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5397057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20End%20Christian%20School | West End Christian School | West End Christian School (WECS) is a private Christian school in Hopewell, Virginia. The school mascot is a crusader and school colors are blue, white, and black.
Buildings and structures in Hopewell, Virginia
Christian schools in Virginia
Private high schools in Virginia
Private middle schools in Virginia
Private elementary schools in Virginia |
4001647 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Singapore%20abbreviations | List of Singapore abbreviations | This list of Singapore abbreviations sets out abbreviations that are commonly used in Singapore.
Overview
Abbreviations are of three basic kinds:
Clippings, in which a shortened form of a word occurs. Common clippings in Singapore are: air-con (from "air-conditioner"), condo (from "condominium"), sabo (from "sabotage"), and cert (from "certificate").
Acronyms, in which the initial letters are formed into a single word, such as scuba, which is derived from "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus". Creation of acronyms such as this is rare in Singapore English, though TIBS (, "Trans-Island Bus Service") and CISCO (, "Commercial and Industrial Security Corporation") are found.
Initialisms, in which the individual letters are spelled out. This is by far the most common category in Singapore, including PAP ("People's Action Party") and PIE ("Pan-Island Expressway"), which are pronounced and respectively and never and . Some analysts regard initialisms such as these as one kind of acronym, but others prefer to distinguish between the two categories.
Initialisms are extremely common in Singapore, and many have become better known and more widely used than the full form of the words they represent. One example is the Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital, which is more commonly referred to as KKH.
The most important category of Singapore initialisms are those for government departments and public institutions. Among the earliest examples are PUB ("Public Utilities Board") and HDB ("Housing Development Board"). Abbreviations such as these were especially important in the past when most Singaporeans were not educated in English, and their use facilitated communication in the public services where the main administrative language is English. Government departments have therefore promoted the use of these initialisms, so they occur even in non-English publications. Although the younger generation of Singaporeans are now all educated in English, abbreviations remain a major characteristic of Singapore English.
There are efforts to maintain some consistency among the initialisms. Three letters are used for government institutions (PUB, HDB, CPF, MOH, CWO) and for expressways (AYE, PIE, KJE), while two letters are used for polytechnics (SP, RP). To maintain this consistency, some abbreviations are not direct initials; for example CTE is used for "Central Expressway" instead of *CE, and NP is used for "Ngee Ann Polytechnic" instead of *NAP. When the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) was established in 1991, the name was chosen instead of the alternative "Nanyang University of Technology" because the latter would have resulted in the unsuitable NUT. While Anderson Secondary School has shortened its name to ANDSS instead of ASS.
Recently, there have emerged a number of unconventional abbreviations, such as A*STAR for Agency for Science, Technology and Research.) When SAFTI (Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute) was reorganised in 1995, it acquired the name SAFTI Military Institute, further abbreviated as SAFTI MI, which when fully expanded would form a rather awkward title Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute Military Institute.
Abbreviations
0–9
4D - 4-Digits, a Singapore lottery
5 C's - 5 C's of Singapore: Cash, Car, Credit card, Condominium, Country club
6 C's - 6 C's of Singapore: Career, Cash, Car, Credit card, Condominium, Country club
A
A*STAR - Agency for Science, Technology and Research
AA - Asian Aerospace
ACS (J) - Anglo-Chinese Junior School
ACM - Asian Civilisations Museum
ACPS - Anglo-Chinese Primary School
ACRES - Animal Concerns Research And Research Society
ACS - Anglo-Chinese School
ACS(I) - Anglo-Chinese School (Independent)
ACSBR - Anglo-Chinese School (Barker Road)
ACJC - Anglo-Chinese Junior College
A & G - Allen & Gledhill, a law firm
AG - Attorney-General
AGC - Attorney-General's Chambers
AHS - Anglican High School
AISS - Ahmad Ibrahim Secondary School, Australian International School Singapore
AJ - (Pig Latin slang) Gay (typically male)
AJC - Anderson Junior College (now merged with Serangoon Junior College to form Anderson Serangoon Junior College)
ALL - Animal Lovers League
AMK - Ang Mo Kio
AMP - Association of Muslim Professionals
ANDSS - Anderson Secondary School
APP - Assistant Public Prosecutor (see also "DPP" and "PP")
APPLES - Application for Passport On-line Electronic System
AR - Assistant Registrar of the Supreme Court of Singapore
ASRJC - Anderson Serangoon Junior College
AWARE - Association of Women for Action and Research
AWWA - Asian Women Welfare Association
AY - Academic Year
AYE - Ayer Rajah Expressway
B
BB - Boys' Brigade
BBSS - Bukit Batok Secondary School
BC - Birth Certificate
BCA - Building and Construction Authority
BCM - Bus Contracting Model
BBDC - Bukit Batok Driving Centre
BBFA - ( internet slang) Bui Bui Forever Alone
BBT - Bukit Batok
BDK - Bedok
BDS - Bedok South Secondary School
BF - Buddhist Fellowship (Singapore)
BGR - (slang) boy-girl relationship
BJ - Bugis Junction
BKE - Bukit Timah Expressway
BMT - Basic Military Training
BPGHS - Bukit Panjang Government High School
BPLRT - Bukit Panjang LRT Line
BPP - Bukit Panjang Plaza
BPT - Basic Police Training
BPJ - Bukit Panjang
BRT - Basic Rescue Training
BSEP - Bus Service Enhancement Programme
BTO - Build To Order (HDB)
BTS - Baptist Theological Seminary
BTT - Basic Theory Test
BTYSS - Beatty Secondary School
BVSS - Buona Vista Secondary School
BWSS - Bowen Secondary School
C
CAAS - Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore
CBD - Central Business District
CBP - Changi Business Park
CBPU - Central Building Plan Unit
CCA - Co-curricular activity
CCC - Chinese Chamber of Commerce; Citizen's Consultative Committee
CCHS - Chung Cheng High School
CCK - Choa Chu Kang
CCL or CC - Circle MRT line
CCR - Core Central Region
CDAC - Chinese Development Assistance Council
CDC - Community Development Council
CEPAS - Contactless e-Purse Application System
CHC - City Harvest Church
CHIJ - Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus
CHS - Catholic High School, Singapore
CNB - Central Narcotics Bureau
CID - Criminal Investigation Department
CIP - Community Involvement Project (now replaced by "VIA")
CIQ - Custom & Immigration Quarantine
CIS - Corporate Individual Scheme
CJ - Chief Justice
CJC - Catholic Junior College
CMC - Chinese Media & Communication
CMPB - Central Manpower Base
CNA - Channel NewsAsia
COE - Certificate of Entitlement
CPF - Central Provident Fund
CPIB - Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau
CRL - Cross Island MRT line
CS - Century Square
CSC - Community Sports Club
CSM - City Square Mall
CTE - Central Expressway
CTSS - Clementi Town Secondary School
CWO - Corrective Work Order
CWP - Causeway Point
CWS - Cat Welfare Society
D
D & D - Dinner & Dance, a function usually organised annually by companies
D & N - Drew & Napier LLC, a law firm
DART - Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team
DBS - Development Bank of Singapore (now known as DBS Bank)
DBSS - Design, Build and Sell Scheme
DHS - Dunman High School
DJ - District Judge
DMN - Dunman Secondary School
DPP - Deputy Public Prosecutor (see also "APP" and "PP") or Direct Entry Scheme to Polytechnic Programme (via ITE)
DR - Deputy Registrar of the Supreme Court or the Subordinate Courts of Singapore
DSO - Defence Science Organisation
DSTA - Defence Science and Technology Agency
DTE - Downtown East
DTL or DT - Downtown MRT line
E
EC - Executive Condominium
ECP - East Coast Park / East Coast Parkway
EDB - Economic Development Board
EDP - Endeavour Primary School
eGAP - eGovernment Action Plan
EJC - Eunoia Junior College
EP - Employment Pass or Exit Permit
ERP - Electronic Road Pricing
EWL or EW - East West MRT line
EFSS - Edgefield Secondary School
F
FAS - Financial Assistance Scheme
FAS - Football Association of Singapore
FCBC - Faith Community Baptist Church
FG - Filmgarde Cineplexes
FHSS - Fuhua Secondary School
FMSS - Fairfield Methodist Secondary School
FMPS or FFP - Fairfield Methodist Primary School
FTT - Final Theory Test
FT - Foreign Talent
G
GAD - Go and Die
GAS - Go-Ahead Singapore
GB - Girls' Brigade
GBTB - Gardens by the Bay
GCE - General Certificate of Education
GCM - Government Contracting Model (now replaced by Bus Contracting Model)
GCT - Goh Chok Tong
GE - Great Eastern
GEP - Gifted Education Programme
GIS - Global Indian School
GP - Gladiolus Place
GRC - Group representation constituency
GSS - Great Singapore Sale
GST - Goods and Services Tax
GV - Golden Village
GWA - GEMS World Academy
GWC - Great World City
GYSS - Guangyang Secondary School
H
HCI - Hwa Chong Institution
HCJC - Hwa Chong Junior College (now merged with The Chinese High School to form Hwa Chong Institution)
HDB - Housing Development Board
HEB - Hindu Endowments Board
HG - Hougang
HOGC - Heart of God Church
HIP - Home Improvement Programme
HPB - Health Promotion Board
HPPS - Henry Park Primary School
HS - Hougang Secondary School
HSA - Health Sciences Authority
HYSS -Hua Yi Secondary School
HSCS -Hai Sing Catholic School
I
IC - Identity health, In charge or Identification Certificate/Card
ICBC - Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
ICA - Immigration & Checkpoints Authority
ICS - International Community School of Singapore
IDA - Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore
IJC - Innova Junior College (now merged with Yishun Junior College to form Yishun Innova Junior College)
IMDA - Infocomm Media Development Authority of Singapore
IMH - Institute of Mental Health
IO - Investigation Officer
IP - Integrated Programme
IPPT - Individual Physical Proficiency Test
IR - Integrated Resort
IRO - Inter-Religious Organisation of Singapore
ISA - Internal Security Act
ISD - Internal Security Department
ITE - Institute of Technical Education
IUP - Interim Upgrading Programme
J
J - Judge (plural: JJ)
J8 - Junction 8 Shopping Centre
JA - Judge of Appeal (plural: JJA)
JB - Johor Bahru
JC - Judicial Commissioner or Junior College
JCA - Jewel Changi Airport
JBJ - Joshua Benjamin Jeyaretnam
JEM - Jurong East Mall
JEMP - Jurong East Modification Project
JJC - Jurong Junior College (now merged with Pioneer Junior College to form Jurong Pioneer Junior College)
JP - Jurong Point Shopping Mall
JPJC - Jurong Pioneer Junior College
JPS - Jagoh Primary School
JRL or JR - Jurong Region MRT line
JSS - Jurong Secondary School
JTC - Jurong Town Corporation (now known as JTC Corporation)
K
KIV - Keep In View; refers to items, documents or papers that should be kept around for later consideration
KJE - Kranji Expressway
KK - Kandang Kerbau Women's and Children's Hospital
KL - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
KMSPKS - Kong Meng San Phor Kark See Monastery
KPE - Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway
KTPH - Khoo Teck Puat Hospital
L
LCK - Lim Chu Kang
LCCS - Lutheran Community Care Services
LHL - Lee Hsien Loong
LKCM - Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, NTU
LKY - Lee Kuan Yew
LRT - Light Rapid Transit
LTA - Land Transport Authority
LUP - Lift Upgrading Programme
LYSS - Loyang Secondary School
M
MAH - Mount Alvernia Hospital
MAS - Monetary Authority of Singapore
MBFC - Marina Bay Financial Centre
MBLM - Marina Bay Link Mall
MBS - Marina Bay Sands
MBSC - Marina Bay Singapore Countdown
MC - Medical Certificate
MCD - Ministry of Community Development (now MCYS)
MCE - Marina Coastal Expressway
MCI - Ministry of Communications and Information
MCS - Methodist Church in Singapore
MCYS - Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (Singapore)
MDA - Media Development Authority
MDIS - Management Development Institute of Singapore
MENDAKI - Yayasan MENDAKI (formerly the Council for the Education of Muslim Children, now the Council for the Development of Singapore Muslim Community)
MGS - Methodist Girls' School
MI - Millennia Institute
MJC - Meridian Junior College (now merged with Tampines Junior College to form Tampines Meridian Junior College)
MJR - Manjusri Secondary School
MINDEF - Ministry of Defence (Singapore)
MINDS - Movement For The Intellectually Disabled Of Singapore
MOE - Ministry of Education (Singapore)
MOF - Ministry of Finance (Singapore)
MOH - Ministry of Health (Singapore)
MOM - Ministry of Manpower (Singapore)
MOS - Minister of State
MRT - Mass Rapid Transit
MSCP - Multi Storey Car Park
MSHS - Maris Stella High School
MSL - Marsiling Secondary School
MSS - Meridian Secondary School or Montfort Secondary School
MUIS - Majlis Ugama Islam Singapura (Islamic Religious Council of Singapore)
N
NAPS - Ngee Ann Primary School
NAFA - Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts
NAPFA - National Physical Fitness Award
NAS - National Archives of Singapore
NCC - National Cadet Corps (Singapore) or New Creation Church
NCDCC - National Civil Defence Cadet Corps (Singapore)
NCMP - Non-constituency Member of Parliament
NCS - National Computer Systems
NCSS - National Council of Social Service
NDP - National Day Parade
NE - National Education
NEA - National Environment Agency
NEL or NE - North East MRT line
NETS - Network for Electronic Transfers
NHG - National Healthcare Group
NHHS - Nan Hua High School
NIE - National Institute of Education
NJC - National Junior College
NKF - National Kidney Foundation Singapore
NLB - National Library Board
NMP - Nominated Member of Parliament
NMS - National Museum of Singapore
NP - Ngee Ann Polytechnic
NPARKS - National Parks Board
NPCC - National Police Cadet Corps
NRIC - National Registration Identity Card
NRP - Neighbourhood Renewal Programme
NS - National Service in Singapore
NSE - North–South Expressway (Singapore)
NSF - Full-time National Servicemen
NSL or NS - North South MRT line
NSTB - National Science and Technology Board
NTC - National Technical Certificate
NTFGH - Ng Teng Fong General Hospital
NTPS - New Town Primary School
NTU - Nanyang Technological University
NTUC - National Trade Union Congress
NUH - National University Hospital
NUHS - National University Health System
NUS - National University of Singapore
NUSH or NUSHS - National University of Singapore High School of Mathematics and Science
NWC - National Wages Council
NYGH - Nanyang Girls' High School
NYK - Nanyang Kindergarten
NYP - Nanyang Polytechnic
NYPS - Nanyang Primary School
NYJC - Nanyang Junior College
O
OB - Out of Bounds (see OB marker)
OBS - Outward Bound Singapore
OCBC - Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation
OCR - Outside of Central Region
OCS - Officer Cadet School (Singapore)
OFS - Overseas Family School
OPSS - Orchid Park Secondary School
ORD - Operationally Ready Date, refers to the date on which a National Serviceman completes his 2-year term of service.
OSS - Outram Secondary School
OUB - Overseas Union Bank
O$P$ - owe money, pay money – used in loan sharks' harassing graffiti.
P
PA - People's Association
PAP - People's Action Party
PCK - Phua Chu Kang, a popular TV sitcom
PDI - Private Driving Instructor
PE - Physical Education
PES - Physical Employment Status. Pre-enlistment medical categorisation used by the Singapore Armed Forces to determine fitness for combat or non-combat duties
PFP - Polytechnic Foundation Programme
PG or PGL - Punggol
PGP - Prince George's Park Residences, NUS
PHS - Presbyterian High School
PIE - Pan Island Expressway
PJC - Pioneer Junior College (now merged with Jurong Junior College to form Jurong Pioneer Junior College)
PLQ - Paya Lebar Quarter
PLS - Paya Lebar Square
PLU - People Like Us, a gay equality lobby group
POSB - Post Office Savings Bank (now known as POSBank)
PP - Public Prosecutor (see also "APP" and "DPP") or Parkway Parade
PROGRESS - Providing Opportunities through Growth, Remaking Singapore for Success
PS - Plaza Singapura
PSA - Port of Singapore Authority (now known as PSA International)
PSC - Public Service Commission
PSLE - Primary School Leaving Examination
PSP - Progress Singapore Party
PSR - Pasir Ris
PUB - Public Utilities Board
PWD - Public Works Department
PR - Permanent resident
PT - Practical Test or Physical Training
PDL - Provisional Driving Licence
PLMGPS - Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School (Primary)
PLMGSS - Paya Lebar Methodist Girls' School (Secondary)
Q
QDL - Qualified Driving Licence
QPS - Qihua Primary School
R
R & T - Rajah & Tann, a law firm
RC - Residents' Committee
RCR - Rest of Central Region
RCS - Radio Corporation of Singapore
RCY - Singapore Red Cross Youth
REP - Renaissance Engineering Programme
RGPS - Raffles Girls' Primary School
RGS - Raffles Girls' School
RI - Raffles Institution
RJ or RJC - Raffles Junior College
RMPS - Radin Mas Primary School
ROM - Registry of Marriages
RP - Republic Polytechnic
RRP - Recommended retail price
RS - Rosyth School
RSAF - Republic of Singapore Air Force
RSN - Republic of Singapore Navy
RSS - Riverside Secondary School or Republic of Singapore Ship
RWS - Resorts World Sentosa
RVHS - River Valley High School, Singapore
RVRC - Ridge View Residential College, NUS
S
SAF - Singapore Armed Forces
SAFRA - SAFRA National Service Association
SAJC - St Andrew's Junior College
SAL - Singapore Academy of Law
SAM - Singapore Art Museum
SANA - Singapore Anti-Narcotics Association
SAP - Special Assistance Plan
SAR - Senior Assistant Registrar of the Supreme Court of Singapore
SAS - Singapore American School
SAWL - Singapore Association of Women Lawyers
SBF - Singapore Buddhist Federation
SBI - State Bank of India
SBM - Singapore Buddhist Mission
SBS or SBST - SBS Transit
SBW - Sembawang
SBYM - Singapore Buddhist Youth Mission
SC - Senior Counsel
SChO - Singapore Chemistry Olympiad
SCDF - Singapore Civil Defence Force
SCGS - Singapore Chinese Girls' School
SCS - Specialist Cadet School or Science Centre Singapore or Singapore Computer Systems
SDA - Singapore Democratic Alliance
SDJ - Senior District Judge
SDP - Singapore Democratic Party
SDU - Social Development Unit
SERS - Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme
SFC - SkillsFuture Credit
SFI - Singapore Food Industries
SG - Solicitor-General
SGH - Singapore General Hospital
SGSS - Serangoon Garden Secondary School
SGX - Singapore Exchange
SIA or SQ - Singapore Airlines
SICC - Singapore Island Country Club
SILS - Singapore Institute of Labour Studies
SIM - Singapore Institute of Management
SINDA - Singapore Indian Development Association
SIO - Senior Investigation Officer
SIT - Singapore Institute of Technology
SJAB - St. John Ambulance Brigade
SJI - St. Joseph's Institution
SJII - St. Joseph's Institution International
SJIJ - St. Joseph's Institution Junior
SK - Sengkang
SKGH - Sengkang General Hospital
SLA - Singapore Land Authority
SLF - Singapore Labour Foundation
SLO - Singapore Lyric Opera
SLS - Sim Lim Square
SLSS - Si Ling Secondary School
SLT - Sim Lim Tower
SMF - Singapore Manufacturers' Federation
SMC - Single Member Constituency
SMO - Singapore Mathematics Olympiad
SMRT - SMRT Corporation
SMSS - St. Margaret's Secondary School
SMU - Singapore Management University
SNO - Special Needs Officer
SNOC - Singapore National Olympic Council
SNPC - Singapore National Paralympic Council
SOS - Samaritans of Singapore or (slang) struggling in silence
SOTA - School of the Arts, Singapore
SP - Singapore Polytechnic
SPA - School-based Practical Assessment (for students taking GCE 'O' level)
SPC - SingPost Centre
SPCA - Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
SPF - Singapore Police Force
SPH - Singapore Press Holdings
SPG - (slang) sarong party girl
SPS - Saint Patrick's School
SPhO - Singapore Physics Olympiad
SRCS - Singapore Red Cross Society
SRJC - Serangoon Junior College (now merged with Anderson Junior College to form Anderson Serangoon Junior College)
SS - Social Studies
SSC - Singapore Sports Council or Singapore Swimming Club
SSDC - Singapore Safety Driving Centre
SSO - Singapore Symphony Orchestra
SST - School of Science and Technology, Singapore or Singapore Standard Time
ST - Singapore Technologies or The Straits Times or SingTel
STAR - Special Tactics and Rescue
STARIS - SMRT Active Route Map Information System
STB - Singapore Tourism Board
STV or SH - StarHub (formerly StarHub TV or Singapore Cable Vision)
SUSS - Singapore University of Social Sciences
SUTD - Singapore University of Technology and Design
SVPS - South View Primary School
SYAS - San Yu Adventist School
SYF - Singapore Youth Festival
SYFC - Singapore Youth Flying Club
SYOGOC - Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee
SYT - Sweet Young Thing
T
TA - Temasek Academy
TBP - Tiong Bahru Plaza
TCHS - The Chinese High School (now merged with Hwa Chong Junior College to form Hwa Chong Institution)
TCS - Television Corporation of Singapore
TEL or TE - Thomson–East Coast MRT line
TH - Temasek Hall, NUS
TIBS - Trans-Island Bus Services
TJC - Temasek Junior College
TKGS - Tanjong Katong Girls' School
TKSS - Tanjong Katong Secondary School
TM - Tampines Mall
TMJC - Tampines Meridian Junior College
TMS - Temasek Secondary School
TNS - Tao Nan School
TNP - The New Paper
TOP - Temporary Occupancy Permit
TP - Temasek Polytechnic or Traffic Police
TPY - Toa Payoh
TPG - Tanjong Pagar
TPJC - Tampines Junior College (now merged with Merdian Junior College to form Tampines Meridian Junior College)
TPS - Tampines Primary School
TPSS - Tampines Secondary School
TTC - Trinity Theological College, Singapore
TTS - Tanglin Trust School or Tower Transit Singapore
TTSH - Tan Tock Seng Hospital
TSS - Tanglin Secondary School
U
UEN - Unique Entity Number
UOB - United Overseas Bank
URA - Urban Redevelopment Authority
UP - Usual Price
USS - Universal Studios Singapore
UWC or UWCSEA - United World College of South East Asia
V
VIA - Values in Action (replaces "CIP")
VJC - Victoria Junior College
VS - Victoria School
VSS - Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
VWO - Voluntary Welfare Organisation
W
WDL - Woodlands, Singapore
WDP - Woodlands Primary School
WPS - Woodgrove Primary School
WGS - Woodgrove Secondary School
WP - Workers' Party of Singapore or Work Permit
WS - White Sands
WSS - Whitley Secondary School or Woodlands Secondary School
WWP - Waterway Point
WWSS - Westwood Secondary School
X
XMM - Xiao Mei Mei (小妹妹，literally 'small girl')
XHH - Xiao Hun Hun (小混混，literally 'young gangster')
XMS - Xinmin Secondary School
Y
YCKSS - Yio Chu Kang Secondary School
YHSS - Yuhua Secondary School
YJC - Yishun Junior College (now merged with Innova Junior College to form Yishun Innova Junior College)
YIJC - Yishun Innova Junior College
YLL(SM) - Yong Loo Lin (School of Medicine), NUS
YP - Young Punk
YSS - Yishun Secondary School
YTSS - Yishun Town Secondary School
YIS - Yishun
YNC - Yale-NUS College
Z
ZHPS - Zhenghua Primary School or Zhonghua Primary School
ZHSS - Zhonghua Secondary School
ZSS - Zhenghua Secondary School
Abbreviations in the military
This is a list of abbreviations commonly used in the Singapore Armed Forces, including slang terms. They are often used in place of the expanded form of the words. Some abbreviations are similar to those used in other military. Other abbreviations may be identical to those used outside of military but with differing context.
People
Ranks
These ranks are arranged in descending order of seniority
Officers
COL - Colonel
SLTC - Senior Lieutenant Colonel
LTC - Lieutenant Colonel
MAJ - Major
CPT - Captain
LTA - Lieutenant
2LT - Second Lieutenant
OCT - Officer Cadet
Warrant officers
CWO - Chief Warrant Officer
SWO - Senior Warrant Officer
MWO - Master Warrant Officer
1WO - First Warrant Officer (formerly Warrant Officer Class 1, "WO1" or "WOI")
2WO - Second Warrant Officer (formerly Warrant Officer Class 2, "WO2" or "WOII")
3WO - Third Warrant Officer
Specialists
MSG - Master Sergeant
SSG - Staff Sergeant
1SG - First Sergeant
2SG - Second Sergeant
3SG - Third Sergeant
SGT - Sergeant (defunct – replaced by "1SG", "2SG" and "3SG")
SCT - Specialist Cadet
Enlistees
CFC - Corporal First Class
CPL - Corporal
LCP - Lance Corporal
PFC - Private First Class
PTE - Private
REC - Recruit
Other Ranks
Military Domain Experts
ME8 - Military Expert 8
ME7 - Military Expert 7
ME6 - Military Expert 6
ME5 - Military Expert 5
ME4 - Military Expert 4
ME4(A) - Military Expert 4 (Apprentice)
ME4(T) - Military Expert 4 (Trainee)
ME3 - Military Expert 3
ME2 - Military Expert 2
ME1 - Military Expert 1
ME1(T) - Military Expert 1 (Trainee)
SAF Volunteer Corps
SV 4 - SAF Volunteer 4
SV 3 - SAF Volunteer 3
SV 2 - SAF Volunteer 2
SV 1 - SAF Volunteer 1
SV (T) - SAF Volunteer (Trainee)
Appointments and offices
2IC - Second-in-charge (see "IC")
ASM - Army Sergeant Major
BC - Battery Commander
BDO - Battery Duty Officer
BOS - Battalion Orderly Sergeant or Brigade Orderly Sergeant
BSM - Battery Sergeant Major or Brigade Sergeant Major
BSO - Battalion Signal Officer
BQMS - or "BQ" - Battery Quartermaster Sergeant
CAO - Chief Armour Officer
CAF - Chief of Air Force
CCO - Camp Commandant's Office
CDF - Chief of Defence Force
CDO - Company Duty Officer
CDS - Company Duty Sergeant
CMC - Chief of Medical Corps
CNV - Chief of Navy
CO - Commanding Officer
COA - Chief of Army
COS - Company Orderly Sergeant
CQMS - or "CQ" - Company Quartermaster Sergeant
CSM - Company Sergeant Major
DDO - Divisional Duty Officer
DO - Duty Officer
DOO - Duty Orderly Officer
DOS - Duty Orderly Sergeant
DS - Duty Sergeant
DSM - Division Sergeant Major
Dy S1 - Deputy Manpower Officer
Dy S2 - Deputy Intelligence Officer
Dy S3 - Deputy Training and Operation Officer
Dy S4 - Deputy Logistics Officer
FDO - Field Duty Officer
FS - Fitness Specialist
FSM - Formation Sergeant Major
IC - (person) in command or in charge (see also "2IC")
IO - Intelligence Officer or Investigating Officer
MO - Medical Officer
MTO - Military Transport Officer
NO - Nursing Officer
NCO - Non-Commissioned Officer (defunct – replaced by "Specialist")
OC - Officer Commanding (Company Commander in other militaries)
PC - Platoon Commander
PS - Platoon Sergeant
PSO - Principal Staff Officer
PTI - Physical Training Instructor
QM - Quartermaster - usually a commissioned officer or a senior warrant officer
RQMS - Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant - usually a warrant officer in the SAF
RSM - Regimental Sergeant Major
S1 - Manpower Officer
S2 - Intelligence Officer
S3 - Training and Operation Officer
S4 - Logistics Officer
SDO - School Duty Officer (use is limited to training schools)
SM - Sergeant Major
SSM - School Sergeant Major
WOSA - Warrant officers, specialists and airmen
WOSE - Warrant officers, specialists and enlistees
WOSPEC - Warrant officers and specialists
Units and organizations
ADF - Army Deployment Force
AFTC - Air Force Training Command
AMB - Army Maintenance Base
BB - Boys' Brigade
BMTC - Basic Military Training Centre
CAD - Combined Arms Division
CDO - Singapore Commandos
CMPB - Central Manpower Base
CSSCOM - Combat Service Support Command
CTI - Commando Training Institute
DISCOM - Division Support Command
DSMB - Direct Support Maintenance Battalion (defunct, now renamed as "AMB" or Army Maintenance Base)
DS Med Bn - Direct Support Medical Battalion
DSSB - Direct Support Supply Battalion
DSTA - Defence Science Technology Agency
EOD - Explosive Ordnance Disposal
FCC - Fitness Conditioning Centre
FDS - Field Defence Squadron
GDS - Singapore Guards
GG - Girl Guide
GB - Girls' Brigade
JID - Joint Intelligence Directorate
JOPD - Joint Operations and Planning Directorate
MES - Maintenance and Engineering Support
MP - Military Police
MMI - Military Medicine Institute
NCC - National Cadet Corps (Singapore)
NCDCC - National Civil Defence Cadet Corps
NDU - Naval Diving Unit (Singapore)
NPCC - National Police Cadet Corps
OCS - Officer Cadet School
OETI - Ordnance Engineering Training Institute (Defunct: renamed to OES - OETI Engineering School)
PCC - Psychological Care Centre
RCY - Singapore Red Cross Youth
PDF - People's Defence Force
RSAF - Republic of Singapore Air Force
RSN - Republic of Singapore Navy
SA - Singapore Artillery
SAF - Singapore Armed Forces
SAFAC - Singapore Armed Forces Ammunition Command
SAFPU - Singapore Armed Forces Provost Unit (defunct, reorganised into the Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command)
SAFMPC - Singapore Armed Forces Military Police Command
SAFRA - Singapore Armed Forces Reservists' Association (the term "reservist" has generally been replaced by "Operationally Ready NSmen")
SAFSA - Singapore Armed Forces Sports Association
SAR - Singapore Armoured Regiment
SCC - SAF Counselling Centre
SCE - Singapore Combat Engineers
SFLS - Special Forces Leadership School
SI - Signal Institute
SIB - Singapore Infantry Brigade or Special Investigation Branch
SIR - Singapore Infantry Regiment
SISPEC - School of Infantry Specialist
SMI - School of Military Intelligence
SMM - School of Military Medicine (reorganised as SMTI in 2006)
SMTI - SAF Medical Training Institute
SOC - School of Commandos (defunct, reorganised into the Commando Training Institute)
SOCC - Special Operations Command Centre
SOF - Special Operations Force
SOTAC - Special Operations Tactics Centre
SOTC - Special Operations Training Centre
SOTSC - Special Operations Support Centre
SPT - School of Physical Training
SRC - Singapore Red Cross
Places
265 - formerly a hill in Marsiling with an elevation of 265 feet which was used for training; it has been levelled for urban development.
ATEC - Army Training and Evaluation Center
BCTC - Basic Combat Training Center
PLC - Pasir Laba Camp
PRC - Pasir Ris Camp
SAFTI - Singapore Armed Forces Training Institute (term now defunct)
SAFTI MI - SAFTI Military Institute
Weapons, vehicles and equipment
A-veh - a heavy vehicle, such as an armoured vehicle
APC - Armoured Personnel Carrier
AVLB - Armoured Vehicle Launched Bridge
B-veh - non-"A-veh" vehicles, such as rovers and trucks
FAD - first aid dressing
FBO - full battle order (compare "SBO")
FFR - (with reference to a land rover) fitted for radio
FH88 - Field Howitzer 88
FH2000 - Field Howitzer 2000
GPMG - General Purpose Machine Gun – refers in particular to the FN MAG used in the Singapore Armed Forces
HMG - Heavy machine gun
IBA - Integrated body armour
IFV - Infantry Fighting Vehicle
LAW - Light Anti-tank Weapon
LBV - Load Bearing Vest
LST - Landing Ship Tank
MOP - Medic Operational Pouch (previously Medical Orderly Pouch)
RCK - rifle cleaning kit
SAR - refers to SAR 21
SAW - Section Assault Weapon (usually refers to the Ultimax 100)
SBO - Standard (formerly Skeletal) Battle Order (compare "FBO")
SSPH 1 or SSPH - Singapore Self-Propelled Howitzer 1 Primus
TL - Troop lift - When recruits use a tonner to get to the ferry terminal from BMTC school 4, which is further inland
Slang
FO - fall out; fuck off
LOBO - left out of battle order (refers to a soldier who has not been assigned a fixed vocation)
LLST - lan lan suck thumb, meaning to embrace the fact and continue
NATO - no action, talk only
Pikachu - from the hokkien expression "bai kah bai chew", meaning crippled
SBC - simply boh chup – indifferent, not caring (from the abbreviation of the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation)
WALI - walk around, look important
ROC - relax one corner
OTOT - own time own target
RSAF - rarely seen after five. Also the acronym for the Republic of Singapore Air Force.
SOC - siam one corner, that is, to hide somewhere in order to avoid meeting one's superiors, doing work, etc. (from the abbreviation of "Standard Obstacle Course")
Others
11B - SAF 11B, the military identity card, referring to the eleven pieces of basic information written.
1206 - SAF 1206, a form signed to acknowledge deductions made to a soldier's payroll for damaging or losing equipment, etc. (pronounced "twelve-O-six")
1211 - SAF 1211, an issue and receipt voucher for proof of receiving and issuing of goods.
302 - SAF 302, a form signed to declare own homosexual orientation (pronounced "three-O-two")
15A - SAF 15A, a temporary document used alongside a photo ID card and police report, in place of a lost or stolen 11B
ACCT - Advanced Close Combat Training
AI - Armoured Infantry troopers
AOC - Advanced Obstacle Course
ATP - Advanced Trainfire Package
Attend B - medical status that allows soldier to perform only light duties
Attend C - medical status that exempts soldier from all duties
AWOL - Absent Without Official Leave
BAC - Battle Assault Course
BCCT - Basic Close Combat Training
BER - beyond economic repair
BIBO - book-in/book-out (book)
BIC - Battle Inoculation Course
BMT - Basic Military Training
BRO - Battalion Routine Order
BTP - Basic Trainfire Package
BUA - Built-up area (see also "FIBUA")
C3 - command, control and communication (pronounced "C-three" or "C-cube")
CBRE - Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Explosive Defence Group
CIS - Chartered Industries of Singapore
CMTL - Centralised Motor Transport Line
COC - Change of Command Parade
CP - Command Post
CRO - Company Routine Orders
CS - Combat Shoot
CST - Combat Survival Training
DB - detention barracks
DIV - division
DOD - date of disruption
EVAC - evacuation
FATEP - Field Artillery Training Evaluation Phase
FFE - fire for effect
FFF - Fit For Firing certification
FFI - Fitness For Instructions
FIBUA - fighting in built-up area (see also "BUA")
FO - Forward Observer, soldier who corrects artillery fire
FOFO - fighting on Fortified objectives
FPF - final protective fire
G50 - G50, a form submitted for security clearance in military or government sectors
GLS - Ground Logistics Support
HCC - High Confidence Course
HOTO - Hand over take over
IA - Immediate Action, a pre-trained drill for responding to a certain situation
ICCT - Intermediate Close Combat Training
ICT - In Camp Training (also simply known as in-camp)
IFC - Individual Field Craft
IMT - Individual Marksmanship Trainer
IPPT - Individual Physical Proficiency Test
IPT - Individual Physical Proficiency Test (IPPT) Preparatory Training Programme
L/F - live firing
LD - medical status that allows soldiers to perform only light duties
LOA - letter of authority/authorisation
OOC - Out of Course
OOT - Out of Training
ORD - Operationally Ready Date (formerly "ROD")
QI - Quarterly Inspection certification
RMJ - medical status that excuses soldiers from running, marching and jumping
RO - Routine Orders
ROD - Run Out Date (now "ORD")
PES - Physical Employment Status
SOC - Standard Obstacle Course
SOL - stoppage of leave
TH - Technical Handling
UFF - unfit for firing
VOC - Vocation Obstacle Course
WH - White Horse marking in medical docket indicative of special treatment required
Abbreviations in transport
As in most other major cities, abbreviations are commonly used in transport-related matters. The most prominent are the three-letter abbreviations of the expressways in Singapore; all, except one, end with the letter "E":
AYE - Ayer Rajah Expressway
BKE - Bukit Timah Expressway
CTE - Central Expressway
ECP - East Coast Parkway
KJE - Kranji Expressway
KPE - Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway
MCE - Marina Coastal Expressway
NSE - North-South Expressway
PIE - Pan Island Expressway
SLE - Seletar Expressway
TPE - Tampines Expressway
With the introduction of the Expressway Monitoring and Advisory System (EMAS) in 1998, LED signboards were installed along the expressways to display warning and other informational messages to road users. This led to the increased use of abbreviations, some of which are less common and not easily understood. The following are examples of abbreviations used in the EMAS:
NTH RD - North Road
STH RD - South Road
(CCK) DR - (Choa Chu Kang) Drive
TOWN HALL - Jurong Town Hall Road
(TP) AVE 10 - (Tampines) Avenue 10
LT - left
RT - right
AFT - after
BEF - before
LN - lane
SH - shoulder
See also
Singlish
Notes
References
External links
The Coxford Singlish Dictionary @ Talkingcock.com
A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English
Singapore Acronyms and Abbreviations
Abbreviations
Singapore
Abbreviations |
4001661 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeleFinder | TeleFinder | TeleFinder is a Macintosh-based bulletin-board system written by Spider Island Software, based on a client–server model whose client end provides a Mac-like GUI. It appears to be the first such system on any platform, predating Apple's own AppleLink, as well as other Mac-based BBS systems like FirstClass. In more recent years the product has added a complete suite of "sub-servers" for popular internet protocols.
The TeleFinder software consists of 2 programs, the Server software (Macintosh only) and the GUI based client software (also called TeleFinder), which is available for both macintosh and Windows based PCs.
The TeleFinder Server could also network with other TeleFinder Server BBS computers and share email and forum messages between themselves and also over FidoNet. The TeleFinder Server System Operator (SysOp) could also use ResEdit (a Macintosh resource editor software) to create and modify profiles to give their BBS a unique GUI. These profile files were distributed by each BBS for users to download and use with the client software, if they wished to see this GUI. Otherwise, a default GUI was used instead.
TeleFinder Server and Client software was originally written by Rusty Tucker with portions by Chris Silverberg and Jim White for Spider Island Software in Irvine, California USA.
All artwork by Drew Dougherty of Attention Design (now BXC Creative).
External links
TeleFinder Server
Bulletin board system software |
4001662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain%20Soral | Alain Soral | Alain Bonnet, known as Alain Soral (; born 2 October 1958), is a Franco-Swiss ideologue, essayist, filmmaker and actor.
Claiming to have been a member of the French Communist Party in the 1990s, Soral worked for the National Front before leaving in 2009. In 2007, he founded his own political association, Égalité & Réconciliation (Equality and Reconciliation) with former GUD members. At the same time, he also launched a publishing company, KontreKulture, which he uses to publish contemporary controversial authors. Alain Soral is regularly condemned, including a prison sentence in 2019, for defamation, racial or antisemitic injury, incentive to racial hatred, apology of crime against humanity and holocaust denial.
Life and career
Soral was born in Aix-les-Bains, Savoie and grew up in the suburbs of Annemasse (department of Haute-Savoie), where he attended a local primary school. When Soral was about 12, his family moved to Meudon la Forêt so that he could go to a private Catholic high school, the Collège Stanislas de Paris. Soral spent two years doing small jobs before being accepted into the École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts at 20, where he studied for two years. Soral was then taken in by a family of academics, who encouraged him to enroll at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, where he attended lectures given by Cornelius Castoriadis.
Following his studies, and working with Hector Obalk and Alexandre Pasche, Soral wrote a book on the sociology of trendiness, Les mouvements de mode expliqués aux parents, as well as a fictionalised autobiography, Le Jour et la nuit ou la vie d'un vaurien. The latter work sold badly, and this led Soral to turn away from writing for a time.
Soral then focused on cinematic techniques, and after 2 promotional films, wrote and directed his first short film, Chouabadaballet, une dispute amoureuse entre deux essuie-glaces. After a stint as a reporter in Zimbabwe, Soral wrote and directed his second short film, Les Rameurs, misère affective et culture physique à Carrière-sur-Seine.
Around that time, Soral had joined the French Communist Party. He became interested in the works of Karl Marx and other Marxist thinkers such as Georg Lukács, Henri Wallon, Lucien Goldmann and Michel Clouscard. He published Sociologie du dragueur ("Sociology of the womaniser"), his most successful sociological essay to date. This book was later turned into a feature-length film, Confession d'un Dragueur in 2001 starring Said Taghmaoui, Thomas Dutronc, Catherine Lachens, François Levantal and Cloe Lambert.
Soral performed in Catherine Breillat's 1996 film Parfait Amour! in the role of Philippe.
He then published another polemical essay, Vers la féminisation? – Démontage d'un complot antidémocratique ("Towards feminisation? – Analysis of an antidemocratic plot"), and spent the following couple of years writing and directing his first full-length movie, Confession d'un dragueur ("Confessions of a womaniser"), which was a commercial and critical failure. Disgusted by what he called "a lynching", Soral gave up cinema altogether and returned to writing. He published Jusqu'où va-t-on descendre? – Abécédaire de la bêtise ambiante ("How far down are we going? – ABC's of ambient stupidity"), followed by Socrate à Saint-Tropez (2003) and Misères du désir (2004).
In 2007, he became part of the central committee of Front National, trying to place social issues and even elements of marxist analysis in the program of the party (historically strongly opposed to Communism); but this proved to misfire as the score of candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen at the 2007 election turned out to be significantly inferior to his 2002 breakthrough as second round finalist. He left the party in 2009.
He has a dysfunctional relationship with his family. According to his sister, they had a tyrannical father and he hasn't spoken to his mother for 20 years after he said he wanted time to reconstruct himself.
Views
Besides the sociological Marxist analysis of the modern-day society, Soral's books tend to focus on seven main themes:
criticism of communitarianism
criticism of feminism
criticism of the media and the society of spectacle in general
criticism of consumerism, neoliberal capitalism and what he views as "US imperialism"
criticism of Zionism and Jewish lobbying
criticism of homosexual activism
criticism of mainstream vulgarity
the Arab–Israeli conflict
the dismantling of Yugoslavia, and possibly of France
the dismantling of Iraq, Libya, Syria, and Ukraine
Notably, Soral has written:
Soral's analysis of society focuses on what he terms "desire society", promoted by the media and the cult of celebrity. He has especially criticised monthly women's publications, which he believes alter the conscience and relegate women to the status of "objects" (femme-objet).
As part of the debate on "laïcité" in French schools, Soral claimed to prefer the Muslim veil to thong underwear.
Soral defined himself as a Marxist, and claims to have been a member of the French Communist Party in the early 1990s. He declares to have left the PCF because of his opposition to the party's renunciation of revolutionary content. Soral supported left-wing dissident candidate Jean-Pierre Chevènement during the 2002 presidential election.
In 2005, Soral turned to the far-right, joining the National Front's campaign committee; he was given responsibility for social issues and for the suburbs under the authority of Marine Le Pen. Soral's personal journey has led some to compare him with Jacques Doriot, one of the neo-socialists in the early 1930s and Collaborationist under Pétain. He supported the Bloc identitaire's distribution of food in January 2006.
On 18 November 2007, Soral joined the central committee of the National Front, which he left in early 2009 because of some ideas he was in conflict with—especially the "menace of Islam", which he does not believe to be a genuine threat. He considers that this supposed threat is instrumentalized by establishment's interests for the purpose of fostering animosity between social groups to manipulate them within the model of identity politics, possibly resulting in a "clash of civilizations", and of looting other countries—Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria; he argues that the fundamental values of moderate Islam are perfectly compatible with French moderate Catholic ones.
In 2007, he founded the group Égalité et Réconciliation, a think tank led by the ideas he developed in his books and his numerous video interviews broadcast on the Internet, an innovative mix between social and economic ideas from the Left, and values like family, nation, morality from the Right.
Controversy
Alain Soral and "gay communitarianism"
Alain Soral has denounced communitarianism as a "poison". He has been especially critical of the rise of communitarianism in the gay community, a term that he has sharply criticised, arguing that many homosexuals have nothing to do with Gay Pride ideology. For Soral, Gay Pride involves promotion of the "Gorgeous Guy" model, youth, parties, drag queens, etc., and obscures homosexuality as experienced by older or working-class homosexuals. However, Soral is currently supporting the homosexual community Fistinière directed by French sociologists Brice and Alexis.
The association Act Up rounded on his publisher, Éditions Blanche. Act Up stated that through books like those of Alain Soral or Éric Rémès (himself a homosexual activist and advocate of barebacking), Éditions Blanche spreads negative feelings and even hatred towards homosexuals. Act Up asked the director of publication at Éditions Blanche to stop publishing books by Soral and Rémès, and vandalised Éditions Blanche's offices. The head of Éditions Blanche claimed that members of Act Up physically assaulted his executive assistant, and threatened to press charges. Act Up denied those accusations. No legal action has so far been pursued.
Alain Soral and feminism
In his book Vers la féminisation? Démontage d'un complot antidémocratique, Alain Soral argues that women have always worked (in trade or agriculture, for example), and that housewives were mis-sold the idea of having their own careers by neoliberal capitalists. To him, feminism was invented by rich women and results in poor women working double "8 hours in the home and 8 hours at work" and would be better off just working in the home. Soral distinguishes two types of feminism: that of the "flippées" ("freaked-outs"), and that of the "pétasses" ("bitches"). Soral claims that the most problematic inequality is not between men and women, but between rich and poor, and that feminists, who generally come from the upper classes of society, attempt to distract attention from this struggle.
Accusations of anti-Semitism
In a report on the television program Complément d'enquête, broadcast on the French television channel France 2 on 20 September 2004 (in its episode devoted to the French comedia Dieudonné M'bala M'bala following the beginning of his radicalization), being interrogated while Dieudonné is visible in the background, nodding in approval, Alain Soral said:
These comments sparked much controversy, and Soral estranged himself from his showbusiness friends like Thierry Ardisson, a French TV host and producer, though they knew each other for more than 25 years. Soral defended his comments some days later on the website oumma.com, claiming that his words had been taken out of context. Anti-Semitism is the main subject of Soral's book CHUTe! Éloge de la disgrâce ("HUSH! In praise of disgrace"), a semi-autobiographical novel. The title of the book is a play on words: chut means "hush" in French, while chute means "fall" or "downfall".
In a 2005 interview given to the magazine VSD, Soral announced his intellectual support for the equally controversial Dieudonné M'bala M'bala, with whom he worked on the Euro-Palestine list for the European elections of 2004, before his withdrawal led Dieudonné to do likewise.
On 10 February 2005 a criminal court in Paris sentenced Alain Soral to a fine of €10,000 in respect of racist insults against the journalist , for a parody song he sang to the tune of Daniel Balavoine's L'Aziza. During the hearing, Haziza declared that he fell victim to threats and insults on Alain Soral's website after he refused to invite him to one of his television programs. In addition to the fine, the author was to pay 5,000 euros as compensation to Frederic Haziza, 3,000 euros for court expenses and €1,000 for legal expenses to four racism combat organizations.
Condemnation for denial of Holocaust
On 15 April 2019, after years of regular prosecutions and financial condemnations for his declarations, he was sentenced to a year in prison for Holocaust denial as a result of a drawing published on Egalité et Réconciliation, a parody of a Charlie Hebdo cover which made fun of the Rwandan genocide. Arguing that he was not the author of the drawing, and that the drawing was merely showcasing strong black humor in the same vein as the satirical journal, without actually expressing negationist views, Soral stated that this was a demonstration of the double standard regarding the freedom of speech when it comes to the Jewish community, and of the persecution it entails, therefore validating the "serious" of his struggle, for it means that the powers that be are "taking [him] seriously."
Break-up of Yugoslavia and France
Alain Soral argues that Yugoslavia was dismembered by the United States, which saw an opportunity to gain political ground and influence in South-Eastern Europe by arming Albanian separatist movements in the Serbian province of Kosovo.
Soral further argues that communitarianism in France could have a similar effect, if the French Republic fails to apply 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State, which is enshrined in the French constitution. According to a recent TV interview (Direct 8 / 88 minutes), Alain Soral stated: "Today, no one was surprised to see French presidents, prime ministers and other high French political figures meet elusively with the Jewish representing body every year in Paris, meetings that go against the laws of France and send mixed signals to the Republic."
Soral finished by stating that such a course could only push other minorities to form political religious movements in order to be heard. According to Soral, this would be a step likely to divide France into its various religious communities, which would then weaken the independence of the country.
Bibliography
Les Mouvements de mode expliqués aux parents, with Hector Obalk and Alexandre Pasche, Éditions Robert Laffont, 1984 (reissued by France Loisirs and Le Livre de Poche)
Le Jour et la nuit ou la vie d'un vaurien, roman, Calmann-Lévy, 1991 (reissued under the title La vie d'un vaurien, Éditions Blanche, 2001)
Sociologie du dragueur, Éditions Blanche, 1996
Vers la féminisation? Démontage d'un complot antidémocratique, Éditions Blanche, 1999
Jusqu'où va-t-on descendre? Abécédaire de la bêtise ambiante, Éditions Blanche, 2002 (reissued under the title Abécédaire de la bêtise ambiante, Pocket, 2003)
Socrate à Saint-Tropez: Texticules, Éditions Blanche, 2003
Misère(s) du désir, Éditions Blanche, 2004
CHUTe! Éloge de la disgrâce, Éditions Blanche, 2006
Comprendre l'Empire, Éditions Blanche, 2011,
Chroniques d'avant-guerre, Éditions Blanche, 2012,
Dialogues désaccordés, combat de Blancs dans un tunnel (e-mail correspondence with journalist Éric Naulleau), 2013,
Comprendre l'époque : Pourquoi l'égalité ?, Éditions Kontre Kulture, 2021.
Filmography
Actor
1996 : Parfait Amour! de Catherine Breillat : Philippe
2012 : L'antisémite de Dieudonné
Director
1990 : Chouabadaballet, une dispute amoureuse entre deux essuie-glaces (5 minutes)
1993 : Les Rameurs, misère affective et culture physique à Carrière-sur-Seine (10 minutes)
2001 : Confession d'un dragueur, avec Saïd Taghmaoui et Thomas Dutronc
References
External links
"Egalité et Réconciliation" – Official site (in French)
1958 births
Living people
People from Aix-les-Bains
20th-century French writers
21st-century French writers
20th-century French essayists
French comics writers
Collège Stanislas de Paris alumni
French filmmakers
20th-century French male writers
French male non-fiction writers
National Rally (France) politicians
People convicted of Holocaust denial
French Holocaust deniers |
5397065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur%20radio%20operator | Amateur radio operator | An amateur radio operator is someone who uses equipment at an amateur radio station to engage in two-way personal communications with other amateur operators on radio frequencies assigned to the amateur radio service. Amateur radio operators have been granted an amateur radio license by a governmental regulatory authority after passing an examination on applicable regulations, electronics, radio theory, and radio operation. As a component of their license, amateur radio operators are assigned a call sign that they use to identify themselves during communication. About three million amateur radio operators are currently active worldwide.
Amateur radio operators are also known as radio amateurs or hams. The term "ham" as a nickname for amateur radio operators originated in a pejorative usage (like "ham actor") by operators in commercial and professional radio communities, and dates to wired telegraphy. The word was subsequently adopted by amateur radio operators.
Demographics
Few governments maintain detailed demographic statistics of their amateur radio operator populations, aside from recording the total number of licensed operators. The majority of amateur radio operators worldwide reside in the United States, Japan, and the nations of East Asia, North America, and Europe. The top five countries by percentage of the population are Japan, Slovenia, Taiwan, South Korea and Thailand. Only the governments of Yemen and North Korea currently prohibit their citizens from becoming amateur radio operators. In some countries, acquiring an amateur radio license is difficult because of the bureaucratic processes or fees that place access to a license out of reach for most citizens. Most nations permit foreign nationals to earn an amateur radio license, but very few amateur radio operators are licensed in multiple countries.
Gender
In the vast majority of countries, the population of amateur radio operators is predominantly male. In China, 12% of amateur radio operators are women, while approximately 15% of amateur radio operators in the United States are women. The Young Ladies Radio League is an international organization of female amateur radio operators.
A male amateur radio operator can be referred to as an OM, an abbreviation used in Morse code telegraphy for "old man", regardless of the operator's age. A single female amateur radio operator can be referred to as a YL, from the abbreviation used for "young lady", regardless of the operator's age. A licensed married female is sometimes referred to as an XYL.
Age
Most countries do not have a minimum age requirement in order to earn an amateur radio license and become an amateur radio operator. Although the number of amateur radio operators in many countries increases from year to year, the average age of amateur radio operators is relatively high. In some countries, the average age is over 80 years old, with most amateur radio operators earning their license in their 40s or 50s.
The unfavourable age distribution has led to a slow decrease in amateur operator numbers in most industrialised countries due to attrition, but in countries which do not apply yearly licence fees, the effects are not immediately noticed. It has been estimated from German statistics, which are considered the most reliable, that the net decrease currently is in the order of 1 to 1.5% per year. Average age is approaching 70 in most European countries.
Some national radio societies have responded to the aging ham population by developing programs specifically to encourage youth participation in amateur radio, such as the American Radio Relay League's Amateur Radio Education and Technology Program. The World Wide Young Contesters organization promotes youth involvement, particularly among Europeans, in competitive radio contesting. A strong tie also exists between the amateur radio community and the Scouting movement to introduce radio technology to youth. WOSM's annual Jamboree On The Air is Scouting's largest activity, with a half million Scouts and Guides speaking with each other using amateur radio each October.
US amateurs by state
NOTE:
AA..US Armed Forces Americas
AE..US Armed Forces Africa/Canada/Europe/Middle East
AP..US Armed Forces Pacific
AS..American Samoa
GU..Guam
MP..Mariana Islands
PR..Puerto Rico
VI..US Virgin Islands
Canadian amateurs by province
NOTE:
ZZ..Canadian amateurs outside of Canada
Silent Key
When referring to a person, the phrase Silent Key, and its abbreviation SK, is a euphemism for an amateur radio operator who is deceased. The procedural signal "" (or "") has historically been used in Morse code as the last signal sent from a station before ending operation, usually just before shutting off the transmitter. Since this was the last signal received by other operators, the code was adopted to refer to any amateur radio operator who is deceased, regardless of whether they were known to have used telegraphy in their communications.
Gallery
Notable amateur radio operators
References
External links
Amateur radio reference guide - Technical specifications and manuals
Operator |
4001671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Storrs%20School | High Storrs School | High Storrs School is a mixed secondary school and sixth form college with academy status located on the south-western outskirts of Sheffield, England. The main school building is Grade II listed. It moved to its current site in 1933. The school does not have a set uniform, instead allowing students to wear what they like as long as it follows the dress code.
Admissions
High Storrs has a Sixth Form in Ecclesall and is a specialist Arts College in the Performing Arts, with a secondary specialism in Maths and Computing.
History
Central Technical School
The school opened on 10 March 1880 as the Sheffield Central Technical School in the centre of Sheffield. Its first headmaster was Mr. A. F. McBean. It built a new Science wing in 1895 and began providing science teaching for boys only. In 1904, the school became officially recognised as a secondary school. In 1906, the school was divided into two schools, one for boys and one for girls. It relocated to its present site at High Storrs in 1933. The Old Centralians was an association for former pupils that operated until 2015.
Grammar school
The building housed two separate grammar schools from the 1940s to 1968: High Storrs Grammar School for Boys, and High Storrs Grammar School for Girls. It was administered by the Sheffield Education Committee. The buildings were improved in the early 1960s.
Comprehensive
These were merged into a single comprehensive school, starting in September 1969 with around 1,600 boys and girls.
In 1993 a 17-year-old pupil was killed by a wound from a bayonet by a pupil of Notre Dame High School in Sheffield in Endcliffe Park.
Renovation
Almost £27 million was allocated for a complete refurbishment and remodelling of the school under the Government's Building Schools for the Future programme, with £2 million being spent on ICT equipment. Due to the school's Grade II listed status, only the interior of the main school building could be refurbished, with the exterior remaining almost unchanged. A new extension was built at the north end of the building to replace the old dining rooms, school hall and performing arts block, whilst a second extension was built to replace the 1960s additions at the south end of the school. This included a modern sports hall. Preparatory work on the field ready for the new temporary teaching rooms began in July 2008. Demolition of the 1960s extensions to the north of the school was completed in November 2008, and the project was completed in 2011. A grand opening event was held at the school on 17 September 2011, shortly after the school year had begun. At the event, the school launched their new commemorative book, titled High Storrs The Journey, which celebrated the school's history. It was sold for £9.99 to raise money for the school. There were also speeches from David Blunkett, former MP for Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough.
Post-renovation
On 14 July 2016, the school announced that Claire Tasker was taking over from Ian Gage, the outgoing headteacher. At the time, Tasker was a co-head at Tapton School. She took over from Gage at the start of the 2016–17 academic year.
On 1 March 2018, the chair of the school's governing body and the headteacher jointly announced in a statement on the school website that it had become an academy and a member of the Minerva Learning Trust.
Houses
In 2008 the "Key Stage" system was changed to the Vertical System, where instead of year groups, there are houses with ten forms to each house. Each form has a varied number of pupils from Y7-11 and no sixth formers. There are 2 classes of around 30 in each house, so 8 classes. Forms 1–5 are a class and forms 6–10 are a class. This only applies to most classes in Y7 and Y8. This system is meant to reduce bullying and encourage friendships with pupils of different ages. The four houses are named after the main four theatres in Sheffield: Crucible, Lyceum, Merlin and Montgomery.
The houses also compete against each other in sporting events such as its annual sports day, held at the English Institute of Sport.
Curriculum
In Y7 and Y8, students receive 3 hours each of Maths, English and Science a week. They also receive 2 hours of French, PE, Design and Technology/Food Tech (students typically receive 30 weeks of D&T and 10 weeks of Food Tech a year), History and Geography and 1 lesson a week of PSHCEE and RE. Students also receive a lesson of ICT a week, however this is taught on a rotary basis in Y7, with the other half of the year spent learning Classics. Drama, Art, Music and Dance are also taught on a rotary basis in both years, with Y7s receiving one hour of Dance/Drama and two hours of Art/Music. Y8s, however receive one hour of Dance/Music and two hours of Art/Drama. English, Maths, Science, PSCHEE and PE are mandatory for the whole of KS4, whilst RE is only mandatory for Y9.
Phone zones policy
Unlike many other schools, High Storrs allows mobile phone usage on the school premises, as long as it is within one of their phone zones. The areas where mobile phone use is permitted include the Piazza, Field, Dining Room and within classrooms so long as the teacher has given permission to use them. Use outside phone zones is prohibited and may result in confiscation. Use of headphones are also prohibited anywhere on the school site unless they are required for the lesson.
Exam pass rate
In 2019 66.4% of pupils who took GCSE exams achieved grade 5 or above in Maths and English.
The average points score for AS and A2 Level students in 2008 was 675.8, below the national average of 739.8.
It gets above-average GCSE results and A-levels at the England average.
Former teachers
Veronica Hardstaff, Labour MEP 1994–1999 for Lincolnshire and Humberside South and Sheffield City Councillor 1970–1978 and 2002–2007, taught French and German at the girls' school 1963–1966.
Notable former pupils
Nick Matthew, squash player
Jessica-Jane Clement, television presenter
Tom Ellis, actor
Leslie Evans, Permanent Secretary to the Scottish Government
Jayne Irving, GMTV presenter
Jack Lester, footballer
Chloe Newsome, actress
Jessica Ransom, actress
Kyle Walker, Manchester City FC & England footballer
Michael Jolley, football manager
Steve Heighway, Ex Liverpool footballer
Grace Clough, paralympic rower
Esme Morgan, Manchester City footballer
High Storrs Grammar School for Girls
Judith Bingham, composer
Janet Brown, Chief executive since 2007 of the Scottish Qualifications Authority, and managing director from 2000 to 2007 of Scottish Enterprise
Stella Greenall, involved in the introduction of student grants in 1962
Tessa Bramley, Michelin-starred chef
High Storrs Grammar School for Boys
Joseph Ashton OBE, Labour MP from 1968 to 2001 for Bassetlaw
Peter Glossop, opera singer
Steve Heighway, footballer
Paul Heiney, BBC reporter
Very Rev Alfred Jowett, Dean of Manchester from 1964 to 1983
Jeff Rawle, actor
References
External links
High Storrs School Website
Ofsted Report (2005)
Ofsted Report (2008)
Ofsted Report (2022)
EduBase
Secondary schools in Sheffield
Educational institutions established in 1933
1933 establishments in England
Academies in Sheffield |
5397072 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20ship%20launches%20in%201987 | List of ship launches in 1987 | The list of ship launches in 1987 includes a chronological list of all ships launched in 1987.
See also
References
1987
Ship launches |
5397079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20of%20J%C3%BClich | Alexander of Jülich | Alexander I (called "of Jülich"; , ) was the prince-bishop of Liège from 1128 to 1134.
As bishop, he received Pope Innocent II, Emperor Lothair II, and Bernard of Clairvaux. As prince, he was a warrior, taking part in the wars of Waleran, Duke of Lower Lorraine against Godfrey I of Leuven.
Sources
12th-century Prince-Bishops of Liège
1134 deaths
Prince-Bishops of Liège
Year of birth unknown |
5397081 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamade | Chamade | In war, a chamade was a certain beat of a drum, or sound of a trumpet, which was addressed to the enemy as a kind of signal, to inform them of some proposition to be made to the commander; either to capitulate, to have leave to bury their dead, make a truce, etc. Gilles Ménage derives the word from the Italian chiamate, from Latin clamare, to call.
References
Law of war
Military diplomacy |
5397088 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winner%20Takes%20All%20%28novel%29 | Winner Takes All (novel) | Winner Takes All is a BBC Books original novel written by Jacqueline Rayner and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It was published on 19 May 2005, alongside The Clockwise Man and The Monsters Inside. It features the Ninth Doctor, Rose Tyler, Jackie Tyler and Mickey Smith.
Plot
On finding that her mum has just won the lottery, Rose decides to visit Earth.
Rose and the Doctor go to visit Mickey, who tells them that everyone is playing Death to Mantodeans, the game that is complementary with the console. Interested, the Doctor starts playing it, while Rose goes out.
The Doctor and Robert are again interrupted by Quevvils calling to find out why the game isn't being played as expected. The door explodes before they are able to get the controlled Quevvil to respond, so the Doctor has to go back to pretending to play. He and Robert are taken to another room. All of the other prisoners are brought into the room as well, and the Doctor is told that one will be killed every time he deviates from the game.
Rose makes it to the center of the game, and the Quevvils get ready to teleport, but the Doctor has Mickey send a signal that disrupts it, which atomizes all the Quevvils. Rose finds that she can move and talk on her own again.
Continuity
Rose tells the Doctor 'You've reversed teleportation before,' a reference to "The End of the World".
Mention is made of Rose being gone for a year, and Mickey being a suspect in her disappearance, a reference to "Aliens of London".
The Doctor's dislike of guns in this book anticipates his comments in "The Doctor Dances" about destroying the weapons factory on Villengard.
One of Mickey's video games is called Bad Wolf.
References to popular culture
When asked by Rose how he knew she was in trouble on her way back from the market, the Doctor replies (with a whole biscuit in his mouth) that his "fpider fenfe waf tingling", a reference to the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man and his spider-sense that helps him detect trouble.
When briefing the Doctor and Rose about the new game, Death to Mantodeans, Mickey mentions the PlayStation, the Xbox, Gran Turismo, Resident Evil, TimeSplitters 2, The Blair Witch Project, and Sonic the Hedgehog and Bad Wolf.
A reference to Harry Potter is made when a character daydreams about being a boy whose parents turned out to be great wizards and died fighting an evil sorcerer and is now sent to a special wizarding school to become the great wizard he is destined to be.
The same character makes references to Star Wars in how he daydreams meeting a character who remarks "I am your father," in a cold, deep voice and how it is his destiny to defeat his father (although he interprets it as his mother) in order for good to triumph over evil.
Several references to Charlie and the Chocolate Factory are made by the Doctor and Rose when they are searching for a winning scratch card.
The Doctor jokes that Cookie Monster from Sesame Street is really an alien.
Rose mentions the Thunderbirds.
Robert mentions Bob the Builder.
See also
Whoniverse
External links
The Cloister Library - Winner Takes All
2005 British novels
2005 science fiction novels
Ninth Doctor novels
Novels by Jacqueline Rayner |
4001676 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Aiello | Joe Aiello | Giuseppe "Joe" Aiello (; September 27, 1890 – October 23, 1930) was a Sicilian bootlegger and organized crime leader in Chicago during the Prohibition era. He was best known for his long and bloody feud with Chicago Outfit boss Al Capone.
Aiello masterminded several unsuccessful attempts to assassinate Capone, and fought against his former business partner Antonio Lombardo, a Capone ally, for control of the Chicago branch of the Unione Siciliana benevolent society. Aiello and his ally Bugs Moran are believed to have arranged the murder of Lombardo, which directly led Capone to organize the St. Valentine's Day Massacre in retaliation.
Despite being forced to flee Chicago multiple times throughout the gang war, Aiello eventually took control of the Unione Siciliana in 1929, and ranked seventh among the Chicago Crime Commission's list of top "public enemies". Aiello was killed after Capone gunmen ambushed him as he exited a Chicago apartment building where he had been hiding out, shooting him 59 times. After his death, the Chicago Tribune described Aiello as "the toughest gangster in Chicago, and one of the toughest in the country".
Early life
Aiello was born on September 27, 1890, in Bagheria, Sicily, to father Carlo Sr., Aiello was part of a large and impoverished family of at least nine other brothers and many cousins. His mother died when he was a child. In July 1907, at the age of 17, Aiello immigrated to the United States to join family members already residing there. After arriving in New York City by boat, he worked a series of menial jobs in Buffalo and Utica, New York, before connecting with his father, brothers and cousins in Chicago. The family set up several businesses in both New York and Chicago, including the financially successful Aiello Brothers Bakery, and they become importers of such groceries as olive oil, cheeses and sugar.
Aiello was the co-owner of a cheese importing business with a fellow Sicilian, Antonio "Tony the Scourge" Lombardo, an ally of organized crime figure Al Capone. Aiello was president of the company, which was called Antonio Lombardo & Co., and Capone was said to have lent both men $100,000 to start the enterprise. With the enactment of Prohibition and the start of bootlegging, the sugar import business brought Aiello into contact with organized crime, along with his brothers Dominick, Antonio, Andrew and Carlo. In Chicago they made a small fortune selling sugar and other home-cooked alcohol components to the Genna crime family, and Aiello earned enough money to buy a three-story mansion in Rogers Park. However, he craved recognition and prestige in addition to money, something he was gaining as he was becoming known as the top organized crime boss of Chicago. When the Genna family lost power in Chicago following gang wars, the Aiellos believed themselves the successors of their territory.
Feud begins with Al Capone
In November 1925 Lombardo was named head of the Unione Siciliana, a Sicilian-American benevolent society that had been corrupted by gangsters. An infuriated Aiello, who had wanted the position himself, believed Capone was responsible for Lombardo's ascension and he resented the non-Sicilian's attempts to manipulate affairs within the Unione. Aiello severed all personal and business ties with Lombardo and entered into a feud with him and Capone, essentially ending a Chicago gang peace treaty that had been in force since the 1926 murder of Capone rival Hymie Weiss. Aiello allied himself with several other Capone enemies, including Dean O'Banion, and the trio of Billy Skidmore, Barney Bertsche and Jack Zuta, who ran vice and gambling houses together, although they became less receptive to Aiello after Capone personally approached and threatened Skidmore. While newspapers falsely reported that Aiello had also entered into an active alliance with George "Bugs" Moran and his North Side Gang at this time, Moran in fact pledged no specific support to Aiello until later, and instead privately supported Aiello from the sidelines without actively participating.
Aiello plotted to eliminate both Lombardo and Capone, and starting in the spring of 1927 made several attempts to assassinate Capone. On one occasion he offered money to the chef of Joseph "Diamond Joe" Esposito's Bella Napoli Café, Capone's favorite restaurant, to put prussic acid in Capone's and Lombardo's soup; reports indicated he offered between $10,000 and $35,000. Instead, the chef exposed the plot to Capone, who responded by dispatching men to destroy one of Aiello's stores on West Division Street with machine-gun fire. More than 200 bullets were fired into the Aiello Brothers Bakery on May 28, 1927, wounding Joe's brother Antonio. During the summer and autumn of 1927 a number of hitmen Aiello hired to kill Capone were themselves slain. Among them were Anthony Russo and Vincent Spicuzza, each of whom had been offered $25,000 by Aiello to kill Capone and Lombardo. Aiello eventually offered a $50,000 reward to anyone who eliminated Capone. At least 10 gunmen tried to collect on Aiello's bounty, but ended up dead. Capone ally Ralph Sheldon attempted to kill both Capone and Lombardo for Aiello's reward, but Capone henchman Frank Nitti's intelligence network learned of the transaction and had Sheldon shot in front of a West Side hotel, although he didn't die.
Gang war with Capone escalates
In November 1927 Aiello organized machine-gun ambushes across from Lombardo's home and a cigar store frequented by Capone, but those plans were foiled after an anonymous tip led police to raid several addresses and arrest Milwaukee gunman Angelo La Mantio and four other Aiello gunmen. After the police discovered receipts for the apartments in La Mantio's pockets, he confessed that Aiello had hired him to kill Capone and Lombardo, leading the police to arrest Aiello himself and bring him to the South Clark Street police station. Upon learning of the arrest, Capone dispatched nearly two dozen gunmen to stand guard outside the station and await Aiello's release. The men made no attempt to conceal their purpose there, and reporters and photographers rushed to the scene to observe Aiello's expected murder. Capone gunmen Frank Perry, Sam Marcus and Louis "Little New York" Campagna were arrested as they tried to enter the front of the station and placed in the cell next to Aiello, who Campagna told, "You're dead, friend, dead. You won't get up to the end of the street still walking". Aiello pleaded for mercy and promised to sell his possessions and leave Chicago with his family if they let him go, but Campagna refused the request. When released, Aiello was given a police escort out of the station to safety. He later failed to make a court appearance after his attorney claimed he suffered a nervous breakdown. Aiello disappeared with some family members to Trenton, NJ, from whence he continued his campaign against Capone and Lombardo.
Aiello's brother Dominick returned to Chicago in January 1928 to attend to family matters while his brother remained in New Jersey. One day he received a telephone call warning him to leave town, after which the Aiello Brothers Bakery was shot up by gunmen. Aiello briefly allied himself with former Capone employer and friend Frankie Yale, meeting with him regularly in New York City and plotting Capone's overthrow, until Yale himself was murdered. Aiello was said to have fled to Wisconsin under the protection of the Milwaukee crime family, and also briefly took refuge in Buffalo with his ally there, crime family boss Stefano Magaddino. With Aiello still in hiding, Capone started targeting Aiello's men and killed several over the next few years, including his brother Dominick. Aiello returned to Chicago in the summer of 1928 and once again approached Moran, whose relationship with Capone had degenerated even further, making him much more receptive to an active alliance with Aiello. They conspired to eliminate Lombardo, a task they assigned to hitmen Frank "Tight Lips" and Peter Gusenberg. Lombardo was shot to death on a busy Chicago street on September 7, 1928, and although never arrested, at least one of the Gusenberg brothers is believed to have been among the shooters. After Lombardo's death, Aiello attempted to elevate his ally Peter Rizzito to the Unione Siciliana position, but Rizzito was killed by shotgun blasts outside his home.
Rise to Unione Siciliana leader
Aiello was also believed to have masterminded the murder of Pasqualino "Patsy" Lolordo, Lombardo's successor as head of the Unione, who was killed in his home on January 8, 1929. Police alleged that Aiello suggested a truce with Lolordo, and when Lolordo invited Aiello into his home for a toast of friendship, Aiello and two others shot him to death. When police later questioned Lolordo's widow, she screamed when she was shown a photo of Aiello, but refused to explain why she was afraid and would not answer questions about him. Capone retaliated against Moran by organizing the St. Valentine's Day Massacre, a hit that wiped out the Gusenberg brothers, decimated Moran's forces and resulted in the loss of a significant amount of Aiello's support. Shortly afterwards Aiello persuaded Capone killers Albert Anselmi and John Scalise to betray their employer and convinced Joseph "Hop Toad" Giunta, the new head of the Unione Siciliana, to support Aiello in eliminating Capone and taking control of the North Side of Chicago following the departure of Bugs Moran. However, Capone learned of Aiello's plot in April 1929 and killed all three men.
The violent retaliation against Aiello indirectly led him to finally become head of the Unione. During a conference in Atlantic City, numerous mob bosses supported Aiello's promotion with the hopes of restoring order in Chicago, and Capone apparently accepted the decision, at least temporarily. Retired Chicago mob boss Johnny Torrio was said to have mediated a peace agreement among Capone, Aiello and Moran, in which they agreed to end the gang warfare and murders. However, Aiello's accession coincided with Capone serving a year in prison for carrying a concealed weapon, which Aiello saw as an opportunity to take control of some of Capone's territory and scheme yet again for his assassination. Aiello gained a measure of nationwide notoriety around this time after ranking seventh on Chicago Crime Commission Chairman Frank J. Loesch's "public enemies" list, released in April 1930, which identified the top 28 people he saw as corrupting Chicago.
Through his Mafia boss allies Magaddino and Gaspar Milazzo, Aiello arranged a meeting with Joe Masseria, the capo di tutti capi based in New York City, seeking support in Aiello's efforts against Capone. During the meeting Masseria offered to support Aiello in exchange for control of the east side of Chicago, which would allow Aiello to keep the city's west side. The offer infuriated Aiello, who threatened Masseria and ordered him to leave the city. In turn, Masseria spread false rumors that Aiello attempted to kill Masseria, giving him a pretext to support Capone in retaliation. Mafioso Joseph Bonanno later described as a key incident in starting the Castellammarese War in New York City. Masseria openly supported Capone, requiring a strong alliance with him following the death of Masseria ally Giuseppe Morello. He also offered territory to Milazzo if he betrayed Aiello, an offer Milazzo rebuffed and considered insulting. As a result, Aiello backed Salvatore Maranzano in the Castellammarese War, providing the Maranzano forces with $5,000 a week for their war chest.
During the early months of 1930 Aiello arranged several unsuccessful assassination attempts against Capone bodyguards, including Jack McGurn, Phil D'Andrea and Rocco De Grazia. Aiello hoped to leave Capone vulnerable by depleting his security, and Capone began to suspect Aiello had spies within the Chicago Outfit because he seemed to have inside knowledge about where his targets would be and when. In August 1930, two months before Aiello's death, the state's attorney conducted a raid on Aiello's home, obtaining records as part of a series of raids by the United States government to fight against gangland activities in Chicago.
Death
In 1930, upon learning of Aiello's continued plotting against him, Capone resolved to finally eliminate him. In the weeks before Aiello's death Capone's men tracked him to Rochester, New York, where he had connections through Magaddino, and plotted to kill him there, but Aiello returned to Chicago before the plot could be executed. Aiello, angst-ridden from the constant need to hide out and the killings of several of his men, set up residence in the Chicago apartment of Unione Siciliana treasurer Pasquale "Patsy Presto" Prestogiacomo at 205 N. Kolmar Ave. He moved in on October 13, 1930, and rarely left the apartment. However, his wife and child occasionally visited him, and Frank Nitti biographer Mars Eghigian Jr. theorized that Capone's forces located Aiello by tracking his family members. Men who gave the names Morris Friend and Henry Jacobson rented rooms in an apartment across the street overlooking Prestogiacomo's apartment building and began observing Aiello. On October 23, Aiello made plans to permanently leave Chicago and apparently move to Mexico, although Prestogiacomo later told police Aiello was simply leaving the house for a barber's appointment. Upon exiting Prestogiacomo's building to enter a taxicab, a gunman in a second-floor window across the street started firing at Aiello with a submachine gun. Aiello was said to have been shot at least 13 times before he toppled off the building steps and moved around the corner, attempting to move out of the line of fire. Instead, he moved directly into the range of a second submachine gun positioned on the third floor of another apartment block, and was subsequently gunned down.
After the ambush the two apparent shooters ran from the buildings and fled in a Ford sedan; the car was later discovered to have been set on fire and destroyed. Aiello's body was loaded into the taxicab and taken to Garfield Park Hospital, where he was pronounced dead. The coroner eventually removed 59 bullets, weighing over a pound, from the body. He was shot more times than any single victim of the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. A third machine gun position, which was ultimately not used, was later discovered by police in another nearby building, which had been rented a week before the murder by a man who gave the name Lon Celespe. Police, prosecutors and federal agents immediately and publicly speculated that Capone was behind the assassination, noting that the precision machine-gun ambush was typical of his attacks. However, at least one press story at the time speculated Moran could have been behind the hit. Prestogiacomo, fearful for his life, went into hiding for three days after Aiello's death before turning himself in to police. He was charged as an accessory before the fact of Aiello's murder, a charge also filed against John Sorce, an employee of Aiello's importing company. Detectives questioned whether Prestogiacomo provided Aiello's enemies with information about his whereabouts, something he vehemently denied. Police claimed Prestogiacomo was not cooperative and lied about his relationship with Aiello. The charges against Prestogiacomo went to a grand jury but were ultimately dropped. Frank Nitti was also wanted by police for questioning in connection with the murder.
Some historians later suggested Mafia forces outside Chicago may have been behind the hit as part of the Castellammarese War, but Virgil Peterson, an expert on Chicago organized crime, believed the murder was strictly related to city gang warfare. Aiello's family ordered an $11,000 coffin for him. Before eventually being placed in Riverside Cemetery in Rochester, New York, Aiello was originally buried in Mount Carmel Cemetery in Chicago on October 29, 1930, close to former friend-turned-rival Lombardo. Capone continued to hunt down Aiello's allies even after his death. One month after Aiello was killed, police discovered an abandoned machine gun nest, manned by alleged Capone gangsters, in a house opposite the home of four of Aiello's former henchmen. Aiello's nephew, Frank Aiello Jr., was fatally shot through a window while he was playing cards in his Milwaukee home on May 23, 1931. Authorities believed the killing was related to the Chicago feud, despite Frank's apparent lack of ties to organized crime. Aiello's death left Capone effectively unchallenged in his control over Chicago, and brought 70 years of peace to the city in terms of the Chicago Outfit leadership. Aiello was believed to have been responsible for the deaths of at least 24 people throughout his life, according to the Chicago Tribune, which described him as "the toughest gangster in Chicago, and one of the toughest in the country".
References
Bibliography
External links
1890 births
1930 deaths
1930 murders in the United States
People from Bagheria
Al Capone associates
Italian emigrants to the United States
Male murder victims
Gangsters killed during the Castellammarese War
Murdered American gangsters of Sicilian descent
Chicago Outfit mobsters
People murdered by the Chicago Outfit
Prohibition-era gangsters
Gangsters from the Province of Palermo
People murdered in Illinois
Deaths by firearm in Illinois |
5397095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella%20Flagg%20Young | Ella Flagg Young | Ella Flagg Young (January 15, 1845 – October 26, 1918) was an American educator who served as superintendent of Chicago Public Schools. She was the first female head of a large United States city school system. She also served as the first female president of the National Education Association.
Early life and education
Ella Flagg was born January 15, 1845 in Buffalo, New York to Theodore and Jane (Reed) Flagg. Her parents were American-born, and of Scottish decent. Flagg was the youngest of three cilhdren.
She did not attend school until the age of ten, but had, by then, already taught herself how to read and write. After only a few months she dropped out because she wasn't being intellectually challenged and because of the lack of support from her parents. At age 15, she took the certification examination to become a teacher and passed but was told she was too young to be a teacher. She was told she would never make it as a teacher by her mother but persevered and decided to set up her own practicum to test her potential in the classroom. She decided the classroom was right for her.
She graduated in 1862 from the Chicago Normal School. She later studied part-time at the University of Chicago under John Dewey in 1895, and received her Ph.D. in 1900. Her dissertation was published under the title Isolation in the School.
Career
Young's career as an educator began in 1862. Young devoted her life to her teaching career, which spanned 53 years (1862–1915). She became professor of education at the University of Chicago in 1899, holding the position until 1905. She became principal of the Chicago Normal School in 1905; and was superintendent of schools of Chicago from 1909 until her resignation in 1915. She served on the Illinois State Board of Education from 1888 to 1913.
In 1910, the membership of the National Education Association elected her its first woman president. Her election had come with the backing of Margaret Haley, head of the Chicago Teachers Federation.
Young was a prominent figure in the progressive movement. Young identified strongly with the women's suffrage movement.
Young was a significant influence on John Dewey's thinking when he authored The School and Society.
Young was also an editor of bi-monthly education publications. She also published two volumes for the University of Chicago in 1902 as part of a series which also included her 1900 dissertation. In 1903, she and John Dewey, along with a group of other scholars (James Rowland Angell, George Herbert Mead, E. W. Moore, and James Hayden Tufts) published a series of monographs in the university's Decennial Publications. This series led William James to declare that there was a Chicago "school of thought". Young was the only one of them to write directly about education in this series. The series would play an important role in the development of the democratic and pragmatic movement in American education.
Chicago Public Schools
She began teaching elementary school in 1862. She then served as the principal of the new practice school of the Chicago Normal School from 1865 through 1871. She afterwards worked as a high school mathematics teacher. Her innovative methods at the practice school, as well as her tenure as a high school mathematics teacher, led to her appointment as a principal.
From 1876 through 1888, she was the principal of elementary schools. Even though female applicants for principalships were not required to take the exam that male applicants were, Young insisted on taking the exam, and passed at the head of the list. This led to her appointment at one of the city's largest elementary schools, instead of one of the small primary schools that women were typically assigned to when they were made principals. She was first made principal of Scammon School in 1876, and three years later being promoted to principal of Skinner School (one of the city's biggest and most prestigious elementary schools). Young received a reputation for giving teachers at Skinner School the liberty to devise their own teaching methods. She was fond of saying, "no one can work in another's harness". She also ran faculty study groups on subjects such as Greek drama and English literature. She managed to successfully dismiss an incompetent school engineer, and was the first recorded Chicago principal who managed to do so without the engineer being reinstated.
The style of administration she practiced received praise, including from Mayor Carter Harrison Sr., who called the Skinner School under Young's leadership, "the most effective social institution in the city". Harrison's neighborhood lay in the area served by Skinner School. In addition, Harrison's son, Carter Harrison Jr. (who himself would serve as mayor) would also offer praise of Young during her career.
From 1887 through 1889, Young was a district superintendent Chicago Public Schools. She gave teachers in her district a role in decision-making on matters concerning them, the first practical application of the idea of teachers' councils, which she had written about in her University of Chicago thesis. This was a brand-new practice in education.
Young was principal of the Chicago Normal School from 1905 until becoming appointed superintendent of Chicago Public Schools in 1909.
Superintendency
On July 30, 1909, the Chicago Board of Education voted to appoint Young Chicago Public Schools' superintendent. She took office on August 2. She was the first woman in America to head a large city school system. At the time, the school district had 290,000 enrolled students and owned property worth $50,000,000. It was said that no woman had ever held such an important public office in the United States before. With an annual salary of $10,000, she was paid more than any woman had ever been paid for a public service position.
She was the school superintendent who during the 1911 spring break requested all schoolchildren in the Chicago area to organize neighborhood searches for five-year-old Elsie Paroubek, who had disappeared April 8 of that year.
In 1913, Young tendered her resignation. After controversy arose, with protest being led by Jane Addams and others, she was reappointed to the position.
Young permanently resigned from the position in 1915.
Personal life and death
In 1868, she married merchant William Young. They had no children together. William died in 1873. Young's mother died in 1862, and her brother died in 1868. Her father and brother both died within a year of her husband's death. This left her with no immediate relatives.
She died in the 1918 flu pandemic, on October 26, 1918, in Washington, D.C., at the age of 73. She was the last remaining member of her family line. She left an estate valued at $60,000. On October 28, 1918, Chicago flew its flags at half-mast and draped the Chicago Board of Education's board room in black in recognition of Young's passing.
Legacy
The University of Illinois conferred on her the degree of LL.D.
Eponymous school
The Chicago Public School system named an elementary school (K-8) in honor of Dr. Young in 1924. The school is located in the north Austin neighborhood and continues to be used as an elementary school.
The school is traditional masonry construction, with a central boiler heating system. In 1998, an addition was built to the school almost doubling the usable floorspace, and the masonry was renovated and the windows were glazed.
Publications
Isolation in the School (1900)
Ethics in the School (1902)
Some Types of Modern Educational Theory (1902)
She also founded and edited The Educational Bi-Monthly, a free journal for teachers.
John T. McManis, biography (Chicago, 1916)
References
Biographical Dictionary of American Educators.
Works cited
External links
Ella Flagg Young Elementary School 1968 class reunion website
1845 births
1918 deaths
University of Chicago faculty
Educators from Illinois
American non-fiction writers
Writers from Chicago
Writers from Buffalo, New York
Presidents of the National Education Association
Deaths from Spanish flu
American suffragists
Activists from Buffalo, New York
Women trade unionists
Members of the Illinois State Board of Education
Superintendents of Chicago Public Schools
American school principals |
5397100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Zarilla | Al Zarilla | Allen Lee "Zeke" Zarilla (May 1, 1919 – August 28, 1996) was an American professional baseball player, scout and coach. He played as an outfielder in Major League Baseball from to , most notably as a member of the only St. Louis Browns team to win an American League pennant in . He also played for the Boston Red Sox and the Chicago White Sox, primarily as a right fielder. Zarilla batted left-handed and threw right-handed, and was listed as tall and .
Baseball career
Zarilla was born in Los Angeles, California. A solid outfielder with a strong arm and basically a line-drive hitter, Zarilla started his major league career in 1943 with the St. Louis Browns. In 1944 he hit .299 in 100 games, scoring and driving in a run in Game Three of the World Series. After that, he served in the military, returning to the major leagues in 1946.
Zarilla had his most productive season in 1948, when he posted career-highs in average (.329, fourth in the American League), hits (174), home runs (12), doubles (39), stolen bases (11) and games (144), while scoring 77 runs with 74 RBI and made his only appearance in the All-Star Game.
By 1949, Zarilla was the lone member of the pennant-winning 1944 Browns still on the roster. That year, the team sent Zarilla to the Boston Red Sox. He hit .281 in 124 games for his new team, and enjoyed another fine season in 1950 with a .325 average (fifth in AL), joining Dom DiMaggio (.328) and Ted Williams (.317) in the Boston all-.300 outfield. He also collected career-highs in slugging percentage (.493), runs (92) and walks (76), and tied a major league record with four doubles in a game (June 8).
On December 10, 1950, Zarilla was traded by the Boston Red Sox with Joe Dobson and Dick Littlefield to the Chicago White Sox for Bill Wight and Ray Scarborough. Zarilla and Gus Zernial teamed up in April 1951 to become the only players whose last names started with "Z" to play together in the same outfield. Zarilla and Zernial played right and left field, respectively, as part of a White Sox outfield unit in four games. At the end of April, Zernial was traded to the Philadelphia A's.
In 1952, Zarilla divided his playing time between the White Sox, Browns and Red Sox. He played his final major league game at the age of 34 with Boston in the 1953 season.
Zarilla is also remembered for a call by Dizzy Dean, the former Cardinals pitching ace turned Browns broadcaster, who saw him slide into third base, and yelled, "Zarilla slud into third!"
In a ten-season MLB career, Zarilla posted a .276 batting average with 61 home runs and 456 RBI in 1120 games played. He posted a career .974 fielding percentage at all three outfield positions.
Zarilla scouted for multiple MLB teams after his playing career, and spent one season, , on the coaching staff of his old teammate Ted Williams, then the manager of the Washington Senators. He died in Honolulu, Hawaii, at the age of 77.
References
.
External links
Al Zarilla at SABR (Baseball BioProject)
Baseball Almanac
Baseball Library
1919 births
1996 deaths
American League All-Stars
Baltimore Orioles scouts
Baseball players from Los Angeles
Batesville White Sox players
Boston Red Sox players
Chicago White Sox players
Cincinnati Reds scouts
Helena Seaporters players
Hollywood Stars players
Kansas City Athletics scouts
Lafayette White Sox players
Magic Valley Cowboys players
Major League Baseball right fielders
Montreal Expos scouts
Oakland Athletics scouts
St. Louis Browns players
San Antonio Missions players
San Diego Padres (minor league) players
Seattle Rainiers players
Springfield Browns players
Texas Rangers scouts
Toledo Mud Hens players
Washington Senators (1961–1971) coaches |
5397101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slade%20in%20Flame%20%28album%29 | Slade in Flame (album) | Slade in Flame is the first soundtrack album and fifth studio album by the British rock group Slade. It was released on 29 November 1974, reached No. 6 in the UK and was certified Gold by BPI in February 1975. The album was produced by Chas Chandler and contains songs featured in the band's film of the same name. The band tried to give the album a "sixties" feel, as the film was set in 1966.
In the US, the album was released on the Warner Bros. label, with "The Bangin' Man" replacing "Summer Song (Wishing You Were Here)" & "Thanks for the Memory" replacing "Heaven Knows". The most recent re-issue of the album was in 2015, when Salvo Sound & Vision released a repackaged CD + DVD version of the album and film.
"So Far So Good" was covered by Alice Cooper songwriter Mike Bruce on his 1975 solo album In My Own Way. In a 1989 fan club interview, drummer Don Powell singled out "Standin' On the Corner" as one of the band's best efforts on record: "It's got a great swing to it and it's the first time we even used brass."
Background
By 1974, Slade had become a big success in the UK, Europe and beyond; however the band felt that continuing to provide 'more of the same' was not what they wanted to do. The band's manager Chas Chandler suggested Slade do a movie, to which the band agreed. Rather than producing a film portraying the band's "happy-go-lucky" image, the subject matter was based on the gritty tale of the rise and fall of a fictional 1960s group called Flame. The script, written by Andrew Birkin and Dave Humphries, was largely based on true music business events that had occurred to Slade and other groups of the time.
To accompany the film, lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea began writing material for a soundtrack album, which would continue to see the band break out of their successful formula and try different musical ideas. Having completed a fifth US tour, the band spent a month recording the new album. In October 1974, the lead single "Far Far Away" was released and reached No. 2 in the UK. The Slade in Flame album followed in November, peaking at No. 6. Though the record was lauded by critics, the album did not sell as well as expected, particularly as the band's previous three albums had all reached number one.
While Slade In Flame was clearly a distinct step forward for Slade, it also marked the end of their reign as the UK's favourite band. Far Far Away performed respectably in the UK, but the album's opening track (and next single), the ballad How Does It Feel, had such a different sound from the British teeny pop scene of the day that it reflected the gulf between where Slade were at and what was expected of them. Although regarded, thirty years on, as one of the greatest rock films, at the time the movie itself (released in January 1975) hardly helped matters. Slade's audience were used to Slade delivering a rollicking good time whereas the movie's bleak, sour atmosphere had understandably confused rather than enthused fans. While it was a story that Slade wanted told, this half satirical look at the inside of the rock'n'roll business wasn't necessarily the kind of story most of their young fans were eager to hear about.
Release
The album was originally scheduled for release on 22 November 1974 but Polydor were unable to produce enough copies to cover pre-order sales. Prior to its release, the album was awarded a Gold Disc based on pre-order sales. By February 1975, the album had surpassed 200,000 sales in the UK.
Critical reception
Upon release, Record Mirror commented that "because Flame is set in the 1960s, the album has a distinctive 1960's flavour", but also noted: "[As] the songs have been taken out of context, a few of them have lost their charm and meaning but nevertheless, it is an enjoyable elpee." In 1976, Record Mirror would vote the album No. 5 on their list of the Top 10 best albums of 1975. Disc said: "The music included here certainly sounds like the Slade we all know and love. Only occasionally, do they stray from the usual mould. A touchy album but definitely more good than bad."
After the film was shown on British TV in December 1987, London Evening Standard advised people to listen to the soundtrack instead of watching the movie. In 2007, Classic Rock listed Slade in Flame as No. 18 on their "49 Best Soundtrack Albums" list.
Geoff Ginsberg of AllMusic retrospectively said: "Slade in Flame is a tough album to judge. Made as an accompanying piece to the movie of the same name, it was different than the group's other records. It's an artistic tour de force for a band that was looked on as "just a good time." Although Slade was that, the band had a lot more in its bag of tricks, and this album shows it. Don't worry, though, because it's still pure Slade."
Track listing
UK track listing
US track listing
Listed as "Thanks for the Memories"
Chart performance
Personnel
Slade
Noddy Holder - lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Dave Hill - lead guitar, backing vocals
Jim Lea - bass, piano, backing vocals
Don Powell - drums
Additional personnel
Chas Chandler - producer
Alan O'Duffey - engineer
Bud Beadle - baritone saxophone
Ron Carthy, Eddie Quansah - trumpet
Mick Eve, Steve Gregory - tenor saxophone
Malcolm Griffiths, Chris Hammer Smith - trombone
Chris Mercer - baritone, tenor saxophone
Paul Welch - art direction
Wadewood Associates - art design
Steve Ridgeway - logo design
Welbeck Photography - production stills
Gered Mankowitz - photography (front, back & portrait photos)
References
Slade in Flame
Musical film soundtracks
Slade soundtracks
Polydor Records soundtracks
Albums produced by Chas Chandler |
4001686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenchu%202%3A%20Birth%20of%20the%20Stealth%20Assassins | Tenchu 2: Birth of the Stealth Assassins | is a 2000 stealth video game developed by Acquire for the PlayStation. The second entry in the Tenchu series, it was published in the West by Activision and in Japan by Acquire. Tenchu 2 is a prequel to Tenchu: Stealth Assassins (1998), following the early lives of Azuma ninja Rikimaru and Ayame as they and their fellow Tatsumaru must confront a militant force called the Burning Dawn. Gameplay follows the chosen protagonist as they complete missions, the goal being to remain undetected and either avoid or silently kill enemies.
Production on Tenchu 2 began following the original's success at the request of Activision. Originally intended as a Western exclusive, consequent adjustments were made to reduce its niche Japanese elements while also polishing the gameplay and graphics. Composer Noriyuki Asakura returned from the first game. Reaching high positions on sales charts, it saw praise from critics and was generally seen as an improvement over its predecessor. Following Tenchu 2, Activision acquired the intellectual property and shifted production to newly-formed company K2 for the next entry Tenchu: Wrath of Heaven.
Gameplay
The game consists of controlling a character in a 3D environment through a third-person viewpoint. The player can use a variety of ninja tools and equipment and stealth to dispatch enemies and complete the game's missions. Missions are set in different locales at varying times of day, ranging from rural farmland, bamboo forests, mountainous regions, beaches, ships, villages and caverns. After the player completes a mission, they are given a rank depending on their accomplishments during that mission such as number of enemies killed, number of times spotted etc. High ranks are then used to unlock special gadgets that can be used in-game.
One of the game's most acclaimed features was the Mission Editor. This gave the player the opportunity to create their own missions, including level layout, deciding which characters to place in it and mission objectives to complete.
Synopsis
Tenchu 2 is set in Japan during the Sengoku period, four years prior to the events of Tenchu: Stealth Assassins. Following the death of the elder Lord Godha, a coup against his benevolent son Matsunoshin is launched by his uncle Motohide. Each is supported by a ninja clan; Matsunoshin is supported by the Gohda's long-standing allies the Azuma Ninja, while Motohide ends up manipulated by both a neighbouring lord and the rogue ninja group called the Burning Dawn led by Lady Kagame. The lead characters are three young ninja of the Azuma clan who trained together since childhood. They are Rikimaru, dedicated to his duty as a ninja; the rebellious and free-spirited Ayame; and Tatsumaru, the chosen successor to their mentor Azuma Shiunsai. The storyline is split across three campaigns following first Rikimaru and Ayame, and then Tatsumaru.
Motohide allies himself with the warlord Toda Yoshisada in order take control of the Gohda lands. Toda launched an attack against Gohda castle which resulted in the death of Lord Gohda's wife and the kidnapping of his daughter Kiku. Motohide is later killed by Toda, only to be killed in turn by Kagame, who founds the Burning Dawn to the goal of turning ninja into an acknowledged political force. Kiku is successfully rescued, forming a strong bond with Ayame. Over a period of time following Toda's death, the Burning Dawn partake in a series of underground criminal activities such as kidnapping, theft, forced labor, smuggling and murder. During one such conflict, Tatsumaru is apparently killed while fighting Kagame, but in fact suffered amnesia and was adopted by Kagame into the Burning Dawn under the title "Seiryu". Under this identity, Tatsumaru kills all the Azuma ninja aside from Rikimaru and Ayame, then kills Shiunsai who reveals he killed Tatsumaru's father before adopting him.
In a final campaign by Lord Godha against the Burning Dawn on their flagship Fire Demon, Rikimaru kills Suzaku and then mortally wounds Kagame. Tatsumaru slowly regains some of his memories, and when fighting Ayame kills himself with Rikimaru's sword as penance for his actions against the Azuma and Godha. Kagame dies embracing Tatsumaru, having fallen in love with him, as the Fire Demon is destroyed by Godha's forces. Rikimaru pledges himself to Lord Godha as the Azuma's new leader, and Ayame while depressed by Tatsumaru's death chooses to keep living for Kiku, who has come to see her as an older sister. In the post-credits scene of Tatsumaru's campaign, Suzaku is revived as Onikage, servant of the demonic Mei-Oh and a leading antagonist of the first Tenchu.
Development
Tenchu: Stealth Assassins, developed by Japanese company Acquire, was released in 1998 and went on to sell one million units worldwide, prompting the creation of a second title. The original's director Takuma Endo had wanted to develop a potential sequel on the PlayStation 2, but unfamiliarity with the new technology and demands from Western publisher Activision led to a sequel being produced on the original PlayStation, which Endo regretted. The game's budget was ¥200 million, with a production team of thirty people. The success of the original Tenchu allowed Endo to hire more people to ease production. Endo returned as director. The producer was Masami Yamamoto of Sony Music Entertainment Japan, with Activision's Pat Dwyer acting as associate producer. The scenario was written by Mikasa Hiragi of Studio Angina. Character designs are attributed to both original artist Koshi Nakanishi, and Kiyoshi Arai. The lead programmer was Daisuke Hisamatsu. Nobuhiro Obata returned to design an expanded level editor mode. Production lasted eighteen months. During production of both Tenchu and Tenchu 2, mistrust and tension had built up between Acquire and Activision over requests for changes, making working together increasingly difficult.
The original game ended with Rikimaru presumed dead, so rather than face the problems resolving that issue, it was decided to make the game a prequel. This decision was reinforced by a lack of character development in the story of the first Tenchu. The mission structure and accompanying narrative links were redesigned, as the original had its story missions handed out "in a slightly capricious fashion" from the character Godha, with missions instead emerging from the narrative and building on each other. The setting of a civil war over the Godha lands allowed for greater gameplay variety including escort missions. As part of Activision's requests, more overtly Japanese elements were toned down to make the game more appealing to Western players. For his work on the character art, Arai gave them an earthenware texture. Noriyuki Asakura returned as composer. Compared to the style of the original, the music for Tenchu 2 was made more Japanese in tone at the request of the producers. As with the original, the opening theme used Hausa for the lyrics.
Hisamatsu remembered creating a new draw engine and incorporating new control options as the hardest part of his job. He had a lot of trouble with technical problems which persisted until the later part of production, mostly due to issues with getting the graphics to run smoothly. The enemy AI was upgraded to be more reactive, greater ability to hear sounds made by the player, and able to call reinforcements. The number of stealth kills were also increased. The swimming controls were redesigned, with Acquire coming up with five different versions before Activision settled on an option. The motion capture was recorded at a studio in Okinawa. The motion capture performer for the game was Tsutomu Kitagawa, who previously performed in and supervised motion capture for the first game. Real-time event scenes were handled by Ayako Takenaga, who called the project exhausting for her, and saying some scenes were planned and drafted but ultimately dropped from the final product. The CGI cutscenes were co-created by Technonet, Sasahara-Gumi and Trilogy.
Release
Tenchu 2 was officially announced in May 1999 during that year's E3. Promotion of the title at E3 2000 was problematic, as it drew staff away from the American and European localizations, the latter requiring technical alterations by Acquire to match different frame rate displays for PAL televisions. Notable bugs that needed to be caught were a common freezing bug, and Rikimaru being able to clip through walls. It was published in North America by Activision on August 15, 2000. The European version saw substantial alterations, featuring less blood, no decapitations, and shurikens removed due to laws prohibiting their portrayal in the United Kingdom. It released in Europe by Activision on September 8.
The demand from Activision was for a sequel aimed at Western markets, with a Japanese release originally not being planned. To get it released in Japan, Acquire chose to self-publish the title. This version saw further improvements graphically and technically, in additions to expansions to the level editor with new objects for level creation. The game was released in Japan on November 30. A guidebook was published in Japan by Dengeki PlayStation on December 11.
Reception
During its North American month of release, the game was the sixth best-selling title during the period. According to a press release, it continued to sell well over the following months. It also reached the top ten best-selling multiplatform titles upon its release in the UK. According to Famitsu, the sequel sold over 101,000 units in Japan.
Tenchu 2: Birth of the Stealth Assassins received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
Jim Preston reviewed the PlayStation version of the game for Next Generation, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "Tenchu 2 doesn't surpass the original but does succeed in capturing its smooth gameplay and despite some minor weaknesses, the game is without a doubt exceedingly cool."
Legacy
Following Tenchu 2, the series' licenser Sony Music Entertainment Japan underwent restructuring, resulting in Activision buying the Tenchu intellectual property in November 2000. This prevented Acquire from developing any more titles for the series, as Activision shifted production to another company. The development studio K2, newly-formed in 2000 by industry veteran Mitsuo Kodama, created the sequel Tenchu: Wrath of Heaven for release in 2003. Acquire's inability to work on Tenchu, but continued wish to develop titles using a feudal Japanese setting, resulted in them partnering with Spike to create Way of the Samurai.
References
External links
2000 video games
Action-adventure games
Activision games
PlayStation (console) games
PlayStation (console)-only games
Single-player video games
Tenchu games
Video game prequels
Video games developed in Japan
Video games featuring female protagonists
Video games scored by Noriyuki Asakura
Video games set in castles
Video games set in feudal Japan |
4001690 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backjumping | Backjumping | In backtracking algorithms, backjumping is a technique that reduces search space, therefore increasing efficiency. While backtracking always goes up one level in the search tree when all values for a variable have been tested, backjumping may go up more levels. In this article, a fixed order of evaluation of variables is used, but the same considerations apply to a dynamic order of evaluation.
Definition
Whenever backtracking has tried all values for a variable without finding any solution, it reconsiders the last of the previously assigned variables, changing its value or further backtracking if no other values are to be tried. If is the current partial assignment and all values for have been tried without finding a solution, backtracking concludes that no solution extending
exists. The algorithm then "goes up" to , changing 's value if possible, backtracking again otherwise.
The partial assignment is not always necessary in full to prove that no value of lead to a solution. In particular, a prefix of the partial assignment may have the same property, that is, there exists an index such that cannot be extended to form a solution with whatever value for . If the algorithm can prove this fact, it can directly consider a different value for instead of reconsidering as it would normally do.
The efficiency of a backjumping algorithm depends on how high it is able to backjump. Ideally, the algorithm could jump from to whichever variable is such that the current assignment to cannot be extended to form a solution with any value of . If this is the case, is called a safe jump.
Establishing whether a jump is safe is not always feasible, as safe jumps are defined in terms of the set of solutions, which is what the algorithm is trying to find. In practice, backjumping algorithms use the lowest index they can efficiently prove to be a safe jump. Different algorithms use different methods for determining whether a jump is safe. These methods have different cost, but a higher cost of finding a higher safe jump may be traded off a reduced amount of search due to skipping parts of the search tree.
Backjumping at leaf nodes
The simplest condition in which backjumping is possible is when all values of a variable have been proved inconsistent without further branching. In constraint satisfaction, a partial evaluation is consistent if and only if it satisfies all constraints involving the assigned variables, and inconsistent otherwise. It might be the case that a consistent partial solution cannot be extended to a consistent complete solution because some of the unassigned variables may not be assigned without violating other constraints.
The condition in which all values of a given variable are inconsistent with the current partial solution is called a leaf dead end. This happens exactly when the variable is a leaf of the search tree (which correspond to nodes having only leaves as children in the figures of this article.)
The backjumping algorithm by Gaschnig does a backjump only in leaf dead ends. In other words, it works differently from backtracking only when every possible value of has been tested and resulted inconsistent without the need of branching over another variable.
A safe jump can be found by simply evaluating, for every value , the shortest prefix of inconsistent with . In other words, if is a possible value for , the algorithm checks the consistency of the following evaluations:
The smallest index (lowest the listing) for which evaluations are inconsistent would be a safe jump if were the only possible value for . Since every variable can usually take more than one value, the maximal index that comes out from the check for each value is a safe jump, and is the point where Gaschnig's algorithm jumps.
In practice, the algorithm can check the evaluations above at the same time it is checking the consistency of .
Backjumping at internal nodes
The previous algorithm only backjumps when the values of a variable can be shown inconsistent with the current partial solution without further branching. In other words, it allows for a backjump only at leaf nodes in the search tree.
An internal node of the search tree represents an assignment of a variable that is consistent with the previous ones. If no solution extends this assignment, the previous algorithm always backtracks: no backjump is done in this case.
Backjumping at internal nodes cannot be done as for leaf nodes. Indeed, if some evaluations of required branching, it is because they are consistent with the current assignment. As a result, searching for a prefix that is inconsistent with these values of the last variable does not succeed.
In such cases, what proved an evaluation not to be part of a solution with the current partial evaluation is the recursive search. In particular, the algorithm "knows" that no solution exists from this point on because it comes back to this node instead of stopping after having found a solution.
This return is due to a number of dead ends, points where the algorithm has proved a partial solution inconsistent. In order to further backjump, the algorithm has to take into account that the impossibility of finding solutions is due to these dead ends. In particular, the safe jumps are indexes of prefixes that still make these dead ends to be inconsistent partial solutions.
In other words, when all values of have been tried, the algorithm can backjump to a previous variable provided that the current truth evaluation of is inconsistent with all the truth evaluations of in the leaf nodes that are descendants of the node .
Simplifications
Due to the potentially high number of nodes that are in the subtree of , the information that is necessary to safely backjump from is collected during the visit of its subtree. Finding a safe jump can be simplified by two considerations. The first is that the algorithm needs a safe jump, but still works with a jump that is not the highest possible safe jump.
The second simplification is that nodes in the subtree of that have been skipped by a backjump can be ignored while looking for a backjump for . More precisely, all nodes skipped by a backjump from node up to node are irrelevant to the subtree rooted at , and also irrelevant are their other subtrees.
Indeed, if an algorithm went down from node to via a path but backjumps in its way back, then it could have gone directly from to instead. Indeed, the backjump indicates that the nodes between and are irrelevant to the subtree rooted at . In other words, a backjump indicates that the visit of a region of the search tree had been a mistake. This part of the search tree can therefore be ignored when considering a possible backjump from or from one of its ancestors.
This fact can be exploited by collecting, in each node, a set of previously assigned variables whose evaluation suffices to prove that no solution exists in the subtree rooted at the node. This set is built during the execution of the algorithm. When retracting from a node, this set is removed the variable of the node and collected in the set of the destination of backtracking or backjumping. Since nodes that are skipped from backjumping are never retracted from, their sets are automatically ignored.
Graph-based backjumping
The rationale of graph-based backjumping is that a safe jump can be found by checking which of the variables are in a constraint with the variables that are instantiated in leaf nodes. For every leaf node and every variable of index that is instantiated there, the indexes less than or equal to whose variable is in a constraint with can be used to find safe jumps. In particular, when all values for have been tried, this set contains the indexes of the variables whose evaluations allow proving that no solution can be found by visiting the subtree rooted at . As a result, the algorithm can backjump to the highest index in this set.
The fact that nodes skipped by backjumping can be ignored when considering a further backjump can be exploited by the following algorithm. When retracting from a leaf node, the set of variables that are in constraint with it is created and "sent back" to its parent, or ancestor in case of backjumping. At every internal node, a set of variables is maintained. Every time a set of variables is received from one of its children or descendant, their variables are added to the maintained set. When further backtracking or backjumping from the node, the variable of the node is removed from this set, and the set is sent to the node that is the destination of backtracking or backjumping. This algorithm works because the set maintained in a node collects all variables that are relevant to prove unsatisfiability in the leaves that are descendant of this node. Since sets of variables are only sent when retracing from nodes, the sets collected at nodes skipped by backjumping are automatically ignored.
Conflict-based backjumping (aka conflict-directed backjumping (cbj))
A still more refined backjumping algorithm, sometimes able to achieve larger backjumps, is based on checking not only the common presence of two variables in the same constraint but also on whether the constraint actually caused inconsistency. In particular, this algorithm collects one of the violated constraints in every leaf. At every node, the highest index of a variable that is in one of the constraints collected at the leaves is a safe jump.
While the violated constraint chosen in each leaf does not affect the safeness of the resulting jump, choosing constraints of highest possible indices increases the highness of the jump. For this reason, conflict-based backjumping orders constraints in such a way constraints over lower indices variables are preferred over constraints on higher index variables.
Formally, a constraint is preferred over another one if the highest index of a variable in but not in is lower than the highest index of a variable in but not in . In other words, excluding common variables, the constraint that has the all lower indices is preferred.
In a leaf node, the algorithm chooses the lowest index such that is inconsistent with the last variable evaluated in the leaf. Among the constraints that are violated in this evaluation, it chooses the most preferred one, and collects all its indices less than . This way, when the algorithm comes back to the variable , the lowest collected index identifies a safe jump.
In practice, this algorithm is simplified by collecting all indices in a single set, instead of creating a set for every value of . In particular, the algorithm collects, in each node, all sets coming from its descendants that have not been skipped by backjumping. When retracting from this node, this set is removed the variable of the node and collected into the destination of backtracking or backjumping.
Conflict-directed backjumping was proposed for Constraint Satisfaction Problems by Patrick Prosser in his seminal 1993 paper.
See also
Backtracking
Constraint learning
References
Constraint programming
Search algorithms |
5397107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Zealous%20%281864%29 | HMS Zealous (1864) | HMS Zealous was one of the three ships (the others being and ) forming the second group of wooden steam battleships selected in 1860 for conversion to ironclads. This was done in response to the perceived threat to Britain offered by the large French ironclad building programme. The ship was ordered to the West Coast of Canada after she was completed to represent British interests in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Zealous became the flagship for the Pacific Station for six years until she was relieved in 1872. She was refitted upon her arrival and subsequently became the guard ship at Southampton until she was paid off in 1875. The ship was in reserve until she was sold for scrap in 1886.
Design and description
HMS Zealous was given a straight stem and a rounded stern, but her hull was otherwise unmodified from her original form; it had been found that lengthening the hull, as was done in the earlier , led to longitudinal weakness. Her conversion to a central battery ironclad therefore cost less than that of any of her contemporaries, though this was offset with a shorter battery and therefore a less effective broadside. She also carried less armour than the earlier class, and was nearly a knot slower; however, as she was built to serve in distant waters, and not expected to face opposing ships of significant force, these shortcomings were thought acceptable.
Zealous was long between perpendiculars and had a beam of . The ship had a draught of forward and aft. She displaced .
Propulsion
Zealous had a simple horizontal 2-cylinder horizontal return connecting-rod steam engine driving a single four-bladed, propeller. Steam was provided by eight rectangular boilers at a working pressure of . The engine produced during the ship's sea trials in November 1866 which gave the ship a maximum speed of . Zealous carried a maximum of of coal. She was ship rigged with three masts and had a sail area of . Her best speed with the propeller disconnected and under sail alone was .
Armament
All of the available and guns had already been earmarked for other, more powerful ships. Zealous therefore received an armament of guns, which were deemed adequate for her expected service activity, and which, indeed, she retained for the whole of her active career. She was the only battleship ever to have a uniform armament of this calibre, and she, and her half sister , were the only Victorian ironclads to retain their original armament unchanged through their entire active careers.
Zealous was armed with twenty 7-inch rifled muzzle-loading guns. Four of these guns were mounted on the upper deck as chase guns, two each fore and aft. The 16-calibre 7-inch gun weighed and fired a shell. It was credited with the nominal ability to penetrate armour.
Armour
Zealous had a complete waterline belt of wrought iron that was thick amidships and tapered to thick at the bow and stern. From the level of the main deck, it reached below the waterline. The guns on the main deck amidships were protected by a section of 4.5-inch armour, long, with 4.5-inch transverse bulkheads at each end which left the chase guns unprotected. The armour was backed by the sides of the ship which consisted of of teak. The total weight of her armour was .
Service history
HMS Zealous was laid down on 26 October 1859 as a wooden two-deck, 90-gun ship of the line by Pembroke Royal Dockyard, but her construction was suspended pending experience with the conversion of her half-sisters of the Prince Consort class to broadside ironclads. The Admiralty ordered on 2 July 1862 that she be cut down one deck and converted to an armoured frigate for the price of £239,258. The ship was launched on 7 March 1864 and commissioned in September 1866, but was not completed until 4 October 1866.
In order to match the French deployment of armored corvettes of the and es in the Pacific Ocean the Admiralty ordered Zealous to sail for the west coast of Canada shortly after she was completed. Upon her arrival the ship became the flagship, and reached her operational base at Esquimalt in July 1867 (Esquimalt was the headquarters of the Pacific Station); she remained moored there, at the end of a telegraph link with Britain, until April 1869. During this time her only sea service was for gunnery practice on two days every quarter. In January 1870 she picked up a fresh crew at Panama brought out by the two-decker . After six years on station she was relieved by Revenge as flagship and started for home. Her bottom had not been cleaned since she had left Great Britain and she could only make a maximum of under sail or steam so her return voyage took five months. Zealous struck a rock while sailing through the English Narrows in the southwestern coast of Chile, but was only slightly damaged. She was refitted in Plymouth in April 1873 and then became guard ship at Southampton until 1875, when she was paid off. The ship was placed in reserve in Portsmouth until sold for scrap in September 1886.
As coal was extremely expensive on the West Coast of the Americas, HMS Zealous generally used her sails and covered more miles under sail than any of the other Victorian sailing ironclads, and in her whole career never once travelled in company with another ironclad. She was also the first British ironclad to sail further from Britain than the Mediterranean.
Notes
Footnotes
References
Bulwark-class battleships (1859)
Ships built in Pembroke Dock
1864 ships
Victorian-era battleships of the United Kingdom |
5397108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Cousineau | Phil Cousineau | Philip Robert Cousineau (born 1952) is an American author, lecturer, independent scholar, screenwriter, and documentary filmmaker. He lives in San Francisco, California.
Early life and education
Phil Cousineau was born on 26 November 1952 in Columbia, South Carolina. He grew up just outside Detroit, with French Canadian roots. He studied journalism at the University of Detroit.
Career
Before turning to writing books and films full-time, Cousineau’s peripatetic career also included playing semi-professional basketball in Europe, harvesting date trees on an Israeli kibbutz, painting 44 Victorian houses (also known as Painted Ladies in San Francisco), teaching, and leading art and literary tours to Europe. He has worked as a sportswriter and taught screenwriting at the American Film Institute (AFI).
American mythologist Joseph Campbell was a mentor and major influence; Cousineau wrote the documentary film and companion book about Campbell's life, The Hero's Journey. The author of more than 25 nonfiction books, and contributed to magazine publications including Parabola, and Paris magazine. Cousineau has more than 15 documentary screenwriting credits to his name, including the 1991 Academy Award-nominated Forever Activists.
His best known works include Soul: An Archaeology, Readings from Socrates to Ray Charles, which Los Angeles Times columnist Jonathan Kirsch reviewed as "Inspiring, often mind-blowing, sometimes even a little scary," and the best-selling book, The Art of Pilgrimage: The Seeker's Guide the Making Travel Sacred.
Cousineau worked with religion scholar Huston Smith on three books as well as four documentary films on contemporary Native American issues. His books have been translated into nine languages.
Cousineau is the host and co-writer of the Link TV television series, Global Spirit, interviewing guests such as Robert Thurman, Karen Armstrong, Andrew Harvey, Deepak Chopra, and Joanne Shenandoah. The first season of Global Spirit was presented by John Cleese and broadcast on PBS-TV stations nationwide in the United States in 2012 and 2013.
A self-avowed night owl, Cousineau published Burning the Midnight Oil, a book of essays and poems about finding inspiration in the night, in 2013.
Filmography
Bibliography
References
External links
American male screenwriters
American people of French-Canadian descent
1952 births
Living people
University of Detroit Mercy alumni
American non-fiction writers
American spiritual writers
Writers from San Francisco
Independent scholars
American male non-fiction writers
Screenwriters from California |
5397133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto%20Maschio | Humberto Maschio | Humberto Dionisio Maschio (; born 20 February 1933) is an Italian-Argentine former football player and manager who played as a forward or midfielder.
At international level, he represented both the Argentina national team, winning the 1957 Copa América, and the Italy national team, taking part in the 1962 FIFA World Cup.
Club career
Maschio started playing at Arsenal de Llavallol to later move to Quilmes Atlético Club where he proved himself a prolific goal-scorer. He joined Racing Club in 1954 and was part of the Argentine national team that won the 1957 South American Championship. That team, and its forward line in particular, was nicknamed The Angels with Dirty Faces (a reference to the then-celebrated Angels with Dirty Faces movie) due to both their irreverent style of play as well as to their less than rigorous attitude to training. The nickname followed Maschio when he, along with fellow national team forwards Antonio Valentín Angelillo and Omar Sívori, moved from Argentina to play football in Italy after the tournament. There, the trio was also known as The Trio of Death due to their clinical ability in scoring goals.
Maschio had originally been linked with a move to Juventus in 1956, but their interest cooled following the international between Italy and Argentina in Buenos Aires that year when he looked ineffective. Instead he signed for Bologna in 1957, but although he paired up with Bernard Vukas there, he was unable to recreate the form he showed at Racing.
From Bologna Maschio moved to Atalanta, who bought a half-share in him during the 1959–60 season. In Bergamo Maschio regained the form that had taken him to international prominence scoring heavily, and creating numerous chances for his colleagues. At Atalanta Maschio moved from playing as central striker to a deeper role which allowed him to use his vision and creativity. So impressive was his form at Atalanta that he moved to Inter Milan in 1962. However, Maschio failed to fit in with manager Helenio Herrera who used him as a central striker and his time in Milan was of limited success. Following his time at Inter, Maschio briefly played with Fiorentina. His performance brought him to the Italian national team to play in the 1962 FIFA World Cup.
He returned to Racing in 1966 to win the Copa Libertadores and the Intercontinental Cup in 1967. He finished his career with the Avellaneda side with 44 goals in 139 matches.
International career
Argentina
Maschio played 12 games for the Argentina national football team between 1956 and 1957, scoring 12 goals. He helped Argentina to win the 1957 Copa América, and was the top scorer of the tournament with 9 goals.
Italy
Following Maschio's move to Italy, along with his compatriots Sívori and Angelillo, the trio were banned from playing for the Argentine national team by the Argentine Football Federation, and missed out on the 1958 World Cup. Thanks to his Italian ancestry (from Godiasco, in the province of Pavia), Maschio was later also able to play two games for the Italian team in 1962, scoring no goals. In the 1962 World Cup played in Chile, Maschio was the captain of the Italian team and one of the protagonists of the infamous Battle of Santiago incidents in the match against the Chilean host team, in which Chilean player Leonel Sánchez broke his nose with a left hook; Italy lost the match 2–0, and were eliminated in the first round.
Managerial career
Maschio coached the Argentine national team in the first half of 1969 and the Costa Rica national team 1972. He also had a short spell with Bolivian side Blooming in the 1985 Copa Libertadores.
Honours
Club
Internazionale
Serie A: 1962–63
Fiorentina
Coppa Italia: 1965–66
Racing Club
Primera División: 1966
Copa Libertadores: 1967
Intercontinental Cup: 1967
International
Argentina
Copa América: 1957
See also
Oriundo
List of Argentine born footballers to play for other national teams
References
External links
1933 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Avellaneda
Argentine people of Italian descent
Italian people of Argentine descent
Italian people of Lombard descent
Argentine footballers
Argentina international footballers
Italian footballers
Italy international footballers
Quilmes Atlético Club footballers
Racing Club de Avellaneda footballers
Atalanta B.C. players
Bologna F.C. 1909 players
Inter Milan players
ACF Fiorentina players
Serie A players
1962 FIFA World Cup players
Dual internationalists (football)
Argentine football managers
Argentina national football team managers
Costa Rica national football team managers
Club Blooming managers
Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Copa América-winning players
Association football forwards
Association football midfielders
Pan American Games medalists in football
Pan American Games gold medalists for Argentina
L.D.U. Quito managers
Footballers at the 1955 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 1955 Pan American Games |
5397154 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin%20Malinowski | Merlin Malinowski | Merlin "The Magician" Malinowski (born September 27, 1958) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre. Malinowski was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, but grew up in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan.
Playing career
Malinowski was drafted in the 2nd Round, 27th overall by the Colorado Rockies in the 1978 NHL Entry Draft. He played 5 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Rockies, the New Jersey Devils and the Hartford Whalers. He then had a long spell in Switzerland, playing for the EHC Arosa and later the SCL Tigers from 1983 until his retirement in 1991. He also played for the Canadian Olympic Team that finished 4th in the 1988 Winter Olympics.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Canadian people of Polish descent
Colorado Rockies (NHL) draft picks
Colorado Rockies (NHL) players
EHC Arosa players
Fort Worth Texans players
Hartford Whalers players
Sportspeople from Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan
Sportspeople from North Battleford
Ice hockey players at the 1988 Winter Olympics
Medicine Hat Tigers players
New Jersey Devils players
Olympic ice hockey players of Canada
Philadelphia Firebirds (AHL) players
SCL Tigers players
Ice hockey people from Saskatchewan
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland |
5397182 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Far-Out%20Son%20of%20Lung%20and%20the%20Ramblings%20of%20a%20Madman | The Far-Out Son of Lung and the Ramblings of a Madman | The Far-Out Son of Lung and the Ramblings of a Madman is an EP which was released by Future Sound of London in 1995 to promote the album ISDN. Unlike the band's other EPs, there are no variations on a theme here, simply album versions of the tracks segued together in a new way. The only exception is Snake Hips, which appears in an extended version sometimes referred to as "Snake Hips (Parts 1 & 2)".
Track listing
"Far-Out Son of Lung and the Ramblings of a Madman" – 4:41
"Snake Hips" – 8:33
"Smokin' Japanese Babe" – 5:42
"Amoeba" – 5:00
Chart Position
Crew
Written, produced and performed by FSOL.
Artwork by Buggy G. Riphead and FSOL.
The man depicted on the cover and in album artwork is "Vit", the Chinese restaurateur down the street from FSOL's studio.
References
External links
1995 EPs
The Future Sound of London EPs
Astralwerks EPs |
5397212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%20Street | Dawson Street | Dawson Street (; ) is a street on the southern side of central Dublin, running from St Stephen's Green to the walls of Trinity College Dublin. It is the site of the residence of the Lord Mayor of Dublin, the Mansion House.
Location
Dawson Street runs parallel to Grafton Street from St Stephen's Green to Nassau Street. It is connected to Grafton Street by Duke Street and South Anne Street. Much of the street is a shopping thoroughfare. Molesworth Street links the street to Kildare Street. The street has a slight slope downwards from its Stephen's Green end to its Trinity end. Traffic flows one way, northwards.
History
The street was named after Joshua Dawson, who acquired the site in 1705 from Henry Temple and Hugh Price.
Dawson laid out the street in 1707 as well as the nearby Grafton, Anne, and Harry Streets. At the point of construction, it was a wide roadway and considered one of the best in Dublin.
Buildings and businesses
The Mansion House, the official residence of the Lord Mayor of Dublin, lies near the southern end of the street. It was constructed by Dawson in 1714 but sold to the Dublin Corporation on 25 April 1715 for £3,500, as a residence for the Lord Mayor. A portico was added to the entrance in the 19th century. The round room alongside the Mansion House was constructed over six weeks in 1821 for George IV. The house has undergone several reconstructions, including external plastering of the original brick walls, and has been used for function rooms, and as a restaurant. A large office block was constructed to the right of Mansion House in 2002.
Saint Ann's Church is found on the eastern side, almost halfway along. Northland House was at No. 19 Dawson Street, and constructed in 1770 for the Knox family. It was bought by the Royal Irish Academy in 1851 and renamed Academy House. Near the northern end is the bookshop Hodges Figgis.
Hodges Figgis, a bookshop founded in 1768, is on the street.
The Dawson Lounge, Dublin's smallest pub, is found near the Stephen's Green end of the street.
Famous inhabitants
Noted Irish ecclesiastical architect William Hague had his office at 50 Dawson Street, as did Thomas Francis McNamara (also at No. 50 and No. 5).
Redevelopment
From the 1960s onwards many of the Georgian and Victorian buildings on the street were demolished in favour of modern retail and office units. One such development was on the corner of Dawson Street and Nassau Street by the Norwich Union Group. A collection of 15 Georgian and Victorian buildings were demolished, including the original Elverys Sports corner store and the 1870 McCurdy's Law Club. The new 5-storey t-shaped office block with street level retail units was designed by Lardner and Partners. The new building, completed in 1967 was called Nassau House. Permission was granted to demolish this block in 2016, and the construction of a replacement mixed-use development is due for completion in 2022.
The Royal Hibernian Hotel was a prominent landmark on the street, and at one point was the oldest hotel in Ireland, opening in 1751. It was popular with wealthy country dwellers and frequented by British Army officers in the 19th century, but went into gradual decline at the start of the 20th. It was sold in 1982 by the owners, Trust House Forte and demolished two years later, only 4 years after an extensive renovation. The hotel was replaced with a large mixed-use development, the Royal Hibernian Way, completed in 1987.
Transport
Dawson Luas stop is on the Luas Cross City extension. The line links the Red and Green lines going from Broombridge in North Dublin (interchange with Irish Rail station) and St. Stephen's Green Green Line stop. Construction started in June 2013 with services beginning on 9 December 2017.
See also
List of streets and squares in Dublin
References
Sources
External links
LUAS Cross City Project Website
Streets in Dublin (city)
Shopping districts and streets in Ireland
St Stephen's Green |
5397218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindzadza | Kindzadza | Kindzadza, real name Lev Greshilov (Russian: Лев Грешилов), is a dark psytrance music producer based in Moscow, Russia. His stage name is derived from the title of the popular Soviet movie Kin-dza-dza! He is currently booked with the Osom Music record label.
KinDzaDza was one of the first musicians to perform DarkPsy in Russia in the early 2000s, along with such performers as Psykovsky and Transdriver.
Biography
Leo was born in Moscow, got acquainted with computers and learned that with their help you can extract wonderful sounds. Then there was a trip to Goa, after which he began to write his music.
Discography
Kindzadza — Waves From Outer Space (Parvati Records) (2004)
Kindzadza And Friends — 13 Dimension Connection (Insomnia Records) (2005)
Kindzadza — Waves From Inner Space (Osom Music) (2007)
Kindzadza — Insoluble (2010)
Kindzadza - Nano Ninja (Osom Music) (2012)
Kindzadza - I`d like You to be a Mind Reader (Osom Music) (2016)
Kindzadza - Rugged Tales Part 1 (Osom Music) (2020)
External links
Kindzadza in Discogs.com
Osom Music official website
Kindzadza official Soundcloud page
Russian musicians
Psychedelic trance musicians
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5397236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim%20Syed%20Zillur%20Rahman | Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman | Faiz is an Indian scholar of Unani medicine. He founded Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences in 2000. He had earlier served as Professor and chairman, Department of Ilmul Advia at the Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for over 40 years before retiring as Dean Faculty of Unani Medicine. Presently, he is serving AMU as "Honorary Treasurer".
In 2006, the Government of India awarded him the Padma Shri for his contribution to Unani Medicine.
Biography
Early life and education
Rahman was born on 1 July 1940 in Bhopal, Bhopal State (now in Madhya Pradesh). His grandfather Hakim Syed Karam Husain, father Hakim Syed Fazlur Rahman and uncle Hakim Syed Atiqul Qadir were Unani physicians in Tijara / Bhopal.
Rahman studied at Darul-uloom Nadwatul Ulama in Lucknow and then at Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh.
Career
Rahman started his career in 1961 as a Demonstrator at Ajmal Khan Tibbiya College, Aligarh Muslim University as a Demonstrator. He then became a Lecturer at Jamia Tibbiya, Delhi, where he became a Reader in 1973 and a Professor in 1983. He remained Chairman of the Department of Ilmul Advia for 18 years and Dean of the Faculty of Unani Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University.
He helped to establish the Ibn Sina Tibbia College at Beenapara, Azamgarh, and laid the foundation stone on 25 January 1981.
He edited Al-Hikmat, a monthly Unani Literary Magazine, from 1965 to 1970.
Works
His scholarship analyses the history of medicine particularly of medicine in medieval Islam.
Bibliography
His books include:
Daur Jadeed Aur Tibb, 1963. (Book in Urdu on Modern times and Unani medicine)
Tarikh llm Tashrih, 1967. (Book in Urdu on History of anatomy)
Ilmul Amraz, 1969. (Based on Avicenna's tract on Pathology in Urdu)
Resalah Judia, 1971. (Based on Avicenna's tested Prescriptions in Urdu)
Tajdeed Tibb, 1972. (Book in Urdu on Unani medicine)
Bayaz Waheedi, 1974. (Book in Urdu on Prescriptions and formulations by Hakim Abdul Waheed)
Matab Murtaish, 1976. (Book in Urdu on Unani Formularies used by Azizi Family of Lucknow)
Tazkerah Khandan Azizi, 1978. (Book in Urdu on History of Azizi Family of Unani medicine)
Kitabul Murakkabat, 1980. (Book in Urdu on Pharmaceutical formulation of Unani medicine)
Safvi Ahad Main Ilm Tashreeh Ka Mutala, 1983. (Book in Urdu on Studies of History of anatomy during Safavid dynasty)
Hayat Karam Hussain, 1983. (Biography of Hakim Syed Karam Husain in Urdu)
The Azizi Family of Physicians, 1983. (Book in English on Azizi Family of Unani medicine)
Aligarh Key Tibbi Makhtootat, 1984. (Book in Urdu on Manuscripts of Unani medicine extant in Aligarh)
Qanoon lbn Sina Aur Uskey Shareheen wa Mutarjemeen, 1986. (Based on references and translations of the works of Ibn Sina in Urdu)
Risalah Nabidh (Edited with Facsimile), 1986. (Book in Urdu and Arabic on Nabidh by Qusta ibn Luqa)
Tibb Firoz Shahi, 1990. (Book in Urdu on Unani medicine during Firuz Shah Tughlaq)
Research in Ilmul Advia, 1990. (Book in English on Research in Unani Pharmacology)
Risalah Atrilal, 1993. (Book in Arabic on Treatise on Ammi majus Linn)
Studies in Ilmul Advia, 1994. (Book in English on Studies on Unani Pharmacology)
Dilli aur Tibb Unani, 1995. (Book in Urdu on History of Unani medicine in Delhi)
AI-Advia al-Qalbia, 1996. (Book in Urdu on Avicenna's treatise on Cardiac drugs)
Iran Nama, 1998. (Iran Travelogue / Travel journal in Urdu)
Tibbi Taqdame, 2001. (Based on Prefaces written for many books of other Unani scholars in Urdu)
Aina-e Tarikh Tibb, 2001. (Based on chapters written on History of Unani medicine in Urdu)
Asmaul Advia, 2002 (Based on Names of Pharmaceutics in Unani medicine in Urdu)
Maqalat Shifaul Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif, 2002 (Based on Unani articles written by Shifaul Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif in Urdu)
Hakim Ajmal Khan, 2004 (Biography of Hakim Ajmal Khan in Urdu and Hindi)
Persian Translation of Qanun Ibn Sina aur uskey Shirehin wa Mutarjamin, 2004 (Based on references and translations of the works of Ibn Sina in Persian)
Safar Nama Bangladesh, 2006 (Bangladesh Travelogue / Travel journal in Urdu
Jawami Kitab Al-Nabd Al-Saghir by Galen, 2007 (Based on Galen's treatise on arterial and venous pulse in Urdu and Arabic)
Risalah Fi Auja Al Niqris by Qusta Ibn Luqa, 2007 (Based on Al Niqris by Qusta ibn Luqa in Urdu and Arabic)
Ainul Hayat by Mohammad Ibn Yusuf Harawi, 2007 (Based on Ageing and senile problems by Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi in Urdu and Arabic)
Rislah fil Nabidh, 2007 (Based on Arabic translation by Qusta ibn Luqa on Treatise of Nabidh by Rufus of Ephesus in Urdu and Arabic)
Kitab al Anasir by Galen, 2008 (Based on al Anasir by Galen in Urdu and Arabic)
Kitab Al Mizaj by Galen, 2008 (Based on Theory of temperament and Four humours by Galen in Urdu and Arabic)
Kitab fi Firaq al Tibb by Galen, 2008 (Based on a book fi al Firaq by Galen in Urdu and Arabic)
Tazkira Atibba-e-Asr, 2010 (Biographies of Unani scholars of contemporary age in Urdu)
Post Graduate Education, Research Methodology and Manuscript Studies in Unani Medicine, 2011 (Edited Book in English on Research methodology in Unani medicine)
Ross Masud, 2011 (Book on the Biography of Ross Masood in Urdu)
Mîzân-i Harf, 2012 (Book based on essays and chapters on the life of Syed Amin Ashraf)
Risala Khizab, 2013 (Book based on Hair coloring)
Manzoom Tibbi Rasail, 2013
Shifaul Amraz, 2015
Dewan-e Ghalib (Based on Ghalib's Poetry collection printed in 1863)
Mujarrbat-e Karam Hussain, 2015 (Based on prescription of Hakim Syed Karam Husain)
Ibn Sina Yadgari Khutbat, 2016
Hakim Ahsanullah Khan, 2017 (Book based on biography; prime minister of Bahadur Shah Zafar)
English Translation of Qanun Ibn Sina aur uskey Shirehin wa Mutarjamin, 2012 Translator Zakaria Virk, Toronto, Canada
Library
He established a library and archive in the 1960s, which became part of the Shifa-al Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif Memorial Committee in 1970. After the establishment of Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences in 2000, this library (Hakim Zillur Rahman Library) and museum (Hakim Karam Hussain Museum on History of Medicine & Science and Hakim Fazlur Rahman Museum on Arts, Culture & Orientalism) have now become a part of the academy. The library at present houses one of the most precious and valuable collection of 20,000 printed books, 500 manuscripts", some rare books, microfilms, compact discs, a large number of periodicals and manuscript catalogues. Books in many languages like Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Sanskrit and English on a variety of subjects like History of Medicine and History of Science, Unani, Medieval medicine, Ilmul Advia (Pharmacology), Urdu Literature with special reference to Ghalib, Iqbal, Aligarh and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan are also extant in this library. In addition, there is a Publication Division under the Shifaul Mulk Hakim Abdul Latif Memorial Committee, Centre for Safety & Rational Use of Indian Systems of Medicine, Ibn Sina Shifakhana, AIDS Cell & Ghalib Study Centre.
Awards and honours
Rahman was appointed honorary visiting professor at Hamdard University in 1997 and have further been awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters at a graduation ceremony in 2013.
Ayurvedic and Tibbi Academy Award, Government of UP, Lucknow, 1968.
Urdu Academy Award, Government of UP, Lucknow, 1974.
Urdu Academy Award, Government of UP, Lucknow, 1978.
Urdu Academy Award, Government of UP, Lucknow, 1993.
Certificate of honours for outstanding contribution to Persian Language, (President of India Award on Independence day, 15 August 1995).
Short-term Consultant, World Health Organization to the South East Asia Region for development of Unani Medicine in Bangladesh, 1996.
Shifaul Mulk Hakim Habibur Rahman Memorial Foundation Shield, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1996.
Visiting Professor, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan, 1997.
lmtiaz-e Mir Award, All India Mir Academy, Lucknow, 1997.
Pakistan Tibbi Pharmaceutical Manufacture's Council, Pakistan, 1997.
Conferment of title: Reflective thinker and Researcher, ldara Sada-e-Qasmi, Karachi, Pakistan, 1997.
Urdu Academy Award, Government of UP, Lucknow, 1998.
Hakim Said Memorial Lecture, Hamdard Foundation, Hamdard University, Karachi, 2004
Institute of Alternative Medicine, Karachi, Pakistan, 2004
Padma Shri by Government of India, 2006.
Ibn Sina Award, All India Unani Tibbi Congress, 2009
Maulana Azad National Award, Milli Educational Foundation & All India Urdu Educational Committee, 2009
Felicitated by Azam Tibbia College, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan, 2004; Punjab Tibbia College, Jhang, Pakistan, 1997; Ajmal Tibbia College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 1997; AR Memorial Tibbia College, Lahore, Pakistan, 1997; Anjuman Himayat Islam Tibbia College, Lahore 1997, 2004 and 2008
Hakim Ahmed Ashraf Memorial Global Award – Awarded in 2009, by Hakim Ahmed Ashraf Memorial Society (Regd.), Hyderabad.
D.Litt. (honoris causa) Awarded by Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan, 2013.
Yash Bharti Award, Government of Uttar Pradesh, 2015
Hakim Ahmed Ashraf Memorial lifetime achievement award,by Hakim Ahmed Ashraf Memorial society (Govt.Regd.)in 2016, Hyderabad Telangana.
Nawab Siddiq Hasan Khan Award, Madhya Pradesh Urdu Academy, Government of Madhya Pradesh, 2018
First Sheikh Zayed International Award for TCAM 2020 in the category of Unani Medicine
See also
Sources of Galen' works
Writings of Qusta ibn Luqa
Works on Ibn Sina
Works on Rufus of Ephesus
Ain al-Hayat by Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman Library
Hakim Ajmal Khan
Hakim Habibur Rahman Foundation
Dawakhana Shifaul Amraz
Hakim Abdul Aziz
List of Indian writers
References
Further reading
Bhopal ka Maya-i naz Sapoot: Padma Shri Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, by Kausar Siddiqi (Bhopal), Karwan-e Adab, January – March 2011, p. 10 – 16.
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Hayat wa Khidmat, Aik Jaiza, Swad-e Harf (First edition 2011), Authored by Dr. Mukhtar Shamim, Bhopal, p. 112 – 127.
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Eik Mut'ala (A monograph) by Dr. Fakhre Alam, Ibn Sina Academy, Aligarh, 2010; .
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Hayat wa Khidmat (A voluminous biography), Ed. Dr. Hasan Abbas (Banaras Hindu University) & Dr. A. Latif (Aligarh Muslim University), Markaz Tahqiqat Farsi wa Urdu, Siwan (Bihar), 2005, page 604.
Muslims in India, Ed. Ratna Sahai, Ministry of External Affairs, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
Investiture Ceremony Brochure, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Dept. of Education, New Delhi, 10 August 1996.
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman Ek Mumtaz aur Yagana Sifat Tibbi Shakhsiyat by Basheer Zafar, Asrar-i Hikmat, Special Number, Lahore, 1970.
Professor Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, by Dr. Rais Ahmad Naumani, Qaumi Awaz, 4 December 1995, New Delhi and Rehnumi Sehat, Faisalabad, Pakistan, April 1998, pp. 9 – 15.
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Shakhsiyat aur Fan by Hakim Shafqat Azmi, Rahnuma-i Sehat, Faisalabad, Pakistan, January 1998.
Mufakir wa Mohaqiq Tibb-i Unani – Professor Zillur Rahman ka Tarikhi Taruf by Hakim Mohd. Qasim Siddiqui, Sada-i Qasmi Procedures, Karachi, 1997.
My Days at Aligarh, Autobiography by Prof. M. N. Farooqui, Former vice-chancellor, AMU, Aligarh, 1995.
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman ke Azeem Ilmi Karname by Mr. Farooq Nafey of Qaide Azam University, Islamabad, Tahzibul Akhlaq, Lahore, Pakistan, April 1997.
Special Brochure on the Title Ceremony, Sada-i Qasmi, Karachi, Pakistan, July 1997.
Souvenir, Hindustan Mein Tibbi Unani (Past, Present, Future), All India Unani Tibbi Conference, New Delhi, 1993.
Dastawaiz, Urdu Academy, Govt. of U.P., Lucknow, 1983.
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Aik Ilmi Shakhsiyat by Prof. Nisar Ahmad Faruqui, Idrak, Gopalpur, Bakarganj, Siwan (Bihar), 213–216: No. 3, 2003
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – Aik Maya’ naz Shakhsiyat by Dr. Abdul Latif, Idrak, Gopalpur, Bakarganj, Siwan (Bihar), 217–222: No. 3, 2003
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman Number, Idrak (5), Gopalpur, Bakarganj, Siwan (Bihar), 2005.
First "Professor Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman Oration" Delivered by Prof. Hakim Abdul Hannan, Dean, Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Karachi, at International Integrative Medicine Conference, Karachi, Pakistan, 24–26 Nov. 2008
Tibb-e Unani main Urdu tarjume ki rawayat aur Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman – aik tanqeedi aur tajziati muttala by Hakim Fakhre Alam, Uni-Med – Kulliyat 2007, Vol 3, No. 1: 2–11
Aks Khama Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman by Hakim Fakhre Alam, Aligarh, 2008
Indian Muslims
Living people
Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine
People from Aligarh
Aligarh Muslim University
Scientists from Bhopal
1940 births
Founders of academic institutions
Indian medical historians
History of medieval medicine
Unani practitioners
Aligarh Muslim University alumni
Aligarh Muslim University faculty
Indian medical academics
Indian genealogists
20th-century Indian historians
Indian orientalists
Indian editors
Indian medical writers
Indian male journalists
20th-century Indian biographers
Gardēzī Sadaat
Urdu-language writers
Urdu-language writers from India
Indian medical researchers
20th-century Indian medical doctors
Linguists of Urdu
Hamdard University faculty
Medical doctors from Madhya Pradesh
20th-century Indian educational theorists
Writers from Bhopal
20th-century Indian linguists
20th-century Indian male writers
Male biographers
Founders of Indian schools and colleges |
5397250 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy%20chamber | Privy chamber | A privy chamber was the private apartment of a royal residence in England.
The Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber were noble-born servants to the Crown who would wait and attend on the King in private, as well as during various court activities, functions and entertainments. In addition, six of these gentlemen were appointed by the Lord Chamberlain, together with a peer, and the Master of the Ceremonies, to publicly attend to all foreign ambassadors. Their institution was owed to King Henry VII. As a singular mark of favour, they were empowered to execute the King's verbal command without producing any written order; their person and character being deemed sufficient authority.
Below Gentlemen in the hierarchy of the Privy Chamber were the Grooms of the Privy Chamber.
History
Privy chamber and outer chamber in an English royal household
The privy chamber was the most influential department in an English royal household. It contained the king's "privy lodging", consisting of bedroom, library, study, and lavatory. What was known as the chamber was later divided into a privy chamber (distinguished from bedchamber in 1559), and outer chamber (often styled presence chamber). "While entry to the Presence Chamber was strongly contested by many, the key to real influence lay in access to the Privy Chamber." In fact, maintaining verbal contact with the King effectively required access to and control of the King's private lodgings; in other words, the privy chamber.
The privy chamber under the Tudors
The privy chamber originated in Henry VII's reign (1485–1509). By the time his son Henry VIII had ascended the throne, the privy chamber had become quite institutionalized, with a regular staff of its own, such as gentlemen, ushers, grooms, and pages. It developed further under the reign of Henry VIII, through a winding process of reform and reorganisation, particularly from 1518 to 1536.
The gentlemen who dominated the privy chamber were servants of the Crown and usually "shared two characteristics: the king's religion and the king's personal favour." Apart from playing an "increasingly important role in the handling of the crown's cash", the Privy chamber also played a military role, providing an "army-within-an-army". Often, the gentlemen in the privy chamber were peers of Henry or figures of importance in the government, who shared their duties with the Groom of the Stool and the Chief Gentleman of the Chamber, with overall responsibility for all staff. These people usually organised hunting expeditions, in King Henry's case, or games, in the case of the boy King Edward VI who succeeded him, as a form of entertainment and as a way to create time for bonding.
The duties of the gentlemen of the privy chamber or "gentlemen weyters" (later these gentlemen waiters would belong to the chamber) were required to "dilligently attend upon... [the king's] person... doeing humble, reverent, secrett and lowly service". In other words, this service consisted primarily in giving company to the sovereign and in dressing and undressing him, although they performed a variety of chores.
King Henry VIII
The privy chamber was properly established under Henry VIII who, as a young man early in his reign, had a "desire to have friends around him"; friends who also enjoyed sports and jousting as Henry did. The Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber usually became very distinguished individuals, sometimes having more influence over the king even than his wife. As Henry's rule progressed, the number of office-holders in the privy chamber increased, partly to accommodate outsiders who had recognised the advantages of holding a post so close to the king, and partly to provide enough cover to allow staff some release from duty. Occasionally, as in the case of Thomas Wolsey, access to the privy chamber could contribute to a downfall. An extract from the Ordinances of Eltham, manuscript dated 1526, reads:It is ordeyned that such persons as be appointed of the privy Chamber, shall be loving together, and of good Unity and accord keeping secrett all such things as shalbe done or said in the same, without disclosing any part thereof to any person Not being for the time present in the said chamber, and that the King being absent, without they be commanded to goe with his Grace, they shall not only give their continuall and diligent attendance in the said Chamber, but also leave hearkening and inquiring where the King is or goeth, be it early or late, without grudgeing, mumbling, or talking of the King's Pastime; late or early going to bedd.
In the early years of Henry VIII's reign, the title Gentleman of the Privy Chamber was awarded to subordinates of the king and to court companions who spent time with him. These were the sons of noblemen or important members of the gentry. In time, they came to act as personal secretaries to the king, carrying out a variety of administrative tasks within his private rooms. The position was an especially respected one since it held the promise of regularly gaining the king's attention, as described in the Ordinances of Eltham: It is also ordeyned that the six gentlemen of the privy chamber, by seven of the clock or sooner, as the King the night before determineth to arise in the morning, shall be in the said chamber there diligently attending upon his Grace coming forth; being ready and prompt, to apparel and dresse his Highnesse, putting on such garments, in reverent, discreet and sober manner, as shall be his Grace’s pleasure to weare; and that none of the said groomes or ushers doe approach or presume (unlesse they be otherwise by his Grace commanded or admitted) to lay hands upon his royall person, or intermeddle with prepareing or dressing of the fame, but onely that said six gentlemen : except it be to warme cloaths or to bring to the said gentlemen such things as shall apperteyne to the apparelling and dressing of the King’s said perfon.
Grooms of the Stool under Henry VIII
The position of Groom of the Stool became an increasingly influential one, especially in King Henry's old age, when he required a great deal of physical assistance. Although this position was one of a male servant to the household, in charge of the "royal excretion" (which meant he had the task of cleaning the monarch's anus after defecation), the service was seen as very honourable rather than humiliating, and the Groom of the Stool had a high standing.
Sir William Compton (1509–1528): Died in 1528 during the sweating sickness
Sir Henry Norris (1526–1536): Beheaded 1536 for High Treason
Sir Thomas Heneage (1536–1546)
Sir Anthony Denny (1546–1547)
Sir Michael Stanhope (1547–1551): Beheaded 1552 for High Treason
King Edward VI
During 1549–53, there were six "principal gentlemen" (Sir John Cheke, Sir Henry Sydney, Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, Sir Thomas Wroth, Sir Henry Nevill and Barnaby) and twenty-six "ordinary gentlemen" in Edward VI's Privy chamber. All of these gentlemen, except for Barnaby, were 10 to 15 years older than the king. Usually, the six "principal gentlemen" would be close intimates of the monarch; however, with a king as young and inexperienced as Edward, there was a huge possibility that some of these men could have forced themselves onto the king rather than the other way around. In fact, it might well have been the case that there were gentlemen of the privy chamber who were not so friendly with the king: such may have been Sir Phillip Hoby, who was a diplomatist and an intriguer, or Lord Strange and William Stanley who "confessed to having been employed by Somerset as a spy".
As salary, a gentleman received £50 a year, a gentleman usher £30, and a groom £20. The gentlemen were regular officers of the court and hence belonged to what was called the "Ordinary of the King's Honorable House", as opposed to the six gentlemen, two gentlemen ushers, four grooms, one barber, and one page, whose positions had been established during the reign of King Henry VIII.
The privy chamber led to the rise of many powerful men. Later in the reign of King Edward VI, Sir John Gates emerged as "a political figure, based in the privy chamber, and able to control access to the young king on behalf of his patron, the Duke of Northumberland." Usually, it was the person closest to the king (whether it was the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Protector or the Lord President of the Privy Council) who would pack the privy chamber with his allies. This not only suggests that the members of the privy chamber changed depending on who occupied these positions of power, but also hints that the privy chamber was very useful in maintaining the power of such people. In fact, John Fowler indirectly maintained Thomas Seymour's control over Edward by accepting bribes and allowing repeated contact and influence between the two.
Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth
Queen Mary's household, at the time of her death, included a Privy Chamber establishment of seven Ladies and thirteen Gentlewomen, alongside a mere half a dozen Gentlemen and Grooms. Under Elizabeth I the number of males on the establishment was further reduced to just two, one Gentleman and one Groom.
Notes
References
English monarchy
Noble titles
Positions within the British Royal Household |
5397254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Children%27s%20Museum | The Children's Museum | The Children's Museum may refer to:
Taiwan
Children's Art Museum in Taipei
United States
The Children's Museum, Connecticut, in West Hartford
The Children's Museum of Indianapolis, Indiana
Boston Children's Museum, Massachusetts
Brooklyn Children's Museum, New York
Children's Museum of Utica, New York
The Children's Museum (Pennsylvania), in Bloomsburg
Seattle Children's Museum, Washington
Venezuela
Children's Museum of Caracas
See also
Children's museums |
5397268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crouching%20Tiger%2C%20Hidden%20Dragon%20%28TV%20series%29 | Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (TV series) | Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon () is a 2001 Taiwanese television series based on the novel by Wang Dulu. It is similar to Ang Lee's 2000 film adaptation but explains the story of the novel more deliberately due to its longer running time. The serial was released in the United States in 2004 as New Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon in a two-disc set.
Plot
Yu Jiaolong takes up kung fu with the former rebel master Jade Fox as a way to escape an undesirable arranged marriage, while simultaneously, sword master Li Mu Bai falls in love with Yu Shu Lien when she arrives to avenge the murder of her parents. When the Green Destiny Sword turns up stolen, and the notorious female thief Jade Fox arrives to finish the ordeal, the four become enmeshed in a tangle of adventure, vengeance, and betrayal.
Cast
Chiu Hsin-chih as Li Mubai
Jiang Qinqin as Yu Jiaolong
Huang Yi as Yu Xiulian
Peter Ho as Luo Xiaohu
Angus Tung as Meng Sizhao
Chen Changhai as Yu Rui
Jiang Lili as Madame Yu
Reception
Unlike the Ang Lee adaptation, which was accepted by most international consumers and became a broad success save for its Asian origins, the television serial was considered low-budget and was criticized for its lack of quality and directing.
Many English reviewers noted it was poorer in comparison to the original, and that its similarities were few and far between, such as the fight scenes being animated strangely and its direct mode of film from its television series being sub-par.
However, some have endorsed its release and support its longer storyline, detailed costumes, and general adherence to the original source material.
References
External links
IGN review of New Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
2001 Taiwanese television series debuts
2001 Taiwanese television series endings
Taiwanese wuxia television series
Television series set in the Qing dynasty
Television shows based on Chinese novels |
4001693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%20NRL%20season | 1999 NRL season | The 1999 NRL season was the 92nd season of professional rugby league football in Australia, and the second to be run by the National Rugby League. With the exclusion of the Adelaide Rams and Gold Coast Chargers, and the joint venture of the St. George Dragons and Illawarra Steelers, seventeen teams competed for the NRL Premiership during the 1999 season, which culminated in the first grand final to be played at Stadium Australia. The St. George Illawarra Dragons, the first joint-venture club to appear in the grand final, played against the Melbourne Storm, who won the premiership in only their second season.
Season summary
The 1999 National Rugby League season was historic for many reasons. The St. George Illawarra Dragons played their inaugural game after forming the League's first joint venture, losing 10-20 to the Parramatta Eels. That game was the second of a double header, which was the first event to be held at Sydney's Stadium Australia, the central venue for the Olympic Games the following year. That game attracted a rugby league world record of 104,583 spectators.
During the season, the members of the Balmain Tigers and Western Suburbs Magpies voted to form another joint venture, to be named the Wests Tigers. After the conclusion of the season, the South Sydney Rabbitohs and North Sydney Bears were excluded from the premiership. The Bears would later form the game's third joint venture with the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, whilst South Sydney would fight a two-year legal battle for reinclusion.
In August the NRL's CEO Neil Whittaker announced that he would resign at the end of the season.
The defending premiers, Brisbane endured their worst ever start to a season, with just one win and a draw from their first ten games, however they would miraculously recover and record 11 wins in a row before hitting a few hurdles along the way, including a draw against Manly in round 24 and a loss against then-bogey team Parramatta at home in round 25. Their champion halfback and captain Allan Langer retired mid-season as a result. The Newcastle Knights also lost an iconic player when 1997 premiership captain Paul Harragon retired mid-season due to a chronic knee injury. The Melbourne Storm's premiership victory saw their captain Glenn Lazarus become the only player to ever win grand finals for three clubs.
Cliff Lyons, making a comeback from retirement for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, was the oldest player in the NRL in 1999.
Teams
The exclusion of the Adelaide Rams and Gold Coast Chargers, and the joint venture of the St. George Dragons and Illawarra Steelers, saw a reduction in the League's teams from twenty to seventeen: the largest reduction in the number of teams in premiership history and the first reduction since the exclusion of Sydney's Newtown Jets at the end of the 1983 season.
Advertising
In a move that polarised some fans, the NRL in its 1999 promotional campaign focused on the game's grass roots supporters who perhaps had been overlooked and pained in the trauma of the Super League war. Sydney advertising agency VCD, in the third year of their four-year tenure with the NRL, produced an advertisement featuring Thomas Keneally reading his poem, "Ode to Rugby League", which had been commissioned by the NRL. It speaks of the innocent excitement that begins each season. The ad was used at season launch and there was minimal media budget to support it throughout the year. Keneally is a longtime supporter of the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles.
Ladder
Finals series
Chart
Grand Final
The 1999 NRL Grand Final was the conclusive and premiership-deciding game of the 1999 NRL season. It was contested by the competition's two newest clubs: the Melbourne Storm, competing in only its second year (having finished the regular season in 3rd place); and the St. George Illawarra Dragons, in their first year as a joint-venture club (having finished the regular season in 6th place), after both sides eliminated the rest of the top eight during the finals.
A new rugby league world record crowd of 107,999 was at Stadium Australia for the game. The attendance, which saw 67,142 more people attend than had done so for the 1998 NRL Grand Final at the Sydney Football Stadium, broke the record attendance for a Grand Final, eclipsing the previous record of 78,065 set in 1965 when St. George defeated South Sydney 12-8 at the Sydney Cricket Ground. It was the last time that the Clive Churchill Medal was presented in a case before it was changed the following season where it is presented separately with a ribbon being worn around the neck.
Pre-match entertainment featured Hugh Jackman's rendition of the Australian national anthem.
Player statistics
The following statistics are as of the conclusion of Round 24.
Top 5 point scorers
Top 5 try scorers
Top 5 goal scorers
1999 Transfers
Players
Coaches
References
External links
Rugby League Tables - Notes
1999 NRL season at Rugby League Tables
Premiership History and Statistics RL1908
Interview NRL Marketing Director Mark Wallace Thomas Kenneally poem |
4001713 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Pettyjohn | Adam Pettyjohn | Adam Christopher Pettyjohn (born June 11, 1977) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers and Cincinnati Reds. Listed at and during his playing career, he batted right-handed and threw left-handed.
Biography
Pettyjohn attended Exeter Union High School in California and then Fresno State University, where he was a teammate of pitcher Jeff Weaver.
In 1998, Pettyjohn was drafted by the Detroit Tigers in the second round (73rd overall). He signed for a $392,500 bonus. Pettyjohn spent less than three years in Minor League Baseball before reaching the major leagues, posting an ERA as low as 1.97. On July 16, 2001, he made his MLB debut at the age of 24, wearing jersey number 57. His first major-league strikeout came against Ken Griffey Jr.
In 2002, Pettyjohn did not play professionally because he had to undergo a colectomy due to ulcerative colitis. In 2003, he played in the Detroit Tigers organization. He was released by the Tigers on March 28, 2004. He spent 2004 playing for the San Francisco Giants and Oakland Athletics organizations. He spent the 2005 season and the start of the 2006 season with the Long Beach Armada of the Golden Baseball League before spending time again with the Athletics as well as the Seattle Mariners organizations.
Pettyjohn signed a minor-league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers on December 12, 2006. He started the 2007 season with the Huntsville Stars of the Southern League, Milwaukee's Double-A affiliate. As the opening day starter for the Stars on April 5, 2007, Pettyjohn gave up four hits, two earned runs, and a walk while striking out seven and getting a no-decision in the team's 4–3 victory over the Mississippi Braves. On June 1, he was promoted to the Triple-A Nashville Sounds. He led Triple-A that season with 15 wins and was named the best left-handed pitcher in Triple-A as well as being on the Pacific Coast League All Star team.
Pettyjohn agreed to terms with the Cincinnati Reds on a minor-league contract on January 4, 2008. He played for their Triple-A affiliate, the Louisville Bats, until their season finished and was a September call up for the Reds, marking the first time he had been in the majors since 2001. He began the 2009 season with Louisville, before being released in late July. He was then signed to a minor-league contract by the New York Mets. He pitched for the Buffalo Bisons through the 2010 season. Pettyjohn filed for free agency after the 2010 season.
Pettyjohn pitched for Team USA in 1997. He resides in Visalia, California.
See also
List of people diagnosed with ulcerative colitis
References
External links
Tigers Central Bio
Baseball Almanac
Major League Baseball pitchers
Detroit Tigers players
Cincinnati Reds players
Baseball players from Phoenix, Arizona
Jamestown Jammers players
West Michigan Whitecaps players
Lakeland Tigers players
Jacksonville Suns players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Erie SeaWolves players
Fresno Grizzlies players
Sacramento River Cats players
San Antonio Missions players
Huntsville Stars players
Nashville Sounds players
Louisville Bats players
Long Beach Armada players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
1977 births
Living people
Fresno State Bulldogs baseball players |
5397270 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegony%20%28theory%29 | Telegony (theory) | Telegony is a pseudoscientific theory of heredity holding that offspring can inherit the characteristics of a previous mate of the female parent; thus the child of a woman might partake of traits of a previous sexual partner. Experiments in the late 19th century on several species failed to provide evidence that offspring would inherit any character from their mother's previous mates. It was superseded by the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance and the Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory.
Although no evidence exists of any true telegenetic mechanism of inheritance, a similar phenomenon whereby environmental (non-genetic) traits of a prior mate affected the development of a subsequent mate's offspring was recently discovered in a species of fly.
Etymology
The term was coined by August Weismann from the Greek words τῆλε (tèle) meaning 'far' and γονος (gonos) meaning 'offspring'. The name may also refer to Odysseus' son Telegonus; the lost poem named after him is Telegony.
Early perceptions
The idea of telegony goes back to Aristotle. It states that individuals can inherit traits not only from their fathers, but also from other males previously known to their mothers. In other words, it was thought that paternity could be shared.
The theory, expounded as part of Aristotle's biology, was accepted throughout Antiquity. The concept of telegonic impregnation was expressed in Greek mythology in the origins of their heroes. Such double fatherhood, one immortal, one mortal, was a familiar feature of heroes such as Theseus, who was doubly conceived in the same night. By the understanding of sex in Antiquity, the mix of semen gave Theseus a combination of divine as well as mortal characteristics. Of a supposed Parnassos, founder of Delphi, Pausanias observes, "Like the other heroes, as they are called, he had two fathers; one they say was the god Poseidon, the human father being Cleopompus." Sometimes the result could be twins such as Castor and Pollux, one born divine and one mortal.
The more general doctrine of "maternal impressions" was also known in Ancient Israel. The book of Genesis describes Jacob inducing goats and sheep in Laban's herds to bear striped and spotted young by placing dark wooden rods with white stripes in their watering troughs. Telegony influenced early Christianity as well. The Gnostic followers of Valentinius (circa 100–160 CE) characteristically took the concept from the physiological world into the realm of psychology and spirituality by extending the supposed influence even to the thoughts of the woman. In the Gospel of Philip, a text among those found at Nag Hammadi:
Whomever the woman loves, to him those who are born are like; if her husband, they are like her husband; if an adulterer, they are like the adulterer. Often when a woman sleeps with her husband, but while her heart is with the adulterer with whom she is accustomed to unite, she bears the one whom she bears so that he is like the adulterer.
The concept of telegony was revived with the rediscovery of Aristotle in the Middle Ages. This was part of the resistance to the marriage in 1361 of Edward, the Black Prince, heir to the throne of Edward III of England, with Joan, the Fair Maid of Kent, who had been previously married: their progeny, it was thought, might not be completely of his Plantagenet blood.
Understandings in the 19th century and the collapse of the theory in the 20th
In the 19th century, the most widely credited example was that of Lord Morton's mare, reported by the distinguished surgeon Sir Everard Home, and cited by Charles Darwin. Lord Morton bred a white mare with a wild quagga stallion, and when he later bred the same mare with a white stallion, the offspring strangely had stripes in the legs, like the quagga.
The Surgeon-General of New York, the physiologist Austin Flint, in his Text-Book of Human Physiology (fourth edition, 1888) described the phenomenon as follows:
Both Schopenhauer and Herbert Spencer found telegony to be a credible theory; August Weismann, on the other hand, had expressed doubts about the theory earlier and it fell out of scientific favor in the 1890s. A series of experiments by James Cossar Ewart in Scotland and other researchers in Germany and Brazil failed to find any evidence of the phenomenon. Also, the statistician Karl Pearson pointed out that, if telegony was true, later children of the same couple should increasingly resemble their father, which is not the case.
Biologists now explain the phenomenon of Lord Morton's mare with reference to the dominant and recessive variants of a gene: both the mare and the stallion had a recessive gene; the foal inherited these alleles and thus displayed the characteristic invisible in its parents.
In mammals, each sperm has the haploid set of chromosomes and each egg has another haploid set. During the process of fertilization a zygote with the diploid set is produced. This set will be inherited by every somatic cell of a mammal, with exactly half the genetic material coming from the producer of the sperm (the father) and another half from the producer of the egg (the mother). Thus, the myth of telegony is fundamentally incompatible with our knowledge of genetics and the reproductive process. Encyclopædia Britannica stated "All these beliefs, from inheritance of acquired traits to telegony, must now be classed as superstitions."
Recent developments
Telegony, once a popular theory among nineteenth century biologists, was largely dismissed with the arrival of Mendelian genetics. However, in 2014 the evolutionary ecologists A. J. Crean and colleagues reported a seemingly telegonic phenomenon in a fly, Telostylinus angusticollis.
Y. S. Liu has proposed possible molecular mechanisms that may account for telegony; however, his work is predicated on the beliefs of pre-Mendelian breeders to reinforce the idea that traits are passed from earlier matings. The proposed mechanisms include the penetration of spermatozoa into the somatic tissues of the female genital tract, the incorporation of the DNA released by spermatozoa into maternal somatic cells, the presence of fetal DNA in maternal blood, incorporation of exogenous DNA into somatic cells, presence of fetal cells and fetal DNA in maternal blood and sperm RNA-mediated non-Mendelian inheritance of epigenetic changes.
Influence in culture
Telegony influenced late 19th-century racialist beliefs. A woman who had a child with a non-Aryan man, it was argued, could never have a "pure" Aryan child at a later point in time. This idea was adopted by the German Nazi Party.
Telegony re-emerged within post-Soviet Russian Orthodoxy. Virginity and Telegony: The Orthodox church and modern science of genetic inversions was published in 2004. Pravda.ru gave an overview of the concept and a brief review of the book, saying that the authors invented "scary and incredible stories" to "make women be very careful about their sexual contacts" and that the idea was being used by the Church to scare the faithful. Anna Kuznetsova, who was appointed Children's Rights Commissioner for the Russian Federation in 2016, had said several years earlier that she believes in the concept, amongst other fringe views. The founding editor of the business newspaper Vedomosti interpreted the appointment of someone with such views as a sign that Russian President Vladimir Putin was becoming more ideological.
See also
Epigenetics
Maternal effect
Microchimerism
Racial hygiene
Notes
References
Applied genetics
Obsolete biology theories |
4001730 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Garland | Tim Garland | Tim Garland (born 19 October 1966) is a British jazz saxophonist, composer, and bandleader. His compositions draw from modern jazz and classical concert music.
Career
Garland was born in Ilford, Essex and grew up in Canterbury, Kent. He started on clarinet and piano before switching to saxophone when he was fifteen. At the Guildhall School of Music he studied jazz and classical composition. In 1988 he recorded his first album, Points on the Curve.
As a bandleader, he first achieved recognition with the jazz/folk crossover group Lammas (which included Don Paterson and Christine Tobin), going on with a number of groups under his own name, the Dean Street Underground Orchestra, Storms/Nocturnes, Acoustic Triangle, and the Lighthouse Project.
During the 1990s, he worked with Ronnie Scott and Ralph Towner. After releasing Enter the Fire, his second album as a leader, he became a member of the Origin band led by Chick Corea. He has also belonged to bands led by Bill Bruford, Allan Ganley, and John Dankworth.
He has fulfilled commissions from the Royal Northern Sinfonia, BBC Concert Orchestra, and Westminster Abbey Choir, as well as small and large jazz-based ensembles. In 2013, he premiered his suite Songs to the North Sky for jazz trio and orchestra, written in 2012 for the trio Lighthouse with the Royal Northern Sinfonia, performed by them and the London Sinfonia.
In 2009, Garland won a Grammy Award for his part in creating "The New Crystal Silence" which celebrated Chick Corea and Gary Burton's partnership. He orchestrated five of Corea's pieces for the Sydney Symphony Orchestra.
Awards and honours
Musician of the Year, Cross-Parliamentary Jazz Society, 2006
Grammy Award, The New Crystal Silence, 2009
Album of the Year, One, Jazzwise Readers' Poll, 2016
Discography
As leader
1988 Points on the Curve (Future Music)
1995 Tales from the Sun (EFZ)
1997 Enter the Fire (Linn)
2000 Made by Walking (Concord/Stretch)
2002 Playing to the Moon (Jazz House)
2004 Change of Season (Sirocco)
2005 If the Sea Replied (Sirocco)
2009 Libra (Global Mix/Proper)
2002 Jazz, Boogie, Classical (Audio Network Plc) with Geoff Keezer
2011 Storms/Nocturnes (Origin) with Geoff Keezer and Joe Locke
2011 Via (Origin)
2012 Lighthouse (ACT)
2014 Songs to the North Sky (Edition)
2015 Return to the Fire (Edition)
2016 One (Edition)
As sideman
With Dominic Alldis
2000 If Love Were All: The Songs of Noel Coward
2002 Watch What Happens: The Songs of Michel Legrand
With Chick Corea
2000 Originations
2006 The Ultimate Adventure
2008 The New Crystal Silence
2012 The Continents: Concerto for Jazz Quintet & Chamber Orchestra
2013 The Vigil
With Bill Bruford
2004 Random Acts of Happiness
2006 Earthworks Underground Orchestra
With Alec Dankworth
1994 Nebuchadnezzar
1996 Rhythm Changes
With Joe Locke
2001 Storytelling
2002 State of Soul
2002 Storms/Nocturnes
2003 Rising Tide, Storms/Nocturnes
2011 Via, Storms/Nocturnes
With others
1997 Medazzaland, Duran Duran
2000 Rhythm Indicative, Damon Brown
2001 Stability, Clark Tracey
2003 Dance for Human Folks, London Jazz Composers' Orchestra
2003 Falling Up, Geoff Keezer
2003 Mad Dogs and Englishmen, Graham Dalby
2005 Dancing with the Moon, John Aram
2006 Brightness of Being, Paul Bollenback
2011 It Happens Quietly, Jacqui Dankworth
2012 Soul Shadows, Denise Donatelli
References
External links
1966 births
Living people
Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
British jazz composers
British jazz saxophonists
British male saxophonists
British jazz clarinetists
21st-century saxophonists
21st-century clarinetists
Male jazz composers
21st-century British male musicians
Earthworks (band) members
FMR Records artists
Edition Records artists |
4001733 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenorhina | Xenorhina | Xenorhina is a genus of microhylid frogs. The genus is endemic to New Guinea. They are sometimes known as the snouted frogs or fanged frogs, the latter referring to the now-synonymized genus Xenobatrachus.
Species
There are 40 species:
References
Microhylidae
Amphibian genera
Endemic fauna of New Guinea
Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters |
5397277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Crane%20Wife | The Crane Wife | The Crane Wife is the fourth album by The Decemberists, released in 2006. It was produced by Tucker Martine and Chris Walla, and is the band's first album on the Capitol Records label. The album was inspired by a Japanese folk tale, and centers on two song cycles, The Crane Wife and The Island, the latter inspired by William Shakespeare's The Tempest. National Public Radio listeners voted The Crane Wife the best album of 2006.
The album cover was designed by the Portland artist Carson Ellis, Colin Meloy's wife, who has created artwork for each of the band's albums.
The story of The Crane Wife
The Crane Wife is an old Japanese folktale. While there are many variations of the tale, a common version is that a poor man finds an injured crane on his doorstep (or outside with an arrow in it), takes it in and nurses it back to health. After he releases the crane, a woman appears at his doorstep with whom he falls in love and marries. Because they need money, his wife offers to weave wondrous clothes out of silk that they can sell at the market, but only if he agrees never to watch her making them. They begin to sell them and live a comfortable life, but he soon makes her weave them more and more. Oblivious to his wife's declining health, his greed increases. He eventually peeks in to see what she is doing to make the silk she weaves so desirable. He is shocked to discover that at the loom is a crane plucking feathers from her own body and weaving them into the loom. The crane, seeing him, flies away and never returns.
"When the War Came"
This song is a portrayal of the 900-day Siege of Leningrad during the Second World War. During the siege, the German army surrounded the city entirely, preventing anything from going in or out. As a result, many died of starvation, and the final death-toll is estimated to be over one million. The song also has a political undertone to it; it is stated that despite the fact that people put their faith in the government which swore to protect them, they ended up being left unprepared and unequipped to fight off the Germans. The song references Nikolai Vavilov, a Russian botanist who died in a Soviet prison camp, in the lyrics. Colin Meloy explained:
"Shankill Butchers"
"Shankill Butchers" is about the Shankill Butchers, a faction of the Ulster Volunteer Force. The UVF is a Loyalist paramilitary organization. The Shankill Butchers split off from the UVF in the mid-1970s and carried out a series of grisly murders. These are the basis of the song. The Butchers abducted seven random Catholic citizens of Northern Ireland and killed them in the middle of the night by slashing their throats. They also carried out several other shootings and bomb attacks, killing as many as 32 people.
Track listing
All songs written by Colin Meloy.
Bonus tracks
"After the Bombs" (iTunes bonus track) – 5:04
"Culling of the Fold" (Tower Records bonus track) – 4:24
"The Perfect Crime #1 + The Day I Knew You'd Not Come Back" (Starbucks bonus track) – 15:17
"Hurdles Even Here" (Starbucks bonus track) – 4:31
Reception
The Crane Wife was highly acclaimed by music critics, earning an 84% positive out of all reviews culled by Metacritic, and remains one of the Decemberists' best-reviewed efforts. Jim DeRogatis of the Chicago Sun-Times praised its progressive rock influences with the tongue-in-cheek description "the best Jethro Tull album since Heavy Horses". Stephen M. Deusner of Pitchfork wrote that the album "further magnifies and refines [the Decemberists'] strengths" and that their folk rock has been "honed to an incisively sharp point". It was ranked #41 on Pitchforks list of the top 50 albums of 2006, #19 on PopMatters list of the top 60 albums of 2006, and JustPressPlay named it the second best album of the 2000s. In a listener poll by National Public Radio, The Crane Wife was picked as the #1 album of 2006.
Release
As of February 2009 it had sold 289,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan, close to 100,000 more than the band's final Kill Rock Stars release, "Picaresque."
Personnel
According to the liner notes of The Crane Wife.
The Decemberists
Colin Meloy – vocals, guitar, bouzouki, percussion
Chris Funk – guitar, pedal steel, bouzouki, banjo, hammered dulcimer, hurdy-gurdy, percussion, backing vocals
Jenny Conlee – piano, Wurlitzer, pump organ, Hammond organ, Moog synthesizer, accordion, glockenspiel, percussion, backing vocals
Nate Query – upright bass, electric bass, cello, percussion, backing vocals
John Moen – drums, percussion, backing vocals
Additional musicians
Laura Veirs - duet vocal on "Yankee Bayonet (I Will Be Home Then)"
Eyvind Kang - viola, violin
Ezra Holbrook - backing vocals
Christopher Walla - backing vocals, keyboards
Steve Drizos - hand drums
Production
Produced by Tucker Martine and Christopher Walla with The Decemberists
Mixed by Tucker Martine and Christopher Walla
Mastered by Roger Seibel
Assistant engineering by Rich Hipp
Design by Carson Ellis, Colin Meloy and Mike King
Illustrations and lettering by Carson Ellis
Layout by Mike King
Band portraits drawn from photographs by Autumn de Wilde
In popular culture
"The Crane Wife 3" was covered by Marianne Faithfull on her album Easy Come, Easy Go. She performed it live when she appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman on March 31, 2009, and on Later… with Jools Holland, transmitted on April 14, 2009, on the British BBC2 TV channel.
References
The Decemberists albums
2006 albums
Capitol Records albums
Rough Trade Records albums
Albums produced by Chris Walla
Rock operas
Progressive rock albums by American artists
Art rock albums by American artists |
5397280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauman%20Scott | Nauman Scott | Nauman Steele Scott (June 15, 1916 – September 19, 2001) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana.
Education and career
Born in New Roads, Louisiana, Scott received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Amherst College in 1938. He received a Bachelor of Laws from Tulane University Law School in 1941. He was in private practice of law in Alexandria, Louisiana from 1941 to 1942. He was a United States Army Air Corps First Lieutenant from 1942 to 1946. He was in private practice of law in Alexandria from 1946 to 1970.
Federal judicial service
Scott was nominated by President Richard Nixon on September 14, 1970, to the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana, to a new seat created by 84 Stat. 294. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 13, 1970, and received his commission on October 15, 1970. He served as chief judge from 1976 to 1984. He assumed senior status on December 4, 1984. His service was terminated on September 19, 2001, due to his death in Alexandria.
References
Sources
FJC Bio
1916 births
2001 deaths
Louisiana lawyers
People from Alexandria, Louisiana
People from New Roads, Louisiana
Military personnel from Louisiana
Tulane University Law School alumni
Amherst College alumni
United States Army officers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Judges of the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana
United States district court judges appointed by Richard Nixon
20th-century American judges |
4001740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney%20Spears%20Live%20from%20Las%20Vegas | Britney Spears Live from Las Vegas | Britney Spears Live from Las Vegas is the fourth video album by American recording artist Britney Spears. It was released on January 22, 2002 through Jive Records. Recorded during Spears' concert during the Dream Within a Dream Tour (2001–02) at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, originally broadcast on HBO, Spears performed sixteen songs inbetween dance routines and costume changes.
Synopsis
On November 17 and 18, 2001, Spears brought her Dream Within a Dream Tour to the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. The 18th performance was broadcast live on HBO, and later released on DVD, entitled Britney Spears Live from Las Vegas, on January 22, 2002, containing footage from both concerts. During the concert, Spears is seen doing from bungee jumping to playing a jewellery box ballerina, from running through a row of fire trees to "singing in the rain". She is also seen posing as a Janis Joplin wannabe in a comedy take-off of a "Making the Band" documentary.
Britney Spears Live from Las Vegas showcases 16 of Spears's biggest hits from her three multi-platinum albums, ...Baby One More Time (1999), Oops!... I Did It Again (2000) and her then latest release, Britney (2001). The concert is full of effects and costume changes.
Critical reception
Britney Spears Live from Las Vegas received positive reviews from music critics. Jeremy Conrad from IGN Music praised the audio and video quality, and gave the film grade of six out of ten, stating it's "only scoring above average".
Commercial performance
Britney Spears Live from Las Vegas was a commercial success. It peaked atop the US Top Music Videos on March 2, 2002. Internationally, it topped the video charts in Australia and Mexico. It was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of over 200,000 copies, as well as receiving platinum and gold certifications in Australia and Mexico, respectively.
Track listing
Notes
Subtitles available in English, Spanish, French, German and Japanese.
Accolades
Charts
Certifications
References
Britney Spears video albums
2002 live albums
2002 video albums
Jive Records live albums
Jive Records video albums
Live video albums
Britney Spears live albums
Albums recorded at the MGM Grand Las Vegas
Television shows directed by Marty Callner
Concert films |
4001741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Henderson%20%28poker%20player%29 | Frank Henderson (poker player) | Frank Henderson (born December 14, 1931) is an American professional poker player. He currently resides in Houston, Texas.
Henderson was the runner-up to Johnny Chan in the 1987 World Series of Poker (WSOP) $10,000 no limit hold'em Main Event for $250,000. He also finished in the money of the same event in 1996.
Henderson has made final tables in numerous other WSOP events, including Omaha, Draw, Razz and Seven-Card Stud. He won a WSOP bracelet in the 1989 Pot Limit Omaha event, where he defeated a final table that included Jay Heimowitz, Hoyt Corkins, Phil Hellmuth Jr., and T. J. Cloutier.
As of 2010, his total live tournament winnings exceed $1,500,000. His 36 cashes at the WSOP account for $825,076 of those winnings.
References
External links
Hendon Mob tournament results
American poker players
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
1931 births
Living people |
5397288 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28%20%28album%29 | 28 (album) | 28 is an electronic music album by Aoki Takamasa and Tujiko Noriko, released on Fat Cat Records in 2005. Reviewers have compared Noriko's vocals and Takamasa's production to the Vespertine-era work of Björk and Matmos, with the track "Vinyl Words" particularly highlighted.
Track listing
Production
All tracks written, performed, and produced by Takamasa and Noriko.
Equipment
Mac PowerBook G4 1Ghz Laptop
Neumann TLM 103 Microphone & MOTU 2408 Soundcard
Korg Z1 Synthesizer
Logic Pro 6.4.1 and Max/MSP 4.2.1 Software
References
External links
Artists' page at Fat Cat Records
Video of "Vinyl Words"
2005 albums
FatCat Records albums |
5397301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Horror%20Convention%20Grand%20Master%20Award | World Horror Convention Grand Master Award | The World Horror Convention Grand Master Award is a yearly distinction given to an author who has contributed greatly to the field of horror literature. Nominees must be alive at the time of voting and can not have previously won the award. The award is given at the annual World Horror Convention.
Past recipients
Recipients of the award include:
Robert Bloch – 1991
Stephen King – 1992
Richard Matheson – 1993
Anne Rice – 1994
Clive Barker – 1995
Dean Koontz – 1996
Peter Straub – 1997
Brian Lumley – 1998
Ramsey Campbell – 1999
Harlan Ellison – 2000
Ray Bradbury – 2001
Charles L. Grant – 2002
Chelsea Quinn Yarbro – 2003
Jack Williamson – 2004
F. Paul Wilson – 2005
Ray Garton – 2006
Joe R. Lansdale – 2007
Robert McCammon – 2008
Tanith Lee – 2009
James Herbert – 2010
Jack Ketchum – 2011
T. E. D. Klein – 2012
Dan Simmons – 2013
Brian Keene – 2014
William F. Nolan – 2015
Michael R. Collings – 2016
References
Horror fiction awards |
5397316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Kingdom%20%28song%29 | My Kingdom (song) | "My Kingdom" is the first single from Future Sound of London's 1996 release Dead Cities. It is written in a theme and variation format on the song "My Kingdom", but Part 4 returns to the original theme. Part 5 is the radio edit.
Track listing
"My Kingdom: Part 1" (10:50)
"My Kingdom: Part 2" (03:15) (Leon Mar reconstruct)
"My Kingdom: Part 3" (07:11)
"My Kingdom: Part 4" (05:12)
"My Kingdom: Part 5" (03:54)
Crew & Notes
The guitar sample is by Ozric Tentacles, from the song "Phalarn Dawn" on their album, "Pungent Effulgent"
The pan flute sample (performed by Gheorghe Zamfir), is from "Cockeye's Song" and "Childhood Memories", on the soundtrack to Once Upon a Time in America by Ennio Morricone, although it is only credited on the sleeve as being from "Once Upon a Time in America".
The vocal sample is by Mary Hopkin, from "Rachel's Song", on the Blade Runner soundtrack by Vangelis
"My Kingdom: Part 3" starts with the voice sample from "Everyone in the World is Doing Something Without Me" also from Dead Cities.
Engineer – Yage
Producer – Future Sound of London, The
Written By Dougans, Cobain
Chart Position
References
External links
1996 songs
The Future Sound of London songs
Astralwerks singles |
5397328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen%20Denmark%20Temple | Copenhagen Denmark Temple | The Copenhagen Denmark Temple is the 118th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The Copenhagen Denmark Temple is one of the few temples that have been converted from existing buildings.
History
The building of the temple in Denmark was announced on March 17, 1999. On April 24, 1999 the site for the temple in Frederiksberg was dedicated and a groundbreaking ceremony held, with Spencer J. Condie presiding. About 700 church members from the area attended the ceremony.
As the church had done with the Vernal Utah Temple, the Copenhagen Denmark Temple is a renovation of an existing building, the Priorvej Chapel. This chapel was built by LDS members in 1931 and was dedicated by John A. Widtsoe, a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. It was built in the Neo-classical style with columns in the front. Most of the renovation of the building was done on the inside. The church wanted to keep the outside looking as it did originally.
The Copenhagen Denmark Temple has had a long and full history. The day the chapel was dedicated, June 14, was the eighty-first anniversary of the day that the first Mormon missionaries arrived in Denmark. During World War II the chapel was used as a bomb shelter, but the building managed to survive the war with little damage. After World War II the chapel was remodeled to hold more classrooms for the growing membership. As of May 2015, Denmark has a church membership of approximately 4,400.
From April 29 through May 15, 2004 an open house was held to let people see the inside of the temple. More than 25,000 people toured the temple during that time. The dedication of the temple was held on Sunday May 23, 2004. More than 4,000 members attended the four dedicatory services held throughout the day. LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley gave the dedicatory prayer.
The Copenhagen Denmark Temple has a total of , two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms.
In 2020, the Copenhagen Denmark Temple was closed in response to the coronavirus pandemic.
See also
Comparison of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
List of temples of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by geographic region
Temple architecture (Latter-day Saints)
References
External links
Copenhagen Denmark Temple Official site
Copenhagen Denmark Temple at ChurchofJesusChristTemples.org
21st-century Latter Day Saint temples
Religious buildings and structures in Copenhagen
Religious buildings and structures completed in 2004
Temples (LDS Church) in Europe
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Denmark
2004 establishments in Denmark |
4001744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia%20Federal%20Route%2074 | Malaysia Federal Route 74 | Federal Route 74, or Jalan Taiping–Kuala Sepetang, is a federal road in Perak, Malaysia. The 17.1 km (10.6 mi) roads connects Taiping to Kuala Sepetang (formerly Port Weld). The road was built at the site of the first railway line in Malaysia from Taiping to Port Weld in 1885.
Route background
The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 74 starts at Kuala Sepetang (formerly Port Weld).
History
The road used to be a main railway line of Taiping–Port Weld, the first railway line in Malaysia. Construction of the railway began in 1884 and was completed in 1885. The railway line starting from Port Weld passing Jebong, Simpang Halt and finally Taiping. Service began on 1 February 1885, lasting until 1941. After dismantled, the railway line is now the main road section from Port Weld (now Kuala Sepetang) to Sekolah Kebangsaan Ngah Ibrahim, Matang and the village road section of Jalan Jebong and Jalan Simpang Halt from Jebong to Taiping.
Stations
Taiping
Simpang Halt
Jebong
Port Weld
Features
The former Port Weld railway station and signage at Kuala Sepetang.
Kota Ngah Ibrahim
At most sections, the Federal Route 74 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.
List of junctions and towns
References
074 |
4001747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr%20Velcro%20Fastener | Mr Velcro Fastener | Mr Velcro Fastener (commonly mislabeled as Mr. Velcro Fastener) is a Finnish electronic music duo consisting of Tatu Metsätähti (born 1977, also known as Mesak) and Tatu Peltonen (born 1977), originating from Turku. They had first met at school, and started creating music together in early 1990s. They initiated their own studio called Miletos in 1997, the same year their project was named Mr Velcro Fastener. In 1998 they released their first EP, called Wad, on their own Tie Entertainment label. The record received excellent reviews around the world, and soon afterwards they released their second EP, Robots 4 Life.
German label i220 Music released their Tie Entertainers 12" and Mr Velcro Fastener's debut album Lucky Bastards Living Up North. Late 1999 Mr Velcro Fastener toured Central Europe, and in conjunction was released the EP Which Scenario?. In 2000 Electric Appliances Remixes were released and also one of their most successful 12"s, Who's Gonna Bend. Such British DJs as Pete Tong and Dave Clarke played Mr Velcro Fastener's tracks. Also, the Finnish doom metal band Reverend Bizarre recorded a cover of their song "Bend", which appears on a split EP they released together in 2008. In 2001 and 2002 were released the Otherside 12"s and also an album consisting of both these releases. 2003 saw the release of a retrospective album Thales of Miletos, featuring unpublished material recorded between 1993 and 1996. UK's Electrix Records released the 12"s Velcropopvichy (2003) and Gone Mad (2005). In 2005 was also published The Flock 12" on Stars-Music record label. In February 2006 was released the album Telemacho.
Mr Velcro Fastener have remixed such artists as Germany's Hardfloor and Finland's Giant Robot and Fu-Tourist. Recorded together with Imatran Voima, they released in 2003 a cover version of Finnish gothic rock band Two Witches' Pimeyden jousi.
Discography
Albums
Lucky Bastards Living Up North (1999, i220 Music)
Otherside (2002, i220 Music)
Thales of Miletos (2003, Zenit)
Telemacho (2006, Stars-Music)
EPs and singles
Wad EP (1998, Tie Entertainment)
Robots 4 Life (1998, Tie Entertainment)
Which Scenario? (1999, i220 Music)
Electric Appliances Remixes (2000, i220 Music)
Who's Gonna Bend (2000, i220 Music)
Otherside Part One (2001, i220 Music)
Otherside Part Two (2002, i220 Music)
Velcropopvichy (2003, Electrix)
Electric Appliances (2003, Air Recordings)
The Flock (2005, Stars-Music)
Gone Mad (2005, Electrix)
Capek (2006, Stars-Music)
Split With Reverend Bizarre (2008, Solina Records)
External links
You Are Telemacho: The Official Site
Mr Velcro Fastener @ MySpace
Mr Velcro Fastener @ SoundCloud
Mr Velcro Fastener @ Discogs.com
Mr Velcro Fastener @ Beatfreax
Mr Velcro Fastener @ Green Galactic
Mr Velcro Fastener @ Haywire
Electronic music duos
Remixers
Finnish musical groups
Finnish electro musicians
Musical groups from Turku |
5397336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockton%20High%20School | Brockton High School | Brockton High School, established in 1870, is a high school located in Brockton, Massachusetts. It is a part of Brockton Public Schools. As of 2016 Brockton High School, with 4,029 students, is one of the largest high schools in the United States and the largest high school in Massachusetts. Brockton High School's colors are Black & Red and their mascot is the Boxers, which is a reference to the storied boxing history of the city, and also a tribute to hall-of-fame boxers Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler, who are both from Brockton and alumni of Brockton High School.
History
When Brockton High was founded, it could house only 125 students. As the population of Brockton grew, there was increasing demand for a larger building. In 1906, a new high school was constructed, consisting of an "A" building and a "B" building. By the 1960s, student numbers exceeded capacity, causing split sessions; upperclassmen and sophomores attended school at different times of the day. The sophomores attended in the afternoon while the upperclassmen took their classes in the morning. In 1965, the City Council Finance Committee approved an $8 million proposal to construct a new high school to accommodate the swelling student body. In 1965, the ground for the new building was broken and in 1970, the school was complete. The "A" building has since been torn down, and the "B" building currently houses charter and alternative high school programs. Currently there are about 4,250 students housed in the nine buildings which comprise the current high school; the campus is approximately the size of an aircraft carrier (1/3 mile long) and has of floor space, about half the size of the Prudential Center in Boston.
Nahyo M. Kim of The New York Times wrote that in a period around 10 years before 2010, Brockton High "was a case study in failure". At that time the school's unofficial motto was "students have a right to fail if they want". Around 1999 the school set up a reform plan, using the skill areas of reading, reasoning, speaking, and writing and using them in the school's curriculum. By 2001 student performance improved. Susan Szachowicz, the former principal, said that the school culture and large size was crucial to the school's turnaround. This occurred in a period when education advocates promoted small schools.
Campus
Brockton High School is set on a small urban campus comprising eight buildings including four main student academic buildings divided by colors (Green, Red, Azure, Yellow) a core connecting them all and a gym and fine arts building. The campus also features a turf football stadium, ice skating rink, 25-yard swimming pool, 1608-seat capacity auditorium, and four cafeterias in the respective buildings.
The current Brockton High School campus was advanced for its time when it first opened in 1970, for it featured a modern greenhouse, a modern public address system, and a high-tech TV studio (redone in 2003.) It also has the original fire alarm system from 1970, which is still in use as of 2016.
Academics
In 1999, 75% of its students failed Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) mathematics examinations and 44% failed MCAS English examinations. Around that period, about 1/3 of students of each Brockton class dropped out. By 2001, student performance improved. Between 2000 and 2001, more students went from failing to passing at Brockton High than at any other school in Massachusetts.
In 2005, 98% of the senior class (850 students) graduated. In 2008 78% of the graduating senior class planned to pursue a college degree. In 2006, Brockton High School was a recipient of the National School Change Award. Brockton High School was one of 7 schools in the United States to receive this award. Out of the seven schools, there were only two high schools.
In 2008, Brockton students had a higher level of improvement on the English MCAS than 90% of the Massachusetts high schools. By 2010 it was one of the highest performing schools on the MCAS.
Demographics
As of 2021-22, the school has approximately 3,943 students.
Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity (2021-22)
61.9% African American
14.4% White
2.4% Asian
16.9% Hispanic
4.2% Multi-Race, Non-Hispanic
.3% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander
0.1% Native American
Athletics
Football
Since the football teams' inaugural season in 1897, they have achieved 17 undefeated seasons, as well as achieving 15 one-loss seasons.
Since 1972, the football team has made 17 appearances in the MIAA Division 1 State Championship game, winning it 11 times. (1972, 1973, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 2004, 2005).
The Boxers have also won 1 MSSPA State Championship (1948), and 2 MIAC State Championships (1960, 1970); bringing their total number of state championships to 14.
In 1948, the Boxers played in a post-season game against Miami Edison Senior High School, winning 34–0.
From 1979–1992, Brockton was one of the most dominant high school football teams in the country. During this 14-year period, the Boxers' won 6 state championships, won 11 league championships, had 3 undefeated seasons, and had 8 one-loss seasons. The Boxers' record during this period was 118-14-0. They are regarded as one of the greatest high school football programs of the 1980s.
Football accomplishments
National Championships (1) - 1948
State Championships (14) - 1948, 1960, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 2004, 2005
State Finalists (11) - 1950, 1958, 1959, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1989, 1998, 2006, 2008, 2012
Undefeated seasons (17) - 1899, 1900, 1924, 1932, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1945, 1958, 1959, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1984, 1985, 1987, 2005
One-loss seasons (15) - 1897, 1918, 1921, 1930, 1938, 1948, 1960, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992
Notable accomplishments
The football team has made USA Today's Top 25 list a total of 4 times. In 1984 (#7), 1985 (#9), 1987 (#5), and 1988 (#17).
Over 20 players from Brockton have played in the NFL, including Ken MacAfee, Greg McMurtry, Rudy Harris and Al Louis-Jean.
Brockton has the 14th-most wins of any high school football program in the country.
Armond Colombo, who coached at Brockton for 34 years (1969–2002), has the second-most wins of a head coach in Massachusetts history, behind only Ken LaChapelle of Northbridge High School. Colombo retired as head coach in 2002 with an overall record of 316-100-5. Before Colombo arrived in Brockton in 1969, he was the head coach at nearby Archbishop Williams High School from 1955–1968. At the school, he led the Bishops to five catholic Conference titles and three Massachusetts Class D State Championships. Colombo amassed 96 wins as the head coach of Archbiship Williams, and 220 wins as the head coach of Brockton.
Other sports
The school's mascot is the Boxer. The actual mascot is a dog, but the name is a pun in reference to Rocky Marciano and Marvin Hagler, two famous boxers from Brockton. The stadium in which the Boxers' football, field hockey, soccer and outdoor track teams compete is named Rocky Marciano Stadium in honor of the legendary boxer. With a capacity of approximately 10,000 people, Marciano Stadium is one of the largest high school stadiums in Massachusetts and is one of the premier facilities in the state as well. The stadium also plays host to numerous Massachusetts high school football state playoff games, including the sectional and regional finals.
The BHS baseball team plays at Campanelli Stadium, constructed in 2002, which also plays host to the amateur baseball team, the Brockton Rox, of the Futures Collegiate Baseball League.
In 2012, a nearly 30-foot tall bronze statue of Rocky Marciano was erected outside the north end of the stadium as a tribute to the boxer.
Clubs and activities
There are clubs for most of the cultures that are within the student body (African-American Club, Asian Club, Cape Verdean Club, Greek Club, Haitian Club, Jamaican Club, and Latin American Club (LASO)). There are also a number of programs students can join, such as Amnesty International, BHS Newspaper, Canoe Club, Chess Club, Cheerleading, DECA, Drama Club, Ecology Club, Future Teachers of America, Garden Club, Gay-Straight Alliance, International Club, Key Club, Literary Review, Majorettes, Mathematics Club, National Honor Society, Powerlifting Club, Ski Club, STEP, Student Council, TV and Radio Club, Writing Club, Junior Classical League Honor Society, Latin Club, JROTC Drill Team, JROTC Color Guard, ROTC Orienteering (“Raider”) Team JROTC Command and Staff Council, Yearbook and many more.
Music department
The music department consists of a concert band and advanced concert band,a jazz ensemble, wind ensemble, marching band, a repertory choir and concert choir, an a cappella jazz/pop group called Brockappella, show choir called Harmonics, and a Chamber Singers group.
In 2006, the BHS Wind Ensemble competed in the Music Festival's competition in Virginia. They were awarded first place.
In 2010, both the BHS Wind Ensemble and BHS Advanced Jazz Band competed in the Music Festival's competition in Virginia. Both were awarded first place.
In 2012, both the BHS Wind Ensemble and BHS Jazz Band competed in Festival of Music's competition in New York City. Both were awarded first place with a superior rating. Brockton High School also won the Best Overall Concert Band Award and the Best Overall Jazz Band Award.
In June 2014, the concert choir collaborated with the rock band Foreigner at the Blue Hills Bank Pavilion in Boston, MA. They performed one of their most well known hits: I Want To Know What Love Is.
In 2016, both the BHS Wind Ensemble and BHS Jazz Band competed in Festival of Music's competition in New York City. Both were awarded first place with a superior rating. Brockton High School also won the Best Overall Concert Band Award and the Best Overall Jazz Band Award.
In 2018, both the BHS Wind Ensemble and BHS Jazz Band competed in Festival of Music's competition in Washington, D. C.. Both were awarded first place with a superior rating. Brockton High School also won the Best Overall Jazz Band Award and a professionalism award. A fifth award, “Outstanding Jazz Section,” was given to honor the seven-piece ensemble that performed a Dixieland number.
JROTC-Boxer battalion
The Army JROTC battalion held 2 state champion drill teams. They are the current holder of the Governors Cup and regional champions. On October 14, 2010 the JROTC Boxer Battalion won the 'Honor Unit with Distinction' award for the Second Time.
Notable Alumni/ae
Claire D. Cronin - United States Ambassador to Ireland
Kristian Alfonso - Actress
Gerry Cassidy, member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and former political aide
Keith Davidson – former lawyer for Stormy Daniels
Kenneth Feinberg - Special Master of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund
Mike Gordon - Former MLB player (Chicago Cubs)
Marvin Hagler - Middleweight boxing championsc
Mark Hartsell - American football quarterback, played for Boston College, and professionally for the Chicago Bears and Scottish Claymores of the NFL and NFL Europe
Pooch Hall - Actor
Rudy Harris - NFL football player, attended Clemson, played for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
James Kelleher - Musician, Jimmy Luxury and the Tommy Rome Orchestra. Songs appeared in the movies "Go" and "Oceans Eleven"
John Kiely - Former MLB player (Detroit Tigers)
Al Louis-Jean - NFL player
Ken MacAfee - NFL football player, attended Notre Dame, played for the San Francisco 49ers
Rocky Marciano - Heavyweight boxing champion
Brian McFadden - Cartoonist for The New York Times, Big Fat Whale
Greg McMurtry - NFL football player, attended Michigan, played for the Chicago Bears & New England Patriots
Freddie Moncewicz - Former MLB player (Boston Red Sox)
Lynda Newton - professional wrestler
Eric Rubin, MD, PhD - microbiologist, Editor-in-chief of the New England Journal of Medicine
Wally Snell - Former MLB player (Boston Red Sox)
Walt Uzdavinis - American football player
Herbert Warren Wind - Author
Dave Wedge - Author
References
Further reading
Bloom, Alex. "New principal looks to build on success of Brockton High." Enterprise News. July 9, 2013.
External links
Brockton High School
History of Brockton Public School
Buildings and structures in Brockton, Massachusetts
Schools in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Public high schools in Massachusetts
1870 establishments in Massachusetts
Educational institutions established in 1870 |
4001755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breviceps | Breviceps | Breviceps is a genus of frogs in the family Brevicipitidae. Species in the genus Breviceps are commonly known as rain frogs or short-headed frogs. They occur in arid to semiarid climates of East Africa and Southern Africa.
Taxonomy
The genus Breviceps consists of 20 species, of which most occur in southern Africa. There are five species found in the Western Cape, B. gibbosus, B. fuscus (black rain frog), B. rosei (Rose's rain frog), B. montanus (mountain rain frog) and B. acutirostris (strawberry rain frog). Two species are found in arid areas and other species are found in the eastern and northern parts of southern Africa.
Description
Species of the genus Breviceps are sexually dimorphic: males are much smaller than females. This prevents normal amplexus; instead, males and females produce an adhesive secretion from the skin that allows them to "stick" together during mating.
Ecology and behaviour
Species of the genus Breviceps spend most of the year underground; even when on the surface, they are inconspicuous because of their slow movements and cryptic colouration. They walk rather than hop. They are able to burrow rapidly, backwards, into the soil by using the enlarged, spade-like metatarsal tubercles on their feet.
These frogs emerge after rain to feed on small arthropods such as ants, termites, beetles, moths, woodlice, amphipods, juvenile millipedes, and caterpillars hence the name rain frogs. Reproduction also occurs during the rainy season. Choruses start immediately after heavy rains, although this may be delayed in colder areas. Eggs are laid in chambers below the surface of the soil, rocks, or fallen logs. After hatching, the movements of the tadpoles make the remains of the egg mass into a froth. The female remains close to the egg chamber until the tadpoles are fully developed.
References
Brevicipitidae
Amphibians of Africa
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Blasius Merrem |
4001760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeur%20d%27Alene%20Mountains | Coeur d'Alene Mountains | The Coeur d'Alene Mountains are the northwesternmost portion of the Bitterroot Range, part of the Rocky Mountains, located in northern Idaho and westernmost Montana in the Western United States.
The mountain range spans an area of and its two highest peaks are the Cherry Peak and the Patricks Knob.
The range is named after the Coeur d'Alene Tribe.
Several decent-sized roadless areas exist in the Montana portion of the Coeur d'Alenes. Around of roadless country centered on Mount Bushnell, south of Thompson Falls, provides good habitat for deer, elk, and mountain lion. This area is/was densely forested with lodgepole pine generated from the Great Fire of 1910. Thirty miles (48 km) of trails provide good hiking opportunities in this roadless area. Talus slopes, grassy parks in the highest reaches, and boggy creek bottoms characterize the landscape here in addition to the forests. Lush riparian areas are home to the Coeur d'Alene salamander and tailed frog.
Just east of the Mount Bushnell area are approximately of roadless land centered on Cherry Peak, highest in the Coeur d'Alenes. Vertical relief exceeds in less than two miles (3.2 km) from the Clark Fork River to this area's highest peaks. Several tiny alpine lakes are hidden in cirque basins on Eddy Mountain. Subalpine fir and devil's club are commonly found.
Another are roadless around Patrick's Knob. This area contains thick forests of Douglas-fir and larch in the west and scattered trees in the east; a large and commonly seen herd of bighorn sheep winters here. An old bootlegger's cabin is located on Fourteen Mile Creek.
See also
List of mountain ranges in Montana
Notes
Bitterroot Range
Mountain ranges of Idaho
Mountain ranges of Montana
Landforms of Sanders County, Montana
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho |
5397345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beginnings%20%28Ambrose%20Slade%20album%29 | Beginnings (Ambrose Slade album) | Beginnings is the debut album by the British rock band Ambrose Slade, who later achieved fame as Slade. It was released on 9 May 1969, but failed to enter the charts. In the US, it was released under the title Ballzy. A re-issue as Beginnings of Slade was briefly released by Contour in 1975, but was quickly withdrawn from sale due to copyright issues.
Beginnings is a mixture of self-penned songs and cover versions including two tracks by Steppenwolf. As to confirm the diversity of the group's influences, they also cut Ted Nugent & The Amboy Dukes' "Journey to the Centre of Your Mind", "Ain't Got No Heart" by Frank Zappa & The Mothers of Invention, The Moody Blues' "Fly Me High", Lennon and McCartney's "Martha My Dear" and "If This World Were Mine" by Marvin Gaye.
The cover artwork for the original British release of the album features a photo of the band on Pouk Hill in Walsall, a local landmark which was close to lead singer Noddy Holder's home. The band didn't enjoy the photo session due to the photographer insisting that they should pose naked from the waist up in extremely cold weather. The incident was later to form the basis of the lyrics to their song "Pouk Hill", which appeared on their second album, Play It Loud, in 1970.
The album has been included as part of John Peel's Rarest Records documentary.
Background and release
Slade had originally formed as The 'N Betweens in 1966. Aside from recording the odd, unsuccessful single, the band mainly concentrated on building a reputation on the UK's live circuit. In February 1969, Jack Baverstock, the head of A&R at Philips Records, took an interest in signing the band after hearing two of their demos, recorded during 1968 sessions with producer Martin Irving. Baverstock soon offered to sign the band if they changed their name to Ambrose Slade and found London-based management. Despite their concerns of losing the reputation gained as the 'N Betweens, the band agreed. The name Ambrose Slade was inspired by Baverstock's secretary, who had named her handbag Ambrose and her shoes Slade. Baverstock soon found them an agent, John Gunnel.
The band spent a week in the Philips studio at Stanhope Place recording Beginnings with engineer Roger Wake. Having thought the band's demo of "Mad Dog Cole" was great, Baverstock insisted the band write more material of their own. The three other originals, "Roach Daddy", "Pity The Mother" and "Genesis", were then written within days. In a 1980 interview, bassist Jim Lea recalled: "This was our first major crack at making a record, so it was all important not to let it slip. So we did "Roach Daddy", "Mad Dog Cole" and "Genesis" out of total fear. "Pity The Mother" was another one of the songs that Bavistock "forced" us to write." At a time when the band were not yet fully writing their own material, the album contained eight covers of songs the band regularly played as part of their live-set. Of the covers, Lea said: "They were all numbers that we were doing live on stage at the time. We had started to move away from the Flower Power thing then, but we were still doing unusual numbers. You can see by all the writers of the songs, they are all big names now, but at the time they were unheard of. Frank Zappa – he was totally unknown, he had only recorded one album, but we recorded his "Ain't Got No Heart"." Contrary to Lea's statement, Zappa had actually released six studio albums before Ambrose Slade released their debut.
During the recording of the album, Ambrose Slade would be introduced to Chas Chandler, who visited the band in the studio with his business partner Gunnel. Impressed by what he heard in the studio, Chandler decided to watch the band perform live at Rasputin's club the following night. By the end of the show, he decided that wanted to manage the group and soon became the band's manager.
In May 1969, Beginnings was released, along with the single "Genesis", however both failed to chart. This was despite a promotional video being shot at London's Euston Station to promote the album. Following the lack of commercial success, the band and Chandler began considering their next career move. Having not been pleased with the debut album, Chandler thought the band would benefit from writing their own material and a change of image. The band would record two further singles for Fontana until Chandler moved the band to Polydor, where they would later achieve a commercial breakthrough in 1971.
Speaking of the album's release and lack of commercial success, Lea said: "It dropped drastically. But that wasn't the point, you see it got us the footing in London, so it was a case of mission accomplished for us. Chas Chandler took us over. We still had some time to run on our contract with Bavistock, so we released our next two singles on Fontana. There were some internal hassles between Chas and the new boss of Fontana, and the next thing that I knew was that we were out of the Fontana deal. Chas had connections with Polydor, due to when he managed Jimi Hendrix, so we signed a contract with them."
Song information
"Genesis" is an original instrumental, written by all four members of the band. The song would later be re-worked, with lyrics added into the track "Know Who You Are", which appeared on the band's 1970 album Play It Loud. "Everybody's Next One" is a cover of the 1968 song by Steppenwolf. "Knocking Nails into My House" is a cover of the 1968 song by The Idle Race. "Roach Daddy" was also written by all four members of the band. In addition to its inclusion on the album, the song also featured as the B-Side on the "Genesis" single. "Ain't Got No Heart" is a cover of the 1966 song by the Mothers of Invention. "Pity the Mother" was the first song to be written by Slade's future songwriting team Holder and Lea. The song features Lea on electric violin. In 1980, Lea recalled of the song: "We wrote it in Nod's parents' kitchen, the day before we went down to do some recording in the studio. Louise [Lea's wife] was there, and she helped me and Nod write the song."
"Mad Dog Cole" is another original instrumental. The song had the working title of "My Cat's Got Fleas". "Fly Me High" is a cover of the 1967 song by The Moody Blues. "If This World Were Mine" is a cover of the 1967 duet by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell. "Martha My Dear" is a cover of the 1968 song by The Beatles. The band would later perform the song on the BBC children's show Monster Music Mash in 1969 when promoting the single "Wild Winds Are Blowing". "Born to be Wild" is another song originally by Steppenwolf. "Born to be Wild" was later included on the 1972 live album Slade Alive!, which gave the band's version of the song greater recognition. "Journey to the Centre of Your Mind" is a cover of the 1968 song by The Amboy Dukes.
Critical reception
Upon release, reviewer Lester Bangs of Phonograph Record described the album as "a real dud". Record Mirror, in a review of the "Genesis" single, described the album as a "fine debut" from a band of "very substantial talent".
Later in 1991, a retrospective of Beginnings by Q said: "It's an odd but pleasant album, which sees the quartet nervously relax in The Small Faces' shoes." Dave Thompson in a retrospective summary for AllMusic feels that the album presents "little of what you'd expect from Slade", although "Noddy Holder's vocals are unmistakable". Thompson praises the "well-executed covers", which served to "demonstrate the band's musical versatility". He concluded: "While there are a handful of disappointments ("Martha My Dear" is almost heinous), Beginnings stands as a fine beginning. But things were going to get a lot better than this."
Track listing
Track listing (Beginnings of Slade)
Personnel
Ambrose Slade
Noddy Holder – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, producer
Dave Hill – lead guitar, producer
Jim Lea – bass, violin, producer
Don Powell – drums, producer
Additional personnel
Roger Wake – producer, engineer
Richard Stirlin – photographer
Linda Glover – artwork
References
1969 debut albums
Fontana Records albums
Albums produced by Noddy Holder
Albums produced by Jim Lea
Albums produced by Dave Hill
Albums produced by Don Powell |
5397346 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidothea | Eidothea | Eidothea is a genus of two species of rainforest trees in New South Wales and Queensland, in eastern Australia, constituting part of the plant family Proteaceae. The plant family Proteaceae was named after the shape-shifting god Proteus of Greek mythology. The genus name Eidothea refers to one of the three daughters of Proteus.
In 1883 German-Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller named fossil seeds Xylocaryon lockii from Miocene age sediments excavated in old gold mining sites in Victoria; they match those of Eidothea and are thought to represent the modern plant.
Eidothea is known from geographic areas separated by more than , the mountains of the Wet Tropics of north-eastern Queensland, the Nightcap Range area of north-eastern New South Wales and as the fossils from southern Victoria, much further to the south, underlining the fact that Australia's rainforests are tiny remnants of ancient rainforests that millions of years ago covered large parts of Australia. This makes them a particularly precious part of Australia's natural heritage.
Taxonomy
The family Proteaceae also includes more well known members such as the waratahs, grevilleas, banksias, macadamias and proteas. Proteaceae is a very old family of flowering plants which probably originated while the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana was still undivided. Gondwana consisted of what are now the continents of Australia, Africa, South America and Antarctica, as well as smaller bits and pieces such as New Zealand, New Caledonia and Madagascar. Gondwana began splitting up over 120 million years ago and the fragments carried a diverse array of plants and animals with them, including a variety of lineages of the Proteaceae. Eidothea is the only relic of one of those early lineages that has barely survived in the rainforests of eastern Australia. Other lineages went on to diversify spectacularly, resulting in hundreds of descendant species.
Eidothea lies within the subfamily Proteoideae, which contain such plants as Protea, Leucadendron, Leucospermum, and most other South African Proteaceae, Isopogon (Australian ‘drumsticks’), Adenanthos (Australian jugflowers), Petrophile (Australian ‘conesticks’), Conospermum (Australian smoke-bushes).
Species
Two living species are known:
Eidothea hardeniana - natural occurrences known only in the Nightcap National Park and in the adjacent Whian Whian State Conservation Area and listed as an endangered species on Schedule 1 of the New South Wales Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995.
Eidothea zoexylocarya - known from the slopes of Mount Bartle Frere and nearby mountains, in the region around Cairns, in north-eastern Queensland.
References
External links
Proteaceae
Proteaceae genera
Proteales of Australia
Taxa named by Bernard Hyland
Endemic flora of Australia |
5397358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roc%20%28N%C3%A2diya%20song%29 | Roc (Nâdiya song) | "Roc" is a song recorded by the French-born singer Nâdiya, which appears on her self-titled third album Nâdiya. The single was released as the second single from the album on June 19 in Switzerland and France, 2006, two weeks after the release of the album. The single became her best-performing single in the French Singles Chart, staying in the top five for eleven weeks and eighteen weeks in the top thirty. It contains a sample taken from War composed by Survivor for the soundtrack of Rocky IV in 1985.
Chart performance
The single entered the French Top 100 Singles chart at number two (#2) in the chart edition of June 24. The Crazy Frog's "We Are the Champions" topped the chart then. In its following two weeks, the single remained at the number 2 position, unable to get the Crazy Frog from its number one position. In its fourth week, the "Zidane y va marquer" of Cauet jumped from No. 60 to No. 1, again making it unable for "Roc" to top the chart. After being at the number 2 position for four weeks, the single dropped to number 4 in the chart to stay here for another four weeks. In its ninth week, it jumped up one place up to number 3, overmastering Cauet's "Zidane y va marquer", which dropped to number 4. In its tenth and eleventh week, it remained on the number 4 position again. After many weeks at number four, the single finally stepped out of the top 5 and went to number 6. The weeks after, it kept on dropping in the chart.
In December 2006, the Syndicat National de l'Edition Phonographique (SNEP) released a document with the best-selling singles from the first till the third quarter of 2006 (from January 1 till September 30). In this document, "Roc" ranked number twelve (#12), with the preceding single "Tous ces mots" peaking at number thirteen (#13). On the same website, a top 50 has been composed with the best-downloaded songs in 2006, with "Roc" peaking at number twenty-nine (#29).
The single was Nâdiya's longest one running in the French singles chart, up to the point where the next single "Amies-ennemies" broke its record by being a week longer in the chart and still charting (as of April 21).
Track listings
CD single (11:47)
"Roc" (album version) – 3:39
"Inch'Allah" – 4:31
"Roc" (instrumental) – 3:37
"Roc" (video) [bonus]
Certifications
Charts
References
2006 singles
Nâdiya songs
Songs written by Géraldine Delacoux
Songs written by Thierry Gronfier |
4001761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinmonopolet | Vinmonopolet | Vinmonopolet (), symbolized by Ⓥ and colloquially shortened to Polet, is a government-owned alcoholic beverage retailer and the only company allowed to sell beverages containing an alcohol content higher than 4.75% in Norway.
As the arm of the Norwegian government policy to limit the citizens' consumption of alcohol, primarily by means of high cost and limited access, the primary goal of Vinmonopolet is to responsibly perform the distribution of alcoholic goods while limiting the motive of private economic profit from the alcohol industry. Equally significant is the social responsibility of Vinmonopolet, to prevent the sale of alcohol to minors and visibly inebriated customers.
Outlets, located across the country from cities to smaller communities, typically close business earlier than other shops, typically weekdays at 6 pm and Saturdays at 4 pm. In 2020 Vinmonopolet sold of beverages.
Foundation
The institution was founded in 1922 as a government-owned company as the result of trade negotiations with wine exporters, mainly in France. The ban on alcohol was lifted, and sale was allowed through outlets run by Vinmonopolet.
Since 1939 the state, initially through the Norwegian Ministry of Finance and later the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services, has been the sole owner, buying out the private shareholders while remaining a stock company.
The company's import and production activities ceased in 1996 when the EFTA ruled that the monopoly was in violation of the EEA agreement, the company divided into the created company entity Arcus which continued all production, import and distribution activity of spirits, leaving Vinmonopolet as a sole retail monopoly.
In 1999 the format of the outlets was restructured, making nearly all stores self service from the previous format of sales over the counter, and internet sales began in 2002.
Special shops
Initially, two Vinmonopolet outlets were launched in 2005–06 as "special stores" category A, located in Oslo (Briskeby, relocated to Vika in March 2010) and Bergen (Valkendorfsgaten), and a branch of smaller category B stores in were added during 2012–13 in Oslo west, Sandnes, Hamar, Sandefjord and Trondheim. In February 2014 the Bergen Valkendorfsgaten store was adjusted to category B on a par with the other five limited special stores, leaving Oslo Vika the sole category A special store, and the sale of fine wine and beer in Sandnes was divided between two outlets, Sentrum and Kvadrat. In January 2015 the flagship specialty store moved its location from Vika to Aker Brygge.
The special stores arrange major launches of new products on six occasions annually, to supplement a special selection (of approximately 750 products at category A level) that is not available in the ordinary product list, of wines, fortified wines or beers, described to be "either innovative, of limited availability or of an exceptionally high quality". Each launch carries a theme, and while there may be changes from year to year, regular fixtures are the launch of wines from Bordeaux in December, wines from Burgundy in February, wines from Germany in April, Champagne and Chablis in May, and beer and U.S. wines in October. Smaller groups of products that fall outside the launch themes may appear at any other time during the year. As with all wine purchases in the normal outlets, Vinmonopolet guarantees the provenance of these uncommon wines, and the customer retains the regular right to return faulty wine for the money back within five years of purchase.
Though the available quantities of the special release wines can be very limited, some wines so sparse they entail minimal purchasing quotas in order to reach a wider public, prices may be as low as ⅓ or ¼ of world market value. As a result of considerable enthusiasm surrounding these product launches, the trends of customer behaviour has come under criticism for sinking to an uncivilised level.
Vinmonopolet is not established on Svalbard. Instead the government can license private alcohol shops, of which there is only one, "Nordpolet" in Longyearbyen. In addition mining companies can sell alcohol to employees. There are monthly sales quotas on Svalbard. The taxes and therefore prices are much lower on Svalbard than mainland Norway.
Wine auctions
In December 2008, Vinmonopolet announced plans to implement a system of arranging auctions of second-hand wine, similar to the model in use by Swedish Systembolaget. Under Norwegian law, it was illegal to sell alcohol by auction, until a resolution by Stortinget changed this law in April 2011, effective from 1 January 2012. While Vinmonopolet is to draw no profit from these activities, the process of selecting a collaborating auction house resulted in the tender eventually awarded to the auction house Blomqvist in Oslo, with the first wine auction of Norway held on 25 November 2013, and simultaneously an expanded Internet auction was arranged due to the unexpected scale of interest.
Consumer relations
In a 2008 survey by Norsk Kundebarometer, customers of the monopoly were 81.5% satisfied with the company, ranking it 4th in Norway, a figure that rose to 88% in 2009. There were critical voices such as Tom Marthinsen, then wine critic of Dagens Næringsliv, that questioned the institution's selection process of allowing a small self-recruited group, termed "the taste bureaucracy", make the wine buying decisions on behalf of the entire Norwegian people.
Surveys from the mid 90s, indicated a majority of the Norwegian population were in support of dissolving the monopoly arrangement, and allowing for the sale of wine by the private sector. Since the restructuring of 1996, the consumer satisfaction has increased. A 2013 TNS Gallup poll showed that 74% of the population wanted to keep the monopoly while 22% wanted to dissolve it.
Economists have praised Vinmonopolet for being a well-working monopoly that offers good customer service.
Robert Lie, then sommelier of Bagatelle, has stated, "I am among the supporters. In recent years Vinmonopolet has had great impact on the wine interest of the average Norwegian. To my knowledge there are no wine stores in the world with an equal selection. There are also fairly good prices for more expensive wines. For highly coveted wines one must pay much more in London." Torkjell Berulfsen, presenter of considerable TV programming with focus on alcoholic goods, has stated, "These days I praise Vimonopolet into the clouds. I bless it! I don't dare imagine some zitty, unmotivated 25-year-old 'red wine supervisor' at Rimi!"
Arne Ronold MW has pointed to the formats of UK and Denmark as successful alternatives that offer good selections in supermarkets and specialty stores, while stating that the present situation offers a wide selection for consumers in certain areas but with considerably more limited options for some other areas, and while more costly wines may be less expensive in the Vinmonopolet format, this is a "positive side-effect of a market that doesn't work, being of little benefit to the average consumer". He acknowledges "a near-revolution in that at present there are more than 10,000 products available, which is wonderful", adding, "I have been among the most ardent critics but have mildened somewhat. I am adequately satisfied with Vinmonopolet as it is now. But they still have some way to go concerning aged wine and the second hand market. In this, access is poor." Ronold's publication Vinforum which 1986 founding was motivated by the perceived poor performance of Vinmonopolet, whose Italian wine selection then totalled 14 labels including reds, whites and sparkling. By 2010 the category had risen past 2,000 labels, leading co-founder Ola Dybvik to declare, "we are living in paradise", continuing in context that the Norwegian population is comparative to a New York suburb, "in terms of selection, the store has moved into the definitive world elite".
In a Dagens Næringsliv commentary, Tom Marthinsen also acknowledged the progress from the conditions of the 1990s, but was critical to the direction of applying new techniques from chain stores which led to standardization of the urban outlets, while contending that the rural stores have a "catastrophical selection", and these consumers from "the districts" would benefit from purchasing wine in their local food store. Marthinsen called upon the leadership to "set free the store buyers, reinstate the competitive element between the stores, in other words leave behind the chain store mentality and allow local creativity to flourish".
The institution has not stayed clear of problems. In one instance in 2001, the published price list offered Château Latour at the incredibly priced NOK 555, where an estimate would normally be approximately NOK 2,600, causing the quickest three customers to order to buy up the entire inventory, with the intent to make a fast and considerable profit. The explanation was that the more modestly priced Château Latour à Pomerol had its name listing edited down for brevity.
In 2010 Vinmonopolet offered more than 12,000 products, next to 2009 figures from comparative retailers such as Systembolaget which offered ca. 9,000 products, Alko of Finland with ca. 3,000 products available, or British Waitrose with ca. 1,500 products available. By the end of 2016, the range of products had reached near 17,000 items.
Corruption cases
In what is known as Dysthesaken (the Dysthe case) in 1930 exposed flaws in the goods acquisition procedures of Vinmonopolet, and as a consequence changes were made to the procedures. The leadership were sentenced for combining company and personal interests, and the influence and power of individuals in purchasing decisions were reduced after the process. Following this, a law of 19 July 1931 (Vinmonopolloven, the wine monoploy law) came into effect.Ekjordsaken, (the Ekjord case) uncovered in 2005, brought new allegations of corruption against employees and leadership of Vinmonopolet. A probe led by Erling Grimstad exposed that the importer firm Ekjord A/S over the course of several years had sponsored outlet leaders by arranging luxury dining and accommodations as well as other gifts in order to influence purchases and placement of their products within the stores. Membership in this exclusive group was symbolized by the gift of a tastevin. Several Vinmonopolet leaders admitted to having received wines and other perks, which led to reprimands of 9 individuals, two of whom were dismissed.
The initiating factor came when an employee who had been fired from Ekjord A/S, sued against wrongful dismissal. The scandal escalated as the media discovered the particulars of the lawsuit, with Lindin as the chief source of allegations that would result in wide consequences. During the trial the elaborate "grease culture" in the company Ekjord A/S was uncovered. Knut Grøholt withdrew from the position of CEO of Vinmonopolet later that year, and in August 2006 was replaced by Kai G. Henriksen.VG.no (April 21, 2008). Kai G. Henriksen ny sjef i Vinmonopolet
Vinbladet
Having long planned to publish a magazine aimed at consumers as was already done by Systembolaget in Sweden, in 1988 Vinmonopolet launched Vinbladet ("The Wine Magazine" or "The Vine Leaf"), distributed to customers free of charge. The magazine's name had been used precisely 60 years previously for the internal publication which provided information to employees about the sold goods. The rationale was that as Vinmonopolet were in the business of selling culture, they wanted to do so with'' culture, making information available crucial.
A professional editor was engaged, and the publication printed on glossy paper contained images of a commercial nature depicting the diverse nations' wine regions and wine production, and articles on various subjects connected to food, wine and spirits. The Norwegian temperance movement reacted negatively and responded with press declarations accusing Vinmonopolet of attempting to popularise alcohol use, rather than limit it. The criticism from the temperance movement also maintained that the alcohol in wine did not distinguish itself from the alcohol in hard spirits, that "fine dining" customs functioned as a gateway to alcohol problems, and that the cultural projects of Vinmonopolet could well lead to family tragedies, destroyed lives, fear and death.
Notable past products
Rødvin
When the German occupation forces withdrew from Norway in 1945, there remained behind 400,000 litres of Bordeaux wine which became the foundation of the generic "Rødvin" ("Red wine"), the best selling wine in Norway over several decades, which is accredited as a cornerstone in "cultivating Norwegian drinking culture". Nicknamed "Château Hasle" (from the location name of the Vinmonopolet headquarters) and "Sekskroners" ("costing six kroner"), sales of the brand are estimated in excess of 120 million litres, it eventually ceased being the national top seller due to the arrival of inexpensive Chilean and Italian wines by 1998.
The initial blends consisting of Bordeaux wines from the 1934 and 1937 vintages, along with simple German and Italian wine, were sold from 1 January 1946 for NOK total of 4.50, both Rødvin and Hvitvin (White wine), all sold out by 1947. As the successive imports of wine from Algeria, Tunisia and Chile marketed under other names failed to sell well, an initiative was made in 1949 to compose a new blended wine for the people, affordable and easily drinkable. Purchasing director Haakon Svensson was given a set budget and assigned to negotiate deals with wine producers, initially securing deals with winemakers from Le Midi, Valencia and Algeria, with an aim to produce a blended wine that could decrease the Norwegian people's vast consumption of liquor, at the time ten to one the ratio of the consumption of wine.
On sale from 1 February 1950 at the total price of NOK 6 (NOK 4 + 50% tax), the price remained fixed until 1968, causing it to be widely known as "the six kroner wine". By 1970 it cost NOK 7, and by 1990 it had risen to NOK 43. Normally blended from 5 to 10 wines, from locations that later also included Cyprus and Turkey, Rødvin was in 1972 responsible for 40% of all wine sold in Norway, leading up to the peak of its popularity in the 1980s. In 1981 there was sold 3.8 million liter, while by 2000 Rødvin production had been transferred to Arcus and annual sales had decreased to 700,000 liters.
In August 2014 it was announced that bottles of Rødvin would be removed from the standard Vinmonopolet shelf selection by the following October, following a run of 54 vintages, after this to be available by order under the altered name "Folkets Originale Rødvin" (the people's original red wine).
Golden Power
Golden Power was a Norwegian-produced sparkling fruit wine (not to be confused with an energy drink of the same name), made of 70% rhubarb, 20% apple and 10% grape juice, which was produced by Vingården (the Røed farm in Filtvet, in the Tofte area, in Hurum), associated with owner Frantz Michaelsen. The product was removed from Vinmonopolet selection in 2006.
Vingården was considered part of the local culture, and Golden Power deemed by some a rare, innovative Norwegian product. Traditions of winemaking were established in 1886, and Vingården came to have a production capacity of some 800,000 litres while the production process of Golden Power was claimed to last for four years. Near the end of its production, the company produced between 20,000 and 25,000 bottles annually.
See also
Alcohol monopoly
References
External links
Vinmonopolet English language presentation
List of Vinmonopolet stores
Alcohol monopolies
Alcohol in Norway
Drink companies of Norway
Government-owned companies of Norway
Norwegian companies established in 1922
Retail companies established in 1922
Government agencies established in 1922 |
5397363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility%20room | Utility room | A utility room is a room within a house where equipment not used in day-to-day activities is kept. "Utility" refers to an item which is designed for usefulness or practical use, so in turn most of the items kept in this room have functional attributes. A utility room is generally the area where laundry is done, and is the descendant of the scullery.
Utility room is more commonly used in British English, while North American English generally refer to this room as a laundry room, except in the American Southeast. In Australian English laundry is the usual term.
Uses
The utility room has several uses but typically functions as an area to do laundry. This room contains laundry equipment such as a washing machine, tumble dryer, ironing boards and clothes iron. The room is also used for closet organization and storage. The room would normally contain a second coat closet which is used to store seasonal clothing such as winter coats or clothing which are no longer used daily. Storage spaces would contain other appliances which would generally be in the kitchen if it was in usage daily. Furnaces and the water heater are sometime incorporated to the room as well. Shelving and trash may sometimes be seen at this area as not to congest the other parts of the house.
History
The utility room was a modern spin off to the scullery room where important kitchen items were kept during its usage in England, the term was further defined around the 14th century as a household department where kitchen items are taken care of. The term utility room was mentioned in 1760, when a cottage was built in a rural location in the United Kingdom that was accessible through Penarth and Cardiff. A utility room for general purposes also depicted its use as a guest room in case of an immediate need. A 1944 Scottish housing and planning report recommended new state-built homes for families could provide a utility room as a general purpose workroom for the home (for washing clothes, cleaning boots and jobbing repairs). An American publication, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, on July 24, 1949 reported that utility rooms have become more popular than basements in new constructions. On June 28, 1959, in a report of a typical American house being built in Moscow, Russia, the house was described to have a utility room immediately at the right side after the entrance. The Chicago Tribune reported that the laundry room was then commonly being referred to as the utility room in a September 30, 1970, publication.
See also
Furnace room
Mechanical room
Root cellar
Scullery
References
Rooms
Laundry places |
5397368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad%20%28game%29 | Ironclad (game) | Ironclad is a miniatures wargame written by Tom Wham and Don Lowry and published by Guidon Games in 1973. The rules simulate American Civil War naval combat such as the 1862 battle between the USS Monitor and the CSS Virginia.
Legacy and influence
Ironclad influenced Dave Arneson, co-creater of Dungeons & Dragons, where he came up with the early concept of hit points and armor class form this game and used them in his Blackmoor campaign.
See also
Ironclad warship
References
External links
American Civil War miniature wargames
Guidon Games games
Naval games
Tom Wham games |
5397381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoette | Autoette | See also Autoette (1910 automobile).
The Autoette was a microcar created and manufactured from 1948 to the 1970s by Royce Seevers, owner of the Autoette Electric Car Company Inc. of Long Beach, California. The two-seat, three-wheeled microcar was electric powered by specially made batteries from Trojan battery Co., and motive power provided by a converted 24-volt Dodge 1½ hp. electric starter motor and later a proprietary motor built for Autoette. Models included the "CruiseAbout", "Golfmobile" and "Electric Truck".
Autoettes were available with a broad range of accessories, usually installed by the dealer as upgrades. These included windscreens, doors, convertible tops, side curtains, and more.
The Autoette was also marketed and sold as an early electric wheelchair or invalid car for the disabled. Starting in 1953 some models could be equipped with a small "accessible" door on the vehicle's curb side, at the level of the seat, to facilitate entry.
External links
Flickr Group
The Autoette
Microcars
Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in California
Cars introduced in 1948 |
4001775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambika%20Soni | Ambika Soni | Ambika Soni (born 13 November 1942) is an Indian politician belonging to Indian National Congress. She had served as Minister of Information and Broadcasting. She was a Member of Parliament representing the state of Punjab in the Rajya Sabha.
Early life and education
Born in Lahore in undivided Punjab to Nakul Sen Wadhwa, an Indian Civil Service officer and Lt. Governor of Goa in 1942. Ambika studied at Welham Girls School, Dehradun and did her M.A. (Hons.) from Indraprastha College, Delhi University, followed by Diploma Superiore en Langue Francaise from Alliance Francaise, Bangkok and Post-Graduate Diploma in Spanish Art and Literature from University of Havana, Cuba. She got married in 1961 to Uday Soni, an Indian Foreign Service officer.
Political career
As Member of Indian National Congress
Ambika Soni began her political career in 1969 when she was co-opted into the Congress Party by Indira Gandhi at the time of the Party split in 1969. Soni was an old family friend of Gandhi from the time when her father was posted as District collector of Amritsar during the Partition of India and worked very closely with Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1975 she was elected as the president of the Indian Youth Congress and worked closely with Sanjay Gandhi. In 1998, she became the president of All India Mahila Congress. From 1999 - 2006 she was General Secretary of All India Congress Committee.
As Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
Following is from the official website of Rajya Sabha
First Term (March 1976 - March 1982)
Second Term (January 2000 - 10 June 2004)
Third Term (July 2004 - July 2010)
Fourth Term (July 2010 - July 2016)
Fifth Term (July 2016 - July 2022)
As Cabinet Minister
References
External links
Profile at National Portal of India
1942 births
Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India
Living people
Indraprastha College for Women alumni
Members of the Cabinet of India
Indian Youth Congress Presidents
Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India
Women in Punjab, India politics
People from Lahore
20th-century Indian women politicians
20th-century Indian politicians
21st-century Indian women politicians
21st-century Indian politicians
Women members of the Cabinet of India
Ministers for Information and Broadcasting of India
Women members of the Rajya Sabha
Indian National Congress (U) politicians
Culture Ministers of India
Indian Congress (Socialist) politicians |
5397383 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Holmwood | North Holmwood | North Holmwood is a residential area on the outskirts of Dorking, in Surrey, England. The village is accessible from the A24, the village's historic heart is the road Spook Hill. The 2011 census for the broader area Holmwoods shows a population of 6,417 and that North Holmwood forms part of the Dorking Built-up Area.
The village
The village has a main street called Spook Hill, in which there is a newsagent's shop. There are other main built up roads: Bentsbrook Road, Bentsbrook Park (no through roads) and Holmesdale Road leading to Inholms Lane, completing a circuit, and smaller roads and estates such as St John's, making the village larger than it first appears. The residential area of Stonebridge in the east is linked by residential roads to Spook Hill, as is Chart Downs across Bent's Brook. There is a village hall, a clinic called Holmwood Surgery and a local sports and social club. There is a pond on the common alongside Spook Hill.
The Deepdene north of Chart Downs includes Chart House, built by wealthy banker, connoisseur and collector Thomas Hope, extended to include Chart Park, an immense mausoleum with commanding views to his son and the house itself came to inspire Osborne House. The grade II* grounds have been converted, since 1897, into Dorking Golf Club. This long-established course and now wider venue is closer to Chart Downs and Stonebridge neighbourhoods than Dorking and is a source of local employment.
The main estate in North Holmwood occupies the former site of Dorking Brickworks, which was a major local employer from the 1930s until its closure in 1983. The brickworks used up the clay surrounding it, ran out of space in the 1950s and extended south of Inholms lane in 1961. The clay supply was exhausted and the brickworks closed in 1983. After demolition, the brickworks land north of Inholms lane was used to build residential housing, while the smaller excavation south of Inholms lane was designated a nature reserve, now the Inholms clay pit LNR, open to all and accessed by a tunnel under Inholms lane.
The parish church
A parish of Holmwood was created from parts of Dorking and Capel parishes in 1839. The parish church was built of flint in Early English style and consecrated in 1875. The tower contains two bells and a clock. The east window of the chancel has stained glass from 1874 made by Messrs Powell of White Friars. The west windows of the chancel have glass designed by Charles Eamer Kempe from 1891 showing the four Fathers of the Western Church.
Transport
North Holmwood has two bus stops located either side of the newsagent's shop. The nearest railway station is Dorking north. There is also a station called "Holmwood" which is the station located on the far side of South Holmwood, over away.
References
External links
Church website-history of parish
Sports and Social Club
History of Holmwood Common and the surrounding villages, eminent residents and key sites of architectural interest
Dorking Golf Club
Villages in Surrey
Mole Valley |
5397389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Chambers | Harry Chambers | Henry Chambers (17 November 1896 – 29 June 1949) was an England international footballer who played in the Football League for Liverpool and West Bromwich Albion.
Life and playing career
Born in Willington Quay, Northumberland, England, Harry was a schoolboy international at age eleven when he attended Willington Board School. After school he played for North Shields Athletic, Kings Park (on loan), Belfast Distillery (wartime guest) and Glentoran (wartime guest) before he was signed, from North Shields, for the Reds by manager Tom Watson in April 1915, just before the suspension of league football due to the outbreak of the First World War. He enlisted in Irish infantry regiment The Connaught Rangers, with whom he served until invalided out of the army in 1917.
He had to wait 4 years to make his debut until 30 August 1919 in a First Division match at Valley Parade, a game Liverpool won 3–1 against Bradford and in which Chambers opened his Anfield goalscoring account.
After scoring on his debut he went on to establish himself as the undisputed goal king of Anfield in the immediate post-war years. Topping the club's goalscoring charts for the next five seasons, his shooting prowess was instrumental in Liverpool winning back-to-back League Championships in 1922 and 1923, he scored 41 times in 72 appearances during this spell averaging a goal every games. In total he scored 151 goals in 338 appearances for Liverpool including a memorable hat-trick in a 5–1 win over Everton at Anfield in October 1922.
The left-footer nicknamed 'Smiler' was selected by England on 8 occasions scoring 5 goals, his international debut came on 14 March 1921 in a 0-0 British Championship draw with Wales at Ninian Park, Cardiff, his first goal for his country came in a 2-0 friendly victory over Belgium at the Oscar Bossaert Stadion, Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, Brussels on 21 May 1921, Chambers best game for his country came on 22 October 1921 in a British Championship match at The Hawthorns, West Bromwich, it was against Ireland and he scored both goals in the 2–0 victory.
Harry was allowed to leave and in April 1928, aged 32, he signed for West Bromwich Albion where the forward who scored a goal every games for the Reds was converted to a centre-half! Before he retired from the professional game he went on to be player-manager for Oakengates Town (1929-1933), at the same time as running a local public house called The Stafford Arms, and represent Hereford. Even after retiring Chambers, who was employed for the last ten years of his life at the factory of Messrs Sankey's in nearby Hadley, could not stay away from the game he loved and continued to play for Shropshire team Oakengates right up until his death at Shrewsbury in 1949 aged 52. He was buried at Wombridge Parish Church near Oakengates.
Career details
Liverpool F.C (1915–1928) † 338 appearances, 151 goals - Two First Division Championships winners medals (1922 and 1923)
†Although Chambers signed in 1915 he was unable to make his debut until the opening day of the 1919/20 season due to outbreak of World War I of 1914/18.
England (1921–1923) 8 caps, 5 goals
References
External links
Player profile at LFChistory.net
1896 births
1949 deaths
English footballers
England international footballers
Association football forwards
Liverpool F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Hereford United F.C. players
Oakengates Athletic F.C. players
English Football League players
English Football League representative players
Footballers from Tyne and Wear
Glentoran F.C. players
British Army personnel of World War I
Connaught Rangers soldiers
People from Willington Quay |
4001780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossgates%20Mall | Crossgates Mall | Crossgates Mall is an enclosed, automobile-oriented, super-regional shopping mall located in the Albany, New York suburb of Guilderland. It is the largest indoor shopping center in the Capital District, and the third largest in the State of New York. The anchor stores are Primark (Coming 2022), Macy's, JCPenney, Burlington, Best Buy, Forever 21, and Dick's Sporting Goods.
History
Pre-1970s
Crossgates Mall is built is within the Albany Pine Bush, one of the largest of the world's 20 inland pine barrens. It was formed thousands of years ago, following the drainage of Lake Albany. When Europeans arrived in the early 17th century, the Pine Bush was in use as hunting grounds and firewood supply of the Mohawk nation of the Haudenosaunee to the west along the Mohawk River, and the Mahican to the east, along the Hudson River.
Proposal, Opposition, and Construction
In the 1970s, Syracuse-based Pyramid Management Group, Inc. (Pyramid) began purchasing lands within the Pine Bush with the intent to develop a shopping mall, but it wasn't until 1978 that their plans were revealed to the public. The initial proposal called for a $50 million mall on a lot with six anchor stores, 100 vendors, a food court, and direct access from the Adirondack Northway. Opposition from residents and environmentalists was rapid and widespread. The first public hearing on the project was attended by more than 300 speakers, the majority of whom opposed the projects on the grounds that it would destroy a large swath of the unique and ecologically sensitive Pine Bush, would contribute to the continuing urbanization of Guilderland, would cause traffic congestion, and would not provide the claimed economic benefits, among other objections. Despite widespread opposition, a petition from a citizen's group known as the Concerned Citizens Against Crossgates, and an embattled town board, the project was approved rapidly. In opposition, the town supervisor at the time stated: "Taking into consideration that the majority of the correspondence I got was opposed to the Crossgates, and (a) feeling that I have that, in the future that part of town will just be a conglomeration of traffic, I am forced to vote in the negative." The decision was the cause of at least one town official's resignation. During the four years following the unveiling of the proposal, the town board only voted unanimously on one aspect of the project: that the town should receive its full share of the resulting tax revenue.
Early years
The mall opened on March 4, 1984. Although Pyramid had initially planned for a 1.3 million square footprint with six anchors, at opening it occupied only and had four anchors: a Caldor, Jordan Marsh, Filene's, and JCPenney. Of the roughly 170 smaller vendor spaces, 80 were occupied. It was the seventh enclosed shopping mall built by Pyramid, part of a nationwide boom in shopping center openings that peaked at 2,600 in 1985.
Throughout the 1980s, Pyramid sought to expand the mall into the footprint originally envisioned, but were repeatedly rebuffed by the Town.
Expansion
In October 1994 the mall underwent an expansion nearly doubling its footprint to almost and providing space for up to 250 stores. Following this expansion, Lord & Taylor, Hoyts Cinemas, and a new Filene’s store opened as anchors. The original Filene’s space was partially occupied by a Dick’s Sporting Goods. In 1996, anchor Jordan Marsh was replaced by Macy's when the Jordan Marsh brand was retired.
In 1998, Pyramid attempted to double the mall footprint to for a new recreation facility, and sought to raze a nearby residential neighborhood for an 8-story hotel. Following widespread citizen protests, the Guilderland Town Board rejected the required zoning changes.
In 1999, Cohoes Fashions relocated their store from their historic location in downtown Cohoes, New York. In 2007 their parent company, Burlington Coat Factory, closed many of the Cohoes locations and branded those that remained as Burlington Coat Factory. Caldor went out of business the same year. Their space at the mall's center court was split between a Best Buy on the second floor and an H&M on the first. Lord & Taylor would build a store in 2014. In 2021, it was announced the legendary division would shutter. Its set to become a Primark.
Recent Years
Pyramid achieved a small degree of success developing casual dining and entertainment categories during the mid-2010's. Among them are Maggie McFly's, Funny Bone, 110 Grill, 5 Wits, Get Air, and APEX.
As of 2022, the mall has experienced modest growth with the announcement of new retailers, such as Earthbound Trading Co, Urban Outfitters, Lovesac, Offline by Aerie, and Primark.
In August 2017 Pyramid announced a plan to construct a hotel in partnership with Hilton. The hotel opened in 2018, achieving a strategic goal Pyramid had held since at least the late 1990s. It opened under the Homewood Suites, aimed at long-term stays, and the Tru brand, aimed at younger travelers. Both brands are owned by Hilton.
On the heels of the hotel opening, Pyramid announced a plan to develop three sites adjacent to mall. Initially, this called for 222 residential units and a Costco. The latter was to be developed on a lot that would require demolition of a "ghost neighborhood", consisting of homes Pyramid had purchased in the preceding two decades. Within a month, local environmental watchdog group Save the Pine Bush, residents, and other groups sued Pyramid alleging that clearcutting of the Costco site had occurred in violation of the SEQRA and the 14th Amendment. The suit was later dismissed.
Description
Crossgates Mall is a super-regional shopping mall located in the hamlet of Westmere, in the Albany, New York suburb of Guilderland. Vehicular access is available from Western Avenue, Washington Avenue Extension, and a ramp just south of Adirondack Northway terminus. There are 10-12 parking lots. Public transit is available via a major bus stop served by multiple Capital District Transportation Authority routes.
Both Crossgates Mall and the nearby Crossgates Commons shopping plaza are owned and operated by the Pyramid Management Group, Inc. through multiple subsidiaries. The mall has a gross leasable area of and features 212 stores and restaurants as well as an 18-screen IMAX Regal Cinema theater. When the Primark store opens in 2022, the mall will be anchored by Primark, Macy's, JCPenney, Burlington, Best Buy, Dick's Sporting Goods, and Forever 21.
References
Bibliography
External links
Crossgates Mall Official Site
Shopping malls in Albany County, New York
The Pyramid Companies
Guilderland, New York
Shopping malls in New York (state) |
5397397 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric%20strike | Electric strike | An electric strike is an access control device used for door frames. It replaces the fixed strike faceplate often used with a latch (also known as a keeper). Like a fixed strike plate, it normally presents a ramped or beveled surface to the locking latch allowing the door to close and latch just like a fixed strike would. However, an electric strike's ramped surface can, upon command, pivot out of the way when the lock on the door is in the locked position and the door is opened, allowing a user to pull/push the door to open it without operating the mechanical lock or using a mechanical key. After the door is opened past the keeper, the keeper returns to its standard position and re-locks when power is removed or applied, depending upon the strike's configuration.
Electric strikes are generally available in three configurations:
Fail-secure. Also called fail-locked or non-fail safe. In this configuration, applying electric current to the strike will cause it to unlock. In this configuration, the strike would remain locked in a power failure, but typically the mechanical lock can still be used to open the door from the inside for egress from the secure side. These units can be powered by alternating current, which will cause the unit to buzz, or DC power, which offers silent operation, except for a "click" while the unit is powered.
Fail-safe. Also called fail-open. In this configuration, applying electric current to the strike will cause it to lock. It operates the same as a magnetic lock would. If there is a power failure, the door opens merely by being pushed or pulled.
A new trend is a strike that is quickly reversible from fail safe to fail secure (and back again if needed). Some manufacturers require the opening of the solenoids, but others allow the reversing of the function within seconds (usually take less than 10 seconds) with only the movement of two external screws or a mechanical unlocking accessory which is directly accessible when the door is open. This is exactly the same principle as a child safety door lock which is installed on car doors.
Hold-open. In this configuration, an electric current is applied to the strike, causing it to unlock and remain unlocked until it is used. As soon as the strike has been used, it goes back to standard locked position. This is used in many residential, commercial and industrial applications, the Hold-open function ease usage because the powering of the strike and the opening of the strike do not need to be exactly synchronized.
Electric strikes are sometimes equipped with buzzers that allow someone outside the door to hear when the door is open. The buzzing noise is typically made by applying alternating current (AC) to the strike instead of direct current (DC). When using a DC powered strike, a buzzer accessory can be added to create the buzzing noise, if desired.
There are many manufacturers of electric strikes, and there are many things that have to be considered when buying one, i.e., type of jamb, type of locking hardware, whether one requires fail-secure, fail-safe or hold-open function, length of the latch, depth of jamb, voltage requirements and the length of the faceplate. In some cases, it is a good option to choose a magnetic lock.
Before using a magnetic lock, the Fire Marshal or appropriate authority should be consulted. There are emergency egress issues that must be addressed before using a magnetic lock.
Types of electric strikes by locking device
Electric strikes can be differentiated in a number of ways, frame type it can be installed in, duty (continuous or intermittent), and which variety of locking mechanism on the door it can work with. The four most common locking mechanisms concerned with electric strikes are Cylindrical, Deadbolt, Mortise, and Rim Panic Exit Devices. Cylindrical electric strikes are generally the cheapest due to their use in residential markets. Deadbolts, also known as deadlocks, do not have a spring mechanism which generally means the strike for a deadbolt is 'hold' only (the deadbolt is thrown and it engages in the electric strike cavity, the electric strike can release it but cannot subsequently 'recapture it' since the deadbolt lacks the spring latching capability of the other lock sets). There are specialty electric strikes that hold the electric strike keeper open until the door with the extended deadbolt closes back into the electric strike to "recapture" the extended deadbolt. Mortise type locksets tend towards larger projecting latches from the door to engage deeper in the frame and electric strikes used for these locking mechanisms require more cutting and space in the frame. Rim exit devices (panic bars or crash bars) are required in many buildings as a 'single motion' means of egress and electric strikes used in these situations are typically different from electric strikes for other situations.
Rim panic electric strikes
Electric strikes for rim panic exit devices are sometimes, though not always, 'no cut' electric strikes - no cutting, in reference to a rim panic strike, means the strike is bolted to the surface of jamb without cutting into the frame or modifying it in any way (except for the drilling and tapping of mounting screw and/or anchoring pins). There are also specialty electric strikes used in vertical rod exit devices, however the exit device's bottom rod is usually deactivated and the specialty electric strike is mounted at the top of the door frame to work with the top latch of the vertical rod exit device.
Further reading
Code Section 27-131
Electric Strike (in German)
Summary about Electric Strikes
Locks (security device) |
4001789 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danava%20dynasty | Danava dynasty | The Danava dynasty was the first legendary line of rulers in Pragjyotisha, established by Mahiranga Danava. The dynasty was of Kirata origin. These rulers are mentioned in the Kalika Purana but there are no archaeological evidence to support this.
The Danava dynasty consisted of Kirata chiefs; the last of whom, Ghatakasura, was killed and replaced by Naraka.
Chronology
Mahiranga
Hatakasura
Sambarasura
Ratnasura
Ghatakasura
Notes
References
Kingdoms of Assam
Mythological kingdoms, empires, and countries
ja:ダーナヴァ |
5397410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Pears | Trevor Pears | Sir Trevor Steven Pears CMG (born 18 June 1964) is a British businessman. He is the executive chairman of the Pears Foundation, the family foundation he set up in 1992 with his two brothers, Mark and David.
Early life
Trevor Pears was born to a Jewish family, the son of Clive Pears and Clarice Talisman Castle (1933–1999), and the grandson of Bernard Pears. Clarice Talisman Castle was born and raised in Lochside Street, Shawlands, Glasgow, the daughter of Abraham Castle, a dealer in electrical and wireless appliances, and his wife Hannah.
He was educated at the private City of London School for Boys, followed by City Polytechnic, where he studied law.
Career
He inherited, along with his brothers Mark and David, a multi-billion pound property empire, the William Pears Group, founded by his father and grandfather. Pears remains a director.
Pears also oversees the strategic direction of the Pears Foundation, which is concerned with positive identity and citizenship and seeks to build respect and understanding between people of different backgrounds and faiths; investing in programmes in the UK, Israel and the developing world. The Foundation has also partnered with the British Council, British Embassy in Israel, and UJIA to fund research into treating diabetes, heart disease, leukaemia, anaemia and Alzheimer’s.
Activism
In 2005, he donated £20,000 to David Cameron's Conservative Party leadership campaign. He is the chair of the Antisemitism Policy Trust.
Personal life
He lives in Hampstead, London, with his wife Daniela and their three children. In 2014, Daniela Pears was appointed as mayoress of the London Borough of Camden. She is also a trustee of the Jewish charity Mitzvah Day.
Honours
Pears is a fellow of Birkbeck, University of London and was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to the community and UK/Israel relations. He was knighted in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to philanthropy.
References
External links
Pears Foundation
Antisemitism Policy Trust
British businesspeople
British Jews
Living people
1964 births
Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Conservative Party (UK) donors
Pears family |
4001813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callulina | Callulina | Callulina (commonly known as the warty frogs) is a small genus of frogs in the family Brevicipitidae with nine members in Tanzania and Kenya. Originally Callulina was thought to be monotypic and widely distributed through Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania and in southern Kenya. However, within the last decade eight new species has been identified, the majority of which are considered critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Species
Amphibian Species of the World lists nine Callulina species, most of which has been discovered within the last decade.
Callulina dawida, Taita warty frog
Callulina hanseni, Hansen's warty frog
Callulina kanga, Krefft's secret frog
Callulina kisiwamsitu, Mazumbai warty frog
Callulina kreffti, Krefft's warty frog
Callulina laphami, Lapham's warty frog
Callulina meteora, Nguru warty frog
Callulina shengena, Shengena warty frog
Callulina stanleyi, Stanley's warty frog
References
Brevicipitidae
Amphibians of Sub-Saharan Africa
Taxa named by Fritz Nieden
Amphibian genera |
5397419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-H%20Boots | Double-H Boots | Double-H Boots manufactures western footwear. It is owned by H.H. Brown, a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway.
History
Double-H Boots began in 1955 in Richland, Pennsylvania. The original factory location was an area shoe company that had other facilities in the Reading area and had no future needs for the plant in Richland. The H.H. Brown Shoe Company purchased the building, looking for a location to manufacture western footwear.
The Richland facility was named the Richland Shoe Co. and began producing cowboy boots and work footwear. Shortly after production, a competitor introduced a new style called a "harness boot." H.H. Brown introduced a similar product called a "snoot Boot" and made it at Richland Shoe for a lower cost. For many years, it was almost the total production of the Richland plant.
Richland shared sales personnel with the Carolina Shoe Company and for some time had a single sales manager. The western side at Richland continued to grow and a separate sales force and management was created.
By the 1970s, western boots had become the majority of boots produced. The Richland plant was the first in the United States to manufacture western boots with a safety toe, the first boots to pass the now standard Class 75 ANSI tests for safety footwear. When computerized fancy stitch machines hit the shoe market, the line expanded into the dress western boot business.
In 1981, it was necessary to expand again. A facility was located in Womelsdorf, Pennsylvania, that was large enough for manufacturing and warehouse space. In 1993 the name was changed to Double-H Boots to reflect the company heritage of H.H. Brown.
Double H. Boot Co.’s plant in Womelsdorf closed its doors in June 2007, leaving 135 workers jobless. Production of the majority of the work and dress western style boots was then transferred to the company's larger production facility in Martinsburg, Blair County, Pennsylvania. The casual and fashion lines of Double-H are produced overseas.
In the spring of 2002, Double-H Boots purchased the Acme Boot Company and rolled out a new line of men's, women's and children's boots under the Acme name.
In 1995, Double-H debuted the Sonora line of western inspired fashion footwear for women. Sonora is a seasonal fashion line with launches twice a year. Plans are to expand the line to include men's fashion boots in 2006.
Double-H continues a relationship started in 1997 with the Professional Bull Riders (PBR) organization and sponsors several bull riders and rodeo athletes. Double-H is also affiliated with national and local rodeo associations and events.
References
External links
Brand site – doublehboots.com
Corporate parent – hhbrown.com
Shoe companies of the United States
Companies based in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania
American companies established in 1955
1955 establishments in Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
Berkshire Hathaway |
4001820 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connor%27s%20Mill | Connor's Mill | Connor's Mill is a steam driven flour mill located on Stirling Terrace in Toodyay, Western Australia.
The mill is still operational; the Shire of Toodyay protected the then dilapidated building in 1975 and established the Toodyay Tourist Centre. It is now one of the town's main tourist attractions.
History
The mill was built in 1870 by local builder George Hassel for Dan Connor, a store owner. It was the third built in the Toodyay district. The mill originally had a shingle roof, no turret and a slide from the first floor doorway to wagon height. This was used to slide bags of flour onto the wagons waiting below. Little is known about the internal workings of the mill. The original grind mill is seen on the lawn outside. The grindstone machine was originally from Newgain and donated by Langley Lefroy and initially owned by the Twines. The big wheel drive mechanism was originally from the mill at Northam.
During the 1880s Charles Marris leased and eventually bought the mill, operating it until the turn of the century. The flour produced was of very high quality, presenting the established Drummond and Monger mills with good competition. In 1870, flour from the mill won an award at an exhibition in Melbourne.
In 1917, Charles Marris sold the mill to Charles Lukin, who reconditioned the building as a power station for the town. The first power generating engine was installed in a galvanized iron extension to the rear of the mill. In 1921, a major fire destroyed all machinery within the power house. The charred top floor roofing beams are still evident today.
After the fire, engineer Mr N. Garvey installed a new Stockport gas engine in the annex to provide power to the town. This generator had a unique starting procedure. The operator would place a foot on a flywheel spoke, held onto the roof timbers and treadmill the belt. When sufficient momentum was obtained, the operator would jump off the wheel and turn the magneto on.
In 1922 the Road Board assumed control of the power service. The generator provided lighting to the town from 4pm to midnight, seven nights a week. The Municipal Council ran the power station until 1955, when the electrical grid operated by the State Energy Commission was connected to Toodyay. The building was deserted from 1955 to 1975.
Current use
In 1975 the Shire of Toodyay established the Toodyay Tourist Centre in the mill building, following a restoration project which included the construction of a staircase to the upper floors.
The engine was donated to the Shire in 1974 and ex industrial factory engineer Graham Jones helped move the engine to its present location. Due to the engine's size, bricks from around the front door had to be removed.
References
External links
Museums in Western Australia
State Register of Heritage Places in the Shire of Toodyay
Flour mills in Australia
Mill museums in Australia
Agriculture museums in Australia
Buildings and structures in Toodyay, Western Australia
Stirling Terrace, Toodyay |
4001824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfoveolar%20ligament | Interfoveolar ligament | Lateral to the conjoint tendon, previously known as the inguinal aponeurotic falx, there is a ligamentous band originating from the lower margin of the transversalis fascia and extending down in front of the inferior epigastric artery to the superior ramus of the pubis; it is termed the interfoveolar ligament of Hesselbach and sometimes contains a few muscular fibers.
It is named for Franz Kaspar Hesselbach.
References
Ligaments
Muscular system |
4001827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto%20Turati | Augusto Turati | Augusto Turati (16 April 1888 – 27 August 1955) was an Italian journalist and Fascist politician.
Born in Parma, after moving to Brescia as a young man, Turati worked on newspapers and became one of the editors at the liberal Provincia di Brescia; he attended law classes, but never graduated. An irredentist and advocate of Italy entering World War I, he volunteered for the front in 1915. In 1918, he returned to Brescia as head editor of the same newspaper.
In 1920, he joined the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento - a year later, the National Fascist Party (Partito Nazionale Fascista, or PNF). Active in trade unionism for the régime-backed corporatist enterprises, Turati was a secretary for the Brescia Fascio. In 1926-1930, he was secretary of the PNF, helping in the consolidation of Benito Mussolini's rule. He doubled this task with leadership positions in sports: a Federtennis president, a Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera one, and leader of the Italian National Olympic Committee (jobs held in 1928-1930). In 1928 he and Lando Ferretti founded a sports magazine, Lo Sport Fascista. In 1930-1931, he was a member of the International Olympic Committee. Turati was also the inventor of a short-lived and supposedly uniquely Italian team sport which he called volata.
Between 1924 and 1934, Turati served in the Italian Chamber of Deputies; in 1931-1932, he was the editor-in-chief of La Stampa. Accused of intrigues against other members of the PNF, Turati was demoted from official positions, and was confined on Rhodes (an Italian possession at the time) in 1933. Redeemed in 1937, he was released and assigned the task of carrying out a massive agricultural experiment in Ethiopia (part of Italian East Africa). He had to return to Italy after the project failed the next year.
Turati moved away from the political scene, and worked as a legal consultant. He was however opposed to Italy's entry into World War II, as well as to the Nazi-protected Italian Social Republic; at the end of the war, he nevertheless faced trial, but was acquitted on all charges.
He died in Rome.
References
20th century in Ethiopia
20th-century Italian journalists
20th-century Italian male writers
20th-century Italian politicians
1888 births
1955 deaths
Italian fascists
Italian magazine founders
Italian male journalists
La Stampa editors
Politicians from Parma
Writers from Parma |
4001832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probreviceps | Probreviceps | Probreviceps is a small genus of brevicipitine frogs with only six members. They occur in the montane forests of Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and possibly Mozambique. They are sometimes known as the forest frogs, forest rain frogs, big-fingered frogs, or primitive rain frogs.
Description
Probreviceps are burrowing frogs with short limbs and direct development (i.e., there is no free-living larval stage); the eggs are deposited in burrows. Maximum snout–vent length is between in males and between in females, depending on the species. Males often have larger tympani than females. No discs are present on fingers or toes. Species identification is based on male advertisement calls, features of hands and feet, and distribution.
Species
There are six recognized species:
Probreviceps durirostris, Snouted forest frog
Probreviceps loveridgei, Loveridge's forest frog
Probreviceps macrodactylus, Large-fingered forest frog
Probreviceps rhodesianus, Highland forest frog
Probreviceps rungwensis, Rungwe forest frog
Probreviceps uluguruensis, Uluguru forest frog
References
Brevicipitidae
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of Sub-Saharan Africa
Taxa named by Hampton Wildman Parker |
4001833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala%20Sepetang | Kuala Sepetang | Kuala Sepetang (Jawi: كوالا سيڤيتڠ; ) is a coastal town located in Larut, Matang and Selama District in northwestern Perak, Malaysia. It is also popularly known by English-speaking locals as Port Weld (Chinese: ) after a former Governor, Frederick Weld.
It is a thriving fishing village, and the main jumping-off point to the river mouth community of Kuala Sangga, which is a Chinese fishing community at the river mouth which specializes in fish breeding in cages, more formerly known as cage culture.
Railway station
Port Weld is notable for being the terminal station of the first ever railway line to be built in what is today Malaysia.
The Port Weld railway station was located at the centre of town. The whole railway line from here to Taiping was dismantled in the 1980s, and now only the ticketing booth and the multilingual Port Weld railway signboard remain. The ticketing booth is now a Chinese coffee shop, and the shopowner has been maintaining the railway signboard.
Food
Kuala Sepetang is well known for its seafood due to its proximity to the Straits of Malacca, and it has a restaurant situated on the upper floor of a shop lot overlooking the river. Kuala Sepetang is also well known for its mangrove swamp reserve park, the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve, which is open to the public daily. A boardwalk was built over the swamp for tourists access, as well as chalets in which tourists can rent to stay the night on the riverfront. Kuala Sepetang is also famous for charcoal production using sustainably farmed mangroves and traditional kilns, some of which are open for tourist visits. Besides fishing villages, charcoal kilns and mangroves to enjoy, one can take a boat tour along the mangrove river to see fireflies at night and eagles.
The village is very popular with its Curry Mee (Only sold at afternoon time) and Pau.
Kuala Sepetang is also famous for Prawn Noodle, also known as Mee Udang Banjir, sold by many Malay stalls.
Towns in Perak |
4001841 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic%20history%20of%20Belgrade | Demographic history of Belgrade | This article is about the demographic history of Belgrade.
Ancient times
Belgrade, formerly known as Celtic Singidunum, was founded in the 3rd century B.C., near the site of a prehistoric settlement of Vinča (Vinča culture), which ranks the city among the oldest ones in Europe and the world. There are some evidence that might show that the city was also a Greek colony in the ancient times although this has not been scientifically verified. The first verifiable mention of the settlement under its ancient name, Singidunum, was in 279 B.C., which some consider to be a founding year of the city.
During the Celtic period it was a small town of several hundred, up to a thousand people, so it was more of a fishing village than a real town, even though it was fortified (which can still be seen today in Karaburma, a suburb of Belgrade). On the eve of a new era the city was taken over by the Romans and refortified; in the Roman period the importance of the city as a border- and river port spot will grow, and so would its population. In 86 A.D. Singidunum became a Roman colony under Legio IV Flavia Felix, and a golden era of the city begun; by the middle of the 2nd century, when the city has evolved into a municipium, the city has numbered some 10,000 people, roughly 6,000 of them serving for the Roman Imperial Army, and the rest being civilians. Its fort grew stronger and bigger due to continuous clashes with the Dacians. The city at that time has had its theatres, sewage system, temples and was touched by Christian movement at a very early stage. At one time it abolished its status to Rome and became an independent colony.
3rd century brought turmoil to the Empire, as it was a subject to invasions from the East, by the Goths; the city also crumbled both in population and importance, being a strategic town and suffering numerous invasions. It continued throughout 4th and 5th centuries as well, when the city was included into the Eastern Roman Empire as a guardian of its northern border; it was repeatedly sacked by Huns- under Attila himself-, Ostrogoths, Avars, Gepides, Sarmatians and Serbs. Justinian retook the city and guarded it for some 50 years, but the ancient glory was never restored. The name of the city has also been erased from the records by its new conquerors- Serbs, who renamed it Beograd (the white city), marking the beginning of a new chapter of its history.
Middle Ages
During the entire course of early-medieval times, Belgrade did not have an opportunity to evolve, as it was a subject of rivalry between the Bulgarian Empire, Byzantine Empire and Magyars. Serbs at that time had no interest in the North, as most of their states were in the South: inner Serbia, Zahumlje, Travunija, Zeta etc.; It wasn't until King Dragutin in 13th century that Belgrade was included into the Medieval Kingdom of Serbia and shaped its Orthodox rather than Magyar Catholic character. Its population gradually started to increase at that time, numbering over 10,000 by the end of the century, and 20,000 by the end of the 14th century. When Serbian Empire collapsed in 1389, more and more refugees from the south sought refuge in Belgrade. In 1403 it became the capital of Serbian Despotovina, evolving into a Christian Mecca in Turkish- occupied Balkans. Under Despot Stefan Lazarevic, who was a true European knight, poet and artist, Belgrade was a seat of a free Christian state that regulated trade between East and West. Its ancient walls and castles were reconstructed and refortified, its churches raised, its culture experienced a boom due to proximity of Oriental and Western influences, and its population soared. By 1430 Belgrade was second to Constantinople in population, by the end of the century reaching 100,000 people.
In 1430 it became part of the Kingdom of Hungary, and in 1456 it was victorious against Turks, when Christian Europe united in the city to put an end to the Siege of Belgrade. The golden age of the city continued into the 16th century. However, in 1521 the Turks conquered Belgrade. The population slowly started to decrease, as more and more colonists from Turkey poured into Belgrade, and its culture became a danger to the Porte. Serbian migrations began. In 1594, after a rebellion in Banat, many Serbs moved to the North and West, especially after the burning of St Sava's bones in the center of Belgrade by the Ottomans. Wars in today's northern Serbia, Hungary, Bosnia and Croatia encouraged many to start moving into those areas which were depopulated, as the Turkish influence was less intense in those areas. In the following century the Habsburg Empire took over most of these areas (except Bosnia), and the Serbian migration wave reached its peak in 1690 and 1737, when thousands of Serbs from Kosovo and South Serbia left their lands in hands of Muslims, moving north of the Danube into Christian Austria. The results of these migrations are still evident to this day, as Serbs became a majority in Vojvodina, much of western Bosnia, but also became a minority in Kosovo and Metohija and Sandzak. Novi Sad would resume the title of the Serbian capital of culture and liberty in following centuries, thriving in Austria while Belgrade entirely deteriorated under Turkey. Zemun (today's northern suburb of Belgrade) became home to hundreds of refugees from today's southern Belgrade.
Modern times
The city was the seat of a revolutionary government, when First Serbian Uprising escalated against Turks, after almost three centuries of occupation. It became the seat of education when the Belgrade Higher School was founded, the oldest educational facility in the Balkans that continued to exist still today as the University of Belgrade. A National Assembly was also formed. At that time, between 1804 and 1813, on its 400th anniversary as a Serbian capital, Belgrade was a seat of the Principality of Serbia. Its population started to grow as the trade with Zemun and Austria were established; Karadjordje was supported by the Russians and French emperor Napoleon I, who came dangerously close to the country. Turks reconquered this rebelled province with much bloodshed, but a year later Second Serbian Uprising surprised them and Serbia was finally semi-independent from Turkey.
In 1817 the autonomy was proclaimed and Obrenovic dynasty started its 90-year reign in Serbia. Belgrade was reelected the capital in 1839, as its importance again grew big, being the Orthodox Christian buffer-zone between Catholic Austria and Muslim Turkey. As the feudalism was abolished the city grew rapidly in economy and in population; by 1848 it had some 40,000 residents, and by its independence in 1878 some 50,000, which is considered little but was a great improvement. The city was entirely westernized and rebuilt with nearby Vienna and Budapest being its architectural role models (during the three Austrian occupations in the past the Baroque buildings were demolished by Muslims). It also became a cultural and educational hub for the neighboring nations that were under foreign domination: Bosnia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, etc. However the economy of Kingdom of Serbia was weak and the nation was still divided, now living in three states. Serbia lived out of livestock and agriculture, although Belgrade as a city was increasingly modern, getting a train rail in 1882, its trams, electricity and even cinema at the end of the 19th century, becoming thus the most developed city in the Balkans. By 1900 the city reached 70,000 people, which means that it still hasn't reached its medieval population-level, but by the outbreak of World War I, due to rapid growth, the city has finally reached 100,000 residents, again ranking third only behind Constantinople but also Romanian Bucharest.
World War I left this Allied country devastated, having lost 33% of its entire population. Belgrade, being unprotected and opened to Austria with its two rivers, has also been largely demolished. During the war the population fell down to only about 20,000, but soon after the war ended and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was formed, the city gained a large influx of population, largely Serbs from devastated areas but also Western Serbs. It was the first time in history that these 2 cities, one against another Belgrade and Zemun, have had a chance to unite. This occurred in 1929 and the combined population was 240,000 people; a decade later it reached 350,000 and by the outbreak of World War II Belgrade had 400,000 people.
World War II saw a big destruction in Belgrade; thousands have died in Luftwaffe air raids, and tens of thousands in concentration camps on Staro Sajmiste, Banjica, Jajinci and so on. However Belgrade recovered quite quickly after the war, and as a capital of Yugoslavia, becoming an industrial hub of the nation while its cultural values were set aside in advantage to Zagreb, second largest city. The population growth was huge; between 1948 and 1971 the city population more than doubled, from nearly 400,000 in 1948 to around 900,000 in 1971, and the city finally passed 1 million mark in 1981 when it reached population of 1,087,915 inhabitants. The 1990s saw wars and economic collapse caused by the UN sanctions; some 300,000 left the country, especially young people, while on the other hand, more than a half a million Serb refugees from Croatia, Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina have found shelter in Serbia and Belgrade. Results from the 2011 census showed that the population of the Belgrade proper is at 1,166,736 while urban population of Belgrade (which, besides settlement of Belgrade, include three other urban settlements: Borča, Ovča and Surčin) currently stands at 1,233,796.
References
History of Belgrade
Belgrade |
4001853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoint%20tendon | Conjoint tendon | The conjoint tendon (previously known as the inguinal aponeurotic falx) is a sheath of connective tissue formed from the lower part of the common aponeurosis of the abdominal internal oblique muscle and the transversus abdominis muscle, joining the muscle to the pelvis. It forms the medial part of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal.
Structure
The conjoint tendon is formed from the lower part of the common aponeurosis of the abdominal internal oblique muscle and the transversus abdominis muscle. It inserts into the pubic crest and the pectineal line immediately behind the superficial inguinal ring. It is usually conjoint with the tendon of the internal oblique muscle, but they may be separate as well. It forms the medial part of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal.
Clinical significance
The conjoint tendon serves to protect what would otherwise be a weak point in the abdominal wall. A weakening of the conjoint tendon can precipitate a direct inguinal hernia.
A direct inguinal hernia will protrude through Hesselbach's triangle, whose borders are the rectus abdominis (medially), inferior epigastric artery and inferior epigastric vein (superolaterally), and the inguinal ligament (inferiorly). The hernia lies medial to the inferior epigastric artery. This is in contrast to an indirect inguinal hernia, which will protrude laterally to the inferior epigastric artery and is most commonly due to an embryological defect in the closure of the deep inguinal ring.
History
The conjoint tendon is also known as the inguinal aponeurotic falx, and Henle's ligament.
Additional images
See also
Falx (disambiguation) — other parts of the anatomy with names including "falx"
interfoveolar ligament
References
External links
- "Anterior Abdominal Wall: Reflection of the Transversus Abdominis Muscle"
Muscular system |
4001857 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glace%20Bay%20High%20School | Glace Bay High School | Glace Bay High School is a high school in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada. The school was built in 1989 and is located on Reserve Street.
Origins
Glace Bay High School was formed by combining the students of the former Morrison Glace Bay High School and Saint Michael's High School both of which became Junior High schools. Then in 1994 Donkin-Morien and Reserve District High Schools were closed and their students absorbed into the GBHS population causing the student population to rise to almost 1300. Morrison Junior High School and Saint Michael's Junior High School both closed in 2010 with the construction of Ocean View Education Centre. Ocean View Education Centre is now the only school in Glace Bay that is exclusively junior high.
References
External links
Glace Bay High School official website
Glace Bay High School history
High schools in Nova Scotia
Schools in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality |
4001859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelty%20%28company%29 | Kelty (company) | Kelty is a manufacturer of high-end backpacks, tents, and sleeping bags owned by Exxel Outdoors, LLC. The business is based in Boulder, Colorado.
History
The company was started by Asher "Dick" Kelty (September 13, 1919 - January 12, 2004) in 1952, who was one of the first gear designers to produce and market an external-frame backpack designed specifically for civilian use. He is considered to be the inventor of the aluminum-framed backpack. Kelty was also the provider of gear in the 70s cult classic TV show The Land Of The Lost.
Products
Kelty products are widely sold by large outdoor outfitters such as Eastern Mountain Sports and REI, Kelty is one of a few companies that still specializes in external-frame backpacks for outdoors use. Kelty released approximately 170 products / 253 models. Tent is one of core products of Kelty. Kelty tent made by high-quality materials. The tent fabric is made of Polyester which is more long-lasting than Nylon and the poles are made of DAC aluminum.
Products Category
Backpack
Outdoor Gear
Sleep Solution
Tents & Shelters
Outdoor Kids Item
Camp Furniture
Competing Company
Dick Kelty's son, Richard Kelty, became one of the founders of Sierra West, a competing company.
See also
Eastern Mountain Sports
REI
References
External links
Kelty official company
American companies established in 1952
Camping equipment manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Boulder, Colorado
Cooler manufacturers |
5397426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Rhys | Paul Rhys | Paul Rhys (born 19 December 1963) is a Welsh theatre, television and film actor.
Early life
Rhys was born in Neath to working class Catholic parents, Kathryn Ivory and her husband Richard Charles Rhys, a labourer. At fourteen, he bred and trained horses, becoming a highly accomplished rider. A committed punk during his youth, Rhys sang in several bands. His first acting job was playing Liverpudlian judo expert Ralph in John Godber's hit play Bouncers, before leaving for London, where he qualified for his Equity card by singing jazz standards at lunchtime for Peter Boizot's Pizza Express and Kettners.
Career
Rhys received a Bernard Shaw Scholarship to study at RADA. In the first term he was spotted by Philip Prowse and was invited to perform in Oscar Wilde's A Woman of No Importance at the Glasgow Citizens Theatre, playing the illegitimate son, Gerald. He also appeared as Dean Swift in Julian Temple's film Absolute Beginners. Rhys completed his education at RADA by winning the William Pole prize and the Bancroft Gold Medal on graduation.
Film
His next film role was in Franklin J. Schaffner's Lionheart. After a brief spell at the Royal Shakespeare Company he played opposite Colin Firth in Richard Eyre's award-winning film Tumbledown. Soon after this, he appeared in Vincent & Theo, directed by the legendary American film director Robert Altman, as Vincent van Gogh's younger brother Theo van Gogh. Continuing the theme of famous brothers, Paul then played Sydney Chaplin opposite Robert Downey, Jr.'s Charlie Chaplin in Richard Attenborough's Chaplin. He went on to play Massis in Alan Bennett's 102 Boulevard Haussmann. He then appeared opposite Peter O'Toole in Rebecca's Daughters. A series of films then followed including From Hell, Food of Love, Love Lies Bleeding, and Hellraiser: Deader.
Television
Running parallel to Rhys's film work has been a diverse and notable television career, working in leading roles with directors such as Mike Hodges, Stephen Frears, Sir Richard Eyre, Philip Martin, Christopher Morahan, Tom Vaughan, Edward Hall, Harry Bradbeer in productions including Tumbledown, A Dance to the Music of Time, The Heroes, Ghosts, Gallowglass, The Healer, Anna Karenina, The Deal, Beethoven, The Ten Commandments, and more recently the television series Borgia, Luther, and Spooks.
In 2014, he played the lead as traitor Aldrich Ames, in The Assets miniseries, then as King George III in Turn: Washington's Spies and as Sir John Conroy in Victoria. He has made a minor industry out of playing vampires: Being Human (as Ivan); as Vlad, the Prince of Wallachia aka Dracula in seasons 1-3 of the 2015 series "Da Vinci's Demons"; and as Andrew Hubbard in two seasons of the 2020-21 hit, A Discovery of Witches.
Theatre
Rhys’ early stage work included performances at Glasgow Citizen’s Theatre, Royal Shakespeare Company, Riverside Studios, Compass Theatre, and Young Vic. His first appearance at the Royal National Theatre was opposite Ian McKellen in Bent, subsequently playing Angelo in Measure for Measure for which he won the Critics' Circle Theatre Award; Houseman in The Invention of Love; and Edgar in King Lear, for which he was nominated for an Olivier Award. He appeared as Edmund in Long Day's Journey into Night and as Leo in Design for Living at The Donmar Warehouse, performing opposite Rachel Weisz and Clive Owen. In 2000 he played the title role in Hamlet at the Young Vic and later in Tokyo and Osaka. He received several awards for this performance. Rhys continued a collaboration with Theatre de la Complicite's Simon McBurney, starring both as Wolan and The Master in Complicité's Master and Margarita. The show opened at the Barbican in 2010 and continued on international tour, returning to the Barbican for a second sell-out season in 2012. In 2016, he starred in a new version of Chekhov's Uncle Vanya by Robert Icke at The Almeida Theatre alongside Tobias Menzies, Jessica Brown-Findley and Vanessa Kirby.
Real-life characters played by Rhys have included Vlad Tepes, Ludwig van Beethoven, Peter Mandelson, Paul McCartney, Thomas De Quincey, A. E. Housman, Frédéric Chopin, and Marcus Tullius Cicero.
On two occasions, Rhys was taken to hospital while working on a stage production, once with pneumonia and the other with exhaustion. In the title role in Howard Brenton's play Paul at the National Theatre, he was unable to continue as he had lost an unhealthy amount of weight, dropping from 76 to 57 kilos.
Personal life
From his youth, Rhys has been openly bisexual. His most important long-term relationship was with the late Australian actress Arkie Whiteley, with whom he appeared in Gallowglass. He is an avid cyclist and practices Transcendental Meditation and Ashtanga yoga. He is a lifelong animal lover and supports PETA. His interests include LGBTQ+ issues, contemporary literature, art and architectural design. Rhys lives in London and in New York City.
Filmography
Film
Television
Theatre
References
External links
1963 births
Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Critics' Circle Theatre Award winners
Living people
People from Neath
Welsh male stage actors
Welsh male film actors
Welsh male television actors |
4001863 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupra%20%28goddess%29 | Cupra (goddess) | Cupra (also spelled Cubrar, Ikiperu, Kypra or Supra) was a chthonic fertility goddess of the ancient pre-Roman population of the Piceni and the Umbri, and may have been associated with Etruscan Uni.
Dedications to her have been found at Plestia (attested as matres ple(s)tinas) and Ripatransone, and in Cupramontana and Cupra Marittima, which are named after her.
Etymology
Her name could derive from the Greek Kupria, a name for Aphrodite. Another etymological possibility is from the same root of Roman god Cupid.
Legacy and influence
In the periodic table, copper's symbol is Cu, which derives from Cupra, Latin for copper.
Bibliography
Betts, Eleanor. "Cubrar matrer: goddess of the Picenes?". In: Accordia Research Papers, 12 pp. 119–147. 2013.
Bradley, Guy. Archaic sanctuaries in Umbria. In: Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 8, 1997. pp. 111-129. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ccgg.1997.1436]; [www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1997_num_8_1_1436]
Capriotti, Tiziana. "Il santuario della dea Cupra a Cupra Maritima: una proposta di ubicazione". In: Hesperìa 26, Studi sulla grecità d'Occidente, a cura di Lorenzo Braccesi, Flavio Raviola e Giuseppe Sassatelli. Università di Padova (Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofa); Università di Bologna (Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia). 2010. pp. 119-160.
Colonna, G. "Il santuario di Cupra fra Etruschi, Greci, Umbri e Picenti". In: Paci G. (a cura di), Cupra Marittima e il suo territorio in età antica. Atti del Convegno di studi, "Picus", suppl. II. Tivoli. 1993. pp. 3-31.
Christie, Neil. The Journal of Roman Studies 85 (1995): 300-01. doi:10.2307/301120.
Delplace, Chirstine. La Romanisation du Picenum. L'exemple d'Urbs Salvia. Rome: École Française de Rome, 1993. 444 p. (Publications de l'École française de Rome, 177). [www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1993_ths_177_]
Gagé Jean. La mort de Servius Tullius et le char de Tullia. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 41, fasc. 1, 1963. pp. 25-62. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rbph.1963.2451]; [www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1963_num_41_1_2451]
Chronique — Kroniek. In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 47, fasc. 1, 1969. Antiquité — Oudheid. pp. 172-360. [www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_1969_num_47_1_2766]
Galie, V. Grottammare e il culto della dea Cupra. Archeoclub Grottammare 1992, pp. 89.
Lejeune, Michel. Noms osco-ombriens des eaux, des sources et des fontaines. In: L'Italie préromaine et la Rome républicaine. I. Mélanges offerts à Jacques Heurgon. Rome : École Française de Rome, 1976. pp. 551-571. (Publications de l'École française de Rome, 27 [www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1976_ant_27_1_1821])
Rocchi, G. Il cippo di Cupra e il suo tempio. Sessualità e antropomorfismo dell'antica "Dea". Archeoclub d'Italia, sede di Cupra Marittima 1992, pp. 189.
Susini, Giancarlo. Aspects de la romanisation de la Gaule cispadane : chute et survivance des Celtes. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 109e année, N. 1, 1965. pp. 143-163. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/crai.1965.11831]; [www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1965_num_109_1_11831]
Toutain, Jules. X. — Religions de la Grèce et de Rome. In: École pratique des hautes études, Section des sciences religieuses. Annuaire 1925-1926. 1924. pp. 41-45. [www.persee.fr/doc/ephe_0000-0002_1924_num_38_34_20114]
Whatmough, Joshua. The Foundations of Roman Italy. Routledge. 2015. p. 241.
References
Italic goddesses
Fertility goddesses
Picenum |
5397432 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Stewart%20%28ice%20hockey%29 | Bob Stewart (ice hockey) | Robert Harold Stewart (November 10, 1950 – February 3, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played nine seasons in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins, California Golden Seals, Cleveland Barons, St. Louis Blues and Pittsburgh Penguins.
Playing career
Stewart was drafted in the first round, 13th overall by the Boston Bruins in the 1970 NHL Entry Draft.
Playing most of his career for cellar dwelling teams, his career plus-minus rating of minus 257 is the lowest total in NHL history among players for whom the stat has been recorded.
Career statistics
References
External links
1950 births
2017 deaths
Boston Bruins draft picks
Boston Bruins players
California Golden Seals players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Cleveland Barons (NHL) players
Ice hockey people from Prince Edward Island
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Oakland Seals players
Oshawa Generals players
Pittsburgh Penguins players
St. Louis Blues players
Sportspeople from Charlottetown |
5397435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiber | Leiber | Leiber is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Fridolin Leiber (1853–1912), German painter
Fritz Leiber (1910–1992), American writer of fantasy, horror and science fiction.
Fritz Leiber, Sr. (1882–1949), American actor
Hank Leiber (1911–1983), American baseball player
Jerry Leiber (1933–2011), American songwriter and record producer
Judith Leiber (1921–2018), American fashion designer
Justin Leiber (1938–2016), American philosopher and science fiction writer
Robert Leiber (1887–1967), German Roman Catholic priest
See also
Nickname for members of the Royal Bavarian Infantry Lifeguards Regiment (Leibregiment)
Lieber
Jewish surnames
German-language surnames
Yiddish-language surnames |
5397459 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF%20Superstars%20%28handheld%20video%20game%29 | WWF Superstars (handheld video game) | WWF Superstars is a video game released on the Game Boy handheld console by Acclaim Entertainment, based on the WWF's syndicated television show of the same name. This game was the first WWF/E game for the Game Boy system.
The game was succeeded by WWF Superstars 2, which was released in 1992 by Acclaim Entertainment. A unique engine was built from the ground up; the developers never attempted to emulate the gaming engine found in the more advanced WWF games.
Overview
WWF Superstars was developed by Rare and published by LJN. It was released in Europe and North America in 1991, which was followed by its Japanese release on February 14, 1992.
Before every match, wrestlers cut promos on their opponent. Following the match, Vince McMahon comments on the action. The wrestlers each have two comments. One is a generic taunt, while the second is specific to the opponent.
The game features five wrestlers: Hulk Hogan, "Macho Man" Randy Savage, The Ultimate Warrior, "The Million Dollar Man" Ted DiBiase, and Mr. Perfect.
Nintendo Power reviewed WWF Superstars in their April 1991 issue and rated it a score of 2.9 out of 5.
Gameplay
All wrestlers have the same moves, with the exception of individualized strike attacks. The moveset consists of attack moves (punch and kick), a bodyslam, grappling moves that can only be performed when you pick your opponent up from the mat (piledriver, suplex, headlock with punches), ground attack moves (elbow or knee drop), Irish whip moves (clothesline and dropkick), and flying turnbuckle moves (elbow or knee drop). Players can also wrestle outside the ring by throwing their opponent over the ropes or by performing a dropkick through the ropes. Throwing the opponent out of the ring can be done once per match and causes considerable damage.
Once a player selects a wrestler, they must defeat the other four in a series of matches to be named WWF World Heavyweight Champion. On completion, the player gets a portrait picture of their chosen superstar.
References
1991 video games
Game Boy games
Game Boy-only games
LJN games
Rare (company) games
WWE video games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by David Wise
Professional wrestling games |
5397510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambranle | Chambranle | In architecture and joinery, the chambranle is the border, frame, or ornament, made of stone or wood, that is a component of the three sides round chamber doors, large windows, and chimneys.
When a chambranle is plain and without mouldings, it is called a band, case, or frame. The chambranle consists of three parts; the two sides, called montants, or ports, and the top, called the traverse or supercilium. The chambranle of an ordinary door is frequently called a door-case; of a window, window-frame; and of a chimney, mantle-tree.
History
In ancient architecture, antepagmenta were garnishings in posts or doors, wrought in stone or timber, or lintels of a window. The word comes from Latin and has been borrowed in English to be used for the entire chambranle, i.e. the door case, or window frame.
References
ANTEPAGMENTA, Ancient Library, p. 98
External links
Tips To Fix Condensation Between Double Pane Windows
Doors
Woodworking
Windows
Fireplaces |
5397518 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride%20Shockwave | Pride Shockwave | Pride Shockwave Dynamite! is the international PPV broadcast name for the mixed martial arts and kickboxing event co-promoted by the PRIDE Fighting Championships and K-1 on August 28, 2002. It was held at the Tokyo National Stadium in Tokyo, Japan. The proper name for the event was Dynamite! Biggest Mixed Martial Arts World Cup - Summer Night Fever in the National Stadium, also known shortly as Dynamite!
With a reported attendance of 91,107 (though other sources claim 71,000), it remains the highest number of attendance for a live MMA event in the sport's history. The event had a big opening ceremony, which featured Antonio Inoki dropping into the stadium by parachute. He then joined Hélio Gracie and the two "founding fathers of MMA" lit a ceremonial olympic torch together.
The actual event was marked by a "freak show fight" between 223 lb (101 kg) Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira and 350 lb (158 kg) Bob Sapp. The match had a special rule to ban knee strikes on the ground, making it a more even affair. In the first seconds of the match, Nogueira was dropped in a piledriver and got slammed on his head, despite that and Sapp's strong punches, Nogueira was able to defend himself for 19-minutes and defeat Sapp at the second round with an armbar. The other famous event was Hidehiko Yoshida vs. Royce Gracie, a "special rules match" with both fighters wearing keikogis and with limited striking allowed, billed as a "rematch" of Masahiko Kimura vs. Hélio Gracie, which had happened 50 years earlier. The match would end controversially as Gracie was caught in a sode guruma jime ("Ezekiel") chokehold from the mount. The referee felt Gracie passed out from the choke but was unable to see his face, still he awarded the victory to Yoshida by knockout. Royce stood up and protested the win, claiming he was neither unconscious nor tapped out and demanded the referees to declare a tie or rematch, the squabble soon resulted into a full a brawl between the corners of the two fighters.
Results
See also
Pride Fighting Championships
List of Pride Fighting Championships champions
List of Pride Fighting events
2002 in Pride FC
List of K-1 events
K-1 PREMIUM Dynamite!!
References
External links
Sherdog.com
Shockwave 2002
2002 in Tokyo
2002 in mixed martial arts
Mixed martial arts in Japan
Sports competitions in Tokyo |
5397525 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlson | Carlson | Carlson may refer to:
Carlson (name), people with the given name or surname
Carlson Companies, American conglomerate
CWT, subsidiary
Radisson Hotel Group, former subsidiary formerly known as Carlson Rezidor
Carlson Inlet, Antarctica
Carlson Library, University of Rochester, New York, USA
Carlson Park, Culver City, California, USA
Carlson's patrol, USMC operation during Guadalcanal campaign
Carlson Stadium, Decorah, Iowa, USA
Carlson's theorem, uniqueness theorem about a summable expansion of an analytic function
Chester County G. O. Carlson Airport, Coatesville, Pennsylvania, USA
Stromberg-Carlson, American telecommunications equipment manufacturing company
See also
Carleson, a surname
Carlsen (disambiguation)
Carlsson (disambiguation)
Karlson (disambiguation)
Karlsson (disambiguation) |
5397527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20carpenter%20bee | Eastern carpenter bee | Xylocopa virginica, sometimes referred to as the eastern carpenter bee, extends through the eastern United States and into Canada. They are sympatric with Xylocopa micans in much of southeastern United States. They nest in various types of wood and eat pollen and nectar. In X. virginica, dominant females do not focus solely on egg-laying, as in other bee species considered to have "queens". Instead, dominant X. virginica females are responsible for a full gamut of activities including reproduction, foraging, and nest construction, whereas subordinate bees may engage in little activity outside of guarding the nest.
Description and identification
The bee is similar in size to bumblebees, but has a glossy, mostly black body with a slight metallic purple tint. X. virginica males and females have generally the same mass, but can be differentiated visually by the male's longer body and the female's wider head. The males also have a white spot on their face. Additionally, the males have larger thoracic volumes for given masses. Females of different social standing can also be told apart based on morphology. Primary females are larger than secondary or tertiary females, and also have more mandibular and wing wear.
X. virginica have distinctive maxillae that are adapted to performing perforations on corolla tubes to reach nectaries. Their maxillae are sharp and wedge-shaped, allowing them to split the side of corolla tubes externally to access the nectar. Eastern carpenter bees also have galae on their maxillae that are shaped like large, flat blades. Bees with sharp galae can use these to further aid in penetrating the corolla tubes.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
X. virginica belongs to the genus Xylocopa, which consists of over 400 species worldwide, in the subgenus Xylocopoides, which contains only 5 New World species, including Xylocopa californica, which also occurs in the U.S.
Distribution
X. virginica is found throughout much of North America east of the Rocky Mountains and at least as far north as Nebraska, southern Ontario, and Maine.
Nesting
X. virginica build their nests in wood, bamboo culms, agave stalks, and other comparable materials, but they prefer to nest in milled pine or cedar lumber. The nests are built by scraping wood shavings off of the wall. These shavings are then used to create partitions between nesting cells. The entrance cuts into the wood perpendicular to the grain, but they are built parallel beyond the entrance. These nests may be either social, containing groups of two to five females, or solitary. Social nests are more common, despite the fact that brood productivity is actually lower when females choose to nest together. Because X. virginica builds its nests in wood structures, it is common for it to nest in constructed furniture or buildings. X. virginica is the most common large carpenter bee in eastern North America, and it nests in small groups, so nests are fairly commonly encountered.
The nests are usually round and typically have one to four tunnels. They have multiple branches, with each adult female living and laying eggs in a separate branch but females sharing one common entrance. Because the nests are costly to build, it is common for females to reuse old nests.
Life cycle
In X. virginica, mating occurs only once a year, in the spring. Eggs are laid in July, starting farthest from the exit hole, and by about August and mid-September, larval development has completed and all the pupae have become adults. Researchers suggest that there is a mechanism that synchronizes the emergence time of young that are laid at different times by causing the younger eggs to develop faster. This mechanism prevents bees that would emerge sooner from removing their siblings and decreasing their potential competition.
Bees that have newly emerged have a soft cuticle and white wings. The wings later transition to brown, then to a bluish black. They can fly 3–4 days after emergence, but they remain in their nest for at least two weeks, consuming nectar but not pollen. The juveniles begin the next mating cycle the following spring, so one generation develops in a year.
Females begin to exhibit signs of senescence around July. The indicative behavior includes resting in flowers, remaining in the nest, or even just falling to the ground from flight. Older individuals also crawl, avoid taking flight, and do not struggle when handled by humans. The old bees die by early August, the same time that juveniles emerge from brood cells. Due to the simultaneous nature of expiration of old bees and emergence of new ones, there is little overlap between generations, except for some females that survive a second winter.
Behavior
X. virginica is not a solitary bee species, but it is not truly social either. The weak form of sociality they exhibit, with one female doing the majority of the work and caring for her sisters, may be a transitional step in the evolution of sociality.
Dominance hierarchy
Female X. virginica can have solitary nests, but they usually nest in social groups. The social order of X. virginica is broken into three groups: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary females act as the dominant within a nest and are in charge of reproduction, providing food for the larvae, and laying all the eggs. This is different from many bee species in which there is a queen that focuses her energy solely on laying eggs while relying on provisions provide by subordinate bees. Secondary females may sometimes participate in oviposition, and they reinforce this potential role by helping provide for the larvae or performing nest maintenance. Tertiary females rely on the provisions provided by primary females and quietly await overwintering while remaining inactive.
Studies have shown that primary females are usually the bees that have overwintered twice, while tertiary bees have only overwintered once. Tertiary bees will most likely survive a second overwintering and develop further to become primary female the following year. Secondary bees may survive a second winter, but that is unlikely if they actively forage after their first overwintering.
Division of labor among the sexes
Not all females do the same work in a social nest. This is evident based on the varying levels of wear on the wings and mandibles of females of various social standing. Although many nests have more than one female, there is a division of labor between the older and younger females. During nesting time, only the older females are responsible for nesting duties such as digging, excavating the cells, lining the cells, collecting food, and ovipositing. Evidence of this activity can be found in their worn mandibles. Young females rarely leave the nest and guard the entrance while the older females work, resulting in unworn wings and mandibles in the younger females. Additionally, X. virginica is the only known species in which one-year-old females cohabit the nest with two-year-old females that do all the labor.
Males often spend long periods of time hovering, flying, or in fast pursuit of intruders, while female flight activity is usually very directed, such as flights to flowers and food sites. Larger females have an advantage because they can carry larger amounts of pollen or nectar back to the nest and can fly longer distances.
Diet
X. virginica survive mostly on nectar and pollen. Newly emerged bees do not have food stored in their nest, but they are occasionally brought nectar. X. virginica use their maxillae to penetrate the corolla of plants and reach the nectar stores, a behavior known as nectar robbing. This happens when the bee pierces the corollas of long-tubed flowers, thus accessing nectar without making contact with the anthers and bypassing pollination. In some plants this reduces fruit production and seed number. In other plants, defensive mechanisms allow pollination to occur despite perforation of the corolla.
Mating behavior
Each nest usually has one mated individual. Mating occurs in April and is often accompanied by a bobbing dance that involves about a dozen males and only a few females.
Males require female activity, specifically flight, in mating. Occasionally before mating, the couple will face each other and hover for a few minutes. When the male contacts the female, he mounts her back and attempts to push his abdomen under hers. Copulation then occurs, and it is almost always followed by more mating attempts. If, during copulation, the female lands, the couple will disengage and the male will hover waiting for the female to take flight again; however, although the males almost always disengage and pause copulation when the female lands, there have been instances recorded in which the males will hold on to the female with all six legs and flap his wings in an attempt to lift her back into the air.
Larger males are usually more successful in mating. Because of their competitive advantage due to their size, males will likely claim a territory near female nest sites. Smaller males will stay at foraging sites or other areas they think females may pass so they can mate with reduced competition.
Kin selection
Research has shown that, regardless of sex, X. virginica show more aggression toward non-nestmates than nestmates, indicating that they can recognize each other. By living in social groups with inclusive fitness, the bees can raise offspring with the help of the nest community rather than as a solitary effort.
The ability of X. virginica to recognize nestmates allows primaries and secondaries to exclude tertiary bees from their nests. Tertiary bees are a burden on resources because they do not perform any useful activities, but they benefit from the food and shelter provided by the primary females.
Defense
Territorial behavior in males
Males will establish territories near an active nest entrance to protect the colony and seek mating opportunities. For males that are near the nest entrance, their boundaries are usually linear and several meters long. For males that are farther from the exit, their boundaries are usually in the shape of a square and shorter in length. Males can stay in one territory for as long as two weeks. Although they do most of their foraging and resting during the night, they take small breaks throughout the day as well. After these breaks, they often have to fight off intruders that have taken advantage of their absence.
Flights near the nest are usually uniform and involve much hovering. Flights protecting a bee's territory can be as short as a few minutes, but may extend beyond an hour. Males will not react to another bee unless the other is flying at high speed. When other individuals hover near the nest, it is unlikely that the male will pursue, whereas if another male comes into a territory at a high speed, the territorial male will give chase. When males patrolling the entrance of a nest are confronted with either dead or living Eastern carpenter bees suspended from a thread and dangled within the male's territory, the male does not respond when the bee is suspended and motionless, whether it is living or dead—even though X. virginica are capable of recognizing other individuals of their species. However, when the suspended bee is released and allowed to fly in the male's territory or is swung through the territory on the thread, the territorial male pursues it.
Parasites
There is one common species of bombyliid flies known to parasitize the larvae of Xylocopa virginica: Xenox tigrinus.
Marking
Eastern carpenter bees have mandibular glands that are known to produce a marking chemical in X. hirsutissima that functions as a nest marker or for female attraction. The glands are present in both males and females, but they produce no marking substance. However, X. virginica does have a Dufour's gland that is used to deposit a scent on a flower immediately following nectar collection. The scent, composed of hydrocarbons and esters, discourages X. virginica, as well as other bee species, from returning to that same flower.
Stinging
The male bee is unable to sting because the stinger is simply a modified ovipositor (which males lack by definition), though they will commonly approach human beings and buzz loudly around them or fly close to them. The female, on the other hand, is capable of stinging; while the pain level of these stings is not well-documented, researchers have testified that X. virginica will sting if roughly handled. As the stinger is not barbed, a female can sting multiple times.
Human importance
Agriculture
X. virginica visits many different kinds of flowers in order to gather pollen and nectar to bring back to the nest for larvae. Most of the plants they visit are wild grown or grown for decorative value; however, they can be good pollinators of blueberry crops. Their active seasons are quite long, and they forage on a wide variety of plant species. Also, because the start of their activity season is dependent on temperature, it is easy for greenhouse workers to manipulate the beginning of foraging activity. However, in comparison to species such as the honey bee, their smaller nest makes them less powerful as pollinators.
Destructive behavior
Because X. virginica builds its nests in various types of wood, it presents the disadvantage of weakening wood in manmade structures. They are also able to produce an excrement upon exiting their tunnels that may splash on the sides of buildings and negatively affect the aesthetic appeal of that structure. However, when weighed against the benefits X. virginica have as pollinators, the costs of its destructive behavior are insignificant. X. virginica offer benefits in the form of pollination for fruits, vegetables, legumes, and flower crops. Although the pollination strengths of X. virginica are secondary to that of the bumblebees and honey bees, the contribution is great enough to overlook destructive tendencies. X. virginica avoid entrances that are stained white, which is a possible solution to keeping them out of unwanted areas.
References
Further reading
Mitchell, Theodore B. (1962): Bees of the Eastern United States. Vol. II, The North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Tech. Bul. No.152, pp. 557 (p. 507 ff)
Balduf WV, 1962. Life of the carpenter bee, Xylocopa virginica (Linn.) (Xylocopidae, Hymenoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 55:263-271.
Barrows EM, 1983. Male Territoriality in the Carpenter Bee Xylocopa virginica. Animal Behaviour 31: 806-813.
Barthell JF, Baird TA, 2004. Size variation and Aggression among Male Xylocopa virginica (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) at a Nesting Site in Central Oklahoma. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 77:10-20.
Gerling D, Hermann HR, 1976. Biology and Mating Behavior of Xylocopa virginica L. (Hymenoptera, Anthrophoridae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3:99-111.
Sabrosky CW, 1962. Mating in Xylocopa virginica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of America 64:184.
Rau,Phil, 1933. The Jungle Bees and Wasps of Barro Colorado Island: with notes on other insects, Chapter VIII: The Behavior of the Great Carpenter Bee, Xylocopa virginica with notes on the genesis of certain instincts.
External links
OSU Agricultural Extension Fact Sheet - HYG-2074-06
Carpenter Bees - Penn State Entomology Department Fact Sheet
Xylocopinae
Hymenoptera of North America
Insects of Canada
Insects of the United States
Fauna of the Eastern United States
Fauna of the Great Lakes region (North America)
Ecology of the Appalachian Mountains
Insects described in 1771
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
4001878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%27s%20Advocate | Doctor's Advocate | Doctor's Advocate is the second studio album by American hip hop recording artist the Game, released on November 14, 2006, through Geffen Records. The album is his second major-label release, following 2005's The Documentary, which was released on Aftermath/G-Unit. Due to his disputes with 50 Cent, Game left Aftermath/G-Unit and signed with Geffen Records, another label under Universal Music Group's Interscope-Geffen-A&M division to terminate his contractual obligations with G-Unit, in the summer of 2006.
Despite the absence of Dr. Dre, who executive produced Game's debut record, The Documentary, the album featured production by four other returning producers—Kanye West, Just Blaze, Scott Storch and Hi-Tek—as well as will.i.am and Swizz Beatz. Production for the album was also contributed by DJ Khalil, Jellyroll, Jonathan "J.R." Rotem, Mr. Porter, Nottz, Reefa, Ervin "E.P." Pope and D-Roc, among others.
Doctor's Advocate debuted at No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard 200, selling over 360,000 copies in its first week, making it Game's 2nd No. 1 album in a row.
Guests featured on Doctor's Advocate include Busta Rhymes, Kanye West, Nas, Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound, Jamie Foxx and Xzibit. Upon its release, the album received favorable reviews, with music critics praising the album's production and the Game's improved lyricism. Game made a point to prove that he could still make good music and be a successful artist, as he did on The Documentary, without the help from Dr. Dre or 50 Cent. As with The Documentary, Doctor's Advocate was distributed in the United Kingdom by Polydor Records, which is the British distributor for Interscope-Geffen-A&M releases. Game later called Doctor's Advocate the best album of his career in 2012.
Background
When Game signed onto Aftermath Entertainment, it was later arranged that he would work with 50 Cent and his hip hop group G-Unit. The sudden feud between the pair, who had been marketed as having a mentor/protégé relationship, started soon afterwards. The two were able to put their differences aside for the release of the Game's debut album, The Documentary which was released on January 18, 2005. The album was a success for Game and had three singles that featured 50 Cent. The release date of 50 Cent's second album, The Massacre, was pushed back in order to accommodate Game's album, causing a rift between 50 Cent and Interscope Records. Tensions would rise during the filming of the music video for Game's third single, "Hate It or Love It", when 50 Cent refused to shoot a scene in the front seat of a car with Game, instead sitting in the back (Game's brother, Big Fase 100, would replace him).
50 Cent later dismissed Game from G-Unit on Hot 97 radio. 50 Cent also claimed that he was not getting his proper credit for the creation of Game's debut album and he claimed that he wrote six of the songs, which Game denied. After the announcement, Game, who was a guest earlier in the evening, attempted to enter the building with his entourage. After being denied entry, one of his associates was shot in the leg during a confrontation with a group of men leaving the building. When the situation escalated, both rappers held a press conference to announce their reconciliation. Fans had mixed feelings as to whether the rappers created a publicity stunt to boost the sales of the albums they had just released. Nevertheless, even after the situation deflated, G-Unit criticized the Game's street cred. The group denounced the Game and announced that he will not be featured on their albums. During a Summer Jam performance, the Game launched a boycott of G-Unit called "G-Unot".
After the performance at Summer Jam, Game responded with "300 Bars and Runnin'", an extended "diss" aimed at G-Unit as well as members of Roc-A-Fella Records on the mixtape You Know What It Is Vol. 3. 50 Cent responded through his "Piggy Bank" music video, which features the Game as a Mr. Potato Head doll and also parodies other rivals. Since then both groups continued to attack each other. The Game released two more mixtapes, Ghost Unit and a mixtape/DVD called Stop Snitchin, Stop Lyin.
G-Unit posted a cover of Game's head on the body of a male stripper for "Hate It or Love It (G-Unit Radio Part 21)" mixtape, as a response to Game displaying pictures of G-Unit dressed as Village People. Although he was signed to Aftermath Entertainment, the Game left the label due to his disputes with 50 Cent and signed with Geffen Records (another label under Universal Music Group's Interscope-Geffen-A&M division) to terminate his contractual obligations with G-Unit in the summer of 2006 (although others claim 50 Cent pressured Dr. Dre to kick him off). G-Unit member Spider Loc had also begun to insult the Game on various songs. In addition, the Game released "240 Bars (Spider Joke)" and "100 Bars (The Funeral)" both attacking G-Unit, Spider Loc and others. 50 Cent's response was "Not Rich, Still Lyin'" where he mocks the Game. Lloyd Banks replied to the Game on a Rap City freestyle booth session. The Game quickly released a "diss" record called "SoundScan" where the Game pokes fun at Lloyd Banks' album Rotten Apple falling thirteen spots on the Billboard 200 chart and disappointing second week sales. Lloyd Banks replied on his mixtape Mo' Money in the Bank Pt. 5: Gang Green Season Continues with a song called "Showtime (The Game's Over)". Lloyd Banks states that 50 Cent wrote half of the Game's first album The Documentary and pokes fun at the Game's suicidal thoughts.
In October 2006, the Game extended a peace treaty to 50 Cent, which was not immediately replied to. However, a couple days later, on Power 106, he stated that the treaty was only offered for one day. On Doctor's Advocate, Game claims that the feud is over on several songs.
Music
Lyrics
Doctor's Advocate contains various staples of West Coast hip hop albums including explicit rhymes about gang violence, drug use and sex. The album looks into the Game's relationship with his former mentor Dr. Dre on several tracks, most notably "Doctor's Advocate" which also features former Aftermath Entertainment rapper Busta Rhymes. This album is known for its heavy West Coast hip hop sound, something that didn't feature much in his debut The Documentary. He worked with a number of west coast artists such as Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, Xzibit and Tha Dogg Pound. Rapreviews said "He is absolutely quintessentially relentlessly and unapologetically thugging it up on this CD, but unless your name is Joe Lieberman or Tipper Gore you're gonna enjoy the hell out of the dope beats and lyrical bravado and be begging for more." DJBooth praised his lyrical skills by saying "to briefly touch on the lyrics, only Eminem and Lil’ Wayne are currently equals." However, once again many critics panned the Game's namedropping throughout the album, but Steve Juon of Rapreviews says that "some accused him of being a "name dropper" back then and still will today, the references seem more in keeping with his "soldier of the West" philosophy and less like a filler for lack of content."
Production
While the Game originally claimed Dr. Dre would still do production on the album in the November issue of XXL magazine, he admitted in September (after the XXL interview was conducted) during an interview on radio station Power 105 that Dr. Dre would not be producing any tracks (although four previously unreleased tracks produced by Dr. Dre were released on the internet, but no reason was given as to why they were not included on the album).
The production on the album was praised by critics. Allmusic writer David Jeffries stated: "beat-makers like Kanye West, Just Blaze, Scott Storch and Swizz Beatz are all on fire" and went on to praise will.i.am's return to his "hood sound after years with the polished Black Eyed Peas". A.V. Club's Nathan Rabin noted that the beats created a "gleaming, hydraulics-enhanced '64 Impala of an album to ride".
With its use of more West Coast-type beats, crispier drums, and deeper bass, the album leans more towards the West Coast sound than The Documentary. The album's production stands out with its combination of sampling and live instrumentation. Tracks like "Why You Hate the Game" combine soul samples with string arrangements, and piano-playing, while other tracks like "Remedy" rely heavily on sped-up funk samples. "Too Much" was noted for being an "ABBA-inspired disco-thump", while "Remedy" revolves around "pilfering Public Enemy's hard-hitting sound". The production on "Ol' English" was depicted as "slow-rolling" music, and "Compton" was declared a "return to old-fashioned gangsta rap". "Why You Hate the Game" was driven by a "sparkling piano-heavy...track". Production for the album would also be contributed by DJ Khalil, Hi-Tek, Jellyroll, Jonathan "J.R." Rotem, Mr. Porter, Nottz, Reefa, Ervin "E.P." Pope and D-Roc.
Title
Doctor's Advocate explicitly refers to Game's former mentor and producer Dr. Dre, whose name is dropped repeatedly. During several of the songs, Game uses words like "family" and "father" to pay tribute to their relationship before at Aftermath Entertainment. Dre associate Busta Rhymes is brought in as a guest on the title track.
Release and promotion
As the release date of Doctor's Advocate approached, it became unclear, due to the G-Unit contract, whether the album be released by Aftermath Entertainment or Interscope Records. Due to his disputes with 50 Cent, in summer 2006 the Game left Aftermath Entertainment and signed with Geffen Records, another label under Universal Music Group's Interscope-Geffen-A&M, division to terminate his contractual obligations with G-Unit.
On September 7, 2005, the Game released a promotional mixtape, Ghost Unit through 101 Distribution and West Side Entertainment, intended to promote Doctor's Advocate.
On December 3, 2005, the Game released another promotional mixtape album/DVD, Stop Snitchin–Stop Lyin, through The Black Wall Street Records. The mixtape features artists Lil' Kim, Ice Cube, Lil Rob, Chingy, WC, Paul Wall and others. The DVD is directed by Éngel Thedford of AREA51 Media Group. This mixtape is the third of three diss mixtapes aimed at the G-Unit members. It is quite possibly the most popular of the three due to the DVD advertisement. It also features disses by other Black Wall Street Members. Repeatedly DJ Clue? says "Come on Game it's the last one" suggesting there would be no more diss tracks or mixtapes aimed at G-Unit any more. The track "Niggaz Bleed" is a subliminal diss to Suge Knight. In 2006 the mixtape was certified platinum in Ireland, which sold 15,000 units, and the DVD was certified gold.
Doctor's Advocate was finally released on November 14, 2006, through Geffen Records.
Singles
The first single, "It's Okay (One Blood)", peaked at 71 on the Billboard Hot 100". The Game had earlier stated that the song would be released on July 31, 2006, but it was released on July 24. The song was originally to be released on July 4, but got pushed back by the Game. Jimmy Rosemond, head of Czar Entertainment and the Game's manager, explained how "One Blood" would receive positive radio airplay and prove the talent that the Game has. It features Junior Reid and is produced by Reefa. The second single, "Let's Ride", peaked at 46 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was written by the Game and Scott Storch and was released on September 25, 2006. The Game mentioned on radio station KDAY in Los Angeles, California that the track was recorded in Miami, Florida, but had the feel of a West Coast Dr. Dre record. The song heavily references Dr. Dre's 1993 hit "Let Me Ride". "Let's Ride" received mediocre reviews from music critics. MusicOMH wrote that the track "lacks in any of the vigour and enthusiasm that came with his debut major release album". Pitchfork Media gave the song a negative review saying, "What an embarrassment this song turned out to be, lumberingly obvious and poorly crafted from the first awkward gang reference to the last Dre namedrop." About.com's Henry Adaso called the track "just another boring mantra devoid of substance" with the Game delivering "a lethargic sprawl, replete with 50 Cent-esque crooning and tautological Dre odes ("Ain't nuthin' but a G thang, baby, it's a G thang")." Entertainment Weekly, in a review of Doctor's Advocate, wrote that the song "recycle[s] Dre's signature high-pitched synths and plinking pianos" and is "marred by stale rhymes chronicling cartoonish gangbanging." Chocolate magazine said the track "lacks charisma and substance, and is filled with 50 Cent-style tuneless crooning, endless name checks for Aftermath, Eminem and Dr. Dre and empty lyrics". The third single, "Wouldn't Get Far", peaked at 64 on the Billboard Hot 100". The song is produced by and features a verse from Kanye West. It contains a sample from Creative Source's "I'd Find You Anywhere" (which was also sampled on Jadakiss' "By Your Side"), and a sample from "Long Red (Live)" by Mountain. Kanye West revealed that the beat for the song was originally made for Common, and if the Game had turned it down, Kanye would have used it for himself.
Reception
Commercial performance
The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, selling well over 360,000 copies in its 1st week. The album would go on as the Game's 2nd No. 1 album in a row. The album also charted at No. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, and at No. 1 on the Top Rap Albums chart. As of October 2007, the album has sold 969,000 copies in the United States of America, according to Nielsen SoundScan.
Doctor's Advocate attained respectable international charting. In Australia the album entered the Australian Albums Chart at #20, in Austria the album entered the Austrian Albums Chart at No. 12, in Canada the album entered the Canadian Albums Chart at #2, in the Netherlands the album entered the Dutch Albums Chart at No. 19, in France the album entered the French Albums Chart at #9, in Germany the album entered the German Albums Chart at No. 17, in the Republic of Ireland the album entered the Irish Albums Chart at #8, in New Zealand the album entered the New Zealand Albums Chart at No. 15, in Norway the album entered the Norwegian Albums Chart at No. 14, in Switzerland the album entered the Swiss Albums Chart at No. 15.
In the United Kingdom the British Phonographic Industry certified the album Gold, and in New Zealand the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand also certified the album Gold.
Critical response
Upon its release, Doctor's Advocate received generally positive reviews from music critics. It received an average score of 73 out of 100 based on 20 reviews. Allmusic writer David Jeffries wrote that while the album "is nothing new" from The Documentary, "the fact remains that every track here is as good as or better than those on his debut." Entertainment Weekly disagreed, saying "it doesn't live up to the nihilistic brilliance" of his previous album. Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone stated that the album "isn't the classic that message boards are calling it, but it is a middling yet pleasurable record." Hoard also wrote that "lyrically, it's a mixed bag. The Game is still kind of corny, but his skills have improved... He's more nimble and more assured than before, and he switches up his flow more often".
. Stylus Magazine noted that the Game "brought his personality—occasionally funny, disarmingly needy, a little lunkheaded—into the booth" and that despite Dr. Dre's absence, "the album sounds just as big-budget and lavishly appointed as The Documentary". The New York Times shared this view saying, "this album sounds much more like a Los Angeles album than its predecessor" and that the rapper "has a terrific voice, bassy and raspy." Similarly, The A.V. Club wrote that the Game "boasts a raspy-voiced, belligerent charisma" and that the album "succeeds primarily on the strength of its beats." The album received a near perfect 4.5 mic rating from The Source.
Pitchfork Media stated "As rap music, the Doctor’s Advocate is good; as tangled psychodrama, it's better." Jeff Vrabel of PopMatters wrote "Slapping Dre’s name so front and center just tastes weird, like Alanis re-recording Jagged Little Pill or Queen touring without Freddie Mercury: Awk-ward. Ultimately, for all its naked ambition, "Advocate" ends up proving that without the guiding hand of Dre, Game can ... sound like Dre. Just listen to him, he'll tell you. But without that ability to hammer out his own identity, the Game is still in progress." Stylus Magazine stated "Despite the fact that Dre had nothing to do with this project, the album sounds just as big-budget and lavishly appointed as The Documentary. Like his mentor, Game knows how to tweak the bone-rattling clap of the snare and play up the percussive aspect of keyboards."
Accolades
The album appeared on numerous music critics' and publications' end-of-year albums lists. Stylus Magazine placed the album at number 35 on its list of their Top 50 Albums of 2006. Kelefa Sannehof of The New York Times named it the sixth best album of 2006, on its list of Best Albums of 2006. They also said that it was the best hip hop album of the year. Prefix named it the tenth best album of 2006, on its list of Best Albums of 2006.
Track listing
Sample credits
"Da Shit" contains a sample from "Ipecac" written and performed by Zoogz Rift and excerpts from the film Tales from the Hood.
"It's Okay (One Blood)" contains a sample from "One Blood" performed by Junior Reid.
"Compton" contains samples from "Real Muthaphuckkin G's" performed by Eazy-E; "Hard Times" performed by Baby Huey; "Gangster Boogie" performed by Chicago Gangsters; "Swahililand" performed by Ahmad Jamal, and "Amen, Brother" performed by The Winstons.
"Remedy" contains samples from "Hyperbolicsyllabicsesquedalymistic" written and performed by Isaac Hayes, and "Black Steel in the Hour of Chaos" performed by Public Enemy.
"Let's Ride" contains a sample from "Picture Me Rollin'" performed by 2Pac.
"Wouldn't Get Far" contains samples from "I'd Find You Anywhere" performed by Creative Source; "Long Red" performed by Mountain and "All Bout U" performed by 2Pac.
"Scream on 'Em" contains a sample from "Police Station Exploration" performed by Michael Richard Plowman.
"One Night" contains a sample from "Two Occasions" performed by The Deele.
"Doctor's Advocate" contains a sample from "Up Against the Wind" performed by Lori Perri from the soundtrack from the film, Set It Off.
"Ol' English" contains a sample from "(If Loving You is Wrong) I Don't Want to Be Right" performed by Luther Ingram
"California Vacation" contains a sample from "Funky Worm" performed by Ohio Players.
"Why You Hate the Game" contains a sample from "With You" performed by The Main Ingredient.
"I'm Chillin'" contains samples from "Funky Drummer" performed by James Brown, and "You Gots to Chill" performed by EPMD.
Instrumentations
Lookin' At You - Keyboards: Ervin "E.P." Pope; Guitars: Glenn Jeffery; Bass: E. Battle; Additional vocals: Mac Minister and Tracey Nelson
Let's Ride - Guitar: Aaron "Franchise" Fishbein
Wouldn't Get Far - Additional drum programming by Patrick Gillin
One Night - Additional vocals: DMP and Andrea Martin
Doctor's Advocate - Chorus vocal: Samuel Christian
Ol' English - Bass & Guitar: Erick Coomes
California Vacation - Additional vocals: Tracey Nelson
Around the World - Keyboards: Walter Howard
Why You Hate the Game - Choir: The 1500 Choir; Drums & Strings: Just Blaze; Organ & Piano: Lamar Edwards and Larrance Dopson; Additional vocals: Andrea Martin
Personnel
Credits for Doctor's Advocate adapted from Allmusic.
Asif Ali - Assistant Engineer, Engineer
Wayne Allison - Engineer
Marsha Ambrosius - Vocals
Heinrich Boykins "Heimy" - Groomer
Wendell Cage - Project Coordinator
Mike Chav - Engineer, Producer
Kelvin Chu - A&R
Erik "Baby Jesus" Coomes - Bass, Guitar
D-Roc - Producer
Andrew Dawson - Engineer
K. Dean - Composer
Mike Dean - Mixing
Dion - Vocals
DJ Hi-Tek - Producer
Tha Dogg Pound - Vocals
Nate Dogg - Vocals
Larrance Dopson - Organ (Hammond), Piano
Dylan Dresdow - Engineer
D. Drew - Composer
Lamar Edwards - Organ (Hammond), Piano
Scott Elgin - Engineer
1500 Choir - Choir, Chorus, Vocals
Aaron Fishbein - Guitar
Joshua Fisher - Marketing Coordinator
Andrew Flad - Product Manager
Jamie Foxx - Vocals
Nicole Frantz - Creative Assistance
The Game - Executive Producer
Conrad Golding - Engineer
Bernie Grundman - Mastering
Andy Gwynn - Engineer
N. Hale - Composer
Walter Howard - Keyboards
Chris Jackson - Engineer
Janeen Jasmine - Composer, Vocals (Background)
Jellyroll - Producer
Just Blaze - Drums, Producer, Strings
Kenneth Keith Kallenbach - A&R
Padraic Kerin - Engineer
Anthony Kilhoffer - Engineer
Marc Lee - Engineer
Patrick Magee - Assistant Engineer
Jonathan Mannion - Photography
Monica Marrow - Wardrobe
Andrea Martin - Vocals
Tony Martin - A&R
Curtis Mayfield - Composer
Marilyn McLeod - Composer
Mister Porter - Producer
Nas - Vocals
Tracey Nelson - Vocals, Vocals (Background)
Ervin Pope - Keyboards, Producer
Oscar Ramirez - Engineer
Junior Reid - Vocals
Omar Reyna - Assistant Engineer
Zoogz Rift - Composer
Jimmy "Henchmen" Rosemond - Executive Producer
J.R. Rotem - Composer, Producer
Angelo Sanders - A&R
Pam Sawyer - Composer
Daniel Seeff - Bass, Guitar
Kelly Sheehen - Engineer
Shorty - Choir, Chorus
Norbert Sloley - Composer
Snoop Dogg - Vocals
Scott Storch - Producer
Brian Sumner - Engineer
Swizz Beatz - Producer, Vocals
Sean Tallman - Engineer
Andrew Van Meter - Producer
David Weldon - Composer
Kanye West - Producer, Vocals
Ryan West - Engineer, Mixing
Don Smartt - Engineer
will.i.am - Engineer, Mixing, Producer, Vocals
Ethan Willoughby - Mixing
Doug Wilson - Mixing
C. Young - Composer
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
Doctor's Advocate at Discogs
Doctor's Advocate at Metacritic
2006 albums
The Game (rapper) albums
Geffen Records albums
Albums produced by Mr. Porter
Albums produced by DJ Khalil
Albums produced by Hi-Tek
Albums produced by J. R. Rotem
Albums produced by JellyRoll
Albums produced by Just Blaze
Albums produced by Kanye West
Albums produced by Nottz
Albums produced by Scott Storch
Albums produced by Swizz Beatz
Albums produced by will.i.am |
4001892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec%20%28AG%29%20v%20Kellogg%27s%20Co%20of%20Canada | Quebec (AG) v Kellogg's Co of Canada | Quebec (AG) v Kellogg's Co of Canada is a leading constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of Canada on the pre-Charter right to freedom of expression. The Quebec Consumer Protection Act, which prohibited advertising to children through cartoons, was challenged by the Kellogg Company on the basis that it affected TV stations across the country. The Court held that the regulation of advertising is a matter within the authority of the province, and that the Act was valid law under the Property and Civil Rights power allocated to the province under section 92(13) of the Constitution Act, 1867.
Reasons of the court
Justice Martland found that the pith and substance of the legislation was the regulation of advertising which he identified as a matter allocated to the provincial government under the property and civil rights power. He noted that the regulation of advertising and was also part of a larger provincial scheme of regulating business practices, all of which fell within the purview of the provincial government. The encroachment upon the regulation of broadcasting was found to only be incidental to the primary subject of advertising, and so was valid.
Chief Justice Laskin, in dissent, disagreed with Martland and argued that the regulation must be read down to exclude the regulation of expression. He pointed out how in McKay v. The Queen (1965) the provincial law regulating signs was read down to exclude the regulation of federal voting signs. Likewise, in Johannesson v. West St. Paul (1952) a provincial law that regulated the zoning of aerodromes was not valid as it encroached on federal power to regulate air transportation.
See also
Irwin Toy Ltd. v. Quebec (Attorney General)
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases (Laskin Court)
Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
External links
Canadian federalism case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
Canadian freedom of expression case law
1978 in Canadian case law
Kellogg's
Cereal advertising characters
Canadian television commercials |
4001902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funke | Funke | Funke is a family name of German origin. Funke means "spark" and refers to the work of a smith. People with this surname include:
Alex Funke (b. 1944), American photographer
Annie Funke (b. 1985), American actress
Arno Funke (b. 1950), German author and former extortionist
Cornelia Funke (b. 1958), German author of children's books
Daniel Funke (b. 1981), German journalist
Ernst Funke (1835–1906), American politician and businessman
Felix Funke (1865–1932), German admiral of the Kaiserliche Marine
Helene Funke (1869–1957), German painter
Jan-Lukas Funke (b. 1999), German footballer
Jaromír Funke (1896–1945), Czech photographer
Jeffrey J. Funke (b. 1969), American judge
Karl-Heinz Funke (b. 1942), German politician (SPD)
Lars Funke (b. 1972), German speed skater
Manfred Funke (b. 1955), German weightlifter
Michael Funke (b. 1969), German racing driver
Otto Funke (1928–1879), German physiologist
Peter Funke (b. 1950), German historian
Rainer Funke (b. 1940), German politician
Rich Funke (b. 1949), American journalist and politician
Sabine Funke (b. 1955), German artist
Ursula Funke (1939–2020), German politician
See also
Funk
References
German-language surnames |
4001928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell%20Hunting | Russell Hunting | Russell Dinsmore Hunting (May 8, 1864 – February 20, 1943) was an American comic entertainer, pioneer sound recordist, and an influential figure in the early years of the recorded music industry. He was described as "the most popular pre-1900 recording artist".
Biography
He was born in West Roxbury, Massachusetts, and began his career as a dramatic actor in the Boston Theatre Company. He began his recording career around 1891 recording for the New England Phonograph Company. He became famous for his series of comedy sketches about an Irish character named Michael Casey. The recordings consisted of rapid-fire cross-talk between two characters, with Hunting taking all the parts. From 1892 he recorded the Michael Casey skits for Columbia Records, as well as for other companies, and several of his recordings such as "Michael Casey at the Telephone" and "Michael Casey Taking the Census" (both 1892) became famous. In 1893, Hunting recorded the earliest version of the baseball poem "Casey at the Bat" (Columbia Graphophone Grand, #9649). After that, his popular "Casey" format was often imitated.
In 1896 Hunting founded the first independent magazine for the recording industry, Phonoscope, and set up a phonograph shop in New York with his partner Charles M. Carlson. He also, about this time, recorded a series of indecent recordings, for saloons and amusement arcades on Coney Island, using pseudonyms such as Manly Tempest and Willy Fathand. Hunting was identified by his distinctive voice, and a detective working for Anthony Comstock, the founder of the newly formed New York Society for the Suppression of Vice arrested him for violating obscenity laws. Hunting was found guilty and spent three months in prison. Some of Hunting's lewd recordings were included on the 2007 compilation Actionable Offenses: Indecent Phonograph Recordings from the 1890s.
In 1898, a cylinder record company called Leeds Talk-O-Phone had Hunting record a skit, "Cohen at the Telephone". He was paid $5 per "round", as pantographic duplication yielded about 100 acceptable duplicates of a cylinder. At the end of the fourth round (recording into 4 machines yielded 16 masters) he saw a man carting 24 recordings of his "Cohen at the Telephone" away at the end of the studio. Hunting accused Leeds Talk-O-Phone of attempting to defraud him. The company, according to Hunting, made good upon being threatened with exposure.
Hunting traveled to England in 1898, and became recording director of Edison Bell Records. After the United Kingdom became involved in the Boer War in 1899, he recorded "The Departure of the Troop Ship", with the sounds of "crowds at the quayside, bands playing the troops up the gang-plank, bugles sounding 'All ashore', farewell cries of 'Don’t forget to write', troops singing "Home Sweet Home", which gradually receded in the distance, and the far-away mournful hoot of the steamer whistle." According to Fred Gaisberg, Nellie Melba said that the record influenced her above anything else to make records. While Hunting was in England, James H. White recorded "Casey" material for Edison Records, around 1901. Then, in 1905, John Kaiser became the voice of "Casey" for Edison.
Hunting also recorded skits for Zonophone in Britain. In 1904, Hunting and Louis Sterling formed the Sterling Record Company, which became the Russell Hunting Record Company Ltd., in London. The company produced Sterling cylinder records and Linguaphone language instruction records, but went out of business in 1908. Hunting then joined the Pathé company in Paris as director of recording, traveling the world on the company's behalf, and setting up its US arm before returning to Pathé to take charge of its European recording activities. He also maintained an occasional recording career, recording "The Departure of the First U.S. Troops for France", again with sound effects of bands and crowds, in New York in 1917.
He finally returned to the US in 1940. Hunting died in Westchester County, New York, in 1943 at the age of 78.
References
External links
New York Times 1896 arrest article
Archeophone Records
Concentric Net
Cylinder of the Month
Russell Hunting Company
Casey at the Bat cylinder recording, from the Cylinder Preservation and Digitization Project at the University of California, Santa Barbara Library.
A few online recordings available here
The City of London Phonograph and Gramophone Society CLPGS publishes a history and catalogue list of Sterling phonograph cylinders in its Reference Series of books.
Sound recording
1864 births
1943 deaths
Pioneer recording artists
People from West Roxbury, Boston |
4001934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphantophryne | Aphantophryne | Aphantophryne is a genus of microhylid frogs found in New Guinea and in Mindanao, the Philippines. Originally described by Fry in 1917, Richard G. Zweifel considered in 1956 Aphantophryne synonymous to Cophixalus. The genus was resurrected in 1989 to house two new species in addition to the type species, A. pansa. A molecular study on the subfamily Asterophryinae in 2017 revealed that two species originally included in the genus Oreophryne were more closely related to Aphantophryne than to other Oreophryne, and were consequently moved to this genus. The study also revealed a number of undescribed species.
Description
Aphantophryne are small frogs, the maximum snout-to-vent body length is 31 mm for A. pansa and 24 mm for A. sabini. The smallest species A. minuta has the body length of only 12 mm. Females are larger than males. The distinguishing feature of Aphantophryne when compared to other genyophrynine genera is the number of presacral vertebrae: Aphantophryne has seven while the other genera have eight.
Species
The genus has five recognized species:
The true number of species is higher, considering the molecularly identified but as yet undescribed species, and the deep divergence of lineages in Aphantophryne pansa, suggestive of a species complex rather than a single species.
References
Microhylidae
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of Asia
Amphibians of Oceania |
4001939 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreePOPs | FreePOPs | FreePOPs is an extensible mail proxy that allows checking and downloading of e-mail from webmails using any conventional POP3 client program, avoiding the need to use a Web browser. It can also be used as an aggregator for RSS feeds. The application retrieves messages from various accounts (e.g. Gmail, Yahoo! Mail, Hotmail, AOL) without manual login through an http page.
FreePOPs is a POP3 daemon with a Lua interpreter and some extra libraries for HTTP and HTML parsing. Its main purpose is translating local POP3 requests (from a local e-mail client for example) to remote HTTP actions on the supported webmails, but it can also be used to receive news from a website as if they were e-mail messages in a mailbox. Most plugins work by screen scraping the target website.
See also
YPOPs!
References
External links
http://freepops.sourceforge.net/en/
http://sourceforge.net/projects/freepops/
Free email software
Windows email clients
Lua (programming language)-scriptable software |
4001965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrochaperina | Austrochaperina | Austrochaperina is a genus of microhylid frogs found on New Guinea, New Britain and Australia.
Taxonomy
The genus was removed from the synonymy of Sphenophryne by Richard Zweifel in 2000. However, as currently defined, it might not be monophyletic, with two monophyletic units of Austrochaperina more closely related to parts of Copiula than with each other.
Description
Austrochaperina are rather generalized frogs in their morphology and appear mostly to inhabit leaf litter. They reach maximum sizes between snout–vent length. Finger and toe tips are flattened and disc-like. Most species lack toe webbing.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Austrochaperina:
The AmphibiaWeb includes a few additional species that Peloso and colleagues moved to Copiula in 2016.
References
Microhylidae
Amphibians of Oceania
Amphibian genera |
4001980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20NRL%20season | 1998 NRL season | The 1998 NRL season was the 91st season of professional rugby league football in Australia, and the inaugural season of the newly formed National Rugby League (NRL). After the 1997 season, in which the Australian Rugby League and Super League organisations ran separate competitions parallel to each other, they joined to create a reunited competition in the NRL. The first professional rugby league club to be based in Victoria, the Melbourne Storm was introduced into the League, and with the closure of the Hunter Mariners, Western Reds and South Queensland Crushers, twenty teams competed for the premiership, which culminated in the 1998 NRL grand final between the Brisbane Broncos and Canterbury-Bankstown. It was also the final season for the Illawarra Steelers and the St. George Dragons as their own clubs prior to their merger into the St. George-Illawarra Dragons for the 1999 NRL season
Pre-season
The National Rugby League was formed after an agreement was reached between the two rivaling competitions from 1997, the Australian Rugby League and the Super League. In December 1997, the two parties formed a joint board to run the new Australian rugby league club competition. The vast majority of the 22 clubs that contested in 1997 across the split competitions also contested the first season of the National Rugby League, with the exception of the Hunter Mariners, the Western Reds and South Queensland.
The National Rugby League imposed a $3M salary cap on each of the clubs.
Advertising
Super League's ad agency VCD in Sydney successfully kept the account post-reunification. The 1998 ad featured the song "Tubthumping" by Chumbawamba with its theme of rising against adversity:
I get knocked down! But I get up again; you're never gonna keep me down.
There was no visual performance of the song in the ad which returned to the standard rugby league imagery of big hits and crunching tackles to accompany the track.
Teams
The closure of the Hunter Mariners, Western Reds and South Queensland Crushers, and the introduction of the Melbourne Storm meant that a total of twenty clubs contested the 1998 Premiership. Eleven of these clubs were from Sydney, but an agreement between the Australian Rugby League and Super League meant that many of these clubs were in danger of being cut from the competition by the 2000 season when, it was decided, only 14 clubs would be invited to contest the premiership.
Regular season
Rounds 5 and 7: Brisbane Broncos set a new record for their biggest win, firstly 58-4 against North Queensland Cowboys, then 60-6 against North Sydney Bears, both games being played at Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre.
Round 8: 1997 ARL premiers, the Newcastle Knights played the 1997 Super League premiers, the Brisbane Broncos and Brisbane won 26-6 in Newcastle before a crowd of 27,119, cementing their position at the top of the ladder.
Round 12: The record for the biggest comeback in premiership history was re-set by the North Queensland Cowboys who trailed 26–0 at half-time and came back to beat the Penrith Panthers 36–28.
Round 24: Ivan Cleary's tally of 284 points set a new individual record for most points scored in a season in Australian club rugby league history; it has since been beaten.
Ladder
Finals series
The biggest surprise of the season was when the Melbourne Storm finished 3rd after the regular season in their first ever year, only to be knocked out by the Brisbane Broncos in the Semi Final. The Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs became the lowest placed team ever to make the Grand Final, after finishing 9th after the regular season. Canterbury-Bankstown did it tough though, coming from 16 points down twice in as many weeks. They came from 16-0 down to win 28-16 against the Newcastle Knights in the Semi Final, then 18-2 down with 11 minutes to go to make it 18-18 after regulation time, then going on to win 32-20 in extra time against arch-rivals the Parramatta Eels in the Preliminary Final.
Due to an agreement held between the NRL and SFS that required a set number of finals games to be held at the SFS the Preliminary finals where both held at the SFS to meet the agreement despite neither "home" side being from Sydney.
Grand final
The 1998 NRL grand final was the conclusive and premiership-deciding game of the 1998 NRL season. It was the first grand final of the re-unified National Rugby League and featured minor premiers and the previous year's Super League premiers, the Brisbane Broncos against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, who had finished the regular season 9th (out of 20) to make a top-ten play-off grouping.
It was to be the first grand final under the National Rugby League partnership's administration and the last to be played at the Sydney Football Stadium. It was also the first time these two sides had met in a grand final. Brisbane scored first but by half time trailed the Canterbury club 10–12. However, Brisbane scored 28 unanswered points in the second half, winning 12–38 and equaling the second highest score for a team in grand final history.
Player statistics
The following statistics are as of the conclusion of Round 24.
Top 5 point scorers
Top 5 try scorers
Top 5 goal scorers
Post season
Brisbane's consistent dominance over other teams at this period of time contributed to the National Rugby League's plans to cut the number of teams down to 14 in order to ensure competitiveness and the long-term financial success of the game.
Despite the inclusion of "national" in the new competition's name, both the Gold Coast and Adelaide clubs folded at the end of the 1998 season. A new Gold Coast side re-entered the competition nine years later in 2007.
1998 was the last season for the seventy-eight-year-old St. George Dragons and seventeen-year-old Illawarra Steelers clubs, which merged to form the NRL's first joint-venture team at the conclusion of the season, the St. George Illawarra Dragons, for inclusion in the 1999 Premiership.
1998 Transfers
Players
Coaches
References
External links
Rugby League Tables - Notes The World of Rugby League
Rugby League Tables - Season 1998 The World of Rugby League
Premiership History and Statistics RL1908
1998 - Broncos Take Inaugural NRL Competition RL1908 |
4001981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choerophryne | Choerophryne | Choerophryne is a genus of microhylid frogs, commonly known as Torricelli mountain frogs, endemic to New Guinea. These frogs are small, with the body length measured from snout to vent between 11 and 23 mm.
Taxonomy and systematics
The distinction between Choerophryne and the former genus Albericus was based solely on the orientation of the alary processes of the premaxillae, giving the former its distinctive snout. In 2013 a new Choerophryne species was described with an orientation intermediate between the two genera, suggesting Albericus is likely a junior synonym of Choerophryne. Formal synonymisation of the two genera was suggested by Peloso and colleagues in 2016 based on molecular evidence.
Etymology
The genus name of the junior synonym Albericus is the Latin form of Alberich, the shape-shifting dwarf in the epic poem Nibelungenlied. Several species derive also their specific names from Nibelungenlied, e.g. C. siegfriedi from Siegfried and C. fafniri from Fafnir.
Species
Amphibian Species of the World assigns 37 species to Choerophryne, including the species previously assigned to the genus Albericus:
References
Microhylidae
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of New Guinea
Endemic fauna of New Guinea
Taxa named by Pieter Nicolaas van Kampen |
4001984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference%20Re%20Farm%20Products%20Marketing%20Act%20%28Ontario%29 | Reference Re Farm Products Marketing Act (Ontario) | Reference Re Farm Products Marketing Act (Ontario), 1957 S.C.R. 198 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the Trade and Commerce power allocated to the federal government under section 91(2) of the Constitution Act, 1867. The Court held that the Trade and Commerce power applied not just to trade but also to the flow of goods.
The Ontario Farm Products Marketing Act was challenged as ultra vires the province. The Court split four to four on whether the law was valid.
Chief Justice Fauteux, held that the Act had an effect on inter-provincial trade and so it could not be upheld as a "matter of a local nature" under section 92 (16) of the Constitution Act, 1867. Rather, the Act concerned the "flow of goods" which was part of the Trade power. Rand J., in a concurring opinion, added that the demarcation between trade, production, and manufacturing must be considered. “That demarcation must observe this rule, that if in a trade activity, including manufacture or production, there is involved a matter of extraprovincial interest or concern its regulation thereafter in the aspect of trade is by that fact put beyond Provincial power.” Consequently, some intra-provincial trade can be regulated federally as well as inter-provincial trade.
See also
List of Supreme Court of Canada cases
External links
Ontario Farm Marketing Act
Canadian federalism case law
Supreme Court of Canada cases
1957 in Canadian case law
Supreme Court of Canada reference question cases |
4001992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans%20people | Trans people | Trans people may refer to:
Transgender people, a broad term to refer to people who have a gender identity or gender expression that differs from their sex assigned at birth
Transsexual people, a subset of transgender people whose assigned sex at birth conflicts with their psychological gender |
4001995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Good%20Place%20%28short%20story%29 | The Great Good Place (short story) | "The Great Good Place" is a short story by Henry James, first published in Scribner's Magazine in 1900. The story portrays George Dane, a harried writer who dreams of escaping to a place where he can rest and recover before returning to the grind of his overloaded life. Dane gets his wish, at least in a memorable fantasy.
Plot summary
After a long night of unfinished work, the morning dawns for George Dane, a writer whose life has grown too busy with his career and relationships. An expected breakfast guest appears and suddenly Dane is transported to a new environment, the great good place of the title. James does not describe this place as an unreal paradise. Guests even have to pay for service. The place seems more like a retreat or getaway resort, where Dane eventually recovers his peace of mind.
Dane spends three weeks at the place, and tells a Brother of his former life and the mysterious breakfast guest. Back in his usual world, Dane is eventually awakened by his servant after eight hours' sleep, and he realizes that his vision is gone. But the mysterious guest has straightened up his study, and Dane's life seems clearer and more manageable.
Major themes
The place that Dane visits in his dream—or his supernatural and time-expanding experience, as James cleverly doesn't specify—seems a combination of retreat house, convent, country home, hotel, spa, resort and club. It's a very worldly place, not at all an earthly paradise or a Dante-like afterlife or an achievement of nirvana. Dane does not become a different person or encounter strange beings. He just meets ordinary people like himself who need a break from the grind.
Leon Edel even sniffed that the place seems rather "mundane and country-clubbish." James might not have taken this as particularly hurtful criticism, because he seems to have intended the great good place as something not out of the realm of normal human experience. Rather it's a temporary rest-stop to recharge and refresh, an accessible and comforting place instead of a weird or frightening one.
Critical evaluation
When a book reviewer of The Morning Post criticized the story, James's friend H. G. Wells wrote to the paper's editor defending it: "His review cuts me the more keenly because 'The Great Good Place', concerning which story he uses this phrase, 'a succession of incoherent remarks and its drift quite unascertainable', has been a source of particular delight to me. I have read and re-read it many times. It seems to me to be just one of those happy, perfect things that come to reward the good artist for many laborious, not quite perfect days. And then—your reviewer's voice is heard. I cannot imagine the lack of imagination that fails to see that restful place Mr James has so happily invented." Many critics, such as Edward Wagenknecht and Clifton Fadiman, have praised the story as a parable about a necessary retreat from the overwhelming detail of an overstuffed life. Others, such as Edel and Pelham Edgar, have found James' great good place too routine or lazy or simply uninteresting.
James himself turned coy about the story and its origins, refusing in his New York Edition preface to discuss it much at all. He spends exactly 58 words on the tale, and says little more than that it "embodies a calculated effect."
References
Introduction to Henry James: Stories of the Supernatural by Leon Edel (New York: Taplinger Publishing Company 1970)
The Tales of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1984)
A Henry James Encyclopedia by Robert L. Gale (New York: Greenwood Press 1989)
Notes
External links
New York Edition text of The Great Good Place with the author's preface (1909)
Note on the texts of The Great Good Place at the Library of America web site
1900 short stories
Short stories by Henry James
Works originally published in Scribner's Magazine |
4002004 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cophixalus | Cophixalus | Cophixalus (rainforest frogs or nursery frogs) is a genus of microhylid frogs. These are arboreal species with expanded toe-pads, endemic to Moluccan Islands, New Guinea and northeastern Queensland, Australia.
Species
As of December 2019, Amphibian Species of the World assigns 67 species to the genus Cophixalus.
The source column gives direct links to the sources used:
IUCN description of species at International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List categories are:
- Extinct, - Extinct in the Wild
- Critically Endangered, - Endangered, - Vulnerable
- Near Threatened, - Least Concern
- Data Deficient, - Not Evaluated
ASW description of species at Amphibian Species of the World.
References
External links
AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: Cophixalus. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: June 13, 2008).
Encyclopedia of Life taxon Cophixalus at http://www.eol.org.
GBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility Taxon Cophixalus at https://web.archive.org/web/20080501142231/http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Microhylidae
Amphibians of Asia
Amphibians of Oceania
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Oskar Boettger |
5397532 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisine%20Havemeyer | Louisine Havemeyer | Louisine Waldron Elder Havemeyer (July 28, 1855 – January 6, 1929) was an art collector, feminist, and philanthropist. In addition to being a patron of impressionist art, she was one of the more prominent contributors to the suffrage movement in the United States. The impressionist painter Edgar Degas and feminist Alice Paul were among the renowned recipients of the benefactor's support.
Background
Louisine Waldron Elder was born in New York City on July 28, 1855, to a merchant George W. Elder (1831–1873) and his wife, Matilda Adelaide Waldron (1834–1907). She was the second of four children: Anne Eliza Elder, later Mrs. Henry Norcross Munn (1853–1917), Adaline Deliverance Mapes Elder, later Mrs. Samuel Twyford Peters (1859–1943), and brother George Waldron Elder (1860–1916).
Life in Paris
Shortly after her father's death, Louisine Elder and her family travelled to Europe for a three-year stay. They set sail on May 25, 1873, aboard the S.S. Calabria, accompanied by their extended family, aunt Amanda McCready and family, and cousin Mary Mapes Dodge, the editor of St. Nicholas Magazine and author of Hans Brinker; or the Silver Skates. Mary Mapes Dodge's sister Sophie Mapes Tolles was living in Paris with her friend Emily Sartain, studying art in the atelier of Evariste Luminais and boarding in the pensionnat of Mme. Del Sarte, widow of François Del Sarte, famed teacher of the art of expression. Louisine and her sister Addie joined Sophie Mapes Tolles and Emily Sartain in boarding at Mme. Del Sarte's, and it was during this time that Emily Sartain introduced Louisine to Mary Cassatt. Fellow Philadelphians, Cassatt and Sartain had studied together at the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts in the early 1860s and travelled to Europe together in the fall of 1871. During this time, Mary Cassatt took Louisine Elder under her wing, becoming a mentor and encouraging her to make her first art acquisition, a pastel by Edgar Degas. As time passed, particularly after Louisine married Henry O. Havemeyer, Cassatt became an advisor to the Havemeyers, helping to build their art collection and facilitating the working relationship which they would have with the Impressionist Artists, including Edgar Degas, Édouard Manet, Camille Pissarro and Claude Monet. A lifelong friendship developed between Louisine Havemeyer and Mary Cassatt, who later made several pastels of Louisine and her children.
Art collection
Together with her husband, Louisine would build perhaps the finest art collection in America. Her three-story mansion at Fifth Avenue and East 66th Street in New York was filled with the finest possible examples of works by Manet, El Greco, Rembrandt, and Corot. The home was decorated 1889-1890 by Louis Comfort Tiffany and Samuel Colman, who made it an elegant showplace for their patron's varied and important collections. Henry Clay Frick, J.P. Morgan, and Mrs. Isabella Stewart Gardner were among the collectors with which Mr. and Mrs. Havemeyer would have known and competed.
Family life
On August 22, 1883, a decade after her father's death, Louisine married Henry O. Havemeyer of the American Sugar Refining Company.*
Louisine and Henry Osborne had three children:
Adaline Havemeyer, a.k.a. Mrs. Peter H.B. Frelinghuysen — (1884–1963)
Horace Havemeyer — (1886–1956)
Electra Havemeyer, a.k.a. Mrs. James Watson Webb — (1888–1960)
* (Prior to his marriage to Louisine, Henry had been married to Louisine's aunt Mary Louise Elder (1847–1897), but that marriage ended in divorce.)
Legacy
In addition to her standing as an early and important collector of Impressionist art, Louisine Havemeyer was an advocate of women's rights.
Suffrage activist
After her husband's death in 1907, Mrs. Havemeyer focused her attention on the women's suffrage movement. In 1912 she lent her artistic collection to Knoedler's Gallery in New York to raise money for the cause. In 1913, she founded the National Woman's Party with the radical suffragist Alice Paul. (The organization was previously known as the "Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage".) She repeated the money raising art exhibition at Knoedler's in 1915.
With the financial backing of Mrs. Havemeyer and others like her, Ms. Paul launched an increasingly confrontational series of protests that agitated for the right to vote. Paul's most famous efforts were the 1913 National Suffrage Parade, which produced a riot on the eve of President Woodrow Wilson's first inauguration and, as a member of the Silent Sentinels, the wartime picketing of the White House. During the latter, Paul used portions of the President's speeches heralding the defense of democracy in Europe which she masterfully contrasted with the denial of liberty to American women. When jailed for obstructing traffic in 1917, she hunger struck, bringing tremendous pressure to bear on the Congress and Wilson Administration. The Nineteenth Amendment, which extended voting rights to women, was debated by Congress, gained the necessary 2/3 votes in 1919, was sent to the states for ratification, and gained the necessary 3/4 of states ratifying in 1920.
Louisine Havemeyer became a well-known suffragist, publishing two articles about her work for the cause in Scribner's Magazine. The first, entitled "The Prison Special: Memories of a Militant", appeared in May 1922, and the other, "The Suffrage Torch: Memories of a Militant" appeared in June the same year. In 1912 and 1915, Mrs. Havemeyer organized exhibitions of art works from her collection at Knoedler Gallery to raise funds to support suffrage efforts. She participated in marches, much to the dismay of her children , down New York's famed Fifth Avenue and addressed a standing room only audience at Carnegie Hall upon the completion of a nationwide speaking tour. A famous photograph of Mrs. Havemeyer shows her with an electric torch, similar in design to that of the Statue of Liberty, among other prominent suffragists. Her attempt to burn an effigy of President Wilson outside the White House in 1919 drew national attention.
After a period of failing health, Mrs. Havemeyer died in 1929. Mrs. Havemeyer is interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. The terms of her will left a few choice paintings to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The final bequest, made possible by the generosity of her children, included nearly two-thousand works that enrich nearly every segment of the museum's collections.
Many Tiffany pieces from her Fifth Avenue home, including a magnificent peacock mantelpiece decoration, and a chandelier are on permanent display at the University of Michigan Museum of Art. A portion of the Music Room furniture suite is on view at the Shelburne Museum.
Family legacy
Louisine's children would continue to build upon their family's legacy as art collectors. Louisine's daughter Electra Havemeyer Webb collected American fine and folk paintings and sculpture that helped to found the Shelburne Museum. The museum showcases a "collection of collections" in fine examples of early American homes and public buildings; a general store, meeting house, log cabin, and even a steamship dot the grounds. Her great-grandson, John Wilmerding, is a well known professor of art, collector, and curator, and is best known as a prolific author of books on American art. Her daughter Adeline and son Horace Havemeyer, and Horace Havemeyer, Jr. bequeathed several works from Vermeer, Goya, Corot, Manet, and others to the National Gallery of Art.
Paintings bequeathed to the Metropolitan Museum of Art
See also
Havemeyer
Resources
Louisine Havemeyer.1993. Sixteen to Sixty: Memoirs of a Collector. New York: Ursus Press.
Louisine W. Havemeyer. 1922. The Suffrage Torch: Memories of a Militant Scribners (May), pp. 528–538.
Louisine W. Havemeyer. 1922. The Prison Special: Memories of a Militant Scribners (June) pp. 661–675.
Alice Cooney Frelinghuysen. 1993. Splendid Legacy: The Havemeyer Collection New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
References
External links
Havemeyer Collection: Magic at the Met Museum review of an art exhibit in the March 23, 1993 issue of the New York Times
Louisine Elder Havemeyer profile from Saint Michaels College
The Havemeyer Family Papers relating to Art Collecting in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Archives.
Archives directory, Frick Collection (February 20920)
Online edition of Frits Lugt's Les marques de collections de dessins & d'estampes
The H. O. Havemeyer Collection, a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries
Splendid Legacy: The Havemeyer Collection, from Google Books
American women's rights activists
American art collectors
Burials at Green-Wood Cemetery
Women art collectors
American philanthropists
Louisine
1855 births
1929 deaths
American suffragists
People associated with the Metropolitan Museum of Art
American art patrons |
4002011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9%20language | Yuracaré language | Yuracaré (also Yurakaré, Yurakar, Yuracare, Yurucare, Yuracar, Yurakare, Yurujuré, Yurujare) is an endangered language isolate of central Bolivia in Cochabamba and Beni departments spoken by the Yuracaré people.
Loukotka (1968) reports that Yuracaré is spoken at the sources of the Sécure River, and on the Chapare River and Chimoré River.
Dialects
Two dialects, now extinct:
Western - Mansiño, Oromo
Eastern - Mage, Soloto
Coni, Cuchi, and Enete are possible dialects (Brinton 1891).
Demographics
There are approximately 2,500 speakers. These numbers are in decline as the youngest generation no longer learns the language. (See Language death.)
Documentation
Yuracaré is documented with a grammar based on an old missionary manuscript by de la Cueva (Adam 1893). The language is currently being studied by Rik van Gijn. A Foundation for Endangered Languages grant was awarded for a Yuracaré–Spanish / Spanish–Yuracaré dictionary project in 2005.
Genealogical relations
Suárez (1977) suggests a relationship between Yuracaré and the Mosetenan, Pano–Tacanan, Arawakan, and Chon families. His earlier Macro-Panoan proposal is the same minus Arawakan (Suárez 1969).
Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with the Moseten-Tsimane languages.
Grammar
Verb-initial
agglutinating
prefixes, suffixes
reduplication
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Yuracare
|-
| one || letha
|-
| two || läshie
|-
| three || lívui
|-
| tooth || sansa
|-
| tongue || erume
|-
| hand || té-banau
|-
| woman || señe
|-
| water || záma
|-
| fire || áima
|-
| moon || shúhui
|-
| maize || sil
|-
| jaguar || samo
|-
| house || siba
|}
See also
Yuracaré
Notes
Bibliography
Adam, Lucien. (1893). Principes et dictionnaire de la langue Yuracaré ou Yurujuré composés par le R. P. de la Cueva et publiés conformément au manuscrit de A. d’Orbigny. Bibliothèque linguistique américaine (No. 16). Paris: Maisonneuve.
Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004). The Languages of the Andes. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge University Press.
Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. .
Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language History in South America: What We Know and How To Know More. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian Linguistics: Studies in Lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The Native Languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the World's Languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
Ribera, J.; Rivero, W.; Rocha, A. (1991). Vocabulario yuracaré-castellano, castellano-yuracaré. Trinidad: MISEREOR.
Suárez, Jorge. (1969). Moseten and Pano–Tacanan. Anthropological Linguistics, 11 (9), 255-266.
Suárez, Jorge. (1977). La posición lingüística del pano-tacana y del arahuaco. Anales de Antropología, 14, 243-255.
van Gijn, Rik. (2004). Number in the Yurakaré Noun Phrase. In L. Cornips & J. Doetjes (Eds.), Linguistics in the Netherlands 2004 (pp. 69–79). Linguistics in the Netherlands (No. 21). John Benjamins.
van Gijn, Rik (2005). Head Marking and Dependent Marking of Grammatical Relations in Yurakaré. In M. Amberber & H. de Hoop (eds.) Competition and Variation in Natural Languages: The Case for Case. (pp. 41–72) Elsevier.
van Gijn, Rik (2006) A Grammar of Yurakaré. Ph.D. dissertation Radboud University Nijmegen.
External links
Proel: Lengua Yurakare
FEL Grants 2005 (Foundation for Endangered Languages)
DoBeS : General presentation of the Yurakaré language and people
Lenguas de Bolivia (online edition)
Language isolates of South America
Indigenous languages of the South American Southern Foothills
Languages of Bolivia
Endangered language isolates
Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area |
5397533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inland%20Steel%20Company | Inland Steel Company | The Inland Steel Company was an American steel company active in 1893–1998. Its history as an independent firm thus spanned much of the 20th century. It was headquartered in Chicago at the landmark Inland Steel Building.
Inland Steel was an integrated steel company that reduced iron ore to steel. Its sole steel mill was located in East Chicago, Indiana, on the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal and a large landfill protruding out into Lake Michigan. The steel mill's shoreline location enabled it to take in steelmaking commodities, such as iron ore, coal, and limestone, by lake freighter. Throughout much of its life, Inland Steel operated its own fleet of bulk carrier vessels.
Inland Steel was founded by Jewish owners because of anti-Semitism in the steel industry, and thereby provided employment to other Jewish workers.
Firm history
Inland Steel was founded in 1893 through the purchase, by financier Philip Block, of a small failed Chicago Heights, Illinois steel mill, Chicago Steel Works. The Block family led Inland Steel's recovery and, in 1901, Inland Steel pledged to raise more than $1.0 million to build an open-hearth mill in East Chicago. This expansion caused the firm to grow more than tenfold in size, from 250 workers in 1897 to 2,600 in 1910.
Inland Steel continued to face heavy competition from U.S. Steel, the Pittsburgh-based giant that at that time possessed a dominant share of the U.S. steel market. World wars increased steel demand and pushed Inland Steel forward. In 1917 (World War I), Inland Steel's production broke the 1.0-million ton (0.9m tonne) mark for the first time; and in 1930 the firm completed a new office headquarters in East Chicago, which survives. By World War II the Chicago-area steelmaker had 14,000 employees and was producing 3.4 million tons (3.0m tonnes) per year.
Starting in the 1950s, Inland Steel specialized in cold-rolled sheet and strip steel for motor vehicles. In 1956–1957, the successful firm constructed a new corporate headquarters, the Inland Steel Building, in downtown Chicago. Employment at the Indiana Harbor mill rose toward its peak of 25,000 in 1969.
The decline in the U.S. steel industry, starting in 1970, affected Inland Steel. Foreign steel companies were increasing their presence in the world steel market. During the late 1970s Inland Steel formed several joint ventures with Nippon Steel to create I/N Tek and I/N Kote, but profitability continued to be difficult to attain. After a series of internal reforms, Inland rapidly became so profitable in 1997 that, uniquely amongst U.S. integrated steel mills, they became desirable for acquisition. Ispat International acquired Inland Steel in 1998 eventually becoming ArcelorMittal. As of 2020, the assets of Inland Steel are now part of Cleveland-Cliffs.
Further reading
Moise Dreyfus Obituary – http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1937/05/13/page/18/article/moise-dreyfus-estate-valued-at-11-3-millions
Book, 50 Years of Inland Steel, 1943
Booklet, “The Story of Inland Steel”, 1964
Booklets, “Inland Steel at 100: Beginning a Second Century of Progress”, 1993.
Perry, W.A., Booklet, “History of Inland Steel Co. to 1971", b
Perry, W. A., Booklet, “A History of Inland Steel Company and the Indiana Harbor Works” (ca. 1980)
Perry, W.A (1979) A History of Inland Steel Company And The Indiana Harbor Works (booklet)
Perry, William A. & Saran, Sam H. Booklet, A History of Inland Steel Company and the Indiana Harbor Works (1992).
Perry, William A. & Saran, Sam H. Booklet, A History of Inland Steel Company and the Indiana Harbor Works(1993).
Wilder, John Watson Book, Inland Steel, 1893–1943.
References
External links
Artist's Rendering, Inland Steel Company, Chicago Heights, Illinois plant, 1894 The Digital Collections of IUPIU University Library.
The Michael Tenenbaum papers at Hagley Museum and Library consist of a series of his writings and speeches and a small number of Inland Steel Company publications.
Arcelor Mittal page on Indiana Harbor – former Inland Steel plant
Steel companies of the United States
Ironworks and steel mills in the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Chicago
East Chicago, Indiana
American companies established in 1893
Manufacturing companies established in 1893
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1998
ArcelorMittal
American companies disestablished in 1998
1893 establishments in Illinois
1998 disestablishments in Illinois
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Illinois |
4002026 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copiula | Copiula | Copiula is a genus of microhylid frogs endemic to New Guinea. The common name Mehely frogs has been coined for them. They are leaf-litter inhabitants.
Taxonomy
Copiula is probably not monophyletic. Some former Austrochaperina species have already been transferred to this genus, and further ones might follow when more data became available.
Species
There are at present 14 species in this genus:
The AmphibiaWeb reports fewer species, with species that Peloso and colleagues moved in 2016 from Austrochaperina and Oxydactyla missing.
References
Microhylidae
Amphibians of Oceania
Amphibians of New Guinea
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by Lajos Méhelÿ
Endemic fauna of New Guinea |
4002028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Bertholf | Robert Bertholf | Robert J. Bertholf (November 5, 1940 – February 19, 2016) was an author and professor at Kent State University, and the University at Buffalo. He was the Charles D. Abbott Scholar-In-Residence and former curator of The Poetry Collection at Buffalo.
Bertholf graduated from Bowdoin College and received a masters and doctorate under A. Kingsley Weatherhead at the University of Oregon. In 1968, Bertholf joined the English Department faculty at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio. Bertholf lead a cadre of young professors at the university, and was largely responsible for bringing an amazing troupe of poets and intellectuals as visiting professors or lecturers to Kent, including Allen Ginsberg, Robert Duncan, Robert Creeley, Joel Oppenheimer, Harvey Bialy, Joanne Kyger and Ed Dorn.
Devo founders Bob Lewis and Gerald Casale were students of Bertholf's at Kent, and Bertholf supported the nascent musical group by inviting them to perform at the university's creative arts festivals in 1973 and 1974.
Bertholf later moved to Buffalo, New York where he was the curator of the renowned poetry collection at the State University at Buffalo, and then the Charles D. Abbott Scholar and Professor. Bertholf has written innumerable articles and books about American poets and poetry, including Wallace Stevens, Robert Duncan, Charles Olson, and other Black Mountain poets like Oppenheimer, Creeley and Dorn. He received the Morton N. Cohen Award from the Modern Language Association with Albert Gelpi in 2003.
After leaving Buffalo, Bertholf moved to Austin, Texas where he continued writing books and articles on American poets.
Works
as Author
A Descriptive Catalog of the Private Library of Thomas B. Lockwood (1983)
Robert Duncan, A Descriptive Bibliography (1986)
Remembering Joel Oppenheimer (2005)
as Editor
Credences (1977?-?)
Robert Duncan, Scales of the Marvelous (with Ian Reid) (1980)
William Blake and the Moderns (1982)
Lorine Neidecker, From This Condensery (1985)
Julian Stanczak: Decades of Light (additional text by Harry Rand and Rudolf Arnheim)(1990)
A Great Admiration, H.D./Robert Duncan Correspondence 1950-1961 (1991)
Jess, a Grand Collage, 1951-1993 (with Michael Auping and Michael Palmer)(1993)
Robert Duncan, Selected Poems (1993, new edition 1997)
Robert Duncan, A Selected Prose 1995!
Joel Oppenheimer, Drawing From Life (with David Landrey)(1997)
Joel Oppenheimer, Collected Later Poems (1998)
The Letters of Robert Duncan and Denise Levertov (with Albert Gelpi)(2003)
References
1940 births
American literary critics
Kent State University faculty
2016 deaths
University at Buffalo faculty
Bowdoin College alumni
University of Oregon alumni |
4002055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Krux | Al Krux | Al Krux (born in North Carolina) is an American professional poker player now based near Syracuse, New York.
Before turning to poker, Krux was a diamond merchant. He also once consulted with Native Americans about casinos and poker rooms. Krux is married with four children.
Career
Krux has made the final table of the World Series of Poker (WSOP) $10,000 no limit hold'em main event on three occasions (6th in 1990, 5th in 1994 and 6th in 2004 where he was eliminated by eventual winner Greg "Fossilman" Raymer.)
Krux also won a WSOP bracelet in the 1996 $1,500 pot limit hold'em, defeating a final table that included "Miami" John Cernuto.
As of 2010, his total live tournament winnings exceed $1,400,000. His 12 cashes at the WSOP account for $1,178,820 of those winnings.
The casino where he mostly plays poker is Turning Stone Casino, which is located in Verona, New York, when he is not participating on the tournament circuit.
Controversy
Krux, was charged with first-degree criminal possession of marijuana, along with his son Adam Krux, 32, who was also stopped in his vehicle with 15 pounds of pot inside. A subsequent search of their residences near Syracuse, New York, unearthed a further 90 marijuana plants and $5,000 in cash.
Notes
External links
Interview
Hendon Mob tournament results
American poker players
American people of Italian descent
Living people
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
People from North Carolina
People from Fayetteville, New York
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4002064 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skey | Skey | Skey is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
Frederic Carpenter Skey (1798–1872), English surgeon
Larry Skey (1911–1977), Canadian businessman and politician
Samantha Skey, digital engagement strategist
William Skey (1835–1900), New Zealand chemist and poet
English-language surnames |
5397535 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody%27s%20Fools | Nobody's Fools | Nobody's Fools is the sixth studio album by the British rock group Slade. It was released in March 1976 and reached No. 14 in the UK. The album was produced by Chas Chandler.
Musically, the album showed the band dropping their "loud" and "rocky" type songs, as they moved towards a more "American" soul/pop sound. Tasha Thomas was also hired to provide backing vocals—the first Slade album to feature female backing. British fans accused the band of selling out and forgetting about their fan base in the UK, as the band had been in the U.S. for most of 1975, trying to crack the market. The album was Slade's first (since their rise to fame) not to reach the UK Top 10, and to drop out of the chart after a chart run of only four weeks. It would be their last album to make a UK chart appearance until the 1980 compilation Slade Smashes!.
Background
Since their rise to fame in 1971, Slade had failed to achieve a major breakthrough in the United States. During the period of 1972–73, the band began touring there as a step towards trying to crack the market. A number of American cities took positively to Slade, including St Louis, Philadelphia and New York City. However, in other areas, the band's anthemic, audience participation-dominated act was less enthusiastically received. By 1975, the band began feeling stale and felt they had achieved as much success in the UK and Europe that they could. Slade and their manager Chas Chandler decided that the next best career move was to try and crack America. The band agreed to move to there and build a reputation for their live performances from scratch, just as they had in the UK. Holder said in 1975: "During the past five years when the band peaked, we did five major tours of Britain, six tours of Europe, two tours of Australia, two of Japan, visited the USA a few times, made a film... you can understand why we felt more than a little jaded. We reckoned that we needed to undertake a fresh challenge to regain that old spark."
In Spring 1975, Slade relocated to New York City and throughout the year, the band toured constantly, often on packages with the likes of Aerosmith, ZZ Top and Black Sabbath. Often second on the bill, Slade honed their live show, taking the idea of playing skilfully seriously which went down consistently well with the American audience. While the success wasn't translated into US airplay, the band felt improved and rejuvenated. In between tours, Holder and Lea got down to what Holder called some "serious writing". In mid-1975, the band booked themselves into New York's Record Plant and recorded the album Nobody's Fools. Speaking in a 1976 fan club interview, Holder said of recording an album in America: "The album is why we went to the States, not for tax reasons, folks! We wanted to get fresh ideas, we felt we were getting a bit stale living in England." For the album, songwriters Holder and Lea drew much inspiration from living in New York City.
The album's lead single, "In for a Penny", was released in November 1975 and reached No. 11 in the UK. The second single, "Let's Call It Quits" also peaked at No. 11 after its release in January 1976. The album was released in March and reached No. 14. A third and final single, "Nobody's Fool", broke Slade's run of 17 consecutive hit singles in April, reaching only No. 53. In America, "Nobody's Fool" was the only single to be released from the album, however the neither the album or single made any chart impact. Reflecting on the album in an early 1986 fan club interview, Hill said: "Nobody's Fools was a bit different, wasn't it? That was recorded in America, but it didn't happen over there."
The album has been noted for still standing up today as a "varied and highly entertaining listen" and the band themselves remain proud of the album. Both drummer Don Powell and Holder rate it as their favourite Slade long player. In a 1987 interview, Holder said: "That is the only one I can really sit down at home and listen to from start to finish." In a 1976 interview, Lea said: "I am really proud of the album and believe it is the best album we have ever done. I have no especial favourite track on the album - I love them all. I'm sure you will see quite an American influence on a lot of the tracks and we believe the hard work we put in, in America had paid dividends."
Recording
In a 1976 fan club interview, Holder spoke of the album's recording: "We recorded the album in New York, where we spent something like six weeks on it. We did it all in one go, more or less, well we also did a couple of days in a L.A. studio a couple of months before, just to get into the swing of things." To allow the band to create what Holder described as a "really first class album", the band decided to take some time off from touring: "We decided not to rush the album, like we have done on past recording sessions. We wanted to get everything just so. It wasn't just a 'wam bam' job. We had six weeks in the studio to get better and better, so the playing got better, and the sound got better, so yeah in terms of improvement it's a big step ahead. The sound and production is the best yet."
Speaking of the musical influences on the album, Holder revealed:
Lea also revealed in a 1976 fan club interview: "We just got a terrific buzz when we were working on the album. We were more relaxed than we've ever been, more willing and able to be more experimental in the studios, and we took it easy and relaxed. Certainly we felt we had a good product in the making, so it seemed right to put everything we had into it."
Title and packaging
The band decided to call title the album after "Nobody's Fool". While listening to the track one day, the band decided to add an 's' to 'Fool'. The album's cover was created to coincide with the band's 10th anniversary, showing the band adopting the same positions as they had on the cover for their 1970 album Play It Loud.
Music
As a result of their experiences in the United States, Nobody's Fools presents a different musical direction. Described as having a "California" sound by AllMusic, a genre popular at the time from bands such as The Eagles, the album explores various different genres. AllMusic said that "many of the numbers on this record are loaded with Dobros, mandos, and female background vocals." The song features a strong influence from soul music, most prominently on the songs featuring female backing vocals.
Side one
Lea originally envisaged "Nobody's Fool" to be a "twenty-minute extravaganza". However, the band later agreed to cut down the song to a more standard duration as it was felt that it would not appeal to the band's fanbase. A music video for the song was filmed at St. Johns Wood Studios in London. "Do The Dirty" is described by AllMusic as a "foot-stomping rocker with a little funkiness thrown in for good measure." The song opens with the shout of the word "boogie", which was provided by one of the band's American roadies. The band held an audition to see who could shout it the best.
"Let's Call It Quits" has been described as having a "bluesy pay-off" and "slinky rock groove" by Chris Ingham in the liner notes of the 2007 remaster of the album. After it became a UK hit, the band had a court case taken against them by Allen Toussaint, who felt the song was similar to his "Play Something Sweet (Brickyard Blues)". The case was settled out of court with the band giving them 50% in songwriting royalties, though Lea maintained their song was one he had "never heard before or since". "Pack Up Your Troubles" is an acoustic-based country number with a "camp-fire feel". The song features Paul Prestotino on Dobro guitar. "In For a Penny" is the only Slade track to feature accordion and has the longest Dave Hill guitar solo used on a Slade single.
Side two
"Get on Up" is one of the more rock-based tracks on the album. It became part of Slade's live set, with a live recording appearing on their 1978 live album Slade Alive, Vol. 2. The lyrics of "L.A. Jinx" refer to the bad luck the band seemed to suffer whenever they played in Los Angeles. Holder said in a 1976 fan club interview: "Something always goes wrong; the gear blows up, we all get electric shocks, and, oh there's always some sort of equipment fault - we're always jinxed!" "Did Ya Mama Ever Tell Ya" was described by Holder as "not exactly roots reggae, more Wolverhampton stuff!" and cited it as his favourite track from the album around the time of its release.
"Scratch My Back" is another rock track in similar form to "Get on Up". AllMusic described the song as "pure Slade, even with the out of place arrangement." "I'm a Talker" is a folk-based track, described by Ingham as an "infectious folksy drinking song". "All the World Is a Stage" features the prominent use of keyboards and closes with sound effects of high pitched laughing.
Critical reception
Upon release, Record Mirror felt the album "offer[s] a lot of variety" with notable "arrangements", the use of female "backup vocals" and "lots of pace". New Musical Express wrote: "...superficially the music here is of reasonable standard, [but] there's not a lot of depth. Really the album is just a collection of hooky little singles." Music Week described it as a "cracking album", showing Slade having "matured" and "playing better than ever". American magazine Cash Box described the band as adopting a "laid back stance" on the album, noting that "rock is still around in abundance but, equally present, are pop subtleties and a couple of genuine mellow moments".
AllMusic retrospectively noted: "Nobody's Fools has some really great songs on it, but all things considered it was the band's worst album at that point. Basically misguided from the get-go, Nobody's Fools is constantly trying to free itself from the oppressive production and arrangements." In 2010, Classic Rock considered the album "worth exploring", describing it as "surprisingly slick-sounding". Colin Harper of Record Collector concluded the album was "engagingly eclectic, if not quite truly classic."
Track listing
Chart performance
Personnel
Slade
Noddy Holder - lead vocals, rhythm guitar
Dave Hill - lead guitar, backing vocals
Jim Lea - bass, backing vocals
Don Powell - drums
Additional personnel
Chas Chandler - producer
Tasha Thomas - backing vocals
Paul Prestotino - dobro guitar
Corky Stasiak, Denis Ferranti, Gabby Gabriel, Gess Young - engineers
Ian A. Walker - art direction
Gered Mankowitz - photography
References
Slade albums
Nobody's Fool
Polydor Records albums
Albums produced by Chas Chandler |
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