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5398022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%20Pond%20Ironworks%20State%20Park | Long Pond Ironworks State Park | Long Pond Ironworks State Park is located in the community of Hewitt, in West Milford, New Jersey, United States. The park is known for its old stone walls, furnaces and other remnants of a once industrious ironworking community that now sits next to the swiftly flowing Wanaque River. The park is operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks and Forestry and has an area of .
Long Pond Ironworks Historic District
The ironworks were built in 1766 and were added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 11, 1974.
Long Pond Ironworks were founded in 1766 by Peter Hasenclever. Hasenclever brought 500 ironworkers and their families from Germany to build an ironworks "plantation". A dam at "Long Pond" (Greenwood Lake) provided the waterpower needed to operate a blast for the furnace and a large forge. The ironworks produced iron for the Continental Army, for the American forces in the War of 1812, and for the Union Army during the Civil War. Metalmaking stopped at the site in 1882 when the ironworks was bankrupted by newer facilities in Pittsburgh.
The remnants of the ironmaking structures at the district date from the 18th and 19th centuries. There are furnaces, casting house ruins, charging areas, ice houses, water wheels and other structures. The area is currently undergoing restoration. The "Old Country Store" has been renovated and now houses the Long Pond Ironworks Museum. The original Village of Hewitt grew up around the 19th-century iron enterprise. This settlement included a church, a store/post office, schoolhouses, and dwellings and outbuildings for workers and managers.
There are many structures in the vast area of Long Pond Ironworks. There are two main water wheels in fairly good conditions one water is fine the other one has been burnt by vandals. There is a big furnace named Lucy which exploded on natural causes, another furnace which will one day be fixed when the state gives money and two other minor furnaces you may find. There is an abandoned community which is still standing except for two buildings. It is possible to take a tour on an abandoned turnpike where much slag (the remaining rock from smelting iron) and charcoal are visible.
Monksville Reservoir
Known for its trophy size muskellunge, walleye, bass and trout, Monksville Reservoir, atop the defunct community of Monksville, New Jersey is used by anglers, sporting clubs and the US Sailing Association. Easily accessible from either the north or the south boat ramp, the area is open 24/7.
References
External links
Long Pond Ironworks Historic Site
Long Pond Ironworks State Park
NY-NJTC: Long Pond Ironworks State Park Trail Details and Info
Ironworks and steel mills in the United States
Museums in Passaic County, New Jersey
Economy of New Jersey
Parks in Passaic County, New Jersey
State parks of New Jersey
Mining in New Jersey
Industry museums in New Jersey
Industrial buildings and structures in New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
Defunct iron and steel mills
West Milford, New Jersey |
4002416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20West | Red West | Robert Gene "Red" West (March 8, 1936 – July 18, 2017) was an American actor, film stuntman and songwriter. He was known for being a close confidant and bodyguard for rock and roll singer Elvis Presley. Upon his firing, West wrote the controversial Elvis: What Happened?, in which he exposed the singer's dangerous drug dependence in an attempt to save him.
West was probably best known to American film audiences for his role as Red in Road House, alongside Patrick Swayze. West appeared to critical acclaim in the 2008 independent film Goodbye Solo as William.
Early life
West was born in Memphis, Tennessee, to Lois and Newton Thomas West. West was the cousin of actor 'Sonny' West. While attending high school in Tennessee, West and Sonny met with Elvis Presley.
An excellent athlete and U.S. Marine, West played football for his high school and junior college at Jones County Junior College teams and was a boxer in the Golden Gloves championships.
In 1961, West married his wife Pat Boyd. Together, they had two children.
West and Presley
Songwriting career
West collaborated with Elvis Presley on several songs in 1961 and 1962, including "That's Someone You Never Forget" and "You'll Be Gone".
"That's Someone You Never Forget" is the final track on the 1962 album Pot Luck. The song was released as a 45-rpm B-side single in 1967 and features on the Artist of the Century compilation. "You'll Be Gone" is a bonus track on the Girl Happy soundtrack LP. West co-wrote "If You Think I Don't Need You" with Joey Cooper for the motion picture Viva Las Vegas. He teamed up with Joey Cooper again on "I'm A Fool", which Ricky Nelson recorded, and which was later a hit for Dino, Desi and Billy (the partnership of Dean-Paul "Dino" Martin, Desi Arnaz Jr., and William "Billy" Hinsche).
West co wrote the song "Separate Ways" with Richard Mainegra for Elvis in 1972, and "If You Talk in Your Sleep" with Johnny Christopher for Presley's 1975 album Promised Land. Red wrote "If Every Day Was Like Christmas", recorded by Presley in 1966.
In addition to writing for Elvis, Red had songs recorded by Pat Boone, Rick Nelson, Johnny Burnette, Johnny Rivers, Dino, Desi & Billy, Petula Clark, Gary Puckett & The Union Gap, Andre Kostelanetz and His Orchestra, and Little Milton, among others.
Elvis' entourage and firing
In 1976, West was criticized in the media for his involvement in a series of heavy-handed incidents with aggressive fans in Las Vegas. He was also becoming vocal about Presley needing help for his drug problem. Elvis's father, Vernon Presley, who hated the members of his son's entourage, fired West, his cousin Sonny, and bodyguard David Hebler.
The three subsequently wrote the book Elvis: What Happened?, claiming to be an attempt to warn and obtain help for Elvis. Some suspected it was a retaliatory money-making exercise, but with Elvis' death within weeks of publication the book's claims proved accurate. Presley had offered the publisher $1,000,000 to stop printing the book.
Acting career
When Presley was making films in the 1960s in Hollywood, Red West appeared in small roles in sixteen of the star's films. During this time, West became good friends with actor Nick Adams and his physical abilities got him hired on as a stuntman on Adams' television series, The Rebel. From there, West went on to do more stunt work in film as well as developing a career as an actor in a number of motion pictures and on television. He was often on screen as a henchman in the television series The Wild Wild West.
West also played the role of Sheriff Tanner of Alcorn County, Mississippi in the 1973 film Walking Tall. He also reprised the role in the 1975 film Walking Tall Part 2.
West also played the ornery, sometimes violent Master Sergeant Andy Micklin on Baa Baa Black Sheep. He guest starred twice on the CBS hit detective series Magnum, P.I. as different characters, as five different ones on The A-Team, the Knight Rider pilot episode "Knight of the Phoenix", on The Fall Guy, Simon & Simon and in "The Once and Future King", an episode of The Twilight Zone which concerned Presley. In 1989 West appeared in the action film Road House with Patrick Swayze as Red Webster, the auto parts store owner.
West played the lead role in the 2008 independent film Goodbye Solo as William, an elderly depressed man who befriends a Senegalese man in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The film received positive reviews and critic Roger Ebert remarked that "West isn't playing himself, but he evokes his character so fully that he might as well be. West's face is a map of hard living".
His last film role was in the 2013 film Safe Haven as Roger, an elderly store clerk in Southport, North Carolina.
Death
West died on July 18, 2017, aged 81, from an aortic aneurysm, at the Baptist Hospital in his native Memphis.
His death occurred less than two months after the death of his cousin, actor Sonny West, in May 2017. His funeral and burial at Memorial Park Cemetery was held on July 24 in Memphis.
In popular culture
In John Carpenter's 1979 film Elvis, West was portrayed by Robert Gray. West was also portrayed by his son John Boyd West in the 2005 Golden Globe winning CBS mini-series Elvis.
Selected filmography
Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959) - Bearded Man at Newspaper Stand / University Student (uncredited)
Ice Palace (1960) - Train Passenger (uncredited)
Flaming Star (1960) - Indian (uncredited)
Wild in the Country (1961) - Hank Tyler (uncredited)
Blue Hawaii (1961) - Party Guest (uncredited)
Follow That Dream (1962) - Bank Guard (uncredited)
Kid Galahad (1962) - Opponent (uncredited)
Girls! Girls! Girls! (1962) - Bongo-Playing Crewman on Tuna Boat (uncredited)
Two for the Seesaw (1962) - Party Guest (uncredited)
It Happened at the World's Fair (1963) - Fred (uncredited)
Palm Springs Weekend (1963) - Card Player (uncredited)
Viva Las Vegas (1964) - Son of Lone Star State (uncredited)
Shock Treatment (1964) - Orderly (uncredited)
The Americanization of Emily (1964) - Soldier (uncredited)
Roustabout (1964) - Carnival Worker (uncredited)
John Goldfarb, Please Come Home! (1965) - Football Player (uncredited)
Girl Happy (1965) - Extra in Kit Kat Club (uncredited)
Tickle Me (1965) - Mabel's Boyfriend (uncredited)
Harum Scarum (1965) - Assassin (uncredited)
Paradise, Hawaiian Style (1966) - Rusty (uncredited)
The Navy vs. the Night Monsters (1966) - Navy Fireman (uncredited)
Spinout (1966) - Shorty's Pit Crew (uncredited)
Clambake (1967) - Ice Cream Vendor (uncredited)
Live a Little, Love a Little (1968) - Newspaper Vendor (uncredited)
Walking Tall (1973) - Sheriff Tanner
Framed (1975) - Mallory
Walking Tall Part II (1975) - Sheriff Tanner
Angel City (1980) Sud
Road House (1989) - Red Webster
Trapper County War (1989) - George
The Legend of Grizzly Adams (1990) - Bodine
Raw Nerve (1991) - Dave
Prey of the Chameleon (1992) - Pritchard
The Gun in Betty Lou's Handbag (1992) - Judge
Natural Born Killers (1994) - Cowboy Sheriff
Felony (1994) - Chief Edwards
The Expert (1995) - Judge
Her Hidden Truth (1995, TV Movie) - Fireman Leon Sykes
The P.A.C.K. (1997) - Sheriff Charlie Stone
The Rainmaker (1997) - Buddy Black
I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998) - Paulsen
Cookie's Fortune (1999) - Mr. Henderson
Above Suspicion (2000) - Officer Ward
Woman's Story (2000) - Judge Ewing
Vampires Anonymous (2003) - Tom Miller
Forty Shades of Blue (2005) - Duigan
Glory Road (2006) - Ross Moore
Goodbye Solo (2008) - William
Father of Invention (2010) - Sam Bergman
The Black Dove (2012) - Detective Randall Hayward
At Any Price (2012) - Cliff Whipple
Safe Haven (2013) - Roger
References
External links
1936 births
2017 deaths
American male film actors
American stunt performers
American male television actors
Songwriters from Tennessee
Male actors from Memphis, Tennessee
Humes High School alumni
Elvis Presley
Deaths from aortic aneurysm |
5398027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican%20College%2C%20Portstewart | Dominican College, Portstewart | Dominican College Portstewart is a grammar school in Portstewart, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. It is situated on a cliff overlooking the Atlantic Ocean with views over Portstewart's promenade, the northern coastline of Northern Ireland and the County Donegal hills in the Republic of Ireland.
History
Rock Castle was originally built by Henry O'Hara in 1834. The castle was extended in 1844 and then passed to the Crombie family before being sold to the Dominican Sisters in 1917. The Dominican College "is concerned not merely with imparting knowledge and skills, which have their place, but, more importantly with training pupils to think, to evaluate and to make decisions."
Academics
In 2018, 93.8% of its entrants achieved five or more GCSEs at grades A* to C, including the core subjects English and Maths. Also in 2018, 57.4% of its entrants to the A-level exam achieved A*-C grades.
Notable former pupils
Cathal Smyth / Chas Smash (born 1959) - Musician, Singer Songwriter in Madness
Jimeoin McKeown (born 1966) - Comedian
Sarah Travers (born 1974) - BBC journalist
Tony Wright (born 1982) - Musician, Singer Songwriter known as VerseChorusVerse
See also
Dominicans in Ireland
References
External links
School website
Grammar schools in County Londonderry
Dominican schools in the United Kingdom
Catholic secondary schools in Northern Ireland
Educational institutions established in 1917
1917 establishments in Ireland
Portstewart |
4002417 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara%20Enright | Barbara Enright | Barbara Enright is an American professional poker player, motivational speaker, and editor-in-chief of Woman Poker Player magazine, and an Ambassador of Poker League of Nations, the world's largest women's poker organization. She has won three bracelets at the World Series of Poker and has made it to the US$10,000 No-Limit Hold'em Main Event final table.
Enright was the first woman to win an open event at the World Series of Poker and the first woman to win three WSOP bracelets, and is the only female player (as of 2019) to have made it to the final table of the $10,000 buy-in main event.
Early life
Enright began playing poker at home at the age of 4, playing five card draw against her older brother. She started playing in cardrooms in 1976. Enright worked as a hairstylist, bartender, and cocktail waitress, often holding down three jobs at once to support her family. Soon she was making more money playing poker part-time than all of her jobs combined so she quit working and started playing poker for a living full-time.
Poker career
Enright is best known as the only woman to have reached the final table of the World Series of Poker (WSOP) US$10,000 no limit hold'em Main Event. She achieved this in 1995, finishing in 5th place after her pocket eights were outdrawn by a suited 6-3. She also finished in the money in the 2005 Main Event, having qualified through a $10 online satellite tournament. Enright was the first woman to win two WSOP bracelets, the first woman to win three bracelets and the first woman to win an open event at the World Series of Poker.
On July 6, 2007, Barbara Enright was inducted into the Poker Hall of Fame along with Phil Hellmuth. She was the first woman to be inducted, followed only by Linda Johnson in 2011 and Jennifer Harman in 2015. In 2008, Enright was inducted into the Women in Poker Hall of Fame, making her the only poker player to be in all three poker halls of fame including the Senior Poker Hall of Fame, the World Series of Poker Hall of Fame and the Women in Poker Hall of Fame.
Enright received the All Around Best Player Award at the 2000 Legends of Poker tournament and was awarded along with her prize money, a new PT Cruiser for her trophy. She had eight money finishes and six final tables.
She was the highest finisher among women in the Tournament of Champions of Poker held at the Orleans Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. She finished in 11th place and just missed winning a car by one player.
She also took part in the televised poker series Poker Royale: Battle of the Ages.
As of 2018, Enright's total live tournament winnings exceed $1,650,000. Her 21 cashes at the WSOP account for over $425,000 of those winnings.
Enright is in a relationship with poker player and author Max Shapiro.
World Series Of Poker Bracelets
* First female to win a bracelet in an open event
Notes
External links
Woman Poker Player magazine
American poker players
Female poker players
Living people
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Super Bowl of Poker event winners
People from Los Angeles
Year of birth missing (living people)
Poker Hall of Fame inductees |
4002422 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman%20Ali%20Nashnush | Suleiman Ali Nashnush | Suleiman Ali Nashnush (1943 – February 25, 1991) was a Libyan basketball player and actor and one of the 20 individuals in medical history to reach or surpass in height. In 1960, he successfully underwent surgery to correct his abnormal growth.
He was the tallest basketball player ever at although he was only when he played professional basketball.
Nashnush also had a small role in Federico Fellini's film Fellini Satyricon where he played the role of Tryphaena's attendant. He died on February 25, 1991.
See also
List of tallest people
References
External links
Eurobasket's TOP 50 TALLEST PLAYERS IN THE WORLD
1943 births
1991 deaths
People from Tripoli
People with gigantism
Libyan men's basketball players |
4002423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e%20Aline%20Mayrisch | Lycée Aline Mayrisch | The Lycée Aline Mayrisch is a high school in Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg. It is located on Campus Geesseknäppchen, along with several other educational institutions, most of which, including the Lycée Aline Mayrisch, is in the quarter of Hollerich, in the south-west of the city.
It is named after Aline Mayrisch: a famous women's rights campaigner, socialite, and philanthropist, President of the Luxembourgian Red Cross, and wife of industrialist Émile Mayrisch.
Footnotes
External links
School official website
Aline Mayrisch
Educational institutions established in 2001
Educational institutions in Luxembourg
2001 establishments in Luxembourg |
5398028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%20Peep%20%28Toy%20Story%29 | Bo Peep (Toy Story) | Bo Peep is a fictional character appearing in the Disney—Pixar Toy Story franchise. The character is primarily voiced by Annie Potts. She appears in the first two films as a supporting character, portrayed as a love interest to the protagonist, Sheriff Woody. After being given away prior to the events of Toy Story 3, Bo returns as a main character in Toy Story 4.
Bo Peep was created by John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, Joe Ranft, and Pete Docter for the original 1995 feature film, being based and inspired on the nursery rhyme "Little Bo-Peep". She was later re-conceived by the development team behind Toy Story 4.
The character received a generally positive reception in the first two films of the franchise, with likeness towards the side plots involving her and Woody. Bo's reception in the fourth film received praise regarding her leading role, but criticism drawn towards her new redesign, concept, and feminist personality. Her leading role in Toy Story 4 contributed to the character making live meet-and-greet appearances in Disney theme parks after the film's release.
Character design
Bo Peep was a secondary character in the first two films of the franchise, missing the main action in both of them. John Lasseter's wife Nancy considered that Jessie was a great addition to the cast in Toy Story 2, because she was perceived as a stronger character and with more substance than Bo. She has a bun for her hairstyle.
However, Bo was given a major role in Toy Story 4. Regarding the portrayal of Bo in this film, story artist Carrie Hobson explained to GameSpot that the production staff decided to redefine the character for the fourth installment, working to nail down specific personality traits and ultimately positioning her as "a character who decided she didn't just want to sit on a shelf waiting for life to happen. She learned to adapt." Stylist interviewed some members of the staff, who explained that they "were trying to create a very strong character." To reinforce that idea, we never wanted to see her hair move." Regarding her look, Kihm added: "she’s athletic, and perhaps her new outfit gives her this sense of freedom to express that athleticism."
Personality
Bo Peep is portrayed as a very flirtatious, romantic, sensible and levelheaded toy. She is depicted as gentle, ladylike, and kindhearted. She has strong feelings for Woody and cares for him, which cause her (along with Slinky) to give him the benefit of the doubt when he allegedly murders Buzz Lightyear, whom she clearly considers attractive as well, and consistently whispers to the wall her worries about where Woody could be. Despite this, she still behaves like a free spirit. She only believes what she has witnessed for herself, such as when she looks into Lenny's visor and sees Buzz riding behind Woody aboard RC, while the rest of the toys immediately take her word for it. By the time she is moved to Molly's room, she becomes more of a leader amongst her toys as she is described by Woody to be the most capable of easing Molly's cries at night which often caused great dismay to everyone.
Since she parted ways with Andy, Bo has taken on a different point of view in life. As a lost toy, she never worries about being loved by a child and is open to see the world.
Voice acting
Voice actress Annie Potts voiced the character in Toy Story, Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 4. Regarding the new portrayal of Bo in the fourth film, Potts told Glamour that Bo "is modern, independent, capable and confident. Bo is written and conceived to be inspiring as she has weathered life’s ups and downs with grace." Story supervisor Valerie LaPointe said that Potts gave this new version of Bo a deeper voice, more grit and natural charm. Directing animator Patty Kihm said: "If you look closely, you'll see cracking in her hair – this is a subtle but constant reminder to the audience that she's made of porcelain.
In the video game Toy Story Racer, Bo is voiced by Rebecca Wink.
Appearances
Toy Story
The character is introduced in Toy Story as a porcelain figurine that is a detachable component of a bedside lamp along with a three-headed-sheep belonging to Andy's younger sister Molly. Nonetheless, Andy is seen playing with her and the rest of his toys; in Andy's games of imaginative play, Bo is used as the damsel-in-distress of the stories. Bo is the protagonist Woody's romantic interest, and acts as a voice of reason for him. She is depicted as gentle, ladylike, and kindhearted. Woody is excluded from the group of toys when Buzz Lightyear starts to attract more attention, but Bo remains loyal to him rather than taunting him because of Buzz's rise in popularity. After Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window, she is one of the only toys who is skeptical to believe that Woody would have purposely harmed Buzz, even with their tumultuous start. At the end of the film, when Woody and Buzz return, she gives Woody a kiss.
Toy Story 2
Bo makes a few brief speaking cameo appearances in the beginning and the end of Toy Story 2. She continues to show her attraction to Woody, flirting with him, and also assures him that Andy will always care about him.
Toy Story 3
Bo appeared briefly in the beginning of Toy Story 3 but doesn't speak. Her cameo is in the home movies Andy's mom makes. By the time of the actual events of the film, it is revealed that Bo is one of the toys that have been given away.
Toy Story 4
In August 2015, it was revealed that Bo Peep would have a major role in Toy Story 4, with initial reports stating that the film would center on a quest by Woody and Buzz to find Bo.
The film's opening sequence reveals how Bo is separated from Woody: three years following the events of Toy Story 2 after coordinating the rescue of RC, Bo and her sheep are given away by Andy's mother, and although Woody tries to convince Bo to stay, she states that she understands that part of the cycle of a toy is being taken away. For a brief moment, Woody considers going with Bo, but changes his mind after realizing that Andy needs him.
The main plot of the film is set after Andy gives his toys away to a girl named Bonnie at the end of the third film. Bonnie takes her toys—including Forky, whom she makes herself out of a spork and some trash—on a road trip. During the road trip, Forky gets lost and Woody goes after him to retrieve him. Woody spots Bo's lamp through a window of the store, and decides to look for Bo inside. Bo is not in the store, but Woody subsequently runs into her at a carnival near the store. Bo is still with her sheep, who are revealed to be female, and mentions the name of the three heads to Woody: Billy, Goat, and Gruff. In a conversation with Woody, Bo reveals her fate and that of her sheep after being given away: she spends two years being owned by a girl who does not care much for Bo, and then in the antique store, so she decides to leave and be on her own with Billy, Goat, and Gruff. Bo changes her outfit: she takes off her dress and transforms it into a cape, wears a white bandage to fix her broken right arm and a purple bandage to fix her broken left hand, and devotes her new life to help lost toys to return to their owners.
Bo rejects both Woody's proposal to go with him and become one of Bonnie's toys, since she has embraced her life as a "lost toy", as well as his call for help to search for Forky, though she ultimately agrees to accompany him to the latter, because she acquiesces "for old time's sake", and because Woody reminded her of how much she provided to Molly Davis as a toy when Molly was scared at night. To him though, she is still gentle, ladylike, and kindhearted. Bo reveals that her arm was broken off some time ago, but she managed to re-attach it to herself using scotch tape with his help. With the assistance of some lost toys and after being joined by Buzz, Bo leads the rescue mission for Forky, who has been captured by the film's main antagonist Gabby Gabby; however, Woody rushes out to free Forky in time to return to Bonnie, who is in the store, but this results in Bo's sheep being captured by Gabby Gabby and her toy henchmen. Though Bo manages to free her sheep, they are chipped in the process. Bo refuses a second attempt to free Forky, which causes Woody to angrily question her understanding of loyalty by saying that loyalty is something she wouldn't understand since she embraced herself as a "lost toy". After listening to Giggle badmouth Woody for his loyalty, Bo then realizes that loyalty is what she loves the most from Woody, and goes back to help and to reconcile with Woody.
The group try to help Gabby Gabby be adopted by a girl named Harmony who constantly visits the antique store, but she is rejected. Bo then helps Woody in trying to reach Bonnie along with Forky and Gabby Gabby, but Gabby Gabby spots a lost girl and decides to stay with her. Bo and Woody arrive to Bonnie's rental RV, and the two of them say goodbye to each other. But Woody feels uncertain about his decision and Buzz encourages him to stay with Bo, stating Bonnie will be okay without him. and he told Jessie, Dolly and the others everything for what Woody said about Bo with her feelings after their argument. Woody then runs back to Bo and they both bid farewell to the rest of Bonnie's Toys. In the mid-credits scene, Bo and Woody are seen helping toys being won by children who attend the carnival.
Lamp Life
A short film titled Lamp Life, which reveals Bo's whereabouts between leaving and reuniting with Woody, was released on Disney+ on January 31, 2020.
Meet and Greets
In 2019 following the release of Toy Story 4, Bo Peep began meeting and greeting guests at the Disney Parks and Resorts. She is located in Fantasyland and in Toy Story Land.
Reception
Bo Peep's role in the first two films was called by Slate a "trophy for male cinematic heroism: a blond, blue-eyed, delicate, and conventionally beautiful female who existed to be rescued and to reward Woody for his heroic acts with chaste kisses." Her participation in action scenes in these films was described by The Washington Post as limited, "suggesting she was perhaps as fragile as porcelain itself."
Following her return and protagonism in Toy Story 4, Bo gained significant coverage. Describing her new look, The Telegraph says that "Wearing trousers instead of her old, pink floor-length shepherdess dress and bonnet, the new version of the Bo Peep is simply the right way to tell the story." Michael Cavna from The Washington Post wrote that "no character emerges from Pixar’s Toy Story 4 exuding a stronger sense of self than Bo", and stated that Bo's new presence in the film rises as a symbol that reflects the contributions of leading women. Inkoo Kang from Slate considers that Bo had become "the rare female character expanded in a sequel whose journey doesn’t feel secondary." Claire Corkery from The National wrote that Bo transformed "into a superhero who spearheads the many rescue missions the film series has become famous for." Josh Newis-Smith stated in Glamour that Bo "is just the empowered female Disney character we need in 2019."
However, there was negative criticism regarding Bo's new portrayal. Writer and film critic Stella Duffy said that the new portrayal of Bo is not feminist because "She’s still going to fall in love, she’s still going to have the happily ever after, that’s not feminism! It’s a woman who kicks off her skirt to reveal bloomers." Nell Frizzell from Vogue wrote that Bo changed from a "shepherdess in distress" into "badass", but considered that while movie studios (particularly Disney) have set a new distinction between damsels in distress and action heroines, all of them are slim, blond, and beautiful. Ernesto Huerta asked in Mexican newspaper Milenio if Bo's new personality responds to a need of the audience or to the political correctness that currently reigns in Hollywood. Beth Webb asked in British magazine Little White Lies: "The return of the sheep-herding heroine in Toy Story 4 signals a new chapter for the studio – but has anything changed behind the scenes?", in regards to what she considers the neglection of the female staff by animation studios, as well as John Lasseter's "missteps".
Journalist Danielle Tcholakian of GEN speculated that the Me Too movement played a role in Bo's new portrayal, noting that one producer, Jason Rivera, claimed that Bo was re-designed for the film by "Team Bo", a group of five women who deliberately excluded men from their work, and that another producer, Mark Nielsen, claimed that the movie was code-named "Peep" during development.
References
Female characters in animation
Female characters in film
Fictional amputees
Fictional dolls and dummies
Fictional lamps
Fictional shepherds
Female characters in animated films
Film characters introduced in 1995
Animated characters introduced in 1995
Toy Story characters
Fictional princesses |
5398032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism%20in%20Morocco | Protestantism in Morocco | Protestants in Morocco form a very small percentage of the total population. The largest Protestant denomination in the country is the Evangelical Church of Morocco (Eglise Evangélique au Maroc), which has links to the Reformed Church of France.
On 27 March 2010, the Moroccan magazine TelQuel stated that thousands of Moroccans had converted to Christianity. Pointing out the absence of official data, Service de presse Common Ground, cites unspecified sources that stated that about 5,000 Moroccans became Christians between 2005 and 2010. According to different estimates, there are about 25,000-45,000 Moroccan Berber or Arabized Berber descent mostly converted from Islam.
This is a list of Protestant denominations of Morocco.
Independent International (CIPC / TTC / MMC / RIC)
Assemblées de Dieu
Eglise Evangélique au Maroc
Eglise Emmanuele
Fréres Larges
Mission du Monde Arabe
Seventh-day Adventist Church
Union Evangélique Missionaire
Patricia St. John was a Protestant missionary nurse in Morocco in the post-World War II years.
References
Morocco |
5398033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayuga%20Collegian | Cayuga Collegian | The Cayuga Collegian is the official newspaper of Cayuga County Community College in Auburn, New York. The publication is operated by Cayuga Community College students serving as the editors, photographers and reporters. Mary Gelling Merritt, a media professional and professor, has served as the faculty advisor since 2000.
First published in October 1953 at Auburn Community College as the Auburn Collegian, the name was changed to the Cayuga Collegian when Cayuga County began to sponsor the college, which was then renamed Cayuga County Community College in 1975.
The newspaper won a first place award from the American Scholastic Press Association in the 2005-2006 National Newspaper Review. Under Josh Cradduck's tenure as executive editor and chairman, the newspaper was cited in the contest for introducing the use of color for the first time in 26 years, increasing the size of the paper from eight pages to 12 and expanding content.
The newspaper currently has over 45 awards to its name.
The Cayuga Collegian is a member of the Associated Collegiate Press.
Further reading
External links
Cayua Collegian
Newspapers established in 1953
Student newspapers published in New York (state)
1953 establishments in New York (state) |
4002430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Ross%20Revenge | MV Ross Revenge | MV Ross Revenge is a radio ship, the home of Radio Caroline, as well as having supported Radio Monique and various religious broadcasters. She was constructed in Bremerhaven in 1960, and initially served as a commercial trawler as part of the Ross Group fleet, notably taking part in the Cod Wars of the 1970s. Following her decommissioning, she was purchased by Radio Caroline and outfitted as a radio ship, complete with antenna mast and transmitter. Her broadcasts began on 20 August 1983; her final pirate broadcast took place in November 1990. She ran aground on the Goodwin Sands in November 1991, bringing the era of offshore pirate radio in Europe to an end. She was, however, salvaged, and is now maintained by the Caroline Support Group, a group of supporters and enthusiasts.
Service as a trawler (1960–83)
Freyr was built in Bremerhaven, Germany by Seebeck for the Icelandic government. She was registered in Reykjavik and carried the registration RE 1.
In August 1963 she was sold to Ross Trawlers and renamed Ross Revenge, registration GY 718 (home port Grimsby). In this capacity, the ship was involved in the Cod Wars of the 1970s.
Ross Revenge holds the world record for the biggest catch. In 1976 she landed a catch of 3,000 kits (approximately 218 tonnes) of Icelandic cod at Grimsby, subsequently sold for a world record price of £75,597.
After serving as a diving support ship from 1979 to 1981, she was taken to the Cairnryan breakers' yard in Cairnryan, Wigtownshire, Dumfries and Galloway on the west coast of Scotland, not Rosyth in the Firth of Forth on the Scottish east coast.
Radio Caroline (1983–1991)
While moored at the Cairnryan breakers' yard, Ross Revenge was found to be suitable for use in the Radio Caroline project. As a result, Ernst Kunz from Austria a director of Seamore Company, Liechtenstein purchased Ross Revenge for £28,500. The ship was subsequently registered in Panama to Grothan Steamship Line, SA Panama. It is worth noting that both Seamore and Grothan were influenced heavily by Ronan O'Rahilly.
In April 1981, Ross Revenge was towed from the Cairnryan breakers' yard, and arrived in Solares five days later. Come Autumn, work began on converting her into a functioning radio ship. Her transmitter mast, at above sea level, was the tallest mast ever fitted to a ship.
Early in 1982, new investors were found for Radio Caroline. Of these, the principal investor, James Ryan, was later arrested for fraud. Chains he had placed on Ross Revenge would later be removed prior to her drydocking. On 23 September, she was registered as a pleasure craft in Panama with registry number 9625-POXT, and her callsign was HP-4344. In May 1983, Caroline Communications acquired full legal ownership of Ross Revenge, whereafter she was drydocked and given a protective coating. Insurance problems regarding the lifeboats would prevent Ross Revenge from setting sail until 4 August.
Ross Revenge sets sail
At 15:00 on 4 August 1983, MV Ross Revenge set sail under the command of Captain Martin Eve. Problems with the engines forced the ship to be towed to its anchorage. On 8 August 1983, Ross Revenge dropped anchor in the Kentish Knock. The next day, a test transmission was made on some time after which Ross Revenge shifted anchorage to the Knock John Deep.
On 20 January 1984, Ross Revenge lost her anchor and drifted south onto a sand bank within British waters, and broadcasts were stopped. Broadcasts resumed two days later, at which time she had returned to her anchorage. On 3 March, a force twelve storm necessitated the dragging of the emergency anchor. A new anchor system was installed and operational two days later.
On 10 June 1987, Radio Caroline closed down for "maintenance" at 07:00; in fact, Ross Revenge sailed to a new position near South Falls Head, in anticipation of the forthcoming Territorial Sea Act that extended British territorial waters to (from ). This was announced when broadcasts resumed at 16:54 that day.
On 20 November the same year, the ship started to list to 25° due to exceedingly rough weather. Five days later, force eight storms hit the ship; transmissions ceased abruptly at 02:51. The antenna mast had broken at its base and collapsed into the sea. Other than this, the ship sustained very little damage . The next day, parts were delivered for a makeshift aerial. By 27 January, a new mast had been built, but required adjustment.
Logistics
From Radio Caroline's inception, small vessels originating from the English coast brought newspapers, discs, crew, and DJs to Ross Revenge. Diesel was brought in weekly from Nieuwpoort via Zeemeeuw, hired in 1984. During and following the "Eurosiege" of 1985, in which the Dutch naval minesweeper was anchored near Ross Revenge, the skipper of Zeemeeuw deemed it too risky to continue ferrying fuel, and so Radio Monique acquired the use of Poolster, again operating from Nieuwpoort. In 1987, they changed to using the Bellatrix, operating out of Dunkirk.
On 6 November 1988 two new aerial masts were taken out to the Ross Revenge. On 4 January 1989 were taken aboard to give the ship as much stability as possible while erecting the new transmitter masts. On 12 February the front mast had been rebuilt bar one section, and the shortwave aerial had been restored. The work on the two new masts continued until May.
Technical Details
The Ross Revenge featured 3 transmitters, a 50 kW RCA BTA-50H, serving as the ships main transmitter. A smaller 10 kW BTA-10H was also installed, originally intended to be a backup for the 50 kW, but was adopted to broadcast a second service from the ship as well. The ship's 5 kW transmitter had an interesting history on board the ship, installed at first as a source of spare parts, but then was converted to broadcast a third shortwave service. After the 1989 raid, both of the primary 50 and 10 kW transmitters suffered damage, with the 50 kW being dismantled and since the 10 kW been smashed to pieces, the 5 kW was put back into action with parts hidden during the raid, albeit on very low power. Power did eventually increase with more parts being sourced, and eventually being put up to 7.5 kW.
The ship's original electrical system was entirely DC based, with the ship having 4 main forms of electrical generation, two Deutz 6 cylinder generators producing 120 kW each, and a smaller MWM harbour generator, producing 35 kW. A shaft generator coming from the ships main engine was also used to produce electrical power. When the ship was converted to a broadcasting vessel, the need came for AC power generation, two 250 KVA generators were installed, with the two sets being swapped in and out of service every week. Usually radio ships had mismatched generators, or only 1 main one. Having 2 identical generators proved useful for maintenance, as parts could simply be swapped.
Plans were made prior to the mast collapse to install another 50 kW transmitter, so a new 500 KVA generator was brought aboard the ship, along with a new main electrical switchboard.
Armed raid
On 19 August 1989 armed representatives of the Dutch Government boarded Ross Revenge. Volans, a Dutch Water Police tugboat, contained a boarding party of about 30 armed men, including Dutch, British, French and Belgian officials. The boarding party removed studio equipment, records and tapes. The aerial array was taken down, parts of the transmitter were removed, and other components were smashed with sledgehammers.
The staff and DJs were determined to keep the station on the air despite the raid, and on 1 October the station reopened on low power, using a makeshift transmitter and new studio equipment. Broadcasts were initially on low power and the station suffered equipment failures and temporary blackouts, but over the next few months the technical hitches were ironed out and transmitter power was increased.
Abandonment and retaking
At the end of November 1990, Ross Revenge suffered a power failure, which resulted in the ship being unlit for several nights. Trinity House warned the station that the ship must be lit during the hours of darkness, to comply with maritime regulations. As Ross Revenge was low on fuel, and the main generators had failed due to disuse, a small petrol generator was being used to power the ship. During force nine storms on 10 December Ross Revenge suffered another power failure, the small petrol generator having been thrown around the deck, and the supplies of petrol having been washed over the side by waves. The crew called the station office, who in turn called the Dover Coast Guard. The coast guard contacted the ship, and a helicopter was sent out at 23:00. By 23:45 Ross Revenge was completely evacuated.
The next day the crew from the Trinity House vessel Patricia boarded Ross Revenge, checked the stores and general condition of the ship and then left. By dawn the Dover Coast Guard were reporting that Ross Revenge was abandoned. North Foreland Radio and other coastal stations issued hourly reports warning shipping vessels that Ross Revenge was unmanned and unlit. On 14 December a successful boarding attempt was made, and at approximately 11:00 Peter Chicago (main engineer) regained control of Ross Revenge. He was joined by Tony Collis, who had advised Chicago of rumours of foreign tugs on their way to claim Ross Revenge for salvage.
Ross Revenge runs aground
On 19 November 1991, storms built up across Europe. Consequently, very high seas with north easterly winds were experienced by the crew of Ross Revenge. By the early hours of the next morning force ten storms were battering Ross Revenge, and eventually the main anchoring system failed. Dover Coast Guard asked other sea traffic to confirm that the ship they were tracking was the Ross Revenge . At 03:50 Ross Revenge grounded on the Goodwin Sands. The crew contacted Dover Coast Guard and a helicopter was sent from RAF Manston, and at 04:45 the Dover tug Dextrous was on her way. At 05:35 the crew of Ross Revenge made contact with the Ramsgate lifeboat, which had also been sent by the Dover Coast Guard. At 06:58 the lifeboat became stuck on the Goodwin Sands, but her crew managed to free her. At 06:57 hours RAF Manston Sea King helicopter 166 took the crew of Ross Revenge off the ship. On 21 November, Dextrous managed to get lines on Ross Revenge and successfully pulled the radio ship off the Goodwin Sands. Ross Revenge was then towed back to the Eastern Docks at Dover.
Following the near shipwrecking, the ship has been maintained by an association of enthusiasts called the Caroline Support Group (formerly, the Ross Revenge Support Group).
In October 1993 Ross Revenge was anchored off Bradwell-On-Sea in the Blackwater Estuary in Essex, within sight of the Bradwell nuclear power station. In August 1995 Ross Revenge was towed to Clacton-on-Sea. In September the vessel was moored near Southend-on-Sea and in the middle of that month it was moored at the end of Southend Pier. On 25 September Ross Revenge was towed from Southend to the Thames Quay, West India Docks in Docklands, London by the tugs Horton and Warrior. In February 1996 the ship was towed from South quay, Docklands towards Ailsa Perth Marine's shipyard at Chatham, Kent and put into dry dock. In August 1997 MV Ross Revenge was moved to Queenbourgh, Isle of Sheppey, by the tugs Lady Morag and Lady Brenda. On 21 June 1999 the ship was towed to Southend-on-Sea Pier. The ship left Southend on 28 September under tow from the tug Horton, and was moored on the River Medway in Kent at ship berth No. 24.
On Christmas Eve 1999, MV Ross Revenge, still anchored in the River Medway, broke its moorings during high winds and ran aground on a sandbank. Two tugs were radioed by another ship moored nearby and managed to pull Ross Revenge off the bank and tow it into Sheerness harbour. The two people on board were both unhurt. Although the ship was not badly damaged, the salvage was extremely expensive. On 8 January 2000 the vessel was moved back onto the moorings at Queenborough on the Isle of Sheppey. From July 2003 Ross Revenge was moored on the River Medway at Strood/Rochester, just downstream from Rochester Bridge.
Present day
Restoration work on Ross Revenge has been ongoing. In August 2004, the vessel was used for (legitimate) Radio Caroline broadcasts on while berthed on the River Thames at Tilbury. This was funded by the UK National Lottery organisation. As is usual with Restricted Service Licence broadcasts, transmission power was restricted to one watt. Following broadcasts, she remained berthed at Tilbury, and restoration work continued on the secondary studio(Radio Monique's Former Studio), which was completely reconstructed. General restoration and refitting of the ship took place during 2004–2006, including the fitting of a new central heating boiler, improvements to the electrical system, repainting of the ship, and refurbishment of the Mess Room and Crew Quarters.
During 2013, a new transmitter mast was erected on MV Ross Revenge.
MV Ross Revenge left the River Thames at Tilbury on 31 July 2014. Her new mooring is on the Blackwater Estuary near Bradwell, Essex.
From 2015, "Radio Caroline North" has broadcast 'live' from the Ross Revenge, usually on the second or third weekend of the calendar month and on offshore music-radio anniversary dates, courtesy of Manx Radio's AM transmitter on the Isle of Man.
On 31 May 2017, MV Ross Revenge was included in the National Register of Historic Vessels. The entry states: "It is believed she is the last example of a distant water side trawler and the only remaining pirate radio ship in the world. She is significant as she remains as she was built, only with the addition of radio broadcasting equipment, which remains in place."
On Friday 22 December 2017, Radio Caroline launched a new 24 hours per day AM service on Medium Wave for Suffolk and North Essex with a series of special programmes broadcast from the Ross Revenge, however the transmitters are land-based, with the audio coming from the ships on-board studios.
See also
Ross Tiger Preserved trawler of the Ross fleet, berthed at Grimsby's National Fishing Heritage Centre
References
External links
The History of the Ross Revenge - From Design to Current Day
Ross Revenge page on Radio Caroline website.
Ross Revenge Plans
Radio ships
Maritime incidents in 1989
Maritime incidents in 1991
Ships and vessels on the National Register of Historic Vessels
Trawlers
Fishing vessels of the United Kingdom
1960 ships
Ships built in Bremen (state) |
4002444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Hearne%20%28cricketer%2C%20born%201887%29 | Thomas Hearne (cricketer, born 1887) | Thomas John Hearne (3 July 1887 – 25 May 1947) was an English first-class cricketer who played one match for Middlesex, in which he did not bat or bowl.
Career
A member of the famous Hearne cricketing family, Hearne was the son of George Francis Hearne, and the grandson of Thomas Hearne, and was related to five Test cricketers. He made his debut for the Middlesex Second XI in a match against the Kent Second XI in 1906 at Lord's, taking four wickets. Hearne was selected to play for Middlesex in a first-class match against the touring Gentlemen of Philadelphia, held at Lord's in July 1908, as a late replacement for his cousin, J. T. Hearne. Scheduled as a three-day game, the match was completed in one day, with Hearne absent for the entire match. Hearne made one further appearance for the Middlesex Second XI, in 1909 against the Kent Second XI at the Old County Ground in West Malling, but did not play any further first-class games. After the conclusion of the First World War, Hearne began playing in the Minor Counties Cricket Championship with Berkshire, representing the county in eight matches during the 1922 and 1923 cricket seasons. His best performance for Berkshire was against Cornwall in August 1922, when he took 6/44 in Cornwall's first innings and nine wickets for the match. Hearne died in Poole, Dorset, in 1947, at the age of 59.
References
1887 births
1947 deaths
Berkshire cricketers
English cricketers
Middlesex cricketers
People from Ealing |
5398045 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion%20%28chocolate%20bar%29 | Lion (chocolate bar) | Lion is a brand of chocolate bar currently owned and manufactured by Nestlé. The brand was originally introduced by British company Rowntree's in 1976 and also produces Lion Cereal.
History
Lion was first launched by Yorkshire confectionery company Rowntree's in Fawdon, Newcastle in 1976. The production of Lion bars was moved to a factory in Dijon, France when it was bought by Swiss company Nestlé in 1988.
2004–2007
In 2004, Nestlé invested £6.7 million in the relaunching of the chocolate bar across Europe in countries such as the United Kingdom, France and Germany. The campaign was suited to the target market of teenage boys which differed from Lion bar's traditional target market of 18 to 34-year-old males. As part of the campaign Nestlé and TV channel Animal Planet launched a co-branded in-store promotion in 2000 stores in the United Kingdom. The promotion included sampling designed to reach more than one million customers, as well as a TV campaign. The sampling team gave away more than 650,000 Lion bars at ten shopping centres and 20 town centre locations. Nestle brand manager David Hardwick said that following Nestle research the chocolate bar was made lighter and milkier and the caramel was made softer. The size of the wafer was also reduced and more cream and crispy bits were added. Hardwick stated that the only thing that had not changed was the recipe for the wafer.
Nestlé reduced the amount of transfat in Lion bars to meet a growing consumer trend for smaller portions and healthier eating but sales fell by 18% between 2004 and 2005. In addition, total volumes declined from 30,000 tonnes to 18,000 tonnes between 2002 and 2007 and by around 50% over the span of 10 years. In 2007, Nestlé sold its factory in Dijon to Barry Callebaut with Nestlé saying it will outsource the production to the chocolate producer who can use the existing capacity and equipment to manufacture some of its own products.
2017–present
On 20 July 2017, a lorry containing twenty-five tons of Lion bars burst into flames on the A2 road, near the junction for the Bluewater shopping centre in Kent. The fire caused traffic disruption and three of the four London-bound lanes were closed. The Kent Fire and Rescue Service said the cause of the blaze was not known and Nestlé said that the driver of the lorry was not injured.
A peanut version of Lion, branded as the "Wild Peanut Lion Bar", was introduced in October 2021. It was available exclusively in B&M for the remainder of 2021 before launching in other retailers in 2022.
Lion Cereal
Nestlé produce a spin-off breakfast cereal called "Lion Cereal" which is described as “the King of Cereals” and contains chocolate, caramel and whole grain to make it taste like the Lion chocolate bar.
In a 2004 analysis by the Consumers' Association, researchers named it the worst and most unhealthy cereal in the survey. It was found that the cereal contained 35.9 grams of sugar per 100 grams which was 18 times the recommended level of sugar with researchers saying that Nestle Lion Cereal contained as much sugar as the chocolate bar of the same name. It was also found that the cereal contained four times as much fat than recommended at 13.7 grams as well as 0.75g salt.
In 2016, researchers from the World Action on Salt and Health reported that Nestle's Lion cereal contained over two teaspoons of sugar per serving at 29 grams of sugar per 100 grams which in the survey placed the cereal only behind Frosties, Coco Pops and Crunchy Nut Cornflakes in terms of sugar.
In January 2020, Nestlé developed a perfume based on the breakfast cereal called Eau de Lion which was produced in a limited edition run of 300 bottles in France. In March 2021, Lion Cereal and Mother announced their advertising campaign called "King of the Jingle" which aimed to create a jingle for the brand. Participants had from 23 August 2021 until 2 October 2021 to enter and the eleven winners were selected by Hatik, Bilal Hassani, Ogee and Lou.
See also
List of Nestlé brands
References
External links
Rowntree's brands
Chocolate bars
Nestlé brands
Products introduced in 1976
Tyne and Wear cuisine |
4002450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Bear%20Rainforest | Great Bear Rainforest | The Great Bear Rainforest is a temperate rain forest on the Pacific coast of British Columbia, Canada comprising 6.4 million hectares. It is part of the larger Pacific temperate rainforest ecoregion, which is the largest coastal temperate rainforest in the world.
The Great Bear Rainforest was officially recognized by the Government of British Columbia in February 2016, when it announced an agreement to permanently protect 85% of the old-growth forested area from industrial logging. The forest was admitted to the Queen's Commonwealth Canopy in September of the same year.
Geography
The size of the Great Bear Rainforest, also called the North and Central Coast land use planning area or the Central and North Coast LRMP area, is roughly . As part of the 2006 North and Central Coast Land Use Decision three new land use zones were created: Protected Areas; Biodiversity, Mining, and Tourism Areas (BMTAs); and Ecosystem-based Management Operating Areas (EBMs). As of 2009, approximately of the region has been designated as protected areas (in a form called conservancies), and as BMTAs. Commercial timber harvesting and commercial hydro-electric power projects are prohibited within BMTAs.
The Great Bear Rainforest extends from the Discovery Islands in the south to the BC-Alaska boundary in the north, it includes all offshore islands within this range except Vancouver Island and the archipelago of Haida Gwaii. Its northern end reaches up Portland Canal to the vicinity of Stewart. To the south it includes Prince Rupert, most of Douglas Channel, half of Hawkesbury Island, and part of Gardner Canal. Kitimat is outside the region, to the east. Farther south, the region includes all of the coast west and south of the Fiordland Conservancy, Kitlope Heritage Conservancy Protected Area, Tweedsmuir North and Tweedsmuir South Provincial Parks—which includes Dean Channel, Burke Channel, Rivers Inlet, and the communities of Bella Bella, Bella Coola, and Hagensborg. The southern end of the region includes Knight Inlet and Bute Inlet.
Ecology
The Great Bear Rainforest is one of the largest remaining tracts of unspoiled temperate rainforest left in the world. The area is home to species such as cougars, wolves, salmon, grizzly bears, and the Kermode ("spirit") bear, a unique subspecies of the black bear, in which one in ten cubs displays a recessive white coloured coat.
The forest features 1,000-year-old western red cedar and 90-metre Sitka spruce.
Coastal temperate rainforests are characterized by their proximity to both ocean and mountains. Abundant rainfall results when the atmospheric flow of moist air off the ocean collides with mountain ranges. Much of the Pacific coastline of North America shares this climate pattern, including portions of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and Northern California.
History
Campaign for protection
In the early 1990s environmentalists launched a large scale campaign to protect the Clayoquot Sound region of Vancouver Island. After years of conflict the British Columbia government announced a ban on clear-cutting in the Clayoquot rainforests and began a local planning process that incorporated First Nations of the area and independent scientists. The Clayoquot Sound campaign became the model for the Great Bear Rainforest campaign. Techniques used at Clayoquot Sound were further developed and new approaches adopted, such as international marketing campaigns, improved mapping technologies, and the use of large-scale holistic ecosystem-based management models. In 1997 the central and northern BC coastal region was renamed "Great Bear Rainforest" by a network of ENGOs (environmental nongovernmental organizations), including Greenpeace, Sierra Club BC, Pacific Wild, and Stand.earth, for the purpose of galvanizing an international campaign for its protection. The name, which was chosen without consulting local residents, was by 2005 being used by many organizations, including news media outlets. As Maureen Gail Reed writes, "the emotive significance of such a name cannot be underestimated".
In May 2004, after years of conflict and negotiation, the various stakeholders agreed to recommend the BC government that about , about 33% of the Great Bear Rainforest, be put under some form of protection, and that new forms of ecosystem-based forestry be required throughout the rainforest. This fell short of the scientific recommendations, which had concluded that 44%–70% should be protected. The recommendation given to the BC government was a compromise solution agreed to by the many stakeholders after years of difficult negotiations. The stakeholders include provincial and local governments; many BC First Nations such as the Heiltsuk and Homalco; the ENGOs Greenpeace, ForestEthics, Rainforest Action Network, Pacific Wild, and Sierra Club BC; and forestry corporations such as Canadian Forest Products, Catalyst Paper Corporation, International Forest Products, Western Forest Products; and many others.
On 7 February 2006 a comprehensive protection package was announced for the Great Bear Rainforest, which was defined to include the central and north coasts of BC and Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands). The Great Bear Rainforest Agreement included four key elements: rainforest protection, improved logging practices, the involvement of First Nations in decision making, and conservation financing to enable economic diversification. The final agreement banned logging in 33% of the Great Bear Rainforest and made a commitment to implement ecosystem-based forestry management for the entire Great Bear Rainforest by 2009.
The 2006 agreement between the BC government and a wide coalition of conservationists, loggers, hunters, and First Nations established a series of conservancies stretching along the coast. The proposed protected areas will contain , and another that is to be run under a management plan that is expected to ensure sustainable forest management.
The Canadian government announced on 21 January 2007 that it will spend CAD$30m for protection of this rainforest. This matches a pledge made previously by the British Columbia provincial government, as well as private donations of $60 million, making the total funding for the new reserve $120 million.
In the autumn of 2008, Greenpeace, Sierra Club BC and ForestEthics (jointly known as Rainforest Solutions Project) launched an online campaign titled, "Keep the Promise," to put public pressure on Gordon Campbell, then Premier of British Columbia, to honour the Great Bear Rainforest agreement in its entirety. The groups were concerned certain aspects of the agreement, including implementation of ecosystem-based management (EBM), would not materialize in time for the government's own final implementation deadline of March 31, 2009.
Government recognition and protection
On February 1, 2016, Premier Christy Clark announced an agreement had been reached between the province of British Columbia, First Nations, environmentalists and the forestry industry to protect 85% of the 6.4 million hectare Great Bear Rainforest from industrial logging. The remaining 15% would still be subject to logging under stringent conditions. The agreement also recognizes aboriginal rights to shared decision-making, and provides a greater economic share of timber rights and $15-million in funding to 26 First Nations in the area.
The Great Bear Rainforest (Forest Management) Act was introduced by the government on March 1, 2016. In September, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, visited and unveiled a plaque in the forest acknowledging its admission into the Queen's Commonwealth Canopy.
Fuel spill
On 13 October 2016, a tugboat hauling an empty tanker barge ran aground on a reef just off the coast of Athlone Island in Seaforth Channel (). The reef was located in the traditional territorial waters of the Heiltsuk First Nation and within the larger Great Bear Rainforest. The tug leaked over 100,000 litres of diesel fuel and sank into the channel. By 26 October, the fuel tanks of the tug were emptied and about 101,131 litres of oily water was recovered. The fuel spill was the last major incident to occur in the region since BC Ferries' Queen of the North ran aground and sank off the coast of Gill Island on 21 March 2006.
Public outcry over the incident coupled with increased interest in preserving the ecological integrity of the rainforest helped to spur the passage of the Oil Tanker Moratorium Act on 21 June 2019, which prohibits any oil tanker from docking at any port along the North Coast of British Columbia.
See also
Forest Products Association of Canada
References
Further reading
External links
Take It Taller: Save The Great Bear Rainforest
Pacific temperate rainforests
Old-growth forests
Central Coast of British Columbia
Environmental issues in Canada
Forests of British Columbia |
5398050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple%20dumpling | Apple dumpling | An apple dumpling is a baked or boiled pastry-wrapped apple. To prepare apple dumplings, apples are peeled, cored and sometimes quartered and placed on a portion of dough. The hole from the core may be filled with cinnamon, butter and sugar and sometimes dried fruit such as raisins, sultanas, or currants. The dough is folded over the apples and sealed. Sometimes a spiced sauce is poured over the dumplings which are then baked until tender; the sugar and butter create a sweet sauce. Apple dumplings can be served hot, cold, or room temperature for breakfast, dessert, or as a main dish.
History
Boiled apple dumplings are among the earliest of fruit puddings. They were eaten "at all social levels". In 1726 Nicholas Amhurst complained about apple dumplings at Oxford, saying "nothing can be expected from only rot-gut small beer, and heavy apple-dumplings, but stupidity, sleepiness, and indolence." Two recipes for apple dumplings were published in Hannah Glasse's 1747 cookbook. In 1749–1750, when botanist Pehr Kalm traveled from New Jersey to Quebec, he reported having apple dumplings at every meal. In 1754 English agriculturalist William Ellis called them one of the most common foods among farmers, along with bacon and pickled pork. A print called Lesson in apple dumplings or Learning to make apple dumplings, variously attributed to British caricaturists James Gillray in 1792 or Richard Newton in 1797, shows a woman making apple dumplings, watched by a man, possibly King George III. The 1801 domestic encyclopedia Oeconomische Encyclopädie oder Allgemeines System der Land-, Haus- und Staats-Wirthschaft includes instructions for making Apfelklöße, "small apple dumplings." In 1810 English caricaturist Thomas Rowlandson created a colored etching called Puff Paste which shows a footman and cook cuddling while the cook makes apple dumplings. In 1838 American physician William Alcott in his book of advice for young wives The Young House-keeper: Or, Thoughts on Food and Cookery said that "apple dumplings are not very objectionable, except for the crust" as long as no spices were added, but goes on to say, "But why should we have the apple dumpling at all? Few would prepare it, or eat it after it was prepared, were it not for the crust, and above all, for the butter, the sauce, or the sugar added to it; but all of these are objectionable." American cookbook author Eliza Leslie included a recipe for baked apple dumplings in the 1851 edition of her cookbook, in a section called "New Receipts." In 1870 an apple dumpling dinner was given by the Bethel A.M.E. church in San Francisco. In 1879 Mark Twain included baked apple dumplings on a list of American foods "unmatched by European hotel cuisine". In 1946 George Orwell was commissioned to write an essay on British Cuisine for an overseas audience, later rejected by the British Council "amid anxiety about postwar austerity", and called out boiled apple dumplings as an example of the "greatest glories of British cookery."
Apple dumplings were Thomas Edison's favorite food. Louis Hughes, born a black slave in Virginia in 1832, recorded an account of a Fourth of July barbecue for the slaves with roasted pigs and sheep, but apple dumplings and peach cobbler were still the favorites "relished by all the slaves". A young pioneer's diary entry for July 4th, 1859 on Oregon Trail records having apple dumplings for supper that evening.
Food historian Bruce Kraig speculated that apple dumplings were popular in the United States because they were "enormously practical in a country where apples grew well and could be dried for year-round use, few individually portioned foods were available, and large boiled dinners required the least tending."
Ingredients and preparation
Apple dumplings are typically made by wrapping a pastry crust around a peeled, cored, and sometimes quartered apple, sometimes stuffing the hollow from the core with butter, sugar, sometimes dried fruits such as raisins, sultanas, or currants, and spices, sealing the pastry, and pouring a spiced sauce over the top before baking or, in the case of older recipes, boiling. The earliest recipes refer to boiling, as few homes had ovens, while many later recipes call for baking. Sauces typically call for sugar or brown sugar and butter boiled with water, sometimes with sliced lemons or spices such as cinnamon added for flavor.
Serving
Apple dumplings are served for breakfast or other meals, as sides, or as dessert. They are served hot, warm or at room temperature, sometimes with milk, cream, whipped cream, custard, or ice cream. Each dumpling is an individual serving.
Around the world
Austria
In Austria a "large, soft" apple dumpling called apfelnockerln is eaten.
Czech Republic
Fruit dumplings, including apple, called ovocné knedlíky, are popular in Czech cuisine and are eaten with quark or tvaroh cheese. They are often served as a complete meal.
Germany
Apfelklöße are a "small pudding of apples," cored and filled with jam or marmalade and sometimes raisins or nuts, wrapped in pastry, boiled, and topped with a sweetened sauce containing raisins, sugar, cinnamon, and wine, a dish known since at least 1801.
United Kingdom
In the UK a suet pastry is often used, although shortcrust is also common. In one traditional recipe described by George Orwell as "one of the best forms of suet pudding," the cavity left by removal of the core is filled with brown sugar, a suet pastry crust is applied, and the dumpling is tied tightly in cloth and then boiled.
United States
Apple dumplings are a common food in the northeastern United States, especially around Pennsylvania, where they are considered a "cultural staple". Food historians trace this type of apple dumpling back to Glasse's book. A common recipe among the Pennsylvania Dutch, it is often eaten as a breakfast item or dessert. It is sometimes served with cream, whipped cream, or ice cream.
In the US, September 17 is National Apple Dumpling Day. Annual apple dumpling festivals are held in the towns of Atwood, Illinois, Stuart, Virginia, and Sinking Spring, Pennsylvania.
Jane Cunningham Croly published a 19th-century recipe for apple dumplings contributed to Jennie June's American Cookery Book by the American poet sisters Alice Cary and Phoebe Cary:
Peel and core large greening apples, of a uniform size, and fill the cavity with clear lemon marmalade. Enclose each one in a nice paste, rolled rather thin, and draw small knitted clothes over them, which give them a very pretty effect. Tie them close and boil three quarters of an hour, or an hour, if the crust is made with suet. Serve with hard sauce, flavored with nutmeg.
Similar dishes
Other fruits, in particular plums, can also be used to make similar dumplings. In Austria dumplings stuffed with plums are called Zwetschkenknödel, and in Hungary dumplings these are called Szilvás gombóc. Slovenian cuisine includes a similar plum dumpling dish. Czech cuisine includes a dumpling filled with plums, apricots, strawberries or blueberries. Croatian cuisine includes Knedle sa šljivama, a plum dumpling with a potato dough, usually eaten as a dessert. Marillenknödel are an Austrian apricot dumpling popular in Graz.
Baked apples
Baked apples are a dish similar to baked apple dumplings but without the pastry shell. Unpeeled apples are cored and stuffed with fillings such as raisins, nuts, oatmeal, or other ingredients and spices. Variants can be served as dessert, side dish or breakfast.
See also
The Apple Dumpling Gang
Dumpling
References
American desserts
Dumplings
Pennsylvania Dutch cuisine
British desserts
Austrian desserts
Czech pastries
Apple dishes
Independence Day (United States) foods
Breakfast dishes |
5398062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leber | Leber | Leber is a surname, and may refer to:
Ben Leber - American football player
Georg Leber - German politician
Jean Michel Constant Leber - French historian
Julius Leber - German politician and resistance fighter
Theodor Leber - German ophthalmologist who first described the diseases now known as Leber's congenital amaurosis and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Titus Leber - Austrian film director
Walter Philip Leber - former Panama Canal Zone Governor
Wilhelm Leber - Chief Apostle of the New Apostolic Church
Jonathan Leber - Austrian Politician of the FPÖ
See also
Leber, Washington
Surnames |
5398094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebing | Liebing | Liebing is a German surname that may refer to:
Chris Liebing (born 1968), German techno producer and DJ
Franziska Liebing (1899–1989), Swedish actress
Otto Liebing (1891–1967), German rower who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics
Liebing is also a name of a town in Burgenland, Austria. |
5398117 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Rickman | Phil Rickman | Phil Rickman (also known under the pen names of Thom Madley and Will Kingdom) is a British author of supernatural and mystery novels.
Biography
Rickman was born in Lancashire in northern England and worked as a journalist for BBC World Service TV and BBC Radio 4. He published his first book, Candlenight, in 1991 and began his Merrily Watkins in 1998. In 2010 he began the John Dee Papers series, which focuses on the Welsh mathematician and astrologer John Dee. Rickman has also worked on several music albums based upon his books and has helped write many of the albums' songs. He has lived in Wales a large part of his life, and (as of 2020) resides together with his wife in Hay-on-Wye.
In his writing, Rickman states that he performs research into the folklore, religion, and supernatural themes in his books, citing that "If I can't believe it, it doesn't go in". He has also voiced his unhappiness over his earlier works labelling him as a horror writer, stating that he felt that the books did not fit neatly within the genre.
Bibliography
Standalone novels
Candlenight (1991)
Crybbe (Curfew in the United States) (1993)
The Man in the Moss (1994)
December (1994)
The Chalice (1997)
The Cold Calling (1998, as Will Kingdom)
Mean Spirit (2001, as Will Kingdom)
Night After Night (2014)
John Dee Papers
The Bones of Avalon (2010)
The Heresy of Dr Dee (2012)
Marco series
Marco's Pendulum (2006, as Thom Madley)
Marco and the Blade of Night (2007, as Thom Madley)
Merrily Watkins series
The Wine of Angels (1998)
Midwinter of the Spirit (1999)
A Crown of Lights (2001)
The Cure of Souls (2001)
The Lamp of the Wicked (2002)
The Prayer of the Night Shepherd (2004)
The Smile of a Ghost (2005)
The Remains of an Altar (2006)
The Fabric of Sin (2007)
To Dream of the Dead (2008)
The Secrets of Pain (2011)
The Magus of Hay (2013)
Friends of the Dusk (2015)
All of a Winter's Night (2017)
The Fever of the World (2022)
Short stories
The House of Susan Lulham - was first published in the Oxfam "Oxcrimes" anthology (May 2014). In December 2014, an extended version which is "five times as long" was published for Kindle.
Non-fiction
Merrily's Border: The Places in Herefordshire & the Marches Behind the Merrily Watkins Novels (with photographer John Mason) (2009)
Discography
Songs from Lucy's Cottage (2009, by Lol Robinson and Hazey Jane II)
A Message from the Morning (2010, by Lol Robinson and Hazey Jane II)
Abbey Tapes: the Exorcism (2011, by Philosopher's Stone, based upon the novel December)
Television
The second Merrily book Midwinter of the Spirit (which is the first "Exorcism" story) has been made into a three-part TV drama by ITV. The Cast includes Anna Maxwell-Martin as Merrily, Sally Messham as Jane, and David Threlfall as Huw Owen. It was released in late 2015.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Anglo-Welsh novelists
British fantasy writers
British horror writers
British mystery writers |
4002453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Scottish%20counties%20by%20highest%20point | List of Scottish counties by highest point | This is a list of the 33 counties of Scotland by their highest point.
See also
List of counties of Scotland 1890–1975
References
www.hill-bagging.co.uk
Highest point
Counties
Scottish counties |
4002456 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westonbirt%20House | Westonbirt House | Westonbirt House is a country house in Gloucestershire, England, about southwest of the town of Tetbury. It belonged to the Holford family from 1665 until 1926. The first house on the site was an Elizabethan manor house. The Holfords replaced it first with a Georgian house, and then Robert Stayner Holford, who inherited Westonbirt in 1839, replaced that house between 1863 and 1870 with the present mansion which was designed by Lewis Vulliamy. He also remodelled the gardens, diverted the main road and relocated the villagers.
The house is constructed of high quality ashlar masonry on a grand scale. The exterior is in an Elizabethan style, with a symmetrical main block and asymmetric wings, one of them containing a conservatory. The interiors are in a sumptuous classical style. The house was fitted with the latest technology such as gas lighting, central heating, fireproof construction and iron roofs. It is now a Grade I listed building.
Extensive formal terrace gardens were created around the house and of ornamental woodlands were planted in the 19th century. Since 1928, the house has been occupied by Westonbirt School boarding school, except during World War II when it was requisitioned by the Air Ministry. Westonbirt House is open to the public on certain days, and the gardens are open more frequently. The house is also licensed to hold civil ceremonies and is used as a wedding venue.
Robert Stayner Holford and Mary Anne Holford
Robert was born in 1808 to George Peter Holford and Anne Holford who was the daughter of Reverend Averell Daniell of Lifford, County Donegal, Ireland. George inherited a mansion at Westonbirt from his father; this was the original manor which had been erected in the reign of Elizabeth or the early part of the time of James I. This house was demolished by George in 1818 and a new house built in 1823.
In 1829 at the age of 21, Robert graduated from Oriel College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts Degree. In the same year the arboretum on the Westonbirt Estate was commenced and Robert played a significant role in this project. In 1838 he inherited his uncle's fortune of over one million pounds. In the following year his father died and he became the owner of Westonbirt House. He was a keen lover of art and literature and his enormous wealth now allowed him to indulge this interest. He began collecting paintings and books for what was to become the famous "Holford Collection". To accommodate this collection he built Dorchester House in Park Lane, London between 1851 and 1853 where he employed Lewis Vulliamy as the architect.
During this time he became a Magistrate for Gloucester and Wilts and in 1843 was the High Sheriff of Wiltshire. In December 1854 he was first elected as the Member of Parliament for Gloucestershire East. In August 1854, at the age of 46, he married Mary Anne Lindsay who was the 25-year-old daughter of Lieutenant-General James Lindsay.
Between 1863 and 1870, Robert built the present Westonbirt house, which was reputed to be one of the most expensive houses constructed in the Victorian era.
Robert continued his work as a member of parliament until 1872 when he retired. He continued to collect plants for the garden at Westonbirt House and also for the arboretum. His son George also developed an interest in gardens and plants and assisted his father with this work.
After Robert's retirement, the couple spent time at both Westonbirt and Dorchester House. In 1875 Charles Gayard, a French diplomat, visited Westonbirt and gave an account of his experience as follows.
This morning I have lost no time. Sometimes Mrs Holford, sometimes Evy, took me about the house, which surpasses in magnificence any that you know. There is a hall, a sort of conservatory three stories high, something like the great apartments of Louis XIV. The most original room in the house is the one painted by Mrs Holford, in a bizarre fanciful style, something between Delacroix landscape and Rouen pottery.
After luncheon my friends took me on a pony chaise, across the beauties of the park to the keeper's lodge. I saw conservatories without end, then a lake, a bit of a wild, heaps of rocks that it seems have been newly brought there. And the lake too is a thing of yesterday. The pheasants were so thick we fairly trod on them. At last we reached the Head-keepers's lodge, and saw a pack of thirty spaniels with legs short enough to make the rabbits dance for joy.
The garden at Westonbirt House and the Arboretum continued to expand and in 1886 an extensive article was written about it in The Garden. This said that "Mr Holford's aim has been to create variety without confusion, informality and picturesqueness without losing sight of that polish in the vicinity of the mansion which must always be regarded as in accordance with correct taste."
In February 1892, Robert died at Dorchester House.
Sir George Holford and Lady Holford
George was the only son of Robert and Mary Holford. In 1873 he went to Eton and was there for four years. At the age of 20 in 1880 George obtained a commission with the 1st Life Guards, where he remained for almost 30 years. He was closely associated with royalty and court life, and from 1888 to 1892 he was equerry to Prince Albert, Duke of Clarence.
When Robert Holford died in 1892, George inherited Westonbirt House and Arboretum. He also inherited Dorchester House in London and the art and book collection that were housed within it. He did not have his father's interest in art and books but he did have a passion for gardens and orchids so he devoted much of his time to his property at Westonbirt. The Times made the following comment about him.
He was indeed, one of the most successful amateur gardeners of the time, and though famous as a grower of orchids, amaryllids and Javanese rhododendrons, his garden and estate show a wide catholicity of taste. The arrangement of the many rare and exotic trees there and the skilful use of evergreen species as background and to provide the shelter so needful in a cold district like the Cotswolds, have rarely been equalled; there is no crowding of the trees; each is able to show its true form and all have been well cared for. On few estates has the autumnal colouring of deciduous tress been so cleverly used by harmony and contrast, as, for instance, in the planting of Norway maples and glaucous Atlantic cedars.
Country Life magazine wrote extensive articles about Westonbirt Gardens and Arboretum in 1905 and again in 1907 when George was the owner of the estate. They outlined in detail the beauty of the gardens and made the comment.
Captain Holford has carried on the work in the same spirit and with the same tradition (as his father) and Westonbirt is now more luxuriant and more beautiful than the late Mr Holford ever knew it. The gardens have been planted not to give an effect for one season only but to be invested with beauty at every time of the year.
Although he was always considered an eligible bachelor, George did not marry until late in life and had no children. In 1912 he married the recently widowed Susannah Menzies, the eldest child of Arthur and Mary Wilson. The Wilsons were a wealthy family who had made their money from a shipping line.
In 1926 George Holford died, having suffered for some time with emphysema. As he did not have any heirs his property passed to his blood relatives in accordance with the will of his father. The main part of the estate went to George's nephew the 4th Earl of Morley. However, Susannah was well provided for as George left her his personal goods such as jewellery and furniture and a large annuity of £10,000 per annum. Susannah remained at Westonbirt until it was sold in 1927, when she moved to London.
Arboretum
Robert Stayner Holford, the rebuilder of Westonbirt, also founded the Westonbirt Arboretum on former common downland across the road from the house, a mile away. The arboretum was developed over the next few decades by him and his son Sir George Lindsay Holford. Since the younger Holford did not have children, the house and arboretum passed to his eldest sister's son the 4th Earl of Morley, who sold the house by 1928. The family gave the arboretum to the nation in 1956.<ref>Christopher Stocks. "Gardens: Log On" , The Independent on Sunday, 22 May 2005.</ref>
The estate today
The gardens and surrounding parkland, together with the arboretum, were listed Grade I on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in 1986.
Westonbirt School and its preparatory school are on the site. The school's leisure centre and golf course can be accessed by the public.
Westonbirt Arboretum is managed by Forestry England and is open to the public on a regular basis.
References
Sources
Mark Girouard, The Victorian Country House (1979)
Nicholas Mander, Country Houses of the Cotswolds (Aurum Press, 2008)
External links
Holford Trust
Westonbirt House listing – architectural details
An online copy of the relevant section of A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 11 (1976).
Weston Birt described in Views of the seats of noblemen and gentlemen in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland'', Second Series, Volume III, by John Preston Neale, 1826
Country houses in Gloucestershire
Grade I listed houses in Gloucestershire
Jacobethan architecture
Houses completed in 1870
Lewis Vulliamy buildings
Grade I listed parks and gardens in Gloucestershire
Cotswold District |
5398124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashma%20Nuclear%20Power%20Plant | Chashma Nuclear Power Plant | The Chashma Nuclear Power Plant (or CHASNUPP), is a large commercial nuclear power plant located in the vicinities of Chashma colony and Kundian in Punjab in Pakistan.
Officially known as Chashma Nuclear Power Complex, the nuclear power plant is generating energy for industrial usage with four nuclear reactors with one being in construction phase in cooperation with the China. The power site is covered under the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) monitoring and safeguards which also provide funding for the site expansion. Planning of the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant took place with France in 1973 but the site was completed with China's joining the project, and later providing the reactor in 1993.
With growing demands of energy that was recognized in November 2006, the IAEA approved an agreement with Pakistan for new nuclear power plants to be built in the country with Chinese assistance when its Board of Governors of unanimously approved the safeguards agreement for any future Nuclear Power Plants that Pakistan will be constructing.
History
Planning and design phase of the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant began in 1973–75 by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) with its chairman, Munir Ahmad Khan, selecting the Chashma Lake as its potential site. In 1974, Bhutto administration entered in negotiation over the supply of the nuclear power plant with France, presenting the initial design by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, and signed a contract with France's Commissariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA) to provide funding of the nuclear power plant and a separate plutonium production facility in Khushab.
Negotiations over the supply of commercial nuclear power plant became controversial and further complicated after India's nuclear test, 'Smiling Buddha', conducted in 1974. In February 1976, French government began to show increased concern over the export of technology and Bhutto administration eventually suggested to sign a safeguard agreement which would brought the nuclear power plant under International Atomic Energy Agency's watch. The French government agreed on this proposal and eventually signed a safeguard agreement with Bhutto administration on 18 March 1976.
Despite the IAEA safeguard agreement and Zia administration's asking of CEA to fulfill the Chashma contract, France eventually halted the funding and ejected from the project in 1978.
In 1980, Pakistan discussed funding of the nuclear power plant with China, and Pakistan begin the construction of the nuclear power plant in 1982–83. This 900 MW nuclear power plant received US$1.2 Bn funding from the Zia administration to lessen the dependence on energy infrastructure depended on Saudi oil aid and oil imports from UAE. In 1984–85, Pakistan reached out to Soviet Union over the funding of the project which the Russians were receptive of the offer but decided against participating in the project.
In 1986, Pakistan eventually entered in understanding with China when it signed an agreement on peaceful usage of commercial nuclear power technology. In 1989, China announced to sell of the reactor but the nuclear power plant did not operationalise due the PAEC scientists and engineers, who eventually designed the reactor based on CNP-300 in China, and had to conduct several lengthy testing and pass PAEC required regulation phases, since China did not have the experience to sustain such a large and highly complex project— the experience Pakistan learned from running the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant.
In 1990, the discussion over the funding of nuclear power plant was again held with France, which the French government agreed upon supplying a nuclear power reactor but later decided against it due to financial funding. In 1992, Pakistan eventually signed an agreement with China and construction of the nuclear power plant site begin in 1993 with China and Pakistan financing US$900 Mn for this project.
In 2000, the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant became operational when it joined the nation's grid system with China National Nuclear Corporation overseeing the grid connections of the power plant. In 2004, the China National Nuclear Corporation was awarded contract for building a second unit based on the first reactor, followed by contracting for two more reactors in 2011.
Reactor technology
C1 and C2
The first reactor unit, C1, is a 300-MW two-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR), using between 2.4—3.0% low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel. Its design is based on the Chinese CNP-300 reactor with PAEC scientists and engineers designed in China with their nation's standards and regulations. It is the first Chinese export of a nuclear power plant. The reactor has a thermal capacity of 999 MW and a gross electrical capacity of 325 MW, with a net output of about 300 MW. Since its commissioning in 2000, the reactor has been kept at 90.3% capacity factor, generating 2,335.5 GW-h of electricity as of 2019. The first reactor unit went on critical phase on 2 May 2000 and joined the nation's electricity grid system on 12 June 2000; it commenced its official operations on 14 September 2000.
After the first reactor unit, the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA) refrained the PAEC to start working on the second unit right away because the agency wanted to monitor the nuclear reactor for its safety and performances for at least 3-years— first year and half for nominal power and rest of the time at full power as this is the most critical phase.
In May 2004, the Nuclear Regulatory Authority allowed the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission to sign the contract with the China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) to start the work on the second reactor, CHASNUPP-II, which would be modeled as similar to CHASNUPP-I design. The construction of the second unit start on 27 December 2005 and achieved its critical phase on 21 February 2011. The CHASNUPP-IIjoined the nation's electricity grid system on 13 March 2011 and commenced its official operations on 17 May 2011.
The second unit, C2, is also a CNP-300 reactor with nominal difference of generating a gross electrical capacity of 325 MWe with a net output of about 300 MW. The reactor was designed and built in Pakistan with local industry's participation. Pakistani administration eventually financed the commercial nuclear power plant for industrial usage and reportedly contracted Chinese National Nuclear Corp. for overseeing the second unit to be installed, which was officially inaugurated on 10 May 2011 by former Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani. The Pakistani government provided finance of US$860 Mn, with Chinese banks loaning the nation US$350 Mn.
C3 and C4
On 28 April 2009, a general engineering and design contract for third and fourth units were signed with Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute at the cost of US$2.37 Bn. Construction of CHASNUPP-III begin on 28 May 2011 and it went on its critical phase on 1 August 2016. The CHASNUPP-III joined the nation's electricity grid system on 15 October 2016 and commenced its operations on 6 December 2016. The CHASNUPP-III is a 315-MW two-loop pressurized water reactor (PWR), using between 2.4—3.0% low-enriched uranium (LEU) fuel with a gross capacity of 340 MW.
The CHASNUPP-IV is also a CNP-300 type and is a 315-MW two-loop pressurized reactor with a gross capacity of 340 MW. Construction of the fourth reactor started on 18 December 2011 and it went critical on 15 March 2017. The CHASNUPP-IV was connected to nation's grid system on 25 June 2017, and commenced its operations on 19 September 2017.
C5
In March 2013, Pakistan and China agreed to build a fifth unit at the Chashma nuclear power plant site, eventually signing an agreement on 27 November 2017. It will be an Hualong One reactor. China National Nuclear Corporation and the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission had signed a cooperation agreement for the construction of a 1,100 MW Hualong One nuclear reactor at the Chashma nuclear power plant in Punjab province in Pakistan.
Corporate management
The Chashma Nuclear Power Plant site is owned by the Nuclear Regulatory Authority and is subjected to safeguards and monitoring provided under the International Atomic Energy Agency. The China-Pakistan Power Plant Corp. is an energy contractor that manages the on site operations of the nuclear power plant on behalf of Nuclear Regulatory Authority. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission has the responsibility of running the overall operations of the nuclear power plant including computerized machinery, plant stimulators, and manufacturing of fuel bundles, producing fuel cycle, manufacturing tools, and employing of computers.
Training opportunities
Since 2000, the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant offers training programs and certification in engineering and health physics. Its training centre is known as "CHASNUPP Centre of Nuclear Training" (or CHASCENT) offers a one-year postgraduate training program in engineering and a one-year post-diploma training program in health physics. The facility is equipped with a full-scope training simulator, laboratories, a library, a physical models house, and an auditorium.
The simulator is used for providing training to the nuclear power plant operators. Apart from training nuclear plant operators the centre offers various engineering programs at diploma and degree levels.
See also
Nuclear power in Pakistan
Nuclear power in China
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority
China Atomic Energy Authority
China National Nuclear Corporation
References
External links
Groundbreaking of Chasnupp-2 Pakistan on Friday, Pakistan Times Federal Bureau Report.
State Nuclear Power Technology Corporation (parent company of SNERDI)
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Nawaz Sharif administration |
4002473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaton%2C%20Newcastle%20upon%20Tyne | Heaton, Newcastle upon Tyne | Heaton is a district and suburb in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, England, east of the city centre. It is bordered by the neighbouring areas of Walkergate to the east, Jesmond to the north west, Byker to the south, and Sandyford to the west. The name Heaton means high town, referring to the area "being situated on hills above the Ouseburn, a tributary of the River Tyne." The area is divided into South Heaton, and High Heaton, representing the north, respectively. For city council elections, the area is split between three wards: Heaton, Manor Park and Ouseburn.
History
In the 12th century Heaton became part of the Barony of Ellingham granted by Henry I to Nicholas de Grenville. King John stayed in the castle at Heaton (the remains of which can still be seen in Heaton Park) on a number of occasions. In the 17th century the Heaton estate was purchased by Henry Babington who was knighted at Heaton Hall by James I on 1 May 1617.
By the 18th century, Heaton was a coal mining area with many of its collieries owned by Matthew White and Richard Ridley, then by his son Matthew Ridley. The Heaton estate was broken up in 1835 when the area became part of Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1841 much of the land in Heaton was owned by Armorer Donkin, who on his death in 1851 bequeathed it to his business partner, the industrialist Sir William Armstrong.
In 1879, the corporation acquired part of the Heaton Hall estate, which was then laid out as Heaton Park, and Sir William Armstrong donated Armstrong Park and Jesmond Dene to the city. The three parks run into each other to form a green corridor through east Newcastle.
Geography
A distinction is often made between High Heaton, and the rest of Heaton, although both technically fall within Heaton. The rest of Heaton is sometimes referred to as South Heaton, although the term has not been seen used in official city council documents.
Notable landmarks in Heaton include the Wills Building, which was originally constructed in 1946-50 as a cigarette factory and was redeveloped in 1999 as luxury apartments.
Governance
For the purposes of city council elections, Heaton was divided into two electoral wards, North Heaton and South Heaton.
However, boundary changes to all wards in Newcastle upon Tyne were implemented at the city council elections in May 2018, with the majority of Heaton now falling in the Heaton ward, and High Heaton in the Manor Park ward. A small part of Heaton, close to Shields Road, falls within the Ouseburn ward. All city council wards are represented by three councillors.
For Parliamentary elections, Heaton is within the Newcastle East constitutency.
Demography
Heaton is a mixed working class and middle class area. In recent years it has become a popular residence for many students attending the city's two universities, Newcastle University and Northumbria University. Rent and property prices are generally lower than in the neighbouring areas of Jesmond and Sandyford, but higher than in Byker.
Economy
During the 19th century, the building of the railways saw a line pass through Heaton, now the East Coast Main Line. Heaton also has a major rail depot. Heaton became the location of Sir Charles Parsons engineering works producing turbines which was founded in 1889.
Third Avenue was the birthplace of the Ringtons Tea business.
The main commercial street in Heaton is Chillingham Road which benefits from local amenities including two small supermarkets, a number of small shops and newsagents, hairdressers, takeaways, cafes, restaurants and public houses. Heaton Road is also becoming a notable commercial street.
Education
Heaton has a large secondary school, Heaton Manor School, recently renamed Jesmond Park Academy, although many children in Heaton attend Benfield School, located on the Heaton/Walkergate boundary. There are also a number of primary schools spread over the area: Ravenswood Primary School, Chillingham Road Primary School, Hotspur Primary School and St. Theresa's Primary School.
Despite austerity, Heaton retains an autism-friendly library in High Heaton with 3-hour computer access and a range of fiction and non-fiction books available.
Sport
Heaton was home to Newcastle United under their previous name, Newcastle East End F.C., between 1886 and 1892. East End played at the Heaton Junction Ground on Chillingham Road before moving to St James' Park.
Two Northern League football clubs play in areas neighboring Heaton. Heaton Stannington F.C. play in High Heaton, while Newcastle Benfield F.C. play next door to Benfield School.
Heaton is also home to amateur rugby football club Medicals RFC, based in Cartington Terrace.
Religion
Heaton is home to RC and CofE churches, and the Heaton Mosque and Islamic Centre.
Transport
Heaton was originally served by Heaton railway station, which was on the main line from Newcastle Central to Edinburgh Waverley. The station was closed on 11 August 1980, when the Tyne & Wear Metro system opened. Heaton is now served by the Chillingham Road Metro station, and Byker Metro station which is closer for some in South Heaton. Heaton is also served by a variety of bus routes, including routes 1, 62 and 63, which link Heaton to Newcastle City Centre and areas in the west of Newcastle.
Healthcare
Heaton Road Surgery was graded 'outstanding' in 2015 by the Care Quality Commission. The Freeman Hospital, Newcastle's second largest major hospital, is in High Heaton.
Notable people
Ove Arup (1895-1988), chief engineer of the Sydney Opera House, was born and raised in Heaton.
Jack Common (1903–68), left-wing political scientist and sociologist, author of 'Kiddar's Luck' and 'The Ampersand', was born and brought up at Number 44 Third Avenue, Heaton and attended Chillingham Road Primary School; his novels give a vivid portrait of the area in the early 20th century. Common was later to model for the bust of Karl Marx that tops Marx's tomb in Highgate Cemetery, London.
Chas Chandler (1938–96), bassist for The Animals and manager of the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Slade. It is reputed that Jimi Hendrix himself busked on Chillingham Road during his time living with Chas in Heaton at 35 Second Avenue.
Chris Donald and Simon Donald, founders of Viz magazine, lived and attended school in Heaton.
Cheryl Cole, former member of pop group Girls Aloud, was born in Heaton on 30 June 1983 and lived there until the mid-1990s when she moved to nearby Walker.
References
External links
Photos of the area from Geograph
Heaton
Explore Heaton
Kay's Geography: Heaton page
Heaton (North and South)
Wards of Newcastle upon Tyne |
5398131 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated%20total%20reflectance | Attenuated total reflectance | Attenuated total reflection (ATR) is a sampling technique used in conjunction with infrared spectroscopy which enables samples to be examined directly in the solid or liquid state without further preparation.
ATR uses a property of total internal reflection resulting in an evanescent wave. A beam of infrared light is passed through the ATR crystal in such a way that it reflects at least once off the internal surface in contact with the sample. This reflection forms the evanescent wave which extends into the sample. The penetration depth into the sample is typically between 0.5 and 2 micrometres, with the exact value determined by the wavelength of light, the angle of incidence and the indices of refraction for the ATR crystal and the medium being probed. The number of reflections may be varied by varying the angle of incidence. The beam is then collected by a detector as it exits the crystal. Most modern infrared spectrometers can be converted to characterise samples via ATR by mounting the ATR accessory in the spectrometer's sample compartment. The accessibility, rapid sample turnaround and ease of ATR-FTIR has led to substantial use by the scientific community.
This evanescent effect only works if the crystal is made of an optical material with a higher refractive index than the sample being studied. Otherwise light is lost to the sample. In the case of a liquid sample, pouring a shallow amount over the surface of the crystal is sufficient. In the case of a solid sample, samples are firmly clamped to ensure good contact is made and to remove trapped air that would reduce signal intensity. The signal to noise ratio obtained depends on the number of reflections but also on the total length of the optical light path which dampens the intensity. Therefore, a general claim that more reflections give better sensitivity cannot be made.
Typical materials for ATR crystals include germanium, KRS-5 and zinc selenide, while silicon is ideal for use in the Far-IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The excellent mechanical properties of diamond make it an ideal material for ATR, particularly when studying very hard solids, although the broad diamond phonon band between 2600 and 1900 cm−1 significantly decreases signal to noise in this region. The shape of the crystal depends on the type of spectrometer and nature of the sample. With dispersive spectrometers, the crystal is a rectangular slab with chamfered edges, seen in cross-section in the illustrations. Other geometries use prisms, half-spheres, or thin sheets.
Applications
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy by ATR is applicable to the same chemical or biological systems as the transmission method. One advantage of ATR-IR over transmission-IR is the limited path length into the sample. This avoids the problem of strong attenuation of the IR signal in highly absorbing media such as aqueous solutions. For ultraviolet or visible light (UV/Vis) the evanescent light path is sufficiently short such that interaction with the sample is decreased with wavelength. For optically dense samples, this may allow for measurements with UV. Also, as no light path has to be established single shaft probes are used for process monitoring and are applicable in both the near and mid infrared spectrum.
Recently, ATR-IR has been applied to microfluidic flows of aqueous solutions by engineering microreactors with built-in apertures for the ATR crystal, allowing the flow within microchannels to pass across the crystal surface for characterisation, or in dedicated flow cells. The ability to passively characterise samples, with no sample preparation has also led to the use of ATR-FTIR in studying trace evidence in forensic science.
ATR-FTIR is also used as a tool in pharmacological research to investigate protein/pharmaceutical interactions in detail. Water-soluble proteins to be investigated require Polyhistidine-tags, allowing the macromolecule to be anchored to a lipid bilayer, which is attached to a Germanium crystal or other suitable optical media. Internal reflection with and without applied pharmaceutical or ligand will produce difference spectra to study conformational changes of the proteins upon binding.
See also
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
Surface plasmon resonance
Sources
Bibliography
Scientific techniques
Infrared spectroscopy |
5398142 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%20c%27est%20parti... | Et c'est parti... | "Et c'est parti..." is a song recorded by the France-born R&B singer Nâdiya, featuring the English rapper Smartzee. The song was released as the second single off her 2004 second studio album 16/9 in June 2004. It was the first single she released outside of the usual France and Switzerland, and achieved success.
Chart performance
Europe-wide, it's her best-selling single, being the only one that charted in the Netherlands. The single went straight to number one in Belgium, number five in France and number twenty-one in both Switzerland and the Netherlands.
"Et c'est parti..." was certified silver three months after its release by SNEP, for selling over 125,000 copies in France. On a website of Smartzee, they mentioned that there were over 500,000 copies sold worldwide. The single peaked at number thirty (#30) in the 2004 French singles year end chart, eight places behind former single "Parle-moi" (#22).
Track listings
CD single (12:47)
"Et c'est parti..." (radio edit) — 3:53
"Space" (album version) — 4:50
"Parle-moi" (karaoke version) — 4:04
CD maxi (17:41)
"Et c'est parti..." (radio edit) — 3:53
"Et c'est parti..." (6Mondini remix) — 4:59
"Parle-moi" (6Mondini remix) — 5:00
"Et c'est parti..." (instrumental) — 3:49
7" maxi
A-side:
"Et c'est parti..." (6Mondini mix)
"Et c'est parti..." (tek mix by 6Mondini)
B-side:
"Et c'est parti..." (radio edit)
"Et c'est parti..." (instrumental)
CD single - Promo
"Et c'est parti..." (radio edit) — 3:53
Versions and remixes
Album version
Radio edit
Instrumental
6Mondini remix
Tek mix
Certifications
Charts
Peak positions
Year-end charts
References
2004 singles
Nâdiya songs
Ultratop 50 Singles (Flanders) number-one singles
Songs written by Thierry Gronfier
2004 songs
pt:Et c'est parti... |
5398150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Allan%20%28radio%20executive%29 | Andrew Allan (radio executive) | Andrew Edward Fairbairn Allan (1907–1974), born in Arbroath, Scotland, was the national head of CBC Radio Drama from 1943 to 1955. He oversaw the work of some of the finest talents of the day—writers and actors such as Lister Sinclair, Mavor Moore, W. O. Mitchell, Jane Mallett, John Drainie, Barry Morse, Christopher Plummer, James Doohan, and many others.
Allan attempted to make the transition to television in the 1950s, but never matched the extraordinary success he'd reached in the medium of radio. He later became the first Artistic Director of the Shaw Festival (1963–65) and was a prolific freelance writer and guest commentator on CBC Radio and Television until his death.
Allan's office chair from his tenure as head of CBC Radio Drama, an old wooden armchair, is an icon at CBC Radio's Toronto headquarters. It sits on a pedestal outside of the drama recording studio and is handed down from one head of drama to the next.
In September 1939, Allan, traveling with his fiancée, American-Canadian actress Judith Evelyn, from Saskatchewan, was a survivor of the torpedoing of the SS Athenia.
External links
Canadian Theatre Encyclopedia
Canadian Communications Foundation
Radio Drama's Irascible and Troubled Prince
Dictionary of Literary Biography on Andrew (Edward Fairbairn) Allan
Andrew Allan – A Self Portrait - Autobiography and Essays WorldCat.org
Andrew Allan fonds (R5618) at Library and Archives Canada
Canadian radio executives
People from Arbroath
1907 births
1974 deaths
Canadian artistic directors
Canadian theatre directors |
5398163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina%20Ravera | Gina Ravera | Gina Ravera (born May 20, 1966) is an American actress. She has appeared in the films Showgirls (1995), Soul Food (1997), Kiss the Girls (1997), and The Great Debaters (2007). She co-starred as detective Irene Daniels in the TNT crime drama series The Closer (2005-2009).
Life and career
Ravera was born in San Francisco, California. She is of mixed African-American and Puerto Rican heritage. She is a classically trained dancer.
In the early 1990s, Ravera began appearing in guest-starring roles on television shows, including The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Melrose Place, and Star Trek: The Next Generation. During 1993-94, she was a cast member of the CBS crime series Silk Stalkings. In films, she had a starring role in the 1995 erotic drama Showgirls, directed by Paul Verhoeven, and in 1997 appeared in the comedy-drama Soul Food. Ravera later went to television, appearing in TV films of the week and in series guest roles and regular roles. She was a regular cast member of Time of Your Life, a spin-off series of Fox's popular teen drama Party of Five, from 1999 to 2001.
From 2005 to 2009, Ravera played Irene Daniels during the first four seasons of the TNT crime drama series The Closer and was the only regular cast member to leave the series during its run. From 2006 to 2008, she also had a recurring role on ER and in 2007, she played Denzel Washington's wife in the biographical film The Great Debaters.
Filmography
Film
Television
Awards and nominations
References
External links
1966 births
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses
Actresses from California
American people of Puerto Rican descent
Living people
Actresses from San Francisco
American television actresses
African-American actresses
American film actresses
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American people
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American people |
5398179 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzappel | Holzappel | Holzappel is a municipality in the Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, with a population in 2006 of 1100.
Holzappel was a county and state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1643 until 1714. It was founded by Peter Melander, an imperial field marshal during the Thirty Years' War. In 1714, it was inherited by Anhalt-Bernburg.
See also
County of Holzappel
References
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis
Duchy of Nassau |
5398206 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon%20Striker | Gideon Striker | Gideon Striker (c. 1825 – October 6, 1886) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented Prince Edward in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal member from 1872 to 1883.
He was born in Prince Edward County circa 1825 and educated in Picton. He was a druggist and sold groceries as well. Striker also served as reeve of Picton, warden for the county and lieutenant-colonel in the local militia. He was elected in 1871 to the provincial assembly but the election was declared invalid; he lost the subsequent by-election to James Simeon McCuaig but was declared elected later in 1872. He died suddenly in Montreal in 1886.
References
External links
The Canadian parliamentary companion, 1883, JA Gemmill
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
People from Prince Edward County, Ontario
1825 births
1886 deaths |
5398220 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudian%20pound | Bermudian pound | The pound was the currency of Bermuda until 1970. It was equivalent to sterling, alongside which it circulated, and was similarly divided into 20 shillings each of 12 pence. Bermuda decimalised in 1970, replacing the pound with the Bermudian dollar at a rate of $1 = 8s.4d. (i.e., $1 = 100d), equal to the US dollar.
Coins
The first Bermudian currency issue was the so-called "hogge money", 2d, 3d and 6d, and 1/– coins issued between 1612 and 1624. Their name derives from the appearance of a pig on the obverse. At this time, Bermuda was known as Somers Island (which is still an official name) and this name appears on the coins. The next coins to be issued were copper pennies in 1793. When Bermuda adopted the sterling currency system in the first half of the nineteenth century, the coinage that circulated was exactly the standard sterling coinage that circulated in the United Kingdom. No special varieties of coinage were ever issued for general use in Bermuda. However, special silver crowns (five shillings) were issued in 1959 and again in 1964. These commemoratives were similar in appearance to the British crowns, but featured Bermudian designs on their reverses. The first issue has a map of the islands to mark their 350th anniversary of settlement. The second coin shows the islands' coat of arms. Because of the rising price of precious metals, the diameter of the 1964 issue was reduced from 38 to 36 millimeters and the silver content dropped from 92.5% to 50%. Their respective mintages were 100,000 and 500,000 (30,000 of the latter being issued in proof). Both coins remain readily available to collectors.
Banknotes
In 1914, the government introduced £1 notes. In 1920, 5/– notes were introduced, followed by 10/– in 1927 and £5 in 1941. The 5/– note ceased production in 1957, with £10 notes introduced in 1964.
History
For nearly four hundred years Spanish dollars, known as pieces of eight, were in widespread use on the world's trading routes, including the Caribbean Sea region. However, following the revolutionary wars in Latin America, the source of these silver trade coins dried up. The last Spanish dollar was minted at the Potosi mint in 1825.
The United Kingdom had adopted a very successful gold standard in 1821, and so the year 1825 was an opportune time to introduce the British sterling coinage into all the British colonies. An imperial order-in-council was passed in that year for the purposes of facilitating this aim by making sterling coinage legal tender in the colonies at the specified rating of $1 = 4s.4d. (One Spanish dollar to four shillings and four pence sterling). As the sterling silver coins were attached to a gold standard, this exchange rate did not realistically represent the value of the silver in the Spanish dollars as compared to the value of the gold in the British gold sovereign, and as such, the order-in-council had the reverse effect in many colonies. It had the effect of actually driving sterling coinage out, rather than encouraging its circulation.
Remedial legislation had to be introduced in 1838 so as to change over to the more realistic rating of $1 = 4s.2d. However, in Jamaica, British Honduras, Bermuda, and later in the Bahamas also, the official rating was set aside in favour of what was known as the 'Maccaroni' tradition in which a sterling shilling, referred to as a 'Maccaroni', was treated as one quarter of a dollar. The common link between these four territories was the Bank of Nova Scotia which brought in the 'Maccaroni' tradition, resulting in the successful introduction of both sterling coinage and sterling accounts.
It wasn't until 1 January 1842 that the authorities in Bermuda formally decided to make sterling the official currency of the colony to circulate concurrently with Doubloons (64 shillings) at the rate of $1 = 4s.2d. Contrary to expectations, and unlike in the Bahamas where US dollars circulated concurrently with sterling, the Bermudas did not allow themselves to be drawn into the U.S. currency area. The Spanish dollars fell away in the 1850s but returned again in the 1870s following the international silver crisis of 1873. In 1874, the Bermuda merchants agreed unanimously to decline to accept the heavy imports of U.S. currency except at a heavy discount, and it was then exported again. And in 1876, legislation was passed to demonetize the silver dollars.
In 1882, the local 'legal tender act' demonetized the gold doubloon, which had in effect been the real standard in Bermuda, and this left sterling as the sole legal tender. Sterling then remained the official currency of Bermuda until 1970.
Due to the collapse of sterling as the world's reserve currency and the rise of the US dollar, Bermuda introduced a dollar based currency that was fixed at an equal value to the US dollar. The new Bermuda dollars operated in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage, hence ending the £sd system in that colony in the year before it was ended in the United Kingdom itself. The decision to finally align with the US dollar was at least in part influenced by the devaluation of sterling in 1967 and Bermuda's increasing tendency to keep its reserves in US dollars. Although Bermuda changed to a U.S. based currency and changed the bulk of its reserves from sterling to U.S. dollars in 1970, it still nevertheless remained a member of the sterling area since at that time, sterling and the US dollar had a fixed exchange rate of £1 = $2.40.
Following the US dollar crisis of 1971 which ended the international Bretton Woods agreement of 1944, the US dollar devalued, but the Bermuda dollar maintained its link to sterling. On 22 June 1972, the United Kingdom unilaterally ended its sterling area based exchange control laws, hence excluding Bermuda from its sterling area membership privileges. Bermuda responded on 30 June 1972 by amending its own exchange control laws accordingly, such as to impose exchange control restrictions in relation to Bermuda only. At the same time, Bermuda realigned its dollar back to one-to-one with the US dollar and formally pegged it to the US dollar at that rate. As far as United Kingdom law was concerned, Bermuda still remained a member of the overseas sterling area until exchange controls were abolished altogether in 1979.
For a history of currency in the British West Indies in general, see Currencies of the British West Indies.
References
Chalmers, R., "A History of Currency in the British Colonies" (1893)
External links
Currencies of the British Empire
Currencies of the Commonwealth of Nations
Economy of Bermuda
Currencies of North America
Modern obsolete currencies
1970 disestablishments |
5398225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurrugu%20language | Wurrugu language | The Wurrugu language, or Wurango, also known as the Popham Bay language, is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language. It is known from just a few 19th-century wordlists and one rememberer.
References
Evans, N. (1996). First and last notes on Wurrugu. University of Melbourne Working Papers in Linguistics, 16, 91–98.
Extinct languages of the Northern Territory
Languages attested from the 19th century
Marrku–Wurrugu languages |
4002491 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhunge%20dhara | Dhunge dhara | A hiti (Newari: ) or a dhunge dhara ( ) is a traditional stone drinking fountain found in Nepal. It is an intricately carved stone waterway through which water flows uninterrupted from underground sources. Dhunge dharas are part of a comprehensive drinking water supply system, commissioned by various rulers of Ancient and Medieval Nepal. The system is supported by numerous ponds and canals that form an elaborate network of water bodies, created as a water resource during the dry season and to help alleviate the water pressure caused by the monsoon rains. After the introduction of modern, piped water systems, starting in the late 19th century, this old system has fallen into disrepair and some parts of it are lost forever. Nevertheless, many people of Nepal still rely on the old hitis on a daily basis.
History
The history of dhunge dharas began during the Licchavi Kingdom (c. 400-750 AD). The first known hiti was built in Kathmandu at Hadi Gaun by a grandson of Lichhavi King Mandev I in 550 AD, but there is evidence that a similar structure was built earlier than that. One Nepalese legend (see below) would indicate the existence of a working dhunge dhara in approximately 464 AD.
Manga Hiti at Mangal Bazar in Patan is considered to be the oldest working dhunge dhara on record. It was built in 570 AD. In the case of the Hadi Gaun hiti and Manga Hiti, the dates were engraved on a stone within the hiti. Gradually more hitis started to appear elsewhere in Kathmandu Valley.
During the Malla period (c. 1201-1779 AD) many more hiti systems were built. Jitamitra Malla of Bhaktapur, Pratap Malla of Kathmandu and Siddhinarshinha Malla of Patan are famous for the water systems in these cities. The hiti built in 1829 by Queen Lalit Tripura Sundari Devi and Bhimsen Thapa at Sundhara village (now Kathmandu) is generally believed to be the last one built.
In 2008 the dhunge dharas of Kathmandu Valley produced 2.95 million litres of water per day. In 2019 the amount of water produced by the dhunge dharas in Kathmandu was estimated at 382,399 litres per day.
Of the 389 stone spouts found in Kathmandu Valley in 2010, 233 were still in use, serving about 10% of Kathmandu's population. 68 had gone dry and 45 dhunge dharas were lost entirely. 43 were connected to the municipal water supply instead of their original source.
Over the years a number of working dhunge dharas have been modified to better suit the needs of the community. In most cases such modifications included adding one or more large water tanks to store the excess water from the spouts for later use or distribution among the surrounding households. Sundhara in Patan, for instance was augmented with a 25,000 litre underground tank. Narayan Hiti in Patan is one of the hitis supplied with overhead tanks.
In Iku Hiti of Patan, water from the spouts is collected in an 80,000 litres storage tank. From there it is distributed to the surrounding communities by Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL), the company dedicated to supplying drinking water in the Kathmandu Valley, in the same way water from regular sources is distributed.
In 2019 a survey by the Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB) found a total of 573 dhunge dharas on record in the ten municipalities of the Kathmandu Valley. 479 of these were recovered, 52 turned out to be destroyed and 42 could not be found. More than half of the dhunge dharas were dry.
In March 2022 the dhunge dharas of Kathmandu valley were placed on the 2022 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund (WMF), an organisation dedicated to raising awareness of culturally important places in the world and supporting the people who care for them.
The spouts
Dhunge dhara literally means stone spout, but some dhunge dharas are made from other materials like brass, copper, gold and wood.
Most of the spouts have the shape of the mythical makara (also called hitimanga). This is a creature with the snout of a crocodile, the trunk of an elephant, tusks and ears of a wild boar and the tail of a peacock. Hitimangas are ubiquitous in Nepal, not only on hitis, but also on vajras (ritual weapons), toranas (traditional door and window ornaments) and other architectural elements.
Basic architecture of a dhunge dhara
Although the names dhunge dhara and hiti refer to the actual spouts, they are also used for the stone structures immediately surrounding the spouts.
In the Nepalese countryside a hiti may be no more than a stone or brick wall with a spout protruding from it, with some paving beneath the spout. In the cities, due to the natural flow of water (see below), the spouts are located in a basin below street level (hitigah), with the depth depending on need. This basin is built with a combination of stone and brick, where the floor is usually covered with stone slabs. The sides and bottom of the basin are made waterproof by coating them with a layer of kalo mato (a special type of black mud). This prevents water from the surrounding soil from seeping in. Similarly a low wall around the basin helps to keep surface runoff out and prevents debris from being carried in by the wind. Depending on the depth and overall size of the basin it can have terraces on several levels. The hiti can be accessed via one or more stone stairs.
There is typically just one spout in the basin, but there are hitis with two, tree, five, nine or more spouts, even up to a hundred and eight (the Muktidhara in Mustang District).
Above the spout there is usually a shrine honoring a specific deity. The space below the spout is (almost without exception) adorned with a sculpture of Bhagiratha. Depending on the available space, there can be any number of other votive sculptures, like chaityas and lingas, in the basin.
Before the water enters the spout, it passes a filter system, using gravel, sand, charcoal and sometimes lapsi (Nepali hog plum).
In front of the spout there is a small pool to catch the water flowing from it. The surplus of water eventually disappears into a drain, and is guided towards another hiti, agricultural land or a pond (to be used for irrigation and other purposes). Sometimes the water is first directed towards several other hitis. In the case of Washa Hiti in Patan, for example, the water is first flowing towards Amrit Hiti, then to Dathu Hiti, then to Buincha Hiti.
In some hitis the water from the spout drains into a pond inside the hiti basin itself. Nag Pokhari hiti in Bhaktapur is an example of this. Just as there are hitis with a pond inside them, there are also ponds with spouts integrated into their walls. Bhandarkhal Pokhari in Patan and Salan Ganesh Pokhari in Bhaktapur are some examples.
Several hitis have an integrated stone drinking water reservoir (jahru) built into their walls and some have a well (tun) dug into their basin floor as an alternative means to obtain the available water (see below).
Many hitis are also closely associated with one or more dharmashalas (shelters or public resthouses). There are several types of these, for instance a pati, a mandapa or a satah. Such a shelter is either a separate building close by or connected to one of the walls of the hiti. Manga Hiti in Patan has two on either side of the stairs, for example and the main entrance of Bhimsen Hiti in Bhaktapur is through the shelter.
Sources of the water
The early hitis use water from their own springs or from nearby aquifers, which they sometimes share with other hitis. Later, hitis were connected to a system of canals and ponds, which brought fresh water from the foothills of Kathmandu Valley to the cities.
The spouts of one hiti can have different sources for their water. In one case, Alko Hiti in Patan, three sources were confirmed during restoration, but in others the users have merely noticed a difference in taste or colour of the water between the spouts. For many hitis, the precise location of the source is still unknown.
Ponds
During the Kirata Kingdom (c. 900 BC-300 AD) ponds (named pukhu or pokhari) were constructed as a source of water in the old cities of the Kathmandu Valley. The ponds got their water from rainfall. During the Lichhavi regime, these ponds were linked to stone spouts and dug wells to supply water to the cities.
Some ponds were built higher in the settlements to feed the shallow aquifers; water seeps away from the ponds into the ground and eventually emerges from the spouts. These higher ponds are relatively large in size. Lainchaur Pokhari, Rani Pokhari and Ikha Pukhu in Kathmandu, Siddha Pokhari, Kamal Binayak Pukhu and Nā Pukhu in Bhaktapur and Nhu Pukhu, Paleswan Pukhu and Jyawalkhyo Pukhu in Patan are examples of such ponds. Some had their own springs, like Siddha Pokahri, Rani Pokhari and Jyawalakhyo Pukhu. The ponds inside the settlements are smaller. They help to increase the local groundwater levels. They are used for washing, cleaning, duck farming, bathing animals and fighting fires. In Kathmandu these ponds have disappeared completely. Tekha Pukhu is an example of such ponds in Bhaktapur. In Patan, Pimbahal Pokhari is one example. Chyasa Pukhu, Guita Pukhu and Tyagah Pukhu in Patan are some of the downstream ponds. Water from stone spouts and surface drains flows into these ponds. During the dry season, most of them become dry.
Some of the ponds are interconnected; when one is filled completely, the overflow is directed towards another pond and so forth. La Pokhari, Palesvan Pukhu, Podepukhu and Pimbahal Pokhari are an example of such a chain of ponds in Patan. In this way, an elaborate network of water bodies is created as a water resource during the dry season and to help alleviate the water pressure caused by the monsoon rains.
At one point in time there was a total of 90 ponds in the large cities of Kathmandu Valley: 30 in Bhaktapur, 39 in Patan and 21 in Kathmandu. The 2019 survey by the KVWSMB found a total of 233 ponds on record in the ten municipalities of the Kathmandu Valley.
The Royal Canals
The aquifers of the stone spouts are recharged not only by rainfall but also by state canals (also called royal canals or raj kulo). State canals were built to bring water from a stream (like Lele River), spring (like Mahadev Pokhari in Nagarkot) or pond from the foothills to artificial ponds close to stone spouts to augment the aquifers.
King Jitamitra Malla constructed a state canal in 1678 to feed stone spouts located in Bhaktapur and Patan.
Eventually water was brought down into the valley's cities through three canals: Budhikanta Canal for Kathmandu, Bageswori Canal for Bhaktapur and Tikabhairav Canal for Patan. They fed 31 of the ponds in these cities, while also supplying water for irrigation along the way.
Approximately half of the hitis of Bhaktapur and 51 hitis of Patan received their water from the royal canals.
Tantric process
Many spouts in the Bhaktapur municipality, like Bhimsen Hiti, Indrayani Hiti and Golmadhi Hiti, are believed to receive water through Tantric power.
According to the report "A Comparative Evaluation of Stone Spout Management Systems in Heritage and non-Heritage Areas of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal" by Mira Tripathi (2016), some of the people interviewed told her that:
When they dug out the water network they found flaming small earthen pots covered by another earthen pot as a lid... with nuts and coins above the spout. When the lid of the pot was removed the flames subsided and the water flow in the spout also stopped. ... when the lid was put back the water started to flow again. Because there were no other apparent sources for the water to enter the spouts, the Tantric or divine theories took root.
In the same report an expert from Bhaktapur is quoted as saying: "Personally, I believe tantric practice because I have seen many evidence of it..."
Uses for the water
The water from the hitis is used for ordinary household purposes, for work as well as for religious and cultural activities.
People of Nepal can be seen drinking and washing themselves or their laundry in a hiti, or taking the water home for washing, drinking and cooking.
Special wooden hitis belonging to the Dhobi cast are used for the professional washing of laundry (or at least they were in 1996).
Medicine
A number of hitis are believed to possess healing qualities. Water from Sundhara in Kathmandu, for example, is believed to be good against arthritis and water from Golmadhi Hiti in Bhaktapur against goitre. The water from Washa Hiti in Patan is famous for its medicinal properties; the Nepal Bhasa word washa means 'medicine'.
Religious and cultural uses
The water is also used for the purification of images of deities.
Some hitis have a role in festivals, like Bhimdhyo Hiti in Bhaktapur, Manga Hiti in Patan and Sundhara in Kathmandu.
Every twelve years the Godawari Mela is celebrated for one month at the sacred pond of Godawari Kunda in Lalitpur District. The 22 stone spouts in Balaju Water Garden in Kathmandu are the focal point during the yearly Balaju Baise Dhara festival. Hundreds of visitors take a ritual shower on this day to enjoy the purifying and healing effects of the water. The twelve stone spouts at Matatirtha are witness to the yearly mother's day celebration.
Water from Bhimdhyo Hiti is being used for religious worship in the Bhimsen temple and the nearby Dattatreya temple in Bhaktapur. Devotees take a bath or make ablutions before entering the temples. Water of Nag Pokhari (also known as Thanthu Darbar Hiti) in Bhaktapur is used to worship the Goddess Taleju. Water from Manga Hiti in Patan is used daily as holy water for Krishna Mandir and it is used to perform puja in Kartik month. Other hitis are also used for worship at nearby temples.
Substitute for far away waterbodies
Gosaikunda is a sacred lake for both Hindus and Buddhists. Taking a bath in this lake in Langtang National Park is something to be done at least once in a lifetime. According to legend the spring that feeds the pond in the Kumbheshwar temple complex in Patan is connected to Gosaikunda. Therefore, those who cannot make the long journey to the lake, as thousands of pilgrims do during Janai Purnima or Gangadasahara, can visit Kumbeshwar Pokhari instead.
In a similar way there is believed to be a connection between Godawari Kunda and Kva Hiti in Kathmandu and between Kathmandu's Maru Hiti and Yankidaha near Thankot village in Chandragiri.
Disaster response
Hitis with a large enough flow (litres per minute) can also be vital in case of a fire, especially in densely built parts of the city where a firetruck would not be able to go. Kontihiti in Patan qualified for this in 2012.
After the 2015 earthquake, dhunge dharas were the only source of water for many people of Kathmandu, due to the disruption of the regular drinking water services.
Hospitality
Along important routes for traders or pilgrims, sometimes a succession of hitis (with dharmasala) was built to alleviate the thirst of the travelers. The road from Sankhu up to the Bajrayogini Temple, for example, is such a route.
Restrictions
Not all dhunge dharas were open to be used by everyone in every way possible.
In the past some people were banned from some of the hitis, like people from lower castes, menstruating women and people wearing shoes. In Saraswati Hiti in Patan, for example, people from lower castes were not allowed entry, while everyone was welcome in nearby Narayan Hiti. There were also restrictions for the behaviour inside some of the hitis. For instance washing laundry or utensils, washing your legs and shoes or using soap was forbidden. Texts describing these restrictions can sometimes be found in old inscriptions on the premises. Some of them are still being observed.
Observing restrictions regarding the behaviour inside a dhunge dhara may very well contribute to maintaining their water quality. If one hiti receives water drained from another (see above), for example, one can imagine wanting to make sure it's filter will be able to effectively deal with the water it receives from the source.
Management
Traditionally the daily maintenance of the hitis was in the hands of guthis (local community groups dedicated to certain tasks). Living near the hiti and maybe paying regular visits to it as users, they were best placed to discover problems, like damage to the masonry, pollution with debris or clogging of the drain, and perform repairs. The guthis were receiving payment for their work. On a different level procedures were in place to maintain the royal canals.
Even in the past the maintenance of the entire water system has been problematic. King Jitamitra Malla (1663-1696) of Bhaktapur had to issue a law to ensure the maintenance would be done.
Each year Sithi Nakha, a day dedicated to Kumar Kartikeya, one of the two sons of Hindu deity Shiva, is used to clean water sources like wells, ponds and hitis. People all over Kathmandu Valley converge to perform their cleaning activities before the beginning of the monsoon rains.
Other festivals contribute to the upkeep of hitis and ponds as well, because they require them to be in good working order before the festival can take place. The Bunga Dyah Jatra in Patan is one example; all the ponds that are involved in the festival need to be filled, before the construction of the chariot at Pulchok can begin. And all the stops of the procession are next to one of the water bodies of Patan. During the festival Janai Purnima the otherwise dry Kumbeshwar Pokhari in Patan must be filled with water for the Kumbeshwar Mela. Similarly Kathmandu's Gahana Pokhari is vital in the Gahana Khojne festival, just as the city's Nag Pokhari is for Naga Panchami. Siddha Pokhari in Bhaktapur is central in the Dashain festival.
Sometimes the reverse happens: the decline of the water bodies causes a tradition to be discontinued. This is what happened with the yearly "Nine conduit procession" (gupu hiti sikegu) in Bhaktapur.
Decline
In late 1891, under Rana rule (1846-1951 AD), a piped water system was introduced in Kathmandu Valley. At that time it was only available to the elite. After the country had opened itself up to the world in 1951, the western water management system was expanded to Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur and the rest of the country. Unfortunately, this led to the neglect of the hiti infrastructure.
The earthquake of 1934 damaged part of the royal canals, causing many hitis to dry up.
With the absence of any regulation, hitis and ponds were encroached upon.
A municipal building was built on the site of Paleswan Pukhu in Patan, greatly reducing its size and one pond became a bus station. Schools were built in ponds in Patan and Kathmandu. Kathmandu's large Lainchaur Pokhari had to make room for the Nepal Scouts building.
Bhaktapur also saw ponds turned into a school and a bus station. The pond areas have become prime real estate in Katmandu Valley.
Of the 39 ponds counted in Patan in 1993, 9 were reduced in size and 14 were completely gone in 2007. Of the 233 ponds found in the 2019 survey by the KVWSMB 40 were destroyed completely.
Hitis underwent a similar fate. Either their source was damaged or their connection to it was interrupted by the construction of houses or underground pipes. There are three documented cases in Bhaktapur, for example, were the construction of a building interrupted the water flow of a dhunge dhara from its source: Wochu Hiti, Dekwocha Hiti and Hakufo Hiti. Some hiti's were built over entirely with offices or roads. Jhanga Hiti in Kathmandu, for example, a dhungedhara just north west of Rani Pokhari, was built over with a clubhouse for a local football club. In other cases the water level in the aquifer has dropped due to the digging of private wells by individual houseowners or industries.
The government policy to centralise management of the guthi system under Nepal Guthi Corporation had a detrimental effect. Hitis were not looked after properly any more and were allowed to be polluted. Necessary repairs were not forthcoming. In one case the roots of a peepal tree, that had been kept in check by the hiti users, were allowed to grow unchecked, causing leakage of the pipes, which in turn caused the hiti to dry up.
The water is also increasingly contaminated with chemicals and bacteria. This affects other sources of water as well, like the dug wells, water tank trucks, tap water and bottled water. Part of the contamination is caused by the leakage of septic tanks.
The water shortage is further compounded by an industry that has developed to alleviate it. Deep wells are dug outside the municipal areas by private enterprises. In 2019 about 150 private water companies were active in Kathmandu Valley. This has further lowered the groundwater level, affecting the flow of the hitis. It has also affected farmers in the area who now have to compete for water that has traditionally always been theirs. Water tank trucks from government organisations and commercial water enterprises are a familiar sight in the cities these days.
Revival
Over the past decades there is an increasing interest in reviving the dhunge dharas of the country, not merely because they belong to the cultural heritage of Nepal.
Growing water shortage
In spite of efforts of the Nepalese government to supply safe drinking water to all citizens of Nepal, most recently through the much-plagued Melamchi Water Supply Project, started in 1988, many people still have to turn to hitis for their daily water needs. Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) managed to supply 110 million litres of water per day in 2016 (about 144 mld in the wet season and 86 mld in the dry season), while the daily demand for water in the valley was around 370 million liters. According to Sanjeev Bickram Rana, executive director of the KVWSMB, the discrepancy between supply and demand has risen since then: at the beginning of the year 2020 he reported a demand of 400 mld, while the supply varied from 150 to 90 mld.
This continued water shortage has led to several initiatives to investigate the possibilities of reviving the old systems in the Kathmandu Valley, some of them recommending that the Declaration of the National Convention on Stone Spouts of 2007 (DNCSS 2007) be implemented. The reports all stress the necessity of working hitis to supplement the drinking water supply, although they differ in their assessment of how difficult achieving this would be.
Work on dhunge dharas
In the meantime, a number of individual hitis has been renovated. In Patan, for example, local citizens have revived Alko Hiti, Iku Hiti and Hiku Hiti. In some cases, like with Nagbahal Hiti, the revival has been short-lived.
In 2020 the Lalitpur Metropolitan City started a campaign to revive several hiti's, beginning with Sundhara and two other spouts. Eight other hiti's are to follow. The water is to come from a new rainwater harvesting site in Sinchahiti.
Until April 2015 Ga Hiti in Thamel (Kathmandu) provided about 12,000 households with access to water. During the earthquake part of the neighboring hotel collapsed into the hiti, killing several people in the hotel as well as in the hiti basin. Ga Hiti was further damaged by the search and rescue operation that ensued. Thanks to the efforts of the local community, members of the Ga Hiti Youth Club and many volunteers, and with the help of the Kathmandu Metropolitan Office, Ga Hiti was restored by the beginning of 2017.
New life for ponds
In the large cities of Kathmandu Valley several ponds are in the process of being restored, like Rani Pokhari in Kathmandu, Bhajya Pukhu in Bhaktapur and Nhu Pokhari in Patan. In other areas of the country ponds are being restored or even created as well.
Some ponds have been restored using concrete for the walls and the bed instead of the traditional brick and kalo mato (black mud). This has turned them into impenetrable tanks and so deprives them of their original role in the water management of their city. Examples of ponds changed in this way are Khapinchhen Pukhu, Kuti Sauga Pukhu and Kanibahal Pukhu (Bhailagaa Pukhu).
Kathmandu
The work on Rani Pokhari, which was damaged in the 2015 earthquake, began in January 2016 and has been fraught with controversy. The original plans used concrete for the restoration and included fountains and a new lakeside café. After a series of local protests the city of Katmandu was ordered in January 2018 to restore the pond to the way it was in 1670. Sixty traditional builders, more than 40 of them women, were brought in from Bhaktapur to take up the task. The reconstruction was completed in October 2020. The crew that reconstructed Rani Pokhari has now been hired to work on Sundhara in Kathmandu. In July 2019 a start was made with the reconstruction of Kamal Pokhari. The design choices for this pond have led to protests as well. There is also a proposal for the restoration of what is left of Ekha Pukhu.
Bhaktapur
Bhaju Pukhu, a pond that has recently been established as being much older than Rani Pokhari but is in many ways very similar, incurred serious damage in a 1681 earthquake and had since never been restored. In October 2017 a project was started that included restoration of Bhaju Pukhu, using the traditional methods and materials. The work is expected to be completed in 2019. The city of Bhaktapur is currently working on the restoration of six ponds, five wells, and five hitis.
Patan
The work on Nhu Pokhari has started in 2019. The plan is to use traditional materials here as well. Pimbahal Pokhari in Patan has already been restored and the city of Lalitpur has plans for Purna Chandi and Saptapatal Pokhari. The Supreme Court of Nepal had to intervene on behalf of Saptapatal Pokhari to stop the building that was planned there. Prayag Pokhari in Patan could not be saved. Apart from a small concrete courtyard that was kept for religious purposes, it was all built up. With the help of the government of the Czech Republic and a Czech company a new way was found to harvest the rainwater in the area and provide water for Tagal Hiti and Thapa Hiti.
Other locations
In Sankhu two ponds: Pala Pukhu and Kalash Pokhari, have been restored and provided with fire hydrants. Kirtipur and Bungamati are also working on their ponds.
Between 2013 and 2016 the villagers of Tinpiple and Dapcha, both in Kavre District, with the help of the ICIMOD and the Nepal Water Conservation Foundation (NWCF), dug six ponds in the hillsides of the villages to replenish the groundwater and revive their village springs and spouts.
In the Manthali Municipality and the Ramechhap Municipality a project was started to revive 50 old ponds in two years time, with the help of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. So far 21 ponds have been restored, for example Thulo Pokhari in Sunarpani.
The restoration of Dui Pokhari in Madhyapur Thimi is already bearing fruit. Starting in 2018, the pond was restored using two six inch layers of kalo mato, a three-inch layer of pango mato (clay) and four inches of bricks. This would contain the water, while at the same time allowing seepage into the ground. A few months after the work was finished, the water in the surrounding wells began to return.
Rajkulo repairs
The state canals have received attention as well. Because the canal of Patan was found to be in the best condition, compared to the canals of Bhaktapur and Kathmandu, in 2005 a project was started to bring it back to life. When the canal is completely restored, an estimated 40 hitis will start working again. At this time the canal has reached Thecho, about five kilometers from Patan Durbar Square. The project was halted for some years, due to a lack of funds, but will be resumed in 2020. The water will be directed towards Saptapatal Pokhari.
In 2016 a rajkulo used for irrigation in Bidur Municipality, Nuwakot, that had been damaged in 2015, was repaired and improved by the Community For Business Development and Promotion Society (COBDEPS).
Exceptional dhunge dharas
Some hitis stand out because they deviate in a significant way from the expected architecture.
Dhunge dhara at street level
All dhunge dharas in the Kathmandu Valley are built in a depression of some kind to allow the water to flow naturally. Sundhara (or Nuga Hiti, with gold plated spouts) in Patan is an exception. It was originally built above street level. (Due to the development of the surrounding area one now has to go a few steps down.)
According to legend Sundhara was built by a man who attended the opening of Sauga Hiti in Patan. This man joked about the depth of the hiti, saying that anyone who would descend the steps to drink, would have to bring some food with them to build up their strength to climb back up again. He vowed to build a hiti on an elevation and so created Sundhara.
Keeping the water flowing in Sundhara is an ongoing struggle. The sources of the water are continually seized upon by nearby industries' and households' private wells. In 2020 another start was made to bring back the water, this time with a new rainwater harvesting initiative.
Recoiled spouts
Narayan Hiti in Kathmandu, the dhunge dhara near the palace, has three spouts, one is goldplated and two are made of stone. The stone spouts look very different from what one would expect. The 'elephants' trunks of the hitimangas are bent backwards instead of forwards.
According to legend this is caused by an event that must have accurred around 464 AD, at the beginning of the reign of king Mānadeva.
Narayan Hiti had stopped working and King Dharmadeva consulted his astrologers to find a solution. The astrologers told him a human sacrifice would be needed to bring back the water. The person to be sacrificed would have to be someone possessing thirty two virtues. Since only the king and his son would qualify, the king decided to trick his son Mānadeva into sacrificing him. He told his son he should kill the first man he would find sleeping at Narayan Hiti that night. He then went to the hiti himself and lay down there with his face covered so he could not be recognised. Prince Mānadeva slayed the man with his sword and only afterwards he discovered he had killed his own father. The hiti started working again but the spouts had recoiled in horror.
There are other, slightly different, versions of this legend. In one an earlier king and prince are involved and in another Narayan Hiti is a newly built hiti instead of an existing one that stopped working.
Only one other spout with a recoiled trunk has so far been found, but this spout was not part of a hiti. It was being used as a paving stone in a courtyard in Deopatan (Kathmandu).
Dhunge dharas in popular culture
The early 19th-century Nepalese song Rajamati names three dhunge dharas of Kathmandu: Thahiti, Kwahiti and Maruhiti. The protagonist of the song trips and falls in Maruhiti. Some scenes of the 1995 film based on the song are also filmed at Maruhiti.
In 1974, Pier Paolo Pasolini used Tusha Hiti, Narayan Hiti and Saraswati Hiti in Patan, along with other places in Nepal, as locations for his film [[Arabian Nights (1974 film)|Il fiore delle Mille e una notte (Arabian Nights)]].
The inner workings of the dhunge dhara system in Kathmandu are an essential part of the plot in the story The Case of Hodgson's Ghost from the 2003 detective novel The Oriental Casebook of Sherlock Holmes by Ted Riccardi.
The song Surkhetma Bulbule Taal from the 2004 film Bandhaki was partly filmed at the stone spouts of Bulbule Lake.
Garuda Kunda in Bhaktapur was used to film a clip of the Newari song Basanta Ya Phe.
In 2015, around the time of the earthquakes, a community arts project was organised, centered around the hitis of Patan. Women living in the area told stories and created works of visual art about their relationships with water and health during the Sacred Water project.
In 2016 Manga Hiti featured in a romantic music video.
The opening credits of the 2016 Newari film Chandraman were filmed at Chhaybaha Hiti in Patan.
In June 2020, a short horror film titled Dhunge Dhara was posted on YouTube. It is reminiscent of the 2002 film The Ring and takes place in a dhunge dhara.
Part of the music video for the Nepal Bhasa song Lhwo Hiti La Ka Wala was filmed at a dhunge dhara.
Eros Ink Tattoo studio in Kathmandu showcases a tattoo of Nag Pokhari hiti in Bhaktapur on its website.
Events space
The international photography festival Photo Kathmandu has used the spaces of dhunge dharas in Patan more than once. Manga Hiti was the location of a photo slideshow in 2015 and 2016. Chyasal Dhungedhara and Saugah Hiti hosted a photo exhibit during the festival in 2015 and 2016 respectively.
In June 2019 Manga Hiti was the location of the 2019 finale of the international Dopper Changemaker competition.
The terraced space of Nagbahal Hiti has been used as a music venue on several occasions.
Similar structures outside Nepal
Although dhunge dharas can be viewed as typical Nepalese buildings, a number of similar structures can be found in other countries.
One example can be seen in India. It is the kunda of Sule Basti in Humcha, Karnataka, known as the source of the Kumudvathi River. Two other examples are in Sri Lanka: Kuttam Pokuna in Anuradhapura and Kumara Pokuna in Polonnaruwa. The structures in Sri Lanka differ from the dhunge dharas of Nepal in that the basins themselves are designed to hold the water for a longer period of time instead of draining it away immediately.
Tun and jahru
The construction of water conduits like hitis, dug wells and jahrus is considered a pious act in Nepal.
Circular dug wells can be found in all cities and villages of Nepal. They are called inara (Nepali) or tun (Newari). They are lined with bricks and have a brick parapet with stone on top. In case there are any decorations, these are usually water related, like lotus flowers, makaras and snakes. Many of them date from the Licchavi era. It is estimated that more than a 1000 old dug wells can be found in Kathmandu Valley. Many of them are still being used.
Some dhunge dharas have such a well built into their basin. Kva Hiti in Kathmandu is an example and so is Golmadhi Hiti in Bhaktapur.
Another structure is the tutedhara or jahru (jarun, jaladroni), a (usually) covered drinking water reservoir built out of stone with a tap that can be opened and closed. These structures are either free-standing or integrated into the wall of a hiti or other building. They depend on either a tun or a hiti to be filled. In a hiti this reservoir is used to store the excess water that flows into the dhunge dhara.
Many jahrus, especially the ones not part of a hiti, are no longer in use.
See also
Alko Hiti
Gosaikunda
Ikha Pokhari
Kamal Pokhari
Naag Pokhari
Nagbahal Hiti
Pimbahal Pond
Rajkulo
Rani Pokhari
Tusha Hiti
Tutedhara
References
External links
Dhunge dharas of Nepal image gallery
Guthi.net
Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL)
Kathmandu Valley Water Supply Management Board (KVWSMB)
Map of Kathmandu Valley’s stone spouts as surveyed during the 2018 post-monsoon season
Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation, Nepal
Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation, Department of Archaeology
Ministry of Water Supply, Nepal
Melamchi Water Supply Project
Nepal Water Conservation Foundation
SmartPhones4Water-Nepal
Troubled Water - The Film, a 30-minute documentary about the extreme water shortage in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, February 2015.
Architecture of Nepal
Medieval architecture
Nepalese culture
Water supply and sanitation in Nepal
Water supply infrastructure in Nepal |
4002508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20People%27s%20Party%20%281939%29 | British People's Party (1939) | The British People's Party (BPP) was a British far-right political party founded in 1939 and led by ex-British Union of Fascists (BUF) member and Labour Party Member of Parliament John Beckett.
Origins
The BPP had its roots in the journal New Pioneer, edited by John Beckett and effectively the mouthpiece of the British Council Against European Commitments, a co-ordinating body involving the National Socialist League (NSL), English Array and League of Loyalists. The main crux of this publication was opposition to war with Nazi Germany, although it also endorsed fascism and anti-Semitism. The proprietor of this journal was Viscount Lymington, a strong opponent of war with Germany. Others involved in its production included A. K. Chesterton and the anthropologist George Henry Lane-Fox Pitt-Rivers, whilst individual members, especially Lymington, were close to ruralist Rolf Gardiner.
Policy and structure
Beckett split from his NSL ally William Joyce in 1939 after Joyce intimated to the patriotic Beckett that were war to break out between Britain and Germany he would fight for the Nazis. This, along with a feeling that Joyce's virulent anti-Semitism was hamstringing the NSL, led Beckett to link up with Lord Tavistock, the heir to the Duke of Bedford, in founding the British People's Party in 1939. The new party supported an immediate end to the Second World War, and was vehemently opposed to usury, calling to mind some of the economic policies of Hilaire Belloc. The group also brought in elements of Social Credit, as Lord Tavistock had been a sometime activist in the Social Credit Party.
The party was controlled by an executive committee consisting of Tavistock as Chairman, Beckett as secretary and ex-Labour Party candidate Ben Greene (a noted pacifist and member of the Peace Pledge Union) as treasurer, with Viscount Lymington and former left-wing journalist John Scanlon also added. Other early members of the party included Ronald Nall-Cain, 2nd Baron Brocket, Richard St. Barbe Baker, Sydney Arnold, 1st Baron Arnold, Walter Montagu Douglas Scott, 8th Duke of Buccleuch and Walter Erskine, 12th Earl of Mar.
Activities
The party's activities were generally limited to meetings, the publication of a journal, The People's Post and the contesting of a single by-election in Hythe, Kent in 1939. The campaign for the 1939 Hythe by-election, in which former Labour Party member St. John Philby was the BPP candidate, was fought on an anti-war platform. Despite gaining the public support of the likes of Sir Barry Domvile, leader of The Link, the campaign was not a success and Philby was unable to retain his deposit. Philby claimed that he agreed with none of the BPP's views apart from their opposition to war. He was more disposed towards the Labour Party but felt they were becoming too pro-war. In Philby's mind, as well as popularly, the BPP were seen as more of a single issue anti-war party.
During the war
After the outbreak of the Second World War the BPP was involved in British Union of Fascists-led initiatives to forge closer links between the disparate groups on the far right, although in private Oswald Mosley had a low opinion of the BPP, dismissing Beckett as a "crook", Tavistock as "woolly headed" and Greene as "not very intelligent". Beckett's internment under Defence Regulation 18B in 1940 saw the party go into hibernation, although it was not subject to any government ban. The patronage of Lord Tavistock, who succeeded to the dukedom of Bedford in 1940, ensured that the BPP was exempted from proscription. The group was briefly involved in a clandestine alliance with A.K. Chesterton's National Front After Victory in 1944, a group that also attracted the interest of J.F.C. Fuller, Henry Williamson, Jeffrey Hamm, William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield and Lymington (who had succeeded his father as Earl of Portsmouth in the meantime) amongst others. However, the movement was scuppered when it was infiltrated by the Board of Deputies of British Jews, who fed information to Robert Vansittart, 1st Baron Vansittart, whose speech about the dangers of a revival of fascism led to a crackdown on such movements.
Final years
The BPP name was heard again in 1945 when the party organised an unsuccessful petition for clemency for Beckett's former ally William Joyce, who was executed for treason. Before long the BPP returned to wider activity after the war when party policy focused on monetary reform and the promotion of agriculture. With the Union Movement not appearing until 1948 the BPP initially attracted some new members, including Colin Jordan, who was invited to join in 1946 and was associated with the group for a time before concentrating his efforts on the more hardline Arnold Leese. The party contested the Combined English Universities by-election on 18 March 1946 but received only 239 votes. The BPP officially disbanded in 1954.
References
Bibliography
Political parties established in 1939
Political parties disestablished in 1954
Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom
1939 establishments in the United Kingdom
1954 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Far-right political parties in the United Kingdom |
4002546 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Hearne | Walter Hearne | Walter Hearne (15 January 1864 - 2 April 1925) was an English professional cricketer for Kent County Cricket Club towards the end of the 19th century. He played primarily as a bowler but suffered from injuries and his career was cut short as a result. He was the elder brother of the great Middlesex bowler J. T. Hearne who played for England in Test cricket whilst his older brother, Herbert Hearne, also played for Kent. He was a member of the extended Hearne family.
Early life and family
Hearne was born at Chalfont St Giles in Buckinghamshire in 1864, the son of William Hearne who was considered a good local cricketer. Part of the extended Hearne family, Hearne and his brothers played cricket – he and Herbert for Kent and Jack and oldest brother William for Middlesex, although William only played for the Second XI. Three cousins played Test cricket as did Jack.
Cricket career
Hearne was a medium-paced right-arm bowler who, similar to his brother Jack bowled with great accuracy and a pronounced off-break. He made his first-class cricket debut for Kent in 1887, playing six matches in what was described as a "trial" period and did not appear for the county against until 1890 before becoming a regular member of the Kent team only in 1892.
Most of Walter Hearne’s first-class cricket was played between 1892 and 1894, although a knee injury limited his appearances during 1893 to just six matches. He took 15 wickets against Lancashire at Old Trafford in 1893 and in 1894 completed a hat-trick against the same side. During the 1894 season he took 116 first-class wickets, 99 of them in county matches, including a series of three matches in July when he took 13/61 against Gloucestershire, 12/72 against Nottinghamshire and 13/98 against Surrey – a total of 38 wickets for 231 runs. His 116 wickets were taken at an average of 13.29 and followed returns of 93 and 46 wickets in the previous two seasons.
At the beginning of the 1895 season Walter Hearne’s knee failed and he was unable to play a first-class match during the season – although he was able to play in few non-first-class matches for MCC. He seemed fit at the start of the 1896 season but in his third match against Yorkshire at Leeds his knee "gave way so badly" that he was forced to retire from cricket, surgery proving ineffective.
Later life
Hearne took on the role of official scorer for Kent after his retirement, retaining the post for the rest of his life. He scored in each Kent's four County Championship winning sides between 1906 and 1913 and resumed the role after the First World War. He died at Canterbury in Kent in 1925 aged 61, his cousin Alec Hearne taking over the role of scorer.
References
External links
1864 births
1925 deaths
English cricketers
Kent cricketers |
5398246 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%C3%B4%2C%20all%C3%B4 | Allô, allô | "Allô, allô" ("Hello, Hello") is a 2005 song recorded by French singer Ilona. It was the fifth and last single from her debut album Un Monde Parfait and was released in the first days of April 2006. It had much less success than the previous four singles, but it managed to reach the top ten in France.
Lyrics and music
The lyrics were written and the music composed by Laurent Jeanne, Dan Mitrecey, Philippe Pelet and Olivier Perrot. The song is about the social networking opportunities and convenience brought to the singer's life by her mobile telephone. In the song, Ilona enumerates eight first names of girls who apparently are her friends. However, in an interview, Ilona said that the song is not autobiographical and that she doesn't know girls with such first names.
Chart performances
In France, "Allô, allô" entered the singles chart at #11 on April 8, 2006, then peaked at #10 for two successive weeks. It almost kept on dropping on the chart, totalling 12 weeks in the top 50 and 21 weeks on the chart (top 100). It allowed Ilona to obtain her fifth top ten hit from an album, which was quite rare in France. "Allô, allô" was the 79th best-selling single of 2006 in France, and the 85th one with digital downloads included.
In Belgium (Wallonia), the single was low charted, peaking at #35 for two weeks (on May 6 and June 3, 2006) and staying in the top 40 for four weeks.
Track listings
CD single - France
Digital download
Credits and personnel
Composers: Laurent Jeanne, Dan Mitrecey, Philippe Pelet and Olivier Perrot
Editions: Moneypenny, Atello and Universal Music Italia
Production: Ivan Russo, Laurent Jeanne, Philippe Pelet, Dan Mitrecey, Olivier Perrot
Vocals: Ilona
Background vocals: "The Ilonettes": Lena Nester, Rokhya-Lucie Dieng, Sophie Lemoine
Additionnel background vocals: Noémie Brosset, Maïlis Mitrecey
Vocal box: Roxane Perrot
Synths: Philippe Pelet, Ivan Russo
Additionnel production: Ivan Russo & Domydee at Atollorecording Studio (Naples)
Executive production: Gilles Caballero and Roxane Perrot
Voices recording: Philippe Vandenhende at Moneypenny Studio (Paris) with Franck Benhamou and Benoît Cinquin, and at Ty-Houarn Studio (Préfailles) with Gilles Caballero
Mixing: Ivan Russo at Atollorecording Studio (Naples)
Remixed by Laurent Pautrat (Clap Production / Pool e Music) for Scorpio Music
Certifications and sales
Charts
References
2005 songs
2006 singles
Ilona Mitrecey songs |
5398250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt%20of%20the%20Earth%3A%20Palestinian%20Christians%20in%20the%20Northern%20West%20Bank | Salt of the Earth: Palestinian Christians in the Northern West Bank | Salt of the Earth: Palestinian Christians in the Northern West Bank is a series of documentary short films examining the lives of nine Palestinian Christians living in and around the cities of Jenin and Nablus. Released by Salt Films, Inc., in 2004, the film was produced by Presbyterian missionaries Marthame and Elizabeth Sanders while they lived and worked in the Palestinian Christian village of Zababdeh.
External links
Salt Films, Inc. webpage
2004 films
2004 documentary films
Documentary films about Christianity
Palestinian documentary films |
5398257 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parle-moi%20%28N%C3%A2diya%20song%29 | Parle-moi (Nâdiya song) | "Parle-moi" () is a song recorded by the French contemporary R&B singer Nâdiya, featured on her second studio album 16/9. Written by Géraldine Delacoux, Thierry Gronfier and produced by the latter, the track served as the first single off the album, released on CD on March 26, 2004 in France. The song was Nâdiya's best-selling single in France up to mid-2006, when the song lost its status to "Roc", which sold over 250,000 copies of the single.
Formats and track listings
Promo single
"Parle-moi" (radio edit) — 4:06
CD single
"Parle-moi" (radio edit) — 4:05
"Signes" — 3:36
"Parle-moi" (instrumental) — 4:06
"Parle-moi" (video)
7" maxi single
A-side:
"Parle-moi" (tek mix)
"Parle-moi" (a capella)
B-side:
"Parle-moi" (album version) — 3:36
"Parle-moi" (instrumental) — 4:04
Remixes and official versions
Album version — 4:05
Radio edit — 4:05
Instrumental — 4:04
Karaoke version — 4:04
6Mondini remix — 5:00
Extended version — 5:08
Tek mix
A capella
Reception
The song was received with overall positive reactions. A Fnac music store reviewer called the song "devilish catchy".
Chart performance
The song made its first appearance in the French charts on March 21, 2004, one week before its official physical release, debuting at number 79 (#70). The next week, the single made one of the biggest jumps in the history of the chart, moving seventy-seven (77) places up to the second place (#2), where it eventually also peaked. The song remained in the top ten for 9 weeks, 5 more weeks in the top 20 and a total of 24 weeks in the chart. A silver certification followed a months after its release by Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP), the French music certifier, for selling over 100,000 copies. The single peaked at number twenty-two (#22) in the 2004 French Singles year end chart.
In Switzerland, "Parle-moi" was Nâdiya's best-selling and best-performing single (up to the release of 2008's "Tired of Being Sorry (Laisse le destin l'emporter)" duet with Enrique Iglesias). The debuted at number eighteen (#18), to peak at number eleven (#11) in its fifth week charting. It remained eight weeks in the top 20 and a total of 17 weeks in the top 50.
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2004 singles
Nâdiya songs
Number-one singles in Poland
Music videos directed by Xavier Gens
Songs written by Thierry Gronfier
Songs written by Géraldine Delacoux
2004 songs |
5398263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radstock%20rail%20accident | Radstock rail accident | The Radstock rail accident took place on the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway in south west England, on 7 August 1876. Two trains collided on a single track section, resulting in fifteen passengers being killed.
It was difficult to assign blame to any individual for the crash. The underlying cause was that the Somerset and Dorset Railway was essentially bankrupt at the time of the crash. The infrastructure was inadequate to the demands of the traffic and the staff were inadequately trained for their duties.
Background
The S&D Railway had constructed an extension to Bath in 1874, and this had ruined the company's finances. To rescue the railway, the Midland Railway and London and South Western Railway had bought a 999-year lease on the railway and formed a new management, but had not had time to reform matters.
The extension from Evercreech to Bath was single-track. The dangers of working single track railways had long been recognised, and all sorts of safeguards (in addition to absolute block working) were supposed to be in place. However, on the single-line section between the crossing places at the stations at Radstock and Wellow, the S&D Railway had constructed a signal box at Foxcote. Ostensibly, this was to control a spur to Braysdown Colliery, but it was often used to allow two trains (travelling in the same direction) at once into the Radstock-Wellow section, in defiance of Regulations. (The Board of Trade rules laid down that only one train could occupy a single line section at any one time). The S&D later claimed that they understood Foxcote to be a "crossing place between sections", which it clearly was not.
The existence of the Foxcote signal box complicated normal telegraphic communications. The Radstock and Wellow signalmen could communicate with each other only through Foxcote. At the same time, the telegraph control office at Glastonbury had no direct link with Foxcote, and could only contact it via Radstock or Wellow.
This awkward arrangement was in the hands of entirely inexperienced staff. On the night of the crash, none of the signalmen or telegraph clerks involved was more than eighteen years old.
The crash
On 7 August, the August Bank Holiday, the S&D ran seventeen extra trains to cater for people enjoying the day off work. These trains did not appear in the normal timetables and the superintendent at Glastonbury, Caleb Percy, had to arrange crossings i.e. issue instructions as to which trains were to be delayed to allow the special trains to be passed over the single line sections. He was hampered in this task by poor telegraph communications all day.
Both trains involved in the accident were unscheduled. The "down" (south-bound) train was supposedly an empty stock train returning from Bath, but large numbers of passengers were aboard, returning to Radstock and nearby villages from a regatta in Bath. The "up" (north-bound) train was a relief train from Bournemouth, arranged hastily because the scheduled train was overcrowded. Percy and his staff could get very little information on the location of either train. The replies to their enquiries from the telegraph clerk at Wellow (who was only fifteen, and trying to do the work of the stationmaster who had gone for a drink in Midford) were vague. Those from the clerk at Radstock were apparently deliberately obtuse.
The Radstock telegraph clerk sent on the "up" relief train without receiving any crossing order or ascertaining the location of the "down" train. Shortly before midnight, the driver of the "up" train pulled up at the Foxcote signal box. The signalman there, Alfred Dando was barely literate and not physically strong enough to work his signal levers, so the signal arm was somewhere between "safe" and "caution". The signal lamp was out (as he was not given enough oil to light it), so Dando was waving a hand lantern. After a few minutes, Dando allowed the train to proceed. The clerk at Wellow had already sent the "down" stock train on, but without using his block instruments to alert Dando. The "down" train driver could not see the Foxcote distant signal, as it too was unlit. He saw the home signal against him, and also saw the other train, too late to avoid a collision.
Aftermath
Subsequent enquiries were confused by inadequate or conflicting testimony. Although the clerk at Wellow, Arthur Hillard, might normally have been expected to be blamed, it was obviously unjust to place the entire responsibility on a fifteen-year-old youth who was doing the job of several senior staff, in an environment of such corporate misconduct.
The accident spurred the new management into urgent reforms. The track between Radstock and Wellow was doubled, and the signalling and staff arrangements overhauled. There were to be no further major accidents on the line until it was closed in the 1960s, though there were some notable incidents:
On 20 November 1929, the driver and fireman of a northbound goods train were overcome by smoke in the Combe Down Tunnel north of Midford. The train was moving very slowly due to a heavy load and having started from a standstill at Midford. The locomotive, S&DJR 7F 2-8-0 No. 89, plodded on and eventually breasted the summit of the gradient. Its downward course to Bath was accomplished more quickly, and the train ran away, crashing into the goods yard on the approach to Bath Green Park railway station, killing the driver, Henry Jennings, and two railway employees in the yard.
Almost exactly sixty years after the Radstock accident, on 29 July 1936, the crew of an empty colliery wagon train at Foxcote mistakenly abandoned their engine, fearing an imminent collision with another train. The driverless train caused widespread damage at Wellow and Midford stations before becoming derailed only a few miles from Bath, but no lives were lost.
See also
List of rail accidents in the United Kingdom
Notes
Sources
External links
Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway site
newspaper cutting in the National Library of Australia
Railway accidents and incidents in Somerset
1876 in England
Railway accidents in 1876
Radstock
Train collisions in England
History of Somerset
Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway
19th century in Somerset |
5398275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20African%20Municipal%20Workers%27%20Union | South African Municipal Workers' Union | The South African Municipal Workers Union (SAMWU) is the largest union in local government in South Africa.
History
The union was founded on 24 October 1987, when the Municipal Workers' Union of South Africa merged with the Cape Town Municipal Workers' Association (CTMWA), and the municipal workers' sections of General Workers' Union of South Africa, South African Allied Workers' Union and Transport and General Workers' Union. All of these unions were affiliates of the Congress of South African Trade Unions, to which SAMWU also affiliated. In later years, SAMWU absorbed the Durban Indian Municipal Employees' Society and the Union of Johannesburg Municipal Workers.
Initially, the union grew rapidly, and by 1994 it had 100,410 members, 31.3% of all eligible workers. The union led opposition to privatisation schemes, and was particularly active in opposing the privatisation of a water treatment plant in Johannesburg. In 2002, it led a national three-week strike for higher wages.
In 2009, the union's leadership was voted out, and disagreements around this led the Democratic Municipal and Allied Workers' Union of South Africa and the Municipal and Allied Trade Union of South Africa to split away over the next few years. The leadership lost a vote of confidence in 2019 and were replaced. The new leaders found that the union was insolvent, with some having been spent on legal costs and some was used for inappropriate purposes. In addition, membership was in decline. In 2020, the union declared that it might withdraw support for the African National Congress government.
Membership of the union is open to South African workers employed, directly or indirectly, in local authorities, water utilities and allied undertakings of the economy whether in the public, private or voluntary sector, including: public administrative services in municipalities and local authorities, health and social services, libraries, cultural and other community services, water and sanitation, solid-waste management and environmental services, road construction and storm-water drainage, electricity generation and distribution, public transportation and traffic control, telecommunication and information services, scientific and technical services, and parks and recreation.
Leadership
General Secretaries
1987: John Ernstzen
1990s: Roger Ronnie
Walter Theledi
2015: Simon Mathe
2019: Koena Ramotlou
Presidents
1987: Petrus Mashishi
2009: Sam Molope
Pule Molalenyane
2019: John Dlamini
2020: Nelson Mokgotho
References
External links
SAMWU official site.
Congress of South African Trade Unions
Trade unions in South Africa
Public Services International
Trade unions established in 1987
Municipal workers' trade unions |
5398277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Letter%20from%20the%20Clearys | A Letter from the Clearys | "A Letter from the Clearys" is a science fiction short story by American writer Connie Willis, originally published in the July 1982 issue of the Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, and later reprinted in the short story collections Fire Watch (1984) and The Best of Connie Willis (2013). In 1983 it won the Nebula Award for best science fiction short story published in the two years prior to 1983.
Plot summary
"A Letter from the Clearys" starts with a young teenage girl and her dog making their way home through the countryside after a visit to the town's post office.
The narrator is living with her parents, older brother and a neighbour. She feels somewhat neglected as her family are very busy building a greenhouse. In addition, while calling her dog she contrasts him with her previous dog.
When the protagonist arrives home she reveals that she has found a letter from their friends, the Clearys. This family was due to have visited them 'before' but never came and they had always wondered why, wondering if a letter had been delivered to another family's postbox. The family is somewhat reluctant to hear the letter read but the protagonist reads it out anyway.
As Mrs. Cleary asks for news about the family, the letter reveals that the older brother had been married and had a child, and also that the Clearys would have to postpone their planned visit till the next month.
This ordinary cheerful letter upsets the family greatly and the protagonist states that this is not her fault, she simply found the letter.
It is now revealed that the family are hiding from looters in the aftermath of a nuclear war, which happened two years earlier. The missing family members had been on a day trip to one of the many places totally destroyed in the war, while the remaining family members are desperately trying to survive a nuclear winter (hence the importance of the green house) and any starving looters. After one such attack the father's fear of returning looters led to his shooting at his daughter and killing her previous dog.
As the story closes the father is boarding up the abandoned post office as they cannot bear the possibility of finding another long-lost letter and any further reminder of how much they have lost. The protagonist now reveals to the reader that, far from accidentally stumbling across the letter, she had been searching for it ever since 'it' happened. The letter had indeed been placed in the wrong postbox.
External links
Review by John Kessel
1982 short stories
Works originally published in Asimov's Science Fiction
Nebula Award for Best Short Story-winning works
Works by Connie Willis |
5398308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha%20Sharp | Martha Sharp | Martha Ingham Dickie Sharp Cogan (April 25, 1905 – December 6, 1999) was an American Unitarian who was involved in humanitarian and social justice work with her first husband, a Unitarian minister, Waitstill Sharp, and others of her denomination, and so helped hundreds of Jews to escape Nazi persecution, through relocation and other efforts. In September 2005, Martha and Waitstill Sharp were named by the Yad Vashem organization as "Righteous Among the Nations", the second and third of five Americans to receive this honor. The subsequent ceremony involved the presentation of a medal and certificate of honor to the Sharps' daughter, Martha Sharp Joukowsky, amidst a large audience that included one of the children that her parents had helped get out of France, Eva Esther Feigl.
Early life
Martha Ingham Dickie was born in Providence, Rhode Island on April 25, 1905, the daughter of James Edward Ingham and Elizabeth Alice Whelan. She graduated from Pembroke College. In 1926, she continued her studies at Northwestern University Recreation Training School in the field of social work; with her work and studies centered at the Hull House in Chicago. Her devotion to service and helping others has been cited as the reason she entered the field. When her training at Northwestern was complete, she accepted the position of Director of Girls’ Work at Hull House, where she acted as social worker to oversee 500 girls.
She married Waitstill Sharp in 1927, and took temporary leave from her work. In 1928, Waitstill enrolled in a master's program at Harvard Divinity School, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. At the same time, Martha began and subsequently completed an M.A. in literature at Radcliffe College in the same community. They had two children, Hastings (b. 1932) and Martha (b. 1937).
Martha followed Waitstill to Meadville, Pennsylvania, when he was assigned to a small church after his ordination as a Unitarian minister in 1933. There, she served as a second minister, organizing youth work, educational activities, women's meetings, and church suppers. As her husband was found, by congregants, to be difficult to talk to, church members would go to Martha "who was always happy to lend an ear". In 1937 the couple moved to Wellesley, Massachusetts, after Waitstill accepted a position at Wellesley Hills Unitarian Church. The couple separated after World War II, and were divorced in 1954.
In 1957, she married David H. Cogan, a wealthy Jewish businessman and inventor, and devoted herself to charitable and humanitarian causes here and abroad, serving on the boards of Hadassah, the Girls Clubs of America, and other nonprofit organizations. Martha Sharp died in 1999, at the age of 94 in Providence, Rhode Island. She was survived by her daughter, Martha Sharp Joukowsky, a retired Brown University professor and her son, Waitstill Hastings Sharp Jr.
Career
World War II rescue and related activities
As the events of early-World War II unfolded in Europe, the Sharps began an "International Relations Club". Following the Munich Pact which ceded the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia) to Germany, Sharp and her husband (alongside many American Unitarians) felt that something must be done to give assistance to the victims of persecution. The American Unitarian Association (AUA) raised funds, allowing the Sharps to travel to Prague on 4 February 1939 as representatives of the commission for service. In the same period, Robert Dexter, head of the Department of Social Relations for the executive committee of the AUA, traveled to Europe with Quaker representative Richard Wood to make contacts in Geneva, London, and Paris, and thus to create a network of relief workers and sympathetic politicians across Europe. They sent back a report in November 1938, stating that over 20,000 people would need immediate emigration assistance. Under Dexter's leadership, a temporary committee was formed to help endangered refugees, and in May 1940 the organization was officially founded as the Unitarian Service Committee.
Martha and Waitstill Sharp were recruited to work in Czechoslovakia, where a large community of Unitarians were present under the leadership of Norbert Capek. Later Martha and Waitstill recalled grave misgivings about leaving their children of seven and two, but they were convinced they would be well taken care of living with family friends inside the parsonage. Their church would be headed by Everett Baker in their absence.
On 14 March 1939, the Nazis were quickly advancing on Prague, but the Sharps decided to remain and continue their program, which was the most significant private American effort on behalf of endangered refugees in Czechoslovakia. In Prague, the Sharps worked closely with members of the American Friends Service Committee (Quakers) to advance refugees' visa applications to Great Britain and elsewhere. Along with Waitstill, Martha administered a relief program after seeking advice from Alice Masaryk and other prominent Czechs.
On one occasion, Martha Sharp escorted 35 refugees, ranging from politicians to children whose parents had committed suicide, to Great Britain. On a different occasion, she arranged for children to leave—in accordance with local narrowing-law—by the "Care of Children from Germany", a British organization (see Kindertransport). In the summer, the Gestapo closed their offices, but Martha continued until August, and stopped only after learning that she faced arrest.
Lisbon, 1940
In May 1940, the president of the AUA, Frederick Eliot, and the USC's director, Robert Dexter, asked Martha and Waitstill to go to France as their "ambassadors extraordinary," to which the Sharps agreed. The plan for a Paris office was canceled because France surrendered to the Nazis that spring. Instead, the Sharps set up an office in neutral Portugal.
From their base in Lisbon, Martha and Waitstill were able to help a number of Jewish children and several prominent Jewish intellectuals to escape Vichy France, including the German-Jewish novelist Lion Feuchtwanger. Working with Donald Lowrie of the World YMCA, Martha also provided assistance to the families of Czech soldiers who were stranded in France and were hoping to use a sea route for escape. At the end of her 1940 posting in Europe, Martha escorted 27 children and 10 adults to America.
Post-Lisbon and World War II
In 1943, Martha founded "Children to Palestine," with support from the Jewish women's organization Hadassah. In this new role, Martha raised money for orphaned Jewish youth in Europe to start new lives in Palestine. In 1944, Martha returned to Lisbon, assuming the position of Associate European Director of the Unitarian Service Committee. In that capacity, she successfully negotiated the release of a number of Spanish refugees imprisoned in Portugal.
In 1946 she ran for congress, losing to incumbent Joe Martin, who would later become Speaker of the House. During the campaign, he called her a "little girl", although she was 41 years old.
In 1950, Martha accepted a position in the National Security Resources Board, which would mobilize resources in the event of a Soviet attack. She resigned as President Dwight Eisenhower was inaugurated, and moved back to New York. By then, her marriage with Waitstill had degraded, and the two separated, believing the hardships they'd gone through during World War II were just too much. She remarried, and took the name Cogan.
Honors and legacy
Honors
On 9 September 2005, Martha and Waitstill Sharp were named by the historical remembrance organization Yad Vashem as "Righteous Among the Nations", labeled as individuals who risked their lives to help Jews escape the Holocaust despite danger to themselves and others. The group cited the couple's "meritorious assistance to other Jewish fugitives of Nazi terror", showing much bravery. the second and third Americans so honored (after Varian Fry), with their names being inscribed in a wall in Jerusalem. Eva Feigl gave a speech on that date, describing how she never forgot Martha Sharp when they got to America.
An educational curriculum including the Sharps is featured at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. A scholarly book described World War II and the work of the Sharps, which includes significant information of the context of their work among other relief workers (and the Unitarian Service Committee), Was written by Susan Elisabeth Subak, Rescue and Flight, and published in 2010.
A Ken Burns documentary film, Defying the Nazis: The Sharps' War (2012), that chronicled the efforts of Waitstill and Martha Sharp, was co-directed by Burns and their grandson, Artemis Joukowsky III, of Sherborn, Massachusetts, and co-produced by Burns, Joukowsky, and Matthew Justus, with the support of PBS (including the WETA station), the Unitarian Universalist community, several well-known foundations, and many individuals.
Foreign honors
: Knight of the Order of the White Lion (1946)
References
Further reading
Excerpt from unpublished memoir.
Deakin, Michelle Bates, "Righteous among the nations: Israel honors two Unitarians for heroism in World War II; their story provokes soul-searching today.", Liberal Religion and Life, Summer 2006 5/15/2006
See pp. 90, 185-186 and passim.
Patinkin, Mark, , The Providence Journal, Sunday, Jan. 29, 2006 (archived 2006)
Weiner, Deborah, , UUA News, December 12, 2005 (archived 2012)
1905 births
1999 deaths
People from Providence, Rhode Island
Pembroke College in Brown University alumni
American social workers
American Righteous Among the Nations
Protestant Righteous Among the Nations
Radcliffe College alumni
Knights of the Order of the White Lion
Female anti-fascists |
5398312 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegan%20High%20School | Allegan High School | Allegan High School is a public high school in Allegan, Michigan.
Athletics
Allegan is a member of the Wolverine Conference. The school mascot is the Tiger and the school colors are orange and black. The following MHSAA sanctioned sports are offered:
Baseball (boys)
Basketball (girls & boys)
Bowling (girls & boys)
Competitive cheerleading (girls)
Cross country (girls & boys)
Football (boys)
Golf (girls & boys)
Soccer (girls & boys)
Softball (girls)
Swim and dive (girls & boys)
Tennis (girls & boys)
Track and field (girls & boys)
Volleyball (girls)
Wrestling (boys)
Demographics
The demographic breakdown of the 712 students enrolled for the 2012–2013 school year was:
Male - 50.4%
Native American/Alaskan - 0.4%
Asian/Pacific islander - 0.7%
Black - 3.3%
Female - 49.6%
Hispanic - 3.9%
White - 91.6%
Multiracial - 0.1%
In addition, 38.5% of the students were eligible for free or reduced lunch.
References
External links
Allegan High School
Public high schools in Michigan
Schools in Allegan County, Michigan |
5398315 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordrecht%20Confession%20of%20Faith | Dordrecht Confession of Faith | The Dordrecht Confession of Faith is a statement of religious beliefs adopted by Dutch Mennonite leaders at a meeting in Dordrecht, the Netherlands, on 21 April 1632. Its 18 articles emphasize belief in salvation through Jesus Christ, baptism, nonviolence (non-resistance), withdrawing from, or shunning those who are excommunicated from the Church, feet washing ("a washing of the saints' feet"), and avoidance of taking oaths.
It was an influential part of the Radical Reformation and remains an important religious document to many modern Anabaptist groups such as the Amish. In 1725, Jacob Gottschalk, a Mennonite bishop, met with sixteen other ministers from southeastern Pennsylvania and adopted the Confession. They also wrote the following endorsement, which Gottschalk was the first to sign:
We the hereunder written Servants of the Word of God, and Elders in the Congregation of the People, called Mennonists, in the Province of Pennsylvania, do acknowledge, and herewith make known, that we do own the foregoing Confession, Appendix, and Menno's Excusation, to be according to our Opinion; and also, have took the same to be wholly ours. In Testimony whereof, and that we believe that same to be good, we have here unto Subscribed our Names.
See also
Conservative Mennonites
References
External links
Mennolink article on confessions of faith
Dordrecht Confession of Faith translation and context in Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
Anabaptist statements of faith
Mennonitism in the Netherlands
Christianity in the Dutch Republic
17th-century Christian texts |
5398330 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comsewogue%20School%20District | Comsewogue School District | Brookhaven-Comsewogue Union School District (pronounced Kom-sah-wohg) is located in Port Jefferson Station, on the North Shore of Long Island, in Brookhaven Town, Suffolk County, New York, United States.
The district office is attached to Norwood Ave. Elementary School. Richard T. Brande retired as Superintendent after the 2005-06 school year and was replaced by deputy superintendent Shelley Saffer. The deputy superintendent was former Comsewogue High School principal, Dr. Joseph Rella until 2010, when Shelley Saffer retired and Joseph Rella became Superintendent. Former Comsewogue High School principal, Jennifer Reph, then became deputy superintendent.
Comsewogue comes from a language used by the Setalcott or Setauket Indians who were native to the area. It means place where several paths comes together.
Schools
Elementary school (K-2;3-5)
K-2
Norwood Elementary School (Opened 1965), Became a K-2 school in the 2012-2013 year
Clinton Avenue Elementary School (Opened 1968), Became a K-2 school in the 2012-2013 year
3-5
Terryville Road Elementary School (Opened 1962), Became a 3-5 school in the 2012-2013 year
Boyle Road Elementary School (Opened 1971), Became a 3-5 school in the 2012-2013 year
Other
Comsewogue Elementary School (Opened 1921) Closed
Middle school (6-8)
John F. Kennedy Middle School (Opened in 1965 as a Junior-Senior High School, with grades 6 through 9, adding grades 10, then 11 and 12, each in the three subsequent years, 1966-1968). Grades 6, 7 and 8 since fall 1971.
High School (9-12)
Comsewogue High School (Opened in 1971)
Comsewogue Sports
Baseball - Suffolk County Champions (1970), State Champions (1982)
Softball - State Champions (1984)
Adam Mariano - Wrestling State Champion (1988, 1989)
Men's Lacrosse State Champions (1998, 2002)
Men's Soccer State Champions (2008, 2009)
2008
Boys Varsity Soccer, Suffolk County Class A Champion, New York State Class A Champion
2009
Boys Varsity Soccer, Suffolk County Class A Champion, Long Island Champion, State Champions
Alumni
Clinton Kelly from TLC's What Not to Wear.
Bill Klein from TLC’s The Little Couple
Tim Cummings
Kevin Cassese (lacrosse player)
Cpl. Steven J. Crowley (Marine guard killed in the 1979 terror attack on the U.S. Embassy in Islamabad)
James K. Lyons (film editor, screenwriter and actor)
R.A. the Rugged Man (hip-hop artist and filmmaker)
Nick Mamatas (author)
Nick Kiriazis (actor)
References
External links
http://www.comsewogue.k12.ny.us/
Education in Suffolk County, New York
School districts in New York (state)
School districts established in 1874
1874 establishments in New York (state) |
5398342 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull%20Island%20%28Charlevoix%20County%2C%20Michigan%29 | Gull Island (Charlevoix County, Michigan) | Gull Island, located in St. James Township, Charlevoix County, Michigan, is the largest of approximately one dozen islands bearing this name in Michigan. 230 acres (0.9 km²) in size, it is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Michigan Islands National Wildlife Refuge. The refuge was created in 1943.
Relatively isolated, Gull Island is located 7 miles (11 km) west of High Island (Michigan), which is itself uninhabited. It is the largest of the four Lake Michigan islands in the Michigan Islands NWR, and the only one to have a substantial forest ecosystem. Balsam fir and northern whitecedar grow in the island's humid, boreal climate. Gull Island also has beaches and sand dunes on its north and east sides.
Gull Island, like the other Lake Michigan islands within the Michigan Islands NWR, is managed as a satellite refuge of the Seney National Wildlife Refuge.
On November 18, 1958, the SS Carl D. Bradley, a cargo vessel that specialized in the transport of limestone for steel mills, foundered and sank 12 miles southwest of Gull Island. The incident included the loss of 33 of the 35 men aboard.
References
External links
Seney NWR
Protected areas of Charlevoix County, Michigan
Uninhabited islands of Michigan
Islands of Charlevoix County, Michigan
Islands of Lake Michigan in Michigan |
5398344 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Brooks%20%28illustrator%29 | Jason Brooks (illustrator) | Jason Brooks (born February 23, 1969) is an artist, illustrator and author. He grew up in Brighton on the south coast of England. Brooks is known for his design of the Hedkandi compilations.
Brooks studied graphic design at Central Saint Martins college, London, and went on to take a master's degree in illustration at the Royal College of Art. While at college he won the Vogue Sotheby's Cecil Beaton Award for Fashion Illustration.
In the 2010s, Brooks authored and illustrated Paris Sketchbook (2012), London Sketchbook (2014), and New York Sketchbook (2017), a series of urban sketch books published by Laurence King, London. London Sketchbook received the V&A Museum Book Illustration Award in 2016.
References
External links
Official site
Jason Brooks images at the Folio illustration agency
English illustrators
Alumni of the Royal College of Art
Alumni of Central Saint Martins
Living people
1969 births
Place of birth missing (living people) |
4002562 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20NRL%20season | 2006 NRL season | The 2006 NRL season was the 99th season of professional rugby league football in Australia and the ninth run by the National Rugby League. The lineup of teams remained unchanged from the previous year, with fifteen clubs competing for the 2006 Telstra Premiership. Throughout the 26 rounds of the regular season ten teams from New South Wales (9 of them from the Sydney basin), two from Queensland and one each from Victoria, the ACT and New Zealand competed for the minor premiership. Eight of these teams qualified for the four-week finals series, with the Brisbane Broncos eventual victors over the Melbourne Storm in the grand final. Melbourne finished the regular season first so were awarded the minor premiership, but this was later revoked due to the Melbourne Storm salary cap breach.
Pre season
Newcastle Knights coach Michael Hagan signed a three-year deal to coach the Parramatta Eels, beginning in 2007. Hagan replaced Brian Smith, who had coached the Eels since 1997 whilst Smith replaced Hagan at Newcastle in an unprecedented coach-swap. In other coaching moves, Matthew Elliott was confirmed as the coach of the Penrith Panthers, beginning in 2007.
Penrith Panthers halfback Craig Gower was fired as captain, suspended for four games and fined $100,000 ($90,000 to be paid to an NRL programme encouraging the responsible use of alcohol by league players and $10,000 to replace a destroyed golf cart) after a string of alcohol-fueled incidents at a charity golf function.
The Charity Shield heralded the unofficial start of the season, with the South Sydney Rabbitohs defeating St George Illawarra 14-12 in their first home game at Telstra Stadium on February 18. All NRL clubs engaged in a series of trials during the month of February.
Wests Tigers premiership-winning captain Scott Prince announced on March 3 he had signed a four-year deal with expansion team Gold Coast Titans, beginning in 2007. Prince relinquished the captaincy of the Tigers for the 2006 season.
New Zealand Warriors salary cap breach
The salary cap for the 2006 season was A$3.366 million per club for their 25 highest-paid players. The New Zealand Warriors were investigated by the National Rugby League over alleged salary cap breaches committed by the team's previous administrators. The club admitted to inflating its salary cap to the tune of nearly $1 million during the 2005 season. The National Rugby League fined the Warriors $430,000 and ordered the team to start the season with a four premiership point deficit. It was the first time in 99 years of rugby league in Australia that a team has started a season on less than zero premiership points.
The Warriors appealed the decision by the NRL to deduct the four competition points but accepted the financial penalty. Prior to the beginning of the season, the National Rugby League confirmed that the points penalty would stand. The penalty would prove the decisive factor in the Warriors missing the finals for the third year in succession.
Teams
Season summary
The season began on March 10 with a match between defending premiers Wests Tigers and the St George Illawarra Dragons, played at Telstra Stadium. The Melbourne Storm won 20 out of 24 regular season matches to win the minor premiership eight points clear of the Bulldogs. However, in April 2010, the Storm were retroactively stripped of their minor premiership as a result of salary cap breaches occurring over the course of the 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 seasons.
Venues
Sixteen stadiums regularly hosted National Rugby league matches, with a further six hosting at least one match in season 2006.
Advertising
In 2006 the NRL and their advertising agency MJW Hakuhodo stayed with the Hoodoo Gurus' "That's My Team" soundtrack for a fourth year, producing a treatment aimed to appeal to the fundamental hope of all players and fans: that it would be ‘their team’ who would win the Grand Final.
Capitalising on the enthusiasm generated by the Wests Tigers triumph of 2005 in only their sixth season, the campaign line and song chorus was changed to ‘That’s My Dream’.
All fifteen NRL club captains featured heavily in the television and outdoor ads holding aloft the Telstra trophy. Eight young real life fans also featured in the TV commercial reflecting the origins of the game from backyard football scenes to Sydney beaches. Each was a fan of one of eight clubs who had not till then won the Telstra Premiership trophy and four different broadcast versions of the ad told the stories of their love of the game and each's dream of their own team's victory.
Dally M Awards
The Dally M Awards were introduced in 1980 by News Limited. The most prestigious of these awards is the Dally M Medal which is awarded to the Player Of The Year. The other prestigious award is the Provans Summons Medal which is the season's best player as voted by the public. As well as honouring the player of the year the awards night also recognises the premier player in each position, the best coach, the best captain, representative player of the year and the most outstanding rookie of the season. The awards night and Player of the Year medal are named in honour of Australian former rugby league great Herbert Henry "Dally" Messenger.
Team of the Year
Statistics and Records
Clinton Schifcofske ran 3,741 metres with the ball in 2006, more than any other player in the competition.
The Brisbane Broncos set a club record for their biggest comeback win when they came from 18-0 down at half time to win 30-28 against Canberra Raiders in round 8.
The Melbourne Storm set a club record for their longest winning streak with 11 games from Round 12 to Round 23.
New Zealand Warriors defeated South Sydney Rabbitohs 66–0 in Round 16. This set new records for New Zealand's greatest winning margin and South Sydney's greatest losing margin.
The Newcastle Knights and Canberra Raiders set the league record for the highest aggregate score in a match, with a total of 102 points scored in Newcastle's 70–32 win in Round 2. The previous record (97 points, between St George and Canterbury-Bankstown) had stood since 1935.
The Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks set a then-club record for longest losing streak with 10 matches from Round 17 to Round 26.
Nathan Merritt became the first player to top the try scoring chart from the wooden spoon winning side.
Ladder
Finals series
The Melbourne Storm went into the finals for the first time as Minor Premiers. They had a week off after their first finals win against the Parramatta Eels 12-6 to prepare for a Preliminary Final encounter, again the St. George Illawarra Dragons which was won by the Storm 24-10, earning them a spot in the Grand Final against the Brisbane Broncos. The Broncos had surprised everyone in the previous two months. After a slight hiccup in the Qualifying Final, going down against St. George Illawarra Dragons 20-4, they came back in the next two weeks, beating the Newcastle Knights 50-6 in the Semi Final and coming from 20-6 down at halftime to win 37-20 against the Bulldogs in the Preliminary Final.
Finals Chart
Grand Final
Player statistics
The following statistics are as of the conclusion of Round 26.
Top 5 point scorers
Top 5 try scorers
Top 5 goal scorers
2006 Transfers
Players
See also
2006 State of Origin series
2006 Rugby League Tri-Nations
Rugby league in 2006
2006 Australian football code crowds
Footnotes
External links
2006 NRL season at stats.rleague.com
2006 NRL season at rugbyleagueproject.com
2006 NRL season at abc.net.au
2006 NRL season at nrl.com
Key features of the 2006 Telstra Premiership - article at menofleague.com |
4002571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Wittig | Edward Wittig | Edward Wittig (September 20, 1879 – March 3, 1941) was a Polish sculptor and university professor, notable for designing many monuments in Warsaw.
Born in Warsaw, Wittig went on to study art at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna under the tutelage of J. Tautenheim between 1897 and 1900. He then moved to Paris, where he graduated from the École des Beaux-Arts. His tutor there was Madeleine Jouvray, a pupil of Auguste Rodin and Lucien Schnegg. One of his friends during this period was Magnus Enckell. In 1909 he returned to Poland and settled in Podolia, in a residence owned by friends. There he prepared a number of sculptures, some of which were presented at the Paris Salon. After 1903, he was invited to display his work at many top art galleries. His works were also featured at the Zachęta gallery in Warsaw (since 1900), at the Society of Friends of Fine Arts of Kraków, and the Venice Biennale in 1920 and 1934.
Between 1915 and 1920, he was one of the professors of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, and was subsequently a professor at the Warsaw University of Science and Technology. Initially a student of Rodin, in the early 1900s Wittig developed his own style, with stronger contrasts and less symbolism. Finally, prior to World War I his style became heavily influenced by Aristide Maillol and the so-called New Classicism, which emphasised monumental, cubic, and rough silhouettes lacking detail. Among the first such sculptures is Eve of 1911, featured in both Trocadéro garden in Paris and the Park Ujazdowski in Warsaw.
In the 1920s, Wittig's style became very popular in Poland and abroad, mostly due to its monumentalism, which was a leading trend in Polish architecture of the 1920s and 1930s. As a result of which he went on to create numerous monuments. Among the most notable is the monuments to Polish Military Organization in front of the Zachęta. It was destroyed by the Germans prior to the Warsaw Uprising, but reconstructed in 1999. Another notable work is the 1931 monument to World War I airmen. The Germans destroyed it by removing the sculpture from the top of its pedestal in 1940, but it was rebuilt in 1968 by Alfred Jesion. In 1932, Wittig also prepared the monument to Juliusz Słowacki, which was not erected until 2001, well after his death in Warsaw in 1941, during the Nazi and Soviet occupation of Poland.
References
External links
Hero of the Skies monument
Ewa by Wittig with the picture of the Paris version
1879 births
1941 deaths
Polish sculptors
Polish male sculptors
Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw faculty
Burials at Powązki Cemetery
Warsaw University of Technology faculty
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni
20th-century sculptors |
5398346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Dunn%20%28snooker%20player%29 | Mike Dunn (snooker player) | Mike Dunn (born 20 November 1971) is an English retired professional snooker player who lives in Redcar.
Having first turned professional in 1991, Dunn has been ranked within the top 64 players in the world since 2002, reaching his highest ranking, at 32nd, in October 2010. He has enjoyed the best form of his career since 2013, reaching the last 16 stage of three tournaments, and the semi-finals of the 2014 China Open and the 2015 Ruhr Open. He announced his retirement from the game after losing in the third qualifying round of the 2020 World Championship.
Career
1991 to 1997
Born in 1971, Dunn turned professional in 1991. His first six seasons came without any success, and although he improved his ranking each year, he was relegated as the world number 139 in 1997, as the secondary UK Tour was formed to run below the professional main tour.
Competing on the UK Tour for the 1997/1998 season, Dunn reached the last 16 at Event Three, where he lost 2–5 to former world number two Tony Knowles. His performances that season were sufficient for him to regain his professional status at its conclusion.
Since 1998
In his first season back on the main tour, Dunn reached the last 32 at the 1999 Welsh Open, where he beat five opponents, including Munraj Pal, Ian Brumby, Paul Wykes and Mark King, before being eliminated 5–1 by Alain Robidoux.
Beginning 1999/2000 ranked 134th, Dunn would enter the 2000s within the top 100 professional players; a run to the last 32 at the 2000 Thailand Masters, where Matthew Stevens beat him 5–1, contributed to £13,000 in prize money for that season, and he finished it in 93rd position.
Dunn's stock continued to rise steadily the following year, but his only showing in the latter stages of an event came at the 2001 Thailand Masters; there, he recovered from 1–3 down to 3–3 against Stephen Lee, but lost 3–5.
As the world number 72 for the 2001/2002 season, Dunn enjoyed his best form yet at the 2002 World Championship, defeating Stephen Croft 10–2, David McDonnell 10–8, Lee Walker 10–2, David Finbow 10–5 and Billy Snaddon 10–9 – having trailed 1–5 – to qualify for the main stages at the Crucible Theatre for the first time. Drawn against Stevens, he came to trail 1–7 and, although he recovered well to 6–9, could not prevent a 6–10 loss. Nevertheless, the performance earned Dunn £14,500, and he broke into the top 64 as a result.
The next few seasons were anticlimactic, Dunn's best progress being a run to the semi-final of the non-ranking Benson & Hedges Championship, where he lost 3–6 to Mehmet Husnu; however, 2005 heralded a first-ever last-16 finish, at the 2005 Malta Cup. There, he beat Leo Fernandez, Michael Judge, Marco Fu, local wildcard entry Simon Zammit and David Gray – whitewashing the latter 5–0 – before losing 3–5, again to Stevens.
Having begun 2004/2005 ranked 53rd, Dunn finished it 54th – the first time he had ever finished a season in a lower position than at the start.
At the 2006 UK Championship, Dunn defeated Jamie Jones, Mark Davis and James Wattana to reach the last 32, but was heavily beaten by the resurgent Ken Doherty, losing 1–9 to the Irishman.
Doherty again overcame him at the China Open the following season, this time a 5–2 victor; Dunn came within one match of making his second Crucible appearance in 2008, but having led Dave Harold 4–3, went on to lose 4–10.
2008/2009 brought a run to the last 16 at the inaugural – and only – Bahrain Championship, where he beat Shaun Murphy 5–4 in the last 32, but lost by the same scoreline in his next match against Barry Hawkins.
After several last-64 finishes at the start of season 2010/2011, Dunn briefly entered the top 32 in the rankings in October 2010, but dropped back out within several months; he beat Stevens, Alfie Burden and Stuart Bingham in the 2011 Snooker Shoot-out, but lost his quarter-final 'match' 14–90 to Ronnie O'Sullivan.
By 2014, Dunn had endured several years of poor form and was in danger of losing his place on tour at the end of the season. However, at the 2014 China Open, he mustered the best performance of his career, beating Tom Ford, Peter Lines, Tian Pengfei, Craig Steadman and world number one Mark Selby to reach the semi-finals. There, he faced the home favourite, Ding Junhui, for a place in the final, but was outclassed, losing 6–0. This run earned Dunn £21,000 and was enough to ensure he would begin the 2014/2015 season ranked 58th, keeping his professional status.
The next season brought only one last-16 finish, at the 2014 Haining Open, where he lost 3–4 to the eventual finalist, Peter Lines's son Oliver, but Dunn's results were sufficient to move him up to 42nd in the end-of-season rankings, his highest position since 2011.
On 25 July 2020, Dunn announced his retirement from competitive snooker, ending his 29-year career as a professional.
Personal life
Mike Dunn is now the manager of Q House Snooker Academy Darlington, He is also a WPBSA director for World Snooker, and was in the presentation party at the final of the 2007 UK Championship. Dunn supports Middlesbrough F.C.
Performance and rankings timeline
References
External links
Mike Dunn at worldsnooker.com
Official Mike Dunn Snooker Practice App
Profile on Yahoo! Sport
Living people
1971 births
English snooker players
Sportspeople from Middlesbrough
Competitors at the 2009 World Games
People from Redcar |
5398348 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darin%20at%20the%20Copa | Darin at the Copa | Darin at the Copa is Bobby Darin's fourth album and third straight top-ten charting LP in the US. It debuted on 17 October 1960, peaked at number 9 and remained in the LP chart for 38 weeks. The album was recorded live at the Copacabana nightclub in New York.
Reception
Music critic John Bush wrote in his Allmusic review "A complete entertainer, Darin only occasionally concentrates on the business of singing, making Darin at the Copa the type of concert work that rarely succeeds as a purely aural recording. Bobby Darin is obviously performing, not just singing, and listeners are often left out during his countless jokes and vocal asides—each of which get enormous responses from the original audience. The music is solid and Darin does his finger-popping best, but he walks a thin line between swinging and an outrageous parody of same... listening decades later, it's difficult to avoid the wish he'd played this date just a bit more straight."
Track listing
Medley: "Swing Low Sweet Chariot/Lonesome Road" (arranged by Bobby Darin and Richard Wess, (Traditional/Gene Austin, Nat Shilkret) – 2:12
"Some of These Days" (Shelton Brooks) – 2:34
"Mack the Knife" (Bert Brecht, Kurt Weill, Marc Blitzstein) – 2:58
"Love for Sale" (Cole Porter) – 3:02
"Clementine" (Woody Harris) – 3:13
"You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To" (Cole Porter) – 2:09
"Dream Lover" (Bobby Darin) – 2:04
"Bill Bailey, Won't You Please Come Home" (arranged by Bobby Darin and Bobby Scott) (Hughie Cannon) – 2:02
"I Have Dreamed" (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) - (Richard Rodgers, Oscar Hammerstein II) – 2:06
"I Can't Give You Anything But Love" (Dorothy Fields, Jimmy McHugh) – 2:14
"Alright, O.K., You Win" (Mayme Watts, Sid Wyche) – 4:49
Medley: "By Myself/When Your Lover Has Gone" (Arthur Schwartz, Howard Dietz/Einar Aaron Swan) – 3:29
"I Got a Woman" (Ray Charles) – 3:53
"That's All" (Alan Brandt, Bob Haymes) – 2:06
Personnel
Bobby Darin – vocals
Paul Shelley's Copacabana Orchestra - orchestra
Richard Behrke – conductor, piano
Ronnie Zito – drums
Technical
Phil Ieble, Tom Dowd – engineers
Supervised by Ahmet Ertegün and Nesuhi Ertegün
References
1960 live albums
Bobby Darin albums
Atco Records live albums
Albums produced by Ahmet Ertegun
Albums produced by Nesuhi Ertegun |
4002573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunter%20%28Kate%20Spencer%29 | Manhunter (Kate Spencer) | Manhunter (Kate Spencer) is a fictional superheroine appearing in DC Comics. She is the eighth DC Comics character to be given the name Manhunter, but was the first woman. The character first appears in Manhunter (vol. 3) #1 (October 2004) and was promoted by DC Comics as relevant to the popular Identity Crisis limited series.
Kate Spencer appeared as a recurring character on the second season of The CW Arrowverse show Arrow, played by actress Chelah Horsdal. This version never became a vigilante and was the district attorney.
Publication history
Despite critical success, the first series repeatedly had trouble gaining larger readership. DC Comics considered in May 2006 to cancel the series and issue #25 was to be the last. Dan DiDio, DC's executive editor, was convinced by fan outcry to extend the series for five additional issues in order to improve sales. The new five-issue story arc dealt with a ramification of the Infinite Crisis, again tying the series into a popular event. DiDio said at the time that the storyline would lead into another big event in the DC Universe. The series came back with issue #31 in 2008, but was cancelled with issue #38 in 2009.
Manhunter had a 10-page co-feature in Batman: Streets of Gotham which began in June 2009, and ended in issue #13, and was replaced with a Two-Face co-feature. A planned collection of the back-up series was cancelled by DC.
In addition to her solo features, writer Gail Simone made Manhunter into one of the lead characters in her Birds of Prey series as part of a controversial revamp in issue #100, where Kate was brought in to serve as a replacement for Black Canary. Manhunter remained with the team until the book's cancellation with issue #127 in 2009, and was not part of the subsequent 2010 relaunch. In 2011, Manhunter appeared in Justice Society of America series by Marc Guggenheim.
Fictional character biography
Kate Spencer is a federal prosecutor who grows increasingly tired of seeing guilty criminals evade punishment. Copperhead, a supervillain on trial for multiple murders and cannibalism, avoids a death sentence and escapes from custody after killing two guards. An angry Kate takes matters into her own hands, stealing equipment from an evidence room and killing Copperhead. Calling herself Manhunter, Kate blackmails a former weapons manufacturer for numerous villains named Dylan Battles — who is in the Witness Protection Program — into building, maintaining and upgrading her armor, weapons and gadgets.
In addition to legal proceedings and fighting crime, Kate's life includes awkward relationships with her six-year-old son Ramsey and novelist ex-husband. Kate's secret life as Manhunter cuts into her career and family life, but her co-counsel Damon Matthews covers for her. Kate's father Walter Pratt spent time in prison for murdering her mother, and she comes to believe that her grandfather is superhero Al Pratt, the original Atom, a member of the Justice Society of America.
Through her friendship with Department of Extranormal Operations Agent Cameron Chase, Kate works for the DEO under the direction of Mr. Bones. During the Infinite Crisis, Oracle calls Kate, along with a number of low-powered heroes to join the Battle of Metropolis, and she was invited to join the Birds of Prey after founding member Black Canary left to join the Justice League.
Iron Munro
The June 2006 issue of Manhunter revealed that Kate's true grandfather was not the original Atom, but actually Iron Munro and that her grandmother was Sandra Knight (Phantom Lady). When Munro was apparently unwilling to deal with his girlfriend's pregnancy, she was taken by Pratt to a home for unwed mothers and Pratt was mistakenly listed as the father on Walter Pratt's birth certificate. This makes her a second cousin once removed to Jack Knight, as Phantom Lady pointed out in the issue.
Wonder Woman
Kate was hired to be Wonder Woman's defense lawyer for the murder of Maxwell Lord. The case has taken an unexpected turn however, upon the recent arrival of a supposedly alive Blue Beetle, who claims he has no memory of the last 18 months. Wonder Woman has called in Batman to run an investigation on Blue Beetle, to see if it is really him. Meanwhile, Kate received aid from Checkmate, which proved that Diana's actions were justifiable. The "Blue Beetle" turned out to be the shapeshifting cannibal Everyman from Lex Luthor's Infinity, Inc.
Following the events of Batman: RIP, Oracle disbanded the Birds of Prey. Kate was not invited to rejoin the team when it was subsequently reestablished the following year.
Cancellation and future
Since the cancellation of her ongoing series, Kate Spencer was moved to Gotham to serve as their D.A., appearing in Streets of Gotham alongside Huntress and Misfit, her fellow Birds of Prey, and Batgirl. The series was eventually cancelled, and a planned collection was axed due to low pre-orders.
Kate was recently seen being recruited by Jay Garrick for a yet unknown purpose, alongside Mon-El, Miss Martian, Mister America, and the Sea Devils. Despite her recruitment, Kate does not appear alongside the other heroes in the finale of Justice League: Cry for Justice. Following this, Manhunter briefly appears alongside Batgirl, Batwoman, the Question and a host of other female heroes when Wonder Woman leads them against Professor Ivo's robot sirens.
In 2011, Manhunter appeared in Justice Society of America. Kate makes her first appearance in issue #47, where she battles a group of gangbangers who are in the process of robbing a Gotham electronics store. After defeating the thugs, Kate sees a news report from the recently destroyed city of Monument Point, where Jay Garrick is shown telling reporters about the crime wave sweeping the remains of the city. Upon hearing about how there are not enough heroes and police officers to stem the tide of criminal activity, Kate is shown grinning, as if the statement has given her an idea. Shortly after this, Kate appears in Monument Point during a massive battle between the Justice Society and a villain named Doctor Chaos. She is shown leading a large team of superheroes including the JSA All-Stars, Jesse Quick, Liberty Belle and a new heroine resembling the Blue Beetle. After Chaos is defeated, Kate and the other heroes choose to stay in Monument Point and join the JSA.
DC Rebirth
Kate Spencer made her return in Green Arrow where she is currently acting as Oliver Queen's attorney.
Powers and abilities
Kate's equipment
When Kate pursues Copperhead, she sneaks into an evidence room to steal some items she can use against him. Manhunter #15 tells the origin of each of the three items she takes:
The Suit – The suit comes from a member of the Darkstars who died in battle and fell to Earth to rot. A drifter found it and used it to defend himself against a group of attackers. Successfully defeating them, he robbed them and left the suit in a dumpster. The Controllers apparently programmed an instinctive hatred of Reach scarabs into the suits including the one currently worn by Kate Spencer. Her suit reacts adversely to the scarab currently bonded to Blue Beetle Jaime Reyes.
The Gauntlets – A small-time crook found the gauntlets, originally worn by Azrael during his stint as Batman, in Gotham City. The crook used them in an unsuccessful burglary, but when the police arrived, the crook fell to his death, leaving the gauntlets embedded in the side of the building.
The Staff – An attack on Eclipso ended with several heroes dead; among them was a man programmed to believe that he was Mark Shaw. The staff was recovered with the body and hidden in storage.
Other characters have remarked that Kate displays slightly elevated strength and resilience to injury. If these are actual meta-human powers as a result of her lineage from Iron Munro or if Kate is simply tougher than average has not been clarified.
In other media
Television
Kate Spencer made her first appearance in live action on The CW television series Arrow, played by Chelah Horsdal. In "Damaged", District Attorney Kate tries to get Oliver Queen convicted after he is accused of being the Starling City vigilante but Laurel Lance arrives at the last minute to save him by having him confined to his home. Later, Kate tries to get Oliver to plead insane rather than take a lie detector test but Oliver still goes through with the test and gets out of it, subsequently managing to clear his name by having his associate John Diggle appear as the vigilante while he is confined. In "State V. Queen" after A.D.A. Adam Donner is abducted by Count Vertigo during the trial of Moira Queen, she, despite the concerns of Sebastian Blood, assigns Laurel as head of the case. In "Birds of Prey" Kate has Adam Donner fired when he uses the arrest and trial of Frank Bertinelli to draw out his vigilante daughter Helena Bertinelli/The Huntress which results in a hostage situation. Laurel is also briefly reappointed to her job without Kate's approval which she apologizes for; she initially states that nothing had changed, but Laurel blackmails Kate into giving her job back. In "The Man Under The Hood" when Laurel's father Quentin Lance is arrested for assisting the Arrow, Laurel once again blackmails Kate and she has the charges against Quentin dropped. However, as she walks away she warns Laurel to be careful of her. In "Streets of Fire", she is killed by one of Slade Wilson's soldiers, forcing Sebastian Blood to recognize that Wilson has no intention of carrying out their original deal of damaging Starling City so that Blood could rebuild it in the aftermath. In "The Calm", after Slade Wilson's defeat, Laurel keeps working under the new district attorney, who in "Green Arrow" is revealed to be named Susanna.
Collected editions
Manhunter (vol. 3) #1–38 (October 2004 – March 2009) collected as:
Manhunter Vol. 1: Street Justice (collects #1–5, December 2005, )
Manhunter Vol. 2: Trial By Fire (collects #6–14, January 2007, )
Manhunter Vol. 3: Origins (collects #15–23, August 2007, )
Manhunter Vol. 4: Unleashed (collects #24–30, January 2008, )
Manhunter Vol. 5: Forgotten (collects #31-38, May 2009, )
References
External links
Manhunter (Kate Spencer) at the DCU guide
One Year Later with Manhunter and Marc Andreyko, Comic Book Resources
Andreyko & Manhunter: Love Is In The Air
Overview of Marc Andreyko's Manhunter
2006 Podcast Interview with Manhunter Writer Marc Andreyko (contains plot detail)
Comics characters introduced in 2004
DC Comics female superheroes
Manhunter
Fictional lawyers
Fictional murderers
Vigilante characters in comics |
5398353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch%20It | Touch It | Touch It may refer to:
Music
"Touch It" (Busta Rhymes song), a song by Busta Rhymes, 2005
"Touch It" (Monifah song), a song by Monifah, 1998
"Touch It", a song by Ariana Grande from Dangerous Woman, 2016
"Touch It", a song by Exo from The War, 2017
"Touch It", a song by The Vindictives, 2012
Touch It, comedy album by Raymond and Scum, 2003 |
4002600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages%20of%20Australia | Languages of Australia | Australia legally has no official language. However, English is by far the most commonly spoken and has been entrenched as the de facto national language since European settlement. Australian English is a major variety of the English language with a distinctive pronunciation and lexicon, and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling. General Australian serves as the standard dialect.
According to the 2016 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for close to 73% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home are: Mandarin (2.5%), Arabic (1.4%), Cantonese (1.2%), Vietnamese (1.2%), Italian (1.2%), Greek (1.0%), Hindi (0.7%), Bangla (0.6%), Spanish (0.6%) and Punjabi (0.6%). A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation immigrants are bilingual or even multilingual.
In 2018, it was reported that one million people in Australia could not speak English.
Over two hundred and fifty Indigenous Australian languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact, of which fewer than twenty are still in modern daily use by all age groups. About 110 others are spoken exclusively by older people. At the time of the 2006 census, 52,000 Indigenous Australians, representing 12% of the Indigenous population, reported that they spoke an Indigenous language at home.
Australia is home to many sign languages, its most widespread is known as Auslan, which is the main language of about 5,500 people. Other sign languages include the various manual Indigenous languages like Eltye eltyarrenke, Rdaka-rdaka and Yolŋu Sign Language.
English language
Rates of English language as most common languages spoken at home are in 2016 and 2011:
Tasmania (88.3% 2016) (91.7% 2011)
Queensland (81.2% 2016) (84.8% 2011)
South Australia (78.2% 2016) (81.6% 2011)
Western Australia (75.2% 2016) (79.3% 2011)
Australian Capital Territory (72.7% 2016) (77.8% 2011)
New South Wales (68.5% 2016) (72.5% 2011)
Victoria (67.9% 2016) (72.4% 2011)
Northern Territory (58.0% 2016) (62.8% 2011)
Aboriginal languages
It is believed that there were almost 400 Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait languages at the time of first European contact. Most of these are now either extinct or moribund, with only about fifteen languages still being spoken among all age groups of the relevant tribes. The National Indigenous Languages Report is a regular Australia-wide survey of the status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages conducted in 2005, 2014 and 2019. An indigenous language remains the main language for about 50,000 (0.25%) people.
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island languages with the most speakers today are Upper Arrernte, Kalaw Lagaw Ya, Tiwi, Walmajarri, Warlpiri, and the Western Desert language.
Sign languages
Tasmanian languages
Torres Strait languages
Two languages are spoken on the islands of the Torres Strait, within Australian territory, by the Melanesian inhabitants of the area: Kalaw Lagaw Ya and Meriam. Meriam Mir is a Papuan language, while Kalaw Lagaw Ya is an Australian language.
Pidgins and creoles
Two English-based creoles have arisen in Australia after European contact: Kriol and Torres Strait Creole. Kriol is spoken in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and Torres Strait Creole in Queensland and south-west Papua.
Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin was a pidgin used as a lingua franca between Malays, Japanese, Vietnamese, Torres Strait Islanders and Aborigines on pearling boats.
Angloromani is a mixture of Romani and Australian English. It is spoken by the Romani minority in Australia.
Immigrant languages
There has been a steady decline in the percentage of Australians who speak only English at home since at least 2001. According to the 2001 census, English was the only language spoken in the home for around 80% of the population. By the 2006 census it had fallen to close to 79%, while in the 2011 census, that number had fallen to 76.8%. According to the 2016 census, English is the only language spoken in the home for close to 72.7% of the population. Languages Other Than English (LOTE) is becoming an increasingly popular subject in Australian schools, and English as a Second Language (ESL) is an alternative, less advanced English subject for newly immigrated students.
The next most common languages spoken at home are:
Mandarin (2.5%)
Arabic (1.4%)
Cantonese (1.2%)
Vietnamese (1.2%)
Italian (1.2%)
Greek (1.0%)
Hindi (0.7%)
Bangla(0.6%)
Spanish (0.6%)
Punjabi (0.6%)
A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual.
See also
Diminutives in Australian English
References
Citations
Sources
McConvell, P. & Thieberger, N. (2001). [State of Indigenous Language Report http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/485].
External links
Ethnologue report for Australia
Census Data (Australian government)
Tamil Australians
Australian culture |
4002606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas%20Dawidoff | Nicholas Dawidoff | Nicholas Dawidoff (born November 30, 1962) is an American writer.
Dawidoff was born in New York City, and grew up in New Haven, Connecticut with his mother and sister.
His father's struggles with mental illness left him without a prominent male figure from an early age – a painful subject he explores in an article for The New Yorker called My Father’s Troubles.
Education and writing career
He graduated from the Hopkins School and attended Harvard University, graduating magna cum laude in 1985 with a degree in history and literature. He moved back to New York to pursue a career as a writer and began working at Sports Illustrated, where he became a staff writer covering baseball and the environment.
In 1989, he was selected as a Henry Luce Scholar and spent a year in Bangkok, Thailand, writing for the Bangkok Post and teaching American Studies at Chulalongkorn University. In 1991 he resigned from Sports Illustrated and began writing books. He continues to write articles, on a variety of topics, for periodicals like Rolling Stone, The New Yorker and The New York Times Magazine.
Recognitions
Dawidoff has also been a Guggenheim Fellow and a Civitella Ranieri Fellow, as well as a Berlin Prize Fellow of the American Academy. In 2008 he was the Anschutz Distinguished Fellow at Princeton University. He has also taught at Sarah Lawrence and is now a Branford Fellow at Yale University. He is a member of the board of directors of the MacDowell Colony.
Published books
His first book, the best-selling The Catcher Was a Spy: The Mysterious Life of Moe Berg, published in June 1994 , follows the strange life of third-string major league baseball catcher, lawyer, and OSS spy, Moe Berg.
In The Country of Country: A Journey to the Roots of American Music (1998), an effort to examine the culture with the same seriousness with which jazz and blues are studied, explores country music through its history, places, and performers. Dawidoff interviews and travels with great performers and songwriters like Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, George Jones, and Kitty Wells, as well as relatives, friends and acquaintances of legends like Jimmie Rodgers, Patsy Cline and the original Carter Family. Condé Nast Traveler named it one of the greatest all-time works of travel literature.
He edited The Library of America's Baseball: A Literary Anthology (March 2002), in which he compiled exceptional baseball writing.
The Fly Swatter: A Portrait of an Exceptional Character (May 2002), is a memoir of his grandfather, the economist Alexander Gerschenkron. It was nominated for the 2003 Pulitzer Prize in biography. A Seattle Times Book of the Year, the Chicago Tribune wrote, “It wouldn’t be an overstatement to say this loving memoir is the most fascinating in its class.”
The Crowd Sounds Happy: A Story of Love, Madness and Baseball (May 2008) is a memoir of his experience growing up in New Haven and New York in the 1970s, his troubled family, and how baseball helps him find his place in the world. It won a Kenneth Johnson Book Award for an outstanding literary contribution to a better understanding of mental illness.
Collision Low Crossers: A Year Inside the Turbulent World of NFL Football (November 2013) is an account of over a year spent with the New York Jets coaching staff as a way to understand how professional football works. It was called "Riveting" and "An instant classic" by The New York Times, was named to several 2013 best books lists, and was a finalist for a PEN America literary award.
References
1962 births
Living people
American biographers
American male biographers
American memoirists
American music journalists
Writers from Connecticut
People from New Haven, Connecticut
Harvard College alumni
Hopkins School alumni
Journalists from New York City
Sportswriters from New York (state) |
4002610 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentas | Lentas | Lentas (Greek Λέντας), Lentas is a coastal village 75 km south of Heraklion, on the south coast of Crete in Greece. It belongs to the community of Miamou within the municipality of Gortyna.
Origins of the name
The name of Lentas possibly derives from the Greek word Λέοντας (in English, "lion"). It refers to the lion-shaped cape that makes the small protected bay of Lentas. This cape is documented in medieval maps as Cape Liontas (Greek Ακρ. Λιώντας).
Climate
It belongs to an area where the climate consists of an exception in accordance to the climate on the island of Crete is a mediterranean climate. Lentas falls in the North African climatic zone and thus enjoys significantly more sunny days and high temperatures during the summer. Probably the best time to visit Lentas is spring and autumn.
History
Lentas has a rich past and there is evidence that it had been inhabited from the Neolithic and Early Minoan period (3rd millennium BC). Lentas (ancient Greek: Λἐβην(Leben)) is also known to be one of the two harbours of Gortys, which became the most prominent city of Crete after the fall of Knossos. In the late Classical period (beginning of the 4th century B.C.) the Gortynians established the sanctuary of Asklepios at the harbour. During the tremendous earthquake of 46 B.C. Lentas was destroyed and subsequently rebuilt. Gortys later was the Province's capital during the Roman era, which also comprised Cyrnaica (ancient Libya). In the early Christian and Byzantine periods, a small settlement developed and a basilica was erected. The small Byzantine church of St. John was built in the 14th century. The archaeological investigation of the site started after the first visit of the English captain H. Spratt, in the middle of the 19th century. Excavations were carried out by the Italian Archaeological School at Athens in 1900, 1910, and 1912–13, and revealed the sanctuary and other buildings. Since then no excavation had taken place in the ancient city until recent years when the investigations of the Greek Archaeological Service brought to light the Minoan settlement and graves.
Today in Lentas there is an archaeological site of the sanctuary of Asklepios (Greek Ασκληπειός) and the Byzantine church of St John. It is believed that Levin during the Roman occupation became a sanitarium where sick wealthy Romans, mainly from North Africa, received treatment. The treatment consisted of a diet with mineral water from an ancient spring near the temple of Asklepios, which was believed to have therapeutic properties and local fruits. Today Lentas is a popular tourist destination and has rural and stock farming activities.
External links
Official Website lentas.gr
Weather Forecast for Lentas
Populated places in Heraklion (regional unit)
Port settlements in ancient Crete
Religion in ancient Crete
Temples of Asclepius |
4002613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our%20Whole%20Lives | Our Whole Lives | Our Whole Lives, or OWL, is a series of six comprehensive sexuality curricula for children, teenagers, young adults and adults published by the Unitarian Universalist Association and the United Church of Christ Justice and Witness Ministries. Publication was the result of seven years of collaborative effort by the two faiths to prepare material which addresses sexuality throughout the lifespan in age appropriate ways.
The Our Whole Lives program operates under the idea that well informed youth and young adults make better, healthier decisions about sexuality than those without complete information. OWL strives to be unbiased and teaches about heterosexual, bisexual, homosexual, and transgender sexual health. In addition to information on sex, OWL is intended to help children, youth, and adults to be emotionally healthy and responsible in terms of their sexuality.
Program structure
There are four OWL curricula designed for the American school grades of K–1, 4–6, 7–9, 10–12, plus one for young adults (18- to 35-year-olds) and one for adults.
Each session of the Our Whole Lives curriculum can include the "Sexuality and Our Faith" companion, which comes in separate versions, one for the UUA and CUC communities and another one for the UCC community. Without "Sexuality and Our Faith," the programs have no religious material and are thus appropriate for use in schools and other non-religious institutions.
Program values
Our Whole Lives is built upon three core values:
Respect
Relationships
Responsibility
Participants are encouraged to use these values in decision-making concerning their own sexuality and relationships. Throughout the program, participants are encouraged to explore and learn to articulate their own values.
Program leaders
Our Whole Lives classes are led by teams of facilitators recruited from within their congregations. Before leading Our Whole Lives, facilitators must complete a training program led by certified trainers of trainers. Training is intensive and focused on building the facilitation skills demanded by Our Whole Lives. In addition to exploring the core values and pedagogical theory underlying Our Whole Lives, trainings include opportunities to peer-facilitate a session, giving future leaders hands-on experience. At the end of the training (which is approximately 20 hours of training over three days), facilitators must be certified by their trainers before leading Our Whole Lives in their congregations.
Facilitators for Our Whole Lives work in teams of at least two – one male and one female – for each class. The gender balance allows participants to feel comfortable raising concerns, questions and issues with their trainers. For the middle school (grades 7-9) curriculum, some activities are done in gender segregated groups, otherwise all activities take place in mixed gender groups. Leaders for Our Whole Lives are expected to model the program values - treating participants with respect and honoring their moral agency.
In Unitarian Universalist congregations the grades 7–9 OWL curriculum replaced the somewhat controversial About Your Sexuality (AYS), which went out of print in the 1990s.
References
Further reading
External links
Description on UUA website
Description on UCC website
Description on CUC's old website—Internet Archive Wayback Machine
Erdal Can Alkoçlar
OWL in Ottawa
"Let's Talk About Sex"—Boston Globe Sunday Magazine article
Unitarian Universalism
United Church of Christ
Sex education |
4002648 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok%20Shocks%2C%20Saigon%20Shakes%2C%20Hanoi%20Rocks | Bangkok Shocks, Saigon Shakes, Hanoi Rocks | Bangkok Shocks, Saigon Shakes, Hanoi Rocks is the first studio album by the Finnish rock band Hanoi Rocks, released in 1981.
Bangkok Shocks, Saigon Shakes, Hanoi Rocks was recorded in January 1981, between Hanoi Rocks' club shows. While the album was produced by Andy McCoy and Michael Monroe under the name "The Muddy Twins" (inspired by "The Glimmer Twins"), the album was recorded by Swedish Seppo Johansson, who worked at the studio. Even though the album is regarded by many as good, Andy McCoy commented in the December, 1981 issue of Soundi that Johansson ruined many of the songs. Also Michael Monroe says that he can't listen to his singing on the first Hanoi-album, as his voice wasn't very good yet.
The album was originally going to be titled Some Like It Hot or Some Like It Cut, but Jim Pembroke suggested the name Bangkok Shocks, Saigon Shakes, Hanoi Rocks, which the band ultimately chose.
The biggest hit of the album was "Tragedy". "Walking With My Angel" is a cover of a song from 1961 by Bobby Vee. "Don't Never Leave Me" was re-recorded and released as "Don't You Ever Leave Me" on Hanoi Rocks' fifth album Two Steps from the Move.
The album appears several times in the 2000 film High Fidelity. The song "11th Street Kids" features in the episode titled "Monkey Dory" of the 2022 TV-series Peacemaker.
Track listing
Personnel
Hanoi Rocks
Michael Monroe – vocals, piano, saxophone (3, 9, 10), harmonica (5)
Andy McCoy – guitars, backing vocals
Nasty Suicide – guitars, backing vocals
Sam Yaffa – bass
Gyp Casino – drums
Chart positions
Album
References
External links
Hanoi Rocks albums
1981 debut albums |
4002655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliyodam | Palliyodam | Palliyodam is a type of large snake boat built and used by Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple in the Pathanamthitta district for the annual water processions of Uthrattathi Jalamela and Valla Sadhya in Pamba River.
Legend
According to the legend, these snake boats were designed by Lord Krishna and were made to look like Sheshanaga, the serpent on which Lord Vishnu rests on.
Composition
Palliyodam is made from anjili (a kind of jackfruit tree). There will be 64 rowers in Palliyodam each representing 64 art forms. And the 4 rowers at the end represent the four Vedas. There are 9 golden shapes at the ends of the Palliyodam which represent the 9 planets(Navagraha). The Palliyodam is kept inside special sheds called Palliyoda Pura, into which outsiders are not allowed to enter.
Rules
Only males are allowed to enter the Palliyodam and they are allowed only after they followed a prescribed diet and ritual, and also they can't enter inside wearing any other clothing,except the Mundu and a thorthu (a white towel).
See also
Aranmula kottaram
References
Indigenous boats |
4002657 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Earl%20House | Royal Earl House | Royal Earl House (9 September 181425 February 1895) was the inventor of the first printing telegraph, which is now kept in the Smithsonian Institution. His nephew Henry Alonzo House is also a noted early American inventor.
Royal Earl House spent his childhood in Vermont experimenting, designing, and building, a habit which would earn him distinction as an adult. He once caught a toad, skinned it, placed a set of springs in the skin and made it hop. Around 1840, he went to Buffalo, New York to live with relatives and attend law school in that town. However, he read a work on electricity which so inspired him that he decided to give up law and study the science of electricity instead. He was also interested in mechanics, chemistry and magnetism.
By 1846, the Morse telegraph service was operational between Washington, DC, and New York. Royal Earl House patented his printing telegraph that same year. He linked two 28-key piano-style keyboards by wire. Each piano key represented a letter of the alphabet and when pressed caused the corresponding letter to print at the receiving end. A "shift" key gave each main key two optional values. A 56-character typewheel at the sending end was synchronised to coincide with a similar wheel at the receiving end. If the key corresponding to a particular character was pressed at the home station, it actuated the typewheel at the distant station just as the same character moved into the printing position, in a way similar to the daisy wheel printer. It was thus an example of a synchronous data transmission system. House's equipment could transmit around 40 instantly readable words per minute, but was difficult to manufacture in bulk. The printer could copy and print out up to 2,000 words per hour. This invention was first put in operation and exhibited at the Mechanics Institute in New York in 1844.
In 1886 and 1887, when the Royal E. House telegraph company was producing the printing telegraph, the Morse Telegraph company tried to enjoin (legally prevent) them from infringing on the Morse patents. Morse claimed the sole right of transmitting intelligence by electricity, utilizing the Morse code. The courts decided the House Company did not infringe the Morse patent, as the messages using the House system were all printed on a slip of paper, without the use of Morse Code.
Later the House Co. and the Morse Co. joined and formed the Great Western Telegraph Company.
References
Short bio and listing of House's papers in the Smithsonian
External links
http://www.telegraph-history.org/george-m-phelps/house.htm
http://www.telegraph-history.org/george-m-phelps/index.html
Detailed breakdown of House's first patent (patent #4464)
Detailed breakdown of a later improved patent that included pneumatic/steam power (patent #9505)
19th-century American inventors
1814 births
1895 deaths |
4002673 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass%20Out%20of%20Existence | Pass Out of Existence | Pass Out of Existence is the debut studio album by American heavy metal band Chimaira, released on October 2, 2001. According to vocalist Mark Hunter, as of 2003, the band has sold 44,000 copies of the album in the United States alone. Pass Out of Existence features an altogether different sound when compared to the band's later albums, leaning more towards nu metal rather than the groove metal style featured in later material. Its heavy use of electronics has also been noted.
Prior to the album’s release, the track "Dead Inside" was performed on the short lived USA Network program Farmclub.com. This appearance prompted Roadrunner Records to sign Chimaira. Pass Out of Existence features re-recordings of two songs that were included on the band’s previous release, This Present Darkness, which are “Sphere” and “Painting the White to Grey”.
Production and sound
Unlike other Chimaira records, Pass Out of Existence was recorded with seven-string guitars in Dropped A tuning. It emphasizes programming and sampling and, consequently, has been considered less heavy than Chimaira's following albums. In a 2004 interview, programmer Chris Spicuzza acknowledged this but pointed out that it was largely an issue of mixing that gives this impression. Vocalist Mark Hunter would later disparage the sampling as "ear candy" and stated that the band's 2003 effort The Impossibility of Reason had a more focused approach to sampling.
Despite some criticisms and the band's later sound change, the album was still positively praised by some. Worship Metal stated "Chimaira’s bizarre melding of death metal, groove metal and nu-metal’s penchant for electronic noises marked them out as an anomaly from the start."
Stephen Carpenter of Deftones lent a hand during the writing stages for the song "Rizzo".
Some editions of Pass Out of Existence include a hidden track at the end of "Jade," extending the track's total runtime to 13:57. The Japanese/Australian pressing includes the bonus track "Without Moral Restraint."
Touring and promotion
In October 2001, Chimaira would join and befriend Slayer on their God Hates the World Tour. This would later prove beneficial when drummer Ricky Evensand left Chimaira in 2004; going on advice from Slayer guitarist Kerry King, Mark Hunter contacted Kevin Talley who would go on to fill the role for two years.
The album cover is featured in the movie The Rules of Attraction along with other albums by Roadrunner bands such as Fear Factory and Slipknot. They would later tour with both bands in the Jägermeister Tour in 2004.
A dark music video was filmed for the song "Sp Lit" which gained airplay on Uranium.
Track listing
Personnel
Musicians
Chimaira
Mark Hunter – vocals, additional guitar on "Abeo" and "Jade"
Rob Arnold – lead guitar
Jason Hager – rhythm guitar
Chris Spicuzza – electronics
Jim LaMarca – bass
Andols Herrick – drums
Additional musicians
Stephen Carpenter – guitars on "Rizzo"
Justin Walden – Additional keyboards and programming
Production
Produced by Andrew Murdock
Recorded by Andrew Murdock, Justin Walden and Scott Francisco (Recorded at Third Stone, N. Hollywood)
Mixed by Andrew Murdock and Ted Regier (Mixed at Larrabee Studios, W. Hollywood)
Mastered by Tom Baker at Precision Mastering
Artwork by Michael Bodine II and Neil Allardice
Artwork direction by Chris Spicuzza
Photography by Daniel Moss
References
Chimaira albums
2001 debut albums
Roadrunner Records albums |
4002677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%2039%20Steps%20%281959%20film%29 | The 39 Steps (1959 film) | The 39 Steps is a 1959 British thriller film directed by Ralph Thomas and starring Kenneth More and Taina Elg. Produced by Betty Box, it is a remake of the 1935 Alfred Hitchcock film, loosely based on the 1915 novel The Thirty-Nine Steps by John Buchan.
In the film, diplomat Richard Hannay returns home to London, only to become inadvertently embroiled in the death of a British spy investigating the head of an organisation planning to sell the secret of a British ballistic missile. Hannay thus travels to Scotland to escape the police, and attempts to complete the spy's work.
It is the first colour version of the Buchan tale, and, unlike the mainly studio-bound original, features extensive location shooting. Several large set pieces (such as Hannay's escape from the train on the Forth Bridge and the music hall finale) and much of the dialogue are taken from the original film. As with the Hitchcock version, the scenario was contemporary rather than the pre-Great War setting of Buchan's original.
Plot
Coming to the assistance of a nanny who is almost killed during a bungled hit-and-run assassination attempt, Richard Hannay (More) is surprised to find that there is no baby in her pram. Curious, he meets her at the Palace Music Hall where she has gone to see the act of Mr Memory (James Hayter). Afterwards, she goes back to Hannay's flat with him, where she reveals that she is a spy working for British Intelligence following a group called "The Thirty-Nine Steps"; all they know about their elusive leader is that he is missing the tip of a finger. The Thirty-Nine Steps are in possession of a set of top-secret plans for "Boomerang", a British ballistic missile project that could tip the balance of power in Europe. She tells Hannay that she must leave for Scotland immediately, but while Hannay is out of the room, she is killed by two hitmen.
Fearing he will be accused of her murder, Hannay decides to continue her mission and catches an ex LNER Class A4 hauled train to Scotland from King's Cross railway station, evading the hitmen outside his flat by adopting a milkman disguise.
During the journey, he has a chance encounter with Miss Fisher (Taina Elg), a netball coach at a boarding school for girls. He is forced to pretend they are lovers to avoid the police detectives who boarded at Edinburgh. However, Miss Fisher gives him away and Hannay jumps from the stationary train on the Forth Bridge.
He then meets Percy Baker (Sid James), a helpful ex-convict lorry driver who advises him to stop at "The Gallows", an inn owned by Nelly Lumsden (Brenda de Banzie), who was once imprisoned for practising the occult. She helps him pass the police patrols by disguising him in a cycle party (Freewheelers of Clackmannan) she is accommodating and creating a diversion with her husband.
Hannay eventually finds the house of the man he thinks he is looking for, Professor Logan (Barry Jones), but finds out that he has been tricked; the man is actually the spy ring's leader. He escapes and informs the police, but is not believed and has to jump out of the police station window. Hannay escapes in the back of a passing sheep transporter. He then poses as a lecturer in a Highland girls' boarding school, coincidentally where Miss Fisher works, and ends up giving a bizarre lecture on "the woods and the wayside in August". Miss Fisher recognises him and he is again taken into custody, but this time by two assassins posing as detectives. After he shouts out to Miss Fisher to telephone Scotland Yard about Boomerang, the assassins are forced to take her with them.
Hannay is handcuffed to Miss Fisher in a Ford Zephyr with the hitmen, who are taking them back to London. A burst tyre gives Hannay his chance to escape, but only having one hand to drive with, he crashes the car, forcing him to wander through the bleak Scottish Highlands handcuffed to Miss Fisher. Eventually, they chance upon a bed and breakfast run by Mrs MacDougal (Betty Henderson). Hannay hides their handcuffed condition and informs her that they are a runaway couple.
While Hannay sleeps, Miss Fisher frees herself from the handcuffs, but then overhears their pursuers inquiring about them and about The Thirty-Nine Steps. She realises her error and goes back to help Hannay, telling him the final rendezvous for the conspirators.
The finale is back in the Palace Music Hall where Hannay provokes Mr Memory into telling him where "The Thirty-Nine Steps" are, just as the police arrest him. Mr Memory has used his formidable memory to memorise the Boomerang plans. However, before he can reveal the secret, Memory is shot by the ringleader and the secret is safe, as the main conspirators are either dead or in custody.
Cast
Kenneth More as Richard Hannay
Taina Elg as Fisher
Brenda de Banzie as Nellie Lumsden
Barry Jones as Professor Logan
Reginald Beckwith as Lumsden
Faith Brook as Nannie
Michael Goodliffe as Brown
James Hayter as Mr. Memory
Duncan Lamont as Kennedy
Jameson Clark as McDougal
Andrew Cruickshank as Sheriff
Leslie Dwyer as Milkman
Betty Henderson as Mrs. McDougal
Joan Hickson as Miss Dobson
Sid James as Percy
Brian Oulton as Mr. Pringle
Hal Osmond as Stage Manager
Adaptation
The film sets Buchan's 1915 novel in a contemporary (1959) setting. As the Rank Organisation owned the rights to the Alfred Hitchcock's 1935 black-and-white adaptation, a number of the 1959 film's scenes are based on the earlier production, including the music hall opening, the escape on the Forth Bridge and the addition of a female "love interest" for Hannay. Director Ralph Thomas stated in an interview that to distance it from Hitchcock's pre-war thriller, he tried to produce the film with the feel of a comedy. Andrew Spicer notes that "Critics detected a reassuring period feel to the visual style, with More as the pipe-smoking, sporting gentleman in a flat cap." He notes a contemporary review of Kenneth More "playing Hannay with a kind of tweedy casualness and dare-devil insouciance". Sue Harper suggests that to distance it from the "intractable precedents" of Hitchcock's adaptation, "Minor and unsuccessful adjustments were made." These include changing the scene at a crofter's cottage into a roadside cafe, changing Hannay's address of a political rally into giving a lecture at a girls' school and, in a nod to Buchan's novel, including several encounters with Scottish eccentrics.
Production
The film appears to have always been a vehicle for Kenneth More. More had carved himself a niche as a leading man of 1950s British cinema, having appeared in heroic roles in films such as Reach for the Sky and A Night to Remember. Kay Kendall was originally announced as the co-star.
The casting of Finnish actress and dancer Taina Elg, meanwhile, was unpopular with contemporary critics, who felt her performance to be unconvincing, feeling that "her beauty is frozen by the uncertainties of ignorance, if not of neuroticism". Other players were largely character actors with long associations with Pinewood Studios and producer Betty E. Box.
In addition to the primary cast, the film features a number of small appearances by British actors who were to become well known from their later work, for instance Joan Hickson as a teacher and Brenda de Banzie as a psychic. Bill Simpson and Andrew Cruickshank, both soon to appear together in Doctor Finlay's Casebook had small roles, in Simpson's case his only film appearance. Peter Vaughan had his first screen appearance in the film, playing a policeman on the train. Sid James, familiar from his work in many other films, appears as a roguish lorry driver who helps Hannay.
Filming
Interior filming took place primarily at Pinewood Studios, with extensive location filming in Scotland, including North and South Queensferry, Dunblane, Balquhidder, Altskeith and at the Falls of Dochart in Killin, as well as other parts of Stirling and Perthshire such as Brig o' Turk and its 1930s wooden tearoom, which featured as "the Gallows" inn . The film also includes a large section at Waverley Station and at Princes Street Station, Edinburgh, on the Forth Bridge and on board a train hauled by an LNER Class A4. The cinematography was by Ernest Steward, and it was filmed in Eastmancolor.
Music
The music was by British film composer Clifton Parker, who composed prolifically for cinema and theatre in this period. The score was conducted by Muir Mathieson. Many of the melodic themes throughout the film derive from pieces performed by the house orchestra during the early music hall scene, particularly the "Mr. Memory" motif. A review by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures also makes a comparison between the theatre and the film, noting "The score Clifton Parker has composed for the new version of The 39 Steps has a gay overture which also sets the right mood. It's short, not noisy, has musical wit, and promises comedy, not thrills."
Reception
Box office
The 39 Steps was the sixth most popular film at the British box office in 1959.
Critical
Critically, the film has often been regarded as inferior to Hitchcock's 1935 adaptation, and director Ralph Thomas stated it was not his favourite film. On being asked why he agreed to direct it he stated: Well, Rank owned it, and I was under contract, and they asked me to do it. So I asked Alfred [Hitchcock] about it, and he said "If you have the chutzpah to do it, you go ahead, my son and do it. You won't do it as well as I did it." And of course he was right. His film was a wonderful picture. I think mine was a piece of effrontery that didn't come off, and on the whole I regretted it.
A number of critics have pointed to the slow pacing of the film, noting a lack of suspense usually attributed to More's charming, but leisurely performance. Comparing it to Hitchcock's version A.H. Waiton writing in 1960 suggested: "the pace, as well as the execution is milder, more civilised and somehow less suspenseful than it seemed previously. Mr. Thomas's direction may be at the core of it all, but Kenneth More's polished performance seems lacking in urgency. He is a frowning, somewhat put-upon gent, but certainly not a citizen involved in a life-and-death matter." Reviewing it more recently for LoveFilm, Mark Walker opined: "As a thriller it's hardly in the same league as North by Northwest, but as a window on life in England and Scotland in the 1950s, this 39 Steps has much to recommend it."
Release
The film had its world premiere on 12 March 1959 at the Odeon Leicester Square and was released in the US on 10 October 1960. In home video formats, it is available in Region 2 PAL on Carlton International DVD, albeit in a zoomed 4x3 print of the original 1.75:1 ratio and with no extra features. It is also available on a Region 1 NTSC DVD where the film is presented in a widescreen print.
References
External links
The 39 Steps at Britmovie
Filming locations in Scotland
1959 trailer at YouTube
Films based on The Thirty-Nine Steps
1950s spy thriller films
Films directed by Ralph Thomas
Remakes of British films
Films scored by Clifton Parker
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Films set in the 1910s
Films shot in Edinburgh
Films produced by Betty Box
1950s chase films |
5398365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treehouse%20of%20Horror | Treehouse of Horror | Treehouse of Horror, also known as The Simpsons Halloween Specials, is a series of Halloween-themed episodes of the animated sitcom The Simpsons, each consisting of three separate, self-contained segments, except five segments in "Treehouse of Horror XXXII". These segments usually involve the Simpson family in some horror, science fiction, or supernatural setting. They take place outside the show's normal continuity and completely abandon any pretense of being realistic, being known for their far more violent and much darker nature than an average Simpsons episode. The first, entitled "Treehouse of Horror", aired on October 25, 1990, as part of the second season and was inspired by EC Comics horror tales. Since then, there have been 32 other Treehouse of Horror episodes, with one airing every year.
Episodes contain parodies of horror, science fiction, and fantasy films, as well as the alien characters Kang and Kodos, a special version of the opening sequence, and scary names in the credits. The show's staff regard the Treehouse of Horror as being particularly difficult to produce, as the scripts often go through many rewrites, and the animators typically have to design new characters and backgrounds.
Many of the episodes are popular among fans and critics of the show and have inspired a whole offshoot of Simpsons merchandise, including action figures, playsets, video games, books, DVDs, comic books, and a special version of Monopoly. Several of the episodes have won awards for animation and sound editing. In 1996, 2013, and 2015, "Treehouse of Horror VI", "Treehouse of Horror XXIII", and "Treehouse of Horror XXV" were respectively nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in the "Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)" category.
Segments
Treehouse of Horror episodes typically consist of four parts: an opening and Halloween-themed version of the credits, followed by three segments. These segments usually have a horror, science fiction or fantasy theme and quite often are parodies of films, novels, plays, television shows, Twilight Zone episodes, or old issues of EC Comics. Although they are sometimes connected by "wraparounds", the three segments rarely have any kind of continuing connection within the episode. Some have recurring elements, such as "Treehouse of Horror V", in which Groundskeeper Willie is killed by an axe in a similar fashion in all three segments. The episodes are considered to be non-canon, which means they always take place outside the normal continuity of the show, since each character appears to be fine afterwards.
From "Treehouse of Horror" to "Treehouse of Horror XIII", all three segments were written by different writers. In some cases there was a fourth writer who wrote the opening and wraparound segments. For the original "Treehouse of Horror", there were three different directors for the episode. Starting with season 15's "Treehouse of Horror XIV", however, only one writer has been credited with writing each Treehouse of Horror episode.
On occasion, the episodes will be used to showcase special animation, such as the "Treehouse of Horror VI" segment "Homer3", in which a computer-animated Homer is shown in a non-animated setting. At the time (1995), it was groundbreaking, as it was unusual for a television show to use such animation. The segment was executive producer Bill Oakley's idea and included live action directed by David Mirkin. "Treehouse of Horror XX" included the segment "There's No Business Like Moe Business", which was the first to be musically-themed.
Traditions
Opening sequence
Every Treehouse of Horror episode opens with a special introductory segment. The first, second, and fifth Treehouse of Horror episodes open with Marge standing on a stage and warning parents about the content of the episode, advising them to put their children to bed. The warning in the first episode was put in as a sincere effort to warn young viewers, as the producers felt it was somewhat scary. The entire segment was a parody of Edward Van Sloan's pre-credits warning from the 1931 film Frankenstein. Marge's warnings quickly became a burden to write, particularly because – as she herself noted – they were mostly ignored, so after "Treehouse of Horror V", they were dropped. The segment returned in the season 31 episode "Thanksgiving of Horror".
Other Treehouse of Horror episodes have opened with parodies; for example, "Treehouse of Horror III" had Homer introduce the episode in a manner similar to Alfred Hitchcock in Alfred Hitchcock Presents, "Treehouse of Horror IV" had Bart introduce the episode and segments in a manner similar to Night Gallery, and "Treehouse of Horror V" featured a parody of The Outer Limits. The sixth and seventh episodes featured short clips with no lines because the episodes had run long, and longer segments were cut. Following "Treehouse of Horror VII", the opening has been upwards of a minute long and sometimes featured an introduction by a character, such as Mr. Burns in "Treehouse of Horror XVII" or included over-the-top violence, such as "Treehouse of Horror VIII" (which showed a Fox Network censor being brutally murdered) and "Treehouse of Horror XIV" (which showed the Simpson family killing each other).
In the opening segment of the first five episodes, the camera zooms through a cemetery where tombstones with humorous epitaphs can be seen. These messages include the names of canceled shows from the previous season, deceased celebrities such as Walt Disney and Jim Morrison, and a tombstone with an inscription that read "TV violence" that was riddled with bullets as the camera panned on it. They were last used in "Treehouse of Horror V", which included a solitary tombstone with the words "Amusing Tombstones" to signal this. The tombstone gags were easy for the writers in the first episode, but like Marge's warnings, they eventually got more difficult to write, so they were abandoned. Another reason they were dropped was that the tombstones would list television shows that had been canceled the previous season; after a few years, several of the shows that were canceled were produced by former Simpsons writers. However, after two decades, this gag made a brief comeback in Treehouse of Horror XXIX at the very beginning, this time appearing before the main opening sequence and title.
While the early Treehouse of Horror episodes featured a Halloween themed opening sequence, the later ones only included the title and the "created by" and "developed by" credits. Every episode between "Treehouse of Horror III" and "Treehouse of Horror X" featured a couch gag with a Halloween theme, including the Simpson family dressed as skeletons, zombies, and characters from previous Halloween episodes.
Wraparounds
The first four Treehouse of Horror episodes had brief wraparounds that occurred before each segment and loosely tied together all three stories. "Treehouse of Horror" was the only one that actually included a treehouse as a setting. In that episode, Bart and Lisa sat in it telling stories to each other. "Treehouse of Horror II" presented all of the segments as being nightmares of Lisa, Bart and Homer; "Treehouse of Horror III" had Lisa, Bart and Grampa telling stories at a Halloween party; and "Treehouse of Horror IV" is presented by Bart in a parody of Rod Serling's Night Gallery. After a few years, the amount of broadcast time for an episode was shortened, allowing less time to tell a proper story. There were no wraparounds for "Treehouse of Horror V" because they had been cut to make more time for the segments. Following that, the writers permanently dropped them.
Kang and Kodos
Two characters that are virtually exclusive to the Treehouse of Horror series are Kang and Kodos, a pair of large green space aliens who were introduced in the "Hungry are the Damned" segment of "Treehouse of Horror". Kang and Kodos have since appeared in every Treehouse of Horror episode, sometimes as important parts of a story, but often just for brief cameos. In some episodes, they only appear in the opening segment, but often they will make a cameo appearance in the middle of a different story. For example, a story about zombies attacking the town briefly cuts to them in their space ship, watching the events and laughing maniacally at the Earthlings' suffering. The action then switches back to the actual story. The unofficial rule is that they must be in every episode, although quite often they will be forgotten and are added at the last moment, resulting in only a brief appearance. Their scene in "Treehouse of Horror VIII" nearly did not make the final cut of the episode, but David X. Cohen managed to persuade the producers to leave the scene in.
Kang and Kodos were prominent characters in the 2015 episode "The Man Who Came to Be Dinner," which was not Halloween themed.
Scary names
Beginning with "Treehouse of Horror II", the producers decided to give the cast and crew of the show "scary names" in the opening and closing credits. Although the names quickly became more silly than scary, there have been a wide variety of special credits, from simple names like "Bat Groening" or "Chains Hell Brooks" to complex ones like "David²+S.²=Cohen²". Sam Simon, who left the show during the fourth season, still receives "developed by" and "executive producer" credits, and until Treehouse of Horror XXII, he had been listed in Treehouse of Horror episodes as "Sam 'Sayonara' Simon" and between Treehouse of Horror XXII and Treehouse of Horror XXV as "simonsam@TWITterror". However, following his death in March 2015, he has simply been credited as "Sam Simon" starting from Treehouse of Horror XXVI.
The idea for "scary names" came from executive producer Al Jean, who was inspired by EC Comics because some of the issues also used "scary" alternate names. The "scary names" became such a burden to write that they were cut for "Treehouse of Horror XII" and "Treehouse of Horror XIII", but after hearing complaints from the fans, Jean decided to bring them back. Matt Groening's rule for the "scary names" is that they cannot be longer than a person's real name, but this is rarely followed by anyone else.
Cultural references
References to films, novels, plays, television shows, and other media are commonly featured, and many segments have been parodies of a specific work in the horror, science fiction, or fantasy genre. Many segments are spoofs of episodes of The Twilight Zone, and entire segments will be based on a single episode. Some of the Twilight Zone episodes parodied include "A Kind of a Stopwatch", "To Serve Man", "A Small Talent for War", "Living Doll", "Nightmare at 20,000 Feet", "Little Girl Lost", and "The Little People". The "Bart's Nightmare" segment of "Treehouse of Horror II" parodies the episode "It's a Good Life" and is even presented in a format similar to an episode of The Twilight Zone. The Halloween episodes also regularly parody horror and thriller films such as The Exorcist, The Amityville Horror, King Kong, Night of the Living Dead, The Shining, A Nightmare on Elm Street, The Fly, Paranormal Activity, and Dead Calm. Robert Englund, who portrays Freddy Krueger in the Nightmare on Elm street franchise, had a cameo appearance in "Treehouse of Horror IX" as the character. Science fiction films have also occasionally been used as inspiration for segments, and in later episodes, many of the segments were based more on science fiction than horror. Science fiction works parodied include The Omega Man, the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, The Island of Doctor Moreau, and Orson Welles's The War of the Worlds radio broadcast. In "Treehouse of Horror", Edgar Allan Poe's poem "The Raven" is read by James Earl Jones, while the parts are acted by various characters. Recent parodies have included films and television specials in more varied genres, including Mr. & Mrs. Smith, It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown, Transformers, Sweeney Todd, the Twilight film series, and Jumanji.
Closing logos
A modified version of the production logo for Gracie Films is displayed after the closing credits. The shushing sound is replaced by a scream (for the most part), and the jingle is played in a minor key on a pipe organ, followed by (in most shows) a minor-key version of the 20th Century Fox Fanfare. The first three episodes did not feature the scream.
Production
The first Treehouse of Horror installment aired in 1990 as part of the second season, and its on-screen title was "The Simpsons Halloween Special." ("Treehouse of Horror XIII" was the first to feature "Treehouse of Horror" in the on-screen title.) It was inspired by EC Comics Horror tales. Although every episode is entitled Treehouse of Horror, the first was the only episode that actually used the treehouse motif. During production of the first episode, Matt Groening was nervous about "The Raven" segment, and felt it would be "the worst, most pretentious thing [they had] ever done."
The Treehouse of Horror episodes are difficult for both the writers and the animators. The episodes were originally written at the beginning of the production run, but in later seasons they were written at the end and aired at the beginning of the next season as holdovers, giving the animators more time to work. Part of the difficulty for the animators is that the episodes always involve many complex backgrounds, new characters and new designs. They are difficult for the writers because they must produce three stories, an opening and, in the early episodes, a wraparound. They would have to try to fit all of this into a 20–22 minute episode. The episodes often go through many last minute changes, with rewrites requiring new lines to be recorded. "Treehouse of Horror III" in particular underwent somewhere between 80 and 100 line changes in the six-week period between the arrival of the animation from Korea and the airing of the episode. By the fourth season, executive producers Al Jean and Mike Reiss were less enamored of Treehouse of Horror episodes and considered dropping them, but the other writers insisted that they be kept.
Part of the attraction for the writers is that they are able to break the rules and include violence that would not make a regular episode. In some cases, the writers will have an idea that is too violent and far-fetched or too short for a normal episode, but can be used as a segment in the seasonal special. Several of the writers, former executive producer Mirkin among them, believe that the episodes should be scary and not just funny. Treehouse of Horror V has been described by Mirkin as being one of "the most intense, disturbing Halloween show ever" as it was filled with violence and gore in response to new censorship rules. Earlier installments began with Marge issuing a disclaimer that "if you have sensitive children, maybe you should tuck them into bed early tonight instead of writing us angry letters tomorrow." However, these episodes seem mild compared to the carnage that followed in later episodes, according to Jean, who calls it "a societal thing". He points out that his 10-year-old daughter loves films like Coraline, and that, "[in] the age of scary stories [...] appropriateness has gotten lower."
Although gruesome for the most part, some segments, such as "Citizen Kang" in Treehouse of Horror VII, satirize political issues. The opening segment of Treehouse of Horror XIX featured Homer attempting to vote for Barack Obama but a rigged electronic voting machine instead registers a vote for John McCain. Rather than taking sides in the election, Jean says it is "mostly a comment on what many people to believe to be the irregularities in our voting system.[sic]" In Treehouse of Horror XVII, a segment called "The Day the Earth Looked Stupid" ends with Kang and Kodos taking over Springfield as part of a mission called "Operation: Enduring occupation". The script originally called for Kodos and Kang to look over the smoking ruins of Springfield and say "This sure is a lot like Iraq will be." The Fox network did not have any objection to the line, but it was rejected by some of the writers as too obvious and was cut from broadcast. While cut from the aired version, the line does appear in the "review" version sent to newspapers and magazines.
The first Treehouse of Horror episode was the first time that an alternate version of the theme that airs over the end credits was used. Originally, it was intended to use a theremin, but one could not be found that could hit all the necessary notes. Usually when the producers submit an episode for the Primetime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)", they submit a Treehouse of Horror episode, and to date, seven episodes have been nominated. The closing of IV features a version of the theme that is a combination of the instruments used in The Munsters theme song and the harpiscord and clicking from the Addams Family theme song.
Üter Zörker is so far the only human character introduced in a Treehouse of Horror to make it into canon. His debut episode was "Treehouse of Horror IV" in the segment "Terror at Feet". He is an obese German exchange student obsessed with candy and was voiced by Russi Taylor until her death.
2019's Treehouse of Horror was the 666th episode of the series. Jean stated that this was planned ever since the beginning in 1989.
Scheduling
Although Treehouse of Horror episodes are Halloween-themed, for several years new episodes premiered in November following the holiday, due to Fox's coverage of Major League Baseball's World Series. Season 12's "Treehouse of Horror XI" was the first episode to air in November. There have been several references to this in the show, such as in Season 15's "Treehouse of Horror XIV" where Kang looks at a TV Guide and says, "Pathetic humans. They're showing a Halloween episode... in November!" and Kodos replies "Who's still thinking about Halloween? We've already got our Christmas decorations up!" The camera then cuts to a shot of the fireplace with Christmas decorations, and festive Christmas music plays over the opening credits. Season 21's "Treehouse of Horror XX" aired October 18, before the World Series, but the following year's episode, Season 22's "Treehouse of Horror XXI", aired on November 7. Season 23's "Treehouse of Horror XXII aired on October 30, however, as the World Series (which went the maximum of seven games) had concluded on October 28. Subsequent Treehouse of Horror episodes have premiered in the month of October. The 31st season included a Thanksgiving-themed spinoff, "Thanksgiving of Horror". The 32nd season however pushed "Treehouse of Horror XXXI" to November 1, 2020 because the National League Championship Series went into Game 7, with the World Series that followed stretching to Game 6, resulting in Fox airing Treehouse after Halloween for the first time since 2010. Citytv in Canada however aired the episode as originally scheduled. The most recent edition, "Treehouse of Horror XXXII", aired in 2021 on October 10 due to the MLB post-season running into the first week of November, and to avoid airing in November again due to the World Series overrun.
In past years prior to 2011, however, new shows have been known to have aired exclusively on the West Coast at the appropriate time prior to the rest of the nation’s airing after Halloween.
Merchandise
There has been a variety of merchandise based on the Treehouse of Horror episodes, including books, action figures, comic books, video games, DVDs and a "Treehouse of Horror" version of Hasbro's board game Monopoly. Although every Treehouse of Horror episode until "Treehouse of Horror XIX" has been released along with its season in a boxset, in 2003, The Simpsons: Treehouse of Horror DVD was released. It includes Treehouse of Horrors V, VI, VII and XII. A Treehouse of Horror comic book has been published annually since 1995, and collected into several books, including The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror Fun-Filled Frightfest, Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror Spine-Tingling Spooktacular, Bart Simpson's Treehouse of Horror Heebie-Jeebie Hullabaloo and The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror Hoodoo Voodoo Brouhaha. Several video games based on The Simpsons include levels with a Halloween theme, including The Simpsons: Hit & Run and The Simpsons Game. In 2001, Fox Interactive and THQ released The Simpsons: Night of the Living Treehouse of Horror on Game Boy Color. The entire game has a Halloween theme as the player tries to save the Simpson family from the Treehouse of Horror.
Many of the special character designs featured in the episodes have become action figures. Four different playsets have been made by Playmates Toys and released as Toys "R" Us exclusives. The sets are:
The "Treehouse of Horror I" set was released in 2000 and included a cemetery playset as well as "Devil Flanders", "Bart the Fly", "Vampire Burns", and "King Homer". It also came with an "Evil Krusty Doll" and Gremlin as accessories.
The "Treehouse of Horror 2" set was released in 2001 and included an interior alien spaceship playset as well as Kang, Kodos and "Alien Ship Homer". The entire set was based on "Treehouse of Horror".
The "Treehouse of Horror 3" set was released in 2002 and included a playset based on the "Ironic Punishment Division" of Hell in "Treehouse of Horror IV". It came with "Donuthead Homer", "Witch Marge", Hugo Simpson and "Dream Invader Willie".
The final "Treehouse of Horror 4" set was released in 2003 and included a playset based on Comic Book Guy's "Collector's all-plastic lair". It came with "The Collector", "Clobber Girl Lisa", "Stretch Dude Bart" and Lucy Lawless. All the designs were based on "Treehouse of Horror X".
On 2019, Funko revealed a 2-pack Kang and Kodos vinyl figure set presented as an exclusive for San Diego Comic Con 2019, along with a Treehouse of Horror Pop! wave, including King Homer (Treehouse of Horror III), Fly Bart (Treehouse of Horror VIII), Cat Marge (Treehouse of Horror XIII), Demon Lisa (Treehouse of Horror XXV), and Alien Maggie (Treehouse of Horror IX).
After the Playmates Toys sets were finished, McFarlane Toys produced four Treehouse of Horror themed playsets including the "Ironic Punishment Box Set" released in 2004, the "In the Belly of the Boss — Homer & Marge Action Figures" released in 2005, "The Island of Dr. Hibbert Box Set" released in 2006, and a "Lard Lad Box Set" released in 2007.
Reception
The Treehouse of Horror episodes are often among the top-rated episodes of their seasons and many of the Treehouse of Horrors have generally been well-received by fans. However, like The Simpsons itself, critics have noted a decline in the quality of the later episodes. In its first airing, "Treehouse of Horror" finished with a 15.7 Nielsen rating and a 25% audience share and would lose to The Cosby Show. It was said that it "set a level of excellence that viewers never expected creator Matt Groening to repeat", although it was also described as "kind of stupid and unsatisfying". "Treehouse of Horror V" is considered the best episode by several critics: it finished ninth on Entertainment Weekly'''s top 25 The Simpsons episode list, fifth on AskMen.com's "Top 10: Simpsons Episodes" list, and was named best episode of the sixth season by IGN.com. In 2006, James Earl Jones, who guest starred in "Treehouse of Horror" and "Treehouse of Horror V", was named seventh on IGN's "Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances" list.
In 2006, IGN.com published a list of the top ten Treehouse of Horror segments, and they placed "The Shinning" from "Treehouse of Horror V" at the top, saying it was "not only a standout installment of the annual Halloween episode, but of The Simpsons, period." Rounding out the list were "Dial "Z" for Zombies", "The Devil and Homer Simpson", "Time and Punishment", "Hungry Are the Damned", "Clown Without Pity", "Citizen Kang", "If I Only Had a Brain", "Bart Simpson's Dracula", and "Starship Poopers". The third, fourth, and fifth episodes were each represented by two segments. The most recent episode on the list was "Treehouse of Horror IX", which first aired in 1998.
"Treehouse of Horror VII" is Simpsons creator Matt Groening's seventh favorite episode, and the line he likes best is "We have reached the limit of what rectal probing can teach us." "King Homer" of "Treehouse of Horror III" is one of Matt Groening's favorite segments. "Treehouse of Horror III" is also noted for the moment where Homer shoots Ned Flanders and Bart says "Dad, you killed the Zombie Flanders!" only for Homer to reply, "He was a zombie?" It is also one of Groening's favorite lines.
Awards
In 1996, the "Homer³" segment of "Treehouse of Horror VI" was awarded the Ottawa International Animation Festival grand prize. In 1998, "Treehouse of Horror VIII" won a Golden Reel Award for "Best Sound Editing – Television Animated Specials"; the recipients were Robert Mackston, Travis Powers, Norm MacLeod, and Terry Greene. Bob Beecher also received a nomination for "Best Sound Editing in Television Animation – Music" for "Treehouse of Horror X".
The second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and eighteenth Treehouse of Horror episodes were nominated for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Composition for a Series (Dramatic Underscore)" at the Primetime Emmy Awards. The second and third "Treehouse of Horror" episodes were also nominated for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special". In 1996, "Treehouse of Horror VI" was submitted for the Primetime Emmy Award in the "Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming less than One Hour)" category because it had a 3D animation sequence, which the staff felt would have given it the edge. The episode failed to win, and Bill Oakley later expressed regret about submitting the episode. The twenty-third and twenty-fifth Treehouse of Horror'' episodes were nominated for the same award in 2013 and 2015 respectively.
See also
List of The Simpsons "Treehouse of Horror" episodes
"Halloween of Horror", the first Halloween episode not part of the "Treehouse of Horror" series
"Thanksgiving of Horror", a non-Halloween episode and also not part of the "Treehouse of Horror" series
References
1990 introductions
American annual television specials
Black comedy
Halloween television specials
The Simpsons |
5398369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Statutory%20Rules%20of%20Northern%20Ireland%2C%201984 | List of Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland, 1984 | This is an incomplete list of Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland in 1984.
Building Societies (Accounts and Annual Return) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1984 S.R. 1984 No. 334
Lists of Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland
Statutory rules
1984 in law
Northern Ireland Statutory Rules |
5398372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.%20D.%20Singh | K. D. Singh | Kunwar Digvijay Singh (2 February 1922 – 27 March 1978), popularly known as "Babu", was an Indian field hockey player. He was born in Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh. He is widely known for his mesmerising passing ability and is considered by many to be the greatest dribbler of the game comparable only to Dhyan Chand.
Education
Singhreceived his early education at the Government High School, Barabanki and Kanyakubj Inter College, Lucknow.
Career
Early life
Singh made his foray into active Hockey with a tournament played at Dewa Mela, and in the year 1937 represented his college hockey team in an Inter-College tournament. At a young age of 15 years he played for the LYA Club, Lucknow at the Trades Cup in Delhi. In the same Traders Cup, the young team of Lucknow met with a reputed Delhi team, for which Olympic player Mohammed Hussain also played. K. D Singh was not told that Olympian Hussain is also playing in the rival team so that he could play his natural game. The wizard of the hockey kept Hussain pressing and dodging during the entire match. Hussain was also surprised by the sports skills of this young boy. After the match, Hussain said that this boy will one day become one of the greatest players of the Field Hockey. He played for the Hockey team of Uttar Pradesh in all the National tournaments continuously from 1939 to 1959.
As a player
Singh was first selected to the All-India Hockey Team in 1946-47 for the tour to Afghanistan. After that there was no looking back and he rose quickly to be one of the deadliest forward the hockey world has known. In 1947, while playing alongside Dhyan Chand during the East Africa tour he outscored the wizard by netting 70 goals while the wizard got 62. Even before he was selected as Vice Captain of 1948 Olympic team he was being compared to Dhyan Chand. He played in the capacity of vice-captain in the 1948 Olympic Games. The Indian team won a gold medal on this occasion. The 1948 outing was the first Olympic participation of India as an independent nation, which made the gold medal victory a very important achievement for the nascent nation even though it had won the Olympic gold in 1928, 1932 and 1936. Such was his performance in 1948 Olympics that one of the leading British newspapers wrote:
"Babu's performance was as near to perfection as was possible. Scintillating dribbling and adroit through passes characterized his play and he was the chief instigator in completely tying the dogged England defense. On many occasions he dribbled past whole defence with ease throughout the tournament. He was the brain behind the attacks. It is tempting to write that Babu is as elusive as Dhyan Chand."
He was made captain of the Indian team in 1949, this year out of 236 goals scored, he had netted 99 goals, maximum by any member of the team. He was the captain of the Indian team, which won the gold medal at the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games. His performance in 1952 olympics was described as 'poetic', where he was the mastermind and playmaker of the team. Former New Zealand captain Cyril Walter wrote:
"I run out of adjectives in trying to describe his superlative dribbling and the timing and geometrical accuracy of his passing. Babu's dribbling is poetry in motion."
As a coach
Singh later served as the coach for Indian hockey team for the 1972 Munich Olympics. K.D. Singh Babu was a member of numerous organisations that include All India Council of Sports, Railway Board, Rifle Association of India and Wild Life Protection Committee of Uttar Pradesh.
Death
On 27 March 1978, he died of a gunshot wound from his own weapon, while cleaning it. It was also speculated that he might have shot himself. Singh was reportedly suffering from depression and was under psychiatric care during his final days. A fellow Olympian and friend of Singh, Ashwini Kumar stated that the former was a "sensitive man" and that he might have "become emotionally upset with the poor showing of the Indian team at the World Cup matches in Buenos Aires."
In popular culture
In the Indian sports-drama film Gold (2018), set in the 1948 Summer Olympics, Amit Sadh played the role of vice captain of the India men's national field hockey team - a character based on K.D. Singh.
Honours and memorials
Singh received the Helms Trophy in 1953 for being the best hockey player in the world (1952) and the best sportsman of Asia (1953). This was the first time an Indian was awarded the Helms Trophy.
In 1958, he was awarded the prestigious Padmashri award by the Government of India.
The stadiums in Barabanki and Lucknow are named after him. The stadiums at Lucknow and Barabanki, both, are known as the "K. D. Singh Babu Stadium"
A street in Barabanki city connecting Chhaya Chauraha and Lucknow-Faizabad Road is named after him.
See also
List of Indian hockey captains in Olympics
Field hockey in India
Notes
External links
When the legendary Dhyan Chand stood in a queue to watch hockey. DNAIndia.
Biography at barabanki.nic.in
Biography at Sportal
Remembering Babu. Lucknow Observer.
विश्व में 'बाबू' ने दी बाराबंकी को पहचान! (in Hindi)
1922 births
1978 deaths
Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports
People from Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh
Olympic field hockey players of India
Field hockey players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Field hockey players at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Indian male field hockey players
Olympic gold medalists for India
Deaths by firearm in India
Olympic medalists in field hockey
Sportspeople from Lucknow
Field hockey players from Uttar Pradesh
Medalists at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1948 Summer Olympics
Accidental deaths in India
Firearm accident victims |
5398377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Mallett | Jane Mallett | Jane Mallett (April 17, 1899 – April 14, 1984) was a notable Canadian actress. She was born as Jean Dawson Keenleyside in London, Ontario, Canada.
Career
Her films included Love at First Sight with Dan Aykroyd, The Sweet and the Bitter, The Yellow Leaf, Nothing Personal, and Improper Channels. She was a stalwart on CBC Radio from the 1940s to the 1970s, working with such notables as Andrew Allan, John Drainie, and Barry Morse. She was most noted for Travels with Aunt Jane, a 1974 CBC Radio comedy series in which she portrayed the character of "Aunt Jane", an unmarried woman who travelled across Canada to visit her relatives. Television producer Jack Humphrey also created a pilot for a television version of Aunt Jane in 1977, but the show was not picked up to series.
Mallett's stage career included performances with the Shaw Festival of Canada and the Stratford Festival of Canada.
She was named a Member of the Order of Canada in 1975. In 1976, she was a recipient of ACTRA's John Drainie Award.
Following her death in 1984, she was posthumously celebrated in Toronto by the naming of a theatre in her honour at the St. Lawrence Centre for the Arts. The Jane Mallett Theatre is a 498-seat venue, an intimate environment with superior sight lines and exceptional acoustics. Staffed by professional technicians and equipped with a lighting grid and unique fly system, the semi-circular thrust stage is ideal for concerts, theatrical productions as well as the most demanding high-tech audiovisual presentations.
Filmography
References
External links
Jane Mallett fonds (R2281) at Library and Archives Canada
1899 births
1984 deaths
20th-century Canadian actresses
Canadian stage actresses
Canadian film actresses
Canadian radio actresses
Canadian television actresses
Actresses from London, Ontario
Members of the Order of Canada |
5398378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantlate | Chantlate | In architecture, a chantlate is a piece of wood fastened near the ends of the rafters, and projecting beyond the wall, to support two or three rows of tiles, so placed to prevent rain water from trickling down the sides of the wall.
Roofs |
5398387 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n%20%28singer%29 | Ramón (singer) | Ramón del Castillo Palop (born 3 May 1985) is a Spanish singer best known for representing Spain at the 2004 Eurovision Song Contest in Istanbul.
Biography
Ramón was born on 3 May 1985 in Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, the youngest of three boys. He participated in the third season of Operación Triunfo (2003–2004), where he finished as the runner-up and, in a separate vote, was selected to represent Spain at the Eurovision in 2004 after Beth's eighth-place finish the year before. It was his first major musical appearance – he had not been a recording artist before Operación Triunfo.
With the song "Para llenarme de ti" ("To Be Filled By You"), Ramón finished in 10th place with 87 points in the final, which was Spain's last top ten result until 2012, when Pastora Soler managed to finish in 10th place again, with the song "Quédate conmigo".
"Para llenarme de ti", which was written by Kike Santander, was also a commercial success in Spain, peaking at number one on the Spanish Singles Chart. Ramón's first album Es así, produced by Toni and Xasqui Ten, debuted at number six on the Spanish Albums Chart.
In October 2006, Ramón's second album entitled Cambio de sentido was released. The album failed to chart. In 2008, Ramón served as a judge in the regional talent show ¡Quiero ser como Pepe!, aired on TV Canaria.
In 2010, Ramón abandoned his music career. Shortly after, he finished Audiovisual Production studies at IES Politécnico Las Palmas. In 2013, he moved to Oslo, Norway to work as a camera assistant for local production company Seefood TV.
Discography
Albums
Es así (Vale Music Records) – 2004 – No. 6 ESP
Cambio de sentido (Multitrack Records) – 2006
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Singers from the Canary Islands
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2004
People from Las Palmas
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Spain
Operación Triunfo contestants
21st-century Spanish singers
21st-century Spanish male singers |
5398388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshio%20Kawai | Yoshio Kawai | is a Japanese voice actor from Tokyo, Japan.
Biography
Filmography
Anime television series
The Brave Fighter of Legend Da-Garn (Mach Lander)
Captain Tsubasa (Kōzō Kira)
Geneshaft (Asimov)
Kakyūsei (Dogeza Master)
Macross (Matsuki)
Mobile Fighter G Gundam (Kennedy Grahman)
Rockman.EXE Stream (Bengel)
Slam Dunk (Aiwa Academy Coach)
The Super Dimension Fortress Macross (Haruaki Matsumoto)
Tenchi Universe (Tetta)
Urotsukidoji (Airplane Pilot, Gashim, Caeser's Colleague, Cop)
Video Games
Summon Night (Sutauto, Guramusu Bānetto)
Tokusatsu
Hikari Sentai Maskman (1987) (Skull Doguler (ep. 5))
Choujuu Sentai Liveman (1988) (Hihi Zuno (ep. 11))
Kousoku Sentai Turboranger (1989) (Inugami Boma (ep. 25))
Chikyu Sentai Fiveman (1990) (Torarugin (ep. 3), Galactic Ninja Batzlergin (ep. 24), Samejigokugin (ep. 34), Kamerezarugin (ep. 41), TeranoTVgin (ep. 43))
Tokkyuu Shirei Solbrain (1991) (Para brain A320 (ep. 1))
Choujin Sentai Jetman (1991) (Majin Mu (ep. 30))
Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger (1992) (Dora Skeleton (ep. 2), Dora Goblin (ep. 7), Dora Ladon (ep. 13), Dora Chimaera (ep. 44))
Ninja Sentai Kakuranger (1994) (Umibouzu (ep. 23))
Ninja Sentai Kakuranger Movie (1994) (Ōnyūdō)
Blue SWAT (1994) (Zazanga (ep. 21), Gedon (ep. 31))
Chouriki Sentai Ohranger (1995) (Bara Tarantula (ep. 29))
Mirai Sentai Timeranger (2000) (Saboteur Mayden (ep. 37))
Ninpuu Sentai Hurricanger (2002) (Island Ninja Girigrigaishi (ep. 17))
External links
1954 births
Living people
Japanese male video game actors
Japanese male voice actors
Male voice actors from Tokyo |
4002692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciara%20%28fly%29 | Sciara (fly) | Sciara is a genus of fungus gnats in the family Sciaridae.
Species
Sciara is among the largest genus in the world, with over 700 species. Species within this genus include:
Sciara abbreviata
Sciara abdita
Sciara adjuncta
Sciara aemula
Sciara aethiops
Sciara africana
Sciara albicoxa
Sciara albifrons
Sciara amabilis
Sciara analis
Sciara angustata
Sciara antigua
Sciara antonovae
Sciara approximata
Sciara aquila
Sciara arcuata
Sciara aspirans
Sciara atomaria
Sciara atrata
Sciara atratula
Sciara atrifrons
Sciara attenuata
Sciara audax
Sciara aurosa
Sciara barnardi
Sciara biformata
Sciara bispinosa
Sciara borealis
Sciara brevifurca
Sciara brevipetiolata
Sciara bullastylata
Sciara cameronensis
Sciara capensis
Sciara cavicata
Sciara cingulata
Sciara clavata
Sciara colorata
Sciara columbiana
Sciara compacta
Sciara concinna
Sciara confusa
Sciara congregata
Sciara conjuncta
Sciara consanguinea
Sciara contermina
Sciara conulifera
Sciara convergens
Sciara copiosa
Sciara costalis
Sciara costata
Sciara crassicornis
Sciara curvinervis
Sciara cylindrica
Sciara delessei
Sciara denticornis
Sciara diacantha
Sciara diderma
Sciara differens
Sciara dimidiata
Sciara diminutiva
Sciara diota
Sciara dissimilis
Sciara distigma
Sciara distinguenda
Sciara divergens
Sciara diversa
Sciara diversipes
Sciara dives
Sciara dolicholabis
Sciara dolosa
Sciara erratica
Sciara esuriens
Sciara evanescens
Sciara exigua
Sciara exilis
Sciara exposita
Sciara exsequialis
Sciara familiaris
Sciara fasciata
Sciara fascipennis
Sciara femoralis
Sciara femorata
Sciara festina
Sciara festiva
Sciara finitima
Sciara flammiventris
Sciara flavicollis
Sciara flavicoxis
Sciara flavimana
Sciara flavipeura
Sciara flaviseta
Sciara flavofemorata
Sciara flavomarginata
Sciara flavoscutellata
Sciara fletcherae
Sciara foliorum
Sciara fratercula
Sciara fraterna
Sciara frequens
Sciara froggatti
Sciara fuliginosus
Sciara fumipennis
Sciara funebris
Sciara fuscipennis
Sciara fuscolimbata
Sciara futilis
Sciara globosa
Sciara griseicollis
Sciara grzegorseki
Sciara habilis
Sciara hebes
Sciara helmsi
Sciara helvola
Sciara hemerobioides
Sciara hendersoni
Sciara heteroptera
Sciara heteropus
Sciara hirtilineata
Sciara hirtilineatoides
Sciara horrescens
Sciara humeralis
Sciara hyalinata
Sciara ignobilis
Sciara incerta
Sciara inconstans
Sciara indica
Sciara infantula
Sciara infirma
Sciara infixa
Sciara infrequens
Sciara isarthria
Sciara isopalpi
Sciara jacobsoni
Sciara japonica
Sciara jeanneli
Sciara karnyi
Sciara khasiensis
Sciara kinabaluana
Sciara kitakamiensis
Sciara lackschewitzi
Sciara lamprina
Sciara latelineata
Sciara latipons
Sciara leucocera
Sciara ligniperda
Sciara longipes
Sciara lucidipennis
Sciara lucipeta
Sciara luctifica
Sciara luculenta
Sciara lumuensis
Sciara lurida
Sciara luteiventris
Sciara luteolamellata
Sciara macleayi
Sciara maculithorax
Sciara maesta
Sciara mahensis
Sciara maolana
Sciara marcilla
Sciara marginalis
Sciara marginata
Sciara mediofusca
Sciara medullaris
Sciara melaleuca
Sciara melanostyla
Sciara mendax
Sciara microtricha
Sciara migrator
Sciara militaris
Sciara militarsis
Sciara minutela
Sciara modesta
Sciara monacantha
Sciara montivaga
Sciara multispinulosa
Sciara nemoralis
Sciara neorufescens
Sciara nepalensis
Sciara nigrans
Sciara nigrifemur
Sciara nigripennis
Sciara nigripes
Sciara nigrita
Sciara nigropicea
Sciara nitidithorax
Sciara nitulina
Sciara nivata
Sciara niveiapicalis
Sciara nivicola
Sciara notata
Sciara nowickii
Sciara nubicula
Sciara ochrolabis
Sciara opposita
Sciara ornatula
Sciara pahangensis
Sciara pakkana
Sciara pallescens
Sciara palliceps
Sciara parallela
Sciara patricii
Sciara pectilinealis
Sciara penicillata
Sciara pernitida
Sciara perpusilla
Sciara philippinensis
Sciara philpotti
Sciara pictipes
Sciara polita
Sciara politula
Sciara praescellens
Sciara prominens
Sciara promiscua
Sciara pruinosa
Sciara psittacus
Sciara pubescens
Sciara pulicaria
Sciara pycnacantha
Sciara pygmaea
Sciara quadrimaculata
Sciara ratana
Sciara reciproca
Sciara recondita
Sciara recta
Sciara remyi
Sciara rimiscutellata
Sciara robusta
Sciara rotunda
Sciara rotundipennis
Sciara rufa
Sciara ruficauda
Sciara satiata
Sciara schmidbergeri
Sciara schultzei
Sciara sciastica
Sciara sciophila
Sciara scita
Sciara scitula
Sciara sclerocerci
Sciara sedula
Sciara segetum
Sciara segmenticornis
Sciara selangoriana
Sciara selecta
Sciara selliformis
Sciara septentrionalis
Sciara serenipennis
Sciara sericata
Sciara setilineata
Sciara seychellensis
Sciara simulator
Sciara singhalensis
Sciara sororia
Sciara speciosa
Sciara spectabilis
Sciara speculum
Sciara stigmatopleura
Sciara suavis
Sciara subfascipennis
Sciara subrunnipes
Sciara sumatrana
Sciara tenompokensis
Sciara tepperi
Sciara tetraleuca
Sciara thomsoni
Sciara thoracica
Sciara townesi
Sciara transpacifica
Sciara trileucarthra
Sciara tryoni
Sciara turrida
Sciara uichancoi
Sciara ulrichi
Sciara unica
Sciara unicolor
Sciara unicorn
Sciara varipes
Sciara vecors
Sciara vicina
Sciara winnertzi
Sciara viridipes
Sciara womersleyi
Sciara vulgaris
Sciara vulpina
Sciara xizangana
Sciara yadongana
Sciara zalampra
Sciara zealandica
Sciara zygocera
Description
The adult fly is small, up to 3 mm, has a dark brown body, small head and its legs and wings are comparatively long, looking like a mosquito.
Biology
These insects feed on decaying organic matter and fungi. They are often found in greenhouses. Their larvae are up to 6 mm long, white, slender and legless, with a black head and smooth semi-transparent skin which reveals the contents of the digestive tract.
Sex determination in Sciara is a different mechanism. Sciara basically has 4 pairs of chromosomes 3 pairs of autosomes and one pair of allosomes. Some special chromosomes called limited chromosomes are present in certain stages. The zygote has 3 pairs of autosomes a one or more limited chromosomes and 3 X chromosome (2 fathers’, 1 mother's). There are 2 stages in Sciara: the Germ line and the Somaline.
Germ line
The Germ line is the gametic line where the gamete formation takes place. The number of chromosomes during this line is different in males and females.
In the formation sperms of males the 1st spermatocystic division is monocentric mitosis, the maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes are separated. Then few limited chromosomes are eliminated not all of them. After this one paternal X chromosome is also eliminated. Hence male germ line (spermatogonia) cells have 3 pairs of autosomes, 2 (one maternal and one paternal) X chromosomes and a few limited chromosomes.
In the formation ova of the females the 1st ovarian division is monocentric mitosis, the maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes are separated. Then few limited chromosomes are eliminated not all of them. After this both 2 paternal X chromosome are also eliminated. Hence female germ line (oogonia) cells have 3 pairs of autosomes, 1 maternal X chromosomes and a few limited chromosomes.
Soma line
Soma line is the vegetative stage. During early cleavage stages of the embryo limited chromosomes are eliminated. The number of chromosomes during this line is different in males and females.
In males during the 5th and 6th divisions of the embryo all the limited chromosomes are eliminated. Then paternal X chromosome is eliminated which are 2 in number. Hence male soma line cells have 3 pairs of autosomes and one maternal X chromosome.
In the females during the 5th and 6th divisions of the embryo all the limited chromosomes are eliminated. In the next stage of cleavage one paternal X chromosome is eliminated. Hence female soma line cells have 3 pairs of autosomes and one maternal and one paternal X chromosome.
Bibliography
Pettey, F. W., 1918. A revision of the genus Sciara of the family Mycetophilidae (Diptera). Ann. Ent. Soc. America, vol. 11 no. 4.
Ruiz MF et al. - An Unusual Role for doublesex in Sex Determination in the Dipteran Sciara- Genetics. (2015)
Vilkamaa P et al - The genus Sciara Meigen (Diptera, Sciaridae) in New Caledonia, with the description of two new species - Zootaxa. (2015)
References
Sciaridae
Taxa named by Johann Wilhelm Meigen
Sciaroidea genera |
5398394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Essential%20Judas%20Priest | The Essential Judas Priest | The Essential Judas Priest is a 2006 2-disc compilation album by English heavy metal band Judas Priest. It contains 34 songs from throughout their career right up to their then-most recent album Angel of Retribution, but excludes the Tim "Ripper" Owens era and material from their debut album Rocka Rolla. It was re-released in 2008 as a limited-edition 3-disc package.
It was re-released again in 2010 as a Blu-spec CD. This version has a slightly different track list on the first disc; "Nostradamus" from the 2008 album of that name replaces "Victim of Changes" as the fifth track.
Track listing
Personnel
Rob Halford: Vocals.
Glenn Tipton: Guitars.
K.K. Downing: Guitars.
Ian Hill: Bass guitars.
Scott Travis: Drums (1, 12, 16 Disc 1; 8, 13, 17 Disc 2).
Other personnel
Dave Holland: Drums (2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17 Disc 1; 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 15, 16 Disc 2).
Les Binks: Drums (3, 9, 13 Disc 1; 5, 6, 12 Disc 2).
Simon Phillips: Drums (4 Disc 1; 9 Disc 2).
Alan Moore: Drums (5 Disc 1; 14 Disc 2).
Don Airey (session musician): Keyboards (12 Disc 1).
Charts
References
Judas Priest compilation albums
2006 greatest hits albums |
5398407 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg%20Expressway | Lynchburg Expressway | The Lynchburg Expressway is a freeway in Lynchburg, Virginia, United States. It carries portions of
U.S. Route 29 Business
U.S. Route 501
This expressway is a four-lane, divided highway with a speed limit of 55 miles per hour for its entirety (except at its northwestern terminus, where the speed limit is 45).
The route has eleven interchanges, numbered 1-11, along with an at-grade intersection and right-in/right-out (RIRO) intersection at its northwestern terminus.
Route Description
Coming into the city from the northeast, on southbound Business U.S. Route 29, the expressway crosses the James River via the Carter Glass Memorial Bridge. Almost immediately after this bridge, the expressway is overpassed by Main St. and connects to it via the Exit 1 ramps, providing full access to and from downtown and the riverfront. The road then bends southward to pass underneath Grace St., the destination of Exit 2. The exit 2 ramps heading southward form the southern end of Miller St, which continues for two blocks and then ends at Grace St. The northbound ramps connect to Robins Road, a left turn onto which is required to access Grace St.
After this, the expressway again curves to the southeast, and connects to Kemper St. (which carries U.S. Route 221, Business U.S. Route 460, and Business U.S. Route 501), with full access via Exit 3, a four-ramp partial cloverleaf/semi-folded diamond interchange. The highway then curves to the south for a rapid series of three interchanges. Exit 4 connects to Stadium Road, however, this exit only connects to the southbound route. Exit 5 connects with full access to James St. and northern Carroll Ave., both of which connect to Stadium Rd., thus providing the connections missing from Exit 4. Exit 6 has nearly no access, however, since the only ramp is from the northbound expressway to southeastern Carroll Ave.
After these tightly-knit interchanges, the expressway connects to the northwestern terminus of Odd Fellows Road with full access via a trumpet interchange.
Exit 8 is a cloverleaf interchange with Candlers Mountain Road (U.S. Route 501 and Virginia State Route 128). This is where Business U.S. Route 29 (the highway carried by the expressway north of here) picks up U.S. 501 for a "wrong-way" concurrency. This interchange lacks a connection from westbound Route 128 to the southbound expressway, a connection which is made up for in Exit 9, the expressway's interchange with Wards Road. This interchange lacks access from southbound Wards Road onto northbound Business Route 29 / southbound U.S. 501 (the northbound expressway). This interchange is also where Business Route 29 leaves the expressway for Wards Road, where it eventually meets back up with mainline U.S. 29. This leaves U.S. 501 as the expressway's only designation.
After Business 29 leaves the expressway, the expressway (now Route 501) curves to the northwest, after which it has a cloverleaf interchange (Exit 10) with Timberlake Road / Fort Avenue (Business U.S. Route 460). Exit 11 soon follows, with a diamond interchange connecting the now-northbound expressway to Graves Mill Road, an important corridor connecting the City of Lynchburg with the Forest suburb. After this, the southbound expressway has a right-in/right-out intersection with Breezewood Drive, the speed limit drops to 45, and the expressway ends at an at-grade, signalized intersection with Old Forest Road and Lakeside Drive (U.S. Route 221), having made nearly a complete semicircle around the city.
Transportation in Virginia
Transportation in Lynchburg, Virginia
Freeways in the United States
U.S. Route 29
U.S. Route 501 |
4002702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish%20heraldry | Scottish heraldry | Heraldry in Scotland, while broadly similar to that practised in England and elsewhere in western Europe, has its own distinctive features. Its heraldic executive is separate from that of the rest of the United Kingdom.
Executive
The Scottish heraldic executive is separate from that of the remainder of the United Kingdom and is vested in the Lord Lyon King of Arms. The earliest reference to the Lyon, as such, dates to the reign of Robert the Bruce in 1318, although with respect to certain of his functions he is considered the successor of royal officials dating to ancient Celtic times.
The Lord Lyon exercises general jurisdiction over all matters armorial in Scotland and serves as a Judge of the Realm. He also decides on questions relating to family representation, pedigrees and genealogies. In addition, he supervises all state, royal and public ceremonies in Scotland. The Lord Lyon also asserts the right to decide who is Head of the Clan or Chief of the Family or Name, although his authority to determine chiefships has been challenged.
In carrying out his duties, he has been assisted, in recent times, by a staff of three heralds and pursuivants along with a Lyon Clerk and Keeper of the Records.
Pursuant to Chapter 47 of the Act of 1672, the Lord Lyon is empowered to grant arms to "vertuous [virtuous] and well deserving persons." According to Innes of Learney: "A [Scottish] coat of arms is the outward indication of nobility and arms are officially described as 'Ensigns of Nobility'. A patent of arms is . . . a Diploma of Nobility . . . ." Clarifying this statement, a later writer on Scottish heraldry has noted: "Technically, a grant of arms from the Lord Lyon is a patent of nobility; the grantee is thereby 'enrolled with all nobles in the noblesse of Scotland'. This does not constitute a peerage or any title. It is a social distinction, and has no legal privileges."
Principles
The principal function of heraldry, whether personal or corporate, is to symbolise the identity of the owner of the armorial bearings.
In Scotland the Clan, the Family, and the Name have survived as significant entities in the social organization of Scottish society.
In Scottish heraldry there is no such thing as a "family coat of arms". Junior members of a family are assigned specific and relevant differences to the armorial bearings of an ancestor.
Scottish heraldry operates under the supposition that all those who share the same surname are related, however distantly. Consequently, where a coat of arms for the head of a family already exists, new grants of arms to individuals with the same surname will generally be variations on those arms.
"[T]he salient feature of Scottish heraldry is that, as compared with England and other countries, the basic coats of arms are relatively few in number, but numerous differenced versions of each basic shield exist. The basic, or simple undifferenced arms and crest, are the property, not of the 'family', but of the 'Chief' of each clan or house …."
The strict adherence to cadency, or the need for cadets to difference their arms from the chief of the family, is due to the permanence of the old families. From an early period the leading families of England were extinguished in the male line. Some continue to exist in the male line, but are comparatively obscure, having sprung from untitled cadets of the ancient families. On the other hand, the Scottish families were remarkable for their numerous progeny. Subinfeudation, which had been prohibited in England since the time of the Plantagenet kings, was largely practised in Scotland. Whole districts of Scotland have their predominant names, which are generally those of the old families. Surnames were for a long time after their introduction, used only by the gentry; and when they began to be assumed by the lower orders, the clansman almost invariably took the name of his chief, considering himself a member of his family, at least by adoption, if not by blood. In England new men emerged, and founded new families; it was easier to adopt new arms rather than trace a connection with those who had died. Hence it came to pass that while in England the multitude of entirely distinct coats of arms is enormous, in Scotland the number of original coats is small.
The earliest existing examples of Scots heraldry are Stewart coats of arms from seals of the last half of the 12th century and the first half of the 13th, and show the fess chequy, which is still a feature of 21st century Scots heraldry.
The Lord Lyon King of Arms has a vital and continuing influence on the family organization in Scotland. Depending on the terms of the original grant, armorial bearings are succeeded to by the heir—who may be the heir male, the heir female, or the heir by tailzie (an heir nominated within the blood relationship).
Characteristics
Mottoes
One of the most obvious visual distinctions of Scottish heraldry from heraldic styles used elsewhere is that the scroll on which the motto is displayed is almost always positioned above the crest in Scottish bearings, as depicted in the illustration of the Royal Coat of Arms of Scotland above. This difference is more than merely visual, however. In Scottish heraldry mottoes are considered a component of the grant of arms and can be altered only by re-matriculating the arms. In English heraldry, while a motto is usually illustrated in the patent of arms, with very rare exceptions, it is not included in the verbal grant of armorial bearings. Consequently, English mottoes may be changed at will.
Cadency
Another difference between Scottish and English heraldry that may be discerned from the appearance of the shield itself lies in the systems employed to distinguish younger sons of an armiger, known as cadency. English heraldry uses a series of small symbols, termed brisures, to differentiate between the senior representative of an armigerous family and junior lines known as "cadet branches". In Scotland, except for the line of the immediate heir, this function is served by a series of bordures (borders) surrounding the shield of varying, specified colors and designs, named the "Stodart" system. In Scottish practice brisures function only as "temporary house marks of cadency used by children . . . without formal authority of the Lyon Office, until they establish houses of their own."
Badges
Heraldic badges are treated differently in Scottish heraldic practice than in English armoury. A badge may be defined as "An armorial device, not part of the coat of arms, but . . . available to an armigerous person or corporation for the purpose of identification." Badges may consist of no more than a charge from the shield of arms, but others were emblems adopted for their hidden meaning or in allusion to a name, title or office. In England, the granting of badges to armigers by the College of Arms has become "commonplace" in recent years.
In Scottish heraldry, however, the grant of badges is limited to those categories of individuals who may be expected to have a "numerous following", that is to say a significant body of adherents or supporters. Generally badges are awarded only to peers,
the baronage, clan chiefs and chieftains and the older landed houses
and only when the Lord Lyon is satisfied that the grant of a badge is warranted on practical grounds. Corporate bodies, such as local governments, schools, companies or sports clubs may also obtain badges as a means for their members to display their affiliation.
Scottish heraldry, however, also recognizes a unique form of badge, the crest badge. In the case of an armiger, this device is composed of his crest, encircled by a plain circle on which is inscribed the individual's motto. As a mark of allegiance to their chief, members of a clan are permitted to wear a clansmen's badge, consisting of their chief's crest surrounded by a strap and buckle device on which the chief's motto is inscribed.
Crests
In English heraldic practice the crest, the device or emblem that appears above the helmet or chapeau in a full coat of arms, should not duplicate any crest previously granted. Just as each shield should be unique, so too should each crest. In Scotland, however, it is permissible, and not uncommon, for two or more different families to bear the same crest. As Scottish heraldry joins the crest and motto in the crest badge, however, the combination of crest and motto should, in each case, be unique.
Heiresses
In traditional heraldic practice coats of arms pass through the male line. Where a woman's father bears arms and, at his death, there are no surviving sons or surviving children of sons, the woman is an heraldic heiress and can transmit her father's arms to her descendants. In England, if there is more than one surviving daughter, each transmits her father's arms on equal terms. In Scotland, only the eldest surviving daughter transmits her father's undifferenced arms to her offspring.
Quarterings
In heraldry a basic shield can be divided into four, essentially equal, sections or quarterings. In recent times this typically occurs as the result of the marriage of an armiger to an heraldic heiress. English heraldry appears to put no limit on such divisions, which continue to be termed "quarterings" no matter how many more are added.,
Scottish practice favours a simplicity of design and permits each quarter to itself be quartered, but no more. A Scottish shield, therefore, is limited to sixteen quarterings.
Important works
"Scotland has no ancient rolls of arms as in England and its earliest document of any importance is the Armorial de Gelré 1369–1388 preserved in Brussels - a European manuscript with a section on Scottish arms." The first truly Scottish armorial dates only from 1508.
Two of the oldest and most important works on the subject of Scottish heraldry are The Science of Herauldry by George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, first published in 1680, and A System of Heraldry by Alexander Nisbet, first published in 1722. Mackenzie is regard as legal authority in matters of Scottish heraldry. Whether Nisbet is likewise regarded as of "institutional authority" is unclear, but "his work has been treated with very great respect since it appeared in 1722."
Perhaps the most celebrated work of Scottish heraldry is the Public Register of all Arms and Bearings in Scotland, known more simply as the Public Register or even Lyon Register. It has been said that: "There is no better evidence of the diversity and splendour of heraldic art anywhere in the world than is to be found in the [Lyon Register]. . . ." The work was created under the authority of the Statute of 1672, which provided that it record all arms properly registered with the Lord Lyon. The first volume was bound in 1677 and it has been faithfully maintained from that time. Each of the series of massive volumes contains 120 pages of vellum, and it includes the work of some of Scotland's greatest heraldic artists over nearly three and one-half centuries.
Civic heraldry
Scotland's civic heraldry is particularly rich with burgh arms from the 15th century still in use in the 21st.
The earliest civic heraldry seems to have been the arms of Dundee which date back 600 years.
In January 2008 a petition to matriculate armorial bearings for the City of Inverness was refused by Lord Lyon King of Arms on the grounds that there is no legal persona to which arms can be granted.
Notes
References
Works referenced
Agnew of Lochnaw, Sir Crispin. "Heraldic Bibliography." The Highlander. (March/April 1991).
Brooke-Little, J.P. (revisor). Boutell's Heraldry. Frederick Warne & Co., Ltd., London, 1970.
Burnett, Charles J and Dennis, Mark D. Scotland's Heraldic Heritage; The Lion Rejoicing The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, 1997.
Cox, Noel. "Commonwealth Heraldic Jurisdiction." The Coat of Arms (Autumn 2005).
Dennis, Mark. Scottish Heraldry: An Invitation Heraldry Society of Scotland, Edinburgh, 1999.
Fox-Davies, A.C. A Complete Guide to Heraldry. (revised, Brooke-Little, J.P.) Orbis Publishing Limited, London, 1985 (originally published 1909). (of dubious authority and accuracy in matters Scots)
Friar, Stephen (editor). A Dictionary of Heraldry. Harmony Books, New York, 1987.
Friar, Stephen and Ferguson, John. Basic Heraldry. The Herbert Press, London, 1993.
Innes of Learney, Sir Thomas (revisor Innes of Edingight, Malcolm R.). Scots Heraldry. Third edition. Johnston & Bacon, London & Edinburgh, 1978 (originally published 1934).
Innes-Smith, Robert. An Outline of Heraldry in England and Scotland. Pilgrim Press Ltd., Derby, 1980.
Nisbet, Alexander A System of Heraldry. T & A Constable, Edinburgh, 1984, first published 1722.
Slater, Stephen. The Complete Book of Heraldry. Lorenz Books, London, 2002.
Way of Plean, George and Squire, Romilly. Collins Scottish Clan and Family Encyclopedia. HarperCollins, Glasgow, 1994
Additional bibliography
Mackenzie of Rosehaugh, G. Scotland's Herauldrie: the Science of Herauldrie treated as a part of the Civil law and Law of Nations. Heir of Andrew Anderson, Edinburgh, 1680
Moncreiffe of Easter Moncrieffe, Iain (Kintyre Pursuivant) & Pottinger, Don (Herald Painter). Simple Heraldry - Cheerfully Illustrated. Thomas Nelson and Sons, Edinburgh and London, 1953
Paul, Sir James Balfour (Lord Lyon King of Arms). An Ordinary of Arms Contained in the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland. Edinburgh: W. Green & Sons, 1903
Reid of Robertland, David and Wilson, Vivien. An Ordinary of Arms, volume 2 [1902–1973], Lyon Office, Edinburgh 1977
Schweitzer, Leslie A and Hunter of Montlawan, David. Annotated Bibliography of Scottish Heraldic Materials - see at
Stevenson, John H and Wood, Margaret: Scottish Heraldic Seals (3 vols.), Glasgow, 1940
Urquhart, R M. Scottish Burgh and County Heraldry Heraldry Today, London, 1973; Scottish Civic Heraldry: Regional - Islands - District Heraldry Today, London, 1979; Scottish Civic Heraldry 2 Scottish Library Association, Hamilton, 2001
External links
Court of the Lord Lyon website
The Public Register of All Arms and Bearings in Scotland 1672–1907 online (registration required)
Heraldry Society of Scotland website and forum
A Celebration of Scottish Heraldry
www.rtbot.net/Lord_Lyon_King_of_Arms
The Hamilton Armorial, Heraldry Society of Scotland
The Scots Roll, Heraldry Society of Scotland
Heraldry by country |
4002710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Alfred%20Lawrence%20Hearne | George Alfred Lawrence Hearne | George Alfred Lawrence Hearne (27 March 1888 – 13 November 1978) was an English born South African cricketer who played Test cricket.
Hearne was born in Catford in Kent and emigrated to South Africa with his family in 1889. His father, Frank Hearne was a professional cricketer who played Test cricket for both England and South Africa and who was a member of the Hearne family of cricketers. He had played for Kent County Cricket Club and emigrated due to ill-health to take up a coaching position with Western Province.
George Hearne played first-class cricket as a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper for Western Province between 1910/11 and 1926/27 and played in three Test matches for South Africa between 1922/23 and 1924. He made his Test debut against England in December 1922 at Johannesburg, playing two matches during the 1922/23 tour. Hearne then toured England with South Africa in 1924, playing his last Test match in the final Test of the series at The Oval.
Hearne died in Barberton, South Africa in 1978, aged 90.
References
External links
1888 births
1978 deaths
South African cricketers
South Africa Test cricketers
Western Province cricketers |
4002723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani%20Rashmoni | Rani Rashmoni | Rashmoni Das, popularly known as Rani Rashmoni, also spelled as Rani Rasmani (28 September 1793 – 19 February 1861), was an Indian businesswoman, Zamindar, philanthropist and the founder of the Dakshineswar Kali Temple in Kolkata and remained closely associated with Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa after she appointed him as the priest of the temple. Her other construction works include the construction of a road from Subarnarekha River to Puri for the pilgrims, Babughat (also known as Babu Rajchandra Das Ghat), Ahiritola Ghat and Nimtala ghat for the everyday bathers at the Ganges. She also offered considerable charity to the Imperial Library (now the National Library of India), the Hindu College (now Presidency University).
Presently, the Lokmata Rani Rashmoni Mission is situated at Nimpith, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 743338, India.
Biography
Rashmoni was born on 28 September 1793. Her father, Harekrishna Biswas, lived in Kona village, in present-day Halisahar, North 24 Parganas. Her mother Rampriya devi died when she was just seven years old. She was married to Babu Rajachandra Das (Marh) of Janbazar, Kolkata, a member of a wealthy Mahishya zamindar family, when she was eleven years old. They had four daughters.
After her husband's death in 1836, Rashmoni assumed responsibility of the zamindari and finances.
After inheriting property from her husband, she managed to endear herself to the people through her management skills of the estate and her many charitable works in the city. She was well loved and revered by the people and proved herself to be worthy of the title, "Rani".
The Rani had clashes with the British in India. By blocking the shipping trade on a part of the Ganges she compelled the British to abolish the tax imposed on fishing in the river, which threatened the livelihood of fishermen. When Puja processions were stopped by the British on the charge that they disturbed the peace, she defied the orders. The British withdrew the penalty imposed on her.
She tacitly supported social activist/scholar Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's campaign for widow remarriage. She even submitted a draft bill against polygamy to the East India Company, who handled the administration during those days.
The Eden Gardens was also a part of their Zamindari area, which they later donated to the Eden sisters of Lord Auckland, the then Governor-General of India.
The Rani also had to her credit numerous charitable works and other contributions to society. She oversaw the construction of a road from Subarnarekha river to Puri for pilgrims. She funded the construction of ghats such as Babughat (in memory of her husband), Ahiritola Ghat and Nimtala Ghat for the daily bathers in the Ganges. Rahmoni donated to the then Imperial Library (now the National Library of India) and Hindu College (now Presidency University). Prince Dwarkanath Tagore had mortgaged a part of his Zamindari in now South 24 Parganas (part of present-day Santoshpur and adjoining areas) to Rashmoni for his passage to England. This part of land which was then a part of the Sunderbans was marshy and almost uninhabitable except for some families of thugs who found the area convenient to stay and venture out for plunders in far away places mounted on stilts. Rashmoni persuaded these families and helped them to build up fisheries in the surrounding water bodies that later turned into large, rich bheris. They gradually gave up their 'profession' of plundering and transformed into a community of fishermen.
Profoundly affected by a dream to built a temple of Goddess Kali, Rani looked for and purchased a 30,000-acre plot in the village of Dakhineswar. The large temple complex was built between 1847 and 1855. The plot was bought from an Englishman, Jake Hastie, and was then popularly known as Saheban Bagicha. It took eight years and nine hundred thousand rupees to complete the construction. The idol of Goddess Kali was installed on the Snana Yatra day on 31 May 1855 amid festivities at the temple formerly known as Sri Sri Jagadishwari Kali, with Ramkumar Chhattopadhyay as the head priest. Soon his younger brother Gadai or Gadadhar (later known as Ramakrishna) moved in and so did his nephew Hriday to assist him.
Rani Rashmoni's House at Janbazar was venue of traditional Durga Puja celebration each autumn. This included traditional pomp, including all-night jatras (folk theatre), rather than by entertainment for the Englishmen with whom she carried on a running feud. After her death in 1861, her sons-in-law took to celebrating Durga Puja in their respective premises.
Being an ardent devotee of the Goddess Kali, "Sri Rasmani Dasi, longing for the Feet of Kali ” were the words engraved in the official seal of her estate.
In popular culture
Rani Rashmoni has also been subject of a biographical film in Bengali language, titled Rani Rasmani (film) (1955), directed by Kaliprasad Ghosh, and wherein lead played by famous theatre personality and actress Molina Devi.
Zee Bangla features a daily soap depicting the life of the illustrious Rani, Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni, which premiered on 24 July 2017 and was telecasted daily till 2022.
Monuments
An avenue in Esplanade, Kolkata is named after her as Rani Rashmoni Avenue, where her statue is also located.
A road is named after her as Rani Rashmoni Road near her ancestral house at Janbazar, Kolkata.
A road is named after her as Rani Rashmoni Road at Dakshineshwar.
The Department of Post of Government of India issued a postage stamp to memorialize the bicentennial of Rani Rashmoni in 1993
A Ferry Ghat known as Rani Rashmoni Ghat has been built for ferry services in Barrackpore, West Bengal and in Hooghly, West Bengal (just after the Hooghly District Correctional Home)
One of the 5 Fast Patrol Vessels of Indian Coast Guard has been named after Rani Rashmoni. It was commissioned in June 2018 and will be based in Visakhapatnam (indigenously built by Hindustan Shipyard).
Further reading
Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita Chapter 3 – The Kali Temple
References
External links
Great Indian – Rani Rashmoni
1793 births
1861 deaths
Indian women philanthropists
Indian philanthropists
Shaktas
Ramakrishna
Founders of Indian schools and colleges
Bengali zamindars
18th-century Indian women
19th-century Indian businesspeople
Indian social reformers |
4002728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funston | Funston | Funston may refer to:
People
Edmund Bailey Funston (fl. 1868–1916), American architect
Edward H. Funston (1836–1911), U.S. Representative from Kansas
Farrell Funston (born 1936), American-born Canadian football player
Frederick Funston (1865–1917), U.S. Army general in the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars
G. Keith Funston (1910–1992), American businessman and university president
Ken Funston (1925–2005, South African cricketer
Places
Camp Funston, Kansas
Funston, Georgia, United States
Fort Funston, California |
4002762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20former%20Impact%20Wrestling%20personnel | List of former Impact Wrestling personnel | Impact Wrestling is an American professional wrestling promotion based in Nashville, Tennessee. Former employees in Impact Wrestling consist of professional wrestlers, managers, play-by-play and color commentators, announcers, interviewers, referees, trainers, script writers, executives, and board of directors. In the case of wrestlers originating from Spanish-speaking countries, who most often have two surnames, the paternal (first) surname is used.
Impact Wrestling talent contracts range from developmental contracts to multi-year deals. They primarily appeared on Impact television programming, pay-per-views, monthly specials, and live events, and talent with developmental contracts appeared at Border City Wrestling and Ohio Valley Wrestling. When talent is released of their contract, it could be for a budget cut, the individual asking for their release, for personal reasons, time off from an injury, or retirement.
Those who made appearances without a contract and those who were previously released but are currently employed by Impact Wrestling are not included.
Lists of former personnel
These lists of personnel are sorted by the first letter of the wrestlers' family name:
List of former Impact Wrestling personnel (A–C)
List of former Impact Wrestling personnel (D–H)
List of former Impact Wrestling personnel (I–M)
List of former Impact Wrestling personnel (N–R)
List of former Impact Wrestling personnel (S–Z)
See also
List of Impact Wrestling personnel
Impact Wrestling alumni
Impact Wrestling |
4002783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation%20Commons | Conservation Commons | The Conservation Commons is the expression of a cooperative effort of non-governmental organizations, international and multi-lateral organizations, governments, academia, and the private sector, to improve open access to and unrestricted use of, data, information and knowledge related to the conservation of biodiversity, with the belief that this will contribute to improving conservation outcomes. At its simplest, it encourages organizations and individuals alike to ensure open access to data, information, expertise and knowledge related to the conservation of biodiversity. The goal of the Conservation Commons is to promote conscious, effective, and equitable sharing of knowledge resources to advance conservation.
Principles
Open access - The Conservation Commons promotes free and open access to data, information and knowledge for all conservation purposes.
Mutual benefit - The Conservation Commons welcomes and encourages participants to both use resources and to contribute data, information and knowledge.
Rights and responsibilities - Contributors to the Conservation Commons have full right to attribution for any uses of their data, information, or knowledge, and the right to ensure that the original integrity of their contribution to the Commons is preserved. Users of the Conservation Commons are expected to comply, in good faith, with terms of uses specified by contributors.
See also
International Union for Conservation of Nature
External links
Joint Statement to the Parties on Biological Diversity Open Access to Biodiversity Data and Information
Conservation Commons
Nature conservation organizations
Public commons
hu:Természetvédelmi biológia |
4002806 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%20Want%20You%20to%20Know | Just Want You to Know | "Just Want You to Know" is a song performed by American vocal group Backstreet Boys. The song was released on July 18, 2005, as the second single from the group's fifth studio album, Never Gone (2005). The single performed well in European countries, reaching the top 10 in the United Kingdom and Spain and peaking within the top 20 in Germany, Ireland, and Italy.
Music video
The video for the song is based on the 1986 documentary Heavy Metal Parking Lot, and features the Backstreet Boys as fans in 1985 of the fictional heavy metal band "Sphynkter". There were two videos for this song and both were directed by Marc Klasfeld and released worldwide on September 3, 2005.
Track listings
US promo CD
"Just Want You to Know" (radio edit) – 3:55
UK CD1
"Just Want You to Know" (radio version) – 3:51
"Larger Than Life" (live version) – 4:44
UK CD2
"Just Want You to Know" (radio version) – 3:51
"I Want It That Way" (live version) – 4:18
"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely" (live version) – 4:44
UK DVD
"Just Want You to Know" (music video) – 3:51
"Weird World" (AOL live performance) – 3:42
"Just Want You to Know" (instrumental with photo gallery) – 3:51
Personnel
Drums, Percussion – Shawn Pelton
Engineer [Additional Pro Tools] – John Hanes
Engineer [Assistant Additional Pro Tools] – Tim Roberts
Engineer [Pro Tools Techs] – Christian Nilsson, Dan Chase
Mixed By – Serban Ghenea
Producer – Max Martin and Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald
Recorded By – Christian Nilsson, Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald, Seth Waldmann
Recorded By [Assistant] – Alan Mason
Recorded at Maratone Studios, Stockholm, Sweden & Conway Studios, Hollywood, CA
Written By – Max Martin, Lukasz Gottwald
A&R – Steve Lunt
Charts
Release history
References
2005 singles
2005 songs
Backstreet Boys songs
Jive Records singles
Music videos directed by Marc Klasfeld
Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke
Song recordings produced by Max Martin
Songs written by Dr. Luke
Songs written by Max Martin |
4002813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrigas | Arrigas | Arrigas is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Geography
The village is in the Cévennes, above the D999 road between Le Vigan and Alzon.
History
Arrigas possesses a number of Megalithic remains including the dolmen of Arrigas on the route to Peyraube, and the dolmen of Peyre Cabussélado near the border with the commune of Arre. There are also three knocked-over menhirs at the mountain pass de Vernes, and more lower down at the place called Troulhas.
The village itself was founded in the 12th century by a colony of Benedictine monks under the dependency of St Victor of Marseille; a church is mentioned in 1113 and a monastery in 1135. By the 14th century, during the Hundred Years' War, the church was fortified.
During the French Wars of Religion the d'Albignac family, lords (seigneurs) of Arrigas, embraced the Reformation, alongside part of the population. But later their loyalty to the Crown led the d'Albignacs to change camp. In 1625, when Henri, duc de Rohan led the uprising of the Protestants of Languedoc, Charles d'Albignac took up the Catholic cause of the King, Louis XIII.
His castle at the Pont d'Arre was taken by the Protestant zealots, while the fortified church of Arrigas was almost completely destroyed. Some months later, at the Siege of Creissels, Charles d'Albignac stopped the advance of the troops of Rohan, and afterwards he was elevated by the King to become the Baron d'Arre.
After the destruction of the Pont d'Arre, the d'Albignac family built the château of Arrigas. Louis-Alexandre d'Albignac was born here in 1739 and became a Lieutenant-General in the armies of the King, then a général de division in the Revolutionary and Imperial armies, decorated with the royal Order of Saint Louis and the Imperial Légion d'honneur.
After a remarkable career under the Ancien Régime, d'Albignac put himself in the service of the French Revolution and accepted becoming the first mayor of Le Vigan (the main town of the region) in 1790. He took up service against the enemies of the Revolution in the Camp of Jales, and then served in the army, either the armies of the Alps or the Rhine. He is the most illustrious of the children of Arrigas, although he died in his own house in Le Vigan in 1825.
Arrigas is lively village from July to August when home owners from all over France, Europe and even Canada descend to spend the summer holidays. There are communal (3 day) fetes in mid July and at the end of August. A little cooler because of its mountain location it provides a welcome break from the fierce heat of the coastal regions of Languedoc.
Population
See also
Estelle, a hamlet located on the territory of the commune
Communes of the Gard department
References
Communes of Gard |
5398408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greensborough%20Highway | Greensborough Highway | Greensborough Highway is a highway in the north-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia, and is an important route for north-east Melbourne. This name is not widely known to most drivers, as the entire allocation is still best known as by the names of its constituent parts: Lower Heidelberg Road, Rosanna Road, Lower Plenty Road, Greensborough Road and Greensborough Bypass. This article will deal with the entire length of the corridor for sake of completion, as well to avoid confusion between declarations.
Route
Lower Heidelberg Road starts at the intersection of Heidelberg Road and Upper Heidelberg Road in Ivanhoe and heads east as a four-lane, single-carriageway road through Eaglemont, crossing Banksia Street at Heidelberg (and the beginning of Greenborough Highway), nearly immediately crossing Burgundry Street and changing name to Rosanna Road to Rosanna, where it intersects with and changes name to Lower Plenty Road and widens to a six-lane, dual-carriageway road. It continues north-east, where after a short distance it intersects with and changes name to Greensborough Road, heading north as a four-lane, single-carriageway road until it meets Watsonia Road in Watsonia, changing names to Greensborough Bypass and continues north-east as a six-lane, dual-carriageway road, crossing Grimshaw Street and turning east at the intersection with Metropolitan Ring Road in Greensborough before eventually ending at the roundabout with Diamond Creek Road and Civic Drive.
History
Lower Heidelberg Road and Rosanna Road were signed as Metropolitan Route 44 between Ivanhoe and Yallambie in 1965; Greensborough Road was also signed as Metropolitan Route 46 in 1965, originally turning east along Grimshaw Street to run through Greensborough and along Diamond Creek Road east beyond it. When the Greensborough Bypass was opened in the late 1980s, Metropolitan Route 46 was re-aligned along it to bypass Greensborough and re-join Diamond Creek Road beyond.
In the late 1980s, the northern section of Greensborough Road south of Grimshaw Street was extended and significantly altered, with the original road north of Lenola Street in Macleod re-aligned to the west as a service road, the new road being a divided highway up to a new intersection at Grimshaw Street. North of here the road was extended as a single carriageway bypass road, sweeping north-west around central Greensborough and terminating at a large roundabout interchange with Diamond Creek Road and Civic Drive, known locally (and sign-posted) as the Greensborough Bypass. The original alignment north of Nepean Street was repurposed for local traffic only, still known today as Greensborough Road. Construction on the northern half, the 3 km section between Grimshaw Street and Diamond Creek Road, started in 1985 and opened in March 1988 (this section was later declared a State Highway in 1989); construction on the southern half, the 2 km section between Grimshaw and Lenola Streets, started in late 1985, and opened in September 1989.
The passing of the Transport Act of 1983 (itself an evolution from the original Highways and Vehicles Act of 1924) provided for the declaration of State Highways, roads two-thirds financed by the State government through the Road Construction Authority (later VicRoads). The Greensborough Highway was declared a State Highway in December 1990, from Banksia Street in Heidelberg to Diamond Creek Road in Greensborough (incorporating the newly constructed road previously declared as a State Highway the year before); however the road was still presently known (and signposted) as its constituent parts.
Throughout the 1990s the Metropolitan Ring Road was constructed, terminating at the Greensborough Bypass section of the highway. Around this time, the road north of Grimshaw Street was progressively widened and duplicated, with the final section being a new bridge over the Plenty River, completed in 2005.
The passing of the Road Management Act 2004 granted the responsibility of overall management and development of Victoria's major arterial roads to VicRoads: in 2004, VicRoads re-declared the road as Greensborough Highway (Arterial #6850), from Banksia Street in Heidelberg to Heidelberg-Kinglake Road (known as Diamond Creek Road) in Greensborough; as before, the road is still presently known (and signposted) as its constituent parts.
Timeline of construction
1988: Northern section of Greensborough Bypass, initial 3.5 km of dual-lane, single-carriageway road from Grimshaw Street to Diamond Creek Road, opened 1 March 1988.
1989: Southern section of Greensborough Bypass, 2 km of dual-carriageway road from Grimshaw Street to Yallambie Road, opened September 1989.
1998: Greensborough Bypass duplication, 1.3 km north of Grimshaw Street to Metropolitan Ring Road (including bridge over Kempston Street and provision of additional lane east of Plenty River).
2005: Greensborough Bypass duplication, 1.8 km Metropolitan Ring Road to Diamond Creek Road, including duplication of Plenty River bridge.
1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan
The route was originally designated in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan as the F18 Freeway, extending further than Diamond Creek Road to finish at Ryans Road, Diamond Creek, and at the southern end extending past Lower Plenty Rd to link up with the Eastern Freeway between Bulleen Road and Burke Road, via the Banyule Flats Reserve.
Future Upgrades
In recent years, Greensborough Highway has become extremely congested, with sections of the road carrying upwards of 60,000 vehicles per day. The road is one of the only major arterials that connects the north eastern suburbs with the Eastern Freeway (and by extension the Melbourne CBD), with sections of Greensborough Road and Rosanna Road carrying unsustainable amounts of traffic as well as a significant number of trucks within residential areas. The North East Link project, announced in 2016, aims to fix these problems by creating a freeway-grade connection and road tunnels between the Metropolitan Ring Road and the Eastern Freeway in Bulleen, aiming to take vehicles off Greensborough Highway and also involves significant reworking of the northern section of the route. The project began in late 2020 with the tunnels scheduled to begin construction in 2022. The entire project is anticipated to be completed by 2027/2028.
See also
List of Melbourne highways
References
Highways and freeways in Melbourne |
4002815 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoonomia | Zoonomia | Zoonomia; or the Laws of Organic Life (1794-96) is a two-volume medical work by Erasmus Darwin dealing with pathology, anatomy, psychology, and the functioning of the body. Its primary framework is one of associationist psychophysiology. The book is now best remembered for its early ideas relating to the theory of evolution, specifically forms of developmentalism similar to Lamarckism. However, despite Erasmus Darwin's familial connection as grandfather to Charles Darwin, the proto-evolutionary ideas in Zoonomia did not have a lasting influence.
Summary
The first volume, published in 1794, is divided into 40 sections, on a range of topics related to the body, the senses, and disease. He classifies bodily and sensory motions as "irritative," "sensitive," "voluntary," and "associative." He presents theories on the production and classes of ideas, and seeks to explain the causes and mechanisms of sleep, reverie, vertigo, and drunkenness. He then discusses anatomy, especially the operation of the circulatory system and various glands. Chapter 29, "The Retrograde Motions of the Absorbent Vessels," is Erasmus Darwin's translation of his late son Charles Darwin's dissertation. These anatomical chapters are followed by four chapters on diseases, which draws on his classification of four types of motion to identify four types of diseases: those of irritation, of sensation, of volition, and of association. Two chapters, "Of the Oxygenation of the Blood in the Lungs and Placenta" and "Of Generation" develop his theories about human reproduction, including observations related to evolution. The final chapter in the first volume is a reprint of a paper by another of Erasmus Darwin's sons, Robert Darwin, about ocular spectra.
The second volume, published in 1796, is focused on classifying diseases into classes, orders, and genera. The book is divided into four major sections, based on his four classes of disease: diseases of irritation, sensation, volition, and association. Encyclopedia-style entries on various diseases explain their symptoms and underlying mechanics, followed by suggestions for treatment. After the fourth class of diseases, Darwin presents a lengthy explanation of his own theory of fever, which he says "may be termed the sympathetic theory of fevers, to distinguish it from the mechanic theory of Boerhaave, the spasmodic theory of Hoffman and of Cullen, and the putrid theory of Pringle." He then provides a systematic listing of "materia medica," or "substances, which may contribute to the restoration of health." These substances are divided into seven classes of their own: nutrientia, incitantia, secernentia, sorbentia, invertentia, revertentia, and torpentia.
Relevance to evolution
The historian of science Stephen Jay Gould says that "Zoonomia owes its modern reputation to a few fleeting passages that look upon organic transmutation with favor."
Key quotes
From thus meditating on the great similarity of the structure of the warm-blooded animals, and at the same time of the great changes they undergo both before and after their nativity; and by considering in how minute a proportion of time many of the changes of animals above described have been produced; would it be too bold to imagine, that in the great length of time, since the earth began to exist, perhaps millions of years...that all warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament, which THE GREAT FIRST CAUSE endued with animality...and thus possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering down those improvements by generation to its posterity, world without end?...
Shall we then say that the vegetable living filament was originally different from that of each tribe of animals above described? And that the productive living filament of each of those tribes was different originally from the other? Or, as the earth and ocean were probably peopled with vegetable productions long before the existence of animals...shall we conjecture that one and the same kind of living filament is and has been the cause of all organic life?
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
In Zoonomia, Erasmus Darwin advocated the inheritance of acquired characteristics. He stated, "[F]rom their first rudiment, or primordium, to the termination of their lives, all animals undergo perpetual transformations; which are in part produced by their own exertions in consequence of their desires and aversions, of their pleasures and their pains, or of irritations, or of associations; and many of these acquired forms or propensities are transmitted to their posterity." This statement was similar to Lamarck's ideas on evolution.
Darwin advocated a hypothesis of pangenesis in the third edition of Zoonomia.
Influence
English Romantic poet William Wordsworth used Darwin's Zoonomia as a source for "Goody Blake and Harry Gill", a poem published in the Lyrical Ballads (1798).
Zoonomia is the project name for a genomic sequence alignment effort, attempting to explore the genetic basis for heritable traits, conservation biodiversity, and human disease.
https://zoonomiaproject.org/the-project/
References
Further reading
James Harrison. (1971). Erasmus Darwin's View of Evolution. Journal of the History of Ideas 32 (2): 247-264.
External links
Zoonomia vol. I full text via Project Gutenberg
Zoonomia vol. II full text via Project Gutenberg
Google book full text
Pre-Darwinian publications in evolutionary biology
1794 books |
4002824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Reykjav%C3%ADk | Roman Catholic Diocese of Reykjavík | The Roman Catholic Diocese of Reykjavík is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church which covers the whole of the country of Iceland, and numbered 11,454 Catholics on January 1, 2014. It reports directly to the Holy See of Rome.
History
The Apostolic Prefecture of Iceland was created in 1923 and this was elevated to an Apostolic Administration in 1929, which in turn was elevated to the status of a diocese in 1968. In 2015 the then bishop, Pierre Bürcher retired and Father Dávid Bartimej Tencer, OFM Cap., was appointed to succeed him as the fifth bishop of the diocese. The bishop of Reykjavík participates in the Scandinavian Bishops Conference. The vicar general is Fr. Patrick Breen, rector of Landakot Cathedral, Christ the King Parish.
The Diocese of Reykjavík is a modern creation. The medieval church was represented by the sees of Skálholt (created 1056) and Hólar (1106), but these became Lutheran during the Reformation. (These two sees were amalgamated in 1801 into a single diocese under the Bishop of Iceland in the Lutheran Church of Iceland.) Iceland remained without Roman Catholic prelates until the Apostolic Prefecture was established at Reykjavík in 1923.
Episcopal ordinaries
Apostolic Prefecture of Iceland
Martin Meulenberg, SMM (12 June 1923 – 3 August 1941)
Jóhannes Gunnarsson, SMM (23 February 1942 – 14 October 1967)
Diocese of Reykjavík
Hendrik Hubert Frehen, SMM (18 October 1968 – 31 October 1986)
Alfred James Jolson, SJ (12 December 1987 – 21 March 1994)
Joannes Gijsen (24 May 1996 – 30 October 2007)
Pierre Bürcher (30 October 2007 – 18 September 2015)
Dávid Bartimej Tencer, OFM Cap. (18 September 2015 – )
Coat of arms
The proposal of coat of arms created Marek Sobola, a heraldic specialist from Slovakia, who also made a coat of arms for the new Bishop Tencer recently. These are based on the Icelandic flag and an older stamp of the Diocese. He prepared three different variations. Then the priests, nuns and the staff at the Bishop's office, a total of 42 persons, were involved in choosing the ones they thought were best, and thus the final selection was made.
See also
Bishop of Reykjavík (Catholic)
Christ the King Cathedral, Reykjavík (Iceland)
Roman Catholicism in Iceland
Religion in Iceland
St. Thorlak Church, Reyðarfjörður
Footnotes
External links
Roman Catholic Diocese of Reykjavík
Statistics relating to the Diocese of Reykjavik
Statistics relating to Iceland
Reykjavik
Christian organizations established in 1923
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century
Catholic Church in Iceland |
5398413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral%20vector | Viral vector | Viral vectors are tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into cells. This process can be performed inside a living organism (in vivo) or in cell culture (in vitro). Viruses have evolved specialized molecular mechanisms to efficiently transport their genomes inside the cells they infect. Delivery of genes or other genetic material by a vector is termed transduction and the infected cells are described as transduced. Molecular biologists first harnessed this machinery in the 1970s. Paul Berg used a modified SV40 virus containing DNA from the bacteriophage λ to infect monkey kidney cells maintained in culture.
In addition to their use in molecular biology research, viral vectors are used for gene therapy and the development of vaccines.
Key properties of a viral vector
Viral vectors are tailored to their specific applications but generally share a few key properties.
Safety: Although viral vectors are occasionally created from pathogenic viruses, they are modified in such a way as to minimize the risk of handling them. This usually involves the deletion of a part of the viral genome critical for viral replication. Such a virus can efficiently infect cells but, once the infection has taken place, requires a helper virus to provide the missing proteins for production of new virions.
Low toxicity: The viral vector should have a minimal effect on the physiology of the cell it infects.
Stability: Some viruses are genetically unstable and can rapidly rearrange their genomes. This is detrimental to predictability and reproducibility of the work conducted using a viral vector and is avoided in their design.
Cell type specificity: Most viral vectors are engineered to infect as wide a range of cell types as possible. However, sometimes the opposite is preferred. The viral receptor can be modified to target the virus to a specific kind of cell. Viruses modified in this manner are said to be pseudotyped.
Identification: Viral vectors are often given certain genes that help identify which cells took up the viral genes. These genes are called markers. A common marker is resistance to a certain antibiotic. The cells can then be isolated easily, as those that have not taken up the viral vector genes do not have antibiotic resistance, and so cannot grow in a culture with the relevant antibiotic present.
Applications
Basic research
Viral vectors were originally developed as an alternative to transfection of naked DNA for molecular genetics experiments. Compared to traditional methods of transfection (like calcium phosphate precipitation), transduction can ensure that nearly 100% of cells are infected without severely affecting cell viability. Furthermore, some viruses integrate into the cell genome facilitating stable expression.
Protein coding genes can be expressed using viral vectors, commonly to study the function of the particular protein. Viral vectors, especially retroviruses, stably expressing marker genes such as GFP are widely used to permanently label cells to track them and their progeny, for example in xenotransplantation experiments, when cells infected in vitro are implanted into a host animal.
Gene insertion, which can be done with viral vectors, is cheaper to carry out than gene knockout. But as gene silencing, an effect that may be intended with gene insertion, is sometimes non-specific and has off-target effects on other genes, it hence provides less reliable results. Animal host vectors also play .
Gene therapy
Gene therapy is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. In the future, gene therapy may provide a way to cure genetic disorders, such as severe combined immunodeficiency, cystic fibrosis or even haemophilia A. Because these diseases result from mutations in the DNA sequence for specific genes, gene therapy trials have used viruses to deliver unmutated copies of these genes to the cells of the patient's body. There have been a huge number of laboratory successes with gene therapy. However, several problems of viral gene therapy must be overcome before it gains widespread use. Immune response to viruses not only impedes the delivery of genes to target cells but can cause severe complications for the patient. In one of the early gene therapy trials in 1999 this led to the death of Jesse Gelsinger, who was treated using an adenoviral vector.
Some viral vectors, for instance gamma-retroviruses, insert their genomes at a seemingly random location on one of the host chromosomes, which can disturb the function of cellular genes and lead to cancer. In a severe combined immunodeficiency retroviral gene therapy trial conducted in 2002, four of the patients developed leukemia as a consequence of the treatment; three of the patients recovered after chemotherapy. Adeno-associated virus-based vectors are much safer in this respect as they always integrate at the same site in the human genome, with applications in various disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Vaccines
A live vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses an organism (typically virus or bacterium) that does not cause disease to transport the pathogen genes into the body in order to stimulate an immune response. Viruses expressing pathogen proteins are currently being developed as vaccines against these pathogens, based on the same rationale as DNA vaccines. The genes used in such vaccines are usually antigen coding surface proteins from the pathogenic organism. They are then inserted into the genome of a non-pathogenic organism,
Unlike attenuated vaccines, viral vector vaccines lack other pathogen genes required for replication, so infection by the pathogen is impossible. Adenoviruses are being actively developed as vaccine vectors.
Medicine delivery
A strain of canarypox virus modified to carry feline interleukin-2 is used to treat cats with fibrosarcoma.
Types
Retroviruses
Retroviruses are one of the mainstays of current gene therapy approaches. The recombinant retroviruses such as the Moloney murine leukemia virus have the ability to integrate into the host genome in a stable fashion. They contain a reverse transcriptase to make a DNA copy of the RNA genome, and an integrase that allows integration into the host genome. They have been used in a number of FDA-approved clinical trials such as the SCID-X1 trial.
Retroviral vectors can either be replication-competent or replication-defective. Replication-defective vectors are the most common choice in studies because the viruses have had the coding regions for the genes necessary for additional rounds of virion replication and packaging replaced with other genes, or deleted. These virus are capable of infecting their target cells and delivering their viral payload, but then fail to continue the typical lytic pathway that leads to cell lysis and death.
Conversely, replication-competent viral vectors contain all necessary genes for virion synthesis, and continue to propagate themselves once infection occurs. Because the viral genome for these vectors is much lengthier, the length of the actual inserted gene of interest is limited compared to the possible length of the insert for replication-defective vectors. Depending on the viral vector, the typical maximum length of an allowable DNA insert in a replication-defective viral vector is usually about 8–10 kB. While this limits the introduction of many genomic sequences, most cDNA sequences can still be accommodated.
The primary drawback to use of retroviruses such as the Moloney retrovirus involves the requirement for cells to be actively dividing for transduction. As a result, cells such as neurons are very resistant to infection and transduction by retroviruses.
There is concern that insertional mutagenesis due to integration into the host genome might lead to cancer or leukemia. This concern remained theoretical until gene therapy for ten SCID-X1 patients using Moloney murine leukemia virus resulted in two cases of leukemia caused by activation of the LMO2 oncogene due to nearby integration of the vector.
Lentiviruses
Lentiviruses are a subclass of Retroviruses. They are sometimes used as vectors for gene therapy thanks to their ability to integrate into the genome of non-dividing cells, which is the unique feature of Lentiviruses as other Retroviruses can infect only dividing cells. The viral genome in the form of RNA is reverse-transcribed when the virus enters the cell to produce DNA, which is then inserted into the genome at a random position (recent findings actually suggest that the insertion of viral DNA is not random but directed to specific active genes and related to genome organisation) by the viral integrase enzyme. The vector, now called a provirus, remains in the genome and is passed on to the progeny of the cell when it divides. There are, as yet, no techniques for determining the site of integration, which can pose a problem. The provirus can disturb the function of cellular genes and lead to activation of oncogenes promoting the development of cancer, which raises concerns for possible applications of lentiviruses in gene therapy. However, studies have shown that lentivirus vectors have a lower tendency to integrate in places that potentially cause cancer than gamma-retroviral vectors. More specifically, one study found that lentiviral vectors did not cause either an increase in tumor incidence or an earlier onset of tumors in a mouse strain with a much higher incidence of tumors. Moreover, clinical trials that utilized lentiviral vectors to deliver gene therapy for the treatment of HIV experienced no increase in mutagenic or oncologic events.
For safety reasons lentiviral vectors never carry the genes required for their replication. To produce a lentivirus, several plasmids are transfected into a so-called packaging cell line, commonly HEK 293. One or more plasmids, generally referred to as packaging plasmids, encode the virion proteins, such as the capsid and the reverse transcriptase. Another plasmid contains the genetic material to be delivered by the vector. It is transcribed to produce the single-stranded RNA viral genome and is marked by the presence of the ψ (psi) sequence. This sequence is used to package the genome into the virion.
Adenoviruses
As opposed to lentiviruses, adenoviral DNA does not integrate into the genome and is not replicated during cell division. This limits their use in basic research, although adenoviral vectors are still used in in vitro and also in vivo experiments. Their primary applications are in gene therapy and vaccination. Since humans commonly come in contact with adenoviruses, which cause respiratory, gastrointestinal and eye infections, majority of patients have already developed neutralizing antibodies which can inactivate the virus before it can reach the target cell. To overcome this problem scientists are currently investigating adenoviruses that infect different species to which humans do not have immunity, for example, the chimpanzee adenovirus used as a vector to transport SARS-CoV-2 spike gene in Oxford AstraZeneca COVID vaccine. PEGylation of adenoviruses for gene therapy can help prevent adverse reactions due to pre-existing adenovirus immunity.
Adeno-associated viruses
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small virus that infects humans and some other primate species. AAV is not currently known to cause disease, and causes a very mild immune response. AAV can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells and may incorporate its genome into that of the host cell. Moreover, AAV mostly stays as episomal (replicating without incorporation into the chromosome); performing long and stable expression. These features make AAV a very attractive candidate for creating viral vectors for gene therapy. However, AAV can only bring up to 5kb which is considerably small compared to AAV's original capacity.
Adeno-associated viral vectors have been engineered to evade virus recognition by TLR9 receptors by incorporating TLR9-inhibiting genes into the vector.
Furthermore, because of its potential use as a gene therapy vector, researchers have created an altered AAV called self-complementary adeno-associated virus (scAAV). Whereas AAV packages a single strand of DNA and requires the process of second-strand synthesis, scAAV packages both strands which anneal together to form double stranded DNA. By skipping second strand synthesis scAAV allows for rapid expression in the cell. Otherwise, scAAV carries many characteristics of its AAV counterpart.
Plant viruses
Plant viruses can be used to engineer viral vectors, tools commonly used to deliver genetic material into plant cells; they are also sources of biomaterials and nanotechnology devices. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is the first virus to be discovered. Viral vectors based on tobacco mosaic virus include those of the magnICON and TRBO plant expression technologies.
Hybrids
Hybrid vectors are vector viruses that are genetically engineered to have qualities of more than one vector. Viruses are altered to avoid the shortcomings of typical viral vectors, which may have limited loading capacity, immunogenicity, genotoxicity, and fail to support long-term adequate transgenic expression. Through the replacement of undesirable elements with desired abilities, hybrid vectors may in the future outperform standard transfection vectors in terms of safety and therapeutic efficiency.
Challenges in application
The choice of a viral vector to deliver genetic material to cells comes with some logistical problems. There are a limited number of viral vectors available for therapeutic use. Any of these few viral vectors can cause the body to develop an immune response if the vector is seen as a foreign invader. Once used, the viral vector cannot be effectively used in the patient again because it will be recognized by the body. If the vaccine or gene therapy fails in clinical trials, the virus can't be used again in the patient for a different vaccine or gene therapy in the future.
Pre-existing immunity against the viral vector could also be present in the patient, rendering the therapy ineffective for that patient. Because priming with a naked DNA vaccine and boosting with a viral vector results in a robust immune response via yet indefinite mechanism(s), despite pre-existing viral vector immunity, this vaccination strategy can counteract this problem.
However, this method may present another expense and obstacle in the vaccine distribution process. Pre-existing immunity may also be challenged by increasing vaccine dose or changing the vaccination route.
Some shortcomings of viral vectors (such as genotoxicity and low transgenic expression) can be overcome through the use of hybrid vectors.
See also
Viral transformation
References
Further reading
Cell culture techniques
Gene delivery
Molecular genetics
Virotherapy |
5398423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20One%3A%20Making%20a%20Music%20Star | The One: Making a Music Star | The One: Making a Music Star was an American reality television series that aired in July 2006 on ABC in the United States, and CBC Television in Canada. The show was hosted by George Stroumboulopoulos, the host of CBC's The Hour. It was advertised as being superior to American Idol and Rock Star with the twist that contestants "live together in a fully functioning music academy", with their actions documented similar to the Big Brother format.
Reportedly one of the most expensive summer series in the history of the ABC network, its first episode, on July 18, 2006, scored the lowest audience for a premiere episode on a major American television network at that time, with an estimated 3.08 million viewers (the 1990 premiere of Glory Days on Fox and the 2014 premiere of The Quest on ABC both had lower audiences). Subsequent episodes had even fewer viewers. The series was cancelled after two weeks (four episodes) with the final results undecided on July 27, 2006. The show's website proclaimed "there are no plans for additional episodes".
Overview
The One is an adaptation of the Operación Triunfo/Star Academy format owned by Endemol, and was produced by Endemol USA, the producers of Big Brother, Fear Factor, Deal or No Deal, and other reality shows. Star Academy was in fact developed in 2001, around the same time as the original Pop Idol, although the format took much longer to appear in North America. Nonetheless, American Idols established popularity has contributed to The One being perceived by some viewers and critics as a ripoff of the Idol franchise.
CBC personality Stroumboulopoulos hosted the U.S. series – his selection brought added attention from the Canadian media following the debate over the CBC's decision to air the series. The judges were songwriter Kara DioGuardi, industry veteran Mark Hudson, and former record executive Andre Harrell. The show's executive producer was Fear Factor producer Matt Kunitz. DioGuardi would later become a judge on American Idol, starting with that program's eighth season in 2009.
In promotions leading up to the show's premiere, ABC called The One "the show Fox doesn't want you to see" or "where Idol has never gone", because the contestants would always be competing, even when the stage isn't set, and grudges, rivalries, and breakdowns can develop. In fact, the viewers at home only chose who the bottom 3 are; the judges then saved one, and then the remaining contestants get to vote off a contestant between the other two.
In Canada, The One was promoted by CBC as the must-see event of the summer. Ads for The One ran for several weeks before the show premiered.
The series was initially scheduled to air Tuesday nights from 9:30 to 11:00 p.m. ET/PT (performance), and Wednesday nights from 8:00 to 9:00 p.m. (results), from July 18 to September 6. Prior to the premiere, performance episodes were expanded to two hours starting at 9:00 p.m. ET. At the last minute, the airing of the first results show was changed to 10:00 p.m. ET. A planned further change for the Tuesday episodes, to the 8:30 to 10:00 p.m. ET timeslot, became moot following the show's cancellation.
Viewers in the United States voted through telephone, text messaging or on the Internet. Canadian viewers were required to vote over the Internet only.
Contestants
This was the first version of the Operación Triunfo / Star Academy format to not be completed before the end of the corresponding season. Press reports suggested that the producers would be obliged to name a winner at some point, as The One was a contest, with a recording contract as its grand prize. However, assuming a winner was chosen, it is unlikely that either the selection process or the actual identity of the winner will ever be released.
Contestants are listed in alphabetical order by last name, in format: name, age, hometown.
Eliminated contestants
Viewer and critical response
At the time of its premiere, according to overnight ratings from Nielsen Media Research, the first episode of The One was the lowest-rated series premiere in ABC history, and the second-worst such episode in the history of American broadcast television, scoring only 3.2 million total viewers (1.1 rating in the 18-49 demographic), and fifth place in its timeslot. In Canada, the premiere of The One on CBC had 236,000 viewers, which trailed far behind Canadian Idol on CTV and Rock Star: Supernova on Global, each scoring around one million viewers.
The next night's results episode fared even worse in the U.S. ratings, sinking to a 1.0 rating in the 18-49 demographic. The re-run of night 1's episode (which preceded the results show) plunged to an embarrassingly low 0.6 average in the vital demo ratings. The poor performance of the show helped ABC measure its lowest-rated night in the network's history (among 18-49s), finishing tied for sixth place. The series was ultimately cancelled after a second week of poor results.
According to CBC executive Kirstine Layfield, in terms of resources and money, The One "had the most backing from ABC than any summer show has ever had (sic)."
Canadian ratings have dipped as low as 150,000 – not necessarily out of step with the CBC's usual summer ratings, although much lower than the broadcaster's stated expectations for primetime audiences, in the one-million range.
The CBC initially insisted that despite the cancellation, a planned Canadian version may still go ahead, citing the success of the format in Quebec (Star Académie) and Britain (the BBC's Fame Academy). The network confirmed that the show will not air in fall 2006 – in fact, the show had never been given a fall timeslot – but the show was "still under development."
Critical response was limited but generally negative. The Hollywood Reporter'''s Ray Richmond called the series "clearly derivative and opportunistic" with the judges' comments "awkward and forced."
A 2018 retrospective article on the site TV by the Numbers noted that The One was one of several music-related flops ABC had attempted in the 21st century and that The One in particular represented a "nadir" among them, even as shows several years later would have lower ratings. The article also noted that, in general, "ABC is terrible at music shows" and had yet to have a successful show in the genre before buying the rights to American Idol that year.
CBC simulcast controversy
In Canada, The One garnered most of its attention for a reason that had little to do with the show's content: CBC Television aired the U.S. series, usually in simulcast, marking the first simulcast of an American primetime network series on that network in several years, and in some cases bumping the network's flagship newscast The National to another timeslot.
Some speculated that the U.S. simulcast was a condition of the CBC's rights to produce a Canadian English version during the 2006-07 season. The network would not confirm this, although it noted that it wanted to build an audience for the Canadian version and would rather air both than have a Canadian version on CBC competing with the American series on a rival Canadian network. Both editions of The One were part of a wider strategy by the network to increase its viewership, which has steadily decreased since funding cutbacks made to the public broadcaster in the early 1990s.
Because of ABC's scheduling, and because most episodes of The One aired live, under the original schedule The National was moved to 11:00 p.m. (from 10:00 p.m.) when The One aired in the Eastern Time Zone, and to 9:00 p.m. (prior to The One) in the Atlantic Time Zone, with all other regions maintaining The National at 10:00. The two shows were only expected to conflict on Tuesday nights, although the timeslot change for the first Wednesday results show caused another conflict.
In Manitoba and Northwestern Ontario, which is on Central Time, The One concluded by The National's regular airtime. In other western provinces, The One aired, on tape delay, prior to its airing on the "local" ABC affiliate, leaving The National untouched.
The airing of the program on CBC was seen as controversial not only because of the time shifting, but because it appears to contradict the corporation's mission as a public broadcaster that explains Canada to Canadians, which led to CBC Television dropping all primetime U.S. network series in the late 1990s. Lobby group Friends of Canadian Broadcasting described the move as "shocking and surprising" and says the decision also contradicts CBC president Robert Rabinovitch's fall 2005 claim that "we don't do reality television". Actors' union ACTRA called the decision a "sell-out". And in an acceptance speech for an award from the Canadian Journalism Foundation, read by his wife at a ceremony held during the debacle, former CBC anchor Knowlton Nash said, "If the CBC really wants reality TV, let people get the reality of what's happening in the world by turning on The National at 10 p.m. every night," construed by most as an indictment of the One decision.
For his part, while current anchor Peter Mansbridge told the Toronto Star he was not happy with the move, he said this scenario was no worse than the newscast's other time changes during, for instance, the NHL playoffs. He also expressed optimism that a Canadian version could be a "good lead-in" to The National, which was (and has since remained) behind CTV National News and Global National in the Canadian network newscast ratings.
The CBC later issued a lengthy response to the criticism, including the announcement that "Canadians will still be able to watch The National at its regularly scheduled times (9 [ET; 10 p.m. AT] & 10 p.m. [ET]) on CBC Newsworld" on the affected nights. Normally, the all-news channel airs The National at 9:00 ET followed by documentaries at 10:00 ET.
Following the cancellation, The National was no longer affected by The One, meaning that its normal schedule resumed on July 31. However, the controversy of why CBC Television aired a "copycat", and ultimately low-rated, foreign series continued in cultural circles. Even so, the CBC did not hold back from adding more simulcast American series to its primetime schedule: in fall 2008, the public network added U.S. game show Jeopardy! (and, the following season, Wheel of Fortune) in primetime, again simsubbing U.S. broadcasts in most markets; these shows would leave the CBC schedule in the fall of 2012.
Immediately after the series ended, the CBC said it was still deciding whether to proceed with a Canadian version. With the fall 2006 announcement of a different CBC series in the same vein, Triple Sensation, and later in 2008, a Canadian version of How Do You Solve a Problem like Maria?, it now seems unlikely a Canadian edition of The One will ever be produced.
In addition to the CBC version, TVA was already producing a much more successful French-Canadian version, Star Académie, which completed its fifth season in 2012. Since 2013, TVA has also seen tremendous success with La Voix, with a new season airing annually, and two spin-off seasons of La Voix Junior'' in 2016 and 2017.
References
External links
Official Website (a.k.a. via Internet Archive)
2006 American television series debuts
2006 American television series endings
2000s American reality television series
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American television series based on British television series
Star Academy
Television series by Endemol
English-language television shows |
5398425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belle%20Isle%20%28Miami%20Beach%29 | Belle Isle (Miami Beach) | Belle Isle is a neighborhood in the city of Miami Beach on an island in Biscayne Bay, Florida, United States. It is the easternmost of the Venetian Islands, a chain of artificial islands in Biscayne Bay in the cities of Miami and Miami Beach. It is home to apartment buildings, a portion of the Venetian Causeway, a city of Miami Beach park, and a hotel. It is between Rivo Alto Island and the main barrier island of Miami Beach.
History
Belle Isle was originally called "Bull Isle", and was later renamed. Unlike the other Venetian Islands, Belle Isle is not completely artificial. Like the Sunset Islands, Belle Isle was originally a rough mangrove hammock island sitting in north Biscayne Bay near the Miami barrier islands, before the use of the term "Miami Beach".
Before fruit farmer John S. Collins partnered with the wealthy investor Carl G. Fisher to build the Collins Bridge from Miami in 1913, the new luxury properties under development in Miami Beach and Collins' large avocado orchards were inaccessible except by ferry boat. When Collins dug the Collins Canal, work crews deposited dredged sand around the rough island at the mouth of the canal, increasing its land mass and defining its shape. The "improved" island, now cleared of mangroves and platted into small parcels of land for single-family homes, extended into Biscayne Bay and allowed Collins and Fisher to build a relatively short wooden bridge across the bay by running the road over Belle Isle. The gateway to Miami Beach earned a reputation as an enclave for fashionable millionaires, such as Joseph H. Adams, whose sprawling estate occupied the southeast corner of the island.
During the Florida land boom of the 1920s, Belle Isle and Fisher's nearby Flamingo Hotel were the site of the famous Biscayne Bay Speed Boat Regattas. Fisher had successfully promoted automobile races in Indianapolis, and he used his skills to stage gasoline-powered speed boat races in the smooth waters of Biscayne Bay just south of Belle Isle as a spectacle to attract the wealthy and sophisticated tourists that he was seeking as a target audience for his new exotic vacation destination.
In 1942, the University of Miami turned a boat house on the Joseph H. Adams estate into the first "Marine Lab" for the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science. Belle Isle was also the site of the All Souls Episcopal Church as late as 1947.
On January 24, 2018, the Belle Isle Court Apartments the three story apartment building built in 1939, was demolished. A new development will be built on the property at 31 Venetian Way on Belle Isle, Miami Beach.
Community
The Belle Isle Residents Association was established in December, 2004. Board meets approximately 6 times per year. General Membership Meetings are called as needed at a minimum of once a year. The association's mission is to "enhance the quality of life for the residents of Belle Isle", specifically regarding "security, traffic control, ease of parking, noise control, park beautification, cleanliness, open spaces, planning, development, licensing, permitting, and all issues that may affect the residents and their quality of life on Belle Isle".
Renovations
Belle Isle Park, in the center of Belle Isle, recently underwent a renovation project including sidewalks, lighting and landscape improvements, picnic areas, and a dog park. A streetscape improvement project for the Venetian bridges is planned for 2008 and 2009.
Parking
Parking was free on Island Avenue on Belle Isle until 2005, when residents petitioned the city of Miami Beach to create a new residential parking zone in order to ensure parking for residents after the opening of the Standard Hotel. Island Avenue is now a residential parking zone, and you must buy a permit for Zone 14. The Miami Beach parking department office at 11th and Washington is temporarily closed during renovation of the city hall building, so the department is handling many permits by mail. Belle Isle residents can purchase a one-year residential decal or one visitor permit hang tag per household for $46.00 or a six-month pass for $23.00. Belle Isle residents can also purchase up to five scratch-off one-day visitor permits per month for $1.07 each.
During park renovations, the city will need to close about 20 parking spaces at a time to make way for roadway construction. They will do the road work in sections, using a temporary 20-space parking lot toward the East end of the park to compensate for the closed parking spaces.
See also
Biscayne Island – Original site of Viking Airport.
Collins Bridge – The first bridge from Miami to Miami Beach, which ran over Bull/Belle Isle.
Flagler Monument Island – Site of an obelisk monument to Henry M. Flagler.
Flamingo Hotel, Miami Beach – Carl G. Fisher's famous luxury hotel near Belle Isle.
Isola di Lolando – A failed Venetian Island construction project.
Venetian Causeway – The modern replacement for the Collins Bridge, which today runs over Belle Isle.
Starfish Island – A landmark in the popular video game Grand Theft Auto: Vice City is based on Belle Isle.
References
External links
City of Miami Beach
Belle Isle Residents Association
Satellite photo of Belle Isle
Belle Isle on a map
Photographs of current park construction: Park Construction Photos For Travelers
Historical photograph: East bridge of Venetial[sic] Way
Historical photographs from Miami Beach document archival system:
Collins Bridge some time between its construction 1913 and replacement in 1925
Belle Isle in 1940
Islands of Miami Beach, Florida
Neighborhoods in Miami Beach, Florida
Artificial islands of Florida |
5398428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin%20%28horror%20host%29 | Marvin (horror host) | Marvin was a television horror host, played by Terry Bennett, who originally appeared on Chicago's WBKB from 1957 to 1959.
"It began with a dark night sky, broken by long fingers of lightning that ripped down from the sky. Deep-throated thunder followed, and another flash of lightning. That dark old house would then appear on the TV screen, dark but for a patch of light glowing through a cellar window. Down there, in the cellar, Marvin would be waiting for us...."
Premiering at 10pm on December 7, 1957, Marvin (sometimes called Marvin the Near-Sighted Madman) hosted Shock Theatre, presenting horror films late Saturday nights. His character was a demented beatnik who wore thick glasses and a black turtle neck sweater, and was an instant hit.
Marvin's companion was his wife, who he only referred to as "Dear." Viewers never saw her face, as the camera was always behind her, or her face was obscured by a mask. Marvin would constantly perform experiments or amputations on "Dear", but she would always be back to normal by the next commercial break. "Dear" was played by Bennett's real-life wife, Joy Bennett.
While Bennett played mostly for laughs, poking fun at the movies, he occasionally frightened his audience as well. The show became so popular that station management soon expanded the series with a new half hour segment after the movie called The Shocktale Party. Marvin was joined by several other characters; "Orville", a hunchback, "Shorty", a giant wearing a rubber Frankenstein mask, and a band called "The Deadbeats", who were members of the Art VanDamme quintet, and wore white makeup with black circles around their eyes. Bennett wrote and arranged much of the music himself, as he did on his morning children's show, The Jobblewocky Place.
The show spawned a fan club, and letters and presents soon began to pour in. While Bennett became a genuine Saturday night celebrity, some parents objected to his portraying Marvin and hosting The Jobblewocky Place at the same time, fearing that the Marvin character was the real identity.
When Shock Theater was cancelled in 1959 to make way for ABC's Fight Of The Week, fans petitioned the station to bring the show back, drawing thousands of signatures, but to no avail. On the last episode of Shock Theatre, viewers finally got to see what "Dear" looked like. At the close of the show, Marvin turned to her and asked her to say good-bye to the audience, whereupon she turned around and did just that.
Further reading
via Project MUSE
Shock Theatre Chicago Style: WBKB-TV's Late Night Horror Showcase, 1957-1959 by Donald F. Glut, McFarland & Company (2012)
Chicago TV Horror Movie Shows: From Shock Theatre to Svengoolie by Ted Okuda and Mark Yurkiw, Southern Illinois University Press (2016)
References
External links
Chicago Television article on Terry Bennett
Chicago Horror Hosts
American television personalities
Horror hosts |
5398437 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20Stadium%20%28Lynchburg%29 | City Stadium (Lynchburg) | Lynchburg City Stadium, is a sports venue located in Lynchburg, Virginia, and is home to the Lynchburg City Schools athletic programs mainly for football. City Stadium was built in 1939 along with the baseball stadium Calvin Falwell Field. The Liberty Flames football program called the place home for 16 seasons until 1989, when the program moved back on campus to Williams Stadium.
Over the years the stadium has been untouched, which left the stadium in disrepair. In 2014, the city decided to renovate the aging stadium, starting by replacing the natural grass with artificial turf. Other upgrades to the stadium included the press box, scoreboards, bleachers, PA system and other amenities. The renovations were slated to be completed in August 2016. The stadium work completed in time for fall football in September 2016.
References
Sports venues in Virginia
Buildings and structures in Lynchburg, Virginia
Sports in Lynchburg, Virginia
Liberty Flames football |
5398441 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen%20Cao | Glen Cao | Glen Cao (born 1947) is also known by his Chinese name, Cao Guilin (曹桂林). He is the author of Beijinger in New York. Mr. Cao wrote the book largely based on his own life experiences as an immigrant to New York City from Beijing in 1980. The novel sold millions of copies in China and went on to become serialized in a news paper, and then subsequently made into a TV series, aired on CCTV. He is also the founder of C & J Knitwear Company. He is married to director Ying Yeh (英业).
External links
Article about Glen Cao at International Herald Tribune
Beijinger in New York e-text
Picture of Glen Cao and Ying Yeh
Living people
1947 births
American writers of Chinese descent
20th-century Chinese writers
Writers from Beijing
Writers from New York City
People's Republic of China emigrants to the United States |
5398444 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viggbyholm | Viggbyholm | Viggbyholm is a neighborhood in Täby Municipality, in Greater Stockholm, Sweden. It is located in the northeast of the municipality, bordering Stora Värtan, an inlet of the Baltic Sea. To the north it borders on Hägernäs, to the west Gribbylund and to the south Näsby Park. Viggbyholm is divided into a northern and a southern district by the E18 motorway.
Metropolitan Stockholm |
5398446 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Gilbert%20Kotz%C3%A9 | John Gilbert Kotzé | Sir John Gilbert Kotzé KC (5 November 1849 – 1 April 1940) was an eminent South African jurist.
Early life
Kotzé was born in Cape Town and was given the Christian names of Johannes Gysbert Blanckenberg, but he used the anglicized form, John Gilbert. He was educated at Tot Nut van het Algemeen and the South African College in Cape Town. His father was Petrus Johannes Kotzé, who owned the Leeuwenhof estate at the foot of Table Mountain and represented Cape Town in two Parliaments, as a member of the House of Assembly, and was twice Mayor of Cape Town. His brother, Rev J.J. Kotzé (older by 17 years), studied for the Church. It was recorded he was a distinguished student at Utrecht, where he graduated summa cum laude and shared the distinction of being the best classical scholar at the University. The earlier written records of the Kotzé family in Germany date back as far as the year 1234 and indicate the family is of noble descent. The spelling of the family name (in Africa) changes from Kotzee as reflected last in 1912 (in the document Master of the Supreme Court re: Johannes Albertus Kotzee) to finally Kotzé in 1916 (in the hand of Salmon Jacobus Petrus Kotzé).
Kotzé undertook further legal training in Britain as a student at the Inner Temple in London, where he met his wife Mary Aurelia Bell. Kotzé became a barrister of the Inner Temple and practised in Cape Town and Grahamstown from 1874 to 76.
Judicial career
Kotzé was appointed judge of the High Court of the Transvaal in 1877, becoming Chief Justice in 1881. He, together with the rest of the High Court, was unceremoniously dismissed by Paul Kruger following a dispute – as a result of his judgement in the case over mining rights. Kotze had stood in 1893 as a rival to Kruger in the presidential elections and was seen by Kruger as his long term political rival. Kruger, on this particular occasion, was enraged at the judgement of the High Court in the case of Brown v. Leyds and he dismissed Chief Justice Kotzé in 1898 as President Kruger held his own opinion on the case outcome. The circumstances surrounding this judgement are worth exploring as they are illustrative of the Legal and general state of public administration in the Transvaal at the time during the British Rule and the Volksraad's Constitution, a "document born of political compromise between warring factions rather than any kind of coherent legal document". The Constitution was seen as "so vague and obscure in so many areas that it had never been treated with the seriousness and respect which such a document usually merits.
Kruger's action was widely seen as unwarranted interference with the independence of the judiciary." The Second Boer War soon followed in 1899, with every Boer town in the hands of the British, "President Kruger fled/went in exile in the Netherlands". Over 26,000 women and children were to perish in the War's concentration camps.
In 1898 Kotzé resumed legal practice in Pretoria. He was appointed Attorney-General of Southern Rhodesia in 1900, and took silk as King's Counsel in April 1902. He was appointed judge of the Eastern Districts Court of the Cape Colony in 1903, he became Judge-President of that division in 1904. He was then appointed judge of the Supreme Court of the Cape Provincial Division in 1913, becoming Judge-President in 1920. When Justice Christian Maasdorp retired in 1922, Kotzé became Judge of Appeal, starting in 1922 until his retirement in 1927.
To conclude some historic career highlights, it is noted in a nutshell by the Supreme Court of Appeal Homepage that: "the judicial career of Sir John Gilbert Kotzé (1849–1940) spanned 50 years from his appointment in 1877, when he was a mere 27 years old, until his retirement in 1927. As chief justice of the Transvaal Republic he was dismissed by President Kruger when he held that the courts had the right to test against the Constitution, and declare invalid, resolutions and acts passed by the legislature." To date, Books of "Latin and High Dutch of the Roman-Dutch old authorities is occasionally still used, as at times it is necessary for a modern judge to delve into these old authorities to search for the origin and scope of an otherwise obscure legal rule or doctrine."
Honours and awards
Kotzé was knighted in February 1917.
Judge Kotzé's personal book collection of over 1500 books, is still to date referred to and used by the Supreme Court of Appeal Judges. It is said of Kotzé: "A noted scholar, a man of immense learning and a collector of books, his collection of 1556 titles, bought by the government in 1927 for £800, formed the nucleus of the then fledgling library of the Appellate Division, and is still retained as a separate collection." A bust of Kotzé, by E Grace Wheatley, is located with the collection.
References
1849 births
1940 deaths
People from Cape Town
Transvaal Colony judges
Cape Colony judges
South African Queen's Counsel
South African Knights Bachelor
19th-century South African judges
20th-century South African judges
Members of the Inner Temple
Queen's Counsel 1901–2000
South African judges
South African knights |
5398459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athinas%20Street | Athinas Street | Athinas Street () is a street in downtown Athens in Greece. It is named after Athena, the goddess of wisdom. The street runs from Ermou Street north to Omonoia Square through the Psiri neighborhood. Its total length is nearly 1 km of which 80 m is a walkway since 1999. Until 1999, it used to access with Omonoia Square, now motorists can now access it via Lykourgos Street east to Aiolou and 28 Oktovriou (Patissi) Street and other streets. North of Lykourgos is a pedestrian walkway. It has two lanes of traffic and room for curb parking.
Famous buildings includes the Athens City Hall on the west side and office towers northward. The Modern Agora is east of Athinas Street. Kotzia Square lies to the east with Karamanou Square also on the east. Shops and residential buildings lies to the south with neo-classical buildings. In the middle of Athinas street is the Varvakeios municipal market. The oldest market in Athens The rest of the architecture except for the city hall and square are modernistic. Metro Line 1 runs underneath Athinas street for its entire length.
In June 2008, the Mayor of Athens, Nikitas Kaklamanis, ordered the street pedestrianised. The street will be closed to most traffic and emphasis will be given to making it one of Athens' greenest streets.
History
The road was first paved in the late-19th century. Modernistic buildings were added in the 1950s to the north and later, street lights and traffic lights were posted at the used intersections including Ermou, Evrypidou, Sofokleous and Lykourgos. In the 1990s, smaller lampposts were posted and the northern section along with Omonoia was under reconstruction and a section became a walkway, pedestrian traffic lights were added on the Omonoia having full access to the Athens Metro's Omonoia station.
Intersections
In order from south to north
Ermou Street
Agiis Eirinis Street - east
Voreou Street - east
Protogenous Street - west
Vyssis Street - east
Pallados Street - west
Vlachava Street - east
Evrypidou Street
Aristogenous Street
Armodiou Street
Sofokleous Street
Kratinou Street - east
Kotzia Square
Efpolidos Street - east
Lykourgos Street - east
Omonoia Square
References
External links
Streets in Athens |
5398467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXSX-LD | WXSX-LD | WXSX-LD, UHF digital channel 46, was a low-powered SonLife-affiliated television station serving the Coastal Empire area of Georgia and the Lowcountry of Southern South Carolina that was licensed to Savannah, Georgia. The station was owned by L4 Media Group. Like most former over-the-air MTV2 affiliates, it was an affiliate of The Box until that network's acquisition by Viacom in 2001.
The station's license was cancelled by the Federal Communications Commission on May 15, 2019.
Television stations in Georgia (U.S. state)
Television channels and stations established in 1989
1994 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Defunct television stations in the United States
Television channels and stations disestablished in 2019
2019 disestablishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
XSX-CA |
5398474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes%20Land%20crater | Wilkes Land crater | Wilkes Land crater is an informal term that may apply to two separate cases of conjectured giant impact craters hidden beneath the ice cap of Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. These are separated below under the heading Wilkes Land anomaly and Wilkes Land mascon (mass concentration), based on terms used in their principal published reference sources.
Wilkes Land anomaly
A giant impact crater beneath the Wilkes Land ice sheet was first proposed by Richard A. Schmidt in 1962 on the basis of the seismic and gravity discovery of the feature made by the U.S. Victoria Land Traverse in 1959–60 (VLT), and the data provided to Schmidt by John G. Weihaupt, geophysicist of the VLT (Geophysical Studies in Victoria Land, Antarctica, Report No. 1, Geophysical and Polar Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1–123).
Schmidt further considered the possibility that it might be the elusive source of the tektites of the Australasian strewnfield (which is only 790,000 years old).
The hypothesis was detailed in a paper by Weihaupt in 1976. Evidence cited included a large negative gravity anomaly coincident with a subglacial topographic depression across and having a minimum depth of .
The claims were challenged by Charles R. Bentley in 1979. On the basis of a 2010 paper by Weihaupt et al., Bentley's challenge was proven to be incorrect, and the Earth Impact Database (Rajmon 2011) has now reclassified the Wilkes Land Anomaly from a "possible impact crater" to a "probable impact crater" on the basis of Weihaupt et al.'s paper. Several other potential impact crater sites have now been proposed by other investigators in the Ross Sea, West Antarctica, and the Weddell Sea.
Mass concentration
The Wilkes Land mass concentration (or mascon) is centered at and was first reported at a conference in May 2006 by a team of researchers led by Ralph von Frese and Laramie Potts of Ohio State University.
The team used gravity measurements by NASA's GRACE satellites to identify a wide mass concentration and noted that this mass anomaly is centered within a larger ring-like structure visible in radar images of the land surface beneath the Antarctic ice cap. That combination suggested to them that the feature may mark the site of a wide impact crater buried beneath the ice and more than 2.5 times larger than the Chicxulub crater.
Due to the site's location beneath the Antarctic ice sheet, there are no direct samples to test for evidence of impact. There are alternative explanations for this mass concentration, such as formation by a mantle plume or other large-scale volcanic activity. If this feature really is an impact crater then, based on the size of the ring structure, it has been suggested by Frese's team that the impactor could have been four or five times wider than the Chicxulub impactor, which is believed to have caused the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
Because mass concentrations on Earth are expected to dissipate over time, Frese and his collaborators believe the structure must be less than 500 million years old and also note that it appears to have been disturbed by the rift valley that formed 100 million years ago, during the separation of Australia from the Gondwana supercontinent.
The researchers, therefore, speculate that the putative impact and associated crater may have contributed to this separation by weakening the earth's crust at this location. These bracketing dates also make it possible that the site could be associated with the Permian–Triassic extinction event. The Permian–Triassic extinction occurred 250 million years ago and is believed to be the largest extinction event since the origin of complex multicellular life.
Plate reconstructions for the Permian–Triassic boundary place the putative crater directly antipodal to the Siberian Traps, and Frese et al. (2009) use the controversial theory that impacts can trigger massive volcanism at their antipodes to bolster their impact crater theory. However, there are already other suggested candidates for giant impacts at the Permian–Triassic boundary, such as Bedout, off the northern coast of Western Australia, although all are equally contentious and it is currently under debate whether or not an impact played any role in this extinction.
The complete absence of a well-defined impact ejecta layer associated with the Permian–Triassic boundary at its outcrops within Victoria Land and the central Transantarctic Mountains argues against there having been any impact capable of creating a crater the size of the hypothesized Wilkes Land impact crater within Antarctica at the Permian–Triassic boundary. Nonetheless, according to Frese, recent studies in 2018 seem to sustain the impact origin of crater, and the event may be linked to the separation of Eastern Antarctica from southern Australia.
See also
Bedout
Chicxulub crater
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
List of possible impact structures on Earth
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Siberian Traps
Vredefort crater
References
External links
(2006)
Images of crater area via Ohio State University (archived from the original on 2017-06-12)
Giant Crater Found: Tied to Worst Mass Extinction Ever Robert Roy Britt (SPACE.com) 1 June 2006 6:07 p.m. ET
Does a giant crater lie beneath the Antarctic ice? Bibliotecapleyades.net, 2 June 2006.
Earth Impact Database
Impact craters of Antarctica
Extinction events
Possible impact craters on Earth
Prehistory of Antarctica
Wilkes Land |
4002834 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellraiser%20%28franchise%29 | Hellraiser (franchise) | The Hellraiser franchise consists of science fiction supernatural horror installments including four theatrical films, six straight-to-home video films, various comic books, and additional merchandise and media. Based on the novella by English author Clive Barker titled The Hellbound Heart, the franchise centers around the Cenobites including the primary antagonist named Pinhead. The overall plot of the franchise focuses on a puzzle box that opens a gateway to the Hell-like realm of the Cenobite lifeforms called the Lament Configuration. The Cenobites are an order of former-humans turned-monsters, who harvest human souls to torture in their sadistic experiments. Barker, who created the franchise and served as writer/director of the original film, stated that he signed away the story and character rights to the production company prior to the release of the first film, not realizing the critical and financial success it would be.
The franchise will continue with an eleventh film in production, and scheduled to release exclusively on Hulu via streaming, as well as a television series continuation in development at HBO.
Films
Hellraiser (1987)
Frank Cotton (Sean Chapman) escapes from the Cenobites when his brother Larry (Andrew Robinson) spills his own blood on the spot where Frank died after opening the puzzle box that opened a gateway to the Cenobites. With the help of Larry's wife Julia (Clare Higgins), Frank begins regenerating his body with the blood of victims that Julia supplies him. Larry's daughter, Kirsty (Ashley Laurence), accidentally unleashes the Cenobites, but makes a deal to deliver Frank to them in exchange for her own life. After taking Frank's soul, the Cenobites still try to take Kirsty's soul as well, but solving the puzzle box, Kirsty sends the Cenobites back to Hell.
Hellbound: Hellraiser II (1988)
Dr. Philip Channard (Kenneth Cranham) resurrects Julia, who was stuck in Hell with the Cenobites. Kirsty is pulled back into the Cenobite world, where the demons decide to keep her, but, having discovered the human identity of the Cenobites earlier, Kirsty appeals to their latent humanity, specifically the Cenobite leader Pinhead (Doug Bradley). Pinhead decides to release her, but he and his followers are killed by Channard, who has become a Cenobite himself. With the help of a teenage girl, Tiffany (Imogen Boorman), who unknowingly assisted Channard in opening the box, Kirsty and Tiffany escape the Cenobite world and close the gateway behind them.
Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth (1992)
The revelation of Pinhead's humanity has resulted in a schism, splitting him into two separate parts: his human self, World War I veteran Elliot Spencer, and Pinhead, now a living embodiment of Spencer's id. While Spencer is trapped in limbo, Pinhead is trapped, along with the puzzle box, in the surface of an intricately carved pillar, a relic of the Cenobite realm. The pillar is purchased by a night club owner, J.P. Monroe (Kevin Bernhardt), who begins assisting Pinhead in his resurrection. A television reporter, Joey Summerskill (Terry Farrell), begins to learn about Pinhead and the puzzle box, which leads her to Monroe's night club. Pinhead is eventually resurrected, and begins creating new Cenobite followers in an effort to establish Hell on Earth. Joey manages to reunite Spencer and Pinhead, fusing them back into one entity, and is able to use the puzzle box to send Pinhead back to his dimension. Afterward, Joey submerges the box into freshly laid cement at a construction site.
Hellraiser IV: Bloodline (1996)
A toymaker named Philip Lemarchand (Bruce Ramsay) is commissioned by the Duc de L'Isle (Mickey Cottrell), a wealthy Aristocrat and master of the dark arts, to create the box as a gateway to Hell so that de L'Isle can enslave a demon. Beginning in the distant future, and tracing the history of the box from its creation in 1784, Bloodline shows how the Lemarchand family attempts to close the box forever after learning what L'Isle uses it for. Eventually, Dr. Paul Merchant creates the Elysium Configuration, a space station capable of closing the gateway for good, and he traps Pinhead inside and destroys him and the box.
Hellraiser: Inferno (2000)
A corrupt police Detective Joseph Thorne (Craig Sheffer) discovers the puzzle box while investigating a series of ritualistic murders. As time goes on he begins to uncover clues that suggest that he is the killer. Eventually, Pinhead appears and informs Thorne that the events of the movie have been transpiring in Thorne's own personal Hell, and that he will be reliving the same series of events for eternity.
Hellraiser: Hellseeker (2002)
Kirsty Cotton and her husband, Trevor (Dean Winters), end up in a car accident that kills her. One month later, Trevor wakes up in a hospital, but because of a head injury, his memory is uncertain and he cannot distinguish between fantasy and reality. As he begins to uncover evidence that he was having a series of affairs, he also comes under suspicion for orchestrating the crash that killed his wife. Pinhead appears in the end, and informs Trevor that he was the one that died in the car crash, his own plot to murder Kirsty for her inheritance backfired when Kirsty offered the Cenobites the lives of Trevor, his mistresses and his co-conspirators in exchange for her own.
Hellraiser: Deader (2005)
Reporter Amy Klein (Kari Wuhrer), is sent to Bucharest to investigate an underground suicide cult founded by a descendant of Philip Lemarchand, who claims to be able to bring back the dead and who believes that it is his birthright to open the puzzle box and control the Cenobites. She is gradually drawn into their world and eventually sees no way out other than to join them. In the end she opens the puzzle box, summoning up Pinhead and the Cenobites, who kill everyone for attempting to invade their world. To prevent Pinhead from taking her soul, Amy kills herself.
Hellraiser: Hellworld (2005)
Taking place in the "real-life world", in which the Hellraiser franchise has spawned a successful MMORPG. Five friends mourning the death of one of their fellow players—who committed suicide after becoming obsessed with the game—receive in-game invitations to a party at the Leviathan House. At the house, the host of the party (Lance Henriksen) takes them on a tour of the many layers of the home, after which they are picked off one-by-one by the host or Pinhead. The final two victims ultimately realize that most of the events of the movie have been a hallucination, after the host—the father of their deceased friend, who blames his son's fellow players for not breaking his addiction to the game—drugged them and buried them alive. The police rescue the surviving teenagers, Chelsea (Katheryn Winnick) and Jake (Christopher Jacot), while the host escapes to a decrepit motel with a suitcase of his son's belongings. The host discovers a real puzzle box inside, and upon opening it is killed by Pinhead and a pair of Cenobites.
Hellraiser: Revelations (2011)
The ninth film in the franchise, Revelations is the first film not to feature Doug Bradley as Pinhead and was shot in two weeks for $300,000. In 2011 it was released to a single theater in California for a crew showing that was ostensibly open to the public. It was suggested by Bloody Disgusting that the film was only shot so that The Weinstein Company would not lose its filming rights before it could produce a remake of the original. The film was released on DVD on 18 October 2011.
Hellraiser: Judgment (2018)
The tenth film in the franchise, it began filming in early 2016. Like Revelations, it does not feature Doug Bradley as Pinhead. Bradley was offered the part but turned it down because the production company refused to let him read the script without signing a non-disclosure agreement regarding its contents. This film was released on DVD in February 2018.
Hellraiser (2022)
In October 2006, Clive Barker announced on his official website that he would be writing the script for a forthcoming remake of the original Hellraiser film, which was to be produced by Dimension Films. Pascal Laugier was hired as director, before ultimately dropping out of the production due to creative differences. Laugier reportedly wanted the film to have a dark and serious tone, while producers wanted the target audience to be teenagers.
In October 2010, Patrick Lussier was hired to serve as director on a reboot of the Hellraiser franchise, with a script written by Todd Farmer. The film's story would have differed from the original film, as the creative team did not want to retell the same story. The story was intended to center on the world, and functions of the puzzle box. By 2011 however, the pair had dropped out of the project. In October 2013, Clive Barker was once again attached to the next Hellraiser film. Barker was hired to serve as writer/director, while Doug Bradley was announced to reprise his role as Pinhead. By 2014, Barker stated that he had completed a second draft for the script, stating that he may not serve as director on the project. The story was described as a "very loose" remake of the original film. In March 2017, the filmmaker stated that the "script was written and delivered to Dimension years ago". He acknowledged that the franchise is now looking at adapting a sequel, instead.
Inspired by the success of the Halloween (2018) from Universal Pictures, Miramax Films announced plans to adapt future installments in the Hellraiser franchise. In May 2019, Gary Barber stated that Spyglass Media Group will develop the next film in the franchise, described as a reboot. David S. Goyer will serve as writer and producer. By April 2020, David Bruckner was hired as director, from a script he co-wrote with Ben Collins and Luke Piotrowski. The film is scheduled to be released as a Hulu Original Film, exclusively via streaming on Hulu in 2022. Later in October, Jamie Clayton was cast as Pinhead.
Television
In April 2020, a television series adaptation of the franchise was announced to be in development. Mark Verheiden and Michael Dougherty will serve as the main writers, while David Gordon Green will serve as director on several of the episodes. The series will serve as "an elevated continuation and expansion" of the film series. Verheiden, Dougherty, and Green will serve as executive producers, alongside Danny McBride, Jody Hill, Brandon James and Roy Lee. The project will be a joint-venture production between HBO and Vertigo Entertainment. Later in October, Clive Barker joined the series as an executive producer.
Reception
Box office performance
A dark grey cell indicates the information isn't available for the film.
Critical and public response
Katie Rife of The A.V. Club wrote that the Hellraiser films intentionally alienate casual viewers and instead appeal to the type of fan she compares to a "humorless art student" who prefers dark poetry to the more fraternity-oriented slasher films. Continuing the metaphor, Rife wrote that "even when its ambition exceeds its budget—which is often—it's trying to say something with its occult art projects".
In other media
Novels
An anthology book consisting of 21 stories and entitled Hellbound Hearts was released on 29 September 2009. The Scarlet Gospels – a sequel to The Hellbound Heart and crossover with Clive Barker's Harry D'Amour stories – was written by Barker and released in 2015. Hellraiser: The Toll, set before The Scarlet Gospels and after The Hellbound Heart, was written by Mark Alan Miller and published by Subterranean Press in February 2018. In 2016, Paul Kane authored Sherlock Holmes and the Servants of Hell which brings together the world of Hellraiser with Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes.
Comic books
Immediately following the success of the 1987 film, several comics based on the series began to be released.
Epic Comics
Epic Comics, an imprint of Marvel Comics, began publishing series of comic book spin-offs for the Hellraiser franchise. The comics contained a set of short stories, with Clive Barker acting as a consultant on all of the comics. Between 1989 and 1992, Epic published twenty regular series comics. They also published three special issues from 1992 to 1994, one being a holiday special, in addition to an adaptation of Hellraiser III: Hell on Earth and a collection of the first two issues. Other releases included the limited series Clive Barker's Book of the Damned and Pinhead, as well as the crossovers Hellraiser vs. Nightbreed: Jihad and Pinhead vs. Marshal Law: Law in Hell. The following series were released by Epic Comics:
Boom! Studios
Boom! Studios began to publish a new Hellraiser series, written by Clive Barker and Christopher Monfette, beginning in March 2011, and also reprinting select Epic Comics under the title Hellraiser: Masterworks. The following series were released by Boom! Studios:
Seraphim Inc.
Seraphim Incorporated, a graphic novel imprint headed by Clive Barker, began publishing a series of original graphic novels titled Hellraiser: Anthology in 2017. They are collections of stories taking place within the Hellraiser universe hailing from various creators, including Barker himself.
Video games
Super 3D Noah's Ark began as a Hellraiser license for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The team eventually abandoned the Hellraiser license and converted it into a simplistic Bible-based game. Prior to the release of Bloodline, Magnet Interactive Studios developed an unrelated and ultimately unreleased video game called Hellraiser: Virtual Hell. Bradley acted in the game during filming of Bloodline. Miriam Van Scott, writing in the Encyclopedia of Hell, called it "a slick adventure" that "truly involves the player". In 2011, The Weinstein Company announced video games based on several of their franchises, including Hellraiser.
Books
There have been two non-fiction books released that chronicle the Hellraiser films. The first, released on 21 May 2004, was published by Titan Books and titled The Hellraiser Chronicles. Written by Peter Atkins and Stephen Jones, with a foreword by Clive Barker, The Hellraiser Chronicles is a collection of production photographs, design sketches, excerpts from the scripts, and interviews with the cast and crew. The next book, The Hellraiser Films And Their Legacy, was released by McFarland & Company on 27 November 2006; it was written by Paul Kane, and features foreword by Pinhead actor Doug Bradley. Hellraiser Films collects the production history of all eight films, their spin-offs, as well as how the series relates to popular culture. The book provides an in-depth look at the film characters, and interpretations of the choices those characters make in the film. Hellraiser Films also provides a brief look at the fan short film No More Souls.
A feature-length documentary, Leviathan: The Story of Hellraiser and Hellbound: Hellraiser II, was originally due for release in 2015, and comprises interviews with the cast and crew. It is being directed by K. John McDonagh and produced by Cult Film Screenings, based in Birmingham, who used Kickstarter to raise the funds necessary to conduct further interviews in the United States, although Clive Barker pulled out at the last minute due to ill health.
Cancelled projects
In an interview, Doug Bradley stated that in 2002 Dimension Films received two scripts for a crossover featuring both Pinhead and Michael Myers, the antagonist of the Halloween series. One of the pitches involved Michael Myers opening the Lament Configuration as a child and being possessed by Samhain fleeing from Hell, and the Cenobites pursuing him in the present day. Although Dimension Films initially turned the project down because it believed the upcoming film Freddy vs. Jason would fail, the studio reconsidered after it grossed $114 million on a $30 million budget. According to Bradley, Clive Barker intended to return to write a screenplay while John Carpenter was being considered to direct. The project ultimately ended when Halloween's producer Moustapha Akkad rejected the idea and due to a negative response from the fans of both franchises.
References
External links
Hellraiser film series at Allmovie
Hellraiser film series at Box Office Mojo
Revelations – The Official Clive Barker Online Resource
Hellraiser: The Hellbound Web
Hellraiser comics at Empire Magazine
Hell in popular culture
Horror film franchises
Lionsgate franchises
Splatterpunk
Torture in films |
5398475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimnasia%20y%20Tiro | Gimnasia y Tiro | Club de Gimnasia y Tiro is an Argentine football club, based in the city of Salta. The team currently plays in Torneo Argentino A, the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system.
Gimnasia y Tiro has played four seasons at the highest level of Argentine football. First came in 1979 and 1981 Nacional championships. Gimnasia finished bottom of their group in 1979 and 6th of 7 teams in 1981. The third season was in 1993/1994. The fourth season was in 1997/98 when the squad promoted to the Argentine Primera División but after finishing 20th (last) in the Apertura and 17th in the Clausura tournaments respectively, Gimnasia was relegated at the end of the season.
Current squad
As of 2014–15 season
External links
El Gigante de Salta
Unofficial page
Albo Mi Vida
Gimnasia blog
Club's rugby union page
Football clubs in Salta Province
Salta
Association football clubs established in 1902
Argentine field hockey clubs
Argentine rugby union teams
1902 establishments in Argentina |
4002839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shurpanakha | Shurpanakha | Shoorpanakha (Sanskrit: शूर्पणखा, , ), also known as Meenakshi, is a Rakshasi (demon) in Hindu Mythology. Her legends are mainly narrated in the epic Ramayana and its other versions. She was the sister of Lanka king, Ravana, and the daughter of the sage Vishrava and Rakshasi Kaikeshi. Shurpanakha's role in the original epic is small yet significant.
Name and appearance
The word "Shurpanakha" is made up of two Sanskrit words—Shurpa (lit. winnowing fans) and Nakha (lit. nails). According to Monier Monier-Williams, the word means 'having fingernails like winnowing fans'.
Shurpanakha's appearance has drastic differences in the different versions of the epic. Most versions including the Valmiki's Ramayana mention her as an ugly woman. When Shurpanakha first sees Rama in the forest, Valmiki describes her as facially unpleasant, pot bellied, wry-eyed, coppery-haired, ugly featured, brassy voiced, deplorably oldish, crooked talker, ill-mannered, uncouth and abominable. In contrast, the various other accounts especially Kampan's Iramavataram mention her taking an attractive form to seduce Rama. According to this account, Shurpanakha thought about goddess Sri and transforms herself into a similar form using a mantra.
Early life
Kaikesi, daughter of Sumali, married Maharshi Vishrava and became his second wife. She gave birth to four children three sons and a daughter. The daughter was named Shurpanakha. She was also given the name of Mīnakṣī "Dīkṣa" at birth, and some also called her "Candraṇakhā" (the one with nails like the moon).
Marriage and widowhood
The popular story of Shurpanakha's marriage originated from a Tamil folktale and was absorbed into the Ramayana. As per the story, when Shurpanakha grew up, she secretly married the Danava prince of the Kalkeya Danava clan, Vidyutjihva. Ravana became enraged with Shurpanakha for marrying a Danava. The Danavas were the mortal enemies of Rakshasas, and he was about to punish her, but Mandodari convinced him to respect the wishes of his sister. Thus Ravana accepted Shurpanakha, her husband and Danavas as relatives officially.
At the time of conquering Rasatala (the underworld), Ravana killed Vidyutjihva. The reason of Ravana's act is different from text to text Some claim that he accidentally killed Vidyutjihva, while other state that in Shurpanakha's absence, Vidyutjihva attacked Ravana, who in self-defense killed his brother-in-law. This caused Shurpanakha a great displeasure, and after seeing his sister's grief, Ravana asked her to roam and search for another husband. Shurpanakha then split her time between Lanka and the woods of Southern India, sometimes living with her forest-dwelling Asura relatives, Khara and Dushana, on Ravana's orders. She also had conceived a son by Vidyutjihva known as Shambhri who was accidentally killed by Lakshmana.
Encounter with Rama, Sita and Lakshmana
According to Valmiki, she met the exiled Prince Rama of Ayodhya, during one such visit to the Forest of Panchavati, and was instantly smitten by his youthful good looks. She adopted a beautiful form to entice him, but Rama meanwhile kindly rejected her advances, telling her that he was faithful to his wife Sita and thus would never take another wife. Rejected, Shurpanakha then approached his younger brother, Lakshmana, who said that he is only second to Ram and therefore not worthy of her. Infuriated by their dismissals, the humiliated and envious Shurpanakha returned to her demonic form and attacked Sita, but was thwarted by Lakshmana, who cut off her nose.
Shurpanakha first went to her brother Khara, who sent seven Rakshasa warriors to attack Rama, who easily despatched them. Khara himself then attacked, along with 14,000 soldiers, all of whom were killed except for Akampana, Sumali's son and Kaikesi's brother, who fled to Lanka. She then fled to Ravana's court and spoke to her brother of the disgrace she had suffered. Her brother, hearing of Sita's beauty, decided to kidnap Sita. Akampana too played a key role in instigating Sita's kidnapping by Ravana. Despite opposition from their brother, Vibhishana, Ravana kidnapped Sita, thus triggering the Battle of Lanka.
Later life and death
Although Shurpanakha receives no further mention from Valmiki, it has been suggested that she continued to live in Lanka after Vibhishana succeeded Ravana as king. She and her half-sister Kumbini are supposed to have perished at sea a few years later.
References
Sources
Ramayana, A condensed prose version of the epic by C. Raja Gopalachari. Published by Bhavan's Book University
Valmiki. Ramayana: Aranya Kandha
Valmiki Ramayan by Rajshekhar Basu - Uttarkanda
External links
Rakshasa in the Ramayana |
5398478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventud%20Antoniana | Juventud Antoniana | Centro Juventud Antoniana is an Argentine football club from the city of Salta. The team currently plays in Torneo Regional Federal Amateur, the regionalised division of the Argentine football league system.
Juventud Antoniana played in Primera División 6 times: 1971, 1973, 1975, 1978, 1983 and 1985. Its best performance came in 1983, when the squad progressed to the 2nd round.
Current squad
Titles
Torneo Argentino A: 2
1995–96, 1997–98
Liga Salteña de Fútbol: 20
1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1953, 1957, 1967, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1988, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1997
Copa Confraternidad Salta-Jujuy: 5
1984, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1999
External links
Official website
Association football clubs established in 1916
Football clubs in Salta Province
Salta
1916 establishments in Argentina |
5398481 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammar%20Souayah | Ammar Souayah | Ammar Souayah () (born June 11, 1957) is a retired Tunisian footballer.
Tunisia national football team
In 2002, Ammar Souayah signed as the coach of the Tunisia national team and led the team at the FIFA World Cup. Tunisia began the tournament with a 2–0 defeat against Russia then drew 1–1 against strong Belgium but was defeated 2–0 against co-host Japan and eliminated in the Group Stage.
He coached Club Sportif de Hammam-Lif and also Étoile du Sahel.
Al-Shabab Riyadh
On 23 January 2014, he was appointed the head coach of Al-Shabab, replacing Belgian Emilio Ferrera. He performed well with Al-Shabab in the 2014 AFC Champions League group stages. Al-Shabab played 6 matches, 5 won and lost 1.
Managerial statistics
As of 14 May 2014,
Honours
Manager
Al-Shabab
King Cup of Champions 2014 (1)
References
1957 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Tunis
Tunisian footballers
Tunisian football managers
CS Hammam-Lif managers
Étoile Sportive du Sahel managers
2002 FIFA World Cup managers
Al-Ta'ee managers
Al-Hazm FC managers
Al-Raed FC managers
Al Shabab FC (Riyadh) managers
Ohod Club managers
Saudi Professional League managers
Association footballers not categorized by position
Tunisian expatriate football managers
Tunisian expatriate sportspeople in Saudi Arabia |
5398482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt%20Zeiser | Matt Zeiser | Mathias John Zeiser (sometimes spelled Zieser) (September 25, 1888 – June 10, 1942) was a professional baseball pitcher. He appeared in two games in Major League Baseball for the Boston Red Sox during the 1914 season, both as a relief pitcher. Zeiser batted and threw right-handed. He was born and died in Chicago, Illinois.
In a two-game career, Zeiser posted a 1.80 earned run average with eight walks in 10 innings pitched.
External links
Baseball Almanac
Major League Baseball pitchers
Boston Red Sox players
Lowell Grays players
Scranton Miners players
Chillicothe Babes players
Huntington Babes players
Maysville Angels players
Ironton Nailers players
South Bend Benders players
Bloomington Bloomers players
Evansville Evas players
Terre Haute Tots players
Rockford Rox players
1888 births
1942 deaths
Baseball players from Chicago |
5398483 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Norte | Central Norte | Club Atlético Central Norte is an Argentine football club from the city of Salta, from the Salta Province. The team currently plays in the Torneo Federal A, the regionalised third division of the Argentine football league system.
Central Norte was founded in Salta on 9 March 1921, and took its name from the state-owned Ferrocarril Central Norte whose railway line crossed the Salta Province.
Titles
Liga Salteña: 36
Torneos Regionales: 7
Torneo Argentino B: 2
2005–06, 2009–10
External links
Central Norte fan's page
República Azabache
La Voz del Cuervo
Football clubs in Salta Province
Association football clubs established in 1921
1921 establishments in Argentina |
4002846 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisin%20bread | Raisin bread | Raisin bread (also known as fruit toast in New Zealand) is a type of bread made with raisins and flavored with cinnamon. It is "usually a white flour or egg dough bread". Aside from white flour, raisin bread is also made with other flours, such as all-purpose flour, oat flour, or whole wheat flour. Some recipes include honey, brown sugar, eggs, or butter. Variations of the recipe include the addition of walnuts, hazelnuts, pecans or, for a dessert, rum or whisky.
Raisin bread is eaten in many different forms, including being served toasted for breakfast ("raisin toast") or made into sandwiches. Some restaurants serve raisin bread with their cheeseboards.
History
Its invention has been popularly incorrectly attributed to Henry David Thoreau in Concord, Massachusetts lore, as there have been published recipes for bread with raisins since 1671. Since the 15th century, breads made with raisins were made in Europe. In Germany stollen was a Christmas bread. Kulich was an Easter bread made in Russia and panettone was made in Italy. The earliest citation for "raisin bread" in the Oxford English Dictionary is dated to an 1845 article in Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. In England, raisin bread became a common element of high tea from the second half of the 19th century. In the 1920s, raisin bread was advertised as "The Bread Of Iron", due to the high iron content of the raisins. The bread became increasingly popular among English bakers in the 1960s.
Varieties
European versions of raisin bread include the Estonian "kringel" and the Slovakian "vianočka" and "stafidopsomo" in Greece. A similar food is raisin challah, a traditional Jewish food for Shabbat and holidays. It has been suggested that Garibaldi biscuits were based on a raisin bread that was eaten by the troops of Italian general Giuseppe Garibaldi. In New Zealand it is a common breakfast food.
Production
The United States Code of Federal Regulations specifies standards that raisin bread produced in the country must meet. This includes a requirement for the weight of the raisins to be equal to 50% of the weight of flour used. Raisin bread is one of five types of bread for which federal standards have been outlined.
In cosmology
The ways in which individual raisins move during rising and baking of the bread is often used as an analogy to explain the expansion of the universe.
See also
Barmbrack
Cinnamon roll
List of raisin dishes and foods
Malt loaf
Pain aux raisins
Raisin cake
Tea loaf
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Sweet breads
Raisins |
4002851 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Alonzo%20House | Henry Alonzo House | Henry Alonzo House (April 23, 1840 – December 18, 1930) was an American inventor who developed machinery and processes that have had a lasting impact on several industries.
Early life
House was born in Brooklyn, New York, the youngest son of Ezekiel House, an architect and builder, and Susannah King. His father was an architect and builder, and at that time was assisting his brother Royal Earl House in perfecting and getting capital interest in his New Printing Telegraph.
In the spring of 1846 the House family moved to Little Meadows, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, where they built a home on the side of a hill which was known as the Castle. There was a natural spring nearby, which was piped into the house to give running water, an unusual thing for those days. At that time there was no railroad to that part of the country, so in order to move their household goods from New York, they boarded a barge which was towed by steam up the Hudson River to Troy where it was taken through the lock into the Erie Canal and towed by horses to Ithaca on Lake Cayuga, New York. The last part of the trip was made by ox teams and the whole journey took over a month.
In 1852 the family moved to Owego, New York where there were better educational facilities. Here they lived by the Susquehanna River. The boys James and Henry built a boat and rigged it up like the side wheelers they had seen on the Hudson River. This they used to take people up the river on excursions and also to carry produce down the river, thus earning money with which to pay their father for the material used to build the boat.
Inventing years
Ezekiel House left Owego in the spring of 1854 as he had taken a contract to build a county court house in the suburbs of Rockford, Illinois. Henry and his brother went to Rockford in the fall and started in business with their father. In 1857 Henry took a position with his father who was superintending the raising and reconstructing of the old city hall in Chicago. While working on a building in New York, Henry had the misfortune of having the extension muscle of his right hand severed by a chisel which dropped from a scaffold. This incapacitated his doing any carpentry work for several months. During this enforced idleness, he designed and patented an automatic gate.
Automatic buttonhole machine
When the Civil War broke out and Henry was rejected as a volunteer on account of his slightly crippled right hand, he turned his attention to making a button hole machine. He and his brother James entered into partnership with Mr. Seaman and in 1862 they perfected an automatic buttonhole sewing machine. It was then tested in a clothing shop in New York on army overcoats and capes, where its average was from 1,000 to 1,200 buttonholes per day. This caused hard feelings among the hand buttonhole workers, and one day during the noon hour they smashed the machine. However, the next morning another machine was working in its place. All together there were over one hundred thousand button holes made there. The patents were taken over by the Wheeler and Wilson Manufacturing Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut. While House was in Washington D.C. looking after the patent application, he met Abraham Lincoln, for whom he cast his first vote.
In November 1862, he again returned to Little Meadows and married his cousin Mary Elizabeth House, daughter of William House, a miller. As his mother was very ill they hurried to Brooklyn where his mother died on November 28, 1862.
He then took his bride to Bridgeport, Connecticut where he was engaged by Wheeler and Wilson to superintend the making of his buttonhole machine. In the Spring of 1863 his father Ezekiel House died in Brooklyn. During that year four patents were issued for the automatic buttonhole sewing machine. In 1867 House represented the company at the Paris Exposition Universelle, which opened in France in May 1867.
Another sewing machine patent
In 1864 his shop was moved from Brooklyn to Bridgeport, with his brother James joining him there. They soon perfected an attachment to be used on the family sewing machine. This system was entirely new and since the patent was issued in 1868, it has been adopted throughout the world. On February 27, 1865, Henry Alonzo House Jr. was born. Another son, William Ezekiel, was born on February 22, 1874. On November 21, 1875, a daughter, Libbie Grace, was born.
Steam horseless carriage
In the spring of 1866, Henry House, Sr. and his brother James built a steam carriage for their own amusement and recreation. It carried seven, including the driver and the fireman on the back seat. It developed 15 hp and could travel 30 mph on a good level road. It frightened so many horses and even men, so they did not use it long.
Knitting machine
House left Wheeler and Wilson in 1869 and turned his attention to developing a machine that could knit various-sized goods, both flat and tubular. At the time, there were no machines on the market doing that type of work. In 1870, the Armstrong and House Manufacturing Company was organized and a shop was built to produce the new knitting machines. Five patents were issued to House from 1869 to 1872, among them was one for a new system of knitting stockings in a continuous tube. The process would first knit the leg, then form a mitered heal, then the foot and mitered toe then a leg, and so on. The toe was then separated from the leg by drawing a thread leaving all the loops ready to close.
Other inventions
House resigned from Armstrong and House in the fall of 1872, and proceeded to invent a bundling machine for kindling wood in 1873.
In 1875 his attention was called to the dressing of fur skins, such as buffalo hides. Using existing processes, it took from two to two and a half days of hard labor to bring a large hide down to a flexible state. When House claimed that he could make a machine that could dress four hides or more a day, they were astonished, as they claimed no tool could stand up to those dry hides for even ten minutes. To meet the challenge, House developed a rotary plane with a ring knife that could be fed as it moved, with a set of small emery wheels each side of the knife so that it was sharpened on every revolution. The plane was universally hung and counterbalanced so it weighed nothing in the hand of the operator, though it was driven by power from the engine. On a wager, the first operator finished fifty hides in ten hours.
Paper dishes
In 1878, the president of the Union Paper Bag Co. of Philadelphia called on House, as he had heard that House had developed a machine that was able to make satchel-bottom paper bags. House came up with a folding attachment for their old machines, and although this was satisfactory to a degree, the machines were still old, and were not properly constructed. House then designed new machines.
While working the attachment in Philadelphia, House was asked if he could help one of Union's western branches in making the paper dishes, as they had trouble in drying them. When House produced samples with a round flange, the design was accepted and he was given a contract to build a machine that would make twenty thousand paper dishes in 10 hours. Much work was required to maintain the heat at 800 to 900 degrees, which was necessary to dry a dish in two (2) seconds. Mr. House involved a system of using superheated steam which kept the dies at red heat. The press was first tested at his factory in Bridgeport before being shipped to Clinton, Iowa.
Hat manufacturing
Late in 1878, in collaboration with hatter Dwight Wheeler, House invented and patented a machine for blocking felt hats in 28 seconds. The patents were issued on February 25, 1879 and in the same year the House and Wheeler Hat Flanging Co., a joint stock company, was formed in Bridgeport. A practical machine was built and installed at the Marrinet Hat Co. at Salisbury, Connecticut. The employees, adverse to any innovations that might reduce their value to the company, went on strike. The hat flanging machine fulfilled all requirements, and after the machine had been working a few months the strikers were ready to compromise. In later years the Hatters Union voted against its use entirely.
In October 1878, House suffered a severe shock from the accidental death of his younger son, William Ezekiel House, who was accidentally shot and killed by his cousin, Alfred Bishop Beers, Jr.
Fur work
In 1880, S.D. Castle and Henry House became interested in the picking of furs. Buffalo hides were getting scarce, and Castle wanted to use muskrat or beaver, but he found the pelts had to be picked of the outer long hair, a tedious job for an unskilled hand. After a few months, House had a small machine working that would pick large or small pelts without missing a hair. The machine-picked skins were shown to furriers in New York. A few days later, a Mr. Frasure of Wall Street, New York, called on House at Bridgeport, and the two reached an agreement for House to develop a machine that would pick a bull pelt six feet long and three feet wide, while being kept moist and warm. This patent, also the first of its kind, for treating pelts, was issued on October 19, 1882 just one month and five days after the application was made.
Work on the large machine for the London Co. was finished in the spring of 1882. The pelts, after being moistened, went around on a drum which was kept warm with the circulation of hot water. Frasure was more than satisfied and was anxious to ship it to London, England. as soon as possible. Passage for House was booked on the S.S. Adriatic of the White Star Line for the middle of June.
Several weeks of delays after his arrival, the demonstration was performed in secret one Saturday afternoon. In three hours, more work was accomplished than one skilled workman could do in two days. The London Co. bought all the patents pertaining to fur picking and treating of pelts. Everything was boxed and shipped to London in 30 days. Ironically, these machines were never unpacked, leaving the entire control of the fur picking trade with the English market.
Paper boxes
In 1883, House organized the Compressed Paper Box Co. and proceeded to make seamless paper boxes. He invented a new form of box termed "a round square", particularly adapted for holding cartrages, as the corners were compressed in, not out, giving extra strength. The machines built to make the boxes were semi-automatic.
At this time his son Henry (Harry) Alzonzo House, Jr. joined him in his experimental work.
Metal polishing
The Deoxidized Metal Co. of Bridgeport in 1885 secured a contract for the bronze balusters required for the Treasury building in Washington, D.C. These balusters were an elaborate design incorporating leaves, beads and moulding, all intended to have a bright finish, which required a great deal of hand work. Deoxidized could make, but not burnish, the balusters and sought to subcontract this work, but no one took them up on their offer. At that time there was no machinery for polishing metals, the usual procedure was to immerse in acid, and hand work was too costly. The contract from Washington definitely stated that acid was not to be used.
The president of Deoxidized contacted House, "the man who had done so many queer things" to see if he could devise a way to perform the polishing. House submitted samples which were sent to Washington and accepted. He used a small cabinet, twice the length of the baluster, in which the baluster was slipped on a shaft and fine, high-velocity sand was shot at the baluster, thus polishing all surfaces, both concave and convex.
Telegraphs and telephones
In 1885, Henry House Sr. became stockholder in the Postal Telegraph Co. of Binghamton, New York and was made superintendent of their experimental department. During his research, House came across a patent () taken out by his uncle, Royal E. House, in 1866 for a device called the Electric Phonetic Telegraph which for transmitted messages by sound, signals and letters. This invention embodied the fundamental principle of the electric telephone.
Its construction was that of a triple-sized modern telephone. The hollow ear piece was made in such a form to focus the sound waves direct to the operator's ear. A thin metal diaphragm was secured to the opposite end, a pair of magnets with a pivoted armature was secured to the frame of the armature, and connected with the diaphragm by means of a strut, thus keeping the armature from contracting poles of the magnets, which were energized by a battery current. When the current was closed, the armature held the diaphragm in magnetic suspension. The slightest change in the current manifested upon the diaphragm and upon all those on the same line. It was decided best to move everything in connection with developing and manufacturing this project to House's shop in Bridgeport, . also taking Royal House (who was then over 70 years old) and his wife with them.
In due time the instruments were perfected, adjusted to all conditions and ready to manufacture, but some misunderstandings with the directors and stock holders of the company in Binghamton resulted in a lawsuit, which stagnated in the court process until the patents expired.
In 1886–87 when the Royal E. House Telegraph was produced with the printing telegraph, the Morse Telegraph tried to enjoin them from infringing the Morse patents. Morse claimed the sole right of transmitting intelligence by electricity (which utilized the Morse code). The courts decided the House Company did not infringe the Morse patent in the slightest degree, as the messages using the House system were all printed on a slip of paper, while the Morse signals were embossed and in code (dots and dashes) which afterwards were translated into words.
As soon as Henry House procured a copy of the phonetic telegraph patent, he saw it contained all the elements and requirements of the speaking telephone, and he proceeded to make a set of instruments, which he patented on Dec 14, 1896, as the Electric Phonetic Telegraph Sender. This patent shows the exact combination and principle of the original Royal E. House patents of May 12, 1866, years before the Bell patents were issued.
Henry House's invention consisted of the use of direct current, whereas the Bell Company at that time was using alternating current House demonstrated to his attorneys that he employed a different current from the Bell system and also explained that the Bell patent was on a discovery, and not an instrument.
About this time the Royal E. House Company and the Morse Company merged and formed the Great Western Company.
In the meantime Henry House invented and produced the first liquid door check. This was a basic patent taken out by House and his son, H.A. House Jr. in 1887. The devices were later manufactured by the Pittsburg Co. under a license.
In 1888, Mr. House entered the wood-bundling business using the machines he had patented in 1873.
The flying machine
Following a disastrous fire in March 1889, which partly destroyed his factory, Henry House Sr. accepted a position with Hiram Maxim in England to construct a 300 horsepower flying machine at Bexley, Kent. In November, his son Henry House Jr. joined him to assist in this work. During this time, many patents were issued to House Sr. and assigned to the Maxim Syndicate. P.T. Barnum, a friend of House took his famous circus to England in 1889 and called on the Maxim Syndicate, expressing interest in investing in the flying machine project, but Maxim objected.
After several tests of the Maxim flying machine, the project was abandoned.
Boats
In the spring of 1891, House left the Maxim Syndicate and started a factory, at Teddington on the River Thames, to build fast motor launches using kerosene oil as fuel. During the trials of the first launch, the Doil, its speed caused a wake to wash up on banks of the river. For this Henry House was summoned to appear in court and fined 10 pounds and costs. One of the witnesses for the Crown swore the craft was going 26 knots an hour, testimony which proved to be a good advertisement.
After the court trial in 1893, it was decided to move the works to East Cowes, on the Isle of Wight, where they formed the Liquid Fuel Engineering Co. (LIFU) trademark. This company built high-speed launches for the Duke of St. Albans, Prince of Wales, the German Emperor, King of Belgium, Sir Thomas Lipton, and many other notables. This system used high pressure copper tubular boilers, burning kerosene oil, compound steam engines and specially designed propellers.
In 1894, Henry House left his son in charge and returned to America and at Bridgeport, perfected the larger sizes of his kerosene burners. Ten sizes were developed, ranging from 1/2 HP to 100 HP.
House returned to the Isle of Wight in the spring of 1896 with new patents for the burners, which were assigned to LIFU Co. The company built for House Sr. a high speed, 40 foot, 35 HP launch which he brought to America in August 1896. He expected to use this launch for demonstrating his system in forming Liquid Fuel Engineering Company in America, but on account of the death of his English associate, Sir Robert Simons, he gave up the launch business.
Miscellaneous inventions
From 1898 to 1904, House worked on horseless vehicles and patented many devices used on the early motor cars. In 1904, he went to Worcester, Massachusetts to develop a chain for the Baldwin Chain Company, and while there he also patented a Liquid Indicator and Air Pressure and vacuity indicator. In Bridgeport (1906–07), he developed and patented an all-steel barrel and keg. In 1908, he was again associated with his son Harry House Jr., who had returned from England, in developing a metal belt.
In 1909, through George Mortson of Hartford, with whom had been associated on the Maxim Flying Machine, House became interested developing a paraffinized drinking cup. This led the two men to form the U.S. Paper Bottle Co.
Shredded wheat
In 1915 Mr. Herny House became associated with the Shredded Wheat Company at Niagara Falls, New York. He constructed an entirely new system for baking, handling and packing shredded wheat biscuits. The first machine was built in his shop in Bridgeport and was accepted by the Shredded Wheat Co. and shipped to Niagara Falls. The further development of the system was turned over to Earl Webster, who had been associated with House from the beginning of the project.
It was at this time, while travelling to Niagara Falls and Rochester, that Mary House became seriously ill and died at the home of their niece, at Forest Lawn, near Rochester.
Several years later, the Shredded Wheat Co. erected a new factory at Niagara Falls, Canada, to house the new automatic oven which was a part of the House system. This oven could produce 456,000 biscuits every 24 hours.
From 1929 House, who was then 89 year sold, spent his declining years perfecting his metal barrel and flexible stick metal belt.
In all, House estimated that he had obtained over 300 patents, including those taken out in foreign countries, and although he developed thirteen basic patents, he felt that the baking process for shredded wheat biscuits to be his greatest achievement.
Henry A. House died, aged 90, on December 18, 1930, being survived by his son Henry A. House, Jr., and two daughters, Mrs. John Binkley and Mrs. George Mortson.
Patents
- Treating pelts (1880)
- Door spring and buffer (1889)
- Baking apparatus (1917)
- Baking process (1917)
- Wire wheel (1920)
- Method of forming wire spoke nipples (1920)
- Wire wheel truing stand (1920)
- Portable wheel rack (1921)
- Paper cup (1922)
- Link belting (1923)
- Metal barrel (1923)
- Barrel lid (1924)
- Link belting (1924)
References
Reference to House as an inventor
Connecticut Heritage Gateway
Wheeler & Wilson Sewing Machine information
More Wheeler & Wilson info
Maxim, Sir Hiram, Artificial and Natural Flight
Information on the Maxim flying machine
1840 births
1930 deaths
American manufacturing businesspeople
19th-century American inventors
20th-century American inventors
Businesspeople from Bridgeport, Connecticut
People from Brooklyn |
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