a machine-struck brass Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coin with a round centre hole.
At least three different sets of dies were cut for machine-struck 5 mun Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins, these designs resembled the 1883 issue 5 mun cast yeopjeon versions of the coins. Only one of these three sets is known to have actually been engraved. In the year 1891 the chief engraver of the Osaka Mint in Japan, Masuda, created this design. Only one of these three designs ever saw (very limited) circulation.
As the Mint's machinery was not well suited for punching centre holes in coins the old-style designs were eventually dropped.
Dae Dong coins
When Korea opened up its port cities to trade with Japanese businessmen following the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876, it became apparent that the small denomination Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins were not convenient at all for doing business which require larger transactions to take place, this inspired the creation of a new series of coinage made from silver. During this period Japanese influence became more intrusive into Korean society.
All of these coins had the characters "大東" (대동, dae dong, literally translated as "the Great East" which was one of the alternative names of Korea) in their obverse inscriptions. All of these new milled coins were manufactured by the Treasury Department Mint (戶曹局, 호조국), this mint was also responsible for the manufacture of Sangpyeong Tongbo cash coins. A major difference being that the "戶" (호) mint mark on the milled coinage was located in the middle of a circle, this circle itself was situated in the centre of the reverse side of the coin and was surrounded by coloured enamel (which was coloured either blue, green, or black). Specimens without the coloured cloisonné are valued at about one half the normal valuations of the coloured Dae Dong coins. There are many types of trial sets of 1, 2, and 3 jeon in existence.
List of Dae Dong coins:
Other than the overal design patterns there are multiple varieties of the 3 jeon (錢, 전) coin, these include variants based on character sizes (large character, medium character, and small character). The Dae Dong coins were seen as only a stopgap issue until more Westernised coinage could be produced.
These new machine-struck coins did not manage to stabilise the Korean monetary system, this was due to the rising price of silver as well as the high cost of acquiring the machines necessary for their production and the production process itself. It became a huge issue when the yangban nobility started hoarding these coins for export at a profit, where they were melted and recast as "horse hoof silver" (馬蹄銀) ingots. Because of this their production was stopped as a result in June of the year 1883, only a year after their initial introduction. The same year the Korean government would purchase equipment for the production of milled coinage from the German Empire.
Korean government mint in Seoul issues
Half a decade after the issuing of the Dae Dong coins, between the years 1886 and 1888 (starting from "開國 497", or Kaeguk 497), the Korean government mint in Seoul (京成典圜局, 경성전환국), which was opened in November 1886 at the Namdaemun, began producing a minor number of machine-struck coins denominated in mun (文, 문) and hwan ("warn", "whan" 圜, 환). The general superintendent of the mint at the time was Paul Georg von Möllendorff. Möllendorff had a pair of essays struck in Germany, these coins had coin patterns similar to those of contemporary Japanese coins – a dragon encircled by inscriptions on the obverse side of the coin and a wreath with a crest enclosing the denomination on the reverse side of the coin. In this system the mun was worth "warn". They would only be produced in three different denominations, these were the 5 mun (5 文), 10 mun (10 文), and 1 warn (1 圜).
The milled coins of the second series were first struck using the aid of Japanese technicians and in 1886 with the aid of three German technicians. But as the German technicians were soon proven to be too expensive for the Korean government, they were replaced with employees from the Japan Mint in Osaka only a year later in 1887. By late 1887 more than 20 Japanese mint workers were on the staff.
Before any of these newly designed machine-struck coins were prepared for general circulation, a Korean politician tried to turn the monetary reforms back towards the older coinage designs and these new coins didn't see much circulation.
List of machine-struck coins produced by the Korean government mint in Seoul:
Only a total of 1,300 coins of the 1 warn denomination were struck, making them quite rare. While mintage figures for the 5 and 10 mun coins were not published, the total value of the coins struck around 2,800 warn. As these new milled coins were not that well received by the Korean public, they soon were culled from circulation.
Commemorative coins
Following the signing of the Treaty of Shimonoseki in April 1895, ending the Sino-Japanese War, the treaty contained provisions which made Korea independent from the Qing dynasty which ruled China. In the year 1896 in honour of this newfound independence King Gojong had adopted the regnal title Geonyang (建陽, "Founded Superior") and for the first time in Korea's monetary history a cash coin was cast with the King's reign year title, Geonyang Tongbo (建陽通寶, 건양통보). These were commemorative cash coins and would not be placed in general circulation.
Banknotes
During late 19th century the only modern banknotes circulating in Korea were issued by the Dai'ichi Kokuritsu Ginkō (First National Bank), a Japanese bank which operated several branches in Korea. Following the establishment of the Korea Customs Service in the year 1883, the Dai'ichi Kokuritsu Ginkō received permission from it to act as a customs agent.
From the year 1884 the Dai'ichi Kokuritsu Ginkō started issuing customs drafts which were for use in settling duties. These drafts were recognised as an easy way to transfer funds and would find their way into ordinary commerce of Korea at the time, despite this, the Korean government never issued any formal authorisation for the Dai'ichi Kokuritsu Ginkō to issue any paper money in Korea. While the Dai'ichi Kokuritsu Ginkō inspired many Korean businessmen to create their own banks based on it during the 1890s, but these Korean banks never started issuing their own banknotes.
The Korean government did not issue any banknotes itself during this era. In the year 1893 the government established an exchange office (Tai Whan Shou) which was to withdraw the old Korean mun coinage and exchange it for the new Korean yang currency. The government exchange office prepared notes which would function a type of receipt until the withdrawn Korean mun coins could be re-minted, but these banknotes were never issued. Only a few specimens of these exchange notes survived.
Except for the Dai-ichi customs drafts, no other form of paper money would circulate in Korea until the turn of the century.
In the year 1900, which was 8 years after the currency had been formally abolished, the Japanese-owned Keijo-Pusan Railway Company (경부철도 청부인조합) issued banknotes denominated in 50, 100, 300, and 500 mun. The Tong Sun Tai Hoa also issued a banknote with the denomination of 10.000 mun.
See also
Chinese wen
Vietnamese văn
Japanese mon
Ryukyuan mon
Korean numismatic charm
Notes
References
Sources
Bank of Korea (韓國銀行) - 韓國의 貨幣 / Korean Money (in Korean using mixed script and English). Publisher: Bank of Korea Publishing (韓國銀行 發券部), Seoul (1982).
Bank of Korea (韓國銀行) - 韓國의 貨幣 / Korean Currency (in Korean using mixed script and English). Publisher: Bank of Korea Publishing (韓國銀行 發券部), Seoul (1994).
C.T. Gardner - The Coinage of Corea and their Values. ASIN B0007JDTW0, 60 pages (1 January 1963).
Kurt Schuler (2004-02-29). Tables of modern monetary history: Asia. Currency Boards and Dollarization.
Alan D. Craig, and Mario L. Sacripante. The Coins of Korea and an Outline of Early Chinese Coinages. Publisher: Ishi Press International. Published: 5 April 2011.
External links
Currency Museum of Korea (화폐박물관)
A Sangp'yŏng t'ongbo (常平通寶) owned by the British Museum
Yi Dynasty coins (ZENO.RU – Zeno Oriental Coins Database).
백과사전: 냥, Naver Encyclopedia.
Medieval currencies
Modern obsolete currencies
Currencies of Korea
Cash coins
1633 establishments in Asia
1892 disestablishments |
4007909 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reston%20Parkway | Reston Parkway | Reston is a location in the Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C. Reston Parkway may refer to:
Reston Parkway, the road, a part of SR 602 in Fairfax County.
Reston Town Center (WMATA station), a planned train stop on the new Silver Line formerly known as Reston Parkway. |
4007914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20highways%20numbered%2028 | List of highways numbered 28 | Highway 28 may refer to:
Australia
Cumberland Highway
Mountain Highway (Victoria)
- NT
Canada
Alberta Highway 28
British Columbia Highway 28
Nova Scotia Trunk 28
Ontario Highway 28
Saskatchewan Highway 28
China
Taiwan
Provincial Highway 28
Czech Republic
I/28 Highway; Czech: Silnice I/28
India
National Highway 28 (India)
Ireland
N28 road (Ireland)
Japan
Japan National Route 28
Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway
Korea
South Korea
National Route 28
Gukjido 28
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur Middle Ring Road 28
New Zealand
New Zealand State Highway 28
United Kingdom
British A28 (Hastings-Margate)
United States
U.S. Route 28 (former)
New England Interstate Route 28 (former)
Alabama State Route 28
Arkansas Highway 28
California State Route 28
County Route A28 (California)
County Route J28 (California)
County Route S28 (California)
Delaware Route 28 (former)
Georgia State Route 28
Georgia State Route 28 (1919–1937) (former)
Idaho State Highway 28
Illinois Route 28 (former)
Indiana State Road 28
Iowa Highway 28
K-28 (Kansas highway)
Kentucky Route 28
Louisiana Highway 28
Maryland Route 28
Massachusetts Route 28
Massachusetts Route C28
M-28 (Michigan highway)
Minnesota State Highway 28
County Road 28 (Dakota County, Minnesota)
County Road 28 (Hennepin County, Minnesota)
Mississippi Highway 28
Missouri Route 28
Montana Highway 28
Nebraska Highway 28 (former)
Nevada State Route 28
New Hampshire Route 28
New Jersey Route 28
County Route 28 (Bergen County, New Jersey)
County Route 28 (Monmouth County, New Jersey)
New Mexico State Road 28
New York State Route 28
New York State Route 28N
County Route 28 (Chenango County, New York)
County Route 28 (Columbia County, New York)
County Route 28 (Delaware County, New York)
County Route 28 (Dutchess County, New York)
County Route 28 (Erie County, New York)
County Route 28 (Lewis County, New York)
County Route 28 (Montgomery County, New York)
County Route 28 (Ontario County, New York)
County Route 28 (Orleans County, New York)
County Route 28 (Rensselaer County, New York)
County Route 28 (Rockland County, New York)
County Route 28 (Saratoga County, New York)
County Route 28 (Schoharie County, New York)
County Route 28 (Schuyler County, New York)
County Route 28 (St. Lawrence County, New York)
County Route 28 (Steuben County, New York)
County Route 28 (Suffolk County, New York)
County Route 28 (Ulster County, New York)
County Route 28 (Warren County, New York)
County Route 28 (Washington County, New York)
North Carolina Highway 28
North Dakota Highway 28
Ohio State Route 28
Oklahoma State Highway 28
Pennsylvania Route 28
South Carolina Highway 28
South Dakota Highway 28
Tennessee State Route 28
Texas State Highway 28 (former)
Texas State Highway Spur 28
Farm to Market Road 28
Texas Park Road 28
Utah State Route 28
Virginia State Route 28
Washington State Route 28
West Virginia Route 28
Wisconsin Highway 28
Wyoming Highway 28
Territories
Puerto Rico Highway 28
See also
List of highways numbered 28A
List of highways numbered 28B
Other uses
Herndon – Dulles East (Washington Metro) is a station under construction in Virginia, formerly named after Virginia's Route 28. |
4007917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20highways%20numbered%20772 | List of highways numbered 772 | Route 772, or Highway 772, can refer to:
Canada
Alberta Highway 772
New Brunswick Route 772
Saskatchewan Highway 772
United States
Virginia Route 772 (Loudoun County)
Ashburn Station, formerly named "Route 772 Station" |
4007928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n%20salvaje%20%281956%20film%29 | Corazón salvaje (1956 film) | Corazón salvaje is a 1956 Mexican drama film directed by Juan José Ortega and starring Martha Roth, Christiane Martel, Carlos Navarro and Rafael Bertrand. It was the first screen adaptation of the novel of the same name written by Caridad Bravo Adams and published in 1957, a year after the film adaptation was released. The first adaptation was made as a radionovela.
Cast
Martha Roth as Mónica Molnar
Christiane Martel as Aimée Molnar
Carlos Navarro as Juan del Diablo
Rafael Bertrand as Renato Duchamp
Dalia Íñiguez
Julio Villarreal
Fedora Capdevila
Víctor Alcocer
Armando Velasco
External links
1956 films
Mexican films
Spanish-language films
Films based on Mexican novels
Films set in the 1900s
Films directed by Juan José Ortega
Estudios Churubusco films
1956 drama films
Mexican drama films |
4007947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago%20Railroad%20Fair | Chicago Railroad Fair | The Chicago Railroad Fair was an event organized to celebrate and commemorate 100 years of railroad history west of Chicago, Illinois. It was held in Chicago in 1948 and 1949 along the shore of Lake Michigan and is often referred to as "the last great railroad fair" with 39 railroad companies participating. The board of directors for the show was a veritable "Who's Who" of railroad company executives.
History of the fair
The origin of the fair traces back to the Chicago and North Western Railway (CNW), which at the time was the successor of the first railroad to operate out of Chicago, the Galena and Chicago Union Railroad. CNW was seeking a way to commemorate 100 years of railroading in Chicago, especially as it was done on the CNW itself. Public Relations Manager F.V. Koval is credited with developing the idea behind the fair. The CNW advertising and public relation staff went to work to promote the show in the early months of 1948, beginning with a series of photographs made by company photographer Don Lidikay of people in 19th century costumes posing with the locomotive Pioneer, which had pulled the first train out of Chicago in 1848.
The fair was rapidly planned during the winter and spring of 1948, and originally scheduled to run between July and August of that summer. Erected on of Burnham Park in Chicago between 21st and 31st Streets, the fair opened after only six months of planning. A grand opening for the fair commenced on July 20 with a parade that featured such spectacles as a military marching band and a replica of a troop train, a contingent of cowboys and Native Americans, a replica of the Tom Thumb, the first American locomotive, and the spry, octogenarian widow of Casey Jones, who served as honorary Grand Master of the parade. One dollar was the price of admission, and, except food, all the attractions, displays, exhibits and shows were free. Besides the thirty-nine railroads who participated in the fair, there were more than twenty equipment manufacturers, including General Motors. The Santa Fe also sponsored an Indian Village where Native Americans sold handicrafts, staged dances, and explained the different types of lodging that were on display.
A popular ride for visitors was the Narrow Gauge (3-foot) excursion train which ran the length of the grounds, charged at 10 cents per ride. The train, supplied for the Fair by CB&Q, consisted of refurbished Colorado and Southern Number 9, a 2-6-0 built in 1882, and coaches, open observation cars and a railway post office car which had been built new by CB&Q in 1880's style. The train was lettered for the Deadwood Central Railroad, a defunct railroad in South Dakota. For the 1949 Fair, D&RGW provided a second train, with its own refurbished 2-8-0 number 268 and coaches, all lettered for the fictional "Colorado Springs and Tincup Railroad".
The complete "Deadwood Central" train was acquired in 1956 by the Black Hills Central Railroad, but the name was not continued.
A highlight of the fair was the presence of the Freedom Train. The Freedom Train travelled the country from September 17, 1947, through Jan 22, 1949, and was at the Railroad Fair from July 5 – 9. It held many documents and artifacts from the National Archives. Available for public viewing were the original United States Constitution, Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights. Security of the documents was the responsibility of the Marine Corps.
Board of directors
The officers and board of directors for the fair were mostly prominent railroad executives. The fair's officers were:
President - Lenox R. Lohr, President Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago
Vice President - R.L. Williams, President Chicago and North Western Railway
Treasurer - Wayne A. Johnston, President Illinois Central Railroad
Secretary - G. M. Campbell, Vice President Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
The fair's directors included (in alphabetical order by surname):
Arthur K. Atkinson, President Wabash Railroad
John W. Barriger III, President Monon Railroad
T. D. Beven, President Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railroad
J. J. Brinkworth, Vice President New York Central System
John M. Budd, Vice President Great Northern Railway
Ralph Budd, President Burlington Lines
C. H. Buford, President Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad
G. M. Campbell, Vice President Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Thomas J. Deegan, Vice President Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad
William N. Deramus III, President Chicago Great Western Railway
S. A. Dobbs, Vice President Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad
J. D. Farrington, President Rock Island Lines
P. E. Feucht, Vice President Pennsylvania Railroad
E. S. French, President Boston and Maine Railroad
Charles J. Graham, President Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway
Fred Gurley, President Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
C. R. Harding, President Pullman Company
Wayne A. Johnston, President Illinois Central Railroad
J. D. Dodson, President Texas Mexican Railway
Lenox R. Lohr, President Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago
Wilson McCarthy, President Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad
H. E. McGee, President Green Bay and Western Railroad
C. M. Roddewig, President Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad
F. L. Schrader, President Chicago and Illinois Midland Railway
C. A. Skog, Vice President and General Manager Grand Trunk Railway
A. E. Stoddard, President Union Pacific Railroad
A. Syverson, Vice President and General Manager Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad
P. H. Van Hoven, President Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway
R.L. Williams, President Chicago and North Western Railway
L. L. White, President Nickel Plate Road
Ward Wire, Vice President Colorado and Wyoming Railway
R. E. Woodruff, President Erie Railroad
Participating railroads
38 railroads and more than 20 railroad equipment manufacturers participated in the Chicago Railroad Fair exhibiting equipment and interpretive displays around the fair's theme of 100 years of railroad history. The majority of the participating railroads maintained a direct rail connection to Chicago. The companies that participated included:
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
Boston and Maine Railroad
Burlington Lines
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad
Chicago Great Western Railway
Chicago and Illinois Midland Railway
Chicago, Indianapolis and Louisville Railway (Monon Railroad)
Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road)
Chicago and North Western Railway
Colorado and Wyoming Railway
Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad
Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway
Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway
Erie Railroad
Grand Trunk Railway
Great Northern Railway
Green Bay and Western Railroad
Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad (The Alton Route)
Illinois Central Railroad
Lake Superior and Ishpeming Railroad
Maine Central Railroad
Minneapolis and St. Louis Railway
Monongahela Railway
New York Central Railroad
Nickel Plate Road
Norfolk and Western Railway
Northern Pacific Railway
Pennsylvania Railroad
Pittsburgh and West Virginia Railway
Pullman Company
Rock Island Lines
Soo Line Railroad
Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway
Texas Mexican Railway
Union Pacific Railroad
Wabash Railroad
Western Pacific Railroad
Rolling stock displays
The highlight of the Chicago Railroad Fair was the "Wheels A-Rolling" pageant. This was a dramatic and musical presentation intended to showcase the development of transportation and the railroads across the country beginning with trails and waterways. The pageant included a recreation of the Golden Spike ceremony at Promontory, Utah, and various historic rolling stock and replicas of equipment in operation.
Railroad equipment used in the pageant included:
Original equipment
No. 222 and coach
No. 637, Zulu and combine car
No. 10250
Cumberland Valley Pioneer and coach
Empire State Express No. 999
The General (1948 only)
John Hancock and coach
Illinois Central 201 and coach
Little Butter Cup and two coaches
Minnetonka and two logging trucks
Pioneer and coach
Pioneer Zephyr
Reuben Wells and coach
"Union Pacific Big Boy"
William Crooks and two coaches
William Mason and baggage car number 10
Replicas
Atlantic and two replica coaches
Best Friend of Charleston
Chicago horse car
DeWitt Clinton and three coaches
John Bull and coach
Jupiter (portrayed by Virginia and Truckee Railroad locomotive Genoa and by V&T #22 Inyo) and combine car
Lafayette and two barrel cars
Pioneer horse car
Pullman coach number 9
State Street cable car
Tom Thumb locomotive and director's car
Union Pacific No. 119 (portrayed by V&T #18 Dayton and by Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy locomotive no. 35)
Legacy
In addition to being the last great assembly of railroad equipment and technology by participating railroad companies, the 1948 Chicago Railroad Fair holds a lesser known honor and connection to Disneyland. In 1948 Walt Disney and animator Ward Kimball attended the fair. To their enjoyment they not only got to see all of the equipment, but they were also allowed to operate some of the steam locomotives that were at the Fair. Upon their return to Los Angeles, Disney used the Fair, the House of David Amusement Park, and Greenfield Village, as inspiration for a "Mickey Mouse Park" that eventually became Disneyland. Walt also went on to build his own backyard railroads, building the Carolwood Pacific Railroad. Kimball already had his own, named Grizzly Flats Railroad.
Media of fair
Photos from the Fair
Films from the Fair
Chicago Railroad Fair & Pageant (Chicago Film Archives, Margaret Conneely Collection, 1950, 16mm., Color, Sound)
1948: Chicago Railroad Fair (Chicago Film Archives, Lake Shore Club of Chicago Collection, c 1948, 8mm, Color Silent)
References
Notes
External links
Photo of the Chicago Railroad Fair entrance on July 26, 1948 This site includes many more color photos from the fair; use "Chicago Railroad Fair" as the search term.
Photos from the Chicago Railroad Fair
Great Northern Railway's 1948 Chicago Railroad Fair flyer
Recording of the Wheels A Rolling music pageant
Movie from the 1949 Chicago Railroad Fair
Rail transportation in Illinois
Trade shows in the United States
History of Chicago
Festivals in Chicago |
4007948 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Augustine%20Light | St. Augustine Light | The St. Augustine Light Station is a private-aid to navigation and an active, working lighthouse in St. Augustine, Florida. The current lighthouse stands at the north end of Anastasia Island and was built between 1871 and 1874. The tower is the second lighthouse tower in St. Augustine, the first being lit officially by the American territorial government in May 1824 as Florida's first lighthouse. However, both the Spanish and the British governments operated a major aid to navigation here including a series of wooden watch towers and beacons dating from 1565.
The current lighthouse tower, original first-order Fresnel Lens and the Light Station grounds are owned by the St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum, Inc., a not-for-profit maritime museum. The museum is open to the public 360 days a year. Admission fees support continued preservation of the lighthouse and five other historic structures. Admissions and museum memberships also fund programs in maritime archaeology, traditional wooden boatbuilding, and maritime education. The non profit mission is to "discover, preserve, present and keep alive the stories of the nation's oldest port as symbolized by our working St. Augustine Lighthouse."
History
St. Augustine was the site of the first lighthouse established in Florida by the new, territorial, American Government in 1824. According to some archival records and maps, this "official" American lighthouse was placed on the site of an earlier watchtower built by the Spanish as early as the late 16th century. A map of St. Augustine made by Baptista Boazio in 1589, depicting Sir Francis Drake's attack on the city, shows an early wooden watch tower near the Spanish structure, which was described as a "beacon" in Drake's account. By 1737, Spanish authorities built a more permanent tower from coquina taken from a nearby quarry on the island. Archival records are inconclusive as to whether the Spanish used the coquina tower as a lighthouse, but it seems plausible, given the levels of maritime trade by that time. The structure was regularly referred to as a "lighthouse" in documents—including ship's logs and nautical charts—dating to the British Period beginning in 1763.
In 1783, the Spanish once again took control of St. Augustine, and once again the lighthouse was improved. Swiss-Canadian engineer and marine surveyor Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres marks a coquina "Light House" on Anastasia Island in his 1780 engraving, "A Plan of the Harbour of St. Augustin". Jacques-Nicolas Bellin, Royal French Hydrographer, refers to the coquina tower as a "Batise" in Volume I of Petit Atlas Maritime. The accuracy of these scholars is debated still; DesBarres's work includes some obvious errors, but Bellin is considered highly qualified. His work provides an important reference to St. Augustine's geography and landmarks in 1764. Facing erosion and a changing coastline, the old tower crashed into the sea in 1880, but not before a new lighthouse was lit. Today, the tower ruins are a submerged archaeological site.
Early lamps in the first tower burned lard oil. Multiple lamps with silver reflectors were replaced by a fourth order Fresnel lens in 1855, greatly improving the lighthouse's range and eliminating some maintenance issues.
At the beginning of the Civil War, future mayor Paul Arnau, a local Menorcan harbor master, along with the lightkeeper, a woman named Maria Mestre de los Dolores Andreu (who, in this role, became the first Hispanic-American woman to serve in the Coast Guard), removed the lens from the old lighthouse and hid it, in order to block Union shipping lanes. The lens and clock works were recovered after Arnau was held captive on a ship off-shore and forced to reveal their location.
By 1870, beach erosion was threatening the first lighthouse. Construction on a new light tower began in 1871 during Florida's reconstruction period. In the meantime, a jetty of coquina and brush was built to protect the old tower. A trolley track brought building supplies from the ships at the dock. The new tower was completed in 1874, and put into service with a new first order Fresnel lens. It was lit for the first time in October by keeper William Russell. Russell was the first lighthouse keeper in the new tower, and the only keeper to have worked both towers.
For 20 years, the site was manned by head-keeper William A. Harn of Philadelphia. Major Harn was a Union war hero who had commanded his own battery at the Battle of Gettysburg. With his wife, Kate Skillen Harn, of Maine, he had six daughters. The family was known for serving lemonade out on the porches of the keepers' house, which was constructed as a Victorian duplex during Harn's tenure.
On August 31, 1886, the Charleston earthquake caused the tower to "sway violently", according to the keeper's log, but there was no recorded damage.
In 1885, after many experiments with different types of oils, the lamp was converted from lard oil to kerosene.
During World War II, Coast Guard men and women trained in St. Augustine, and used the lighthouse as a lookout post for enemy ships and submarines which frequented the coastline.
In 1907, indoor plumbing reached the light station, followed by electricity in the keeper's quarters in 1925. The light itself was electrified in 1936, and automated in 1955. As the light was automated, positions for three keepers slowly dwindled down to two and then one. No longer housing lighthouse families by the 1960s, the keepers' house was rented to local residents. Eventually it was declared surplus, and St. Johns County bought it in 1970. In that year the house suffered a devastating fire at the hands of an unknown arsonist.
Restoration
In 1980, a small group of 15 women in the Junior Service League of St. Augustine (JSL) signed a 99-year lease with the county for the keeper's house and surrounding grounds and began a massive restoration project. Shortly after the JSL adopted the restoration, the League signed a 30-year lease with the Coast Guard to begin a restoration effort on the lighthouse tower itself. The lighthouse was subsequently placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 due to the efforts of local preservationist and author Karen Harvey.
The antique lens was functional until it was damaged by rifle fire in 1986, and 19 of the prisms were broken. Lamplighter Hank Mears called the FBI to investigate this crime. As the lens continued to weaken, the Coast Guard considered removing it and replacing it with a more modern, airport beacon. Again championed by the JSL, this plan was dismissed and the -tall lens was restored, with the help of retired Coast Guardsmen Joe Cocking and Nick Johnston. This was the first restoration of its kind in the nation. Cocking and Johnston continue to work with Museum staff and care for the lens. Volunteers from Northrop Grumman Corporation and Florida Power & Light clean and inspect the lens and works every week.
Today, the St. Augustine Light Station consists of the 1874 tower, the 1876 Keepers' House, two summer kitchens added in 1886, a 1941 U.S. Coast Guard barracks and a 1936 garage that was home to a jeep repair facility during World War II. The site is also a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather station.
St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum
In 1994, the Lighthouse Museum of St. Augustine opened full-time to the public. A community-based board of trustees was created in 1998. The men and women of the volunteer board are charged with holding the site in trust for future generations. In 2002, under the direction of current Executive Director Kathy Fleming, ownership of the tower and historic Fresnel lens was transferred from the U.S. Coast Guard through the General Services Administration and the National Park Service to the St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum, Inc. This was the first such transfer of a U.S. lighthouse to a non-profit organization. The Museum keeps the light burning as a private aid-to-navigation. In 2016 the museum changed its name to the St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum.
The St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum aims to preserve local maritime history, keep alive the story of the nation's oldest port, and connect young people to marine sciences. The museum board and staff also work to help save other lighthouses in Florida and across the nation, coordinating efforts with several federal agencies and volunteer groups such as the Florida Lighthouse Association. The Lighthouse employs close to 50 individuals, and is visited annually by over 200,000 people including 54,000 school-aged children.
The museum maintains an active archaeological program (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program, or LAMP) that researches maritime archaeological sites around St. Augustine and the First Coast region. Staff archaeologists have discovered a number of historic shipwrecks and investigated many others, along with other maritime sites such as breakwaters, plantation wharf remains, and the nearby remains of St. Augustine's original lighthouse. The museum also researches other aspects of maritime heritage including boat building and the history of the local and regional shrimping industry, and maintains a growing collection of World War II artifacts focusing on the history of the U.S. Coast Guard in St. Augustine. The Keeper's house is used to display a series of exhibits related to these various aspects of St. Augustine's maritime history. The Lighthouse also hosts a volunteer-driven heritage boat building program, which has built a number of traditional wooden boats from various time periods in the port's history.
In early 2010, the First Light Maritime Society was established as the support organization for the St. Augustine Lighthouse & Museum and LAMP. The use of this fundraising organization was discontinued by the Lighthouse & Maritime Museum with its re-branding in 2016.
Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP)
The St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum, as part of its ongoing mission to discover, present, and keep alive the maritime history of America's oldest port, has funded maritime archaeology in St. Johns County waters since 1997. In 1999, the Lighthouse formalized its research program, creating the Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program, Inc. (LAMP). LAMP is one of the few research organizations in the nation employing full-time professional marine archaeologists and conservators that is not a part of a university or government entity.
LAMP's founding Director was William "Billy Ray" Morris, who oversaw archaeological research and educational programs until his departure in 2005. In March 2006, underwater archaeologist Chuck Meide took over control of the organization as its new Director, with the assistance of then Director of Archaeology Dr. Sam Turner. Today, LAMP maintains four archaeologists on staff and works with a team of archaeological conservators, and regularly employs a large number of volunteers and student interns.
To date, the oldest identified shipwreck discovered in St. Augustine waters is the sloop Industry, a British supply ship lost on May 6, 1764, while attempting to make port with munitions, tools, and other equipment for the garrisons in Britain's recently acquired colony of Florida. Artifacts from the wreck site—including eight cast-iron cannon, an iron swivel gun, crates of iron shot, iron mooring anchors, millstones, and boxes of tools such as axes, shovel blades, knives, trowels, files, and handsaws—were well-preserved, and provided an unprecedented glimpse into the needs of British soldiers and administrators on the Florida frontier. Many of these items were recovered and conserved by LAMP archaeologists, and have been on display in the maritime museum in the Lighthouse keeper's house.
In 2009, LAMP archaeologists discovered the second oldest shipwreck in northeast Florida waters, an unidentified colonial sailing vessel known as the "Storm Wreck". The wreck site, completely buried when initially discovered, has been subject to excavations each summer from 2010 to 2012, and seems to consist of scattered remnants of cargo, ship's equipment and components, military hardware, and personal possessions. LAMP archaeologists, along with volunteer and student divers, have documented and recovered a wide range of well-preserved artifacts, including numerous iron and copper cauldrons, pewter spoons and plates, an iron tea kettle, ceramic and glass fragments, belt and shoe buckles, a brass candlestick, bricks, a flintlock Queen Anne pistol, three Brown Bess muskets (two of which were loaded, one with buck and ball), thousands of lead shot, military buttons (including one from a Royal Provincial unit and one from the 71st Regiment of Foot, Fraser's Highlanders), a cask of nails, tools and navigational equipment (including a sight from an octant), ship's hardware and rigging elements, the ship's lead deck pump, a bronze ship's bell, a 4-pounder cannon, and a 9-pounder carronade, believed to be the second oldest in the world. After three seasons of excavation and laboratory analysis of artifacts, it is believed that this vessel was a ship involved in the December 18, 1782, evacuation of Charleston at the end of the American Revolution, carrying Loyalist refugees and troops to St. Augustine, which was a loyal British colony at the time. This was the final British fleet to leave Charleston, and when it arrived between December 24 and 31, 1782, as many as sixteen vessels were lost on the sandbar in front of the St. Augustine inlet. In 2015-2016 LAMP discovered three additional historic shipwrecks, and is currently excavating one of these that appears to date to the second half of the 18th century, the so-called "Anniversary Wreck."
LAMP has also excavated two historically significant 19th century wrecks: a wooden-hulled steamship, and a centerboard schooner. The identities of both wrecks remain unknown, but the study of their remains has led to a greater understanding of the economic and technological evolution of St. Augustine at the dawn of modernity. The latter shipwreck carried a cargo of cement in barrels which was probably intended for the city's late 19th century building boom, associated with industrialist entrepreneur Henry Flagler. In addition to these and other shipwrecks, LAMP has investigated a wide variety of archaeological sites in St. Augustine and the greater Florida First Coast region representing Florida's French, Spanish, British, and Early American periods. These include British plantation landings, community boatyard foundations, ferry and steamboat landings, ballast dump sites, colonial wharves, and inundated terrestrial sites. Current work includes the implementation of the First Coast Maritime Archaeology Project, a comprehensive program of research and outreach focusing on the waters around St. Augustine and elsewhere in northeast Florida. This project was partially funded from 2007 to 2009 and from 2014 to 2019 by historic preservation grants awarded by the state of Florida.
Ghost stories
The location is the subject of numerous ghost stories and supernatural legends, and the St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum offers tickets for a number of "Dark of the Moon" ghost tours and ghost-themed private events to the public.
According to ghost hunters, the lighthouse and surrounding buildings have a history of paranormal activity. The lighthouse has been featured in episodes of the Syfy television series Ghost Hunters, and also on the paranormal TV program My Ghost Story.
Researcher Joe Nickell who investigated has written that there is no credible evidence the lighthouse is haunted. He noted that supposed spooky noises or sounds from the tower have mundane explanations such as seagulls or the wind.
St. Augustine Lighthouse was featured as one of the haunted locations on the paranormal TV series Most Terrifying Places in America on an episode titled "Restless Dead", which aired on the Travel Channel in 2018.
Notes
References
McCarthy, Kevin M. (1990). Florida Lighthouses. Paintings by William L. Trotter. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. .
External links
St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum
Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program (LAMP)
The Keeper's Blog, the official blog of the St. Augustine Lighthouse
Aerial footage of lighthouse
Lighthouses completed in 1874
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
Museums in St. Augustine, Florida
National Register of Historic Places in St. Johns County, Florida
Maritime museums in Florida
Lighthouse museums in Florida
Reportedly haunted locations in Florida
Light
1874 establishments in Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in St. Johns County, Florida |
4007951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunto%20Governador%20Kubitschek | Conjunto Governador Kubitschek | The JK Building is the tallest building in downtown Belo Horizonte, Brazil, named for Juscelino Kubitschek, who was the mayor of Belo Horizonte and later president of Brazil.
Standing at 40 stories tall, the JK Building is the third tallest building in Brazil after the Itália Building (45 stories) and Mirante do Vale (51 stories), both in São Paulo. It was designed by Oscar Niemeyer in 1951, to work like a complete town. 13 kinds of apartments are found there (up to 3 or 4 bedrooms) and several kinds of people and families live there, too. Shops on the first floor, with access from the streets, provide inhabitants with everything they need without leaving the building.
The JK building succeeded Acaiaca Building (29 stories) as the tallest building in Belo Horizonte, and it still maintains this record.
See also
List of Oscar Niemeyer works
Residential buildings completed in 1951
Oscar Niemeyer buildings |
4007966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%BDdlant%E2%80%93He%C5%99manice%20Railway | Frýdlant–Heřmanice Railway | In 1864, a committee for construction of a standard gauge railway line connecting Zittau - Reichenau (Bogatynia) - Frýdlant - Liegnitz (Legnica) was established. Negotiations with governments and investors failed.
In 1884, a narrow gauge railway connecting Zittau with Markersdorf via Reichenau was built. As a result, new plans for construction of a gauge line connecting Frýdlant and Zittau were drawn up. In 1899, a concession for construction along a Frýdlant - Dětřichov - Heřmanice route was granted. Public transport, operated by Friedländer Bezirksbahn, started in August 1900.
The line was closed in January 1976. The track was removed and some bridges were dismantled in 1996.
The total length of the railway was , the maximum grade was 35‰, minimum radius was , and the maximum speed was .
4 years later, The group opened a museum dedicated to this former line. On the other hand, this would later planned to turn into a bike path.
References
Railway lines in the Czech Republic
Railway lines opened in 1900
750 mm gauge railways in the Czech Republic |
4007999 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunogenicity | Immunogenicity | Immunogenicity is the ability of a foreign substance, such as an antigen, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or other animal. It may be wanted or unwanted:
Wanted immunogenicity typically relates to vaccines, where the injection of an antigen (the vaccine) provokes an immune response against the pathogen, protecting the organism from future exposure. Immunogenicity is a central aspect of vaccine development.
Unwanted immunogenicity is an immune response by an organism against a therapeutic antigen. This reaction leads to production of anti-drug-antibodies (ADAs), inactivating the therapeutic effects of the treatment and potentially inducing adverse effects.
A challenge in biotherapy is predicting the immunogenic potential of novel protein therapeutics. For example, immunogenicity data from high-income countries are not always transferable to low-income and middle-income countries. Another challenge is considering how the immunogenicity of vaccines changes with age. Therefore, as stated by the World Health Organization, immunogenicity should be investigated in a target population since animal testing and in vitro models cannot precisely predict immune response in humans.
Antigenic immunogenic potency
Many lipids and nucleic acids are relatively small molecules and/or have non-immunogenic properties. Consequently, they may require conjugation with an epitope such as a protein or polysaccharide to increase immunogenic potency so that they can evoke an immune response.
Proteins and few polysaccharides have immunogenic properties, which allows them to induce humoral immune responses.
Proteins and some lipids/glycolypids can serve as immunogens for cell-mediated immunity.
Proteins are significantly more immunogenic than polysaccharides.
Antigen characteristics
Immunogenicity is influenced by multiple characteristics of an antigen:
Phylogenetic distance
Molecular size
Epitope density
Chemical composition and heterogeneity
Protein structure
Synthetic polymers
D-amino acids
Degradability (ability to be processed & presented as MHC peptide to T cells)
T cell epitopes
T cell epitope content is one of the factors that contributes to antigenicity. Likewise, T Cell epitopes can cause unwanted immunogenicity, including the development of ADAs. A key determinant in T cell epitope immunogenicity is the binding strength of T cell epitopes to major histocompatibility complexes (MHC or HLA) molecules. Epitopes with higher binding affinities are more likely to be displayed on the surface of a cell. Because a T cell's T cell receptor recognizes a specific epitope, only certain T cells are able to respond to a certain peptide bound to MHC on a cell surface.
When protein drug therapeutics, (as in enzymes, monoclonals, replacement proteins) or vaccines are administrated, antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as a B cell or Dendritic Cell, will present these substances as peptides, which T cells may recognize. This may result in unwanted immunogenicity, including ADAs and autoimmmune diseases, such as autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) following exposure to recombinant thrombopoietin and pure red cell aplasia, which was associated with a particular formulation of erythropoietin (Eprex).
Monoclonal antibodies
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are used for several diseases, including cancer and Rheumatoid arthritis. Consequently, the high immunogenicity limited efficacy and was associated with severe infusion reactions. Although the exact mechanism is unclear, it is suspected that the mAbs are inducing infusion reactions by eliciting antibody antigen interactions, such as increased formation of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which may bind onto mast cells and subsequent degranulation, causing allergy-like symptoms as well as the release of additional cytokines.
Several innovations in genetic engineering has resulted in the decrease in immunogenicity, (also known as deimmunization), of mAbs. Genetic engineering has led to the generation of humanized and chimeric antibodies, by exchanging the murine constant and complementary regions of the immunoglobulin chains with the human counterparts. Although this has reduced the sometimes extreme immunogenicity associated with murine mAbs, the anticipation that all fully human mAbs would have not possess unwanted immunogenic properties remains unfulfilled.
Evaluation methods
In silico screening
T cell epitope content, which is one of the factors that contributes to the risk of immunogenicity can now be measured relatively accurately using in silico tools. Immunoinformatics algorithms for identifying T-cell epitopes are now being applied to triage protein therapeutics into higher risk and low risk categories. These categories refer to assessing and analyzing whether an immunotherapy or vaccine will cause unwanted immunogenicity.
One approach is to parse protein sequences into overlapping nonamer (that is, 9 amino acid) peptide frames, each of which is then evaluated for binding potential to each of six common class I HLA alleles that “cover” the genetic backgrounds of most humans worldwide. By calculating the density of high-scoring frames within a protein, it is possible to estimate a protein's overall “immunogenicity score”. In addition, sub-regions of densely packed high scoring frames or “clusters” of potential immunogenicity can be identified, and cluster scores can be calculated and compiled.
Using this approach, the clinical immunogenicity of a novel protein therapeutics can be calculated. Consequently, a number of biotech companies have integrated in silico immunogenicity into their pre-clinical process as they develop new protein drugs.
See also
Vaccines
Adaptive immune system
Immunostimulator
Host cell proteins
References
Further reading
Immunologists' Toolbox: Immunization. In: Charles Janeway, Paul Travers, Mark Walport, Mark Shlomchik: Immunobiology. The Immune System in Health and Disease. 6th Edition. Garland Science, New York 2004, , p. 683–684
The European Immunogenicity Platform http://www.e-i-p.eu
Immunology |
4008001 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Life%20as%20a%20Dog%20%28TV%20series%29 | My Life as a Dog (TV series) | My Life as a Dog is a contemporary, half-hour Canadian drama series that ran for 22 episodes from September 8, 1996 until February 2, 1997. It was based on the 1985 Swedish movie of the same name and was developed for Canadian television by, among others, Reidar Jönsson, author of the original autobiographical book.
It is the coming of age story of a young boy, brutally dragged away from his familiar universe into an unknown world. Though aimed at teens, it has been rated above the usual "infantile sitcoms".
The series was shot on location in Winnipeg and Gimli, Manitoba. It was directed by Neill Fearnley and produced by Atlantis Films Limited and Credo Entertainment Group.
Plot
After his mother's death and with his sailor father away at sea, imaginative 11-year-old Eric Johansson is sent to live in a small fishing village with his mother's twin brother, Johnny Johansson. Eric's adventures in Gimli will help him to feel at home with his new family and come to terms with some pre-adolescent uncertainties while Johnny, burdened with unexpected fatherly duties, has to make some choices he avoided to face before.
Cast
Michael Yarmush - Eric Johansson
Callum Keith Rennie - Johnny Johansson
Marley Otto - Anastasia 'AJ' Burke
Jennifer Clement - Zoë Johansson
Joy Coghill - Astrid 'Auntie Auntie' Árnesson
Bucky Hill - Sam LaFresne
Yank Azman - Tom Shaughnessy
Awards
In 1997 Callum Keith Rennie won a Gemini Award for Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series for his role as Johnny Johansson. Michael Yarmush won the 1998 Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Drama Series - Leading Young Actor and was nominated for a YoungStar Award for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Drama TV Series the same year.
Episodes
References
External links
1990s Canadian children's television series
1990s Canadian comedy-drama television series
1996 Canadian television series debuts
1997 Canadian television series endings
Canadian children's comedy television series
Canadian children's drama television series
Television series about brothers
Television series about children
Television series about orphans
Television series by CBS Studios
Television shows filmed in Winnipeg |
4008011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second%20Episcopal%20Conference%20of%20Latin%20America | Second Episcopal Conference of Latin America | The Second Episcopal Conference of Latin America was a bishops' conference held in 1968 in Medellín, Colombia, as a follow-up to the Second Vatican Council which it adapted in a creative way to the Latin American context. It took as the theme for its 16 documents “The Church in the Present Transformation of Latin America in the Light of the Council", with a focus on the poor and oppressed in society. It recognized that “the social situation demands an efficacious presence of the Church that goes beyond the promotion of personal holiness by preaching and the sacraments.” The bishops agreed that the church should take "a preferential option for the poor" and gave their approval to Christian "base communities" in which the poor might learn to read by reading the Bible. The goal of the bishops was to liberate the people from the "institutionalized violence" of poverty. They maintained that poverty and hunger were preventable.
History
In 1931, Pope Pius XI had put forward a vague plan for a sort of moderate corporatism. However, he also pushed for both Catholic and secular labor unions. Though these unions were likely more akin to medieval guilds in the Pope's vision, unions at this time were beginning to be associated with workers' rights and class struggles. By the 1950s and 1960s, Christian Democratic parties and Catholic labor associations were on the rise. Members were tasked with bringing Christian values and principles into public life. Papal teachings emphasized the “re-Christianizing” of society based on cooperation for the common good. While the Christian Democratic Parties began advertising their “Third Way” as an alternative to both capitalism and socialism, a divide formed within the Christian Democratic Parties between the “liberationists” and the moderate conservatives who were in control. The Latin American Episcopal Council (Spanish: Consejo Episcopal Latinoamericano), also known as CELAM, organized the conference in Medellin in order to give direction to the Church in Latin America. In an introductory statement the bishops wrote:
The reform movement drew on the influence of Paulo Freire, widely regarded as the greatest literacy teacher of the region, along with Father Camilo Torres and Bartolomé de Las Casas. It allowed for the poor to object to the hegemony and hierarchy they had been subjected to for the past centuries. Instead of accepting only what they were given, the people could now demand more, like soup kitchens, day care, co-ops, neighborhood organizations, higher wages, better medical care, and greater self-respect. The bishops and religious sisters who took part in this effort were hoping that the "religious fervor" of the region would help make the result extremely powerful. They rejected for Latin America the model of development imposed by international organizations along with the national governments and economically powerful groups. The poor were to become active agents in the political and economic spheres. Bishop Dom Hélder Câmara called for a "structural revolution" which would allow for integral development and the full flourishing of every human person. Pope Paul VI had spoken of "just insurrection" and the possible use of violent rebellion in certain situations.
The Medellin Conference in 1968 opened the way for the development of liberation theology, and endorsed the formation of base communities under lay leaders approved by the pastor. As base communities greatly multiplied, critics would complain of Marxist ideology and propensity toward violent confrontation. In 1978 Pope John Paul II, a staunch opponent of Communism in his native Poland, diminished the influence of liberation theology by appointing in Latin America only conservative bishops. Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger, later Pope Benedict XVI, as Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, was in charge of enforcing doctrine which largely opposed the theological interpretations and actions of the liberationists. In 1983 the Pope visited Nicaragua and expressed his belief that there is a fundamental difference between Catholic and Sandinista ideology, something which they vehemently deny.
Tension in Medellin documents
It was common to see the contradictory nature of the documents from the 1968 conference as the new liberationist movement overtaking the older, developmentalist thought which has been described as follows:
In contrast to this, the liberationist model denounces the political-economic model now in place as "institutionalized violence", which must be "conquer[ed] by means of a dynamic action of awakening (concientización) and organization of the popular sectors" (Peace, 16, 18).The more conservative bishops at Medellin continued to see themselves as the protectors of the masses, while the poor masses were being encouraged to become literate and take control of their own destiny. Such literacy and mass action was fostered by the publication in Brazil of Paulo Friere's Pedagogy of the Oppressed, and given support in the Council's document on education (8).
Gustavo Gutiérrez, the author of A Theology of Liberation (1973), sees the tension in the documents of Medellin as arising in the bishops' attempt to reach all Latin American communities, no matter where they stood, and begin introducing more liberationist views.
See also
Latin American liberation theology
Latin American Episcopal Conference (CELAM)
Fifth Episcopal Conference of Latin America
References
1968 conferences
Latin America
Episcopal 2
+
+
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Liberation theology
Catholic ecclesiology |
4008013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal%20circulation | Renal circulation | The renal circulation supplies the blood to the kidneys via the renal arteries, left and right, which branch directly from the abdominal aorta. Despite their relatively small size, the kidneys receive approximately 20% of the cardiac output.
Each renal artery branches into segmental arteries, dividing further into interlobar arteries, which penetrate the renal capsule and extend through the renal columns between the renal pyramids. The interlobar arteries then supply blood to the arcuate arteries that run through the boundary of the cortex and the medulla. Each arcuate artery supplies several interlobular arteries that feed into the afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli.
After filtration occurs, the blood moves through a small network of venules that converge into interlobular veins. As with the arteriole distribution, the veins follow the same pattern: the interlobular provide blood to the arcuate veins then back to the interlobar veins, which come to form the renal vein exiting the kidney for transfusion for blood.
Structure
Arteries
The table below shows the path that blood takes when it travels through the glomerulus, traveling "down" the arteries and "up" the veins. However, this model is greatly simplified for clarity and symmetry. Some of the other paths and complications are described at the bottom of the table. The interlobar artery and vein (not to be confused with interlobular) are between two renal lobes, also known as the renal column (cortex region between two pyramids).
Note 1: The renal artery also provides a branch to the inferior suprarenal artery to supply the adrenal gland.
Note 2: Also called the cortical radiate arteries. The interlobular artery also supplies to the stellate veins.
Note 3: The efferent arterioles do not directly drain into the interlobular vein, but rather they go to the peritubular capillaries first. The efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary nephron drain into the vasa recta.
Segmental arteries
The segmental arteries are branches of the renal arteries; there are five named segmental arteries:
superior
inferior
anterior
anterior superior
anterior inferior
posterior
Veins
The stellate veins arise from the capillaries, then drain successively through interlobular veins and interlobar veins until these converge from across the kidney to form the renal vein for that kidney.
See also
Renal physiology
References
External links
Kidney anatomy |
4008023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%207%3A12 | Matthew 7:12 | Matthew 7:12 is the twelfth verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This well known verse presents what has become known as the Golden Rule.
Content
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you:
do ye even so to them: for this is the law and the prophets
The World English Bible translates the passage as:
Therefore whatever you desire for men to do to you, you
shall also do to them; for this is the law and the prophets.
The Novum Testamentum Graece text is:
Πάντα οὖν ὅσα ἐὰν θέλητε ἵνα ποιῶσιν ὑμῖν οἱ ἄνθρωποι,
οὕτως καὶ ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε αὐτοῖς· οὗτος γάρ ἐστιν ὁ νόμος καὶ οἱ προφῆται.
Analysis
This verse is considered to be a summation of the entire sermon. Some editions append it to the end of Matthew 7:7-11, and the rule does seem to be an expansion on the teaching about prayer in that section. However, the word therefore and the mention of the law and the prophets implies that this is a more far reaching teaching. Davies and Allison note that this is indicated by the mention of the law and the prophets, which links the verse back to Matthew 5:17, the start of the teaching on ethics. The verse is most closely linked with the teaching to "love thy enemies" in Matthew 5:44. In the Rule is present just after the teaching about enemies, making the link even more explicit. Luz notes that as well as summarizing the sermon, this rule also adapts it to normal life. While verses like Matthew 5:29 seem incompatible with reality, the teachings in this verse can reasonably be attempted by all.
Richard Thomas France notes that the negative form of the Golden Rule, or the "Silver Rule" as it is sometimes called: 'don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you', appears in several works of Greek philosophy and also in earlier Jewish writings. It also appears in other traditions such as Buddhism and Confucianism.
When Jesus spoke to the Sadducees, his words would have been most familiar to them. In the Torah, Moses gives The Shema to his people in the book of Deuteronomy 6:4-9, the most important of all Jewish prayers. It is a declaration of faith and a pledge of allegiance to God. Twice daily, recitation of the Shema Israel is a mitzvah for the Jewish people—it is said upon rising in the morning and going to sleep at night. It is said when praising God and when petitioning him. The Shema Israel is the first prayer taught to Jewish children and it is the last words a Jew says before death. The Shema is recited in preparation for the reading of the Torah on the Sabbath and Jewish holidays and at the end of the holiest day, Yom Kippur. Judaism teaches that the name of God is not read aloud in the Shema; it is replaced with Adonai ("my Lord")
As Reginald H. Fuller says in his Preaching the New Lectionary:
"The summary of the law is not original with Jesus. Its two parts represent a combination of Dt 6:5 and Lev 19:18. Nor is the combination itself original to Jesus, for it is found in at least one earlier Jewish work, the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, an amalgam of wisdom and apocalyptic materials.
"Jesus’ thought was similarly cast in both molds, wisdom and apocalyptic, and the summary of the Law represents the wisdom facet of his teaching. Jesus undoubtedly appeared not only as the final apocalyptic preacher but also as the authoritative declarer of God's wisdom.
"In the Jewish parallels, the two commandments stand side by side, as a convenient summary. Jesus understands the interlocking of the two commandments in a new and quite radical way.
"You cannot have one without the other. Without the love of neighbor, the love of God remains a barren emotion; and without the love of God, love of neighbor is but a refined form of self-love."
Luz notes that some scholars see the positive version as being very important because it instructs all disciples to work actively for the good of others, not simply to desist passively from doing harm. However, Luz notes that in actual implementation there is not a great deal of difference between the two formulations. He ascribes much of the efforts to divide the two ideas to anti-Judaic prejudices of many Biblical scholars. Early Christian writers saw little difference between the two versions, and several paraphrased this verse with the negative form.
The good end does not justify the evil means. The Golden Rule may not be perverted to justify an evil means. St. Augustine noticed this problem and commented on how many redactors rephrased this verse as "whatsoever good you desire…"
The concluding phrase indicates that Jesus is here presenting the Golden Rule as a valid summary for the entirety of moral law. It might also be a reference to Hillel, whose negative formulation of the Golden Rule ended with a similar statement that it represented the totality of Biblical teachings. The author of Matthew presents a second summation of religious law at Matthew 22:40, where Jesus tells his followers there are but two laws: to love God and to love neighbour. While phrased differently, these two basic laws are essentially the same.
Commentary from the Church Fathers
Augustine: Firmness and strength of walking by the way of wisdom in good habits is thus set before us, by which men are brought to purity and simplicity of heart; concerning which having spoken a long time, He thus concludes, All things whatsoever ye would, &c. For there is no man who would that another should act towards him with a double heart.
Pseudo-Chrysostom: Otherwise; He had above commanded us in order to sanctify our prayers that men should not judge those who sin against them. Then breaking the thread of his discourse He had introduced various other matters, wherefore now when He returns to the command with which He had begun, He says, All things whatsoever ye would, &c. That is; I not only command that ye judge not, but All things whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye unto them; and then you will be able to pray so as to obtain.
Glossa Ordinaria: Otherwise; The Holy Spirit is the distributor of all spiritual goods, that the deeds of charity may be fulfilled; whence He adds, All things therefore &c.
Chrysostom: Otherwise; The Lord desires to teach that men ought to seek aid from above, but at the same time to contribute what lays in their power; wherefore when He had said, Ask, seek, and knock, He proceeds to teach openly that men should be at pains for themselves, adding, Whatsoever ye would &c.
Augustine: Otherwise; The Lord had promised that He would give good things to them that ask Him. But that He may own his petitioners, let us also own ours. For they that beg are in everything, save having of substance, equal to those of whom they beg. What face can you have of making request to your God, when you do not acknowledge your equal? This is that is said in Proverbs, Whoso stoppeth his ear to the cry of the poor, he shall cry and shall not be heard. (Prov. 21:13.) What we ought to bestow on our neighbour when he asks of us, that we ourselves may be heard of God, we may judge by what we would have others bestow upon us; therefore He says, All things whatsoever ye would.
Chrysostom: He says not, All things whatsoever, simply, but All things therefore, as though He should say, If ye will be heard, besides those things which I have now said to you, do this also. And He said not, Whatsoever you would have done for you by God, do that for your neighbour; lest you should say, But how can I? but He says, Whatsoever you would have done to you by your fellow-servant, do that also to your neighbour.
Cyprian: Since the Word of God, the Lord Jesus Christ came to all men, He summed up all his commands in one precept, Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye also to them; and adds, for this is the Law and the Prophets.
Pseudo-Chrysostom: For whatsoever ever the Law and the Prophets contain up and down through the whole Scriptures, is embraced in this one compendious precept, as the innumerable branches of a tree spring from one root.
Gregory the Great: He that thinks he ought to do to another as he expects that others will do to him, considers verily how he may return good things for bad, and better things for good.
Chrysostom: Whence what we ought to do is clear, as in our own cases we all know what is proper, and so we cannot take refuge in our ignorance.
Augustine: This precept seems to refer to the love of our neighbour, not of God, as in another place He says, there are two commandments on which hang the Law and the Prophets. But as He says not here, The whole Law, as He speaks there, He reserves a place for the other commandment respecting the love of God.
Augustine: Otherwise; Scripture does not mention the love of God, where it says, All things whatsoever ye would; because he who loves his neighbour must consequently love Love itself above all things; but God is Love; therefore he loves God above all things.
References
External links
Matthew 7:12 at BibleGateway.com
07:12 |
4008031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Ready | Ryan Ready | Ryan Ready (born November 7, 1978) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger who played in the National Hockey League with the Philadelphia Flyers.
Playing career
Ready was drafted 100th overall in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft by the Calgary Flames. After playing his first seven NHL games with the Philadelphia Flyers in 2005–06, Ready signed with the Iserlohn Roosters of the DEL on September 15, 2006.
After four seasons with the Roosters, He signed a one-year contract with EHC München on July 16, 2010. In the 2010–11 season, Ready posted 44 points in 43 games with München before succumbing to injury to again miss out on the playoffs. On February 27, 2011, Ready signed a one-year extension to remain in Munich. However prior to the start of the 2011-12 season on August 8, 2011, Ready remained in Canada and unexpectedly announced his retirement from professional hockey.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Awards
1998–99: First All-Star Team (OHL)
1998–99: Leo Lalonde Memorial Trophy Overage Player of the Year (OHL)
1998–99: Second All-Star Team (CHL)
2004–05: Calder Cup Philadelphia Phantoms
References
External links
1978 births
Belleville Bulls players
Calgary Flames draft picks
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
EHC München players
Sportspeople from Peterborough, Ontario
Iserlohn Roosters players
Kansas City Blades players
Living people
Manitoba Moose players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Philadelphia Phantoms players
Syracuse Crunch players
Worcester IceCats players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany |
4008035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficiency%20movement | Efficiency movement | The efficiency movement was a major movement in the United States, Britain and other industrial nations in the early 20th century that sought to identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the economy and society, and to develop and implement best practices. The concept covered mechanical, economic, social, and personal improvement. The quest for efficiency promised effective, dynamic management rewarded by growth.
As a result of the influence of an early proponent, it is more often known as Taylorism.
United States
The efficiency movement played a central role in the Progressive Era in the United States, where it flourished 1890–1932. Adherents argued that all aspects of the economy, society and government were riddled with waste and inefficiency. Everything would be better if experts identified the problems and fixed them. The result was strong support for building research universities and schools of business and engineering, municipal research agencies, as well as reform of hospitals and medical schools, and the practice of farming. Perhaps the best known leaders were engineers Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856–1915), who used a stopwatch to identify the smallest inefficiencies, and Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr. (1868–1924) who proclaimed there was always "one best way" to fix a problem.
Leaders including Herbert Croly, Charles R. van Hise, and Richard Ely sought to improve governmental performance by training experts in public service comparable to those in Germany, notably at the Universities of Wisconsin and Pennsylvania. Schools of business administration set up management programs oriented toward efficiency.
Municipal and state efficiency
Many cities set up "efficiency bureaus" to identify waste and apply the best practices. For example, Chicago created an Efficiency Division (1910–16) within the city government's Civil Service Commission, and private citizens organized the Chicago Bureau of Public Efficiency (1910–32). The former pioneered the study of "personal efficiency," measuring employees' performance through new scientific merit systems and efficiency movement
State governments were active as well. For example, Massachusetts set up its "Commission on Economy and Efficiency" in 1912. It made hundreds of recommendations.
Philanthropy
Leading philanthropists such as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller actively promoted the efficiency movement. In his many philanthropic pursuits, Rockefeller believed in supporting efficiency. He said,
To help an inefficient, ill-located, unnecessary school is a waste ...it is highly probable that enough money has been squandered on unwise educational projects to have built up a national system of higher education adequate to our needs, if the money had been properly directed to that end.
Conservation
The conservation movement regarding national resources came to prominence during the Progressive Era. According to historian Samuel P. Hays, the conservation movement was based on the "gospel of the efficiency".
The Massachusetts Commission on Economy and Efficiency reflected the new concern with conservation. It said in 1912:
President Roosevelt was the nation's foremost conservationist, putting the issue high on the national agenda by emphasizing the need to eliminate wasteful uses of limited natural resources. He worked with all the major figures of the movement, especially his chief advisor on the matter, Gifford Pinchot. Roosevelt was deeply committed to conserving natural resources, and is considered to be the nation's first conservation President.
In 1908, Roosevelt sponsored the Conference of Governors held in the White House, with a focus on natural resources and their most efficient use. Roosevelt delivered the opening address: "Conservation as a National Duty".
In contrast, environmentalist John Muir promulgated a very different view of conservation, rejecting the efficiency motivation. Muir instead preached that nature was sacred and humans are intruders who should look but not develop. Working through the Sierra Club he founded, Muir tried to minimize commercial use of water resources and forests. While Muir wanted nature preserved for the sake of pure beauty, Roosevelt subscribed to Pinchot's formulation, "to make the forest produce the largest amount of whatever crop or service will be most useful, and keep on producing it for generation after generation of men and trees."
National politics
In U.S. national politics, the most prominent figure was Herbert Hoover, a trained engineer who played down politics and believed dispassionate, nonpolitical experts could solve the nation's great problems, such as ending poverty.
After 1929, Democrats blamed the Great Depression on Hoover and helped to somewhat discredit the movement.
Antitrust
Boston lawyer Louis Brandeis (1856–1941) argued bigness conflicted with efficiency and added a new political dimension to the Efficiency Movement. For instance, while fighting against legalized price fixing, Brandeis launched an effort to influence congressional policymaking with the help of his friend Norman Hapgood, who was then the editor of Harper's Weekly. He coordinated the publication of a series of articles (Competition Kills, Efficiency and the One-Price Article, and How Europe deals with the one-price goods), which were also distributed by the lobbying group American Fair Trade League to legislators, Supreme Court justices, governors, and twenty national magazines. For his works, he was asked to speak before a congressional committee considering the price-fixing bill he drafted. Here, he stated that "big business is not more efficient than little business" and that "it is a mistake to suppose that the department stores can do business cheaper than the little dealer." Brandeis ideas on which business is most efficient conflicted with Croly's positions, which favored efficiency driven by a kind of consolidation gained through large-scale economic operations.
As early as 1895 Brandeis had warned of the harm that giant corporations could do to competitors, customers, and their own workers. The growth of industrialization was creating mammoth companies which he felt threatened the well-being of millions of Americans. In The Curse of Bigness he argued, "Efficiency means greater production with less effort and at less cost, through the elimination of unnecessary waste, human and material. How else can we hope to attain our social ideals?" He also argued against an appeal to Congress by the state-regulated railroad industry in 1910 seeking an increase in rates. Brandeis explained that instead of passing along increased costs to the consumer, the railroads should pursue efficiency by reducing their overhead and streamlining their operations, initiatives that were unprecedented during the time.
Bedaux system
The Bedaux system, developed by Franco-American management consultant Charles Bedaux (1886–1944) built on the work of F. W. Taylor and Charles E. Knoeppel.
Its distinctive advancement beyond these earlier thinkers was the Bedaux Unit or B, a universal measure for all manual work.
The Bedaux System was influential in the United States in the 1920s and Europe in the 1930s and 1940s, especially in Britain.
From the 1920s to the 1950s there were about one thousand companies in 21 countries worldwide that were run on the Bedaux System, including giants such as Swift's, Eastman Kodak, B.F. Goodrich, DuPont, Fiat, ICI and General Electric.
Relation to other movements
Later movements had echoes of the Efficiency Movement and were more directly inspired by Taylor and Taylorism. Technocracy, for instance, and others flourished in the 1930s and 1940s.
Postmodern opponents of nuclear energy in the 1970s broadened their attack to try to discredit movements that saw salvation for human society in technical expertise alone, or which held that scientists or engineers had any special expertise to offer in the political realm.
Coming into usage in 1990, the Western term lean manufacturing (lean enterprise, lean production, or simply "lean") refers to a business idea that considered the expenditure of resources for anything other than the creation of value for the end customer to be wasteful, and thus a target for elimination. Today the Lean concept is broadening to include a greater range of strategic goals, not just cost-cutting and efficiency.
Britain
In engineering, the concept of efficiency was developed in Britain in the mid-18th century by John Smeaton (1724–1792). Called the "father of civil engineering", he studied water wheels and steam engines. In the late 19th century there was much talk about improving the efficiency of the administration and economic performance of the British Empire.
National Efficiency was an attempt to discredit the old-fashioned habits, customs and institutions that put the British at a handicap in competition with the world, especially with Germany, which was seen as the epitome of efficiency. In the early 20th century, "National Efficiency" became a powerful demand — a movement supported by prominent figures across the political spectrum who disparaged sentimental humanitarianism and identified waste as a mistake that could no longer be tolerated. The movement took place in two waves; the first wave from 1899 to 1905 was made urgent by the inefficiencies and failures in the Second Boer War (1899–1902). Spectator magazine reported in 1902 there was "a universal outcry for efficiency in all departments of society, in all aspects of life". The two most important themes were technocratic efficiency and managerial efficiency. As White (1899) argued vigorously, the empire needed to be put on a business footing and administered to get better results. The looming threat of Germany, which was widely seen as a much more efficient nation, added urgency after 1902. Politically National Efficiency brought together modernizing Conservatives and Unionists, Liberals who wanted to modernize their party, and Fabians such as George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, along with Beatrice and Sidney Webb, who had outgrown socialism and saw the utopia of a scientifically up-to-date society supervised by experts such as themselves. Churchill in 1908 formed an alliance with the Webbs, announcing the goal of a "National Minimum", covering hours, working conditions, and wages – it was a safety net below which the individual would not be allowed to fall.
Representative legislation included the Education Act of 1902, which emphasized the role of experts in the schools system. Higher education was an important initiative, typified by the growth of the London School of Economics, and the foundation of Imperial College.
There was a pause in the movement between 1904 and 1909, when interest resumed. The most prominent new leaders included Liberals Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George, whose influence brought a bundle of reform legislation that introduced the welfare state to Britain.
Much of the popular and elite support for National Efficiency grew out of concern for Britain's military position, especially with respect to Germany. The Royal Navy underwent a dramatic modernization, most famously in the introduction of the Dreadnought, which in 1906 revolutionized naval warfare overnight.
Germany
In Germany the efficiency movement was called "rationalization" and it was a powerful social and economic force before 1933. In part it looked explicitly at American models, especially Fordism. The Bedaux system was widely adopted in the rubber and tire industry, despite strong resistance in the socialist labor movement to the Bedaux system. Continental AG, the leading rubber company in Germany, adopted the system and profited heavily from it, thus surviving the Great Depression relatively undamaged and improving its competitive capabilities. However most German businessmen preferred the home-grown REFA system which focused on the standardization of working conditions, tools, and machinery.
"Rationalization" meant higher productivity and greater efficiency, promising science would bring prosperity. More generally it promised a new level of modernity and was applied to economic production and consumption as well as public administration. Various versions of rationalization were promoted by industrialists and Social Democrats, by engineers and architects, by educators and academics, by middle class feminists and social workers, by government officials and politicians of many parties. It was ridiculed by the extremists in the Communist movement. As ideology and practice, rationalization challenged and transformed not only machines, factories, and vast business enterprises but also the lives of middle-class and working-class Germans.
Soviet Union
Ideas of Science Management was very popular in the Soviet Union. One of the leading theorists and practitioners of the Scientific Management in Soviet Russia was Alexei Gastev. The Central Institute of Labour (Tsentralnyi Institut Truda, or TsIT), founded by Gastev in 1921 with Vladimir Lenin's support, was a veritable citadel of socialist Taylorism.
Fascinated by Taylorism and Fordism, Gastev has led a popular movement for the “scientific organization of labor” (Nauchnaya Organizatsiya Truda, or NOT).
Because of its emphasis on the cognitive components of labor, some scholars consider Gastev’s NOT to represent a Marxian variant of cybernetics. As with the concept of 'Organoprojection' (1919) by Pavel Florensky, underlying Nikolai Bernstein and Gastev's approach, lay a powerful man-machine metaphor.
Japan
W. Edwards Deming (1900–1993) brought the efficiency movement to Japan after World War II, teaching top management how to improve design (and thus service), product quality, testing and sales (the last through global markets), especially using statistical methods. Deming then brought his methods back to the U.S. in the form of quality control called continuous improvement process.
Notes
Bibliography
Alexander, Jennifer K. The Mantra of Efficiency: From Waterwheel to Social Control, (2008), international perspective excerpt and text search
Bruce, Kyle, and Chris Nyland. "Scientific Management, Institutionalism, and Business Stabilization: 1903–1923," Journal of Economic Issues Vol. 35, No. 4 (Dec., 2001), pp. 955–978 in JSTOR
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (1977)
Fry, Brian R. Mastering Public Administration: From Max Weber to Dwight Waldo (1989) online edition
Hays, Samuel P. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement 1890–1920 (1959).
Haber, Samuel. Efficiency and Uplift: Scientific Management in the Progressive Era, 1890–1920 (1964)
Hawley, Ellis W. "Herbert Hoover, the Commerce Secretariat, and the vision of the 'Associative State'." Journal of American History, (1974) 61: 116–140. in JSTOR
Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885–1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (U of Kansas Press, 2001) pp 149–180; online version
Jordan, John M. Machine-Age Ideology: Social Engineering and American Liberalism, 1911–1939 (1994).
Kanigel, Robert. The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency. (Penguin, 1997).
Knoedler; Janet T. "Veblen and Technical Efficiency," Journal of Economic Issues, Vol. 31, 1997
Knoll, Michael: From Kidd to Dewey: The Origin and Meaning of Social Efficiency. Journal of Curriculum Studies 41 (June 2009), No. 3, pp. 361–391.
Lamoreaux, Naomi and Daniel M. G. Raft eds. Coordination and Information: Historical Perspectives on the Organization of Enterprise University of Chicago Press, 1995
Lee, Mordecai. Bureaus of Efficiency: Reforming Local Government in the Progressive Era (Marquette University Press, 2008)
Merkle, Judith A. Management and Ideology: The Legacy of the International Scientific Management Movement (1980)
Nelson, Daniel. Frederick W. Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management (1980).
Nelson, Daniel. Managers and Workers: Origins of the Twentieth-Century Factory System in the United States, 1880–1920 2d ed. (1995).
Noble, David F. America by Design (1979).
Nolan, Mary. Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (1995)
Nolan, Mary. "Housework Made Easy: the Taylorized Housewife in Weimar Germany's Rationalized Economy," Feminist Studies. (1975) Volume: 16. Issue: 3. pp 549+
Searle, G. R. The quest for national efficiency: a study in British politics and political thought, 1899–1914 (1971)
Stillman II, Richard J. Creating the American State: The Moral Reformers and the Modern Administrative World They Made (1998) online edition
Primary sources
Dewey, Melville. "Efficiency Society" Encyclopedia Americana (1918) online vol 9 p 720
Emerson, Harrington, "Efficiency Engineering" Encyclopedia Americana (1918) online vol 9 pp 714–20
Taylor, Frederick Winslow Principles of Scientific Management (1913) online edition
Taylor, Frederick Winslow. Scientific Management: Early Sociology of Management and Organizations (2003), reprints Shop Management (1903), The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) and Testimony Before the Special House Committee (1912).
White, Arnold. Efficiency and empire (1901) online edition, influential study regarding the British Empire
Social movements
Industrial history
History of technology
19th-century economic history
History of science and technology in the United States
Economic history of the United States
20th-century economic history |
4008037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%207%3A13 | Matthew 7:13 | Matthew 7:13 is the thirteenth verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. Luke 13:24 has similar wording in relation to the narrow door or gate.
Text
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
Enter ye in at the strait gate: for wide is the gate, and broad is the way,
that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat:
The World English Bible translates the passage as:
Enter in by the narrow gate; for wide is the gate and broad is the
way that leads to destruction, and many are those who enter in by it.
Davies and Allison note (and reject) the interpretation of J.D.M. Derrett, who says that the metaphor is referring to the entrance to a city or to a gate in the middle of the road, and that this implies that the ultimate destination is the same. Once both groups are through the gate they will find themselves in the same place. Derrett thus argues that this metaphor states that it is the journey of the sinner which is hard and destructive, but that after facing this turbulent journey the sinner, like the pious, will ultimately find God's grace..
The eighteenth-century hymn-writer Isaac Watts referred to the broad and narrow ways in his hymn "Broad is the Road".
Commentary from the Church Fathers
Augustine: The Lord had warned us above to have a heart single and pure with which to seek God; but as this belongs to but few, He begins to speak of finding out wisdom. For the searching out and contemplation whereof there has been formed through all the foregoing such an eye as may discern the narrow way and strait gate; whence He adds, Enter ye in at the strait gate.
Glossa Ordinaria: Though it be hard to do to another what you would have done to yourself; yet so must we do, that we may enter the strait gate.
Pseudo-Chrysostom: Otherwise; This third precept again is connected with the right method of fasting, and the order of discourse will be this; But thou when thou fastest anoint thy head; and after comes, Enter ye in at the strait gate. For there are three chief passions in our nature, that are most adhering to the flesh; the desire of food and drink; the love of the man towards the woman; and thirdly, sleep. These it is harder to cut off from the fleshly nature than the other passions. And therefore abstinence from no other passion so sanctifies the body as that a man should be chaste, abstinent, and continuing in watchings. On account therefore of all these righteousnesses, but above all on account of the most toilsome fasting, it is that He says, Enter ye in at the strait gate. The gate of perdition is the Devil, through whom we enter into hell; the gate of life is Christ, through whom we enter into the kingdom of Heaven. The Devil is said to be a wide gate, not extended by the mightiness of his power, but made broad by the license of his unbridled pride. Christ is said to be a strait gate not with respect to smallness of power, but to His humility; for He whom the whole world contains not, shut Himself within the limits of the Virgin's womb. The way of perdition is sin of any kind It is said to be broad, because it is not contained within the rule of any discipline, but they that walk therein follow whatever pleases them. The way of life is all righteousness, and is called narrow for the contrary reasons. It must be considered that unless one walk in the way, he cannot arrive at the gate; so they that walk not in the way of righteousness, it is impossible that they should truly know Christ. Likewise neither does he run into the hands of the Devil, unless he walks in the way of sinners.
See also
Eye of a needle
Didache#The Two Ways
References
07:13 |
4008040 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Geiss | Tony Geiss | Nicholas Anthony "Tony" Geiss (November 16, 1924 – January 21, 2011) was an American producer, screenwriter, songwriter and author, known principally for his children's work.
Biography
Geiss was born in The Bronx to Alexander Geiss and Marjore Thirer. Geiss was a staff writer and songwriter for Sesame Street - he wrote Don't Eat the Pictures (1983) - and was a writer for The Land Before Time (1988) and the associated book. He was also a producer and writer for the Don Bluth film An American Tail (1986).
Geiss died at the age of 86 on January 21, 2011 from complications after a fall at his home in Manhattan, New York.
External links
Archive of American Television interview with Tony Geiss
Tony Geiss Papers. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
1924 births
2011 deaths
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
Accidental deaths from falls
Sesame Street crew
American television writers
American television producers
American lyricists
American male screenwriters
American children's writers
American film producers
American male television writers
Cornell University alumni |
4008048 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%20Republic%20of%20Iran%20Railways | Islamic Republic of Iran Railways | The Islamic Republic of Iran Railways (abbreviated as IRIR, or sometimes as RAI) (, Rāhāhan-e Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Irān) is the national state-owned railway system of Iran. The Raja Passenger Train Company is an associate of the IR, and manages its passenger trains. The Railway Transportation Company is an associate of the IR, which manages its freight transport. The Ministry of Roads & Urban Development is the state agency that oversees the IRIR. Some 33 million tonnes of goods and 29 million passengers are transported annually by the rail transportation network, accounting for 9 percent and 11 percent of all transportation in Iran, respectively (2011).
History
Qajar dynasty
In 1886, during the time of Nasser-al-Din Shah, an 8.7 km horse-driven suburban railway was established south of Tehran, which was later converted to steam. This line was closed in 1952. The First Iranian railway was set up in 1887 between Mahmudabad and Amol; its construction was completely private. However it was not used because of several problems. The Tabriz–Jolfa line (146 km) was built in 1914, the Sufiyan–Sharafkhaneh line (53 km) in 1916, and the Mirjaveh–Zahedan line (93 km) in 1920.
World War II
The long Trans-Iranian Railway from Bandar Torkaman on the Caspian Sea to Bandar Šâhpur on the Persian Gulf was opened during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1939. The railroad was built with rail weighing and required more than 3000 bridges. There were 126 tunnels in the Zagros mountains, the longest of which was . Grades averaged 1.5 percent south of Tehran, but then increased to 2.8 percent to cross the pass between Tehran and the Caspian Sea.
Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran
After the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941, this Persian Corridor became one of the supply routes for war material for the Soviet Union during World War II (Railway trend in Iran). The invading British built a branch line from the bridge over the Karun River in Ahvaz to a new southern port at Khorramshahr on the Arvand Rud river. In 1943, 3,473 American soldiers of the Military Railway Service began running trains between the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea using ALCO RS-1 locomotives rebuilt with 3-axle trucks and designated RSD-1. The Americans set up headquarters in Ahvaz, but were unable to tolerate the daytime heat, and generally operated the railway at night. The Persian Gulf Command ran trains day and night.
Challenging construction
The Trans-Iranian railway traverses many mountain ranges, and is full of spirals and 1 in 36 (2.78%) ruling grades. Much of the terrain was unmapped when construction took place, and its geology unknown. Several stretches of line, including tunnels, were built through unsuitable geology, and had to be replaced before the line opened. Nevertheless, the line was completed ahead of schedule. In recent years the railways have undergone significant extensions including the 1977 linking to the western railway system at the Turkish border, the 1993 opening of the Bandar Abbas line providing better access to the sea, and the 1996 opening of the Mashad–Sarakhs extension as part of the Silk Road railway to link to the landlocked Central Asian Countries.
Railway construction
In December 2014, a rail line from Iran opened to Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. The opening of the line marks the first direct rail link between Iran, Kazakhstan and China, and upon completion of the Marmaray rail project direct rail transport between China and Europe (while avoiding Russia) will be possible.
Rolling stock
Iran Railways uses a variety of rolling stock for their services. Trains are operated with diesel and electric locomotives. Steam locomotives have been phased out. Diesel is a strategic industry, and by using this heavy oil as a fuel instead of gas for locomotives, the Islamic Republic of Iran has joined the 12 world countries which manufacture this type of engine.
Operations
In 2008, the IR operated 11,106 km of rail with a further 18,900 km in various stages of development. Almost all of this is standard gauge of , but 94 km are Russian gauge of to link up to ex-Soviet Union border states. There is also the no-longer-isolated Indian gauge section of from Zahedan to the Pakistan border that continues to Quetta and the Indian sub-continent. The extent of double-track lines is 1,082 km. The Jolfa–Tabriz line is electrified( 148 km). In 2006, IR reported that it possessed 565 engines, 1,192 passenger coaches, and 16,330 wagons. The vast majority of the engines are diesel-powered.
Expansion
The majority of transportation in Iran is road-based. The government plans to transport 3.5% of the passenger volume and 8.5% of the freight volume by rail. Extensive electrification is planned. The railway network expands by about 500 km per year according to the Ministry of R&T. According to plan, Iran's railway lines are to reach 15,000 kilometers by 2015 and 25,000 kilometers by the year 2025. The State Railways Company has 300 locomotives with an average lifespan of 40 years. The Islamic Republic of Iran Railways, the Iran Power Plant Projects Management (Mapna) and Germany's Siemens have signed a contract for 150 IranRunner locomotives for passenger trains. Siemens is committed to exporting to Iran some 30 locomotives in the first phase, and to manufacturing another 120 using domestic capacities and expertise over the next 6 years (2007). MLC (Mapna Locomotive Engineering and Manufacturing Company) is the manufacturing company responsible for this production. Another locomotive manufacturer in Iran is Wagon Pars which builds AD43C locomotives in partnership with Iranian power plant maker DESA diesel. In 2009, €17 billion in foreign investment in the rail industry has been secured, according to the Ministry of Road and Transportation of Iran.
Affiliate companies
Raja Passenger Train Company is an associate of the Islamic Republic of Iran Railways (IRIR) and manages its passenger trains, including international trains linking Tehran to Istanbul and Damascus. Raja Passenger Train Company carried more than 4 million passengers during 2003–05. The number of passengers traveling by rail increased from 11.7 million in 2000 to 17.3 million in the year ending March 2005. Every passenger wagon annually carries 7,340 passengers per kilometer on average (whereas the figure is 3,950 people per kilometer in Turkey and 5,220 passengers per kilometer in Egypt). Private enterprises are expected to operate 5,000 wagons by 2009 (50% of total).
Railway Transportation Company is also a subsidiary of the IRIR which manages its freight transport while the Ministry of Roads and Transportation is the state agency that oversees the IRIR. In Iran, for every wagon, some 1,050 tons of freight are being transported (2008).
Zarand Company provides the national railroad system with freight and passenger train carriages.
Network and corridors
The railway network converges on Tehran. The Iranian cities of Isfahan and Shiraz were linked to Tehran in 2009. Further extension of this line to Bushehr and Bandar Abbas is planned. Furthermore, the construction of Chabahar-Zahedan-Mashhad railway, extending from southeast to northeast of the country to the length of 1,350 kilometers, started in 2010 with 3 billion euro credit. The western railway extension links to Turkey at the Rāzī–Kapıköy border. There is a northern connection to Azerbaijan, the Caucasus, and Russia has a bogie-changing station at the border at Jolfa. The southern routes connect Tehran to the Persian Gulf ports of Bandar Imam and Bandar Abbas. A line to the Caspian Sea ends at the terminal of Amir Abad and at Bandar Torkaman, and is part of a north–south corridor to Russia and Scandinavia. The north-east corridor connects Mashhad and continues further to the bogie-changing station at Sarakhs. For the landlocked countries of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan this line provides access to the sea. A recent connection from Mashhad to Bafq has significantly shortened access to the port city of Bandar Abbas. Tehran-Mashhad with a length of 900 kilometers, Tehran-Qom-Esfahan with a length of 410 kilometers (under construction), Qazvin-Rasht-Anzali-Astara with a length of 370 kilometers; will all be built with help from China at a cost of $12 billion. In total, Iran has signed a number of contracts with China for the development of 5,000 kilometres of railway lines.
North-South Railway
The north–south railway is complete between Qazvin and Bandar Abbas; the line was expected to be completed as far as Azerbaijan by the end of 2016. Qazvin to Astara is the missing link in the North-South Transportation Corridor, which links India, Iran, Azerbaijan, Russia and Finland. Qazvin Rasht railway was completed in 2018 and Rasht Astara railway needs another four years to be completed.
Links to Azerbaijan and Armenia
Iran's first rail link to the outside world appeared simultaneously with the beginning of the country's railway system, as Iran's first major railway (1916) connected Tabriz with Jolfa on the border with the Russian Empire. The link continued its importance throughout the USSR era; Iran and the USSR signed an agreement on cross-border rail transport in 1940, and amended it in 1958. It is reported that during the late-Soviet era, some 350 railcars crossed the border at Jolfa daily, with the annual amount of cross-border freight reaching 3.5 million tons. However, after the breakup of the USSR and the closing of the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan the Jolfa connection became a dead end, as it only links Iran with the isolated Nakhichevan exclave of the Republic of Azerbaijan. In 2007, Iranian Railways, Azerbaijan State Railway and Russian Railways agreed on implementing the project to build a new line between Qazvin, Resht, Astara, Iran and Astara, Azerbaijan. In April 2017, Russia and India celebrated 70 years of diplomatic relations and vowed to complete the North-South Transportation Corridor (NSTC) with the help of Iran. The NSTC reduces time and cost of travel by 30-40%.There is presently no direct railway connection between Iran and Armenia, even though the two countries share a border. In 2009, Iran and Armenia agreed to build a railway linking Armenia with Iran's Persian Gulf ports.
Links to Central Asia
In 1996, Mashhad–Sarakhs extension connected Iran to Turkmenistan, as part of the Silk Road railway to link to the landlocked Central Asian Countries. Former states of the Soviet Union have railways using a Russian gauge, thus the Iranian Railways maintain break-of-gauge services at borders to Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, and beyond brief wide-track rail segments to the border crossing. The Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Iran railway link is a part of the North-South Transport Corridor and is a long railway line connecting the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan with Iran and the Persian Gulf. It will link Uzen in Kazakhstan with Bereket - Etrek in Turkmenistan and end at Gorgan in Iran's Golestan province. In Iran, the railway will be linked to national network making its way to the ports of the Persian Gulf. The project is estimated to cost $620m which is being jointly funded by the governments of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Iran.
Links to Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan
Feasibility studies were started on Khorramshahr-Basra and Kermanshah-Baghdad links with Iraq. , the Iranian line to Khorramshahr was finished, but construction had not started on the track from the Iraqi border to Basra. In 2017, the West Corridor known locally as Rahahane Gharb was expanded from Arak to Malayer and Kermanshah. The Iranian government plans on expanding the network further to Khosravi (Iran-Iraq) border. China Civil Engineering Construction Corp is building the Malayer-Khosravi corridor, which will eventually run to the border with Iraq. On 27 December 2021, Iran and Iraq agreed to build a railway connecting both countries.The project would connect Basra in southern Iraq to Shalamcheh in western Iran. There are only around 30 kilometers (18 miles) between the two areas. The railway would be strategically important for Iran, linking the country to the Mediterranean Sea via Iraq and Syria’s railways.
Mashhad-Khvaf-Afghanistan's Border-Islam Qala railway is being constructed by an Iranian firm, with funding from the Afghan government, but the section in Afghanistan remains incomplete. On 10 December 2020, the first rail link between Iran and Afghanistan on Khaf - Herat route between Khaf and Rahzanak in Afghanistan for a distance of was formally inaugurated although traffic had started on 12 December 2002 with a 500 tonnes test train cement delivery from Iran. The works on remaining section of the project between Rahzanak and Herat is in progress. The works on both sides are done as development assistance to Afghanistan by Iran. The new Khaf - Rahzanak rail line continues from Khaf to Torbat-e Heydarieh where it links with Mashhad - Bafq railway line a crucial rail link opened in 2009 which connects port city, Bandar Abbas in Persian Gulf with north eastern city of Mashhad and from there with Turkmenistan through Sarakhs.
Link to Turkey, and International Standard Gauge route to Europe
In 1977, the Iranian railways linked to the western railway system at the Turkish border. The route to the west into Turkey terminates at Van with a train ferry for both freight wagons and international passenger traffic (baggage car only) across Lake Van, which is at an altitude of , to Tatvan where it joins the Turkish standard-gauge network.
Link to Pakistan
The construction of the railway from Bam to Zahedan was completed in early 2009 connecting Tehran to Pakistan border with an opening ceremony on 19 July 2009. However international container traffic commenced operations on 14 August 2009 with transshipment (or transloading) between and wagons in the Zahedan Exchange Yard on the bypass line. The freight traffic was discontinued however after the initial trial trains, and was only revived in 2015. Iranian Railways have been trying to persuade Pakistan Railways to convert its route to Quetta to standard gauge, in order to facilitate the flow of international traffic to Europe. Pakistan responded in 2006 with a statement that it is to convert its network to standard gauge, and would plan a link with the standard gauge system of China. A through passenger service is being considered to supplement the occasional Quetta-Zahedan service, itself a poor shadow of the former Pakistan-Iran 'Taftan Express'.
International railway links with neighboring countries
Afghanistan-no link-break-of-gauge -railway link to Afghanistan is being built using standard gauge.
Armenia-no link-break-of-gauge .
Azerbaijan-open-break-of-gauge -only via the Azerbaijani exclave Nakhchivan; a railway link to Azerbaijan proper is being built.
Iraq-no link- standard gauge.
Pakistan-open-break-of-gauge .
Turkey-open- standard gauge.
Turkmenistan-open-break-of-gauge..
Railway electrification
Although railway electrification in Iran was started in 1975, it was halted for almost 30 years. A contract for electrification of the Tehran-Mashhad double-track line and the supply of 70 electric locomotives was awarded in 2009. Speeds of up to 200 km/h for locomotive-hauled passenger trains and 250 km/h for tilting EMUs are expected to reduce existing journey times of 7.5 to 12 to less than 5 hours. As recently as July 2017 the Iranian Government has completed a loan agreement for the Tehran – Mashhad electrification project.
Commuter railway services
Local Rail, also referred to as Suburban Rail or Commuter rail when originating from a large city and covering its suburbs, is a class of rail services, using railbus-type trains, running a distance of about 50 km to 200 km, and serving all stations. Currently there are the following services:
Tehran
Tehran-Parand
Tehran-Jamkaran
Tehran-Qom
Tehran-Pishva
Tehran-Firuzkuh
Tabriz
Tabriz-Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University
Tabriz-Jolfa
Tabriz-Maragheh
Tabriz-Salmas (Once every two weeks)
Khuzestan
Ahvaz (Karun Station)-Sarbandar
Ahvaz (Karun Station)-Bandar-e Mahshahr
Ahvaz (Ahvaz Station)-Khorramshahr
Ahvaz (Ahvaz Station)-Andimeshk
Andimeshk-Dorud
Lorestan
Dorud-Cham Sangar
Mashhad
Mashhad-Binalud-Neishabur
Mashhad-Sarakhs
Mazandaran-Golestan (Shomal Division)
Gorgan-Pol-e Sefid
Gorgan-Incheh Borun
Qazvin
Hashtgerd-Qazvin (Planned)
High-speed rail
Currently there is one high speed railway line under construction between Tehran and Isfahan passing through Qom. The length of the line is 410 km; completion is planned for 2021.
Construction of another high speed rail line between Qom and Arak is under way as well.
See also
Iranian railway industry
Railway stations in Iran
DESA diesel
Tehran Metro
North–South Transport Corridor
Ashgabat agreement, a Multimodal transport agreement signed by India, Oman, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, for creating an international transport and transit corridor facilitating transportation of goods between Central Asia and the Persian Gulf.
References
External links
Iran's Official Universal Tourism Portal
Raja Rail Transport Company (Buying Iran Train Tickets) Website
Ministry of Roads & Urban Development Of Iran Official Website
Islamic Republic of Iran Railways Official Website
Iranian Rail Industries Development Co (IRICO) Official Website
Unofficial website
2005 update on status of Iran's railways
Railway companies of Iran
1520 mm gauge railways in Iran
5 ft 6 in gauge railways in Iran
Standard gauge railways in Iran
Iranian brands
Government-owned railway companies |
4008057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily%20Kingsley | Emily Kingsley | Emily Perl Kingsley is an American writer who joined the Sesame Street team in 1970 and continued to write until her retirement in 2015.
Her son Jason Kingsley was born with Down syndrome in 1974. Her experiences with Jason inspired her to include people with disabilities into the Sesame Street cast, including Tarah Schaeffer, an actress who uses a wheelchair, and even Jason himself. Jason's story was the topic of an hour-long NBC television special in 1977, titled "This Is My Son", and with co-author Mitchell Levitz, Jason wrote the book "Count Us In: Growing Up with Down Syndrome".
In 1987, Kingsley wrote "Welcome to Holland", a widely published and translated piece which compares the experience of someone finding out their child has a disability to having a trip to Italy rerouted to Holland. The same year a made-for-television movie she wrote Kids Like These, premiered on CBS. The film, about a middle-aged couple who have a son with Down syndrome, won numerous awards.
Kingsley has written over 20 children's books and two Sesame Street home video releases (Kids' Guide to Life: Learning to Share and Elmo Says Boo!). She has had written for other companies as well, and recently contributed to two Disney Interactive CD-ROMs.
She has won 23 Daytime Emmys through her work with Sesame Street, three EDIs and a Grand EDI from Easter Seals, and an award from the National Theatre of the Deaf.
Credits
Sesame Street: Writer (1970–2015)
Richard Scarry's Best Counting Video Ever: Writer (1989)
Richard Scarry's Best ABC Video Ever: Writer (1989)
Sesame Street - Kids' Guide to Life: Learning to Share: Writer (1996)
Elmo Says Boo!: Writer (1997)
Kids Like These: Story and teleplay (1987)
Emily has won 22 Emmy Awards for her work as a writer of Sesame Street.
In October 2008, Emily received a special award from the U.S. Government Department of Health and Human Services in recognition of her groundbreaking work including individuals with disabilities on Sesame Street for 38 years.
See also
"Welcome to Holland"
References
External links
Journey of Hearts (archived link, January 11, 2006)
Welcome to Holland
Creative Parents interview
Living people
American children's writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
American television writers
Daytime Emmy Award winners
American women children's writers
20th-century American women writers
American women television writers
21st-century American women |
4008058 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%207%3A14 | Matthew 7:14 | Matthew 7:14 is the fourteenth verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This verse continues a metaphor begun in the previous one about the ease of following the wrong path.
Content
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
Because strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which
leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it.
The World English Bible translates the passage as:
How narrow is the gate, and restricted is the way
that leads to life! Few are those who find it.
The Novum Testamentum Graece text is:
ὅτι στενὴ ἡ πύλη καὶ τεθλιμμένη ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ ἀπάγουσα εἰς τὴν ζωήν,
καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν.
For additional translations see here:
Analysis
As with the word destruction in the previous verse, the word life seems to clearly have eschatological meaning. In other parts of Matthew, the word life is used to stand for eternal salvation.
What is meant by restricted is somewhat in doubt. The term can be read to mean that the narrow route is overcrowded, but this contradicts the idea that only a few find it. Ulrich Luz notes that it could imply that the route is a hard and difficult one to follow, as the sermon has implied the proper path is one of tribulation and suffering. Another view is that the proper way is so narrow that it is difficult to find, and requires effort and searching to find.
The metaphor in this verse implies that the path of sin is an easy one to follow, and that one will do so without conscious effort not to. Davies and Allison note that the notion of vice being a far easier path than virtue is a common one to most religions. The verse seems clear that it is only a minority that will find and follow God's path. While pessimistic, this is in keeping with Jewish thought, which traditionally saw the pious as a beleaguered minority in a world of sinners. In other parts of the Gospel, such as Matthew 8:11, Jesus does state that many are saved, so it can not be too small a number that find the narrow gate.
Commentary from the Church Fathers
Glossa Ordinaria: Though love be wide, yet it leads men from the earth through difficult and steep ways. It is sufficiently difficult to cast aside all other things, and to love One only, not to aim at prosperity, not to fear adversity.
Chrysostom: But seeing He declares below, My yoke is pleasant, and my burden light, how is it that He says here that the way is strait and narrow? Even here He teaches that it is light and pleasant; for here is a way and a gate as that other, which is called the wide and broad, has also a way and a gate. Of these nothing is to remain; but all pass away. But to pass through toil and sweat, and to arrive at a good end, namely life, is sufficient solace to those who undergo these struggles. For if sailors can make light of storms and soldiers of wounds in hope of perishable rewards, much more when Heaven lies before, and rewards immortal, will none look to the impending dangers. Moreover the very circumstance that He calls it strait contributes to make it easy; by this He warned them to be always watching; this the Lord speaks to rouse our desires. He who strives in a combat, if he sees the prince admiring the efforts of the combatants, gets greater heart. Let us not therefore be sad when many sorrows befal us here, for the way is strait, but not the city; therefore neither need we look for rest here, nor expect any thing of sorrow there. When He says, Few there be that find it, He points to the sluggishness of the many, and instructs His hearers not to look to the prosperity of the many, but to the toils of the few.
Jerome: Attend to the words, for they have an especial force, many walk in the broad way—few find the narrow way. For the broad way needs no search, and is not found, but presents itself readily; it is the way of all who go astray. Whereas the narrow way neither do all find, nor when they have found, do they straightway walk therein. Many, after they have found the way of truth, caught by the pleasures of the world, desert midway.
References
07:14 |
4008061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph%20High%20School%20%28New%20Jersey%29 | Randolph High School (New Jersey) | Randolph High School is a four-year comprehensive public high school in Randolph Township, in Morris County, New Jersey, serving students in ninth through twelfth grades as the lone secondary school of the Randolph Township Schools. The school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Elementary and Secondary Schools since 1973.
As of the 2020–21 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,475 students and 130.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 11.3:1. There were 89 students (6.0% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 28 (1.9% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
History
The efforts to create a high school began after the district was notified by the Dover School District in 1957 that Randolph students would no longer be accepted at Dover High School for the 1960-61 school year. The partially completed school opened for grades 7-12 in September 1961 on a site and was constructed at a cost of cost of $1.75 million (equivalent to $ million in ) for students from Randolph and those from Jefferson Township, who attended as part of a sending/receiving relationship until the 1964-65 school year, when Jefferson Township High School opened. The current high school facility opened in October 1975, having been constructed at a cost of $7.2 million (equal to $ million in ), at which point the original 1961 high school building was repurposed as Randolph Middle School.
Awards and recognition
The school was the 16th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2016 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school was the 63rd-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine's September 2014 cover story on the state's "Top Public High Schools", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 37th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 52nd in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 65th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 32nd in the magazine's September 2006 issue, which included 316 schools across the state.
The school was named by Redbook magazine in April 1992 as the best high school in the state, recognizing the school for its academic and extracurricular performance.
Schooldigger.com ranked the school tied for 90th out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (a decrease of 24 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (87.9%) and language arts literacy (96.1%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
Athletics
The Randolph High School Rams participate in the regional Northwest Jersey Athletic Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools located in Morris, Sussex and Warren counties, and was established following a reorganization of sports leagues in Northern New Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). Prior to the NJSIAA's 2010 realignment, the school had competed as part of the Iron Hills Conference, which included public and private high schools in Essex, Morris and Union counties. With 1,182 students in grades 10-12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019–20 school year as Group IV for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 1,060 to 5,049 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the Freedom Blue division of the North Jersey Super Football Conference, which includes 112 schools competing in 20 divisions, making it the nation's biggest football-only high school sports league. The school was classified by the NJSIAA as Group IV North for football for 2018–2020.
The football team won the North II Group III state sectional championships in 1983 and from 1986 to 1989, and won in North II Group IV in both 1990 and 2010. The Randolph football team set New Jersey state records by winning 54 consecutive regular-season and playoff games and going unbeaten in 59 straight games from 1986 to 1991, a record since broken by Paulsboro High School with 63 straight wins from 1992 to 1998. In 1983, the team won the program's first North II Group III title and finished the season 10-1 after a 22-9 win against Linden High School in the finals. The 1987 team used its defense to hold on to a 12-7 win in the North II Group III championship game against Summit High School, to finish the season with a 10-1 record. The 1988 team finished the season with an 11-0 record and extended its unbeaten streak to 28 games after winning the North II Group III state sectional title with a 15-12 victory against previously undefeated Nutley High School after scoring a last-minute touchdown in the championship game. The team's 34–22 win over East Orange High School in October 1990 had broken the state record of 40 consecutive wins, which had been set by Memorial High School of West New York. The program won its fifth consecutive title and finished the season ranked 11th in the nation by USA Today after winning the 1990 North I Group IV sectional championship game with a 22-21 win against Montclair High School; the win was the team's 49th consecutive victory, breaking a record of 48 games without a loss (including two tie games) that had been set by Westfield High School from 1968 to 1973. The 2010 football team won the New Jersey North I Group IV state sectional title, the team's first since 1990, with a 19-0 win against Montclair. The school's football rivalry with Roxbury High School, which began in 1965, was listed at 18th on NJ.com's 2017 list "Ranking the 31 fiercest rivalries in N.J. HS football". Randolph leads the rivalry with a 29–20–3 overall record as of 2017.
In 1986, the boys' soccer team finished the season with a record of 18-6-1 after a 1-1 tie with Lakewood High School made the team the Group III co-champion.
The girls' soccer team won the Group III championship in 1991 (defeating runner-up Holy Cross Academy in the finals), 1995 (vs. West Windsor-Plainsboro High School) and 2001 (in overtime vs. Lenape High School). The 1991 team finished the season with a 20-1-1 record after winning the Group IV state title with a 1-0 victory against Holy Cross in the championship game played at Trenton State College.
The wrestling team won the North II Group IV state championship in 1991–1995, won the North I Group IV title in 2004, 2005, 2008 and 2009; the team won the Group IV state championship in 1993.
The field hockey team won the North I / II Group IV sectional title in 1994 and won the North I Group IV championship in 2009.
The ice hockey team has won the Public School state championships in 2003 and 2006 (Public) and in 2007, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2015 (Public A); the team's eight titles are tied for third-most of any school in the state. In 2003, Randolph High School won its first New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA) Public School Ice Hockey state championship in the 64-team tournament, with a 7–0 shutout of Brick Memorial High School at the Continental Airlines Arena. The team was the 2006 NJSIAA 64-team tournament. In 2007, they won the championship with a 5–4 win against Bridgewater-Raritan High School. The school won their fourth public title in the 2009 NJSIAA Public School A Ice Hockey state championship with a 1–0 win over Ridge High School. The team won the 2011 Public A title with a 1–0 win against Montgomery High School at the Prudential Center.
The boys' lacrosse team won the Group III state championship in 2005, defeating West Morris Central High School in the tournament final.
The cheerleading squad were three-time national champions, in 2006, 2007 and 2008 at the CanAm Nationals in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. They won again in 2010 at the CanAm Nationals. In 2013, the small varsity team was second in the region behind national champions Burlington High School by 3 points. In 2013 the competition cheerleading team was ranked 16th in the nation in the Small Varsity division in the UCA NHSCC competition at Walt Disney World, which was the first time that RHS was a national finalist in the competition.
The girls' cross country team won the Group IV state championship in 2009.
The 2010 baseball team won the New Jersey Group IV state championship with an 8–4 win over Jackson Memorial High School. The team has won the Morris County Tournament three times, tied for the fourth-most in tournament history, winning in 1994, 2004, 2007 and 2013.
Media
Ram-Page is the school's monthly newspaper, and was the first high school newspaper in the state with a mobile application, available on Android devices.
Administration
The school's principal is Jessica Caruso Baxter. Her core administration team includes two vice principals.
Notable alumni
Frank Beltre (born 1990), gridiron football player who played for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League.
Robby Foley (born 1996), racing driver who competes in the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship.
Mike Groh (born 1971), football coach and former quarterback who is the wide receivers coach of the Indianapolis Colts of the NFL. Previously won Super Bowl LI as the wide receivers coach of the Philadelphia Eagles.
Jon Hurwitz (born 1977, class of 1996), screenwriter.
Jennifer Jones (born 1967), dancer and actress, who in 1987 became the first African-American Radio City Music Hall Rockette.
Payal Kadakia (born 1983, class of 2001), founder and chairman of ClassPass.
Liz Katz (born 1988, class of 2006), professional cosplayer and actress whose credits include Guest House and Borderlands 3.
Michael Lansing (born 1994), professional soccer player who plays as a goalkeeper for AC Horsens in the Danish Superliga.
Amanda Magadan (born 1995), member of the United States women's national field hockey team starting in 2017.
Brendan Mahon (born 1995), former guard for the Carolina Panthers of the NFL.
Chris Pennie (born 1977, class of 1995), drummer for The Dillinger Escape Plan and Coheed and Cambria.
Sherry Ross (born c. 1954, class of 1972), sportscaster and journalist.
Lee Saltz (born 1963), former NFL quarterback who played for the Detroit Lions and the New England Patriots.
Hayden Schlossberg (born 1978, class of 1996), screenwriter.
Bob Van Dillen (born 1972, class of 1991), meteorologist on HLN's Morning Express with Robin Meade.
Drew Willy (born 1986), NFL quarterback.
References
External links
Randolph High School
Randolph Township Schools
School Data for the Randolph Township Schools, National Center for Education Statistics
Enrollment statistics
1961 establishments in New Jersey
Educational institutions established in 1961
Middle States Commission on Secondary Schools
Public high schools in Morris County, New Jersey
Randolph, New Jersey |
4008063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth%20Meiers | Ruth Meiers | Ruth Meiers (November 6, 1925 – March 19, 1987) was the first female Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota. She became the 33rd Lieutenant Governor in 1985. Meiers was diagnosed with lung and brain cancer in 1986 and died in office six months later in March 1987. The Ruth Meiers Hospitality House is named in her honor. Meiers was a social worker in Mountrail County, North Dakota. In 1974, Meiers served in the North Dakota House of Representatives as a Democrat.
See also
List of female lieutenant governors in the United States
References
External links
Chronology of North Dakota in the 1980s
Ruth Meiers Hospitality House
1925 births
1987 deaths
People from Mountrail County, North Dakota
Lieutenant Governors of North Dakota
Members of the North Dakota House of Representatives
North Dakota Democrats
Deaths from cancer in North Dakota
Women state legislators in North Dakota
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American women politicians |
4008072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%207%3A15 | Matthew 7:15 | Matthew 7:15 is the fifteenth verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This verse begins the section warning against false prophets.
Content
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's
clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves.
The World English Bible translates the passage as:
Beware of false prophets, who come to you in
sheep’s clothing, but inwardly are ravening wolves.
The Novum Testamentum Graece text is:
Προσέχετε ἀπὸ τῶν ψευδοπροφητῶν, οἵτινες ἔρχονται πρὸς ὑμᾶς
ἐν ἐνδύμασιν προβάτων ἔσωθεν δέ εἰσιν λύκοι ἅρπαγες.
The metaphor
False prophets are frequently referred to in the New Testament, sheep were an important part of life in the Galilee of Jesus' era, and the metaphor of the pious as a flock of sheep is a common one in both the Old and New Testaments. Wolves were regarded as greedy and malevolent predators who were a threat to the innocent, and such wolf metaphors are also found in several other parts of the Bible. Schweizer feels this metaphor may be linked to the traditional description of the prophets being clad in skins.
It is an open question who, if anyone, this verse is directed against. At the time the gospel was written the Christian communities had several opponents, who may be being targeted by the author of Matthew in this verse. Davies and Allison note several groups that scholars have proposed. There are several false prophets mentioned in the literature of the period such as Simon Magus and Bar Kokhba, but the text has no hint that it referring to one of these in particular. France notes that the wording refers to the prophets coming to you implies that these prophets are from outside the community of disciples. The Pharisees are the primary opponent of the righteous through the Gospel of Matthew, and this could be another attack on them. However, Matthew 7:22 seems to make clear that the false prophets are Christian, rather than Jewish. This also could rule out other Jewish sects active in this period such as the Essenes and Zealots. While in later years Christian groups such as the Gnostics would become prominent rivals to mainstream Christianity, Gnosticism was not yet a major concern at the time this Gospel was written. Scholars who see a rivalry between the Jewish Christianity of Mathew and the wider gospel of St. Paul have read this verse as an attack on Pauline Christianity. Schweizer supports the notion that the idea of false prophets is closely attached to eschatology, and that this passage refers to events expected to occur in the end times, not to any current rivals. False prophets were a frequent concern in the Old Testament, such as in Jeremiah. France believes that even without any current threats the history in the Old Testament would lead Jesus to be concerned about the dangers of false prophets. The figures in Matthew 7:21-22 are themselves surprised to be judged harshly, but the word inwardly makes clear that prophets in this verse are knowing deceivers of the faithful.
Additionally, some Christians interpret this passage as referring to not a single false prophet, but any false teachers within the Christian church who preach against the Gospel.
The metaphor of 'a wolf in sheep's clothing' has become a common English expression. It is alluded to in Romeo and Juliet, where a character is called a "wolvish ravening lamb." See The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing for some other cultural uses of the phrase.
Commentary from the Church Fathers
Pseudo-Chrysostom: The Lord had before commanded His Apostles, that they should not do their alms, prayers, and fastings before men, as the hypocrites; and that they might know that all these things may be done in hypocrisy, He speaks saying, Take heed of false prophets.
Augustine: When the Lord had said that there were few that find the strait gate and narrow way, that heretics, who often commend themselves because of the smallness of their numbers, might not here intrude themselves, He straightway subjoins, Take heed of false prophets.
Chrysostom: Having taught that the gate is strait, because there are many that pervert the way that leads to it, He proceeds, Take heed of false prophets. In the which that they might be the more careful, He reminds them of the things that were done among their fathers, calling them false prophets; for even in that day the like things fell out.
Pseudo-Chrysostom: What is written below that the Law and the Prophets were until John, (Mat. 11:13.) is said, because there should be no prophecy concerning Christ after He was come. Prophets indeed there have been and are, but not prophesying of Christ, rather interpreting the things which had been prophesied of Christ by the ancients, that is by the doctors of the Churches. For no man can unfold prophetic meaning, but the Spirit of prophecy. The Lord then knowing that there should be false teachers, warns them of divers heresies, saying, Take heed of false prophets. And forasmuch as they would not be manifest Gentiles, but lurk under the Christian name, He said not ‘See ye,’ but, Take heed. For a thing that is certain is simply seen, or looked upon; but when it is uncertain it is watched or narrowly considered. Also He says Take heed, because it is a sure precaution of security to know him whom you avoid. But this form of warning, Take heed, does not imply that the Devil will introduce heresies against God's will, but by His permission only; but because He would not choose servants without trial, therefore He sends them temptation; and because He would not have them perish through ignorance, He therefore warns them beforehand. Also that no heretical teacher might maintain that He spoke here of Gentile and Jewish teachers and not of them, He adds, who come to yon in sheep's clothing. Christians are called sheep, and the sheep's clothing is a form of Christianity and of feigned religion. And nothing so casts out all good as hypocrisy; for evil that puts on the semblance of good, cannot be provided against, because it is unknown. Again, that the heretic might not allege that He here speaks of the true teachers which were yet sinners, He adds, But inwardly they are ravening wolves. But Catholic teachers should they indeed have been sinners, are spoken of as servants of the flesh, yet not as ravening wolves, because it is not their purpose to destroy Christians. Clearly then it is of heretical teachers that He speaks; for they put on the guise of Christians, to the end they may tear in pieces the Christian with the wicked fangs of seduction. Concerning, such the Apostle speaks, I know that after my departure there will enter among you grievous wolves, not sparing the flock. (Acts 20:29.)
References
07:15
Canines in religion |
4008080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%207%3A16 | Matthew 7:16 | Matthew 7:16 is the sixteenth verse of the seventh chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This verse continues the section warning against false prophets.
Content
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men
gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?
The World English Bible translates the passage as:
By their fruits you will know them. Do you
gather grapes from thorns, or figs from thistles?
The Novum Testamentum Graece text is:
ἀπὸ τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν ἐπιγνώσεσθε αὐτούς
μήτι συλλέγουσιν ἀπὸ ἀκανθῶν σταφυλὰς ἢ ἀπὸ τριβόλων σῦκα;
For a collection of other versions see here:
Analysis
The previous verse warned against false prophets, and in this one Jesus tells his followers how to identify them. He does so by beginning a new metaphor, wholly separate from the wolves and sheep one of the previous verse. The new metaphor turns to botany. It specifically refers to grapes and figs, which were both common crops in the region. Thornbushes and thistles also flourished in the region, and were a constant problem to farmers. Jesus states that one will be able to identify false prophets by their fruits. False prophets will not produce good fruits. Fruits, which are a common metaphor in both the Old and New Testaments, represent the outward manifestation of a person's faith, thus their behaviour and their works.
This warning is paralleled in and appears again at Matthew 12:33, a similar fruit metaphor also appears in Matthew 3. In those other places the verse is an attack on the Pharisees, but here it targets false Christian prophets. Matthew also differs in wording from Luke 6:44. In Luke Jesus' words are a declarative statement, while in Matthew they are a rhetorical question. Matthew reverses the order of the grapes and figs from Luke. He also replaces Luke's briarbush with thistles. Gundry feels that thistles were added to create a rhyme with thornbush in the original Greek. He also feels that the author of Matthew is imagining a thornbush as a corrupted version of a grapevine and a thistle as version of a fig tree.
This verse is thus usually understood as saying that one should not simply judge a prophet by their words, but what is implied by fruits has been much debated. F. Dale Bruner notes that there are two competing views. Fruits can be read as referring to the behaviour and life of these false prophets. If their behaviour is not pious, one should not expect their words to be. This opinion was first advanced by John Chrysostom and is supported by many modern scholars such as Eduard Schweizer and Ulrich Luz. The alternate view is that fruits refers to the teachings of the false prophets, that the false prophets will be noticeable by teachings that don't conform to correct doctrine. This understanding has been supported by Augustine, Jerome, Martin Luther, and John Calvin.
Commentary from the Church Fathers
Chrysostom: Yet He may seem here to have aimed under the title of false prophets, not so much at the heretic, as at those who, while their life is corrupt, yet wear an outward face of virtuousness; whence it is said, By their fruits ye shall know them. For among heretics it is possible many times to find a good life, but among those I have named never.
Augustine: Wherefore it is justly asked, what fruits then He would have us look to? For many esteem among fruits some things which pertain to the sheep's clothing, and in this manner are deceived concerning wolves. For they practise fasting, almsgiving, or praying, which they display before men, seeking to please those to whom these things seem difficult. These then are not the fruits by which He teaches us to discern them. Those deeds which are done with good intention, are the proper fleece of the sheep itself, such as are done with bad intention, or in error, are nothing else than a clothing of wolves; but the sheep ought not to hate their own clothing because it is often used to hide wolves. What then are the fruits by which we may know an evil tree? The Apostle says, The works of the flesh are manifest, which are, fornication, uncleanness, &c. (Gal. 5:19.) And which are they by which we may know a good tree? The same Apostle teaches, saying, The fruits of the Spirit are love, joy, peace.
Pseudo-Chrysostom: The fruits of a man are the confession of his faith and the works of his life; for he who utters according to God the words of humility and a true confession, is the sheep; but he who against the truth howls forth blasphemies against God, is the wolf.
Jerome: What is here spoken of false prophets we may apply to all whose dress and speech promise one thing, and their actions exhibit another. But it is specially to be understood of heretics, who by observing temperance, chastity, and fasting, surround themselves as it were with a garment of sanctity, but inasmuch as their hearts within them are poisoned, they deceive the souls of the more simple brethren.
Augustine: But from their actions we may conjecture whether this their outward appearance is put on for display. For when by any temptations those things are withdrawn or denied them which they had either attained or sought to attain by this evil, then needs must that it appear whether they be the wolf in sheep's clothing, or the sheep in his own.
Gregory the Great: Also the hypocrite is restrained by peaceful times of Holy Church, and therefore appears clothed with godliness; but let any trial of faith ensue, straight the wolf ravenous at heart strips himself of his sheep's skin, and shows by persecuting how great his rage against the good.
Chrysostom: And a hypocrite is easily discerned; for the way they are commanded to walk is a hard way, and the hypocrite is loth to toil. And that you may not say that you are unable to find out them that are such, He again enforces what He had said by example from men, saying, Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?
Augustine: In this place we must guard against the error of such as imagine that the two trees refer to two different natures; the one of God, the other not. But we affirm that they derive no countenance from these two trees; as it will be evident to any who will read the context that He is speaking here of men.
References
07:16 |
4008086 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken%20Hakuta | Ken Hakuta | Ken Hakuta (born 1951), known as Dr. Fad since 1983, is a South Korean-born Japanese-American inventor and television personality. Hakuta, as Dr. Fad, was the host of the popular children's invention TV show The Dr. Fad Show, which ran from 1988 to 1994. The show featured children's inventions, and promoted creativity and inventiveness in children. Hakuta was the organizer of four Fad Fairs, conventions of inventors with fun, wacky ideas, in Detroit, New York City and Philadelphia.
Overview
Hakuta imported and merchandised the Wacky Wall Walker, one of the best selling toys of the 1980s. The Wacky Wall Walker became a fad hit in 1983, and over 240 million units have sold. In 1983, NBC aired an animated Christmas special, Deck the Halls with Wacky Walls, to capitalize on the toy fad. Their popularity peaked after the Kellogg Company inserted them as free prizes in cereal boxes. The VH1 program "I Love the 80s: 1983" features Dr. Fad and the Wall Walkers.
Hakuta is also an art collector and is particularly known for a large group of Shaker items, furniture and other pieces, that he purchased in 1991. These are now part of the so-called Mount Lebanon Shaker Society collection.
In 1998, Hakuta built on his long-standing interest in herbal medicine to found AllHerb.com, an eCommerce company offering herbal remedy products and information. AllHerb.com sought to differentiate itself from other competitors in the space by positioning itself as "the most authentic resource for herbal medicine available today"; for instance, one of its spokespeople was a shaman, tribal healer, and herbalist from the Peruvian rainforest. AllHerb.com ceased operations in February 2000.
Hakuta has been featured in numerous media including: The Washington Post, The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, the Detroit Free Press, USA Today, Time, Newsweek, Forbes, Fortune, Inc., Entrepreneurship, Business Week, CBS Evening News, 60 Minutes, 48 Hours, Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous, Oprah, Geraldo, Today Show, The Tonight Show, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Don and Mike Show, Larry King, and numerous radio shows around the country. There are two Harvard Business School case studies on AllHerb.com: "Ken Hakuta: AllHerb.com" and "AllHerb.com: Evolution of an E-tailer".
Personal life
Hakuta was born in Seoul, South Korea. His Korean name is Paik Kun (백건) and he was born as the first child of Paik Nam-il, who was the CEO of a textile company originally owned by his father who was accused in 2002 of having been a Chinilpa, or traitor/collaborator with the Japanese during their occupation of Korea. The textile company was the biggest of its kind during the Japanese colonial era in Korea. His family relocated to Japan in 1951 where they changed their Korean surname to a Japanese name based on the original Chinese character (白). Ken Hakuta subsequently grew up in Japan. Hakuta married Marilou Cantiller, a Filipina he met while the pair worked at the World Bank, in 1977. The pair have three children: Justin, Kenzo, and Aki. Justin is the former husband of comedian Ali Wong.
Hakuta is the nephew of the video artist Nam June Paik and was the manager of Paik's New York City studio at the time of his death. He is the executor of his uncle's estate.
References
External links
1951 births
Living people
20th-century American inventors
21st-century American inventors
American businesspeople of Japanese descent
American businesspeople of Korean descent
Harvard Business School alumni
McDonough School of Business alumni
Zainichi Korean people |
4008089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Connolly%27s%20World%20Tour%20of%20New%20Zealand | Billy Connolly's World Tour of New Zealand | Billy Connolly's World Tour of New Zealand is the fourth, and currently last, of Billy Connolly's decade-spanning 'world tours' that follow the comedian on his various travels across the globe. In this tour, filmed in 2004, Connolly visited New Zealand and travelled 8,500 km throughout the country, from Stewart Island in the south, through South Island and North Island, to Ninety Mile Beach in the north. As he did on his 1996 tour of Australia, Connolly travelled on a custom-made Yamaha XV1700 Warrior trike that had been built by the Trike Shop in the United Kingdom. The trike is now in the hands of a new owner in Melbourne, Australia.
The series was made up of eight episodes in which Connolly gave insights into the history and culture of the country, especially its Māori heritage, while also giving highlights from the New Zealand leg of his Too Old to Die Young tour. The leather jacket he often wore sports a skull with glasses, the logo of the tour.
Continuing his catalogue of nude endeavours, he bungee jumped from the Nevis High Wire in Queenstown.
The soundtrack, Billy Connolly's Musical Tour of New Zealand, contained a track by folk singer Kate Rusby.
External links
2004 British television series debuts
2004 British television series endings
Scottish television shows
BBC television documentaries
Comedy tours
Billy Connolly
Television shows set in New Zealand
English-language television shows |
4008117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus%20lobata | Quercus lobata | Quercus lobata, commonly called the valley oak or roble, grows into the largest of North American oaks. It is endemic to California, growing in interior valleys and foothills from Siskiyou County to San Diego County. Mature specimens may attain an age of up to 600 years. This deciduous oak requires year-round access to groundwater.
Its thick, ridged bark is characteristic and resembles alligator hide. The valley oak's deeply lobed leaves assist in identification.
Description
The valley oak may surpass in height, with a sturdy trunk possibly exceeding in diameter. The "Henley Oak", in Covelo, California, is the tallest known valley oak, at .
The branches have an irregular, spreading and arching appearance that produce a profound leafless silhouette in the clear winter sky. During autumn, the leaves turn a yellow to light orange color but become brown later in the season. In advancing age, the branches assume a drooping characteristic. The tree's pewter-colored rippled bark adds to the attractive aesthetic of this species.
Typically, the leaves are long and are roundly and deeply lobed. The leaf width is approximately one half its length. Each leaf is matte green with an underneath pale green appearance; moreover, the leaf is covered with abundant soft fuzz, yielding an almost velvety feeling. When a fresh leaf is rubbed or broken, an aromatic scent is exuded, evoking a forest odor. The wood is a dull brown approaching yellow.
The acorns are medium to dark brown and range from in length. The caps have deep stippling and are found most often as singlets, but occasionally as doublets. The acorns ripen from October to November. Viable acorns germinate in their first winter, and none remain by mid-winter.
Taxonomy
Valley oak is of the white oak evolutionary lineage, which is officially known as the subgenus Lepidobalanus. This subgenus comprises numerous oaks from California and elsewhere, which species share similar leaves, acorns, bark and wood pulp. Early settlers used a variety of common names for the valley oak including: white oak, bottom oak, swamp oak, water oak and mush oak. The Spaniards, because the tree looked like the white oaks in Europe, called the tree "roble".
The Concow tribe call the acorns lō-ē’ (Konkow language).
Distribution and habitat
Valley oak tolerates cool wet winters and hot dry summers, but requires abundant water. It is most abundant in rich deep soils of valley floors below 600 meters (2000 feet) in elevation. Valley oak is found in dense riparian forests, open foothill woodlands and valley savannas. Commonly associated trees are coast live oak, interior live oak, blue oak, California black walnut, California sycamore and gray pine.
The valley oak is widely distributed in: the California Central Valley; many smaller valleys such as the San Fernando Valley (original Spanish place-name from oak savannah), Conejo Valley, and Santa Ynez Valley; the Inner Coast Ranges south of the Eel River; and the Transverse Ranges from the Tehachapi Mountains to the Simi Hills, Santa Susana Mountains. It is also present on Santa Cruz Island and Catalina Island in the Pacific Ocean. Some of the most picturesque stands are found in Sonoma Valley, Round Valley in Mendocino County and the southern Salinas Valley near the up-river reaches of the Salinas River.
Ecology
Like many oaks, valley oaks can tolerate wildfires. Although smaller individuals may be top-killed, most resprout from the root crown.
A variety of mammals and birds eat the acorns, including the acorn woodpecker, California scrub jay, yellow-billed magpie, and California ground squirrel. The acorns are also attacked by bruchid beetles, but can survive moderate levels of infestation.
Globular galls up to several centimeters in diameter are frequently attached to twigs of mature specimens of valley oak. These house the larval stage of small indigenous wasps Andricus quercuscalifornicus. A related wasp species, A. kingi, produces small galls shaped like Hershey's kisses on leaf surfaces. The valley oak is the only known food plant of Chionodes petalumensis caterpillars.
Uses
The acorns are sweet and edible; Native Americans including the Southern Paiute people roasted them and ground the edible portion into meal to make into bread and mush.
Difficulties in acquiring valley oak wood as well as issues stemming from its drying such as cracking and warping have shifted its consumption from a general purpose lumber to a primarily niche product. Valley oak wood has a small, but significant market for use in cabinetry though, and is also suitable for hardwood flooring. Tyloses present in the pores of valley oak wood increase its impermeability to fluids allowing it to be used in the production of water-tight vessels. Such vessels include wine barrels where valley oak wood sees limited role in the composition of and where it has similar properties to other white oaks such as a reduced tannin load compared to the red oaks and an open grain that allows for an increased transfer of oxygen.
Observational history
In 1792, the English explorer George Vancouver noted on his expedition through the Santa Clara Valley, after seeing an expanse of valley oaks:
In the year 1861, William Henry Brewer, the chief botanist for the first California Geological Survey wrote of the valley oaks that he saw in Monterey County:
The Hooker Oak of Chico, California, was once considered the largest-known valley oak. When it fell on May 1, 1977, it was nearly and in circumference at from the ground.
See also
California oak woodland
List of Quercus species
References
External links
lobata
Endemic flora of California
Trees of the Southwestern United States
Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
Natural history of the Channel Islands of California
Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area
Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains
Natural history of the Transverse Ranges
Trees of Mediterranean climate
Plants described in 1801
Garden plants of North America
Drought-tolerant trees
Ornamental trees |
4008136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Macleay | Alexander Macleay | Alexander Macleay (also spelt McLeay) MLC FLS FRS (24 June 1767 – 18 July 1848) was a leading member of the Linnean Society, a fellow of the Royal Society and member of the New South Wales Legislative Council.
Life
Macleay was born on Ross-shire, Scotland, eldest son of William Macleay, provost of Wick. Alexander had a classical education, before relocating to London and becoming a wine merchant with his business partner William Sharp – after whom his first son was named. In 1795 he was elected a fellow of the Linnean Society of London, also serving as its secretary, and was also appointed chief clerk in the prisoners of war office. When the office was linked with the Transport Board after war broke out, Macleay became head of the correspondence department and by 1806 secretary. The board was abolished in 1815, and Macleay retired on an annual pension, of £750.
Macleay's chief natural history interest was entomology, principally lepidoptery, and he possessed the finest and most extensive collection then existing of any private individual in England and possibly the world. This included the British Collection of John Curtis now housed in Melbourne, Australia.
In 1813, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
On 14 June 1825, Macleay was appointed Colonial Secretary for New South Wales. He arrived in Sydney in January 1826, with his wife Eliza, 9 of his 10 surviving children, and his extensive collection. He was soon working twelve-hour days and on 17 July 1825 was nominated to the New South Wales Legislative and Executive Councils, holding both positions until December 1836. Macleay represented Counties of Gloucester, Macquarie, and Stanley in the partially elected legislative council from June 1843 until 19 June 1848, a month before his death. Originally residing at the Colonial Secretary's House in Macquarie Place, Macleay was granted land at Elizabeth Bay by Governor Ralph Darling, where he constructed Elizabeth Bay House and laid out an extensive botanic garden.
His extensive entomological collections formed the basis of the Macleay Museum at the University of Sydney.
Macleay was also very active beyond his scientific pursuits and was the foundation president of the Australian Club.
Family
Macleay married a Miss Barclay of Urie.
He was the father of the entomologist William Sharp Macleay, who expanded his father's collection, and of George Macleay, also a zoologist.
William John Macleay, his nephew, was also an explorer and collector in Australia and New Guinea.
His daughter Rosa Roberta married Arthur Pooley Onslow; her children included Arthur Alexander Walton Onslow and Sir Alexander Onslow. Another daughter, Christiana Susan, married William Dumaresq.
References
External links
1767 births
1848 deaths
British entomologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Scottish emigrants to colonial Australia
Colonial Secretaries of New South Wales
19th-century Australian public servants |
4008138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Kim | Benjamin Kim | Benjamin "Ben" Kim is an American pianist, who won the 55th ARD International Music Competition in Munich, September 2006 (First prize).
Biography
Born and raised in Portland, Oregon, Kim started studying the piano at age five with Dorothy Fahlman. At the age of eight, he performed his first public solo recital and his orchestral debut at twelve. At age 20, he finished an accelerated Bachelor of Music degree program at the Peabody Conservatory as a student of Leon Fleisher. He continued his studies at Peabody with Leon Fleisher together with Yong Hi Moon as a candidate for the Artist Diploma program. In addition, Ben was selected to attend the International Piano Academy Lake Como in Italy, a program for seven pianists, headed by Martha Argerich and William Grant Naboré. He finished his studies at the Universität der Künste Berlin (UDK Berlin) with Klaus Hellwig
He made his debut at Carnegie Hall’s Zankel Hall with the Olympus Chamber Players in 2009 and at Suntory Hall in Tokyo in 2010. Kim has been presented in major halls throughout the world, including the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, Musikverein in Vienna, Gewandhaus in Leipzig, Suntory Hall in Tokyo, and the Kennedy Center in Washington DC with orchestras such as the Bavarian Radio, German Radio, Baltimore, Seoul Philharmonic, and St Petersburg Hermitage State Symphonies. His performances have been broadcast on radio and television on all continents, including National Public Radio's classical music show From the Top and NPO4 in Holland.
Awards
In September 2006, Kim won First Prize in the 55th ARD International Music Competition in Munich.
In 2012, Kim was one of six recipients selected among a pool of more than 13,000 graduates at the Johns Hopkins University to be awarded an Outstanding Recent Graduate Award for outstanding achievement or service in any professional field.
Kim was the recipient of the Rheingau Music Festival's 2017 LOTTO Career Development Prize. The international jury panel made its decision upon the following stated reasons: "His brilliant technique and his incredible flair for interpretive refinement are self-evident....an exceptional phenomenon among pianists his generation - such a natural, sympathetic charisma and pleasant modesty, coupled with great virtuosity, are rarely experienced with a leading musician.”
Comments on Kim
“In a music business not exactly lacking in pianists, Ben Kim belongs to that small group whose playing extends beyond brilliant keyboard magic and pleasing, beautiful sound. More so, Kim is a narrator who knows how to captivate his audience from first to last note," noted the Berliner Morgenpost.
Legendary teacher and mentor Leon Fleisher exalted Kim for his "enormous potential for a first-class career."
His performance of Brahms's Piano Concerto No. 1 in D minor in Baltimore, The Baltimore Sun reported, "Sparks were flying from the keyboard" with "power, precision, and feeling for the daunting score."
Recordings
Works for solo piano by Chopin, Mozart and Debussy
Chopin Sonata No.2 in B-flat minor, Op.35 "Funeral march"
Mozart Sonata in E-flat Major, K. 282 (189g)
Mozart Sonata No. 2 in F Major, K. 280 (189e)
Debussy Suite Bergamasque
Sony USA, Sony BMG Korea, Sony Music Japan International Inc.(Sony CLASSICAL)
Chopin Préludes and Impromptus
Decca, Universal Music Group
Kim's recording was given an Editor's recommendation in November 2012 from the Japanese Record Geijutsu Magazine, stating, "without nervousness or over-excitement, without boasting technique or exaggeration, Kim plays Chopin's music as if he were breathing it."
Mozart Piano Concertos Nos. 17 and 23
Piano Concerto No. 17 in G Major, K. 453
Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major, K. 488
Recorded with Concertgebouw Chamber Orchestra
Challenge Records
References
External links
KIM Profile
Fansite Korea
Profile in Japanese
Sony Music Online Japan Official site
Portland Chamber Orchestra — Best Buddies — Benjamin Kim
Fromthetop.org: Young Performers: Benjamin Kim
International Piano E-Competition 2004
1983 births
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists
21st-century classical pianists
American classical pianists
American male classical pianists
Lake Oswego High School alumni
Living people |
4008151 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%20at%20the%201994%20Winter%20Olympics | Canada at the 1994 Winter Olympics | Canada competed at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway. Canada has competed at every Winter Olympic Games.
Medalists
Alpine skiing
Men
Women
Biathlon
Men
Women
Bobsleigh
Cross-country skiing
Figure skating
Freestyle skiing
Men
Women
Ice hockey
Team roster:
Mark Astley
Adrian Aucoin
David Harlock
Corey Hirsch
Todd Hlushko
Greg Johnson
Fabian Joseph
Paul Kariya
Chris Kontos
Ken Lovsin
Derek Mayer
Petr Nedvěd
Dwayne Norris
Greg Parks
Jean-Yves Roy
Brian Savage
Brad Schlegel
Wally Schreiber
Chris Therien
Todd Warriner
Brad Werenka
Head coach: Tom Renney
Group B
February 13
February 15
February 17
February 19
February 21
Medal Round
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Gold Medal Game
Luge
Short track speed skating
Men
Women
Speed skating
Men
Women
References
Olympic Winter Games 1994, full results by sports-reference.com
Nations at the 1994 Winter Olympics
1994
Winter Olympics |
4008173 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th%20Academy%20Awards | 59th Academy Awards | The 59th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 30, 1987, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories honoring films released in 1986. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Samuel Goldwyn Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta. Actors Chevy Chase, Paul Hogan, and Goldie Hawn co-hosted the show. Hawn hosted the gala for the second time, having previously been a co-host of the 48th ceremony held in 1976. Meanwhile, this was Chase and Hogan's first Oscars hosting stint. Eight days earlier, in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California, on March 22, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Catherine Hicks.
Platoon won four awards, including Best Picture. Other winners included Hannah and Her Sisters and A Room with a View with three awards, Aliens with two, and Artie Shaw: Time Is All You've Got, The Assault, Children of a Lesser God, The Color of Money, Down and Out in America, The Fly, A Greek Tragedy, The Mission, Precious Images, Round Midnight, Top Gun, and Women – for America, for the World with one.
Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 59th Academy Awards were announced on February 11, 1987, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Wise, president of the Academy, actor Don Ameche, and actress Anjelica Huston. Platoon and A Room with a View led all nominees with eight each.
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 30, 1987. Marlee Matlin was the first deaf performer to win an Oscar and the youngest winner in the Best Actress category. Best Actor winner Paul Newman was the fourth actor to have been nominated for portraying the same character in two different films, having previously earned a nomination for his role as "Fast Eddie" Felson in 1961's The Hustler. By virtue of his victory in the Best Actor category, Newman and wife Joanne Woodward, who won Best Actress for her performance in 1957's The Three Faces of Eve, became the second married couple to win acting Oscars. Artie Shaw: Time Is All You've Got and Down and Out in Americas joint win in the Best Documentary Feature category marked the fourth occurrence of a tie in Oscar history.
Awards
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger ().
Honorary Academy Awards
Ralph Bellamy
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
Steven Spielberg
Multiple nominations and awards
The following 15 films had multiple nominations:
The following four films received multiple awards.
Presenters and performers
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.
Presenters
Performers
Ceremony information
Determined to revive interest surrounding the awards and reverse declining ratings, the Academy hired Samuel Goldwyn Jr. in November 1986 to produce the telecast for the first time. The following March, Goldwyn announced that comedian Chevy Chase, actress and Academy Award winner Goldie Hawn, and actor and Best Original Screenplay nominee Paul Hogan would share co-hosting duties for the 1987 ceremony. Actor Robin Williams was initially named a co-host, but he was forced to withdraw from emceeing duties due to his commitment toward his role in the upcoming film Good Morning, Vietnam.
One of the biggest priorities for Goldwyn was to shorten the length of the show to at least three hours or less. In view of his goal, he told reporters regarding winner's acceptance speeches, "We are actually going to give them 45 seconds. The light (next to the camera) will start blinking at 45 seconds and go red at 55 seconds. After one minute we will either cut to a commercial or go to something else. We've also asked multiple winners to flip a coin and pick a spokesman." Furthermore, instead of each Best Original Song nominee being performed separately, all five songs were performed as part of a musical number featuring actress Bernadette Peters singing brief introductions to each one. Although Goldwyn attempted to move the Documentary and Short Film Categories to a separate ceremony from the broadcast, the AMPAS Board of Governors refused to do so.
Several other people were involved with the production of the ceremony. Oscar-winning costume designer Theoni V. Aldredge was hired as fashion consultant for the awards ceremony and supervised a "fashion show" segment showcasing the five nominees for Best Costume Design. Lionel Newman served as musical director and conductor for the ceremony. Actors Dom DeLuise, Pat Morita, and Telly Savalas performed the song "Fugue for Tinhorns" from the musical Guys and Dolls at the start of the ceremony.
Box office performance of nominated films
At the time of the nominations announcement on February 11, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees at the US box office was $119 million with an average of $23.9 million. Platoon was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $39.3 million in the domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by Hannah and Her Sisters ($35.4 million), Children of a Lesser God ($22.1 million), A Room with a View ($11.5 million), and The Mission ($11.1 million).
Of the 50 grossing movies of the year, 55 nominations went to 18 films on the list. Only Crocodile Dundee (2nd), Aliens (6th), The Color of Money (11th), Stand By Me (12th), Peggy Sue Got Married (18th), Platoon (23rd), Hannah and Her Sisters (29th), The Morning After (38th), The Color of Money (40th), and Crimes of the Heart (43rd) were nominated for Best Picture, directing, acting, or screenplay. The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Top Gun (1st), The Karate Kid Part II (3rd), Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (4th), An American Tail (5th), Heartbreak Ridge (17th), Poltergeist II: The Other Side (19th), The Fly (22nd), and Little Shop of Horrors (30th).
Critical reviews
The show received a mixed reception from media publications. Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Columnist Jerry Roberts of the Daily Breeze remarked "The whole mess was like some kind of geek show from a carnival row that had incestuously multiplied itself into a gargantuan sequin-lined ego battle royal accompanied by a firestorm of ballyhooing." Despite Chase and Hawn's best efforts to liven up the broadcast, he commented, "The lumbering procedure completely defeated them." Television critic Tom Shales of The Washington Post wrote, "As usual, the Academy Awards show was marked by missed cues, noisy moving scenery, plunging necklines, inane scripted chatter and, as has often happened in recent years, few galvanizing or gratifying surprises." He also quipped that the segment showcasing the Best Costume Design nominees slowed down the ceremony's pace. The Philadelphia Inquirers film critic Carrie Rickey observed, "As pace goes, the Academy Awards show was like watching a race between slugs and snails." She later wrote, "Oscarsclerosis is the show's most critical condition, the result of a telecast larded, once again, with too many Vegas-style production numbers."
Other media outlets received the broadcast more positively. Film critic John Hartl of The Seattle Times noted that the ceremony "was well-paced and filled with comics and comic film clips." He also complimented producer Goldwyn for hiring comics including host Chase and presenters such as Rodney Dangerfield for helping "to keep the show light and funny." The New York Times columnist Janet Maslin wrote, "This was the trimmest, most varied and best-paced program in years." She also commented that without the witty banter of hosts Hogan and Chase, "The show would have seemed notably lacking in luster." Television editor Michael Burkett of the Orange County Register commented, "Monday night's 59th installment was very nearly everything you could have wished it to be: quite entertaining, relatively fast-moving, unusually short on tastelessness and tackiness drenched in nostalgia, and featuring enough superbly chosen film clips for a monster round of Visual Trivial Pursuit.
Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 37.19 million people over its length, which was a 2% decrease from the previous year's ceremony. However, the show drew higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 27.5% of households watching over a 43 share. Many media outlets pointed out that the broadcast earned higher ratings compared to the final game of the 1987 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament which was airing on CBS that same night.
See also
7th Golden Raspberry Awards
29th Grammy Awards
39th Primetime Emmy Awards
40th British Academy Film Awards
41st Tony Awards
44th Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 59th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
References
Bibliography
External links
Official websites
Academy Awards Official website
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Official website
Oscar's Channel at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences)
Analysis
1986 Academy Awards Winners and History Filmsite
Academy Awards, USA: 1987 Internet Movie Database
Other resources
Academy Awards ceremonies
1986 film awards
1987 in Los Angeles
1987 in American cinema
March 1987 events in the United States
Academy
Television shows directed by Marty Pasetta |
4008191 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita%20Carter | Anita Carter | Ina Anita Carter (March 31, 1933 – July 29, 1999) was an American singer who played upright bass, guitar, and autoharp. She performed with her sisters, Helen and June, and her mother, Maybelle, initially under the name Mother Maybelle and the Carter Sisters. Carter had three top ten hits as well as other charting singles. She was the first to record the songs "Blue Boy" and "Ring of Fire". Carter was also a songwriter, most notably co-writing the Johnny Cash hit Rosanna's Going Wild.
Carter recorded for a number of labels, both as a solo artist and with her family, including RCA Victor, Cadence, Columbia, Audiograph, United Artists, Liberty and Capitol.
Biography
Born in Maces Spring, Virginia, she scored two top ten hits in 1951 with "Down The Trail of Achin' Hearts" and "Blue Bird Island," both duets with Hank Snow. In 1962, she recorded "Love's Ring of Fire," written by her sister June and Merle Kilgore. After the song failed to make the charts, Johnny Cash recorded it as "Ring of Fire" in March 1963 with the horns and the Carter Sisters (along with Mother Maybelle). This version became a hit for Cash.
She reached the top ten again in 1968 with "I Got You," a duet with Waylon Jennings. Carter also reached the top 50 with hits like "I'm Gonna Leave You" in 1966 and "Tulsa County" in 1971.
In the spring of 1952, she appeared on The Kate Smith Evening Hour with her family and in a duet with Hank Williams, on his song "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)".
Marriages
Carter married fiddler Dale Potter in 1950 (they later divorced), session musician Don Davis in 1953 (divorced and then remarried), and Bob Wootton (lead guitarist for Johnny Cash's band The Tennessee Three) in 1974 (divorced). She had two children, Lorrie Frances and John Christopher (Jay) Davis.
Death
Carter suffered from rheumatoid arthritis for many years, and the drugs used to treat it severely damaged her pancreas, kidneys, and liver. She died on July 29, 1999, at the age of 66, a year after eldest sister Helen and four years before middle sister June. She was under hospice care at the home of Johnny and June Carter Cash in Hendersonville, Tennessee. Her interment was in Hendersonville Memory Gardens in Hendersonville, Tennessee.
Album discography apart from Carter Family
Singles chart activity apart from Carter Family
Selected Studio & Guest Artist Appearances
1933 births
1999 deaths
People from Scott County, Virginia
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
American folk singers
Apex Records artists
RCA Victor artists
Cash–Carter family
Country musicians from Virginia
Folk musicians from Virginia
Cadence Records artists
20th-century American singers
The Carter Family members
20th-century American women singers
Singer-songwriters from Virginia |
4008192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubica | Dubica | Dubica may refer to either of two towns divided by a state border:
Dubica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the right bank, in Bosnia
Hrvatska Dubica, on the left bank, in Croatia |
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