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4001353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure%20Activities%20Licensing%20Authority | Adventure Activities Licensing Authority | The Adventure Activities Licensing Authority (AALA) is the licensing authority for outdoor activity centres for young people in Great Britain. Since 2007 it has been part of the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), the government body charged with overseeing health and safety in all workplaces. AALA inspect and issue licences to providers. These licences give an assurance that, so far as is reasonably practicable, participants and employees can be 'safe'.
Creation
The AALA was created following the Lyme Bay canoeing tragedy in March, 1993 which involved a commercial organisation assuming responsibility for children's safety. A group of eight pupils and their teacher were accompanied by two instructors from an outdoor centre on the south coast of England. As a result of a series of errors, four of the teenagers drowned. The subsequent trial resulted in the prosecution of the parent company and the centre manager. The government initially resisted changing legislation until David Jamieson, the Member of Parliament for Plymouth Devonport, who represented the parents of the children who died, introduced a Private Member's Bill which in January 1995 became the Activity Centres (Young Persons’ Safety) Act 1995. In January 1995 an independent licensing authority, the AALA, was created to bring the act into reality.
Scope
The activities within the scope of the licensing scheme are:
caving (except in caves principally used as show-places open to the public)
climbing (climbing, traversing, abseiling and scrambling activities except on purpose-built climbing walls or abseiling towers)
trekking (walking, running, pony trekking, mountain biking, off-piste skiing and related activities when done in moor- or mountain-country above 600 metres and which is remote, i.e. over 30 minutes travelling time from the nearest road or refuge)
watersports (canoeing, rafting, sailing and related activities when done on the sea, tidal waters or larger non-placid inland waters).
Future
On 15 October 2012, Lord Young of Graffham, recommended that the AALA be abolished and the existing statutory licensing regime be replaced by a code of practice.
The January 2016 update from the AALA reported that "... responsibility for the Adventure Activities Licensing Authority (AALA) is likely to move from the Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) to Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) ..."
References
Public bodies and task forces of the United Kingdom government
Safety organizations |
4001357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracker%20%28TV%20series%29 | Tracker (TV series) | Tracker is a 2001 Canadian science fiction television series starring Adrian Paul and Amy Price-Francis. The series is based on a short story by Gil Grant and Jeannine Renshaw. The pilot episode and two other episodes were edited into the film Alien Tracker.
Plot synopsis
Tracker is the story of Daggon, an alien life form who lands on Earth from the planet Cirron on a mission to recapture 218 prisoners who had escaped from the planet SAR TOP in the Migar Solar System in the form of "life forces," which then took over various human identities. He has a device to capture the life forces and contain them in spheres, after which he is to return them to SAR TOP. He lands in an abandoned field in the outskirts of Chicago where he takes on the form of an underwear model and adopts the name "Cole" from an underwear ad he sees on a billboard. He later meets Mel Porter, a Chicago bar owner with an outgoing British bartender that she inherited along with her grandmother's police bar. Though initially wary, Mel gradually comes to accept Cole and lets him stay, offering him some of her ex-boyfriend's clothes.
A brilliant scientist named Zin engineered the jailbreak from SAR-TOP prison, located 100 million light-years away from Earth. Zin created a wormhole, which allows almost instantaneous travel from the Migar solar system to Earth. The wormhole ends in Chicago, where Zin and the escapees have taken over the bodies of human beings and blended into society, but still retain some of their alien otherworldly abilities.
With an army of escaped alien convicts, Zin creates a criminal empire, not unlike the mafia, over which he can rule as Godfather supreme. However, as Cole will discover, Zin may have a larger agenda in mind than running illegal enterprises for profit, an agenda that might carry interplanetary implications.
Cole must find the fugitives and stop them before they can carry out their plans, using Mel's help and constant guidance to do so.
Cast
Adrian Paul as Cole/Daggon
Amy Price-Francis as Mel Porter
Leanne Wilson as Jess Brown
Geraint Wyn Davies as Zin
Richard Yearwood as Nestov
Caitlin Greer as Recurring Teen Panelist
Episodes
Pilot
Cloud Nine
Roswell (aka Area 51)
Trust
The Plague
The Beast
Without a Trace
Children of the Night
Breach
Double Down
Native Son
To Catch a Desserian
The Miracle
Love, Cirronian Style
Eye of the Storm
Dark Road Home
A Made Guy
Fever of the Hunt (1)
Fever of the Hunt (2)
Back Into the Breach
What Lies Beneath
Remember When
Alien species
Cirronians
Cirronians are energy-based lifeforms that inhabit the planet Cirron in the Migar system. Cirronians have the abilities to move at hyperspeed, which weakens them if used more than once a day; manipulate energy; heal; and telekinesis. They are weakened by the cold, prolonged exposure can be fatal. Their strength is increased by heat.
Desserians
The Desserians evolved on a desert world in the Migar System. Apparently, not descended from predators, they were forced to develop extreme blending abilities, not unlike the Earth chameleon. As such, Desserians are extremely difficult to spot in a crowd, as they can also blend into social groups with ease. Much of the plant life on their home planet is poisonous. As a result, Desserian taste buds act as portable chemical laboratories to spot poisons before they enter the bloodstream.
Although there have been several minor Desserian characters such as Zareth and Suudor, the only main Desserian character was Nestov, a good-natured fugitive con-artist. When he was first admitted to the prison planet, Nestov falsified his records to pass himself off as a Nodulian, a more aggressive species.
Enixians
Enixians have preternaturally heightened senses of smell, hearing and taste, which is both a blessing and a curse on planets such as Earth which has odors, sounds and flavors that Enixians are not familiar with on their own planet.
Although there have been several minor Enixian characters such as Kaden and Trof there was never a main or recurring Enixian character.
Nodulians
On their planet, Nodulians spend most of their lives under water, on Earth they need to regularly submerge in water with a high level of zinc in it to survive. They are also weakened by heat which would merely irritate a human.
Orsusians
The Orsusians are born in pairs and are telepathic by nature. They are identified by a metal collar worn around the neck, used to focus their telepathic ability. They also have the ability to move underground.
Vardians
The Vardians are the most aggressive of the six alien species, they are super strong and have some telekinetic ability; Zin is the only Vardian seen to be able to manipulate energy like the Cirronians (Cole/Dagon) do.
External links
Tracker on Space
2000s Canadian science fiction television series
Canadian time travel television series
2001 Canadian television series debuts
2002 Canadian television series endings
Television series by Lionsgate Television
Television shows filmed in Toronto
2000s Canadian time travel television series |
4001359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cribbage%20Squares | Cribbage Squares | Cribbage Squares, occasionally Cribbage Square, is a patience or card solitaire based on Cribbage which can be played using a deck of playing cards. This game works the same way as Poker Squares, but with cribbage scoring.
Seventeen cards are used, although there are variants that increase the level of strategy by dealing extra cards so that players have more choice of what to use.
History
The first rules for Cribbage Squares appear around 1950 in America as one of three Cribbage solitaire variants. The game has been implemented in several software collections of solitaire games.
Rules
First, sixteen cards are dealt one at a time in a 4x4 grid, provided that card must touch horizontally, vertically, or diagonally to any of those already in the grid. However, once a card is placed on the grid, it cannot be moved. After these sixteen cards are put into place, a seventeenth card, the starter, is turned face-up.
Points are scored according to how the hands formed horizontally or vertically are combined with the starter. Horizontally and vertically in this case means that each row and column in the grid is scored as a cribbage hand.
Hands are scored as in normal cribbage and the combinations below may occur more than once in just one hand:
Fifteens - Given that face cards are valued at ten and aces at one, a combination of two or more cards that add up to fifteen are scored two points each "fifteen."
Pairs - each pair in a hand is scored two points each pair. A pair royal, or three of a kind, scores six points since three cards of the same rank can form three pairs, while a double pair royal, or four of a kind, scores twelve points since four cards of the same rank can form six pairs.
Runs - Three or more consecutive cards (regardless of suit) is scored three to five points depending on the number of cards on that run.
Flush - If the four cards on the hand is of the same suit, it is scored four points, plus an additional point if the starter is of the very same suit as those in the hand.
His Nobs - A jack in "his nobs," i.e. one that has the same suit as the starter, scores a point.
His Heels - A jack in "his heels," i.e. one that is the starter gives two points to the entire tally for the deal.
The object of this game is to reach the highest score possible using the sixteen cards. According to The Complete Book of Solitaire and Patience Games, the player is considered to "win" if the total score is at least 61.
Solutions
Two candidate solutions for maximum possible scores are as below for 170 and 165 points respectively.
Score: 170
Score: 165
Variations
To increase the skill element of the game, one variation involves using one or two 'reserve' piles, each of which can hold up to 5 cards that can later be played on to the grid.
An "open" version of the game increases the amount of strategy by dealing all 17 cards face-up before placing them in the grid.
References
Bibliography
Moyse, Alphonse Jr. (1950). 150 Ways to Play Solitaire. Cincinnati: USPCC. 128 pp.
See also
Cribbage Solitaire
List of patiences and solitaires
Glossary of patience and solitaire terms
Single-deck patience card games
Planners (games) |
5396744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20airports%20in%20New%20Jersey | List of airports in New Jersey | This is a list of airports in New Jersey (a U.S. state), grouped by type and sorted by location. It contains all public-use and military airports in the state. Some private-use and former airports may be included where notable, such as airports that were previously public-use, those with commercial enplanements recorded by the FAA or airports assigned an IATA airport code
Airports
Footnotes:
See also
New Jersey World War II Army Airfields
Aviation in the New York metropolitan area
References
Aviation Safety Network – used to check IATA airport codes
Great Circle Mapper: Airports in New Jersey – used to check IATA and ICAO airport codes
Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: New Jersey – used for information on former airports
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
FAA Airport Data (Form 5010) from National Flight Data Center (NFDC), also available from AirportIQ 5010
National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (2017–2021), released September 2016
Passenger Boarding (Enplanement) Data for CY 2016 (final), released October 2017
New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT)
Aviation
Public Use Airports
Airports
New Jersey
Airports |
5396747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Tanimola%20Ayorinde | James Tanimola Ayorinde | James Tanimola Ayorinde, more well known as J.T. Ayorinde was born in 1907 and died in the 1970s. He was the first Nigerian General Secretary (and chief executive officer) of the Nigerian Baptist Convention, in the 1960s. Ayorinde served as General Secretary from 1962 until his retirement in the 1970s.
Based on the customs of Yoruba, "it was revealed to the Ifa priest who performed a divination at the naming ceremony that he would be an Ifa priest." His name, Tanimola, means, "Who knows honor?"
Rev. Dr. Ayorinde was married to Mobola Ayorinde, who was President of the Women's Missionary Union of the Nigerian Baptist Convention.
Ayorinde was a national delegate of Nigeria, along with his fellow Baptist clergyman, Solomon Adeniyi Babalola, to the 1974 International Congress on World Evangelization, Lausanne, Switzerland.
References
Nigerian Baptists
Nigerian Christian clergy
1970s deaths
Place of birth missing
1907 births
Yoruba Christian clergy
20th-century Nigerian people
20th-century Baptists |
4001361 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinions%20on%20the%20Jyllands-Posten%20Muhammad%20cartoons%20controversy | Opinions on the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy | This page collects opinions, other than those of governments or inter-governmental organizations (see International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy for those), on the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. For an overview, and details on the controversy please see the main page.
Opinions in Denmark
Polls
A poll on January 29, 2006, from Epinion for Danmarks Radio, the national broadcasting company of Denmark, showed that of 579 Danes asked, 79% believe that the Prime Minister of Denmark should not apologise to the Muslims, with 48% citing that would be political interference with the freedom of press, while 44% thought the Prime Minister should try harder to resolve the controversy. 62% of those asked believed that Jyllands-Posten should not apologize either. 58% felt that while it was the right of Jyllands-Posten to publish the images, they could understand the Muslim criticism.
On February 3, 2006, another poll from Epinion made for Danmarks Radio, had asked 509 people "Considering the events that have occurred in the past week, should Jylland-Posten have published the depictions?". 47% said they shouldn't have been published, 46% said the opposite, while the last 7% did not know which stance to take.
Should they have been published?
The question of whether the drawings should have been printed in the first place has been intensively discussed in Denmark from letters to the editors of news publications, to national television, to open debate meetings at high schools and universities. The controversy arises from several sources:
Most Islamic traditions forbid representations of Muhammad.
The satirical nature of some of the drawings was not considered respectful, especially one that shows Muhammad with a bomb in his turban, thereby reinforcing the stereotypical association of Islam with terrorism.
The drawings upset the Muslim community in Denmark at a time when relations between Muslims and Western society are strained.
Criticism
The Denmark-based Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network said "the cartoons among things identified Islam with terrorism, (this) can only increase the xenophobia and racism that these populations are already victims of in Europe. Furthermore, this kind of image contributes to discrediting entire countries and their populations."
Former Danish minister of foreign affairs and ex-chairman of Venstre Uffe Ellemann-Jensen has openly criticized Jyllands-Posten for publishing the drawings. Referring to the cartoons as a "pubertal demonstration", Elleman-Jensen argues that editor-in-chief Carsten Juste has acted irresponsibly and implies that Juste is an incompetent editor. Ellemann-Jensen also argues that Juste should retire from his position as editor of the newspaper.
Cartoon editor's statement
The editor who originally approved the cartoons, Carsten Juste, later declared that the opponents of free speech had "won" because the furor would almost undoubtedly deter future editors from printing anything similar. He thought it unlikely that anyone would print a caricature of Muhammad within a generation. He also said that, had he known exactly what the consequences would be, that is death threats, boycotts, and terror threats, he would not have printed the cartoons.
The cartoonists
In early February 2006, Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter published an article that focused not on the cartoons but the cartoonists (who were not named). It was based on interviews with a few of the cartoonists, several of whom regretted creating the pictures. Dagens Nyheter also noted that although the cartoons have received worldwide attention and have been published several times, the cartoonists have only earned the initial few hundred Danish kroner each for their work.
Reaction to government actions
Many people in Denmark have criticized the government's handling of the affair, particularly the prime minister's decision not to meet with the ambassadors from Muslim majority countries in October 2005.
On December 20, 2005, twenty-two former Danish ambassadors sent an open letter to the prime minister criticizing his decision not to open a dialogue with the international representatives.
Criticism of Danish media in general
A 2004 report by the immigrant rights lobbyist organization, the European Network Against Racism (ENAR), claimed that the Danish media devoted an excessive proportion of their time to the problems posed by immigrants, and most often Islamic immigrants, while often ignoring the problems that these immigrants face. Over the 3-month period studied, from September 1 to November 20, 19 out of the 24 Jyllands-Posten's editorials on "ethnic issues" were negative, while 88 out of 120 op. ed. pieces on "ethnics" were negative, and 121 out of 148 letters to the editor on "ethnics" were negative.
In Denmark, ENAR is represented by Bashy Quraishy, who is a former member of Socialistisk Folkeparti and is known for his apologetic attitude with regards to the 9/11 attacks and for referring to the focus on Islamic fundamentalism during the following investigations as "crusades". The other representative for ENAR in Denmark is Mona Sheikh, who failed to gain a seat in Folketinget representing Det Radikale Venstre when it was discovered that she (even though she doesn't wear a headscarf) was a member of the Minhaj-ul-Quran network.
Danish Muslims
While generally offended by the cartoons, most members of the Danish Muslim community condemn the violence that the drawings have sparked off in the Middle East, arguing that the state of Denmark is not to be held responsible for the drawings published by Jyllands-Posten.
On February 7, 2006, 300 Danish Muslims and ethnic Danes marched through Gjellerupparken near Århus carrying torches to a demonstration for an increased understanding between the Danish Muslim community and Danish mainstream community. Rabih Azad-Ahmad who organized the demonstration appealed for friendly and open interaction between the Muslim and mainstream Danish communities.
Reconciliation
The Islamic Society in Denmark proposed that a three-day celebration of Muhammad should be held in Denmark, putting a focus on Muhammad's life. They further proposed that this be coordinated in part by the Islamic Society, Jyllands-Posten, and at least some of the five universities in Denmark. This was declined by the universities, as they do not take part in religious activities.
Opinion of the Queen of Denmark
In April 2005 the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph published an article which quoted Queen Margrethe II of Denmark as saying that the Danes have "to show our opposition to Islam". The comment is from the book Margrethe (2005) .
The statement was however somewhat mistranslated and taken from the following context: [page 197]
There is, as said, something moving about people, whom to this degree surrender to a faith. However there is also something frightening about such a totality, which also is a side of Islam. There must be shown counter-play [interplay of an alternative / sparring], and once in a while you have to run the risk of getting a less flattering label stuck upon you. Because there is certain things before which one should not be tolerant.
The passage as it appeared in The Daily Telegraph was reprinted by the pan-Arabic news paper Al-Hayat, as evidence of Islamophobia in Denmark.
Opinions of Muslims
Some Muslims were angered by the publication of what they considered offensive images. Although the artists have denied representing Muhammad as a terrorist, many Muslims felt that a bomb in a turban, with a lit fuse and the Islamic creed written on the bomb suggested a connection between Muhammad and terrorism.
Some Liberal Muslims, mainly in Europe, have supported the republication of the images so that individual Muslims can make up their own minds and welcomed the debate on the issues that the cartoons have raised.
It has also been pointed out that cartoons in the Arab and Islamic press "demonizing" Jews and Israelis are common.
Louay M. Safi, scholar and Muslim American leaders argued that the cartoons were an exercise in hate, rather than free, speech. Dr. Safi accused Jyllands-Poten editors of hiding behind free speech to promote anti-Muslim feelings and demonize the small but growing Danish Muslim community. He distinguished between free speech that aims at engaging an important issue, and hate speech whose goal is to marginalize and intimidate, and argued that Jyllands-Posten was evidently guilty of the latter.
Double standard?
Other Arabs and Muslims have expressed their condemnation of the cartoons: "In [the West] it is considered freedom of speech if they insult Islam and Muslims," columnist Mohammed al-Shaibani wrote in Kuwait's Al-Qabas daily on January 30, 2006, "But such freedom becomes racism and a breach of human rights and anti-Semitism if Arabs and Muslims criticize their religion and religious laws."
A number of Muslim commentators, including Ehsan Ahrari of the Asia Times, have pointed at laws in Germany, France, Austria, and seven other countries in Europe which explicitly regard the denial of the Holocaust as a crime, free speech considerations notwithstanding. They maintain that offensive imagery regarding the Jewish religion and the Jewish people is largely prohibited in the media in post-Holocaust Europe. The media in general practices self-restraint in this matter; therefore many Muslims say that a different set of standards applies for the Islamic faith.
BBC debate
The issue was debated in a BBC news programme by Asghar Bukhari, a founding member of MPACUK, a political movement; and by Roger Koeppel, an editor of Die Welt, a German newspaper that published the cartoons. Bukhari suggested to Koeppel that a German paper would be particularly mindful of the effect of such imagery, considering the lengthy history of anti-Semitic propaganda and demonization of Jews in German media prior to the Holocaust, when caricatures of Jews as rich financiers or evil Bolsheviks were commonplace. Koeppel replied that he did not consider the caricatures of Muhammad in the same vein.
Islamic governments and NGOs
The public anger was accompanied by a condemnation from Arabic and Islamic governments as well as Islamic non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
The Justice and Islamic Affairs Minister of the United Arab Emirates, Mohammed Al Dhaheri, called it "cultural terrorism, not freedom of expression", according to the official WAM news agency. "The repercussions of such irresponsible acts will have adverse impact on international relations."
In Tunisia, Abdulaziz Othman Altwaijri, president of the Islamic Organization for Education, Science and Culture (ISESCO, the Islamic world's counterpart to UNESCO) called the drawings a form of racism and discrimination that one must counter by all available means. He said, "It's regrettable to state today, as we are calling for dialogue, that other parties feed animosity and hate and attack sacred symbols of Muslims and of their prophet".
Jordan's largest circulation daily, government-run Al-Rai, said the Danish government must apologize.
Iran's supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said on February 6, 2006, that a "Zionist conspiracy" was to blame for the row over the cartoons, in his first reaction to the controversy: "The reason for the Zionist action is because of the loss they suffered by Hamas winning". Khamenai was referring to Hamas victory in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, which took place in January, several months after the publication of the cartoons.
The condemnations have also come from the General Secretariat of the Organization of Islamic Conference, saying:
It is evident that the intention of Jylland Posten was motivated to incite hatred and violence against Muslims. By exposing the level of understanding of Islamic religion and its symbols the dailies have seriously damaged their credibility in the eyes of Muslim world and harmed democracy, freedom of the press, violated decency and civilized norms.
The Muslim World League called on UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan to activate international laws against insolence toward religion.
Holocaust contest
Hamshahri, Iran's largest newspaper has announced that it will be holding an "international cartoon contest about the Holocaust" in reaction to the images. The paper's graphics editor said, "The Western papers printed these sacrilegious cartoons on the pretext of freedom of expression, so let's see if they mean what they say and also print these Holocaust cartoons".
"Muslims not blameless"
However, not all Muslims placed blame entirely on the West.
In Iraq, the country's top Shiite cleric, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani, decried the drawings but did not call for protests. Al-Sistani suggested that militant Muslims were partly to blame for distorting Islam's image.
In the United Arab Emirates, the periodical Al-Ittihad published an opinion piece which argued that,
The world has come to believe that Islam is what is practiced by Bin Laden, Zawahiri, Zarqawi, the Muslim Brotherhood, the Salafis, and others who have presented a distorted image of Islam. We must be honest with ourselves and admit that we are the reason for these drawings.
Former Iranian president Mohammad Khatami, who is also the theorist of Dialogue Among Civilizations, strongly criticized the Danish cartoons for "spreading hatred", but added that the Muslim world is not entirely blameless either:
Bewilderment
Certain secular Muslims have expressed bewilderment at the reaction these cartoons have provoked. A Danish member of parliament, Muslim Naser Khader stated, "My impression from different Arabic media is that the dominant position – perhaps surprising for some – can be summarised as follows: We cannot as Muslims dictate that non-Muslims comply with the allegedly prohibited depiction of the prophet." One Arab journalist based in Brussels wrote that "It is perplexing that a few crude cartoons can spark an international crisis overshadowing war, political oppression and economic and social injustice. It has hurt the image of Muslims and reflects poorly on their tolerance."
Support for free speech
Khaled Diab argues that Muslims cannot impose their own values on people of other faiths. Freedom of expression should permit people to express whatever opinions they have, even if they are offensive, he argues. Yet responsibility, respect, and sensitivity should lead mainstream media outlets to assess the effect the material they plan to publish will have on their readers and society at large.
While condemning the Muslim reaction, Diab also points to "the uglier face of western prejudice" that these cartoons reveal and cautions against smugness in the west. "But people in Europe shouldn't take a holier-than-thou attitude. They would do well to remember that their own record of defending freedom of expression when the views being expressed run contrary to their own has been patchy at best." He refers to Jyllands-Posten's own refusal to publish a cartoon that lampooned Jesus and the continued attempts by various western governments to gag Arab media channels, foremost among the Al Jazeera.
International opinion
According to one analyst, the controversy over the cartoons has resulted in bridging some of the divides that both sides of the "West vs Jihadist" conflict have historically exploited: The rift between the United States and Europe on one side, and the rift between Sunnis and Shiites on the other side. According to this view, the reaction of the Muslims to the cartoons unifies the factions on either side of the global conflict.
Some Muslims have stated in interviews that much of the reaction is because it was unexpected and that many Muslims consider Europe, and especially the Scandinavian countries, as more friendly towards the Arab world than the US, for example.
United Kingdom
Tariq Ramadan, a member of Tony Blair's committee to combat Islamic extremism, claims to see an "unholy alliance" between the anti-immigrant right wing in Europe and the dictatorial regimes in the Middle East. As the reasoning goes, some seek to portray Muslims as enemies of Western values and incapable of integration in European society. At the same time various dictatorial regimes in the Islamic world seek to unite their populations behind them by creating external enemies, which they claim are attacking Islam. By polarizing the issue, these two groups have increased the division between Islamic and Western society.
British newspapers took an unusually similar editorial line on the issue, agreeing with the government's assessment of the issue. Even those considered on the 'right' criticized the intellectual justifications given by Continental titles.
Vatican City
The Vatican City released a statement on Offending Religious Sentiments, "The right to freedom of thought and expression, sanctioned by the Declaration of the Rights of Man, cannot imply the right to offend the religious sentiment of believers."... It is also mentioned how government law protects secular symbols (national flags) but ignores respect of religious symbols.
UN
On February 13, 2006, Mr. Doudou Diène, United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia, and related intolerance, reported:
Legally, the Government of every State party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is bound by three articles dealing with the relationship between freedom of religion and freedom of opinion and expression, namely article 18, which protects freedom of religion, subject to such limitations as are necessary to protect public safety and order or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others (art. 18, para. 3); article 19, which protects freedom of expression and opinion, subject to certain restrictions such as "respect of the rights or reputations of others" (art. 19, para. 3 (a)); and article 20, which states that any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.
On February 7, 2006 UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, the Secretary-General of the OIC Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu, and the High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU Javier Solana issued a joint statement:
Criticism of Muslim reactions
Commentators who characterize the Muslim reaction as hypocritical claim to several inconsistencies. First, the numerous anti-Semitic publications in Arab media. One website, Filibuster Cartoons, pointed out this criticism in a political cartoon. Also countries like Syria, Saudi Arabia, and Libya where demonstrations are tightly controlled, have been accused of allowing violent riots as a distraction. In the case of Syria, protests would not be inconvenient in light of the current Hariri investigation.
Various commentators across the political spectrum view the Muslim reaction to the cartoons, be it the actual violence or the non-violent justification for the violence, as evidence of what Samuel Huntington predicted in his 1993 book, The Clash of Civilizations, namely, "…the fundamental source of conflict in this new world will not be primarily ideological or primarily economic…the dominating source of conflict will be cultural…"
Daniel Pipes argues that the pattern of events shows Muslim hypocrisy and supremacism:
...will Westerners accede to a double standard by which Muslims are free to insult Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism, while Muhammad, Islam, and Muslims enjoy immunity from insults? Muslims routinely publish cartoons far more offensive than the Danish ones... .... .... The deeper issue here, however, is not Muslim hypocrisy but Islamic supremacism.
George Friedman, the founder of Stratfor, questions why Muslims would threaten all members of a given nationality as a result of the actions of a few of its members or that of a small, private company. Friedman notes that according to that logic, not only would the entire Western world be held "hostage" to the strictures of Islam, but the entire Western world (or at least all Scandinavians) would bear the consequences for the actions of individuals they cannot control. Therefore, Westerners would have to conclude that violent clashes between the West and jihadist elements is both inevitable and uncontrollable.
Mark Stein of the Jerusalem Post prefers to view the massively disproportionate Muslim response as simply a form of "arm flexing" or intimidation by violent Muslim factions.
Some commentators also assert that there is an inconsistent reaction towards various countries whose media is guilty of the same thing. For example, the Egyptian newspaper El Fagr published 6 of the Muhammad cartoons during Ramadan with no apparent adverse reaction.
In response to some of these criticisms, editor of Al-Quds Al-Arabi Abd al-Bari Atwan on the BBC's Dateline London argued that most if not all of the 'anti-semitic' cartoons in the Arab press are of Israeli politicians not of Jewish prophets (as Jewish prophets are also prophets of Islam), or related to the occupation of Palestine and the Sabra and Shatila massacres. On the other hand, "anti-semitic" cartoons can be considered offensive to many within the Jewish community.
See also
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
Government-organized demonstration
References
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy |
4001363 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenic%20silica | Biogenic silica | Biogenic silica (bSi), also referred to as opal, biogenic opal, or amorphous opaline silica, forms one of the most widespread biogenic minerals. For example, microscopic particles of silica called phytoliths can be found in grasses and other plants.
Silica is an amorphous metal oxide formed by complex inorganic polymerization processes. This is opposed to the other major biogenic minerals, comprising carbonate and phosphate, which occur in nature as crystalline iono-covalent solids (e.g. salts) whose precipitation is dictated by solubility equilibria. Chemically, bSi is hydrated silica (SiO2·nH2O), which is essential to many plants and animals.
Diatoms in both fresh and salt water extract dissolved silica from the water to use as a component of their cell walls. Likewise, some holoplanktonic protozoa (Radiolaria), some sponges, and some plants (leaf phytoliths) use silicon as a structural material. Silicon is known to be required by chicks and rats for growth and skeletal development. Silicon is in human connective tissues, bones, teeth, skin, eyes, glands and organs.
Silica in marine environments
Silicate, or silicic acid (H4SiO4), is an important nutrient in the ocean. Unlike the other major nutrients such as phosphate, nitrate, or ammonium, which are needed by almost all marine plankton, silicate is an essential chemical requirement for very specific biota, including diatoms, radiolaria, silicoflagellates, and siliceous sponges. These organisms extract dissolved silicate from open ocean surface waters for the buildup of their particulate silica (SiO2), or opaline, skeletal structures (i.e. the biota's hard parts). Some of the most common siliceous structures observed at the cell surface of silica-secreting organisms include: spicules, scales, solid plates, granules, frustules, and other elaborate geometric forms, depending on the species considered.
Marine sources of silica
Five major sources of dissolved silica to the marine environment can be distinguished:
Riverine influx of dissolved silica to the oceans: 4.2 ± 0.8 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1
Submarine volcanism and associated hydrothermal emanations: 1.9 ± 1.0 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1
Glacial weathering: 2 × 1012 g SiO2 yr−1
Low temperature submarine weathering of oceanic basalts
Some silica may also escape from silica-enriched pore waters of pelagic sediments on the seafloor
Once the organism has perished, part of the siliceous skeletal material dissolves, as it settles through the water column, enriching the deep waters with dissolved silica. Some of the siliceous scales can also be preserved over time as microfossils in deep-sea sediments, providing a window into modern and ancient plankton/protists communities. This biologic process has operated, since at least early Paleozoic time, to regulate the balance of silica in the ocean.
Radiolarians (Cambrian/Ordovician-Holocene), diatoms (Cretaceous-Holocene), and silicoflagellates (Cretaceous-Holocene) form the ocean's main contributors to the global silica biogenic cycle throughout geologic time. Diatoms account for 43% of the ocean primary production, and are responsible for the bulk of silica extraction from ocean waters in the modern ocean, and during much of the past fifty million years. In contrast, oceans of Jurassic and older ages, were characterized by radiolarians as major silica-utilizing phyla. Nowadays, radiolarians are the second (after diatoms) major producers of suspended amorphous silica in ocean waters. Their distribution ranges from the Arctic to the Antarctic, being most abundant in the equatorial zone. In equatorial Pacific waters, for example, about 16,000 specimens per cubic meter can be observed.
Silicon cycle
The silicon cycle has gained increasingly in scientific attention the past decade for several reasons:
Firstly, the modern marine silica cycle is widely believed to be dominated by diatoms for the fixation and export of particulate matter (including organic carbon), from the euphotic zone to the deep ocean, via a process known as the biological pump. As a result, diatoms, and other silica-secreting organisms, play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, and have the ability to affect atmospheric CO2 concentrations on a variety of time scales, by sequestering CO2 in the ocean. This connection between biogenic silica and organic carbon, together with the significantly higher preservation potential of biogenic siliceous compounds, compared to organic carbon, makes opal accumulation records very interesting for paleoceanography and paleoclimatology.
Secondly, biogenic silica accumulation on the sea floor contains lot of information about where in the ocean export production has occurred on time scales ranging from hundreds to millions of years. For this reason, opal deposition records provide valuable information regarding large-scale oceanographic reorganizations in the geological past, as well as paleoproductivity.
Thirdly, the mean oceanic residence time for silicate is approximately 10,000–15,000 yr. This relative short residence time, makes oceanic silicate concentrations and fluxes sensitive to glacial/interglacial perturbations, and thus an excellent proxy for evaluating climate changes.
Increasingly, isotope ratios of oxygen (O18:O16) and silicon (Si30:Si28) are analysed from biogenic silica preserved in lake and marine sediments to derive records of past climate change and nutrient cycling (De La Rocha, 2006; Leng and Barker, 2006). This is a particularly valuable approach considering the role of diatoms in global carbon cycling. In addition, isotope analyses from BSi are useful for tracing past climate changes in regions such as in the Southern Ocean, where few biogenic carbonates are preserved.
Marine silica sinks
Siliceous ooze
The remains of diatoms and other silica-utilizing organisms are found, as opal sediments within pelagic deep-sea deposits. Pelagic sediments, containing significant quantities of siliceous biogenic remains, are commonly referred to as siliceous ooze. Siliceous ooze are particularly abundant in the modern ocean at high latitudes in the northern and southern hemispheres. A striking feature of siliceous ooze distribution is a ca. 200 km wide belt stretching across the Southern Ocean. Some equatorial regions of upwelling, where nutrients are abundant and productivity is high, are also characterized by local siliceous ooze.
Siliceous oozes are composed primarily of the remains of diatoms and radiolarians, but may also include other siliceous organisms, such as silicoflagellates and sponge spicules. Diatom ooze occurs mainly in high-latitude areas and along some continental margins, whereas radiolarian ooze are more characteristic of equatorial areas. Siliceous ooze are modified and transformed during burial into bedded cherts.
Southern Ocean sediments
Southern Ocean sediments are a major sink for biogenic silica (50-75% of the oceanic total of 4.5 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1; DeMaster, 1981), but only a minor sink for organic carbon (<1% of the oceanic 2 × 1014 g of organic C yr−1). These relatively high rates of biogenic silica accumulation in the Southern Ocean sediments (predominantly beneath the Polar Front) relative to organic carbon (60:1 on a weight basis) results from the preferential preservation of biogenic silica in the Antarctic water column.
In contrast to what was previously thought, these high rates of biogenic silica accumulation are not the result from high rates of primary production. Biological production in the Southern Ocean is strongly limited due to the low levels of irradiance coupled with deep mixed layers and/or by limited amounts of micronutrients, such as iron.
This preferential preservation of biogenic silica relative to organic carbon is evident in the steadily increasing ratio of silica/organic C as function of depth in the water column. About thirty-five percent of the biogenic silica produced in the euphotic zone survives dissolution within the surface layer; whereas only 4% of the organic carbon escapes microbial degradation in these near-surface waters.
Consequently, considerable decoupling of organic C and silica occurs during settling through the water column. The accumulation of biogenic silica in the seabed represents 12% of the surface production, whereas the seabed organic-carbon accumulation rate accounts for solely <0.5% of the surface production. As a result, polar sediments account for most of the ocean's biogenic silica accumulation, but only a small amount of the sedimentary organic-carbon flux.
Effect of oceanic circulation on silica sinks
Large-scale oceanic circulation has a direct impact on opal deposition. The Pacific (characterized by nutrient poor surface waters, and deep nutrient rich waters) and Atlantic Ocean circulations favor the production/preservation of silica and carbonate respectively. For instance, Si/N and Si/P ratios increase from the Atlantic to the Pacific and Southern Ocean, favoring opal versus carbonate producers. Consequently, the modern configuration of large-scale oceanic circulation resulted in the localization of major opal burial zones in the Equatorial Pacific, in the eastern boundary current upwelling systems, and by far the most important, the Southern Ocean.
Pacific and Southern Oceans
Waters from the modern Pacific and Southern ocean, typically observe an increase in Si/N ratio at intermediate depth, which results in an increase in opal export (~ increase in opal production). In the Southern Ocean and North Pacific, this relationship between opal export and Si/N ratio switches from linear to exponential for Si/N ratios greater than 2. This gradual increase in the importance of silicate (Si) relative to nitrogen (N) has tremendous consequences for the ocean biological production. The change in nutrient ratios contributes to select diatoms as main producers, compared to other (e.g., calcifying) organisms. For example, microcosm experiments have demonstrated that diatoms are DSi supercompetitors and dominate other producers above 2 μM DSi. Consequently, opal vs. carbonate export will be favored, resulting in increasing opal production. The Southern Ocean and the North Pacific also display maximum biogenic silicate/Corganic flux ratios, and consist thus in an enrichment in biogenic silicate, compared to Corganic export flux. This combined increase in opal preservation and export makes the Southern Ocean the most important sink for DSi today.
Atlantic Ocean
In the Atlantic Ocean, intermediate and deep waters are characterized by a lower content in DSi, compared to the modern Pacific and Southern Ocean. This lower interbasin difference in DSi has the effect of decreasing the preservation potential of opal in the Atlantic compared to its Pacific and Southern ocean counterparts. Atlantic DSi depleted waters tends to produce relatively less silicified organisms, which has a strong influence on the preservation of their frustules. This mechanism in best illustrated when comparing the Peru and northwest Africa upwelling systems. The dissolution/production ratio is much higher in the Atlantic upwelling than in the Pacific upwelling. This is due to the fact that coastal upwelling source waters are much richer in DSi off Peru, than off NW Africa.
Marine biogenic silica budget
Rivers and submarine hydrothermal emanations supply 6.1 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1 to the marine environment. Approximately two-thirds of this silica input is stored in continental margin and deep-sea deposits. Siliceous deep-sea sediments located beneath the Antarctic Convergence (convergence zone) host some 25% of the silica supplied to the oceans (i.e. 1.6 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1) and consequently form one of Earth's major silica sinks. The highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in this area are observed in the South Atlantic, with values as large as 53 cm.kyr−1 during the last 18,000 yr. Further, extensive biogenic silica accumulation has been recorded in the deep-sea sediments of the Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, and Subarctic North Pacific. Total biogenic silica accumulation rates in these regions amounts nearly 0.6 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1, which is equivalent to 10% of the dissolved silica input to the oceans.
Continental margin upwelling areas, such as the Gulf of California, the Peru and Chile coast, are characteristic for some of the highest biogenic silica accumulation rates in the world. For example, biogenic silica accumulation rates of 69 g SiO2/cm2/kyr have been reported for the Gulf of California. Due to the laterally confined character of these rapid biogenic silica accumulation zones, upwelling areas solely account for approximately 5% of the dissolved silica supplied to the oceans. At last, extremely low biogenic silica accumulation rates have been observed in the extensive deep-sea deposits of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans, rendering these oceans insignificant for the global marine silica budget.
Biogenic silica production
The mean daily BSi rate strongly depends on the region:
Coastal upwelling: 46 mmol.m−2.d−1
Sub-arctic Pacific: 18 mmol.m−2.d−1
Southern Ocean: 3–38 mmol.m−2.d−1
mid-ocean gyres: 0.2–1.6 mmol.m−2.d−1
Likewise, the integrated annual BSi production strongly depends on the region:
Coastal upwelling: 3 × 1012 mol.yr−1
Subarctic Pacific: 8 × 1012 mol.yr−1
Southern Ocean: 17–37 × 1012 mol.yr−1
mid-ocean gyres: 26 × 1012 mol.yr−1
BSi production is controlled by:
Dissolved silica availability, however, half saturation constant Kμ for silicon-limited growth is lower than Ks for silicon uptake.
Light availability: There is no direct light requirement; silicon uptake at 2x depth of photosynthesis; silicon uptake continues at night but cells must be actively growing.
Micronutrient availability.
Biogenic silica dissolution
BSi dissolution is controlled by:
Thermodynamics of solubility: Temperature (0 to 25 °C - 50x increase).
Sinking rate: Food web structure—grazers, fecal pellets, discarded feeding structures, Aggregation - rapid transport.
Bacterial degradation of organic matrix (Bidle and Azam, 1999).
Biogenic silica preservation
BSi preservation is measured by:
Sedimentation rates, mainly sediment traps (Honjo);
Benthic remineralization rates ("recycling"), benthic flux chamber (Berelson);
BSi concentration in sediments, chemical leaching in alkaline solution, site specific, need to differentiate lithogenic vs. biogenic Si, X-ray diffraction.
BSi preservation is controlled by:
Sedimentation rate;
Porewater dissolved silica concentration: saturation at 1.100 μmol/L;
Surface coatings: dissolved Al modifies solubility of deposited biogenic silica particles, dissolved silica can also precipitate with Al as clay or Al-Si coatings.
Opaline silica on Mars
In the Gusev crater of Mars, the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit inadvertently discovered opaline silica. One of its wheels had earlier become immobilized and thus was effectively trenching the Martian regolith as it dragged behind the traversing rover. Later analysis showed that the silica was evidence for hydrothermal conditions.
See also
Marine biogenic calcification
Protist shell
References
Brzezinski, M. A. (1985). "The Si:C:N ratio of marine diatoms: Interspecific variability and the effect of some environmental variables." Journal of Phycology 21(3): 347-357.
De La Rocha, C.L. (2006). "Opal based proxies of paleoenvironmental conditions." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 20. .
Dugdale, R. C. and F. P. Wilkerson (1998). "Silicate regulation of new production in the equatorial Pacific upwelling." Nature 391(6664): 270.
Dugdale, R. C., F. P. Wilkerson, et al. (1995). "The role of the silicate pump in driving new production." Deep-Sea Research I 42(5): 697-719.
Leng, M.J. and Barker, P.A. (2006). "A review of the oxygen isotope composition of lacustrine diatom silica for palaeoclimate reconstruction." Earth-Science Reviews 75:5-27.
Ragueneau, O., P. Treguer, et al. (2000). "A review of the Si cycle in the modern ocean: recent progress and missing gaps in the application of biogenic opal as a paleoproductivity proxy." Global and Planetary Change 26: 317-365.
Takeda, S. (1998). "Influence of iron availability on nutrient consumption ratio of diatoms in oceanic waters." Nature 393: 774-777.
Werner, D. (1977). The Biology of Diatoms. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.
Marine biology
Silicon dioxide
Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements
Diatom biology |
5396761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20S.%20Duncanson | Robert S. Duncanson | Robert Seldon Duncanson (1821 – December 21, 1872) was a 19th-century American landscapist of European and African ancestry. Inspired by famous American landscape artists like Thomas Cole, Duncanson created renowned landscape paintings and is considered a second generation Hudson River School artist. Duncanson spent the majority of his career in Cincinnati, Ohio and helped develop the Ohio River Valley landscape tradition. As a free black man in antebellum America, Duncanson engaged the abolitionist community in America and England to support and promote his work. Duncanson is considered the first African-American artist to be internationally known. He operated in the cultural circles of Cincinnati, Detroit, Montreal, and London. The primary art historical debate centered on Duncanson concerns the role that contemporary racial issues played in his work. Some art historians, like Joseph D. Ketner, believe that Duncanson used racial metaphors in his artwork, while others, like Margaret Rose Vendryes, discourage viewers from approaching his art with a racialized perspective.
Early life
Robert Seldon Duncanson was born in Fayette, New York, in 1821. Duncanson was one of the five sons of John Dean Duncanson (c. 1777 – 1851), a free black tradesman, and Lucy Nickles (c. 1782 – 1854). Often, it is cited that Robert's father was Scot-Canadian; however, there is no evidence to support this claim, and it is unclear when or where the original source of the claim began. All evidence points to Robert Seldon being the descendant of freed slaves from Virginia. John Dean's father, Charles Duncanson, was a former slave from Virginia who was freed from bondage by his owner. Charles received special privileges, including his emancipation and the opportunity to learn a skilled trade, because he was likely the illegitimate son of his owner. After becoming emancipated, Charles and his son John Dean lived as freemen in Virginia. However, at the end of the eighteenth century, white opposition toward free black men grew in the Upper South. In response, Charles, his son John Dean, and his wife Lucy Nickles, like many free African Americans, moved north. The Duncanson family settled in Fayette, New York, where Robert Seldon was born. Charles' knowledge of carpentry and house painting was passed down to his son, John Dean, and his grandchildren. This knowledge would later allow Robert Seldon Duncanson to develop as an artisan and later as an artist.
In 1828, the family moved to the “boomtown” of Monroe, Michigan, following the death of Charles. In Monroe, John Dean found considerable success working as a housepainter and a carpenter. This success allowed him to support his family and educate his children. During their childhood, Robert and his four brothers apprenticed in the family trades of house painting and carpentry. While Robert's brothers achieved modest success as housepainters, Robert emerged as the most talented of his siblings in his apprenticeships. In 1838, Robert established a painting business with partner John Gamblin. Robert and his partner frequently advertised their services in local publications, like the Monroe Gazette. However, in 1839, Robert suspended the business in order to pursue his ambition to work as a portrait painter.
In 1840, nineteen-year-old Duncanson left Monroe and moved to Mount Pleasant, Ohio, a town north of Cincinnati later known as Mount Healthy, to begin his career in fine arts. Duncanson lived in Mt. Healthy with the Reuben Graham family who were also descendants of Virginian slaves. The community of Mt. Healthy, like Cincinnati, had a substantial free black population. In the nineteenth century, Cincinnati was considered a southern' town on free soil”. Cincinnati was a fast-growing city—the city’s population grew from 43,000 to 115,000 between 1840 and 1850. In particular, Cincinnati attracted many freed or escape slaves in search of a new community. The city hosted one of the largest African-American communities in the U.S. Upon Duncanson’s arrival, the African-American population of the city was approximately 3,000. Many of these 3,000 African-Americans living in Cincinnati were previously enslaved. By 1870, the city had 5,900 African-American residents, with an overall population of 216,000.
Duncanson was primarily attracted to Cincinnati for its strong arts community. In the 19th century, Cincinnati was referred to as "the Athens of the West". It was also referred to as the "emporium of the West" by its free black population who had much greater access to opportunities of advancement there than in other parts of antebellum America. During the 19th century, Cincinnati and the American west became well known for its landscape artists, including William Louis Sonntag, Godfrey Frankenstein, T. Worthington Whittredge, and Duncanson himself.
Career
Itinerant portrait painting
Robert Seldon Duncanson had no formal art education, and thus had to teach himself by copying prints, copying engravings of European works, sketching from nature, and painting portraits. In the 1840s, Duncanson worked primarily as an itinerant portrait painter, like many African-American artists at the time, traveling among Cincinnati, Detroit, and Monroe, Michigan. His first datable work is from 1841—The Portrait of a Mother and Daughter. This work is similar to the style of many contemporary painters, demonstrating Duncanson's experience learning by copying others' works. In 1842, Duncanson had three portraits—Fancy Portrait, Infant Savior, a copy, and Miser—accepted to the second exhibition hosted by the Cincinnati Academy of Fine Arts.(p. 15) While Duncanson's work was accepted into the show, and was well received, it is likely that Duncanson was not allowed to take art classes at the Academy because of his race. This exhibition served as his public debut to the art world, but none of Duncanson’s family members were permitted to attend the show because of their race. His mother, while unable to attend the show, is reported to have said “I know what they look like ...I know that they are there! That’s the important thing.”
Taking a short break from portrait work, Duncanson collaborated with another artist, photographer Coates. Together, on March 19, 1844, Coates and Duncanson advertised a spectacle of "Chemical Paintings...comprising four splendid views after the singular style of Daguerre.”(p. 18) Duncanson was believed to have been the artistic mind behind the composition of the images while Coates took care of the technical side. Although Duncanson was making progress as an artist personally and publicly, the lack of commissions for his work pushed him to move around and work as an itinerant portrait painter beginning in 1845, spending the majority of his time in Detroit.
While in Detroit, Duncanson worked primarily as a portrait painter and was well received by the local press. In 1846, the Detroit Daily Advertiser praised Duncanson for his skill and color usage, adding, “Mr. Duncanson deserves, and we trust will receive the patronage of all lovers of the fine arts.” Portrait commissions in Detroit were forthcoming. Duncanson received his most substantial portrait commission by the Berthelet family, a prominent Detroit family. However, Duncanson became more interested in the genre painting tradition. He was first exposed to the tradition of genre painting through the work of fellow Cincinnati artist James H. Beard.(p. 19) Duncanson returned to Cincinnati in 1846, aspiring to expand his repertoire.
Landscape painting
Landscape painting was a particularly important genre from the 1830s to the 1900s. Artists like Thomas Cole and other members of the Hudson River School used nature to convey ideas about America and its ideals. Duncanson was intrigued by landscape painting. As he moved away from portrait work, Duncanson became intrigued by travel prints, particularly the exploration journals of John Stevens and Frederick Catherwood, Incidents of Travel in the Yucatan. The prints in these books prompted Duncanson to experiment with depicting exotic places and forgotten civilizations in his work. Back in Cincinnati and full of new inspiration, he received a commission from Charles Avery, an abolitionist Methodist minister, in 1848. Not only did Cliff Mine, Lake Superior—the work Duncanson created for Avery—bolster his career as a landscape painter, it also established him within a network of abolitionist patrons who sustained most of his career.
After completing Cliff Mine, Lake Superior (1848) for Charles Avery, Duncanson pursued landscape painting in earnest. Along with two other Cincinnati artists, T. Worthington Whittredge and William Louis Sonntag, Duncanson became inspired by the work of the Hudson River School artists and aspired to paint the American landscape. Together, the three artists set out on a series of sketching trips around the country to provide them with the necessary material and inspiration to bring back to their Cincinnati studios.(p. 28) After finishing the sketching tours, Duncanson focused on the Ohio River Valley in the early 1850s. With his ambitions cast on landscape work, operating on the style of the Hudson River School, Duncanson strived to transform his topographical works into romantic landscapes with literary allusions In order to accomplish this, he turned to Thomas Cole, copying many of his works dealing with paradise and drawing parallels between the imaginary lands painted and America. Around 1850, Duncanson was given his largest commission of his career by Nicholas Longworth to paint 8 landscape panels in Longworth's Cincinnati estate Belmont.The panels have been called the regarded as "among the most accomplished domestic mural paintings of pre-Civil War America." In 1851, Duncanson's created one more well-known landscape paintings from this time period, Blue Hole, Flood Waters, Miami River. In 1853, Duncanson embarked on the traditional "grand tour" of Europe, completed by many contemporary artists, which exposed him to the art world and provided inspiration for many of his future landscape works. In 1859, Duncanson finished his painting Landscape with Rainbow which, when exhibited, was "hailed as 'one of the most beautiful pictures painted on this side of the [Allegheny] mountains.’" This painting was prominently shown during Joe Biden's inauguration on January 20, 2021 when he and his wife entered the U.S. Capitol.
In 1861, Duncanson created his "greatest work": Land of the Lotus Eaters. This painting was Duncanson's most widely acclaimed work. Moreover, Duncanson intended for the work to receive this tremendous acclaim. He planned to exhibit the work on a European tour before he began painting it.
European Travels and Romantic Literary Landscape Painting
Many of Duncanson's paintings, such as Land of the Lotus Eaters, were influenced by works of British Romantic poets to include mythical themes. This attraction to European poetry and novels was developed through many trips Duncanson took to Europe over a period of 20 years. These trips were funded by Cincinnati-based Abolitionist patrons like Nicholas Longworth and a local Anti-Slavery league. The opportunities provided by these "grand tours" of Europe gave Duncanson the ability to study the works of the Old Masters while exploring the historic landscapes of the European countryside. Two of the works that came out of Duncanson's trips to Europe were Italian Landscape and Italian Landscape with Ruins.
Abolitionist patronage
Duncanson's success as an artist is partially attributed to the many abolitionist patrons who supported him. Abolitionist patrons provided him with ample commissions, acquired his paintings, financed his travel to various locations nationally and abroad, and introduced him to other prominent people in the art community. Abolitionists were motivated to support artists like Duncanson because it emphasized the abilities of African Americans to participate in and contribute to mainstream culture. Additionally, abolitionists would often commission works with overtly racial themes in order to further the antislavery cause. Duncanson likely received even more support from abolitionist patrons because he was considered mulatto. Duncanson’s lighter complexion, due to the miscegenation that occurred when his ancestors were enslaved, allowed him greater access into the art world than African Americans with darker complexions. There were a number of other African-American artists who shared these advantages due to their light skin, including African-American painter Joshua Johnston. The North, particularly cities like Cincinnati with substantial black populations and strong abolitionist presences, was a more advantageous place for African-Americans to pursue fine arts professions. Although Duncanson never explicitly addressed race issues in his work, there is debate among historians on whether or not Duncanson subtly referenced, or alluded to racial problems and racism in the United States. For example, Joseph Ketner II argues that in Duncanson's painting Garden of Eden (1852) "paradise with its palm trees might also be the promised land of slave songs." David Lubin also believed that Duncanson's paintings "may have contained hidden allegories on racial themes whose meanings were available only to certain audiences."
Uncle Tom and Little Eva, 1853
Robert Duncanson’s Uncle Tom and Little Eva, painted in 1853, is housed at the Detroit Institute of Arts. This work demonstrates Duncanson's growth in his early years of landscape painting. The painting depicts a scene from Harriet Beecher Stowe's anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The painting is a copy of an engraving from the novel's illustrations. While Stowe's novel has many violent scenes that address the brutality of slavery, Duncanson chose to paint an innocuous scene from the book. He depicts two characters, a slave named Tom and the young daughter of a slave owner named Eva, set in an idyllic landscape. Tom and Eva are looking up at the sky—to the heavens and God—at the shore of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana. The scene is a critical moment in Beecher's novel related to the theme of salvation from slavery through spiritual love and sacrifice. In the 1850s, Duncanson gained popularity amongst abolitionist patrons. Reverend James Francis Conover, an outspoken abolitionist minister and news editor, recognized Duncanson's rise to prominence in the abolitionist art community and commissioned the work. Many abolitionists would commission works that explicitly portrayed the contemporary racial issues. While some art historians believe that Duncanson's works contained metaphors pertaining to issues of race, Uncle Tom and Little Eva is his only painting that explicitly addresses the racial issues of antebellum America by portraying an abolitionist story. As a free black artist active prior to the Civil War, Duncanson was in a unique position to make statements about racial issues, but he typically did not address these issues explicitly in his work. Although Duncanson’s son urged him to address contemporary racial concerns in his works, Duncanson wrote to his son, “I have no color on the brain; all I have on the brain is paint.” Some art historians, such as Joseph D. Ketner, believe that Duncanson intended to make an indictment of the institution of slavery by depicting this delicate yet profound scene from Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin. Other art historians, like Margaret Rose Vendryes, assert that Uncle Tom and Little Eva (1853) demonstrates Duncanson's desire to satisfy abolitionist patrons, and not necessarily his own views.
Nicholas Longworth's Belmont Mansion
Duncanson's success in the Cincinnati art community brought him many substantial commissions, such as that of Nicholas Longworth, one of the city's wealthiest citizens. In 1851, Longworth commissioned Duncanson to paint murals on the walls of his home, which was called the Belmont Mansion. Duncanson created eight murals for the entry of the Belmont Mansion, each nine feet high and six and a half feet wide, that depicted landscapes of the American West. Although the scale of the job was large, and Duncanson was still relatively new to the profession, Longworth selected him to decorate his home because he thought Duncanson to be “one of our most promising painters.” Duncanson's previous training in the trade of house painting served him well in his work on the Belmont Mansion. Duncanson's work on the murals in the Belmont Mansion greatly increased his popularity in the art community of Cincinnati, particularly among the white abolitionist contingent. The murals were eventually covered by wallpaper, but were rediscovered in 1933 and are now displayed in the Taft Museum of Art in Cincinnati.
Work with daguerrotypist James Presley Ball
Beginning in 1854, Duncanson worked in the photography studio of James Presley Ball, a prominent African-American photographer, retouching portraits and coloring photographic prints.(pp. 101–103) In 1855, Duncanson and Presley Ball created an anti-slavery panoramic painting titled Mammoth Pictorial Tour of the United States Comprising Views of the African Slave Trade which toured across the country. The work displayed images of the African slave trade, sugar and cotton plantations, and American landscape scenes.
Self-imposed exile and international acclaim
With the onset of the Civil War, Duncanson exiled himself to Canada and the United Kingdom. In 1863, Duncanson settled in Montreal, where he would work for two years. Duncanson was inspired by the Canadian landscape, as is evident from his works produced then. While in Montreal, Duncanson developed important relationships within the Canadian art scene. He was accepted enthusiastically by the Montreal art community and served as an inspiration for Canadian painters such as Otto Reinhold Jacobi. The Canadians thought of Duncanson as one of “the earliest of our professional cultivators of the fine arts.” Duncanson had a tremendous influence on 19th century Canadian art; he inspired the creation of the first Canadian school of landscape painting. In 1865, he left Canada for the United Kingdom, particularly England and Scotland, to tour one of his most well-known works, The Land of the Lotus Eaters (1861). In Europe, his work was well received and the prestigious London Art Journal declared him a master of landscape painting. In the winter of 1866–1867, Duncanson returned to Cincinnati. Inspired by his European travels, he painted many scenes of the Scottish landscape. Duncanson's time in Canada and the United Kingdom allowed him to gain even greater recognition in the international art scene.
Ellen's Isle, Loch Katrine, 1871
This painting was inspired by a selection from Scottish writer Sir Walter Scott's 1810 poem, The Lady of the Lake. The narrative poem was important to several important contemporary African American leaders, such as W.E.B. Du Bois and Frederick Douglass. Art historian Joseph D. Ketner considers Ellen's Isle, Loch Katrine to be the "pinnacle of [Duncanson's] aesthetic and technical accomplishments." The work shows Duncanson's use of the conventions of Hudson River School artists, as well as his own romantic vision for landscape painting.
Final years
Throughout his career, Duncanson's works had always tended toward the pastoral, and his late works continued to show his love of landscape painting and resonated calmness and serenity.(p. 157) In the final years of his life, Duncanson developed dementia, possibly from lead poisoning. The dementia, and possibly schizophrenia, caused Duncanson to act unpredictably and erratically. He developed a belief in spiritualism and was convinced that he was possessed by a master painter. While Duncanson continued to create artwork, his behavior and declining physical health was alarming to his patrons. In 1872, Duncanson suffered a seizure while setting up an exhibition in Detroit, which eventually led to his death. Duncanson died on December 21, 1872; he was 51 years old. He was buried at the Woodland Cemetery in Monroe, Michigan.
Legacy
Robert Seldon Duncanson was one of few African American landscape painters of the nineteenth century, and he achieved levels of success unknown to his contemporaries. By the 1860s, Duncanson was proclaimed to be the "greatest landscape painter in the West" by the American Press and London newspapers held him in equal regard to other British artists at the time. Richard Powell of American Visions says that Duncanson’s success is a “victory over society’s presumptions of what African-American artist should create.” Duncanson became nationally and internationally known for his landscape paintings modeled after the Hudson River School tradition, and is credited with developing the regional Ohio River Valley art form. Art historian Joseph D. Ketner claims that Duncanson's greatest contribution to art was "his distinctively picturesque-pastoral vision of landscape painting with allusions to popular romantic literature."
Duncanson was largely forgotten from American art history until his work was rediscovered in the 1950s and 1960s. However, art historians maintained a false narrative about Duncanson for several decades. Beginning in the 1990s, art historians like Ketner made an effort to research Duncanson's life and work to develop an accurate portrayal of the artist.
The primary art historical controversy surrounding Duncanson is whether or not he represented racial issues in his art. Some art historians, like Ketner, theorize that there are veiled racial meanings in his paintings, while others, like Vendryes, consider his landscapes to be “race-free." Ketner asserts that Duncanson's artworks are representations of his cultural and racial identity. Vendryes argues that Duncanson did not explicitly represent contemporary racial issues in his work, and warns viewers from interpreting Duncanson and his art solely through the lens of his race, as it may limit the viewer's understanding of his work.
Since 1986, the Taft Museum of Art in Cincinnati, Ohio has maintained an artist-in-residence program for contemporary African-American artists in honor of Duncanson.
Abbreviated list of artworks
Portrait of a Mother and Daughter, 1841 (Fulton County Arts Council, Hammonds House, Atlanta, Georgia)
Trial of Shakespeare, 1843 (Douglass Settlement House, Toledo, Ohio)
Roses Fancy Still Life, 1843 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
Mt. Healthy, Ohio, 1844 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
Drunkard's Plight, 1845 (Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan)
At the Foot of the Cross, 1846 (Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan)
Cliff Mine, Lake Superior, 1848 (F. Ward Paine, Jr., Portola Valley, California)
Mayan Ruins, Yucatan, 1848 (Dayton Art Institute, Dayton, Ohio)
The Belmont Murals, c. 1850–1852 (Taft Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio)
Blue Hole, Flood Waters, Little Miami River, 1851 (Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio)
View of Cincinnati, Ohio From Covington, Kentucky, 1851 (Cincinnati Historical Society)
The Garden of Eden (after Cole), 1852 (High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia)
Dream of Arcadia (after Cole), 1852 (Private Collection, New York City)
Uncle Tom and Little Eva, 1853 (Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan)
Italianate Landscape, 1855 (California African American Museum, Los Angeles, California)
Robbing the Eagle's Nest, 1856 (National Museum of African American History and Culture)
Untitled (Landscape), late 1850s (Princeton University Art Museum)
Landscape with Rainbow, 1859 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
Land of Lotus Eaters, 1861 (Collection of His Royal Majesty, the King of Sweden)
Faith, 1862 (National Afro-American Museum and Cultural Center, Wilberforce, Ohio)
Vale of Kashmir, 1863 (Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio)
Silver River, North Carolina, 1863 (The Columbia Museum of Art, Columbia, South Carolina)
Lake Beauport, 1864 (Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec, Canada)
Lake Saint-Charles, 1864 (Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Québec, Canada)
A Dream of Italy, 1865 (Birmingham Museum of Art, Birmingham, Alabama)
Cottate Opposite Pass at Ben Lomond, 1866 (Museum of Art, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, purchase)
Mountain Landscape with Cows and Sheep, 1866 (Newark Museum, Newark, New Jersey, purchase)
Loch Long, Scotland, 1867 (National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.)
The Caves, 1869 (Amon Carter Museum of American Art)
Dog's Head Scotland, 1870 (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts)
Gallery
Exhibitions
1842: Annual Exhibition of Paintings and Statuary, Western Art Union, Cincinnati, Ohio
1843: Annual Exhibition of Paintings and Statuary, Western Art Union, Cincinnati, Ohio
1864: Art Association of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
1865: Dublin Exhibition, Art Association of Montreal, Ireland
1871: Western Art Gallery, [Detroit, Michigan
1943: Balmoral Castle, Scotland, Museum of Modern Art, New York City
1953: Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado
1955: Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio
1961: Indianapolis Museum of Art Indianapolis, Indiana
1967: Howard University Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
1970: La Jolla Museum of Contemporary Art, La Jolla, California
1971: Bowdoin College, Museum of Contemporary Art, Brunswick, Maine
1972: Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio
1972: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
1976: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles
1979: Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan
1983: National Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C.
1992: National Museum of American Art, Washington, D.C.
1996: Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
1999: To Conserve a Legacy - American Art from History, Black Colleges and Universities, Studio Museum in Harlem, New York City
2003: Then and Now: Selection of 19-20th Century Art by African American Artists, Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, Michigan
2009: Cincinnati Art Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio
See also
List of Hudson River School artists
List of African-American visual artists
Notes
External links
American Paradise: The World of the Hudson River School, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Duncanson (see index)
Ohio Collection, Dayton Museum of Art
artcyclopedia
Long Island University
1821 births
1872 deaths
Burials at Woodland Cemetery (Monroe, Michigan)
19th-century American painters
American male painters
Artists from Cincinnati
Hudson River School painters
People from Fayette, New York
People from Mount Healthy, Ohio
African-American painters
19th-century American male artists |
4001376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy%20Point | Mercy Point | Mercy Point is an American science fiction medical drama, created by Trey Callaway, David Simkins, and Milo Frank, which originally aired for one season on United Paramount Network (UPN) from October 6, 1998, to July 15, 1999. With an ensemble cast led by Joe Morton, Maria del Mar, Alexandra Wilson, Brian McNamara, Salli Richardson, Julia Pennington, Gay Thomas, Jordan Lund, and Joe Spano, the series focuses on the doctors and nurses in a 23rd-century hospital space station located in deep space. The executive producers were Trey Callaway, Michael Katleman, Lee David Zlotoff, Joe Voci, and Scott Sanders.
Callaway adapted Mercy Point from his original screenplay, "Nightingale One". It was picked up by Mandalay Television, and the concept was eventually revised as a television project and renamed Mercy Point; production on the film project had ended due to the poor commercial performance of the 1997 film Starship Troopers. The television show was part of a three-million-dollar deal between Mandalay and Columbia TriStar Television to produce 200 hours of material. It was filmed in Vancouver to reduce production costs, the hospital sets being constructed on a series of sound stages. Director Joe Napolitano has praised the show for its use of a complete set to allow for more intricate directing. Despite Callaway envisioning Mercy Point as a companion to Star Trek: Voyager, it was paired with Moesha and Clueless as its lead-in on Tuesday nights. Initially focused on ethical and medical cases, the show's storylines gradually shifted toward relating the characters' personal relationships, to better fit UPN's primarily teen demographic.
Mercy Point was placed on hiatus after only three episodes were aired, and was replaced by the reality television series America's Greatest Pets and the sitcom Reunited. The show suffered from low ratings, with an average of two million viewers. The final four episodes of the series were broadcast in two 2-hour blocks on Thursday nights in July 1999. It has never been released on DVD or Blu-ray, but was made available to stream on Crackle. Critical response to Mercy Point was mixed; some commentators praised its characterization and use of science-fiction elements, while others found it to be uninteresting and unoriginal. Callaway stated that he had the potential story arcs for the full first season already planned before the show's cancellation.
Premise
Set in the year 2249, Mercy Point revolves around doctors and nurses working in a hospital space station in deep space. The "state-of-the-art hospital" is described as "the last stop for anything going out, the first stop for anything coming back" by one of the show's characters. It is noted for existing on the "fringes of the galaxy", on a colony called Jericho. The facility includes advanced medical equipment, such as "artificial wombs, holographic three-dimensional X-ray projections [and] zero-gravity operating tables". A talking computer known as Hippocrates, voiced by series co-creator Trey Callaway, is shown as the primary method to monitor a patient's status.
The doctors and nurses work on both human and extraterrestrial patients over the course of the series. In the series, the medical staff is referred to as "med-nauts". Despite the futuristic setting, the characters' clothing and hairstyles adhere to 1990s fashion trends. In Frank Garcia and Mark Phillips' book Science Fiction Television Series, 1990–2004, they compared the concept behind the show to James White's Sector General series, Murray Leinster's stories about a doctor who travels to different planets, and G. Harry Stine's book Space Doctor. Mercy Point's setting and filming style also received comparisons to the television medical drama ER; the series itself was promoted as "ER in space".
Characters
According to a press release from UPN, the series features the characters' attempts to "balanc[e] complicated personal lives with the demands of working in a cutting-edge hospital". Each episode includes story arcs involving personal and professional problems, the staff's relationships gaining more prominence as the series progressed. Alien physiologist Grote Maxwell (Joe Morton) works as the facility's lead doctor and surgeon. Senior surgeon Haylen Breslauer (Maria del Mar) directs Maxwell's actions as his boss and best friend. Dru Breslaur (Alexandra Wilson) begins working at the hospital in the pilot episode, creating tension because of her strained relationship with her older sister Haylen, and her past romance with Dr. C. J. Jurado (Brian McNamara). Jurado is characterized through his high libido, with his story arc involving a love triangle with Dru and his current girlfriend Lieutenant Kim Salisaw (Salli Richardson). While working as a doctor, Rema Cooke (Gay Thomas) grows more concerned about her patients' rights.
The android head nurse ANI (Julia Pennington) and the alien surgeon Dr. Batung (Jordan Lund) also help to combat the frequent medical emergencies at the hospital. ANI (Android Nursing Interface) is represented as "extremely efficient and attractive", the facility's other nurses disliking her as they feel that she sets an impossible standard for them to match. Throughout the series, ANI develops more emotions, such as crying and laughing, and tries to learn more about them. Batung, who is part of the slug-like species the Shenn, is portrayed as lacking bedside manners by acting insensitively toward his patients. His negative behavior is attributed to his lack of experience working with human co-workers and patients. The hospital is run by the Chief of Staff Harris DeMilla (Joe Spano), who is often tasked to handle its ethical issues.
Production
Concept and development
Created by Trey Callaway, David Simkins, and Milo Frank, Mercy Point was originally developed as a concept for a feature film. Callaway drew his primary inspiration for the original screenplay from a concept by Frank, entitled "Nightingale One". And while pitching the idea to film executives, Callaway said in his closing comments that he could also envision it as the framework for a successful television series. "Nightingale One" was eventually purchased by Mandalay Entertainment, a production company headed by Peter Guber, but the film's production was stalled after the poor commercial performance of the 1997 film Starship Troopers. However, a producer who saw Callaway's original pitch to Mandalay Entertainment's executives decided to reformat "Nightingale One" as a television series based on Callaway's final remarks in the meeting. After the concept's approval for television, "Nightingale One" was renamed Mercy Point.
During production, Callaway imagined the series as a "companion piece" to Star Trek: Voyager, with the hope that it would have a shared viewership. Even though elements of "Nightingale One" were kept, Callaway said that "[he] really started over again and reconceived it completely as a series from the ground up". Prior to the series being officially green-lit, Callaway collaborated with writer David Simkins to prepare a presentation of a "low-budgeted 30 minute" pilot. Simkins did not work on the series after his pilot, but his contributions earned him a credit as one of its co-creators. John de Lancie, who was noted for acting as Q in Star Trek: The Next Generation, had essayed the role of DeMilla, and Steve Johnson designed the non-humanoid aliens. The pilot presentation was filmed in Los Angeles, but the sets were completely renovated for the series' episodes. Three non-humanoid characters, including ANI and Batung, were added to the show following this presentation. UPN executives responded positively to the presentation, and ordered thirteen episodes of the series, which was considered a "half-season's worth". Mercy Point was one of four shows produced by Mandalay Television that appeared in the 1998–99 United States television schedule, alongside Cupid, Rude Awakening, and Oh Baby. The show's production was part of a three-million-dollar deal with Columbia TriStar Television to produce 200 hours of material; a majority of the content created from this agreement was commercially unsuccessful.
Casting and filming
Callaway carefully chose actors when casting each role. He focused on maintaining the series as a "character-driven plot", to always make "what is going on with people's hearts and minds" more important than special effects. Despite auditioning other actors to voice Hippocrates, Callway reprised the role from the pilot; he would later say that he had difficulty with the medical and technical vocabulary required for the character. Like The X-Files and Stargate SG-1, the show was filmed in Vancouver to take advantage of lower production costs. A majority of the crew had worked on The X-Files. The executive producers were: Trey Callaway, Michael Katleman, Lee David Zlotoff, Joe Voci, and Scott Sanders. Jon Ehrlich composed the show's theme.
The entire series was shot on sound stages. Production designers Greg Loewen and Graemay Murray designed the medical facility as a "circular hub with offices and rooms radiating outward", and included a second floor in which DeMilla could oversee the entire hospital's operations. Director Joe Napolitano praised the sets while filming the episode "Last Resort", calling the show "a good candy store for a director" due to the functionality and size of the hospital. He explained that the set enabled him to direct long takes and walk and talk sequences without much difficulty. The series required extensive prosthetic work for Dr. Batung and the non-human patients. The application of Lund's prosthetic makeup required several hours each day that he was filmed. Napolitano said that he found this to be a challenge to the production schedule, explaining that there would be discussions about the amount of prosthetics necessary for Batung depending on the scene. Batung's prosthetic work included a tail that wrapped around his neck and shoulders; Lund was pushed around the set on a sled to mimic the character's movements as a slug. Napolitano also specified that the patients required a similar amount of time and work for their prosthetic makeup, such as a man who has gills under his chin.
Cancellation and unproduced episodes
Callaway said he was surprised by UPN's cancellation of Mercy Point because of their strong support of the show. He felt the decision was made in part because of the show's high production costs. He also concluded that the decision to broadcast the pilot at the same time as the World Series resulted in the loss of Mercy Points target audience. To better connect with UPN's teen viewers, Callaway shifted the show's focus from medical and ethical cases to the characters' relationships. Despite these revisions, he said that UPN executives preferred to air shows like Moesha over science-fiction programs. When UPN announced the show's cancellation, the eighth episode was in the middle of production. Scenes originally written for the episode were revised and edited into the seventh episode to form a complete series finale.
In an interview about the series, Callaway said that he had developed complete story arcs for each character for the rest of the first season. Hayden would have continued to deal with feelings of "homesickness", which is defined as "a crippling interstellar condition unique to humans that ultimately linked their survival to returning to Earth" in the context of the show. Batung would have suffered consequences for rejecting "the protective fold of his species", and ANI would develop an antidote for a virus that spread from computers to humans in the pilot episode. Callaway described ANI's future character development as "the ultimate clash between the organic and technological worlds". The status of Grote's missing family would eventually be uncovered after he conducts a rescue mission with C. J. to the "Sahartic Divide". Dru would be confronted by her "old addictions" and Cooke would test her theory that the temporal lobe houses a human's soul and is connected with "homesickness".
Episodes
Broadcast history and release
Following the decision to expand its programming to Thursday and Friday nights, UPN picked up six original series. Mercy Point was one of two science fiction television shows picked up by UPN – the second being the time travel-themed Seven Days. Scott D. Pierce of Deseret News described the network's choice of two science-fiction dramas and two 19th century programs (The Secret Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer and Legacy) as showing "a definite bent toward the unusual". Prior to its premiere, the show was promoted through its inclusion of Joe Morton in a starring role. Although Callaway envisioned Mercy Point as a companion to Star Trek: Voyager, UPN paired the Star Trek installment with Seven Days instead. Mercy Point was initially broadcast on Tuesday nights at 9 pm EST, following the sitcoms Moesha and Clueless. The Moesha and Clueless block was held over from the previous year. Entertainment Weekly'''s Dan Snierson noted that Mercy Point faced tough competition from other shows in the same time slot, primarily Just Shoot Me!, Spin City, and Felicity. The series carried a TV-PG parental rating, meaning that it was judged as "unsuitable for young children".
UPN placed Mercy Point on hiatus on October 27, 1998, after the show averaged a rating of 1.5 million viewers. The announcement was made ten days after the series premiere; only three episodes had aired. It was replaced by the reality television series America's Greatest Pets and the sitcom Reunited. The show ranked number 157 based on the Nielsen Media Research's survey of programs airing from September 21, 1998, to May 26, 1999, with an average of two million viewers. It tied with America's Greatest Pets and The Love Boat: The Next Wave. Joal Ryan of E! News wrote that the network's decision was not a surprise given that most viewers were unaware of the show's existence. While reporting on the show's status, Ryan questioned the repeated failures of science-fiction medical dramas. In October 1998, media outlets were reporting that the series might still return to UPN's primetime schedule sometime in the future. The series' final four episodes were broadcast in two 2-hour blocks on Thursday nights in July 1999. Mercy Point was included on the list of failed medical shows by The Blade's Rob Owen, along with MDs and 3 lbs. It has never been released on DVD or Blu-ray, but is available to stream on Crackle.
Critical response Mercy Point has received mixed critical feedback. Prior to the show's premiere, a writer from SouthCoastToday.com wrote that it would appeal to Star Trek fans through its use of "portentous dialogue and plenty of gross-out imagery". David Bianculli of The New York Daily News praised Mercy Point as an improvement over "UPN's watch-me-please gimmick shows", and commended the way the show focused on its characters and medical cases while it "relegat[ed] the futuristic elements to the background". The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel's Joanne Weintraub favorably compared the show to Buffy the Vampire Slayer, writing that "both series take their special effects seriously and their often tongue-in-cheek dialogue lightly". Variety's Laura Fries wrote that the series had potential if it adhered to its own rules and focused on real drama. Fries highlighted Michael Katleman's directing as "crisp" and praised the show's technical credits.Mercy Point also garnered negative reactions from television critics, with GamesRadar's Dave Golder including it on his list of the worst science fiction and fantasy television shows of all time for its "[t]rite, obvious and cheesy" storylines. The Los Angeles Times' Howard Rosenberg criticized the show's reliance on its science-fiction context and technology to distract the viewers from "its mustiness and lack of originality". Even though Rosenberg felt the show's concept had potential and found Batung to an intriguing character, he advised the audience to "change this bedpan fast". Lee Sandlin of The Chicago Reader included Mercy Point in his assessment of the worst television shows in the 1998–1999 season, criticizing its lack of originality and poor writing. The series was heavily panned by Kevin Wagner of the science-fiction online magazine The Sci-Fi Guys, who found the pilot's story arc to be uninteresting and the use of rubber gloves as a way for advanced containment to be unrealistic. The Sun-Sentinels Hal Boedeker cited Mercy Point and The Secret Diary of Desmond Pfeiffer as "misbegotten fare" that alienated its audience and lowered viewership by forty percent.
Several media commentators made negative comparisons between Mercy Point and other television programs. The show was described as reminiscent of a Saturday Night Live skit "that sounded brighter on paper than it plays on the air" by The Sun-Sentinels Tom Jicha, who felt it served as a spoof of ER. Caryn James of The New York Times wrote that Mercy Point was the "oddball new series", saying it was not compelling either in a dramatic or campy manner. Editor Jason Snell criticized the show as a retread of Crisis Center and General Hospital, describing it as an "utter waste of an intriguing premise", and The Chicago Tribune's Steve Johnson called it the "ER''-in-space mess". Both Snell and Johnson encouraged UPN to cancel the series following the announcement of its hiatus.
References
Citations
Book sources
External links
1998 American television series debuts
1999 American television series endings
1990s American medical television series
1990s American science fiction television series
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television series set in the 23rd century
UPN original programming
Television shows filmed in Vancouver |
4001378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tenants%20%282005%20film%29 | The Tenants (2005 film) | The Tenants is a 2005 film drama directed by Danny Green and starring Dylan McDermott and Snoop Dogg. It is based on the 1971 novel The Tenants by Bernard Malamud.
Premise
In an abandoned tenement, a militant African-American writer and a Jewish novelist develop a friendship while struggling to complete their novels before the landlord forceably evicts them, but interpersonal tensions rise between the tenants and escalate into violence.
Cast
Dylan McDermott as Harry Lesser
Snoop Dogg as Willie Spearmint
Rose Byrne as Irene Bell
Seymour Cassel as Levenspiel
Niki J. Crawford as Mary Kettlesmith
Aldis Hodge as Sam Clemence
Gene Gilbert as Mr. Ross
Linda Lawson as Anna
References
External links
Box Office Information
2005 films
2005 drama films
American films
Films based on American novels
Nu Image films |
4001381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Miguel%20Beer | San Miguel Beer | San Miguel Beer refers to San Miguel Pale Pilsen, a Filipino pale lager produced by San Miguel Brewery (a subsidiary of San Miguel Corporation). Established in 1890 by the original San Miguel Brewery (renamed San Miguel Corporation in 1964), it is the largest selling beer in the Philippines and Hong Kong. It is known in Chinese markets as 生力啤酒. San Miguel Beer was introduced in Spain by San Miguel Brewery in 1946. The Spanish rights were spun-off in 1953 by San Miguel Brewery and became an independent entity presently known as the Mahou-San Miguel Group.
Varieties
Branded as "San Miguel"
San Miguel Pale Pilsen (San Miguel Beer) (5% ABV)
San Miguel Premium All-Malt Beer (5% ABV)
San Miguel Super Dry (5% ABV)
San Miguel Flavored Beer (3% ABV)
Cerveza Negra (San Miguel Dark Beer) (5% ABV)
Red Horse (San Miguel strong beer) (7% ABV)
Branded as "San Mig"
San Mig Light (5% ABV)
San Mig Strong Ice (6.3% ABV)
San Mig Zero (3% ABV) The Zero in the name stands for O sugar, rather than O alcohol.
San Miguel Beer (Spain)
As part of its overseas expansion, San Miguel Brewery moved into the Spanish market in 1953, setting up the company which would later become San Miguel Spain. Since 1946, there has been a company engaged in the production of malt for medicinal purposes known as La Segarra. In the early 1950s, its key shareholders Enrique Suárez Rezona, Ramón Vidal and Jaime Muñiz made contact with Andrés Soriano, then president of San Miguel Brewery, to allow their group to produce beer under the San Miguel name in Spain. In 1953, San Miguel Brewery, Inc. signed the "Manila Agreement" to establish a new brewery, La Segarra, S.A., in Spain. The company would later be renamed San Miguel Fabricas de Cerveza y Malta, S.A. in 1957, as an affiliate of San Miguel Brewery, Inc. which initially held 20% equity share via its Hong Kong subsidiary.
In 1965, San Miguel arrived in Africa and by 1967 it spread to other capitals in Europe like London, Paris and Berlin. In 1970, it bought the Spanish-Dutch beer brand Gulder and its factory in Burgos. The three factories had a capacity of 600,000 hl, achieving a share of 7% of the national market. Thanks to the progressive opening in Spain and the work of the exports department, the 1970s were a time of growth in exports of the beer, both in Western and Eastern Europe, and Northern Africa, reaching an annual figure of 125,000 hl.
The company was acquired by Mahou, S.A. from Groupe Danone in 2000, and was combined to form Spain’s largest brewer, the Mahou-San Miguel Group. In February 2014, San Miguel Corporation and Mahou-San Miguel signed a co-operation agreement to promote jointly San Miguel Beer and expand its global footprint.
The escudo
The San Miguel escudo (seal) used as the brand logo of all San Miguel branded beer products is based on the original Spanish-era coat of arms of Manila. It is also the corporate logo of San Miguel Corporation and the San Miguel Brewery companies.
The Mahou-San Miguel Group does not use this logo for its San Miguel branded beers. Instead, it uses an image of a galleon as its brand logo.
San Miguel Beermen
The San Miguel Beermen are a professional basketball team in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). The franchise is owned by the San Miguel Corporation (SMC) since 1975. It is one of three PBA ball clubs owned by the SMC group of companies along with the Magnolia Hotshots and Barangay Ginebra San Miguel. It is the only remaining original franchise in the PBA and leads the league with the most number of PBA titles - 27 to date. It is also the only team ever to have won at least one title in each of the five numerical decades of the PBA's existence so far.
See also
Beer in the Philippines
References
External links
San Miguel Pale Pilsen - Philippines
San Miguel - Spain
Beer brands
Beer in the Philippines
Beer in Spain
Beer in Hong Kong
Beer in China
San Miguel Corporation brands
Philippine brands
Spanish brands |
4001384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hylophorbus | Hylophorbus | Hylophorbus is a genus of microhylid frogs endemic to New Guinea. Common name Mawatta frogs has been coined for them.
Molecular data suggest that Hylophorbus is monophyletic and that its sister taxon is Callulops.
Species
There are 12 recognized species:
References
External links
taxon Hylophorbus at http://www.eol.org.
Microhylidae
Amphibian genera
Amphibians of New Guinea
Taxa named by William John Macleay
Endemic fauna of New Guinea |
5396769 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979%20Rhodesian%20general%20election | 1979 Rhodesian general election | General elections were held in Rhodesia in April 1979, the first where the majority black population elected the majority of seats in parliament. The elections were held following the Internal Settlement negotiated by the Rhodesian Front government of Ian Smith and were intended to provide a peaceful transition to majority rule on terms not harmful to Rhodesians of white descent. In accordance with the Internal Settlement, on 1 June, Rhodesia officially became the nation of Zimbabwe Rhodesia, under the government of the United African National Council elected in the 1979 elections. The Internal Settlement was not approved internationally but the incoming government under Bishop Abel Muzorewa did decide to participate in the Lancaster House talks which led to the end of the dispute and the creation of Zimbabwe.
Electoral system
Under the agreement of 1978, the new Zimbabwe Rhodesia House of Assembly was to consist of 100 members. 20 were to be elected on the old roll with property, income and education qualifications, which most black citizens did not meet, and which was previously used to elect the majority of the Rhodesia House of Assembly. 72 seats were elected by the "Common Roll" which every adult in the country had a vote. Owing to the lack of an electoral roll, voters were instead marked with ink on their fingers to stop multiple voting. Once the 92 members had been elected, they assembled to vote for eight White non-constituency members. All the candidates for these posts were members of the Rhodesian Front.
The 20 White Roll members were elected from new constituencies made up of combinations of the previous constituencies. The Common Roll members were elected by province using a closed list system. It was intended to set up a full electoral register and institute single-member constituencies for future elections.
Campaign
The main question in the election campaign was how many Africans would vote in the common roll election. The Patriotic Front parties, Zimbabwe African National Union and Zimbabwe African People's Union, pledged to disrupt the election and called for a boycott. By 1979, all of Rhodesia apart from the central area between Salisbury and Bulawayo was under a form of martial law due to attacks by the Patriotic Front's armies, the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA).
In the event the turnout was quite respectable in Mashonaland, although somewhat depressed in Manicaland and Victoria. In Matabeleland South, where ZIPRA was strongest, the turnout was lowest.
Results
Common roll
Polling day was 21 April 1979.
Candidates and elected members
* – Subsequently, formed the Zimbabwe Democratic Party (see below)
** – These candidates had resigned from the United National Federal Party and joined the Zimbabwe United Peoples' Organisation after nominations had closed. It was ruled that their candidatures stood.
White roll
Polling day was 10 April 1979.
White non-constituency members
Polling day was 7 May 1979. Eight seats were up for election.
Changes during the Assembly
John Moses Chirimbani (UANC, Manicaland) was elected as the Speaker of the House of Assembly on 8 May 1979, and therefore an ex officio member. On 25 May, John Zwenhamo Ruredzo was appointed to replace him.
Robert Siyoka (UNFP, Matabeleland South) resigned, and was replaced by Sami Thomani Siyoka on 28 June 1979.
On 25 June 1979 James Chikerema led a group of eight elected UANC members in resigning from the party, and on 29 June seven of the eight formed the Zimbabwe Democratic Party. Actor Mupinyuri (UANC, Mashonaland Central) rejoined the UANC shortly after resigning from it. The seven who joined are denoted by asterisks in the lists above. A questionable wording in the electoral law led to the UANC taking legal action to disqualify the seven on the grounds that they had to keep their membership of the party to remain members of the Assembly, but Chikerema was successful in defending the right to break away.
Hilary Gwyn Squires resigned in June 1979, moving to South Africa to take up a legal career. David Colville Smith was returned unopposed as Rhodesian Front candidate for Borrowdale constituency on 24 July 1979.
Terrence Mashambanhaka (UANC, Mashonaland Central) was murdered on 16 September 1979 after being lured to an ambush at 'peace talks' with ZANLA forces. Abel Muringazuwa Madombwe was appointed to the Assembly to replace him on 27 November 1979.
Theunis de Klerk (RF, Lundi) was killed in a rocket attack on his home on 20 September 1979. Donald Galbraith Goddard was returned unopposed to follow him on 30 November 1979.
United Nations reaction
The United Nations Security Council passed several resolutions against the "illegal" election, including Resolution 445 and Resolution 448, both of which argued that the election was not representative of the Zimbabwean people and was designed to entrench white minority rule. In these resolutions, the UN declared the results of the election null and void.
Sources
Rhodesia Government Gazette (candidates for White Roll constituencies; elected MPs)
The Herald (common roll constituencies and election results)
References
Zimbabwe
Elections in Rhodesia
1979 in Rhodesia
April 1979 events in Africa
Zimbabwe
Election and referendum articles with incomplete results |
5396786 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20V.%20Herring | James V. Herring | James Vernon Herring (January 7, 1887 – May 29, 1969) was an African-American artist and professor of art at Howard University.
James V. Herring founded the Howard University Department of Art in 1922. In 1943 along with Alonzo J. Aden he opened the Barnett-Aden Gallery in Washington, DC. The gallery was the first black privately owned and operated art gallery in the United States and was located at 127 Randolph Street, NW. In an effort to fight segregation, both black and white artists were exhibited at the gallery. The gallery served as a place to meet for those interested in art, including curators from the Phillips Collection, Corcoran Gallery of Art, and the National Gallery of Art.
Herring and Aden also worked together on the Gallery of Art at Howard. Herring founded it in 1930 and Aden served as the first curator.
Herring retired from Howard in 1953.
References
Biography.
External links
"Being But Men, We Walked Into the Trees", February 11, 2016.
1887 births
1969 deaths
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Howard University faculty
20th-century African-American painters
20th-century American male artists |
4001393 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantophryne | Mantophryne | Mantophryne is a genus of microhylid frogs. The genus is found in New Guinea, Louisiade Archipelago, and Woodlark Island.
Species
There are five recognized species:
References
Microhylidae
Amphibian genera
Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger |
5396788 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badeschiff | Badeschiff | The Badeschiff (in English, "bathing ship") is a floating public swimming pool in Berlin, the capital city of Germany. Situated in the East Harbour section of the River Spree, the Badeschiff allows citizens to swim in a sanitary environment near the river. The Spree itself is far too polluted to permit safe swimming.
The Badeschiff opened in the summer of 2004 as an art project organized by the Stadtkunstprojekte (City Art Project Society) of Berlin. It was created by local artist, Susanne Lorenz, with Spanish architects AMP and Gil Wilk, to enliven city life along a long-neglected stretch of the Spree.
The pool was converted from the hull of a vessel measuring eight by thirty-two metres. It is open to the public daily from 8am to midnight. Disc jockeys commonly spin records outside the pool entrance where there is also a bar.
References
External links
Swimming at the Most Unusual Pool in Europe
Badeschiff panorama at night 1
Badeschiff panorama at night 2
Badeschiff panorama at night 3
Badeschiff Website (in German)
German art
Culture in Berlin
Buildings and structures in Treptow-Köpenick
Swimming venues in Germany
Sports venues in Berlin |
5396799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%20Xi%20function | Riemann Xi function | In mathematics, the Riemann Xi function is a variant of the Riemann zeta function, and is defined so as to have a particularly simple functional equation. The function is named in honour of Bernhard Riemann.
Definition
Riemann's original lower-case "xi"-function, was renamed with an upper-case (Greek letter "Xi") by Edmund Landau. Landau's lower-case ("xi") is defined as
for . Here denotes the Riemann zeta function and is the Gamma function.
The functional equation (or reflection formula) for Landau's is
Riemann's original function, rebaptised upper-case by Landau, satisfies
,
and obeys the functional equation
Both functions are entire and purely real for real arguments.
Values
The general form for positive even integers is
where Bn denotes the n-th Bernoulli number. For example:
Series representations
The function has the series expansion
where
where the sum extends over ρ, the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function, in order of .
This expansion plays a particularly important role in Li's criterion, which states that the Riemann hypothesis is equivalent to having λn > 0 for all positive n.
Hadamard product
A simple infinite product expansion is
where ρ ranges over the roots of ξ.
To ensure convergence in the expansion, the product should be taken over "matching pairs" of zeroes, i.e., the factors for a pair of zeroes of the form ρ and 1−ρ should be grouped together.
References
Zeta and L-functions
Bernhard Riemann |
4001395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Williams%20%28musician%29 | Jessica Williams (musician) | Jessica Jennifer Williams (March 17, 1948 – March 10, 2022) was an American jazz pianist and composer.
Early life
Williams was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on March 17, 1948. She started playing the piano at age four, began music lessons with a private teacher at five, and at age seven was enrolled into the Peabody Preparatory. She studied classical music and ear training with Richard Aitken and George Bellows at the Peabody Conservatory of Music.
Williams showed an ability to see each note's color as she heard it, consistent with synesthesia. She discussed how this inspired her early interest in the piano in a televised interview with the BBC. Williams also had the ability to play anything she heard. At age twelve, she was listening to Dave Brubeck, Miles Davis, and Charles Mingus. She knew she was destined to become a jazz pianist.
Williams began performing jazz in her teens, playing with Richie Cole, Buck Hill, and Mickey Fields. In a radio interview with Marian McPartland on NPR's Piano Jazz, she stated that her main influences were not pianists, but horn players, especially Miles Davis and John Coltrane.
Musical career
In June 1976, Williams began performing regularly with the "Philly Joe" Jones band in New Jersey, and with Lex Humphries in Philadelphia and New York City, before moving to the West Coast in October 1976.
In 1977, Williams moved to San Francisco, where she played in house bands at the Keystone Korner. She worked with Eddie Harris, Tony Williams, Stan Getz, Bobby Hutcherson, and Charlie Haden, eventually leading her own jazz trio, and recording regularly for several decades.
In 1997, Williams established her own record label, Red and Blue Recordings. She also started her publishing company, JJW Music/ASCAP, and an internet mail order business.
Williams appeared at the 2004 and 2006 "Mary Lou Williams Women in Jazz Festivals" at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. She also appeared in festivals and venues worldwide, including The Purcell Room in London, The Bern Jazz Festival, The Monterey Jazz Festival, The New Morning in Paris, Spivey Hall in Georgia, and hundreds of other venues. She was a guest on NPR's Fresh Air with Terry Gross, and Marian McPartland's Piano Jazz on NPR, as well as being interviewed by the BBC in Brecon, Wales.
In 2012, Williams had a Spinal fusion with internal instrumentation at Swedish Hospital's Neurosurgery Unit in Seattle, WA, and subsequently lost her ability to perform. She lived with her husband in the Pacific Northwest, and no longer toured. She continued to make new music, including electronic music and neoclassical music, and remained a lifelong advocate of civil rights.
Death
Williams died on March 10, 2022, a week before her 74th birthday.
Awards and honors
Grammy nomination, Nothin' But the Truth, 1986
Grammy nomination, Live at Yoshi's, Vol. 1, 2004
Grant, National Endowment for the Arts
Grant, Rockefeller Foundation, 1989
Grant, Alice B. Toklas Grant for Women Composers, 1992
Guggenheim Fellowship, 1995
Keys to the City, Sacramento, California
Keys to the City, San Mateo, California
Artist of the Year, Santa Cruz County, California, 2002
Jazz Record of the Year, Jazz Journal International Reader's Poll
Selected discography
1976 Portal of Antrim (Adelphi)
1978 Portraits (Adelphi)
1979 Orgonomic Music (Clean Cuts)
1980 Rivers of Memory (Clean Cuts)
1982 Update featuring Eddie Harris (Clean Cuts)
1986 Nothin' But the Truth (BlackHawk)
1990 And Then, There's This (Timeless)
1992 Live at Maybeck Recital Hall, Vol. 21 (Concord Jazz)
1993 Next Step (Hep)
1993 Arrival (Jazz Focus)
1994 Momentum featuring Dick Berk and Jeff Johnson (Jazz Focus)
1994 Song That I Heard (Hep)
1994 In the Pocket (Hep)
1994 Encounters featuring Leroy Vinnegar (Jazz Focus)
1995 Inventions (Jazz Focus)
1995 Joy featuring Hadley Caliman (Jazz Focus)
1995 Intuition (Jazz Focus)
1996 Gratitude (Candid)
1996 Jessica's Blues featuring Jay Thomas, Mel Brown and Dave Captein (Jazz Focus)
1996 Victoria Concert (Jazz Focus)
1997 Higher Standards (Candid)
1998 Encounters, Vol. 2 featuring Leroy Vinnegar (Jazz Focus)
1998 Joyful Sorrow: A Solo Tribute to Bill Evans (BlackHawk)
1999 In the Key of Monk (Jazz Focus)
1999 Ain't Misbehavin' (Candid)
2000 Jazz in the Afternoon (Candid)
2000 Blue Fire (Jazz Focus)
2001 I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart (Hep)
2001 Some Ballads, Some Blues (Jazz Focus)
2002 This Side Up featuring Victor Lewis and Ray Drummond (Maxjazz)
2003 All Alone (Maxjazz)
2004 Live at Yoshi's, Vol. 1 featuring Victor Lewis and Ray Drummond (Maxjazz)
2004 The Real Deal (Hep)
2005 Live at Yoshi's, Vol. 2 featuring Victor Lewis and Ray Drummond (Maxjazz)
2006 Billy's Theme: A Tribute to Dr. Billy Taylor (Origin)
2007 Unity (Red and Blue)
2008 Songs for a New Century (Origin)
2009 The Art of the Piano (Origin)
2010 Touch (Origin)
2011 Freedom Trane (Origin)
2012 Songs of Earth (Origin)
2014 With Love (Origin)
With Charlie Rouse
Epistrophy (Landmark, 1989)
References
External links
(abandoned as of 2021)
1948 births
2022 deaths
Post-bop pianists
American jazz pianists
Timeless Records artists
Musicians from Baltimore
Musicians from the San Francisco Bay Area
Women jazz pianists
Jazz musicians from Maryland
Jazz musicians from California
20th-century American women pianists
20th-century American pianists
21st-century American women pianists
21st-century American pianists |
5396800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric%20acid%20regeneration | Hydrochloric acid regeneration | Hydrochloric acid regeneration or HCl regeneration refers to a chemical process for the reclamation of bound and unbound HCl from metal chloride solutions such as hydrochloric acid.
Field of application
The commercially most relevant field of application for HCl regeneration processes is the recovery of HCl from waste pickle liquors from carbon-steel pickling lines. Other applications include the production of metal oxides such as, but not limited, to Al2O3 and MgO, as well as rare-earth oxides, by pyrohydrolysis of aqueous metal chloride or rare-earth chloride solutions.
A number of different process routes are available. The most widely used is based on pyrohydrolysis and adiabatic absorption of hydrogen chloride in water, a process invented in the 1960s. However tightening environmental standards and stringent air permit policies render it increasingly difficult to establish new pyrohydrolysis-based acid regeneration plants.
Known processes
The following processes for the regeneration of HCl from spent pickle liquors have been adopted by the ferrous metals processing industry:
Regeneration
Pyrohydrolysis
Spray roaster pyrohydrolysis
Fluidised bed pyrohydrolysis
Hydrothermal regeneration
Electrolytic Fe precipitation
Recovery of free HCl
Retardation
Dialysis
Ion exchange
Transformation of FeCl2 to FeCl3
Electrolytic oxidation
Chemical oxidation
Hydrothermal regeneration
Hydrothermal hydrolysis of hydrochloric SPL from carbon-steel pickling lines is a hydrometallurgical reaction, which takes place according to the following chemical formula:
Step 1: oxidation
12 FeCl2 + 3 O2 → 8 FeCl3 + 2 Fe2O3
Step 2: hydrolysis
2 FeCl3 + 3 H2O → 6 HCl + Fe2O3
Today hydrothermal hydrolysis, which operates at very low temperatures, consumes only a fraction of the energy other processes demand and produces virtually no emissions, is considered the most effective way to regenerate any given quantity of spent pickle liquor.
Advantages
low energy consumption (about 1300 kJ per litre waste acid)
no gaseous emissions
wide operating range (10 to 100% of nominal capacity)
high-value byproduct (>20 m3/g BET specific surface; >2 kg/l specific weight; <0.05% water-soluble chlorides)
theoretically unlimited operating capacity
Known implementations
Known implementations of the hydrothermal HCl regeneration processes include the PORI process (1974 for J&L Steel, dismantled) and the optimized SMS Demag wet process (2008 for ThyssenKrupp Steel, under construction).
Pyrohydrolysis of spent pickle liquor
Pyrohydrolysis of hydrochloric spent pickle liquor from carbon steel pickling lines is a hydrometallurgical reaction which takes place according to the following chemical formulae:
4 FeCl2 + 4 H2O + O2 = 8 HCl + 2 Fe2O3
2 FeCl3 + 3 H2O = 6 HCl + Fe2O3
The process is an inversion of the chemical descaling (pickling) process.
Main differences between different implementations of pyrohydrolytic acid regeneration
Furnace Type (spray roaster, fluidised bed or combined furnace)
Physical Properties of Iron Oxide By-Product (ferric oxide powder or pellets)
Purity and commercial value of Iron Oxide By-Product
Cl content
SiO2 content (typically 40 to 1000 ppm)
other impurities
specific weight (typically 0.3 to 4 kg per litre)
specific surface (typically 0.01 to 8 m2/g)
Energy Consumption (between 600 and 1200 kcal/l)
Fuel type
Concentration of regenerated acid (typically approx. 18% wt/wt)
Purity of regenerated acid (remaining Fe content, Cl content)
Recovery efficiency (typically 99%)
Rinse water utilization
Stack emissions (HCl, Cl2, Dust, CO, NOx)
Liquid effluents (composition, amount)
Basic process flow diagram of spray roaster hydrochloric acid regeneration plant
Process description of spray roaster hydrochloric acid regeneration plant
Preconcentration
The metal chloride solution (in the most common case waste pickle liquor from a carbon steel pickling line) is fed to the venturi evaporator (III), where direct mass and heat exchange with the hot roast gas from the roaster (reactor/cyclone) takes place. The separator (IV) separates the gas and liquid phase of the venturi evaporator product. The liquid phase is re-circulated back to the venturi evaporator to increase mass and heat exchange performance.
approx. 25 to 30% of the waste acid (H2O, HCl) are evaporated
roast gas is cooled down to approx. 92 to 96 °C
dust particles are removed from the roast gas
Roasting
Preconcentrated waste acid from the preconcentrator (III / IV) is injected into the reactor (I) by means of one or more spray booms (VIII) bearing one or more injection nozzles each. Injection takes place at reactor top at a pressure between 4 and 10 bar. The reactor is directly fired by tangentially mounted burners that create a hot swirl. Temperatures inside the reactor vary between 700 °C (burner level) and 370 °C (roast gas exit duct).
In the reactor the conversion of droplets of preconcentrated waste acid into iron oxide powder and hydrogen chloride gas takes place. Hydrogen Chloride leaves the reactor through the top, while iron oxide powder is removed from the reactor bottom by means of mechanical extraction devices. A cyclone (II) in the roast gas duct ensures separation and feed back of larger oxide particles carried by the roast gas.
Absorption
In the absorption column (V) the hydrogen chloride compound of the saturated roast gas leaving the preconcentrator is adiabatically absorbed in water (which in many cases is acid rinse water from a carbon steel pickling line). Regenerated acid (typical strength: 18% wt/wt) is collected at absorption column bottom.
Exhaust gas treatment
The roast gas is conveyed through the system by means of an exhaust gas fan (VI). Fans in plants provide pressure increases of approx. 200 mbar and are feedback-controlled to maintain a relative pressure of -3 mbar between reactor and atmosphere to avoid any overpressure-related leakage of acid gas.
To rinse the impeller and cool the gas as well as to remove remaining traces of HCl from the roast gas, the exhaust gas fan is commonly supplied with quenching water, which is separated from the exhaust gas stream by means of a mist eliminator (VII) at the pressure side of the fan.
In a final scrubber, commonly consisting of a combination of wet scrubbers such as venturi scrubbers (IX) and scrubber columns (X), remaining traces of HCl and dust are removed.
In some plant, absorption chemicals such as NaOH and Na2S2O3 are used to bind HCl and Cl2 (which is created under certain circumstances in several, but not all spray roasting reactors).
Environmental impact
Pyrohydrolysis based acid regeneration processes produce a considerable amount of stack emissions containing HCl, particles and chlorine, which has led to numerous violations of the U.S. clean air act in the past.
Notes
External links
Minimizing Fuel Cost during Regeneration of the HCl Lixiviant (by Hatch)
3D Animation of Spray Roaster Hydrochloric Acid Regeneration Plant (by SMS Siemag Process Technologies)
3D Animation of Fluidized Bed Hydrochloric Acid Regeneration Plant (by SMS Siemag Process Technologies)
3D Animation of Hydrothermal Hydrochloric Acid Regeneration Plant (by SMS Siemag Process Technologies)
Inorganic reactions
Chemical processes |
4001399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Abdallah%20al-Shi%27i | Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i | Al-Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Zakariyya, better known as Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i (), was an Isma'ili missionary (dāʿī) active in Yemen and North Africa, mainly among the Kutama Berbers. He was successful in converting and unifying a large part of the Kutama, leading them to the conquest of Ifriqiya in 902–909 and the overthrow of the Aghlabid dynasty. This allowed the establishment of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya under the imam–caliph Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, but the latter quickly fell out with Abu Abdallah, and had him executed on 28 February 911.
Early life
Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i was born al-Husayn ibn Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Zakariyya at Kufa in Iraq. Together with his older brother Abu'l-Abbas Muhammad, he joined the Isma'ili missionary network (daʿwa) in the city around 891. According to the eastern Arabic sources, they were recruited by none other than Hamdan Qarmat, the leader of the daʿwa at Kufa, who soon sent the brothers on mission to Egypt.
From there, Abu Abdallah joined the annual Hajj caravans of pilgrims to Mecca, and thence followed the returning Yemeni caravans to Yemen. An active branch of the daʿwa had been operating there since 881, under Ibn Hawshab in the west, near Sana'a, and Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani in the southern part of the country. Abu Abdallah arrived at Yemen in April 892 and joined Ibn Hawshab, but after barely a year, he was ordered to return to Mecca and thence try to establish a new daʿwa among the Kutama Berbers in North Africa.
Following usual practice, he was to be accompanied by another dāʿī, Abdallah ibn Abi'l-Malahif, but in the end the latter was replaced by Ibrahim ibn Ishaq al-Zabidi. Ibrahim became Abu Abdallah's lieutenant, becoming known as "the lesser lord" (al-sayyid al-ṣaghīr) among the Kutama, and remained with him until the conquest of Ifriqiya in 909.
Mission among the Kutama and conquest of Ifriqiya
At Mecca, Abu Abdallah met some Kutama Berbers that boasted of their independence and autonomy from the Aghlabids. Abu 'Abdullah sensed a chance and decided to follow their invitation to the Maghrib, where he arrived in 280/893. After successfully preaching the Ismaili doctrine among the Kutama, he was able to form a powerful army consisting of Berber peasants. He began conquering the cities of Ifriqiya up to the point where he finally took over ar-Raqqada, the palace city of the Aghlabids near Kairuan, in 909.
All this had been done by him to prepare for the appearance of Abdullah al-Mahdi Billah, the imam-caliph of the Fatimids. Al-Mahdi was rescued from a prison in Sijilmasa (present-day Morocco) and proclaimed as caliph, ruling from the former residence of the Aghlabids.
Al-Shi'i had hoped that al-Mahdi would be a spiritual leader, and leave the administration of secular affairs to him, his brother al Hasan instigated him to overthrow Imam Al Mahdi Billah but he was unsuccessful. After disclosing the plot against al-Mahdi by the Kutama Berber commander Ghazwiyya, who then assassinated Abu abdallah on February 911. Imam Mehdi then prayed on his Janaza and forgave him while praying lanat for his brother.
See also
List of Da'is
References
Sources
911 deaths
9th-century Arabs
9th-century births
10th-century Arabs
Ifriqiya under the Fatimid Caliphate
Ismaili da'is
Iraqi Shia Muslims
People executed by the Fatimid Caliphate
People of the Fatimid Caliphate
People from Kufa
Year of birth unknown
9th-century Ismailis
10th-century Ismailis |
4001408 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirakkalkulam | Chirakkalkulam | Chirakkalkulam is a small residential area near Kannur town of Kannur District, Kerala state, South India. Chirakkalkulam is located between Thayatheru and Kannur City. Chirakkalkulam's significance arises from the birth of the historic Arakkal Kingdom.
Local legend
Centuries back Kolathu Nadu (present Kannur district and near places) was ruled by Chirakkal Raja. While bathing in the Chirakkal kulam (pond), the daughter of the then ruler was drowned. Seeing this her friends cried and shouted. They were unable to rescue her. By the same time a Muslim boy walking nearby heard the shouting and went to see what was happening. He saw a girl was drowning in the pond. He knew it was the princess but at first he hesitated to save her because in that time there was untouchability practiced in Kerala. That means if a lower caste person touch a higher caste person it was considered as a sin and some times he may even lose his life.
The boy anyway jumped in to the pond and saved her. Seeing that the girl was naked, the boy gave his mundu — a long cloth used to cover the lower part of the body.
When this news reached the ruler, he called both her daughter and the Muslim boy to him. The boy was so afraid that he thought he will lose his life. As per the custom in that days, if a man gives a "pudava" (a long cloth used for covering body) to an unmarried woman, it is considered as if he and she got married.
The elders and religious people advised the ruler that, two thing happened here, one is that the king's daughter was touched by a Muslim the second thing was a boy gave pudava to his daughter (by giving boys mundu to the girl), meaning that the daughter cannot enter the palace anymore and also she got married by the Muslim boy.
As per the custom the ruler had no other choice but give her daughter to the Muslim boy. The Raja was unhappy to give his daughter to a poor family, so he gave the boy some part of his country, and made him the ruler of that part.
The area which was given to the boy was then onwards known as Arakkal and his family, Arakkal family. The ruler's daughter was known as the Arakkal Beebi.
Many people believe that the place was named after the Chirakkal kulam (kulam means pond in Malayalam language).
See also
Arakkal Kingdom
Kannur City
Thayatheru
Kannur
Chalad
Suburbs of Kannur |
5396801 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics%20of%20Ohio | Politics of Ohio | Political control of Ohio has oscillated between the two major parties. Republicans outnumber Democrats in Ohio government. The governor, Mike DeWine, is a Republican, as are all other non-judicial statewide elected officials: Lieutenant Governor of Ohio Jon A. Husted, Ohio Attorney General Dave Yost, Ohio State Auditor Keith Faber, Ohio Secretary of State Frank LaRose and Ohio State Treasurer Robert Sprague.
In the Ohio State Senate, the Republicans have firm control (24-9), and in the Ohio House of Representatives the Republicans control the delegation (61-38). The Ohio Congressional Delegation is mostly Republican as well; 12 representatives are Republicans while four are Democrats. The Congressional map is gerrymandered (for Republicans), but in 2018, Ohio voters approved a constitutional amendment to limit how much the majority party could control the process of drawing congressional lines, beginning in 2022. One U.S. senator, Rob Portman, is a Republican, while the other, Sherrod Brown, is a Democrat. The mayors of most of the 10 largest cities in the state (Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Toledo, Akron, Dayton, Youngstown, Canton, Parma, Lorain) are Democrats. The Republicans are strongest in the rural Northwest, the affluent Cincinnati and Columbus suburbs, and have made gains in Appalachian Southeast Ohio over the past decade. The Democrats rely on the state's major cities as well as Northeast Ohio, and have made gains in educated suburban areas in recent years.
Due to a close split in party registration and its historical electoral importance, Ohio is a key battleground state. The state was vital to President George W. Bush's re-election chances, because he won there by nearly four points in 2000. No Republican has ever been elected president without winning Ohio. In 2004, Bush won the state with 51% of the vote, giving him its 20 electoral votes and the margin he needed in the Electoral College for re-election. The state was closely contested in 2008 and 2012, with Barack Obama winning narrowly on both occasions. Ohio has been a bellwether state in presidential elections. Since 1860, Ohio has voted for the winning candidate, except for Grover Cleveland in both 1884 and 1892, Franklin D Roosevelt in 1944, John F Kennedy in 1960, and Joe Biden in 2020. Since 2016, Ohio's bellwether status has been questioned given that Donald Trump won it by 8 points, the largest margin for each party since 1988.
Ohio's presidential electoral vote total has been declining for decades. Ohio lost two electoral votes after the results of the 2010 United States Census, leaving it with 18 electoral votes for the presidential elections in 2012, 2016 and 2020. The number of electoral votes was down from 20 in the 2004 and 2008 elections, and down from a peak of 26 in 1964 and 1968. As of 2020, Ohio has its fewest electoral votes since 1828, when it cast 16. The state cast 3.71 percent of all electoral votes in 2004 through 2020, the smallest percentage since it cast 3.40 percent of the votes in 1820.
Ohio's large population has long made the state a major influence in politics. Seven presidents have been from Ohio, all Republicans: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft and Warren G. Harding.
The General Assembly, with the approval of the governor, draws the U.S. congressional district lines for Ohio's 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives. The Ohio Apportionment Board draws state legislative district lines.
Parties
As of September 19, 2019, there were two recognized political parties in Ohio.
There are also two deregistered parties that have active executive committees.
See also
Government of Ohio
Elections in Ohio
Political Party Strength in Ohio
Ohio Democratic Party
Ohio Republican Party
Libertarian Party of Ohio
Charter Party of Cincinnati, Ohio
Green Party of Ohio
References
External links
Government of Ohio |
4001409 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican%20Fascist%20Party | Republican Fascist Party | The Republican Fascist Party (, PFR) was a political party in Italy led by Benito Mussolini during the German occupation of Central and Northern Italy and was the sole legal and ruling party of the Italian Social Republic. It was founded as the successor to the National Fascist Party while incorporating anti-monarchism, as they considered King Victor Emmanuel III to be a traitor after his signing of the surrender to the Allies.
History
After the Nazi-engineered Gran Sasso raid liberated Mussolini, the National Fascist Party (PNF) was revived on 13 September 1943 as the Republican Fascist Party (PFR) and as the single party of the Northern and Nazi-protected Italian Social Republic, informally known as the Salò Republic. Its secretary was Alessandro Pavolini.
Due to the strong control of the Germans, the power of the party in the context of the Republic of Salò was always very limited. In order to obviate this inherent weakness, the party tried to obtain the support of the few strata of the population who still sympathized with fascism. In the provinces under the control of the Germans it was organized into three entities called Administrative, Assistance and Political. The Assistance, also called the National Fascist Assistance Body, was formed in early October 1943. In the minds of the party leaders, the Assistance was to be a continuation of the powerful cadres of militants and volunteers of the former National Fascist Party.
The PFR did not outlast Mussolini's execution and the disappearance of the Salò state in April 1945. However, it inspired the creation of the Italian Social Movement (MSI) and the MSI has been seen as the successor to the PFR and the PNF. The MSI was formed by former Fascist leaders and veterans of the National Republican Army of the Salò republic. The party tried to modernise and revise fascist doctrine into a more moderate and sophisticated direction.
led the PFR organization in Rome until April 1944, when he was named Deputy Secretary of the national party organization.
Ideology
PFR sought to reconnect the new party with the pre-1922 early radical fascism. This move attracted parts of the fascist 'Old Guard', who had been sidelined after Mussolini had come to power in 1922. The new party was, however, internally divided with different internal tendencies vying for Mussolini's support. And whilst the PFR revived some of the early revolutionary fascist discourse, it did not return to the anti-clerical positions of the early fascist movement.
Secretary of the PFR
Alessandro Pavolini (15 November 1943 – 28 April 1945)
National Congress
1st National Congress – Verona, 14–15 November 1943
References
1943 establishments in Italy
1945 disestablishments in Italy
Anti-communist parties
Antisemitism in Italy
Banned far-right parties
Defunct nationalist parties in Italy
Defunct political parties in Italy
Fascist parties
Italian Social Republic
National syndicalism
Parties of one-party systems
Political parties established in 1943
Political parties disestablished in 1945 |
4001412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuiding | Shuiding | Shuiding (), formerly Suiding (Suiting) () is a town in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China and the county seat of Huocheng County. It is located some to the northwest of Yining, the main city of the prefecture, and some north of the Ili River.
, Shuiding had a population of 29,277.
History
Qing dynasty
Suiding () was built in 1762 during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor after the Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas was pacified. From 1762 to 1765 Suiding was the seat of the Governor General of Xinjiang, the General of Ili. In 1765 the General of Ili moved to the larger fortress of Huiyuan ().
Huiyuan suffered severe damage during the Dungan Revolt of 1862–77 when the besieged General of Ili, Mingsioi, blew himself up in his palace rather than surrender to the rebels, and during the Russian occupation that followed between 1871-81. The Russians left pursuant to the 1881 Treaty of Saint Petersburg. From 1882 to 1894 the General of Ili resided at Suiding, while a new Huiyuan fortress was being rebuilt.
In 1888 Suiding County (now Huocheng County and Khorgas) was established. Suiding was the county seat.
The town's name was commonly transcribed in the West as Suidun. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica described "Suidun" as "a military town, with provision stores, an arsenal and an arms workshop. Its walls are armed with steel guns."
Unlike the city of Yining, originally known as Ningyuan (), which has always remained the commercial center of the region, the 19th century Huiyuan/Suiding was mostly a fortress and an administrative town. It was known to the Russians as the New Kuldja, Chinese Kuldja, or Manchu Kuldja, to distinguish it from Yining (the Old Kuldja or the Taranchi Kuldja). This usage is no longer current.
People's Republic
With the creation of the Ili Prefecture () in 1950, the then existing Suiding County was included into the Area, as was
the neighboring Huocheng County; in 1955, the Ili Special Area became Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture. In 1965, the name Suiding () was replaced with more politically correct Shuiding (), with 'shui' ('water') replacing 'sui' ("to pacify"). The next year (1966), Shuiding County was merged into Huocheng County, and the Huocheng County county seat was transferred to Shuiding town.
Present
The original Huiyuan site is now a separate town of Huiyuan () within the same Huocheng County as Shuiding. Huiyuan's population was reported as 20,564 by the Year 2000 Census.
Some of the Qing period buildings, including a bell tower and a "Governor General's Pavilion", have been rebuilt at the Huiyuan site as a tourist attraction, often referred to as the "Huiyuan Old Town" ().
Further reading
Huocheng County information, at the China Administrative Division info site
Suidun in Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary
伊犁惠远城 (Ili's Huiyuan City)
Henry Lansdell, "Russian Central Asia: Including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv". Full text available at Google Books; there is also a 2001 facsimile reprint of the 1885 edition, . (Chapters XIV-XVII describe Lansdell visit to the area in the early 1880s, soon after the Russian withdrawal. He visited "Suidun" (Suiding), mentioned already ruined "Ili or Manchu Kuldja" (Huiyancheng), and then went to "Taranchi Kuldja" (Yining))
References
Populated places in Xinjiang |
5396805 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish%20Labour%20Temple | Finnish Labour Temple | The Finnish Labour Temple (also known as the Big Finn Hall or Finlandia Club) is a Finnish-Canadian cultural and community centre ("Finn hall") and a local landmark located at 314 Bay Street in the Finnish quarter in Thunder Bay, Ontario.
Built in 1910, the Finnish Labour Temple was at one point one of the largest workers' halls in Canada in addition to being the centre of Finnish cultural and political life in Northwestern Ontario. Currently, the hall houses the historic Hoito Restaurant, a museum, and features a large stage, dance floor, and hall as well as meeting rooms for various groups. The Finnish Labour Temple serves as one of the main locations of the Bay Street Film Festival.
Construction
The construction of the Finnish Labour Temple was initiated by two organizations, the Finnish-American Workers' League Imatra #9 and the "Uusi Yritys" or New Attempt Temperance Society, who formed the Finnish Building Company. The lot for the hall had been purchased by socialist local in June 1907 and blueprints for the hall had already been prepared in early December 1908 by architect C.W. Wheeler. The building opened its doors to the public in March 1910, holding three consecutive days of opening ceremonies.
The inscription on the top of the building reads "Labor Omnia Vincet," meaning "labour conquers all."
Early Labour Temple activity, 1910–1914
Already in 1910, the hall was referred to as the "Port Arthur Finnish Socialist's Local Temple" as the socialist local had become the majority share holder in the hall and was connected to the Port Arthur Branch of the Socialist Party of Canada. The Temperance Society had basically become a committee of the socialist local. By December 1910, however, foreign language locals of the Socialist Party had been expelled from the party. In 1911, a new organization called the Finnish Socialist Organization of Canada had been formed, which then became affiliated to the Social Democratic Party of Canada.
In January 1910, during the first annual meeting of the Finnish Building Company, the membership voted to rent the downstairs of the hall to the Finnish Publishing Company, who occupied the basement until the summer of 1912 when it moved to its own building next door. Of note, was the first Finnish-Canadian newspaper Työkansa (The Working People), which was published by the Finnish Publishing Company. Between 1910 and 1914, the basement of the hall also housed several co-operative restaurants and a billiards room.
On September 12–17, 1910, the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada held its annual convention at the Finnish Labour Temple complementing the "industry, thrift and co-operative spirit" of the Finnish community in the commemorative booklet given to convention delegates.
The First World War and the communist/syndicalist split
During the First World War, the foreign-language affiliates of the Social Democratic Party were declared illegal by the Canadian Government. This led to many difficulties as several Finnish-language newspapers were banned and leading organizers were arrested. At this time, many Finnish workers joined the rapidly emerging One Big Union and the regional support group became the majority share holder of the Finnish Building Company.
In 1919, a split occurred at the One Big Union National Convention held at the Finnish Labour Temple. The split was essentially between two different factions; Finnish socialists who believed that the working class needed a political arm, and Finnish syndicalists who felt that social change could best be achieved through economic direct action such as the general strike. As a result, the Finnish socialists were ousted and bought their own building next door at 316 Bay Street or the "Little Finn Hall", and became affiliated with the Communist Finnish Organization of Canada. The Finnish workers who maintained control of the Finnish Labour Temple affiliated to the Industrial Workers of the World after the Winnipeg General Strike and the collapse of the One Big Union.
The Finnish Wobblies—1919 to the 1960s
The syndicalist oriented Finns remained affiliated with the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and the auxiliary organization, Canadan Teollisuusunionistinen Kannatusliitto (Canadian Industrial Worker Support Circle or CTKL). This was the group responsible for establishing and operating the Hoito Restaurant as well as establishing a chain of People's Co-operative stores in the region. The Finnish Labour Temple acted as the Canadian IWW administrative offices for several years and housed the Canadian news service headquarters for the Industrialisti, the Finnish-language daily newspaper of the IWW. The Finnish Wobblies were also able to pay off the mortgage on the building.
The IWW competed for the hearts and minds of members with the communist-dominated unions, and held union locals well into the 1940s. With the younger generation rapidly being assimilated into dominant Canadian society, the IWW and CTKL in Northwestern Ontario became friendship and mutual aid societies for an aging membership. In the late 1960s, following the last major wave of Finnish immigration to Canada, a new organization called the Finlandia Club of Port Arthur became the majority shareholder of the hall. The new wave of immigrants were a generation separated from their Finnish-Canadian brethren and had no connection to the social struggles of the past. In addition, the newly arriving immigrants were either apolitical or conservative, associating any left-wing activity with the brutality of Stalinism and the Finnish Winter War. This was despite the fact that the Finnish Wobblies in Canada and the U.S. had actively supported and aided Finland in the war against the Soviet Union and denounced Bolshevism, from a libertarian socialist perspective, since the Kronstadt uprising.
The Finnish Labour Temple today
The Finnish Labour Temple remains a highly visible local landmark and a symbol of the city. The Temple is the last remaining Finnish cultural centre in Canada, and has been designated a National Historic Site of Canada. In 2015 a ceremony was held to install a plaque marking the Finnish Labour Temple as a National Historic site.
The Hoito Restaurant was a very popular eatery for locals and tourists; recently, there has been a marked increase in activity in the hall as a new generation of locals stepped in to revive and breathe new life into this historic building. This includes a mojakka competition; an annual Finnish-Canadian art exhibit during the summer solstice. This, along with more traditional dances, celebrations, and events like St. Urho's Day make the Finnish Labour Temple a distinctive tourist attraction in Thunder Bay. The Finnish Labour Temple was home to The Finlandia Association Of Thunder Bay, previous owner of the building, and other local companies such as The Walleye Magazine and Seek Tours.
In May 2020, because of outstanding debt, the Finlandia Association voted to liquidate its assets, including the hall. A group - The Finlandia Co-operative - was created to raise money to buy the building, but was unsuccessful. In October 2020, the sale of the new building to a private owner was confirmed. The new owner said he wanted to reopen The Hoito Restaurant and convert the rest of the building into "high-end apartments". It had been anticipated that the restaurant would reopen in early summer 2022.
However, during the early evening hours of December 22, 2021, amid on-going renovations, smoke could be seen billowing from the rooftop, and The Hoito restaurant suffered extensive damage when a massive fire burned through the Finnish Labour Temple building above.
By mid-February 2022 the remains of the building destroyed in the fire were completely demolished and removed from the site. The property owner anticipates rebuilding and recreating the former façade of the structure including the iconic cupola. It is also anticipated that the Hoito restaurant would be re-established on the main floor of the new building and not in the basement as it existed previously.
On March 3, 2022 it was announced that the time capsule hidden in the foundation during construction in 1909 was recovered and would be opened at a special ceremony at a later date.
See also
Co-operatives
Finnish history
Libertarian socialism
Ukrainian Labour Temple, Winnipeg
San Francisco Labor Temple
411 Seniors Centre - formerly Vancouver's Labor Temple, where events in the 1918 Vancouver general strike took place
References
External links
Hoito Restaurant and Finnish Labour Temple website
Finnish Settlement in Thunder Bay
The Lakehead Finns Project: Finnish Labour Temple
Buildings and structures in Thunder Bay
Culture of Thunder Bay
Finnish-Canadian institutions
1910 establishments in Ontario
Industrial Workers of the World in Canada
Tourist attractions in Thunder Bay District
Canada–Finland relations
National Historic Sites in Ontario
Designated heritage properties in Ontario
Festival venues in Canada
Labour history of Canada
2021 fires in North America |
4001416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius%20Seth%20Huntington | Lucius Seth Huntington | Lucius Seth Huntington, (May 26, 1827–May 19, 1886) was a Canadian lawyer, journalist and political figure. He was a Liberal member of the House of Commons of Canada representing Shefford from 1867 to 1882. He also served as President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and Postmaster General.
He was born in Compton, Lower Canada in 1827. The families of his parents had come to the Eastern Townships from New England. He studied law with John Sewell Sanborn and was called to the bar in 1853. There was a surplus of lawyers at the time, so he became a merchant to provide himself with additional income. He also established a newspaper in Knowlton, later moving it to Waterloo after he was hired as secretary for a railroad company based there. He ran for the Shefford seat in the Legislative Assembly in 1860, but the election was not settled before parliament was dissolved; he was elected in the election that followed in 1861. In 1863, he was appointed solicitor general for Canada East. During the American Civil War, he profited from his ownership of a copper mine; later, the market in copper collapsed and so did Huntington's profits.
In 1873, he exposed the Pacific Scandal which led to the fall of Sir John A. Macdonald's Conservatives. He then became part of a syndicate formed to continue construction of the railway. He intended to resign from his government post to enter this business venture, but was persuaded to remain in office when the Conservatives alleged wrongdoing in his sale of his interests in copper mines, since his resignation might be interpreted as a sign of guilt. In 1875, Huntington was heavily criticized for a speech where he advised English Protestants in Quebec to vote Liberal to protect their own interests versus those of French Catholics. He fell ill later in his parliamentary career and, after his defeat in 1882, moved to New York City to seek medical treatment.
He died in New York in 1886.
External links
1827 births
1886 deaths
People from Estrie
Canadian people of American descent
Anglophone Quebec people
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
Postmasters General of Canada |
4001419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Yuniishikari | Mount Yuniishikari | is part of the Ishikari Mountains, Hokkaidō, Japan.
See also
List of mountains and hills of Japan by height
References
Hokkaido, Seamless Digital Geological Map of Japan, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST (ed.). 2007.]
Yuniishikari |
5396808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20and%20the%20Transamericans | Al and the Transamericans | Al and the Transamericans is a side project band formed by guitarist Al Schnier of moe. Hailing from the Northeast, the band is best described as a roots rock, alt country, Americana group. All of the musicians are members of other bands (moe., Strangefolk, Okemah, the Gordon Stone Trio).
History
The band was started as a side project by Schnier in January 1999. They played four shows in the Northeast with their first show being at the Pontiac Grill in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The first incarnation of the band featured Schnier on guitar and vocals; Kirk Juhas of freebeer&chicken on keyboards, banjo, harmonica, and vocals; Jim Loughlin of Yolk on bass and vocals; Ted Marotta of Ominous Seapods on drums and vocals; and Rolf Witt of the Merry Danksters and Sonic Garden on mandolin, fiddle, and guitar.
They would not perform again until March 2000, when they played three shows in the Northeast. The lineup remained the same except Vinnie Amico of moe. replaced Marotta on drums. A few months later, in June 2000, the band played three more shows making their way across Upstate New York (Buffalo, Utica, Albany). The last show, in Albany, included a guest appearance by Marotta on drums. Their final show of 2000 was played at the first annual moe.down festival in Turin, NY. The festival is hosted by Schnier's band moe. over Labor Day weekend. Marotta once again made a guest appearance during this performance.
Over a year later they would make their next appearance playing a moe. aftershow. The show, at the Lion's Den in New York City on Thanksgiving weekend, featured the same lineup minus Rolf Witt. In 2002 they played BerkFest, moe.down, and two other shows in the Northeast.
The band's most active year was in 2003 when they played over twenty shows throughout the year. During this time the band was augmented; Al, Kirk (now of Okemah), and Vinnie remained, while Gordon Stone took over for Witt on banjo and pedal steel, and Erik Glockler from Strangefolk took over bass duties from Loughlin. Schnier's wife, Diane, also provided vocals from time to time. After moe.down IV, the band performed a series of dates in the Northeast in both the beginning of September and December. The tour was in support of their newly released album Analog, which was released on September 9, 2003.
In late March 2004 the band did a small seven show tour that started in Austin, Texas, and went through Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Eventually the tour made its way North and ended in Hoboken, NJ. Later that same year in late May they played four more shows in the Northeast. Eventually they would finish the year with a performance at moe.down V. During this show, Jay Barady of Woodenspoon sat in on mandolin since Gordon Stone was unable to appear. This performance also featured three songs written by Diane Schnier, who also played keyboards and drums. The songs would later appear on her first album Before Cowboys.
For the only time since its inception, the band did not perform in 2005. However, Al, Kirk, and Vinnie along with Diane, Kenny Juhas, and Shannon Lynch performed as Before Cowboys. The band performed songs written by Diane Schnier at three separate shows throughout the year, including a set at moe.down VI. The Transamericans would return for one night in 2006, on July 15 they played at the Electric Company in Utica, New York. Before Cowboys also made one appearance in 2006, once again playing a set at moe.down VII.
Both bands would appear together on May 11, 2007, at the Electric Company in Utica, NY. Later that month the Transamericans would play another annual moe. festival, Summer Camp in Chillicothe, Illinois, over Memorial Day weekend. A return trip to the Electric Company for a moe. after show in July was followed by two Northeast dates in mid-August. Once again their last show of the year was a set at moe.down VIII.
On October 31, 2008 Basemental Records officially released the band's second studio album This Day & Age. The new album features five brand new songs and is a limited edition series of only 1000 copies. Each copy is signed and numbered by Al Schnier. The album features the most frequent incarnation of the band; Al Schnier, Vinnie Amico, Erik Glockler, Kirk Juhas, and Gordon Stone. The band kicked off a tour to support the new album with a release party on Halloween night at the Electric Company in Utica, NY. The tour consisted of dates in the Northeast and lasted midway through November.
Discography
2003 – Analog – Fatboy Records/Basemental
"Guitar" (Schnier) - 3:33
"Old Friend" (Schnier) - 4:49
"Me & Pat & Bill & You" (Schnier) - 3:21
"I Will" (Schnier) - 3:00
"Waiting for the Punchline" (Schnier) - 6:20
"Red Hill Road" (Schnier) - 2:40
"Banks of the Ohio" (Traditional) - 3:48
"Lost & Found" (Schnier) - 4:06
"20th Century Man" (Schnier) - 4:39
"Guitar" [Original 1995 Demo] (Schnier) - 1:21
2008 – This Day & Age – Basemental Records
"Somewhere in Kansas" (Schnier)
"Grass is Greener" (Schnier)
"Everything Here" (Schnier)
"Another Home"
"Time"
"Blue Eyed Angel" (Schnier)
"Waiting For The Rain"
"Light Of The Moon" (Juhas)
"When You Were Beautiful"
"Some Of The Parts"
"Promised Land" (Schnier)
See also
moe.
Before Cowboys
Strangefolk
External links
Al & The Transamericans MySpace
Basemental Records website
Al & The Transamericans Live Recordings at the Live Music Archive
[ The band at Allmusic]
The official moe. website
Musical groups from New York (state)
Jam bands |
4001428 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Otofuke | Mount Otofuke | is part of the Ishikari Mountains, Hokkaidō, Japan.
References
Hokkaido, Seamless Digital Geographical Map of Japan, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST (ed.). 2007.
Otofuke |
4001433 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot%20point%20%28role-playing%20games%29 | Plot point (role-playing games) | In tabletop role-playing games, a plot point is a resource possessed by a player which can be spent to alter the plot of the game. The name is a pun on the TV and film term plot point.
Description
In most commercial RPGs, plot points represent the heroic quality of player characters, which separates them from other people in the game world, and as such are spent to increase a character's chance of success in combat or other actions. Examples include Fate points in FATE (also RPGs based on the FATE system), Edge in MechWarrior, Fortune dice in Feng Shui or Force points in the Star Wars role-playing games from West End Games (Star Wars: The Roleplaying Game) and Wizards of the Coast (the Star Wars Roleplaying Game).
In some RPGs, mostly indie RPGs, plot points are rather a way of involving the player in the story. They can be spent to introduce something into the game, or to add a previously unrevealed fact about a character. Examples include story tokens in Capes, the seven types of Narrative privileges (Privilèges narratifs) in the 2nd edition of The Last Chronicles of Erdor (Les Chroniques d'Erdor, in French) or backgrounds in Dogs in the Vineyard.
In Steve Jackson Games's role-playing game Toon, plot points are used as experience points, awarded for completing in-game objectives and used to increase a player character's statistics.
The first role-playing game to incorporate plot points was Top Secret by TSR, Inc. which gave each character between 1-10 luck points. Each luck point allowed a player to reverse the consequences of a single roll.
Character creation in the Serenity Role Playing Game (2005) is point-based and players can use plot points to influence die rolls; this use of plot points has become standard for games based on dramatic licenses. In the Cortex System, players are encouraged to roleplay their disadvantages during play and are rewarded with plot points for doing so; though
most of Cortex is a traditional RPG system, the interrelation of plot points and complications was a trend toward the indie side of game design. In the Smallville Roleplaying Game, plot points have become a central resource; they're not only available through the use of complications but they are also usable to power superpowers, meaning that PCs build up problems, then solve them when super powers come out, much like the TV show. Leverage: The Roleplaying Game also featured a plot-point economy, built on distinctions.
References
Role-playing game terminology |
5396814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin%20Special%20Economic%20Zone | Cochin Special Economic Zone | The Cochin Special Economic Zone (CSEZ) is a multi-product special economic zone located at Kochi, Kerala. It is established in an area of in Kakkanad.
It is a multi-product zone, with industrial units operating in Electronics Hardware, Engineering, Gem & Jewellery, IT & ITES, Agro & Food Processing, Textile & garments, Plastic & Rubber etc. Currently it has around 160 units operating employing more than 15,000 people. In FY2011-12, the total exports from the zone stood at 29,961 crore, recording a 63% rise in exports compared to the previous financial year.
For the current financial year 2012-13, as on 30 September 2012, the total exports from CSEZ stand at 16,306 crore, ranking it the third among SEZs in the country.
CSEZ was originally started as one of the first Export Processing Zone in India, and was later converted into a Special Economic Zone in 2003, when that system was introduced. It is operated by the Government of India, Ministry of Commerce, under the CSEZ Authority, and headed by a Development Commissioner. It is the first integrated industrial park in Kerala.
The land area of the existing zone in Kochi has been fully utilized. As part of expansion of CSEZ, a proposal to set up phase II of the Zone in 125 acres of land adjacent to the Infopark in Cherthala has been mooted.
Facilities
CSEZ offers standard design factory floors, and plots of land for building custom buildings. There is a dedicated building for IT/ITES units, built with private participation. Power distribution, Telephone connectivity, Water supply and sewage processing are managed by the zone authority. There is on site customs facilities for easy processing of import and export.
Most of the procedures for starting a unit is handled by the zone authority, except a few regulatory approvals from the government. The Central Board of Excise and Customs have an office dedicated for the units in the CSEZ on the premises, and all the customs procedures for import and export can be done in the unit itself. Consignments are inspected and sealed on premises, and does not require customs processing at the port entry/exit points.
The zone operates a 25MVA/110KV electrical substation exclusively for the use within the zone. This is fed from the main grid of the Kerala State Electricity Board. The zone is a licensee of power distribution, and supplies power to the units via the network of underground cables. The zone is exempt from the power-cuts normally applied to the consumers at the time of shortages.
BSNL have established a 1000 line 5ESS telephone exchange exclusively for the zone. It supports all the facilities available to PSTN, ISDN and DSL customers. The cellular operators have base stations on site, and the private telecom operators also provide telephone and high speed internet services. The international gateway of VSNL is located very close to the zone, and have established an access centre on the premises of the zone. The CSEZ authority have established an optical fiber network that serve all the buildings, where the units can avail the connectivity for data and internet access. The zone has also set up a video conferencing facility that could be availed by the units.
The Zone has its own integrated water supply system. Water is drawn from the Kadamprayar river and treated at a facility within the Zone. The system capacity is 1.5 million litres per day. A Common Effluent Treatment facility of one million litre per day capacity is established to process all the sewage and effluents let out from units. Zone units are required to send all their sewage and effluent to this treatment plant. Units are encouraged to undergo ISO 14000 certification.
There is a warehouse admeasuring an area of 24000 sq.ft. for the temporary storage requirements of CSEZ units. The Zone has an efficient drainage network and an incinerator for disposal of solid waste within the zone. The Zone also has a 35m3 capacity bio-gas plant to treat vegetable/seafood waste.
The Muthoot Technopolis is an IT Park building within the zone.
History
The Government of India resolved to set up CEPZ, the predecessor of CSEZ, on 28 June 1983. Construction started on 1 May 1985 with an estimated cost of 15 Crores. The official notification for the establishment happened on 26 August 1986. The first board meeting to consider the applications for setting up units was held on 7 June 1986. M/s D. V. Deo, a manufacturer of essential oils and oleoresins, conducted the first export in October, 1986.
The zone is originally envisaged to support industries operating in the fields of Electronics, Computer Software, Readymade Garments, Spices, glass products, wood products, leather products, rubber products, coir-based products, food-processing, pharmaceuticals, light engineering goods, sports goods, printing, gems and jewellery, electrical appliances, hand tools, automobile parts etc. There was a minimum stipulated value addition of 30%, with an option to reduce it to 20% for deserving cases.
During the first year, i.e. 1986-87, the zone recorded a total export of 94 lakhs, which grew to 120.31 Crores in 1995-96. The net foreign exchange earnings in this period was 200 Crores. The liberalization of the economy from 1991 boosted the performance of the zone considerably. By the next decade, the total exports has grown to 696 Crores. By the year 2009-10, the total turnover grew to 17124 crores.
Even though the zone was envisaged to leverage on the cheap labour and the locally available raw materials to facilitate the units, it saw the establishment of a few units in advanced technologies. AMP Tools, a subsidiary of AMP Inc. set up a unit to produce advanced tooling, which commenced operation in July 1992. NortPak Fiber Optics set up a unit to manufacture fiber optic switches and multiplexers in April 1993. Sun Fibre Optics started manufacturing fiber optic networking products in April 1991.
In recent years, the norms for value addition had been changed, facilitating the operation of gem and jewellery manufacturing units. The leading exports had been from this class in the recent years, followed by Electronics Hardware. The traditional items like readymade garments and rubber products had been on comparative decline.
Units in CSEZ
CSEZ currently have 160 units functioning within employing around 15,000 people.
See also
Special Economic Zone
Free trade zone
List of SEZs in India
References
Further reading
Manoharan, V M, Sankaranarayanan, K C(1996). An evaluation of the working of the export processing zones in India-A case study with reference to the Cochin export processing zone, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Chapter IV
External links
Official site
CSEZ Authority
Economy of Kochi
Special Economic Zones of India |
5396840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenchi%20the%20Movie%202%3A%20The%20Daughter%20of%20Darkness | Tenchi the Movie 2: The Daughter of Darkness | Tenchi the Movie 2: Daughter of Darkness, known in Japan as in Japan is the second of three films set in the Tenchi Muyo! multi-verse directed by Tetsu Kimura and written by Nahoko Hasegawa. The film was released in Japan on August 2, 1997 as a double feature, along with Slayers Great. The film was later released in North America on DVD on August 8, 1998. Tenchi Muyo! Daughter of Darkness was later re-released along with Tenchi the Movie: Tenchi Muyo in Love and Tenchi Forever! The Movie in a collectors' pack. Funimation announced distribution of the film, along with several other Tenchi properties, on July 2, 2010 at Anime Expo.
Plot
Long ago, a young Prince Yosho met a young demon girl, named Yuzuha. Attracted to Yosho, two agreed to meet to play together during the annual Startica celebration on Jurai; she was driven away by the palace guards and she hated Yosho for it. 700 years later, Yuzuha wakes up within the underworld and discovers that Yosho is alive and on Earth, celebrating Christmas with the family and the ladies that had gathered around Tenchi. She believes Tenchi Masaki is a charmer due to the fact he is surrounded by so many girls; she decides to send Tenchi a present. She obtains a lock of Tenchi's hair and takes a piece of her own to a created a girl that's part human, Juraian, and demon to entertain her mischievous nature.
Six months later during summer, while walking down the steps of the shrine, Tenchi meets a teenage girl named Mayuka, who calls him daddy. Tenchi takes the girl back to the house where she introduces herself as Tenchi's daughter, shocking everyone within the household. Ryoko felt threatened by Mayuka and denied her paternity to Tenchi. She attacks Mayuka and demands real answers by threatening her with an energy sword, but Mayuka defends herself by summoning a faux-Lighthawk Sword; the situation was stopped by Katsuhito. In the midst of the confusion, Washu took a sample of her hair to confirm half her DNA belongs to Tenchi; Mayuka is genetically Tenchi's daughter.
The Masaki household tries to make sense of how Mayuka came to be and the most popular theory is that she's from the future. Unknown to the rest of group, Mayuka was secretly being manipulated by Yuzuha for her own enjoyment. Whenever the crew was too preoccupied to notice Tenchi or Mayuka, Yuzuha uses those moments to control Mayuka and have her do things that makes her questionable. At one point, Mayuka takes Tenchi away from the gang and tries to transport him to Yuzuha. Before she is able to, Ryoko breaks the trance and carries Mayuka away. Katsuhito finds Mayuka and brings her back to the house, where she once again tries to bring Tenchi to Yuzuha; Katsuhito and Washu interfered and Mayuka runs off into the forest.
Taking Mayuka back to the underworld, Yuzuha erases Mayuka's memories and takes Sasami hostage, which leads Tenchi and Ryoko enter Yuzuha's world to save them; Tenchi was warned he can't use his Juraian powers there, giving Yuzuha the advantage. Losing all sense of who she was and turned into a monster, Mayuka attacks Ryoko and injures her; she then attacks Tenchi but after hearing Sasami telling her that the whole group loves her, she breaks free of Yuzuha's control and assaults her. Yuzuha kills Mayuka for her betrayal and transforms into a giant dark creature, but Ayeka appears and gives Tenchi a branch from the Tree of Light to utilize his Juraian powers. He defeats Yuzuha and they returned home with the remains of Mayuka, a red crystal. Washu is able to resurrect Mayuka, but she wanted everyone's consent to forward the project. Although Ryoko was against Mayuka, she also welcomed the idea and promise to train her in her ways. It is seen at the ending of the story, Mayuka's crystal was used to bring her back and by next Christmas, Mayuka is returned to the crew as an infant and to be raised by the Masaki family.
Cast
Reception
Jared Wietbrock of Mania reviewed the film. While saying that Daughter of Darkness was a "fun movie", he commented on the film being "too short" and "rushed". He also said he still didn't know what Yuzuha's problem was claiming "for all I know she was just bored and picked Tenchi out of the blue to be her entertainment". Despite this Wietbrock gave the film an A and called the film a keeper and said no Tenchi fan should be without it. Marc of Akemi's Anime World said the film was "[...] another confusing addition to the scattershot mess that passes for continuity in the series". He also said "[...] has the usual combination of touching sentiment, silly comedy, wild plot, and plenty of action". Marc praised both of Mayuka's voice actors, "[...] she sounds as sweet and naive as she looks, and you just can't help but like her".
Music
The music for the film was composed by Kow Otani and theme song of the movie is , which is performed by Mariko Nagai. In Japan, the soundtrack was released a few weeks before the film's release; however, it failed to chart on the Oricon.
References
External links
1997 anime films
Adventure anime and manga
Anime International Company
Japanese films
Fantasy anime and manga
Funimation
Geneon USA
Harem anime and manga
NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan
Japanese-language films
Romance anime and manga
Japanese sequel films
Tenchi Muyo! films
Films scored by Kow Otani |
4001434 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Caishi | Battle of Caishi | The Battle of Caishi (, approximately ) was a major naval engagement of the Jin–Song Wars of China that took place on November 26–27, 1161. It ended with a decisive Song victory, aided by their use of gunpowder weapons.
Soldiers under the command of Wanyan Liang, the emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty, tried to cross the Yangzi River to attack the Southern Song dynasty.
Chen Kangbo, prime minister of the Song dynasty, was chief military strategist and commanded the navy. Yu Yunwen, a civil official, commanded the defending Song army. The paddle-wheel warships of the Song fleet, equipped with trebuchets that launched incendiary bombs made of gunpowder and lime, decisively defeated the light ships of the Jin navy.
Overview
Starting in 1125 the Jin had conquered former Song territories north of the Huai River. In 1142, a peace treaty settled the border between the two states, putting the Jin in control of northern China and the Song in control of the south. In 1150, Wanyan Liang became emperor and planned to unite northern and southern China under a single emperor. In 1158, he asserted that the Song had violated the 1142 treaty, a pretext for declaring war on the Song. He prepared for the war in the following year. He instituted a draft where all able-bodied men were required to enlist. The draft was unpopular, precipitating revolts that were later suppressed. The Jin army left the capital of Kaifeng on October 15 1161, and pushed through from the Huai to the Yangzi.
The Song were fortified along the Yangzi front. Wanyan Liang planned to cross the river at Caishi, (modern day Ma'anshan) south of modern-day Nanjing. He embarked from the shore of the Yangzi on November 26, and clashed with Song forces led by Yu Yunwen and Chen Kangbo in a naval engagement. Wanyan Liang lost the battle and retreated to Yangzhou.
Wanyan Liang was assassinated in a military camp by his own soldiers shortly after the Caishi battle. A military coup had taken place in the Jin court while Wanyan Liang was absent, enthroning Emperor Shizong as the new emperor. A peace treaty signed in 1165 ended the conflict between Song and Jin.
At Caishi, the Song led an army of 18,000, whereas Wanyan Liang reportedly led an army of 600,000 Jin soldiers. Over the course of the battle, many Jin soldiers deserted—bringing down the total Jin force—as they realized their northern steppe cavalry was inadequate for naval battles on rivers and lakes. The Song won mainly through its superior navy, gunpowder, and firearms. The victory boosted the morale of the Song infantry and pushed back the southern advance of the Jin army.
Background
Jin-Liao-Song
The Song (960–1276) was a Han-led dynasty that ruled over Southeast China. To their north was the Jin dynasty, a Jurchen-Han mixed dynasty that ruled over Northeast China. The Jin were led by the Jurchens, a confederation of semi-agrarian tribes from Manchuria in northeast China. But many northern Han nobles were also part of the Jin. The Liao were a Khitan-led dynasty covering parts of Mongolia, West China, and Central Asia. Like the Jin, the Liao also adopted Han culture, spoke Chinese, and practiced Buddhism.
The Song and Jin had once been military allies. However, in 1114, the Jurchen, unified under the rule of Wanyan Aguda, plotted a revolt against their former overlords: the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. In 1115, Aguda established the Jin dynasty and adopted the title of emperor. The Jin negotiated a joint attack with the Song against the Khitans. They planned the attack for 1121 and then rescheduled to 1122.
In 1122, the Jin captured the Khitan Supreme and Western Capitals. The Song tried to capture the Liao Southern Capital of Yan (modern Beijing), but it fell later that year to the Jin. Negotiations between the Song and Jin produced a treaty in 1123, but bilateral relations deteriorated because of territorial disputes over the Sixteen Prefectures. In 1125, the Jin invaded the Song.
Start of Jin-Song wars
By 1127, Jin had unified most of northern China and besieged the Song capital of Kaifeng twice. In the second siege of Kaifeng, Emperor Qinzong of the Song was captured. The Jin took him and the Song royal family to Northeast China as hostages. Members of the Song court who had evaded capture fled south, where they established a temporary capital, first in the Song southern capital (modern Shangqiu), and then in Hangzhou in 1129.
The move of the Song capital south to Hangzhou signaled the transition from the Northern Song era to the Southern Song. Qinzong's younger brother, Prince Zhao Gou, was enthroned as Qinzong's successor in the southern capital in 1127. Zhao is known posthumously as Emperor Song Gaozong. The Jin general Wuzhu crossed the Yangzi River in 1130 and tried to capture Gaozong, but the Emperor escaped. Wuzhu retreated north across the Yangzi, where he fought off a stronger Song fleet commanded by Han Shizhong.
The Jin persisted with their advance into the remaining Song territories south of the Yangzi. They faced an insurgency of Song loyalists in the north, the deaths of some important leaders, and military offensives by Song generals like Yue Fei. The Jin created the puppet government of (大齊) to serve as a buffer state between Song and Jin, but Qi failed to defeat the Song. The Jin abolished Qi in 1137. As the Jin gave up advancing south, diplomatic talks for a peace treaty resumed.
Signed in 1142, the Treaty of Shaoxing established the boundary between the two states along the Huai River, which runs north of the Yangzi. The treaty forbade the Song from purchasing horses from the Jin, but smuggling continued in the border markets. The relations between the two states were mostly peaceful from 1142 to 1161, the year Wanyan Liang went to war.
Jin preparations for Caishi
Wanyan Liang was crowned Jin emperor in 1150 after killing his cousin and predecessor, Emperor Xizong, in a palace coup. Wanyan Liang considered himself more of a Han authoritarian emperor than a Jurchen leader who ruled through a tribal council. The History of Jin contends that Wanyan Liang told his officials that the three desires of his life were conquest, absolute power, and women. His ultimate ambition was to rule over all of China, not just the north. In his childhood, Wanyan Liang adopted Song practices like drinking tea by learning from Song emissaries, and once he had become emperor, he pursued a policy of sinicizing (汉化) the state. His affinity for Song culture earned him the Jurchen nickname of 'Han imitator'. He moved the Supreme Capital of the Jin from Huining in the northeast to Beijing and promoted Kaifeng to his Southern Capital in 1157. He also moved government institutions south, tore down palaces of Jurchen chieftains in Manchuria, and constructed new palaces in Beijing and Kaifeng. He made plans to move the Jin capital further south to the center of China. Wanyan Liang's construction projects drained the Jin treasury.
Plans for a war against the Southern Song began in 1158. That year, Wanyan Liang claimed that the Song had broken the 1142 treaty that banned them from acquiring horses. In 1159, he began building up his army in preparation for an invasion. He acquired weapons, which he stored in Beijing, as well as horses allegedly numbering 560,000. Wanyan Liang understood that an invasion of the Song would require a lot of men. He ensured that Han soldiers were drafted into the war effort alongside Jurchen soldiers. The recruitment drive lasted until 1161.
Naval confrontations were likely because the Jin planned on traveling by river. Ships were seized for the war and 30,000 of the recruits were assigned to the Jin fleet. Wanyan Liang authorized the building of ships for the war in March 1159, under the auspices of the Ministry of War. Construction began in the Tong () prefecture near Beijing. Wanyan Liang appointed himself head of the army and took personal command of the Jin forces. The draft was unpopular. Several revolts erupted against it, many of them in the Jin provinces neighboring the Song. But Wanyan Liang allowed no dissent. He had his stepmother executed after hearing that she was critical of the war effort.
In order to eliminate any challenge to his legitimacy as emperor of a united China, Wanyan Liang ordered the execution of all male members of the Song and Liao royal families residing in Jin territory. The execution of 130 members of the two royal clans in the span of a few months proved unpopular, and the Khitans soon revolted in Northeast China. They refused to be drafted into the army, maintaining that conscription would leave their homeland unprotected from rival tribes on the steppes. Wanyan Liang rebuffed their demands. The Khitan rebels then killed several Jurchen officials. The rebellion was fragmented, and there were separate plans either to spread the revolt further by operating from Shangjing, the former Liao capital, or to move the Khitan people from Northeast China to Central Asia, where the Western Liao empire had formed after the demise of Liao.
Regardless, Wanyan Liang was forced to divert resources and men away from the war effort to suppress the rebellion.
Song preparations for Caishi
Diplomatic exchanges between the Song and Jin did not stop during the period preceding the war. The History of Song claims that the Song realized that the Jin were planning for an invasion when they noticed the discourtesy of one of the Jin diplomats. Some Song officials foresaw the impending war, but Emperor Gaozong hoped to maintain peaceful relations with the Jin. His reluctance to antagonize the Jin delayed the fortification of the Song border defenses. The Song quickly built just three military garrisons in 1161. Wanyan Liang departed from Kaifeng on 1161 October 15. The offensive comprised four armies, and Wanyan Liang personally led the army that entered Anhui. The Jin passed the Huai River boundary on October 28, advancing into Song territory. The Song resistance was minimal because they had fortified the southern shore of the Yangzi River and not the Huai.
Chen Kangbo (陈康伯), prime minister (宰相) of the Song dynasty, commanded the Song navy and designed the anti-Jin offensive strategy. Yu Yunwen, a civil official, commanded the defending Song army. The paddle-wheel warships of the Song fleet, equipped with trebuchets that launched incendiary bombs made of gunpowder and lime, decisively defeated the light ships of the Jin navy.
Naval battle of Caishi
Wanyan Liang's army built its encampment near Yangzhou on the northern side of the Yangzi River. The Jin advance had been slowed by Song victories in the west, where the Song captured several prefectures from the Jin. Wanyan Liang commanded his forces to cross the Yangzi at Caishi, south of modern Nanjing. A naval battle between Jin and Song took place on November 26 and 27, 1161.
The Song strategy was planned by Chen Kangbo (陈康伯), prime minister and naval leader of the Song dynasty. Chen led a naval regiment of his own, dispatching general Yu Yunwen (a scholar-official), his lieutenants Dai Gao, Jian Kang, Shi Zhun, and others to lead the rest of the army. Yu, who was a Drafting Official of the Secretariat (), was at Caishi to distribute awards to Song soldiers who had been selected for their outstanding service. It was by chance that his visit coincided with Wanyan Liang's campaign. When Yu first arrived, there were various scattered Song forces at Caishi, so Yu took command and built a cohesive unit.
The Jin performed a ritual sacrifice of horses a day before the battle (animal sacrifice). On November 26, Jin troops embarked from the shore of the Yangzi and engaged the Song fleet. Some of the ships they boarded were shoddily built. The Jin had lost several ships in Liangshan, where they were bogged down by the shallow depths of Liangshan Lake as they were being transported to the Grand Canal. Wanyan Liang had urgently requested the construction of more ships in 1161 to compensate for those still stuck in Liangshan. One account of the war contends that the Jin ships were constructed in a week with materials recycled from destroyed buildings. The shortage of vessels and the poor quality of those available prevented the Jin from ferrying more soldiers needed for fighting a naval battle with the Song.
The Song military response was stronger than Wanyan Liang had anticipated. The paddle-wheel ships of the Song navy could move more rapidly and outmaneuver the slower Jin ships. The Song kept their fleet hidden behind the island of Qibao Shan. The ships were to depart the island once a scout on horseback announced the approach of the Jin ships by signaling a concealed flag atop the island's peak. Once the flag became visible, the Song fleet commenced their attack from both sides of the island. Song soldiers operated traction trebuchets that launched incendiary "thunderclap bombs" and other soft-cased explosives containing lime and sulphur, which created a noxious explosion when the casing broke. The Jin soldiers who managed to cross the river and reach the shore were assaulted by Song troops waiting on the other side. The Song won a decisive victory. Wanyan Liang was defeated again in a second engagement the next day. After burning his remaining ships, he retreated to Yangzhou, where he was assassinated before he could finish preparations for another crossing.
Another account tells of General Chen Lugong (Chen Kangbo)「陈鲁公(陈康伯)采石」and how he also led naval regiments to defeat the Jin and defend the Song.
Casualties
Estimates for the number of soldiers and casualties at the battle vary widely. A Song source reports that there were 18,000 Song soldiers stationed in Caishi. One document claims that 400,000-600,000 Jin soldiers were present at the battle. Herbert Franke argues that the Song had only 120,000 soldiers fighting on the entire front and that the half million figure could have referred to the number of soldiers that the Jin army had before crossing the Huai River toward the Yangzi. The desertions and casualties from suppressing revolts while advancing southward would have shrunk that number by the time the Jin reached the Yangzi.
The History of Jin, a document written from the perspective of the Jin, reports Jin casualties between one meng'an (猛按 Jurchen unit of a thousand soldiers) and a hundred men, and two meng'an and two hundred men. The History of Song reports Jin casualties numbering four thousand soldiers and two commanders of wanhu (万户 ten thousand men) rank. An account of the battle by a different Song source holds that 24,000 Jin soldiers died and that 500 combatants and five meng-an were taken as prisoners. A more conservative Song source estimates that the Jin only had 500 soldiers and 20 ships at Caishi.
Military and naval technology
An account of the Song's technological capabilities is given in the Hai Qiu Fu (《海鳅赋》"Rhapsodic Ode on the Sea Eel Paddle Wheel Warships") by Yang Wanli:
There were up to 340 ships in the Song fleet during the battle of Caishi in 1161. The Song fleet used trebuchets to bombard the Jin ships with incendiary bombs (pili huoqiu or huopao ; "thunderclap fire balls") that contained a mixture of gunpowder, lime, scraps of iron, and a poison that was likely arsenic. Reports that the bomb produced a loud sound suggests that the nitrate content of the gunpowder mixture was high enough to create an explosion. The powdered lime in the bombs at Caishi generated a cloud of blinding smoke similar to tear gas. The huoqiu released the smoke once the casing of the bomb shattered. Fuses activated the bombs after launching.
The Jin conscripted thousands of blacksmiths to build the armor and weaponry of the fleet, and workers to dig out the canal necessary for transporting the ships from Tong to the Grand Canal through the northern port of Zhigu (), modern Tianjin. The Jin armored their light ships with thick rhinoceros hides. The ships had two stories; on the lower deck were the oarsmen responsible for rowing the ship, while soldiers on the upper deck could fire missile weapons. Three different variations of the warships were constructed. Several of the ships became bogged down in Liangshan, and the ships built to replace them were of an inferior quality. The Jin fleet were unable to defeat the larger and faster warships of the Song.
The battle is significant in the technological history of the Song navy. The technological advances of the Song navy ensured its access to the East China Sea, where they competed with the military forces of Jin and Mongol rivals. Although huopao launched by the ship-mounted trebuchets had been invented decades earlier, the bombs did not become mandatory on Song warships until 1129. Paddle-wheel ships operated with treadmills were constructed continuously in various sizes between 1132 and 1183. The engineer Gao Xuan devised a ship outfitted with up to eleven paddle wheels on each side, and Qin Shifu, another engineer, designed the iron plating for armoring the ships in 1203. All these advances supported a rapid increase in the size of the force; according to Joseph Needham, "From a total of 11 squadrons and 3,000 men [the Song navy] rose in one century to 20 squadrons totalling 52,000 men".
Aftermath
Traditional Chinese historiography celebrated the battle of Caishi as an important victory for the Song. Caishi was held in the same esteem as the Battle of Fei River in 383, when the Eastern Jin defeated the northern invaders of the Former Qin. It is portrayed as a victory against overwhelming odds, in which 18,000 Song soldiers overcame an army of nearly half a million men. Over the course of the battle, more and more Jin troops deserted in the face of the superior Song navy, thereby decreasing the total Jin force.
The Song possessed multiple advantages. The Song had larger ships and ample time to prepare, while the Jin army gathered supplies and ships for the crossing. It was also impossible for the Jin to use cavalry, the most important asset of the Jurchen military, during a naval engagement.
The battle was not solely responsible for devastating Wanyan Liang's military campaign. His own failings also led to his downfall. Wanyan Liang's generals detested him, and his relationship with his men had deteriorated over the course of the war as the Jin were losing. There was a widespread disapproval of his reign in the empire, and Wanyan Liang's policies had alienated Jurchens, Khitans, and Han alike. Disaffected officers conspired to kill him, and he was assassinated on 1161 December 15. Emperor Shizong succeeded Wanyan Liang as ruler of the Jin. He had been enthroned weeks before the assassination, in a military coup that installed him as emperor while Wanyan Liang was absent from the court. Shizong eventually rescinded many of Wanyan Liang's policies.
The victory boosted the morale of the Song soldiers, improving confidence in the government and bolstering Song stability. The Jin gave up their ambitions of pushing south and reunifying China under their rule. The Jin army withdrew in 1162, and diplomatic relations between the two states resumed.
Song Gaozong retired nine months after the conclusion of the battle. The reasons for his abdication are complicated, but Gaozong's handling of the war with Wanyan Liang may have had a part in his decision to resign. He had ignored the warnings of a Jin attack, and his hopes for conciliation held back plans for strengthening the Song defenses.
Military clashes continued in Huainan and Sichuan, but Jin incursions after Caishi had no intent of reaching the Yangzi. The Jin had discovered that southern China's many lakes and rivers impeded their cavalry. After losing the battle, they signed a peace treaty with the Song in 1165, ending hostilities. The Huai River border remained the same.
See also
Battle of Tangdao
Gunpowder warfare
History of China
Jiao Yu
Military history of China (pre-1911)
Naval history of China
Naval warfare
Notes
References
(hardcover)
Further reading
1161 in Asia
12th century in China
Battles involving the Song dynasty
Conflicts in 1161
Jin–Song Wars
Naval battles involving China
Naval battles of the Middle Ages
Yangtze River |
4001438 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous%20Layered%20Coding | Asynchronous Layered Coding | Asynchronous Layered Coding (ALC) is an Internet protocol for content delivery in a reliable, massively scalable, multiple-rate, and congestion-controlled manner. Specified in RFC 5775, it is an IETF proposed standard.
The protocol
is specifically designed to provide massive scalability using IP
multicast as the underlying network service. Massive scalability in
this context means the number of concurrent receivers for an object
is potentially in the millions, the aggregate size of objects to be
delivered in a session ranges from hundreds of kilobytes to hundreds
of gigabytes, each receiver can initiate reception of an object
asynchronously, the reception rate of each receiver in the session is
the maximum fair bandwidth available between that receiver and the
sender, and all of this can be supported using a single sender.
Because ALC is focused on reliable content delivery, the goal is to
deliver objects as quickly as possible to each receiver while at the
same time remaining network friendly to competing traffic. Thus, the
congestion control used in conjunction with ALC should strive to
maximize use of available bandwidth between receivers and the sender
while at the same time backing off aggressively in the face of
competing traffic.
The sender side of ALC consists of generating packets based on
objects to be delivered within the session and sending the
appropriately formatted packets at the appropriate rates to the
channels associated with the session. The receiver side of ALC
consists of joining appropriate channels associated with the session,
performing congestion control by adjusting the set of joined channels
associated with the session in response to detected congestion, and
using the packets to reliably reconstruct objects. All information
flow in an ALC session is in the form of data packets sent by a
single sender to channels that receivers join to receive data.
ALC does specify the Session Description needed by receivers before
they join a session, but the mechanisms by which receivers obtain
this required information is outside the scope of ALC. An
application that uses ALC may require that receivers report
statistics on their reception experience back to the sender, but the
mechanisms by which receivers report back statistics is outside the
scope of ALC. In general, ALC is designed to be a minimal protocol
instantiation that provides reliable content delivery without
unnecessary limitations to the scalability of the basic protocol.
Implementations
Tampere University of Technology MAD/TUT
TZI Papageno
INRIA
Internet protocols |
4001440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring-goal | Ring-goal | Ring-goal, a sport for two persons played on a ground, or indoor rink, long by wide, with a ring of split cane about 7.5 in. in diameter and weighing about 3.5 oz., which is propelled in the air by means of two sticks, resembling miniature billiard-cues, which are held inside the ring. The goals consist of two uprights . high and . apart, from which a net is stretched on an incline, so that its base will be a few feet behind the goal-line, and the object of the game is to drive the ring into these goals, each goal made scoring one point. The ring must be propelled by the server and caught by his opponent, on one or both of his sticks, if he can, and so returned alternately, and a point is scored for either player if it be stopped by his opponent in any other manner. A point is also scored for the receiver if the server, who begins the game, throw the ring so that it falls to the ground before the receiver can catch it between the creases, which are lines drawn across the court . from the goal-lines, or the ring be driven out of court. Eleven points constitute a game.
Ring-goal was invented by an undergraduate of Keble College, Oxford in about 1885, and was played at Oxford, but without attracting wide popularity.
References
Variations of hockey |
4001458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rayah | Rayah | A raiyah or reaya (from raee`aya, a plural of ra`iya "citizens, subjects, nationals, flock", also spelled raiya, raja, raiah, re'aya; Ottoman Turkish رعايا ; Modern Turkish râiya or reaya; related to the Arabic word rā'ī راعي which means "shepherd, herdsman, patron") was a member of the tax-paying lower class of Ottoman society, in contrast to the askeri and kul. The raiyah made up over 90% of the general population in the millet communities. In the Muslim world, raiyah is literally subject of a government or sovereign. The raiyah (literally 'members of the flock') included Christians, Muslims, and Jews who were 'shorn' (i.e. taxed) to support the state and the associated 'professional Ottoman' class.
However, both in contemporaneous and in modern usage, it refers to non-Muslim subjects in particular, also called zimmi.
In the early Ottoman Empire, raiyah were not eligible for military service, but from the late 16th century, Muslim raiyah became eligible, to the distress of some of the ruling class.
See also
Dhimmi
Giaour
Ottoman Millet system
Second-class citizen
Qara bodun
References
Sources
Molly Greene, A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean, Princeton, 2000.
Peter F. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804, series title A History of East Central Europe, volume V, University of Washington Press, 1983. .
Social classes in the Ottoman Empire
Taxation in the Ottoman Empire |
4001461 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliveros%2C%20Santa%20Fe | Oliveros, Santa Fe | Oliveros is a town in the . The municipality has 4,750 inhabitants and is classed as a comuna. It is located in the Iriondo Department, 126 km south from the capital of the province.
Oliveros is home to a large public psychiatric treatment center and residence (Colonia Psiquiátrica Dr. A. I. Freyre) that is run by the provincial government. About 700 patients are overseen by the center, with 500 living permanently within it.
The town also has a large number of camping grounds with facilities such as cabins, swimming pools, bars, sports fields, etc., that are often employed by people from the rest of the province, especially the Greater Rosario area.
Climate
References
In Spanish.
Populated places in Santa Fe Province |
5396845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saroj%20Khan | Saroj Khan | Saroj Khan (born Nirmala Nagpal; 22 November 1948 – 3 July 2020) was an Indian dance choreographer in Hindi cinema. She was born in Bombay State (present day Maharashtra), India. She was best known for Dance Form Mujra and the first woman choreographer in Bollywood. With a career spanning over forty years, she choreographed more than 3000 songs. She died on 3 July 2020 of a sudden cardiac arrest.
Early life and career
She was born Nirmala Nagpal. Her parents, Kishanchand Sadhu Singh and Noni Singh, migrated to India after partition of India. She started her career as a child artist at the age of three with the film Nazarana as baby Shyama, and was a background dancer in the late 1950s. She learnt dance while working under film choreographer B. Sohanlal, whom she married at the age of 13 while he was 43 years and was already married with 4 children which she did not know at the time of marriage. After having three children (including one that died as an infant), the couple separated; after their separation, she married businessman Sardar Roshan Khan in 1975 and changed her name after converting to Islam. The couple have one child together: a daughter, Sukaina khan, who is known to run a dance institute in Dubai. Later, she moved to choreography, first as an assistant choreographer and later getting her break as an independent choreographer, with Sadhana Shivdasani's Geeta Mera Naam (1974). However, she had to wait many years to receive acclaim, which came with her work with Sridevi; Hawa Hawai in Mr India (1987), Main Teri Dushman, Dushman Tu Mera in Nagina (1986) and Mere Haathon Mein in Chandni (1989), and later with Madhuri Dixit, starting with the hit "Ek Do Teen" in Tezaab (1988), Tamma Tamma Loge in Thanedaar (1990) and Dhak Dhak Karne Laga in Beta (1992). Thereafter, she went on to become one of the most successful Bollywood choreographers.
In 2014, Khan worked with Madhuri Dixit again in Gulaab Gang. She was on the advisory board of Rishihood University.
Television appearances
Saroj Khan appeared on a reality dance show as a member of the jury in 2005 Nach Baliye, which aired on STAR One along with two other judges. She also appeared in the second season of the same show. She has recently been a judge for the show Ustaadon Ka Ustaad, which is aired on Sony Entertainment Television (India). She appeared on the 2008 show Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan, which was aired on NDTV Imagine. She choreographed for this show. She appeared on Sony's Boogie Woogie (TV series) show from December 2008 as one of the judges, along with Javed Jaffrey, Naved Jaffrey and Ravi Behl. She was a judge on the third season of a popular show – Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa, which began on 27 February 2009 and was aired on Sony Entertainment Television (India) alongside former Nach Baliye judge Vaibhavi Merchant and actress Juhi Chawla.
She was judging the dance reality show Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan. She has hosted and completed Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan.
In 2012, The Saroj Khan Story, a documentary produced by PSBT and Films Division of India and directed by Nidhi Tuli was released.
She appeared in Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah as a judge in a dance competition.
She won three National Film Awards and eight Filmfare Awards, the most recognition of any choreographer.
Death
Saroj Khan was admitted to Guru Nanak Hospital at Bandra, Mumbai on 17 June 2020, because of breathing difficulties, and died of cardiac arrest on 3 July 2020 at the age of 71.
Selected filmography
Sanam Tujhko Music Video (2020)
Kalank (2019)
Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi (2019)
Byomkesh Pawrbo (2016) Bengali Film
Tanu Weds Manu Returns (2015)
Gulaab Gang (2014)
Kochadaiiyaan (Tamil) (2014)
ABCD: Any Body Can Dance (2012)
Rowdy Rathore (2012)
Agent Vinod (2012)
Khatta Meetha (2010)
Life Partner (2009)
Love Aaj Kal (2009)
Delhi-6 (2009)
Jab We Met (2007) (Won the National Film Award for Best Choreography)
Namastey London (2007)
Guru (2007) (Won the Filmfare Award for Best Choreography)
Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal (2007)
Saawariya (2007)
Don - The Chase Begins Again (2006)
Fanaa (2006)
Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005)
Sringaram (2005) (Tamil) Won the National Film Award for Best Choreography
Veer-Zaara (2004)
Swades (2004)
Kuch Naa Kaho (2004)
Dhund: The Fog (2003)
Saathiya (2002)
Devdas (2002) Won the Filmfare Award for Best Choreography & National Film Award
Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India (2001) Won the Filmfare Award for Best Choreography
Hum Ho Gaye Aapke (2001)
Fiza (2000)
Taal (1999)
Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999) Won the Filmfare Award for Best Choreography & American Choreography Award
Soldier (1998)
Vinashak - Destroyer (1998)
Choodalani Vundi (1998) Telugu movie
Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (1997)
Pardes (1997)
Iruvar (1997) (Tamil)
Khamoshi: The Musical (1996)
Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995)
Raja (1995)
Yaraana (1995)
Mohra (1994)
Anjaam (1994)
Baazigar (1993)
Tholi Muddhu (1993) (Telugu)
Aaina (1993)
Khalnayak (1993)
Darr (1993)
Beta (1992)
Vishwatma (1992)
Awaargi (1990)
Thanedaar (1990)
Sailaab (1990)
Chandni (1989)
Chaalbaaz (1989)
Nigahen: Nagina Part II (1989)
Tezaab (1988)
Kizhakku Africavil Sheela (1987) Tamil movie
Mr India (1987)
Hifazat (1987)
Nagina (1986)
Hero (1983)
Thai Veedu (1983) Tamil movie
Geeta Mera Naam (1974)
As writer
Veeru Dada (1990)
Khiladi (1992)
Hum Hain Bemisaal (1994)
Nazar Ke Samne (1995)
Chhote Sarkar (1996)
Dil Tera Diwana (1996)
Daava (1997)
Judge Mujrim (1997)
Bhai Bhai (1997)
Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya (1999)
Benaam (1999)
Khanjar (2003)
Awards and recognitions
Saroj Khan was the recipient of the most National Film Awards for Best Choreography with three wins.
Filmfare Best Choreography Award
Saroj Khan was the first recipient of the filmfare Best Choreography Award. Filmfare instituted this award after watching the excellent choreography and audience response to Khan's song "Ek Do Teen" from Tezaab. Saroj Khan went on to have a hat-trick at the Filmfare awards winning consistently for 3 years from 1989 to 1991. She also held the record for winning the most Filmfare Best Choreographer Awards, winning 8.
2008 – Guru for the song "Barso Re"
2003 – Devdas for the song "Dola Re Dola"
2000 – Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam for the song "Nimbooda Nimbooda"
1994 – Khalnayak for the song "Choli Ke Peeche"
1993 – Beta for the song "Dhak Dhak Karne Laga"
1991 – Sailaab for the song "Humko Aaj Kal Hai Intezaar"
1990 – ChaalBaaz for the song "Na Jaane Kahan Se"
1989 – Tezaab for the song "Ek Do Teen"
American Choreography Award
2002: Outstanding Achievement in Feature Film: Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India (2001)
Nandi Awards
1998: Nandi Award for Best Choreographer: Choodalani Vundi
Zee Cine Award for Best Choreography
2003 – Devdas for the song "Dola Re Dola"
Kalakar Awards
2011: 19th Annual Kalakar Achiever Award for Outstanding Contribution in Dance Choreography
IIFA Awards
2000 – IIFA Award for Best Choreography for the song "Nimbooda Nimbooda" from Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam
2019 – IIFA Lifetime Achievement Award
The Saroj Khan Story is a 2012 Indian documentary film on Khan's life directed by Nidhi Tuli and produced by Public Service Broadcasting Trust.
Controversy
In April 2018, Khan made statements defending the practice of casting couch, stating that the film industry provides people employment and "doesn't rape and abandon" them. Following an online backlash, she apologised for her comments.
See also
Indian women in dance
References
External links
1948 births
2020 deaths
20th-century Indian dancers
20th-century Indian women artists
21st-century Indian dancers
21st-century Indian women artists
Best Choreography National Film Award winners
Dancers from Maharashtra
Filmfare Awards winners
Indian choreographers
Indian female dancers
Indian film choreographers
Indian women choreographers
Sindhi people
Women artists from Maharashtra |
4001467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary%20Crimes | Imaginary Crimes | Imaginary Crimes is a 1994 American period drama film directed by Anthony Drazan, and starring Harvey Keitel, Fairuza Balk, Kelly Lynch, Vincent D'Onofrio, Seymour Cassel, and Elisabeth Moss. An adaptation of Sheila Ballantyne's 1982 semi-autobiographical novel of the same name, it follows a widowed con artist attempting to raise his two daughters in 1962 Portland, Oregon.
Plot
In 1962 Portland, Oregon, widowed, charismatic con artist Ray Weiler is raising his two daughters, teenaged Sonya and young Greta. His wife, Valery, died several years prior after a protracted battle with cancer. Ray spends his time constructing grandiose but unrealistic business ideas, and consistently manages to shuck financial responsibility. Though always developing a new enterprise, Ray was unable to afford his family more than a basement apartment for much of the girls' childhood. After Valery's death, Ray spiraled into a deep depression, and moved the family into a transient hotel in downtown Portland.
With the help of her father's persuasiveness, Sonya is able to enroll for her senior year at the elite Edgemont Academy, a preparatory school her mother also attended. She soon befriends Margaret, one of her classmates, and is taken under the wing of Mr. Webster, an English teacher who praises Sonya's writing abilities. One day, after being pestered by their landlord of their father's unpaid rent, Ray returns home with a large sum of money that he has acquired through a money laundering scheme involving a local mining company; Ray became involved through his fellow con artists, Eddie and Jarvis. Ray pays off his debts, and takes his daughters out for ice cream to celebrate.
Mr. Webster persuades Sonya to take college exams, despite the fact that Sonya cannot realistically afford to attend university. After applying to several colleges, Sonya is accepted by the University of California, Berkeley. Several days later, Jarvis arrives at the family's house with a gun, accusing Ray of having stolen money from him. Shortly after, Bud, the father of one of Sonya's classmates, presses charges against Ray for conning him out of money under the guise of a business investment. Ray is subsequently charged with grand larceny and fraud. After Mr. Webster puts up money for Ray's bail, Ray devises a plan to flee Portland and start a new life in Reno, Nevada, which infuriates Sonya. This sparks an argument which ends in Sonya telling her father she would have been better off without him, after which she and Greta exit the car, and Ray continues on to Reno.
The following morning, police arrive at the Weiler residence with a warrant for Ray. Greta is subsequently taken by child services, as Sonya, though now eighteen, does not have legal guardianship of her. Meanwhile, Ray arrives in Reno with Eddie, where he begins planning new schemes, but is remorseful of leaving his daughters behind. He drives back to Portland from Reno in the middle of the night, and returns to find his house empty. In the morning, Ray visits the home of the judge overseeing his case, and pleads that he protect Sonya and Greta from having to testify.
A day later, Sonya attends her senior graduation from Edgemont. After the ceremony, she apologizes to Mr. Webster for her father's actions, and tells him she plans on working a summer job to repay him. Moments later, Ray and Greta arrive at the graduation, escorted in a police car. Ray gifts Sonya an expensive writing pen as a graduation gift. In a voiceover narration, Sonya recounts the events of the years after, in which she raised Greta while her father served his prison sentence; after his release, he continued to be obsessed with business opportunities, particularly ones involving metals, ore, and space technology of the time. Some years later, Ray went into the mountains on an excursion, and froze to death.
Cast
Production
Filming took place in Portland, Oregon in the fall of 1993.
Release
Imaginary Crimes was given a limited theatrical release in the United States in October 1994, earning a total of $89,611 at the U.S. box office.
Critical response
John Griffin of the Montreal Gazette praised the film for its performances, which he characterized as "uniformly amazing." In his review, Griffin also chastised the film's distributor, Warner Bros., for giving it a limited release, writing: "The biggest crime associated with Imaginary Crimes is that you'll probably never see it." The Philadelphia Daily Newss Gary Thompson noted this in his review, observing that large studios did not know how to properly market familial dramas of this nature, describing it as "unrelentingly downbeat" and "thoughtfully made."
The San Francisco Examiners Scott Rosenberg gave the film a middling review, noting that, though Keitel's performance is strong, the film "makes no effort to explore Ray's inner life... Imaginary Crimes shows us what a [David] Mamet-style con artist would look like through the eyes of a teenage daughter. It's a surprisingly gentle picture."
Home media
Warner Bros. Home Entertainment released Imaginary Crimes on DVD on December 5, 2000. Mill Creek Entertainment released a Blu-ray double feature disc of the film alongside Silent Fall (1994) in October 2020.
References
External links
1994 films
1994 drama films
American biographical drama films
American coming-of-age drama films
1990s English-language films
Morgan Creek Productions films
Warner Bros. films
Films about con artists
Films about dysfunctional families
Films about sisters
Films directed by Anthony Drazan
Films set in 1962
Films set in Portland, Oregon
Films shot in Portland, Oregon
Films about father–daughter relationships |
5396847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojola%20Agbebi | Mojola Agbebi | Mojola Agbebi (1860–1917) was a Nigerian Yoruba Baptist minister. He was formerly named David Brown Vincent, but during the wave of African nationalism in the late 1880s, he changed his name. Agbebi was a strong advocate of indigenous leadership for African churches. He initiated evangelistic work in Yorubaland and in the Niger Delta.
Agbebi was the son of a Yoruba Anglican catechist, and was born shortly after his "Saro" father returned from Sierra Leone to his homeland with the gospel. He left the CMS (the Church Missionary Society) in 1880 and became a Baptist around 1883. He played a prominent role in the March 1888 establishment of the Native Baptist Church (now the First Baptist Church) in Lagos, which was the first indigenous church in West Africa.
Agbebi was a part of Ebenezer Baptist Church, Lagos, which was formed as result of a dispute within the First Baptist Church when American missionary Rev. W. J. David fired Rev. Moses Ladejo Stone, the native pastor. David rebuffed requests for an explanation by a delegation and by the church business meeting, claiming that he had the authority to dismiss Stone.
Agbebi was an apostle of ecumenism. In 1898 he founded the African Baptist Union of West Africa, and in 1914 he started the Yoruba Baptist Association. He also supported his wife's efforts in establishing the nationwide Baptist Women's League in 1919. He was also politically active, and presented a paper at the 1911 First Universal Races Congress in London.
References
Nigerian Baptists
19th-century Baptist ministers
20th-century Baptist ministers
Yoruba Christian clergy
1860 births
1917 deaths
19th-century Nigerian clergy
20th-century Nigerian clergy |
5396848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos%20%28film%29 | Mythos (film) | Mythos is a three-part documentary that consists of a series of lectures given by Joseph Campbell. Campbell conceived of the original lectures, filmed over the last six years of his life, as a summation of what he had learned about the human mythic impulse, in terms of psychology, ethnology and comparative mythology—what he called "the one great story of mankind."
Transformations: A False Step
After Campbell's death and the posthumous celebrity brought by the airing in 1988 of The Power of Myth, the filmmakers who had recorded the lectures quickly cobbled together a much-abridged, hastily edited series for PBS entitled Transformations of Myth Through Time. An even-more-highly redacted version was briefly released under the title The World of Joseph Campbell.
Mythos Emerges
Campbell's estate, represented by his widow Jean Erdman and, eventually, by the Joseph Campbell Foundation (JCF), asked that these versions, which were unlicensed and did not accurately represent Campbell's thoughts, be pulled from the market, and proposed the production of a twenty-hour television series in four parts that followed Campbell's original vision more closely: Mythos.
Volume One of Mythos was released in 1999. Volume Two was released in 2000. Both parts are narrated by Susan Sarandon.
After these initial releases, the original distributor, Unipix, promptly went bankrupt, and production on the series halted.
The JCF re-released the first two volumes in 2007 and 2008 in conjunction with Acorn Media as part of the Collected Works of Joseph Campbell series and the third volume was released in 2011. The decision was eventually made that the planned fourth volume, dealing with James Joyce's novels, was to be released in 2013 as a separate product. This was motivated by the difficulties to make its contents fit with the overall format of Mythos.
The three volumes of Mythos were released together as Mythos - The Complete Series in September 2012.
Mythos Episodes
Mythos: Vol. 1, The Shaping of Our Mythic Tradition (1999)
Mythos - 1.1: Psyche & Symbol - The psychological impulse for and response to myth
Mythos - 1.2: The Spirit Land - How myths awakened American Indians to the mystery of life.
Mythos - 1.3: On Being Human - The emergence of myth in early hunter-gatherer societies
Mythos - 1.4: From Goddesses to God - The gradual shift from the Goddess to male, warlike deities
Mythos - 1.5: The Mystical Life - Non-biblical mythic strains that helped shape the Western spirit
Mythos: Vol. 2, The Shaping of the Eastern Tradition (2000)
Mythos - 2.1: The Inward Path - The core myths of the great Asian religions
Mythos - 2.2: The Enlightened One - The Buddha and enlightenment, East and West
Mythos - 2.3: Our Eternal Selves - Yoga and transcendence
Mythos - 2.4: The Way to Illumination - Kundalini yoga and the seven chakras
Mythos - 2.5: The Experience of God - Tibetan Buddhism and the spiritual journey that is death
Mythos: Vol. 3, The Shaping of the Western Tradition (2011)
Mythos - 3.1: Love as the Guide - The Arthurian romances, including Tristan and Iseult
Mythos - 3.2: The Path of the Heart - Parzival and the Grail Quest
Mythos - 3.3: Beyond Time and Space - The Romantic philosophers
Mythos - 3.4: Between Pairs of Opposites - Thomas Mann and The Magic Mountain
Mythos - 3.5: Into the Well of Myth - The Joseph novels and modern myth
Footnotes
External links
Mythos Volume One - Boxed Set
Mythos Volume Two - Boxed Set
New York Times review
Mythos page on Joseph Campbell Foundation website
Mythography
American documentary films
American films
1999 films
Joseph Campbell |
4001479 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental%20Law%20of%20Education | Fundamental Law of Education | is a Japanese law which sets the standards for the Japanese education system.
Summary
The Fundamental Law of Education, as the name suggests, is a law concerning the foundation of Japanese education. Because it acts as the basis for the interpretation and application of various laws & ordinances regarding education, it is also known as and . MEXT translations into English entitle it the Basic Act on Education.
The Fundamental Law of Education contains a preamble and 18 Articles. The law sets out the purposes and objectives of education and provides for equal opportunity in education, compulsory education, coeducation, social education, political education, religious education, educational administration, etc. According to the law, the purpose of education is . Article 1 states that the law
shall aim for the full development of personality and strive to nurture the citizens, sound in mind and body, who are imbued with the qualities necessary for those who form a peaceful and democratic state and society.
The current Fundamental law was enacted on December 22, 2006, replacing the previous 11-article Act of March 31, 1947 (the 'old fundamental law of Education').
Original 1947 enactment
The old law was created under the auspices of SCAP, enacted by the 90th session of the Imperial Japanese Diet, which would be the last Imperial Diet conducted under the Imperial Japanese Constitution. It is often said that the old Fundamental Law of Education was written in the spirit of the new Japanese Constitution, representing a radical means of education reform, and replacing the pre-World War II Imperial Rescript on Education, which was based partly on Confucianist thought.
During the debate about constitutional reform, it was argued that provisions regarding education should be included in the national constitution itself. However, the Minister of Education at that time, Kōtarō Tanaka, proposed the creation of a separate law regarding education. The Ministry of Education then created an Educational Reform Committee, which deliberated over the contents of the Fundamental Law. The law was approved by the Imperial Diet as was written in the original draft, without revision.
Provisions of the Fundamental Law of Education
Preamble
Chapter 1 Aims and Principles of Education
Article 1 Aims of Education
Article 2 Objectives of Education
Whilst respect academic freedom, education will aim
Article 3 Concept of Lifelong Learning
Article 4 Equal Opportunity in Education
"Citizens shall all be given equal opportunities to receive education according to their abilities, and shall not be subject to discrimination in education on account of race, creed, sex, social status, economic position, or family origin"
People living with disabilities or financial hardship will be supported
Chapter 2 Basics of Education Provision
Article 5 Compulsory Education
Citizens have an obligation to education their children to "cultivate the foundations for an independent life within society".
Compulsory education is free.
Article 6 School Education
The government regulates the establishment of schools for compulsory education
Article 7 Universities
Universities exist to seek truth, create knowledge, disseminate knowledge and specialised skills broadly, etc
The intellectual autonomy of universities is ensured.
Article 8 Private Schools
Government will promote education in private schools
Article 9 Teachers
Article 10 Education in the Family
Parents have the responsibility to teach children basic habits for living, a spirit of independence, and encourage the development of body and mind.
Families will be supported in this by government.
Article 11 Early Childhood Education
Government will promote early childhood education and maintain standards in those environments.
Article 12 Social Education
Government will support community education, including "libraries, museums, community halls and other social education facilities, opening the usage of school facilities, providing opportunities to learn, relevant information, and other appropriate means"
Article 13 Partnership and Cooperation among Schools, Families, and Local Residents
"Schools, families, local residents, and other relevant persons shall be aware of their respective roles and responsibilities regarding education, and endeavor to develop partnership and cooperation"
Article 14 Political Education
Political literacy and citizenship will be promoted
Schools will refrain from political education and activity.
Article 15 Religious Education
Chapter 3 Education Administration
Article 16 Education Administration
Government will provide for equal opportunities, raise the standards of education, respond to regional circumstances
Government will work in the spirit of cooperation without improper controls.
Article 17 Basic Plan for the Promotion of Education
Government will systematically formulate plans to achieve educational objectives, make it public and report to the diet.
Chapter 4 Enactment of Laws and Regulations
Article 18
"Laws and regulations necessary to implement the provisions stipulated in this Act shall be enacted"
2006 Revisions
Soon after the passing of the Fundamental Law, there were numerous arguments suggesting its revision. Some suggested that ideas of patriotism and regard for Japanese traditions were lacking, and others maintained that such provisions could lead to renewed feelings of nationalism and subservience to the state. Such arguments have been brought up repeatedly since the law was first passed.
On April 28, 2006, the Cabinet drafted a reformed version of the law which was submitted to the 164th ordinary session of the National Diet (sitting from January to June 2006). The draft is composed of a preamble and 18 articles. The new preamble does not include the phrase "the realization of the ideals laid forth in the constitution depend on the education of the people", as is stated in the current law, and includes some additions, such as the phrases "community spirit" and "the inheritance of tradition". In addition, the "purpose of education" has been divided into five items, containing such moral provisions as "to nurture an attitude[...]to love our country and our home".
On May 2, 2006, the Ministry of Education announced that they had established a "Fundamental Law of Education Reform Promotion Headquarters" under the direction of Kenji Kosaka, the Minister of Education. The first meeting was scheduled for May 8, and a project team was established. The objective of this group is not only to regulate argument in the Diet, but also to assist in initiatives to explain the educational reforms to the public and decide on basic programs promoting education.
On December 22, 2006 the complete revision of the Fundamental Law of Education passed and was implemented. It now contains 18 Articles.
Main points of contention
Opinion was divided on whether students should receive education "according to individual ability" or "equally". The new Law does not contain the word "equally" any longer.
There was also debate about whether the absolution of school fees at public universities should be limited only to tuition costs, or should also include textbook fees, food costs, commutation costs, etc.
There was debate concerning the topic of political neutrality, namely, what kind of political education should be forbidden, and how to harmonize this with the promotion of political interest amongst students. In 1954, the Japanese government, aiming to curb political activity by the Japan Teachers Union, passed a law designed to ensure "political neutrality" in Japanese public schools. In 2004, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi refused to accept a petition—written by Japanese high school students—against the deployment of the Japan Self-Defense Forces to Iraq
, said to be due to the prohibition on political education.
Political Debate
On March 20, 2003, based on the discussions of the People's Educational Reform Council (a consultative body to the Prime Minister dissolved in Dec. 2000), the Central Education Council reported to Minister of Education Atsuko Toyama on the necessity of reform to the Fundamental Law.
According to the report, the concepts expressed in the Fundamental Law should continue to be valued; however, in order to meet the challenges of the 21st century, the following reforms would be necessary.
the establishment of a trustworthy schooling system
promotion of university reform, to become leaders in the information age
to restore the educational ability of the family, and to promote a society in which the school, family, and local community cooperate
to foster attitudes to take part in community planning
to foster respect for Japanese traditions and culture, to encourage love for the homeland, and promote the spirit of membership in the international community
the realization of a society based on lifelong learning
to decide on a master plan to encourage education
In April 2004, the ruling Liberal Democratic and Komei Parties reached an agreement on the meaning of the term "patriotism" ("to value customs and culture, and to love our country, from which they have developed") and submitted a reform proposal to the Diet, the first such proposal to be submitted to the Diet since the end of World War II.
The proposed reforms reflect three influential lines of thinking.
Educational reform is necessary to nurture an educational elite and in order for Japan to continue to be a leader in developing cutting-edge technology.
Problem children responsible for the disintegration of Japanese society (including such problems as youth crime, bullying and truancy) can be dealt with through home discipline, the strengthening of moral education, and community service.
The expansion of the Ministry of Education's realm of authority is critical. The reformed law would give the Ministry of Education a virtually free hand with regards to educational administration.
Moral education
The extent and nature of moral education is a frequent point of debate in government and academia.
The old Fundamental law did not contain provisions regarding moral education, although moral education features in the curriculum overseen by the Ministry of Education. Along with other provisions in order to "broaden" the scope of the law, there were added provisions regarding moral education. For example, the objective in Article 2(5)
is designed to satisfy both conservative views on patriotism and progressive views on global integration and/or focus on individualism.
See also
Education in Japan
References
External links
Basic Act on Education (Act No. 120 of December 22, 2006) - MEXT
1947 in law
Education laws and guidelines in Japan |
4001488 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally%20Foreman | Wally Foreman | Walter "Wally" John Foreman (5 January 19482 November 2006) was a sports administrator and commentator for ABC Radio program "Grandstand" based in Perth, Western Australia.
Life
Born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia but raised in Bruce Rock, Foreman worked in the sports media for more than 30 years. He started his career in the media when he was a journalist at the West Australian newspaper in 1972 and joined the ABC Sports Department in 1975. He left the ABC briefly to work in TV for Channel 9, before taking up a position with the ABC in Adelaide.
During his career, he covered a wide range of domestic and international sporting events including four Olympic Games, five Commonwealth Games, the Australian Open tennis tournament, World Cup athletics, Hockey World Cup tournaments and the Pacific Conference Games.
He was a familiar voice throughout Australia, having commentated on AFL football, NBL basketball and various national championships.
Foreman was appointed to become the inaugural director of the Western Australian Institute of Sport (WAIS) in 1984 and held the position for more than 17 years.
In the lead up to the Sydney Olympic Games, he was involved in the development and implementation of the Olympic Athlete Program and acted as a consultant to both the Queensland and Tasmanian government with regards sports institutes being established in these states.
He retired from the WAIS in 2001 and returned to work within the ABC Sports Department in Perth.
In 2003, he was appointed as a Member of the Order of Australia for his services to sport and was named Western Australia Citizen of the Year (Sport) in 2000. In 2000 he has also awarded the Australian Sports Medal (ASM).
He was married to Lyn Foreman, who is head coach (track) at the WAIS and is a national athletics champion, and had two sons.
Foreman suffered a heart attack on 31 October 2006 and died in Perth on the afternoon of 2 November 2006. His funeral service was held at Challenge Stadium and was attended by an estimated 3000 people, including the Premier of Western Australia, Alan Carpenter, sports stars Graham Moss, Dennis Lillee and Justin Langer, media colleagues Dennis Cometti, George Grljusich and Glenn Mitchell.
His biography, The Legend from Bruce Rock: The Wally Foreman Story, was released on 29 July 2017 by FFPress. It was written by his son, Glen Foreman, to Glen's daughter Charlotte, who would have been Foreman's first grandchild.
References
1948 births
2006 deaths
Australian rules football commentators
Members of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Sportsmen from Western Australia
Australian radio personalities
People from Kalgoorlie
People from Bruce Rock, Western Australia
Western Australian Institute of Sport alumni
Australian tennis commentators |
4001495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/010%20%28The%20Mad%20Capsule%20Markets%20album%29 | 010 (The Mad Capsule Markets album) | 010 is the ninth studio album by Japanese band The Mad Capsule Markets. It was released in Japan in 2001 and in the United Kingdom in 2003. The album was much more experimental than the band's previous two albums. It includes a cover of the song "Wardance" by Killing Joke.
Track listing
Personnel
Higashi Ishida – Photography
Kei Kusama – Programming
Kyono – Vocals
Mad Capsule Markets – Producer
Jackie Miles – English Translations
Motokatsu Miyagami – Drums, Programming
Katsufumi Tomioka – Visual Design
Takeshi Ueda – Synthesizer, Bass, Programming, Vocals
Toru Wada – Design
Kazushige Yamazaki – Mastering
Charts
The Mad Capsule Markets albums
2001 albums
Victor Entertainment albums |
4001500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinodorus%20longiscapus | Echinodorus longiscapus | Echinodorus longiscapus is a perennial, aquatic plant of the Alismataceae, native to South America (Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina). It is cultivated as a pond or aquarium plant.
Description
Leaves long-petioled, petioles 1.5 - 3 x longer than the blades. Blades oval, ovate or cordate, at the tip obtuse or shortly acuminate, at the base lobate or abrupt, 9 – 11 cm long x 7 – 8 cm wide, in the terrestrial forms often only 3 cm long x 2 cm wide. Submersed blades oval or ovate, often nearly rounded. Blades trimmed with pellucid lines to 2 mm long. Stem erect, longer than the leaves, glabrous or rarely scabrous, 30 – 80 cm long. Inflorescence racemose having 3 - 9 whorls containing 6 - 12 flowers each, proliferous. Bracts as long as the pedicels, or hardly longer, to 1.5 cm long, having 9 - 11 ribs and membraneous margins. Pedicels usually 1 - (2.5) cm long, sepals 5 – 6 mm long having 16 - 20 undistinct ribs, petals white, 1.7 – 2 cm long, corolla 2.5 – 4 cm in diameter. Stamens 20 - 25, anthers as long as the filaments, pistils numerous. Aggregate fruit globular or ovate, 5 – 7 mm in diameter. Achenes 2 - 2.3 mm long x 0.9 – 1 mm wide having usually 4 lateral ribs and (1) - 3 glands placed in a row in the upper half of the body. Beak erect or bent, 0.5 mm long.
Cultivation
Propagated by division or adventitious plantlets. Seeds germinate freely. Easy to cultivate and seems to withstand a wide range of water conditions and temperatures.
References
External links
South American distribution
longiscapus
Flora of Brazil
Flora of Paraguay
Flora of Uruguay
Flora of Argentina
Plants described in 1902
Freshwater plants |
4001502 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice%20as%20Fairness%3A%20A%20Restatement | Justice as Fairness: A Restatement | Justice as Fairness: A Restatement is a 2001 book of political philosophy by the philosopher John Rawls, published as a restatement of his 1971 classic A Theory of Justice (1971). The restatement was made largely in response to the significant number of critiques and essays written about Rawls's 1971 book on this subject. The released book was edited by Erin Kelly while Rawls was in declining health during his final years.
Background
This shorter summary of the main arguments of Rawls' political philosophy was edited by Erin Kelly. Prior to publication, many versions were circulated in typescript and much of the material was delivered by Rawls in lectures when he taught courses covering his own work at Harvard University. A previous article with a similar title was written in 1985.
Summary
Justice as Fairness is a revision of Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971). Rawls is responding to criticism as well as adding further thought to his earlier A Theory of Justice. It was written shortly before his death in 2002. In part I, he discusses several fundamental ideas, all of which are familiar to a reader of his earlier book as well as Political Liberalism (1995): a well-ordered society; the basic structure of society; the original position; free and equal persons; public justification; reflective equilibrium; and overlapping consensus. In part II, he moves on to his principles of justice, revising them from his earlier edition, which now read (p. 42):
(a) Each person has the same indefeasible claim to a fully adequate scheme of equal basic liberties, which scheme is compatible with the same scheme of liberties for all; and
(b) Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions: first, they are to be attached to offices and positions open to all under conditions of fair equality of opportunity; and second, they are to be to the greatest benefit of the least-advantaged members of society (the difference principle).
In part III, Rawls expands on his argument for the two principles of the Original position. Here he brings in a new concept, that of Public reason, an idea that is not well discussed in Theory of Justice.
Part IV takes the reader to public institutions that will be present in a just and fair society. He lists five types of social systems:
Laissez-faire capitalism
Welfare-state capitalism
State socialism with a command economy
Property-owning democracy
Liberal socialism.
Rawls holds that the first three "[violate] the two principles of justice in at least one way" (p. 137), thus leaving only (4) property-owning democracy and (5) liberal socialism as the "ideal descriptions" that include "arrangements designed to satisfy the two principles of justice" (p. 138).
In part V he explains why political liberalism is not only possible, but why it is not utopian thinking to believe that such a society is possible.
Looking primarily at the twentieth-century United States, he is certain that institutions within US society are causing injustices. The very expensive campaign system essentially rules out all but the very rich from even deciding to run for public office. The expense of healthcare restricts the best care to those who can afford it, leaving the poor to only the most basic of services.
See also
American philosophy
"Justice as Fairness"
Notes
2001 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Belknap Press books
English-language books
Philosophy books
Works by John Rawls |
5396855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikuya%20Sawaki | Ikuya Sawaki | , better known by his stage name , is a Japanese voice actor who is affiliated with Arts Vision.
Filmography
Anime television series
Dirty Pair (1985) (Goolley)
Kyatto Ninden Teyandee (1990) (Kitsunezuka Ko'on-no-Kami)
Berserk (1997) as Boscogne
Turn A Gundam (1999) as Ladderum Kune
Cyborg 009 (2002) as Dr. Gaia
Divergence Eve (2003) (Wolfgang Woerns)
Misaki Chronicles (2004) (Wolfgang Woerns)
Ouran High School Host Club (2006) (Renge's Father)
Darker than Black (2007) as Mao
Darker Than Black: Ryūsei no Gemini (2009) as Mao
Naruto: Shippuden (2009) as Hanzo of the Salamander
Kyoukai no Kanata (2013) as Grandfather Nase
One Piece (2014) as Fujitora (Issho)
Legend of the Galactic Heroes: Die Neue These (2018) as Gregor von Mückenberger
Carole & Tuesday (2019) as Hamilton
Unknown date
The Brave Fighter of Legend Da-Garn (Shuttle Saber, Redlone)
Flame of Recca (Gashakura)
Highschool! Kimen-gumi (Gorō Mutsu)
Red Baron (Kaizer)
Rurouni Kenshin (Koshijirō Kamiya, Tsuruzaemon)
Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon SuperS (Ichirō Ōno)
Saint Seiya (Canis Major Sirius)
Sakigake!! Otokojuku (Ninja (Tetsu Kabuto), Wang Ta Ren)
Sexy Commando Gaiden: Sugoiyo! Masaru-san (Takeda-sensei)
Sorcerous Stabber Orphen (Bagup)
Star Ocean EX (Ronix J. Kenni)
Tenchi Universe (Sasami and Ayeka's Uncle)
Transformers: The Headmasters (Fortress/Fortress Maximus)
Transformers: Super-God Masterforce (Grand/Grand Maximus)
Transformers: Micron Legend (Ratchet)
Yokoyama Mitsuteru Sangokushi (Yuan Shao)
You're Under Arrest (Inspector Tokuno)
Original video animations
Baoh (????) (Number 22)
Bondage Queen Kate (????) (Boss)
Gatchaman (1994) (Dr. Kōzaburō Nambu)
Gunsmith Cats (????) (Roy Coleman)
Guyver (????) (ZX-Tole)
Magical Girl Pretty Sammy (1996) (High Priest)
One Piece - Defeat The Pirate Ganzak! (1998) (Herring, Narration)
The Deep Blue Fleet (????) (Heinrich von Hitler)
Ys: Tenkuu no Shinden (????) (Gōban)
Legend of the Galactic Heroes(1997) (Guzmán)
Game
Flash Hiders (1993) (Rablehalt)
Kunoichi (2003) (Jimushi)
Kingdom Hearts II (2005) (MCP)
Ace Combat Zero (2006) (Dietrich Kellerman)
Metal Gear Solid 2: Bande Dessinee (2008) (Revolver Ocelot)
Drama CDs
Last Order (????) (Hiroshi Shiho)
Tokusatsu
Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGo-V (1999) (Dark Demon Sword Psyma Beast Solgoil (ep. 4))
Ultraman Neos (2000) (Narrator)
Samurai Sentai Shinkenger (2009) (Ayakashi Isagitsune (ep. 17))
Samurai Sentai Shinkenger vs. Go-onger: GinmakuBang!! (2010) (Tensouder Voice)
Tensou Sentai Goseiger (2010) (Master Head (eps. 2-5, 10, 12, 16, 18, 22, 24, 29, 32, 45-50), Tensouder Voice, Narrator)
Tensou Sentai Goseiger: Epic on the Movie (2010) (Tensouder Voice)
Tensou Sentai Goseiger vs. Shinkenger: Epic on Ginmaku (2011) (Tensouder Voice, Narrator)
Tensou Sentai Goseiger Returns (2011) (Master Head, Tensouder Voice, Narrator)
Gokaiger Goseiger Super Sentai 199 Hero Great Battle (2011) (Tensouder Voice)
Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger vs. Space Sheriff Gavan: The Movie (2012) (Tensouder Voice)
Kaitou Sentai Lupinranger VS Keisatsu Sentai Patranger (2018) (Arsène Lupin (ep. 18, 34, 44))
Dubbing
Live-action
Ant-Man (Mitchell Carson (Martin Donovan))
Australia (Ivan (Jacek Koman))
Cliffhanger (1997 NTV edition) (Kynette (Leon Robinson))
Crimson Tide (Lieutenant Bobby Dougherty (James Gandolfini))
Domestic Disturbance (Ray Coleman (Steve Buscemi))
Don't Breathe (Norman Nordstrom (Stephen Lang))
Don't Breathe 2 (Norman Nordstrom (Stephen Lang))
Downsizing (Joris Konrad (Udo Kier))
Gilda (Det. Maurice Obregon (Joseph Calleia))
The Irishman (Frank "The Irishman" Sheeran (Robert De Niro))
Jennifer 8 (Sgt. John "J.K." Taylor (Graham Beckel))
Matchstick Men (Chuck Frechette (Bruce McGill))
The Matrix Reloaded (Councillor West (Cornel West))
The Matrix Revolutions (Councillor West (Cornel West))
Miracles (Tiger (Ko Chun-hsiung))
The Monuments Men (2nd Lt. Donald Jeffries (Hugh Bonneville))
Mortal Engines (Governor Kwan (Kee Chan))
Painted Faces (Wah (Lam Ching-ying))
The Perfect Host (Warwick Wilson (David Hyde Pierce))
Predator 2 (Detective Danny Archuleta (Rubén Blades))
The Quiet Man (2017 Star Channel edition) (Father Peter Lonergan (Ward Bond))
Rough Magic (Doc Ansell (Jim Broadbent))
Sonic the Hedgehog (Commander Walters (Tom Butler))
Twin Peaks (Leland Palmer (Ray Wise))
U-571 (Maj. Matthew Coonan (David Keith))
Animation
Samurai Jack (Scotsman)
References
External links
Ikuya Sawaki at Arts Vision (Japanese)
Ikuya Sawaki at Ryu's Seiyuu Info
1951 births
Living people
Japanese male video game actors
Japanese male voice actors
Voice actors from Chiba (city)
Male voice actors from Chiba Prefecture
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors
Arts Vision voice actors |
5396861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern%20garter%20snake | Eastern garter snake | The eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) is a medium-sized snake indigenous to North America.
Taxonomy and etymology
The scientific name Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis is a combination of Ancient Greek and New Latin that means "bush snake that looks like a garter strap". The generic name Thamnophis is derived from the Greek "thamnos" (bush) and "ophis" (snake) and the specific name sirtalis is derived from the New Latin "siratalis" (like a garter), a reference to the snake's color pattern resembling a striped garter strap.
Description
Eastern garter snakes average between long. The largest recorded length was long. Females are typically larger than males. They are either a greenish, brown, or black color and have a distinct yellow or white stripe.
Reproduction
Eastern garter snakes are ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young. Many males may try to mate with one female, resulting in a "breeding ball". The young are long at birth.
Distribution and habitat
The eastern garter snake has a wide range across eastern North America, as far north as southern Ontario and Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico in the south, along the eastern shores of America to the Mississippi River. In New England, the snake is described as the "most widespread and ubiquitous" serpent, from wilderness to urban environments and from sea level to high elevations.
The eastern garter snake will live in a variety of environments, with a preference for grassy or shrubby fields, including abandoned farmland, outbuildings and trash dumps. In particular the snake likes to inhabit stone walls that separate the forest from fields. It is also found along moist habitats such as lakes, rivers, streams, swamps, bogs, ponds, drainage ditches, and quarries. Snakes are present in urban environments in habitats that include "city parks, cemeteries and suburban yards and gardens". Eastern garter snakes like to conceal themselves under logs, stones and other debris that allow them to bask in the sunlight and quickly seek refuge from predators. Krulikowski notes that "[o]ld poultry farms with discarded sheet-metal incubation trays provide warm, moist hiding places."
Feeding
Eastern garter snakes mostly eat toads, frogs, slugs, and worms, but they will eat almost anything they can overpower.
The eastern garter snake is broadly considered non-venomous. Garter snakes do have a Duvernoy's gland, and the secretion from the gland may be chewed into prey during bites. The secretion is noted to cause hemorrhaging in mice and has produced non-allergic symptoms in at least one bite to a human.
References
External links
(Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis), Ontario Nature
Colubrids
Reptiles described in 1758
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
5396862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasles%27%20theorem | Chasles' theorem | Chasles' theorem may refer to any of several mathematical results attributed to Michel Chasles (1793–1880):
Chasles' theorem (kinematics), about translation of rigid bodies
Chasles' theorem (gravitation), about gravitational attraction of a spherical shell
Chasles' theorem (geometry), in algebraic geometry about intersections of curves |
5396879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan%20Chamber%20Orchestra | Manhattan Chamber Orchestra | The Manhattan Chamber Orchestra is a chamber orchestra based in Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States.
History
The orchestra was founded in 1987 by Richard Auldon Clark, who remains the Artistic Director and conductor. The orchestra performs music of all genres with a special focus on contemporary music by American composers. It performs an average of eight concerts per season in New York City and also tours.
Activities
It has premiered and/or recorded the music of William Grant Still, Alec Wilder, Victor Herbert, John Rutter, Henry Cowell, Alan Hovhaness, Otto Luening, Dominick Argento, Randall Thompson, Eric Ewazen, David Amram, and Dave Soldier.
The Manhattan Chamber Orchestra has released 30 CDs on the Newport Classic, KOCH International, AVANT, VOX, Helicon, KLEOS Classics, and Mulatta Records labels. It records an average of three new CDs per year.
References
External links
Manhattan Chamber Orchestra official site
Musical groups established in 1987
Chamber orchestras
1987 establishments in New York City
Orchestras based in New York City |
4001506 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nongshim%20Cup | Nongshim Cup | The Nongshim Cup is a Go tournament sponsored by Nongshim, an instant noodle food company of South Korea.
Outline
The Nongshim Cup is a gathering of the best players from South Korea, Japan, and China. The Nongshim Cup is sponsored by Nongshim, an instant noodle food company of South Korea. Each team sends 5 best players to compete. The prize is 500 million Korean Won (approximately $450,000 USD) raised in 2016 from the previous 200 million Korean Won (about $180,000 USD).
Past winners
By nation
References
External links
Korea Baduk Association archive of the Nongshim Cup (in Korean)
Nihon Ki-in archive of the Nongshim Cup (in Japanese)
Recurring sporting events established in 1999 |
5396880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade%20%28song%29 | Cascade (song) | {{Infobox song
| name = Cascade
| cover = Fsol_cascade_cover.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = Future Sound of London
| album = Lifeforms
| released = 25 October 1993
| recorded = Earthbeat Studios
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = Ambient techno
| length = 36:31
| label = AstralwerksCat.
| writer = FSOL
| producer = FSOL
| prev_title = Liquid Insects
| prev_year = 1993
| next_title = Lifeforms
| next_year = 1993
}}
"Cascade" is the first single from Future Sound of London's 1994 album Lifeforms. It is a series of variations on the song "Cascade", all different from the album's version as is customary for most FSOL singles.
Track listing
"Cascade: Part 1" (7:22)
"Cascade: Part 2" (9:38)
"Cascade: Part 3" (4:24)
"Cascade: Part 4" (4:39)
"Cascade: Part 5" (6:12)
"Cascade: Shortform" (4:16)
Crew
Written, produced, performed by FSOL
Artwork by Buggy G. Riphead.
The first sleeve to feature The Electronic Brain, the model by Olaf Wendt.
Part 3 is essentially an extended version of "Elaborate Burn", another song on Lifeforms''.
Chart Position
References
External links
1993 songs
1994 singles
The Future Sound of London songs
Astralwerks singles |
5396892 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc%20XO%20Vodka | Jean-Marc XO Vodka | Jean-Marc XO Vodka is a premium vodka distilled in the Cognac region of France by Jean-Marc Daucourt and owned by the Campari Group.
It uses four French wheat grains, selected for their specific flavors. Each wheat grain is separated from its chaff before distillation in order to eliminate any bitterness and to reveal the wheat’s individual flavor. Spring water, filtered through Grande Champagne limestone, is added. Jean-Marc XO Vodka is distilled nine times in very small batches using traditional copper alambic stills. Then Jean-Marc XO is micro-oxygenated (a Bordeaux technique) and filtered through Limousin oak charcoal to finish. Very unusually, the entire process takes several weeks from start to finish. Each bottle is individually numbered to reflect its handmade artisanship.
The Jean-Marc XO has performed reasonably well at spirit ratings competitions. It was awarded 97 points by the US Beverage Testing Institute in 2007 (one of only two vodkas to get this score), and is the only vodka ever honored by the American Academy of Hospitality Sciences (2005). Wine Enthusiast was significantly less impressed with Jean-Marc XO, however, giving the vodka a rating of 85-89 in 2005.
References
External links
Jean-Marc XO Vodka
News coverage of the American Academy of Hospitality Sciences Award
Beverage Testing Institute Review
Proof66.com Liquor Review and Ratings Aggregator
French vodkas
Campari Group |
4001507 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Utrecht%20High%20School | New Utrecht High School | New Utrecht High School is a public high school located in Bensonhurst, a neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The school is operated by the New York City Department of Education under District 20, and serves students of grades 9 to 12. It is one of the largest high schools in New York City in terms of enrollment.
History
New Utrecht High School was established in 1915 as an offshoot of the nearby coeducational Bay Ridge High School. This resulted in New Utrecht High School becoming an all-boys school, while Bay Ridge High School became an all-girls school.
The first location of the school was a wooden building on 86th Street and 18th Avenue, and it had a population of 350 students. Irving Hazen was the founding principal, and he adopted the white and green colors of his alma mater, Dartmouth College, as the colors of the school.
In November 1924, the school moved to its present location on 80th Street and 16th Avenue, with 2,300 students. In February of the following year, girls were admitted, resulting in the school becoming coeducational. Over the next few years the school continued to grow, until it consisted of a main building and four annexes, and with a student population of nearly 11,000. It was the largest student body in the world at the time.
New Utrecht High School was the scene of several racial conflicts between blacks and whites within the community in the 1970s to 1990s. In 1974, 300 black students stormed the school after a fight between a black student and a white student ended up with the former being injured, which spurred up rumors that it was a racial attack. In 1990, a black student was shot by a group of white students stemming from an incident in the locker room.
In the 2000s, New Utrecht High School underwent a major overhaul. It added a new, two-story cafeteria building, which replaced the old cafeteria located in the main building. The old cafeteria was subsequently turned into classroom space. A new entrance was also created, accompanied by a corridor which conjoined the cafeteria building with the main building.
Today, New Utrecht High School functions as a zoned school primarily serving students living in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst and Dyker Heights in Brooklyn, New York.
Activities
Student Government
New Utrecht High School has an active student government, which is elected every October. For close to a century the student government positions were mayor, deputy mayor, secretary, treasurer, and student representatives from each grade. The mayoral theme was a longstanding tradition that stemmed from the fact that the neighborhood of New Utrecht was named by Dutch settlers after the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands. In 2015, the student government decided to change the name of the two major positions of mayor and deputy mayor to student body president and student body vice president. The New Utrecht High School Student Government is responsible for allocating funds to clubs, as well as organizing a School Spirit Week, a Thanksgiving Dinner, a Toy Drive, and other annual school-wide events.
There is also a Senior Council composed of a president, vice-president, secretary, and treasurer. The Senior Council is responsible for organizing Senior events, such as the Senior Class Brunch and Senior Trip, creating the Senior Class sweatshirts, voicing concerns of the Senior Class to the administration, and keeping the Senior Class informed.
School Leadership Team
The School Leadership Team (SLT) consists of representatives from the school administration, parents, teachers and students. The students are usually two active students, one junior and one senior, who voice the concerns of the student body. The SLT meets monthly to discuss and work on issues related to implementation of the school's mission and vision. A PTA meeting follows immediately after.
Productions at New Utrecht High School
There are four productions held annually at New Utrecht High School: the Talent Show, the Chinese New Year Show, the Fashion Show, and the International Show.
The Talent Show is open to anyone who has talent, whether it be singing, dancing, magic, comedy or any other form of entertainment. The sound crew, lighting crew, stage crew, construction crew and booklet crew are composed entirely of students. The show is usually held in December.
The Chinese New Year Show is put on near the Chinese New Year. It has singing, dancing, acting and other forms of entertainment, revolving around Chinese culture. The Chinese Club at New Utrecht High School has a partnership with a non-profit organization called the Chinese-American Planning Council.
The Fashion Show production at New Utrecht High School is student run and consists of students in the New Utrecht Fashion Society creating their own clothes and having their friends model them. The show is usually held in March or April.
The International Show is held in April or May and, like the others, is completely student run. It is similar to the Talent Show but focuses on other countries around the world.
Clubs
New Utrecht High School offers clubs for students, including:
Student Organization
Arista Society
Art Club
Asian Club
Chinese Chess/Gaming Club
Chinese Debate Club
Chess & Game Club
Creative Problem Solving Club
Dance Club
Disc Jockey (DJ) Club
Glee Club
History Club
LGBTQ+ Student Association
Photography Club
Robotics Club
Sound Club (Audio/Visual)
Stock/Investigating Club
Advanced Placement
New Utrecht High School offers Advanced Placement courses, including:
AP Calculus AB
AP Calculus BC
AP World History/Human Geography
AP United States History
AP United States Government and Politics
AP Comparative Government and Politics
AP Microeconomics
AP Macroeconomics
AP English Language and Composition
AP English Literature and Composition
AP Chemistry
AP Physics
AP Biology
AP Psychology
AP Computer Science A
Academies
There are several academies (programs that offer employment-oriented training in specialized fields) at New Utrecht High School, which include:
Academy of Business of Technology
Academy of Medical Professions and Health Careers
Academy of Legal Studies
Academy of Hospitality and Tourism
Academy of Art and Design
Honors Academy
Some academies are associated with NAF, a non-profit organization originally known as the National Academy Foundation.
Alumni
Notable alumni of New Utrecht High School include:
Walter Adams (1922–1998): economist, university president
Koby Altman (born 1982): professional basketball general manager
Carmine Appice (born 1946): musician, drummer
Steve Augeri (born 1959): singer
Troy Ave (born 1985): rapper
Lord Have Mercy (born 1973): rapper
Gene Barry (born Eugene Klass; 1919–2009): actor
Seymour Benzer (1921-2007): biologist
Barbara Aronstein Black (born 1933): academic dean
Abe Burrows (1910–1985): playwright
Pat Capri (1918–1989): professional baseball player
Jack Carter: comedian
Ronald Castorina: politician
Phyllis Chesler: feminist author, psychologist
Joseph Colombo (1923–1978): criminal
Billy DeMars (1925-2020): professional baseball player, coach
Max Desfor (1913–2018): photographer
Amram Ducovny (1927–2003): writer
Stanley Ellin: author
Jerry Ferrara: actor
Cy Feuer: playwright, stage director, producer
Stanley Fink (1936–1997): politician
Eli Friedman (born 1933): nephrologist
Leo Friedman: Broadway photographer
Allen Funt (1914–1999): TV personality
David Geffen (born 1943): media mogul
Ralph Ginzburg (1929–2006): author, editor, publisher, photojournalist
Bernice Gottlieb (née Bernice Friedman; born 1931): pioneer in transracial adoption movement, real estate executive
Philip Habib (1920–1992): diplomat
Buddy Hackett (born Leonard Hacker; 1924–2003): comedian
Barbara Grizzuti Harrison: writer
Sal Iacono: television comedian
David Ignatow: poet, author
Gabe Kaplan (born 1945): comic, actor, poker player
Michael Kidd (1915–2007): choreographer
Harvey Lembeck (1923–1982): actor
Howard Levy: dermatologist, Vietnam War resister
Steve Lombardi: professional wrestler
Paulie Malignaggi: professional boxer
Harold Martin (1918-2010): politician
Patty McCormack: actress
Robert Merrill (1917–2004): opera singer
Art Modell (1925–2012): businessman, entrepreneur, professional sports team owner
Doretta Morrow: actress
Sam Nahem (1915–2004): professional baseball player
Angela "Big Ang" Raiola: TV personality
Anthony Ramos: actor, singer
Teddy Reig (1918–1984): jazz record producer, promoter, artist manager
Daniel Rodriguez: singer
Stan Rosen (1906–1984): professional football player
Spencer Ross: sportscaster
Herschel Savage: pornographic actor
John Saxon (1935-2020): actor
Ralph Snyderman: physician, scientist, administrator
Arnold Stang: comedian, actor
Martha Stewart (born 1922): film and TV actress, singer
Tony Visconti (born 1944): music producer
GASHI (born 1989): rapper
In popular culture
New Utrecht High School is the venue for key scenes in the 1947 movie It Happened in Brooklyn, starring Frank Sinatra, Kathryn Grayson, Jimmy Durante, and Peter Lawford.
The front and rear views of the school building were used in the opening and closing scenes of the TV sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter, which starred alumnus Gabe Kaplan.
Gallery
References
External links
School Website
DOE Website
Educational institutions established in 1915
Public high schools in Brooklyn
Bensonhurst, Brooklyn
1915 establishments in New York City |
4001513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrometallurgy | Electrometallurgy | Electrometallurgy is a method in metallurgy that uses electrical energy to produce metals by electrolysis. It is usually the last stage in metal production and is therefore preceded by pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical operations. The electrolysis can be done on a molten metal oxide (smelt electrolysis) which is used for example to produce aluminium from aluminium oxide via the Hall-Hérault process. Electrolysis can be used as a final refining stage in pyrometallurgical metal production (electrorefining) and it is also used for reduction of a metal from an aqueous metal salt solution produced by hydrometallurgy (electrowinning).
Processes
Electrometallurgy is the field concerned with the processes of metal electrodeposition. There are four categories of these processes:
Electrolysis
Electrowinning, the extraction of metal from ores
Electrorefining, the purification of metals. Metal powder production by electrodeposition is included in this category, or sometimes electrowinning, or a separate category depending on application.
Electroplating, the deposition of a layer of one metal on another
Electroforming, the manufacture of, usually thin, metal parts through electroplating
Electropolishing, the removal of material from a metallic workpiece
Etching, industrially known to wikipedia as chemical milling
References
Chemical processes
Electrolysis
Metallurgical processes |
5396896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando%20Picchi | Armando Picchi | Armando Picchi (; 20 June 1935 – 27 May 1971) was an Italian football player and coach. Regularly positioned as a libero, he captained the Internazionale side known as "La Grande Inter".
Club career
Early career
Born in Livorno, Picchi started his career by playing for A.S. Livorno Calcio. In 1959 he moved to SPAL, before later at the peak of his time, and most of his career, at Milanese powerhouse F.C. Internazionale Milano.
Captain of Grande Inter
A versatile defender, Picchi started to play in Internazionale as a right back, a role he previously held at SPAL. During the course of 1961–62 season, the legendary Grande Inter coach Helenio Herrera experimented by placing him as a libero. The new position was successful; he became an important figure in the team's strong defence, and indirectly set examples for teammates Tarcisio Burgnich and Giacinto Facchetti with his leadership. During that time, Internazionale was still captained by Bruno Bolchi.
When Bolchi moved to Verona, Picchi was then selected as team captain. It was in his captaincy that Internazionale evolved into the era famously known as Grande Inter, when they won three scudetti, two European Champions Cups and two Intercontinental Cups in the 1960s.
Later career
After his time at Inter, he played for two seasons at Varese before retiring in 1969, at the age of 34.
International career
He made his debut for Italy several months after becoming Intercontinental champion with Internazionale, in a 6–1 victory over Finland in November 1964. However, Italy coach at that time, Edmondo Fabbri, deemed him unsuitable for the team's scheme, as he felt he was too defensive minded, and subsequently left him out of the squad for 1966 World Cup in England.
Under the management of Ferruccio Valcareggi, he was regularly called for the qualifying matches of Euro 1968. Yet a fractured pelvis injury in a match against Bulgaria in April 1968, ruled him out of the competition, which concluded his last match with the Azzurri, totalling 12 international appearances.
Style of play
A quick, versatile, and tenacious defender, Picchi began his career playing as a forward or as a central defensive midfielder, before being moved to right back, where he excelled, but later came into his own in the libero role. Picchi was primarily an old-fashioned sweeper, who was mainly known for his defensive skills, strong physique, and ability to win back, intercept and clear loose balls as a last man, while he was not particularly good in the air, due to his small stature; despite his more traditional, defensive-minded interpretation of the role, he was, however, also occasionally capable of getting forward, and of carrying the ball out into midfield, or starting plays from the back-line, due to his good technique and ability to read the game. Regarded as one of Italy's greatest defenders, and as one of the best sweepers of his generation, he was highly regarded for his tactical intelligence as well as vocal leadership on the pitch, and was known for his ability to organise the back-line and motivate his teammates.
Coaching career and death
After his playing career was over, Picchi pursued a coaching career in 1969; he went on to coach Varese, Livorno, and then Juventus, until 16 February 1971, when he was hospitalised because of cancer, which ended his coaching career prematurely. He died three months later, at the age of 35, due a tumour in his sixth left rib.
Legacy
After his death in 1971, a memorial tournament, Memorial Armando Picchi, was played in his honour. On 21 October of the same year, the football club Armando Picchi Calcio was founded in his memory.
As of 1990, the football stadium of Livorno, his hometown club, is named after him.
Honours
Inter Milan
Serie A: 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66
European Cup: 1963–64, 1964–65
Intercontinental Cup: 1964, 1965
Individual
Italian Football Hall of Fame: 2021
References
External links
Inter Profile
FIGC Profile
1935 births
1971 deaths
Sportspeople from Livorno
Italian footballers
Italy international footballers
Association football sweepers
S.P.A.L. players
Inter Milan players
Serie A players
Juventus F.C. managers
Serie A managers
S.S.D. Varese Calcio players
Italian football managers
U.S. Livorno 1915 players
U.S. Livorno 1915 managers
UEFA Champions League winning players
Deaths from cancer in Liguria
Footballers from Tuscany |
4001521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atreyee%20D.%20A.%20V.%20Public%20School | Atreyee D. A. V. Public School | Atreyee D. A. V. Public School, Mangalpur, Balurghat, India, (formerly The Atreyee English Medium School), Balurghat, affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) was the first English medium school of the city Balurghat as well as of the district South Dinajpur
History
The school was established in 1976. It has co-educational classes, from Nursery to Class XII. Initially classes were held at the District Library, near Balurghat College, later it was shifted to Mongalpur, in the western part of Balurghat which is its present location. In Balurghat town, it is colloquially referred to as KG School as it was the first institution having kindergarten facilities in the city.
Uniform
The uniform for boys is maroon trousers and white shirt with a maroon tie, 'ADAVPS' is printed on it. For girls up to 8th standard, the uniform is maroon skirt and white shirt with maroon tie and 9th standard onwards, salwar and dupatta in maroon and qameez in white combination — with black shoes and white socks (for both boys and girls).
Education
The first batch of students who appeared for board exams for Class-X was in 1986. That batch passed their Class-XII board exams in the year 1988. The students have the option to opt either Science or Commerce or Arts. The school follows the new Comprehensive and Compulsory Examinations scheme for academics.
Campus
ADAVPS, Balurghat is a co- educational, day school. The School consists of an Administrative Block and 2 Academic Blocks. The Primary Block has classes Playgroup to Class – V whereas the Secondary Block resides Classes VI – XII; provides the following streams: Science, Commerce and Humanities. Other academic facilities available for students include air-conditioned laboratories for Computer, Physics, Chemistry, Biology. The school have smart class rooms with LCD and OHP facilities, playgrounds and gardens and a library. The school also provides separate classrooms for Music, Dance.
Taking Over of DAV on AEMS:2009
In 2009, the school was taken over by the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System and is now managed by the Dayanand Anglo-Vedic College Trust and Management Society, which renamed the school from The Atreyee English Medium School to Atreyee D. A. V. Public School.
References
Primary schools in West Bengal
High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal
Schools affiliated with the Arya Samaj
Balurghat
Educational institutions established in 1976
1976 establishments in West Bengal
Private schools in West Bengal |
5396898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20VandeLinde | David VandeLinde | David VandeLinde is an American electrical engineering graduate from Carnegie Tech in 1964 and was the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Warwick from 2001 to 2006.
David VandeLinde was raised in St. Albans, WV. He graduated from St. Albans High School in 1960. He played football and was an offensive end.
Professor VandeLinde came to Warwick in 2001 from the University of Bath, where he had been Vice-Chancellor for nine years. He was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Laws) by the University of Bath in 2001.
VandeLinde saw Warwick through five years of fast growth, but not without controversy. As well as being closely associated with the 'corporate' ethos of Warwick, he became prominent supporter of higher tuition fees for students. He was also a firm supporter of the University's attempts to build a campus in Singapore, which did not ultimately come to fruition.
Before coming to the United Kingdom, VandeLinde was dean of the engineering faculty at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.
References
American electrical engineers
Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni
Johns Hopkins University faculty
American expatriates in the United Kingdom
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Bath
Vice-Chancellors of the University of Warwick
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
4001531 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borghese%20Vase | Borghese Vase | The Borghese Vase is a monumental bell-shaped krater sculpted in Athens from Pentelic marble in the second half of the 1st century BC as a garden ornament for the Roman market; it is now in the Louvre Museum.
Original
Iconography
Standing 1.72 metres tall and with a diameter of 1.35 m., the vase has a deep frieze with bas-reliefs and an everted gadrooned lip over a gadrooned lower section, where paired satyrs' heads mark the former placement of loop handles; it stands on a spreading fluted stem with a cabled motif round its base, on a low octagonal plinth.
The frieze depicts the thiasus, an ecstatic Bacchanalian procession accompanying Dionysus, draped with the panther skin and playing the aulos, and Ariadne. However, the accompanying figures often said to be satyrs have neither the common characteristics of cloven feet nor equine tails flowing to the floor as typically shown on Greek pottery; some references identify to the figures as sileni. The draped figures are often said to be Maenads but are clearly not: Maenads are females who accompany Dionysus but on the vase a draped male figure is depicted. One of the figures is shown being anointed, typically a symbolic act of divinity, leading to the interpretation of some of the figures as Apollo and Dionysus rescuing Silenus who is shown falling down reaching for a spilled flagon of wine. This scene on the vase corresponds to the saying "The Gods look after children and drunken men" which has been passed down orally through many generations. Many copies of the vase do not correctly depict the scene, replacing Dionysus with a female figure on the wrongful assumption that a sexual act is in progress.
Rediscovery
The vase was rediscovered in a Roman garden that occupied part of the site of the gardens of Sallust in 1566 and acquired by the Borghese family. Napoleon bought it from his brother-in-law Camillo Borghese in 1808, and it has been displayed in the Louvre since 1811.
In his capriccio shown below, the French artist Hubert Robert embellished and enlarged the Borghese Vase for dramatic effect and set it, in atmospherically ruinous condition, on the Aventine overlooking the Colosseum, a position it never occupied. Robert also painted it in several other settings, including the gardens of Versailles (L'entrée du Tapis Vert) with Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI.
Copies
Often paired and rescaled to balance the slightly smaller Medici Vase, it is one of the most admired and influential marble vases from antiquity, forms that satisfied the Baroque and neoclassical approach to classical art alike. Three pairs were copied for the Bassin de Latone in the gardens of Versailles; alabaster pairs stand in the Great Hall at Houghton Hall, Norfolk; and bronze ones at Osterley Park, Middlesex. On a reduced scale, the vases made admirable wine coolers in silver, or in silver-gilt, as Paul Storr delivered them to the Prince Regent in 1808 (Haskell and Penny 1981:315). John Flaxman based a bas-relief on the frieze of the Borghese Vase (Sir John Soane's Museum, London). As decorative objects they have been reproduced through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and remain popular subjects for imitation in bronze or porcelain, for example in Coade stone (a reduced-size Coade stone example dating from 1770-1771 stands in the Temple of Flora at Stourhead), and also in jasper ware by Josiah Wedgwood (c. 1790), who adapted the form of the Medici Vase for the bas-reliefs and provided it with a lid and a neoclassical drum pedestal.
References
Sources
Francis Haskell and Nicholas Penny, 1981. Taste and the Antique: the Lure of Classical Sculpture 1500-1900 (Yale University Press) Cat. no. 81.
External links
Louvre Database entry
Wedgwood copy of the Borghese Vase
Image of the Borghese vase showing male mortal next to female playing the lyre
1st-century BC works
Borghese antiquities
Antiquities acquired by Napoleon
Ancient Greek and Roman sculptures of the Louvre
Hellenistic and Roman sculptural vases
Hellenistic-style Roman sculptures
Borghese
History of sculpture
Archaeological discoveries in Italy |
5396917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Lake%20%28New%20Brunswick%29 | Grand Lake (New Brunswick) | Grand Lake is a lake located in central New Brunswick, Canada. It is approximately 40 kilometres east of Fredericton; and the province's largest open body of water being a total of 20 kilometers long and 5 kilometres wide. The lake drains through the Jemseg River and the Grand Lake Meadows into the Saint John River.
Records indicate that by the early 1600s [Grand Lake] was inhabited by Maliseet and Mi’kmaq peoples. The traditional word for Grand Lake is "Kchee'quis" meaning Big Lake.
Commercial barges of forest products were towed across the lake from a large sawmill in Chipman to a pulp mill in Saint John until the late 1990s. Other commercial activities included New Brunswick's largest coal mining area with extensive strip mines in the Newcastle Creek valley. In the 1850s, significant amounts of 'Newcastle coal' was being shipped down river from Grand Lake to the Saint John River. This was a coal-fired power generating station that was built in 1931 and was torn down in 2012, it was formerly operated by NB Power, and is located on the lake shore near the village of Minto.
Today, the lake is popular for recreational activities for both locals and visitors, with several beaches, cottages, and campgrounds along its shores. This large body of water acts as a heat sink, moderating local temperatures and creating the warmest climate in the province which extends the growing season.
There is a small aerodrome, Cumberland Bay Water Aerodrome, located in a bay of the same name on the east shore of the lake.
Communities along or near Grand Lake include:
Minto
Princess Park
Grand Lake West
Douglas Harbour
Jemseg
Mill Cove
Youngs Cove
Cumberland Bay
Waterborough
Campgrounds along or near Grand Lake include:
Grand Lake Campground
Princess Park
Mohawk Camping
Lakeside Campground
Lakes and rivers which drain into Grand Lake include:
Newcastle Creek
Salmon River
Coal Creek
Cumberland Bay Stream
Maquapit Lake
See also
List of lakes of New Brunswick
References
Lakes of New Brunswick
Landforms of Queens County, New Brunswick |
4001533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Switzer | Bob Switzer | Robert C. Switzer (19 May 1914 – 20 August 1997) was an American inventor, businessman and environmentalist. Switzer was co-inventor of the first black light fluorescent paint along with his brother Joseph Switzer and the inventor of the Magnaglo process for nondestructive flaw-detection in machined parts. The brothers founded the Day-Glo Color Corp. in 1946 to develop and manufacture fluorescent paints, pigments and other products.
Biography
Early life
Switzer was born in Fromberg, Montana, to parents Maud (Slocum) and Emmet Switzer and was raised in Berkeley California. In 1932, he received a scholarship from the Scaife Scholarship Foundation of Oakland, California, so he attended the College of Chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, in hopes of becoming a physician.
During the summer of 1933, while working to unload tomatoes from a freight car at a H. J. Heinz Company laboratory in Berkeley, California, Switzer fell and suffered several serious injuries, including a skull fracture and severed optic nerve. Medical doctors told him to stay in a dark room until he recovered his eyesight, a period which lasted several months.
Career
While convalescing from his injuries, Switzer and his brother Joseph searched for fluorescent materials, which Joseph had read about and wished to use in his amateur magic shows. The brothers inspected various products from their father's pharmacy, using a black light to identify fluorescent compounds. After Bob's recovery, the brothers continued to experiment with these, mixing them with shellac and eventually succeeding in producing the first black light fluorescent paints. They founded the Fluor-S-Art Co. in 1934 to develop and market their products for advertising displays.
The brothers moved their company to Cleveland, Ohio, to partner with Continental Lithograph, a subsidiary of Warner Brothers Pictures, that specialized in movie posters and advertisements. They developed and tested new applications for their fluorescent paints, including lithography, make-up, and fabric dyes.
In 1938, Switzer invented Zyglo and Magnaglo, two nondestructive testing processes that use fluorescent dyes to identify defects in machined parts. The dyes penetrate small defects and are seen when inspecting the parts under black light.
During World War II, the company developed daylight fluorescent pigments, which are highly visible in daylight. Bob produced the first piece of high-visibility clothing by dyeing his wife's wedding dress.
Personal life and legacy
Switzer married his wife Patricia (a Berkeley native) in 1936. The couple had three children. Switzer died in 1997 at his home in Shaker Heights, Ohio from complications from Parkinson's disease. He was 83 years old
When Day-Glo Color Corp. was sold to Nalco in 1985, Bob and his wife used the proceeds to establish the Robert and Patricia Switzer Foundation to fund students working on applied environmental problem solving.
In 2009, "The Day-Glo Brothers," a children's book about Bob and Joseph Switzer's invention of fluorescent materials, was published by author Chris Barton and illustrator Tony Persiani.
References
The Guardian, How the world turned Day-Glo
Day-Glo Color Corporation website
Robert and Patricia Switzer Foundation biography
1914 births
1997 deaths
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Neurological disease deaths in Ohio
Deaths from Parkinson's disease
People from Shaker Heights, Ohio
20th-century American inventors |
5396934 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald%20McKinlay | Donald McKinlay | Donald McKinlay (25 July 1891 – 16 September 1959) was a Scottish footballer who played as a left back. He spent most of his career with Liverpool, winning the Football League title twice in the early 1920s.
Early career
Born in the hamlet of Boghall and raised in the mining village of Newton in Lanarkshire, McKinlay played local football with Newton Swifts, Rutherglen Woodburn and Newton Villa.
Liverpool
He joined Liverpool in January 1910. The goalkeeper Kenny Campbell (a childhood acquaintance) credited McKinlay's assistance during his early days at Anfield. He captained the club from January 1922 to 1928, and made 434 appearances for the club, including 393 in the league. Liverpool were league champions two years in succession in 1921–22 and 1922–23 in the first two seasons of his captaincy.
He also made two appearances for the Scottish national team in 1922.
Later years
He finished his career with nearby Prescot Cables, and later became a publican in Liverpool.
References
1891 births
1959 deaths
People from Baillieston
Sportspeople from Cambuslang
Scottish footballers
Scotland international footballers
Liverpool F.C. players
Prescot Cables F.C. players
English Football League players
Association football fullbacks
Scottish Junior Football Association players
Place of death missing
FA Cup Final players
Footballers from South Lanarkshire |
4001534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rados%C5%82aw%20Sobolewski | Radosław Sobolewski | Radosław Sobolewski (; born 13 December 1976) is a retired Polish footballer who played as a defensive midfielder and a football manager. He represented the Poland national team. He is the current assistant manager of Ekstraklasa club Wisła Kraków.
Club career
Born in Białystok, Sobolewski started his career playing for Jagiellonia Białystok. In 1998, he was transferred to Wisła Płock, where he played for the next four years. He debuted in the top division on 7 March 1998 playing for Wisła Płock against Raków Częstochowa. On January 2003 he joined Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski, where he stayed until December 2004. Since then he has played for Wisła Kraków, helping the team to achieve the Ekstraklasa titles in 2004–05, 2007–08, 2008–09 and 2010–11 seasons.
During the 2005–06 winter transfer period, he was approached by Southampton FC. However, the offer made by the English club was turned down by Wisła Kraków's board.
International career
Sobolewski was selected to the 23-men national squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals in Germany. At this tournament, he received a red card for two bookable offences in his team's second group-stage match against Germany. He was the fourth player to see red in the tournament and the first Polish player to be sent off in the World Cup.
Radosław Sobolewski retired from international football on Tuesday 20 November 2007, shocking Polish football fans by doing so as it was just three days after Poland's 2–0 win over Belgium which ensured their passage to Euro 2008.
International goals
Coaching career
After retiring in the summer 2016, Sobolewski became assistant manager of his former club Wisła Kraków. During his period at the club, which lasted until August 2019, Sobolewski was appointed joint-caretaker manager alongside the club's second assistant manager, Kazimierz Kmiecik, three times: The first time on 10 November 2016, when Dariusz Wdowczyk was fired until Kiko Ramírez was appointed on 5 January 2017. The second time on 10 December 2017, where Kiko Ramírez was fired again, for the rest of 2017 before Joan Carrillo was appointed manager. And the last and third time on 12 June 2018, where Carrillo was fired again, this time it lasted for only one week before a new manager was appointed.
On 7 August 2019, he was appointed manager of Wisła Płock.
On 14 February 2022, Sobolewski was appointed assistant manager at Wisła Kraków after Jerzy Brzęczek became their head coach.
Statistics
Honours
Wisła Płock
I Liga: 1998–99
Dyskobolia
Polish Cup: 2004–05
Wisła Kraków
Ekstraklasa: 2004–05, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11
Individual
Ekstraklasa Midfielder of the Year: 2005
Ekstraklasa Player of the Month: March 2009
References
External links
National team stats on pzpn.pl
Player profile on FIFA.com
1976 births
Living people
Polish footballers
Polish football managers
Poland international footballers
Jagiellonia Białystok players
Wisła Płock players
Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski players
Wisła Kraków players
2006 FIFA World Cup players
Sportspeople from Białystok
Ekstraklasa players
Górnik Zabrze players
Wisła Kraków managers
Wisła Płock managers
Association football midfielders |
4001539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LARC-XV | LARC-XV | LARC-XV (Lighter, Amphibious Resupply, Cargo, 15 ton), introduced in 1960, is an aluminium hulled amphibious cargo vehicle. It measures 45 by 15 feet and is powered by 2-300 hp engines.
About 100 were made with a small batch sent to Germany.
See also
LARC-V
LARC-LX
References
External links
LARC-XV at GlobalSecurity.org
Wheeled amphibious vehicles
Military vehicles of the United States
Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s |
4001540 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Way%20of%20Plean | George Way of Plean | George Alexander Way of Plean, Baron of Plean in the County of Stirlingshire is a Scottish Sheriff and former Procurator Fiscal of the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland. In November 2015 it was announced that he was to be the first Scottish Sheriff to be appointed a member of the Royal Household in Scotland as Falkland Pursuivant Extraordinary at the Court of the Lord Lyon. In December 2017 he was promoted to Carrick Pursuivant in Ordinary. In 2020 he was appointed Chancellor of the Diocese of Brechin. In June 2021 he was appointed as Genealogist of the Priory of Scotland in the Most Venerable Order of St.John.
Education and career
He is a graduate of the University of Edinburgh and Pembroke College, Oxford. He was, until 2009, senior partner with the law firm of Beveridge and Kellas SSC. He was Convenor for Civil Justice on the Council of the Law Society of Scotland and is Past President of the Society of Solicitors in the Supreme Courts of Scotland. Plean succeeded Malcolm Strang-Steel WS as Secretary to the Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs in 1984 and served until 2003, but had to stand down from this post in order to carry out his duties as Procurator Fiscal to the Lyon Court impartially. In addition to his specialist work in peerage and heraldic law he has deep interest in judicial procedure. He served on the Scottish Courts Rules Council and other Regulatory bodies in Scotland. He represented the Sheriffdom of Tayside, Central and Fife on the Sheriff’s Council. He holds the honorary rank of Lt. Colonel, as an external Judge Advocate in the California Army Reserve reviewing Court Martial procedures.
Memberships and activities
He is an Officer of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem and a Companion of the Order of Malta. He has numerous foreign decorations including the Order of Saint Maurice of Italy and the "Treu und Verdienst Kreuz" of Germany together with decorations from Spain, Poland, Portugal and Georgia. He holds the Queens Golden Jubilee Medal and the California State Medal of Service.
Publications
His published works include Collins Scottish Clan and Family Encyclopaedia ( 3rd Edition 2017) Everyday Scots Law, Scottish Clans and Tartans and The Homelands of the Clans.
Arms
See also
Heraldry
Court of the Lord Lyon
Heraldry Society of Scotland
References
External links
The Court of the Lord Lyon
The Heraldry Society of Scotland
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British heraldists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5396935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith%20River%20Formation | Judith River Formation | The Judith River Formation is a fossil-bearing geologic formation in Montana, and is part of the Judith River Group. It dates to the Late Cretaceous, between 80 and 75 million years ago, corresponding to the "Judithian" land vertebrate age. It was laid down during the same time period as portions of the Two Medicine Formation of Montana and the Oldman Formation of Alberta.
It is an historically important formation, explored by early American paleontologists such as Edward Drinker Cope, who named several dinosaurs from scrappy remains found here on his 1876 expedition (such as Monoclonius). Modern work has found nearly complete skeletons of the hadrosaurid Brachylophosaurus.
Lithology
The Judith River Formation is composed of mudstone, siltstone and sandstone. Coal beds, bentonite and coquinas are also observed.
Relationship with other units
The Judith River Formation conformably overlies the Claggett Formation and Pakowki Formation. It is overlain by the Bearpaw Formation. It is equivalent to the Belly River Formation in the southern Canadian Rockies foothills, the Lea Park Formation in central Alberta and the Wapiti Formation in the northwestern plains.
Sub-divisions
The Judith River Formation is divided into four members, the Parkman Sandstone Member, the McClelland Ferry Member, the Coal Ridge member, and the Woodhawk Member. The McClelland Ferry Member is believed to be equivalent to the Oldman Formation, with the Coal Ridge Member equivalent to the Dinosaur Park Formation, but radiometric dates from the three formations do not support this, although this may be a problem with the dates themselves.
Fauna
Faunal list follows a review published by Ashok Sahni in 1972 unless otherwise noted.
Amphibians
There are three potential species of discoglossid frogs. Hip bones, possibly representing a North American member of the European spadefoot toad family are also known from the formation.
Bony fish
Cartilaginous fish
Ornithischian dinosaurs
Choristoderes
Crocodilians
Lizards
Theropod dinosaurs
Turtles
See also
List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
References
Campanian Stage
Cretaceous Montana
Cretaceous geology of South Dakota
Stratigraphy of Alberta |
4001541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culford%20School | Culford School | Culford School is a co-educational independent day and boarding school for pupils age 1-18 in the village of Culford, miles north of Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk, England. The headmaster is a member of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference and the Prep School is a member of the IAPS.
History
The school was founded as the East Anglian School for Boys, incorporating an institution founded in 1873 by Congregationalist minister, Dr John H. L. Christien. It was one of a group of Methodist schools established in response to the growth of the middle class, the launching of the Woodard Schools and the 1867 Taunton Commission, which fuelled an expansion of secondary education in general and of non-conformist boarding schools in particular. The original school was in Northgate Street in Bury St Edmunds, but in 1886 it moved to Thingoe Hill in the town (a site later occupied by the East Anglian School for Girls).
In 1935 the school moved to Culford Park. This is the former seat of the Earls Cornwallis, then the Benyon family and finally the Earls of Cadogan. The 7th Earl Cadogan sold the estate to the Methodist Independent Schools Trust in 1935, and thereafter the school became known as Culford School. It is at the centre of East Anglia, c.90 minutes from London, 60 from Norwich, 40 from Ipswich, and c.30 minutes from Cambridge.
The school sits in of Repton parkland with grazing, formal gardens, lake, and the 16th-19th Century Culford Hall. When the school first moved to Culford the Hall became dormitories and classrooms; the laundry the sanatorium; the forge the art and woodwork studios (now the Pringle Centre for Art and Design Technology); and the stables the Junior Department (now the Preparatory School).
The first new building to be added by the school was Cadogan House, for junior boys, in 1937. The Leigh Memorial Swimming Pool was built in the same year.
The school was one of the 'direct grant grammar schools' in the system that existed in England and Wales between 1945 and 1976. The system provided funds from central government for a number of pupils per year to be admitted from local education authority schools within the County of West Suffolk, selected primarily on the basis of their Eleven-plus exam results.
The Skinner and Hastings buildings were added in the 1960s, followed during the 1970s-1990s by an auditorium, pre-prep school, medical centre and biology laboratories. Purpose-built boarding houses and the Ashby Dining Hall (named after the then Chairman of the Governors) were constructed in 1972.
1972 was the year in which Culford amalgamated with its sister school, the East Anglian School for Girls (EASG), becoming one of the first fully co-educational HMC schools. New Houses were formed as follows:
The school today
Although Culford is a selective school, it accepts pupils of a broad ability range. More than half of the senior pupils are boarders.
Three schools are housed within the Park:
The Nursery and Pre-Prep is for pupils aged from 1–7 years old. The Nursery, launched in September 2017, is housed in a newly converted building for 1–2 year olds and the Pre-Prep (for 3 to 7 year old) is based in Fieldgate House, at the east of the Park. The Pre-Prep School is overseen by the head of the Prep School.
The Prep School is a boarding and day school for 7–13 year olds. It occupies the north of the Park, surrounded by its own pitches, but also uses Senior facilities. The present Head is Mrs Claire Bentley MEd, and she is supported by Mr Rory Parker MEd (Deputy Head), Mr Stephen Clay MA (Director of Studies), Mr Jon Herd BSc (Assistant Head) and Mrs Katie Clarke (BEd) head of lower school.
The Senior School is a mixed boarding and day school for 13–18 year olds. The boarding houses overlook parkland and pitches, with academic pursuits taking place in various buildings in the centre of the Park. Pupils join from UK and overseas prep and maintained schools, with scholarships, exhibitions, bursaries, Forces allowances and Methodist Schools assistance[1] being offered. Dr John Guntrip is the current Deputy Head.
A library of historic volumes is located in an oak panelled room overlooking Culford Hall’s south front, completed for the visit of King Edward VII in December 1904 and now the staff common room. A large contemporary collection of 10,000 books is housed in a free-standing modern building opened 2015,. The Centenary Hall, a facility containing a large hall/auditorium and Studio Theatre was opened in 2006 by the Duke of Gloucester (twenty five years after his first visit for the school's centenary), and was constructed in what was previously a large courtyard enclosed on three sides by the main building.
The Culford Foundation exists to raise funds for special projects that will benefit the pupils of the school and has raised funds for the Pre-Prep nursery and dining hall; an astro-turf sports field; the William Miller Science Centre (built following a £1m donation by an Old Culfordian); the restoration of Culford Hall, the new library and the Art and Design Centre. The Foundation also supports the Old Culfordians Association.
The most recent inspection report of the Prep and Senior schools (February 2020) by the Independent Schools Inspectorate (ISI) concludes that the schools are “Excellent” in all areas.
Academia
The ISI 2020 inspection rates academics as Excellent and the Good Schools Guide say that the quality of the pupils’ achievement is good. Pupils are well educated, in accordance with the school’s aims of providing an education that is challenging, enriching and fun.
In 2019 79% of A-level grades were A*-C compared to 82% and 78% at the nearby County Upper School and King Edward VI School respectively.
There is a Scholars Programme, plus many societies focused on subjects and areas of interest. Lecturers have included Sir Andrew Motion, Ann Widdecombe, George Alagiah and Henry Olonga.
A Sixth Form Enrichment Programme offers Open University degree modules and pupils also compete in competitions such as the Intermediate Mathematical Challenge. Like many independent schools, Culford teaches the IGCSE.
The Arts
The arts are overseen by specialist staff covering Music, Drama, Art and Dance.
Music is also supported by Heads of Keyboard, Strings and Wind and Brass and a team of instrumental tutors, covering all the orchestral instruments, drum kit, classical and electric guitar. With many pupils learning an instrument. Inter-house music competitions and termly concerts are held: recent concerts include Mendelssohn’s Elijah and Britten’s Noye's Fludde at the church in Orford where it was performed originally.The school has many musical ensembles and groups and also holds special days and assemblies. There is an extensive programme of concerts at all levels. 2009 saw the restoration of the west wing of Culford Hall to create the Beech Centre for Music and Performing Arts (part-funded by Old Culfordian David Beech).
Two major dramatic productions are staged each year, one musical and one stage play. Smaller productions are staged more regularly, including during House drama competitions. The Studio Theatre, the Centenary Hall, and the Regency Theatre Royal are used as venues. Lamda qualifications are offered as are dance lessons.
Sport and activities
Culford offers high performance academies in Tennis and Golf alongside the major competitive sports of rugby, cricket, hockey, netball, athletics, cross-country and swimming. Regional honours are achieved whilst European and England players and champions in hockey, tennis, horse riding, karate, polo and rugby are on the school roll. Pupils compete in events such as the National Schools Rugby Sevens, and the Inter-Schools Hunter Trials.
Numbered amongst current Old Culfordians are an Olympic horserider, a British modern pentathlon champion, a Welsh hockey international, and club rugby and cricket players for Richmond and Middlesex respectively. Previous generations of Old Culfordians have included several hockey players for England and one for Scotland, a captain of the Welsh team, and a Great British hockey Olympian; as well as an England badminton player. The school has also produced numerous Oxford and Cambridge Blues.
In addition to the major sports, Culford offers a wide range of other sports and activities utilising its of parkland and extensive facilities.
A sports centre (built in the 1990s) with 25m indoor swimming pool, sports hall with 4-lane cricket nets, bowling machine, squash courts, fitness suite, aerobics and dance studio, video assessment suite, and a climbing wall
Floodlit astroturf
Six rugby and five grass hockey pitches
A 4-court championship standard indoor tennis centre
Six grass, six hard and six astroturf tennis courts
Three cricket pitches including cricket square with thatched pavilion, views of the Hall and Park, and grass nets
A lake, used for fishing and canoeing bordering Repton's gardens and crossed by a cast-iron bridge by Samuel Wyatt (the fifth-oldest in the world, listed Grade I)
A 9-hole pitch and putt golf course. The school makes use of Flempton Golf Club to play its home matches.
An indoor golf studio with simulator and radar technology and outdoor covered driving range
A further lake at Lackford is used for Sailing, and nearby Thetford Forest is used for outdoor pursuits. Golf is played at a course in neighbouring Flempton. 1962 saw the school become one of the 16 founder members of The Public Schools Old Boys Golf Association, and it competes regularly in the Grafton Morrish Trophy.
The school is linked to the LTA High Performance Centre in Cambridge, and 14 coaches offer a tennis scheme encompassing a junior Academy programme. The school also provides cricket coaching from former Italy international, Andrew Northcote. Culford play an MCC side annually.
An Activities Programme offers over sixty pursuits including climbing, clay pigeon shooting, chess, critical thinking, Cub Scouts, debating, Duke of Edinburgh's Award, expeditions, fencing, horse riding, sub aqua and Young Enterprise. In addition, external organisations using Culford's facilities contribute to provision for pupils:
Northampton Saints Rugby Academy train weekly, as part of their Elite Player Development scheme
The Eastern Junior Regional Performance Centre for England Hockey is based at Culford, as is a satellite of the Eastern Counties Rugby Union “Schools of Rugby” initiative
Suffolk County Cricket Youth Squad train regularly, run courses and play matches
West Suffolk Swimming Team train daily
The School hosts events such as the European Karate Championships, International Horse Riding Championships, O2 Premiership Rugby Training Camps, International Archery Championships, Suffolk Schools County Cricket tournaments and drama camps.
Combined Cadet Force
The CCF's Army section is associated with the Army Air Corps and the First Battalion Royal Anglian Regiment. The CCF is commanded by Captain Sarah Schofield. Weekly training activities include shooting, expeditions, combat manoeuvres, ambush and continuity drills, signals training, orienteering, climbing, kayaking, first aid and lifesaving. The CCF also play an important role in the School’s annual Act of Remembrance on Armistice Day.
The CCF Contingent was inspected in 2007 by General Sir John McColl, an Old Culfordian, Colonel of the Royal Anglians and Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe. 2009’s inspection was carried out by Air Vice Marshal Richard Garwood, parent of a Culfordian and Chief of Staff (Operations) at Headquarters Air Command; and 2011’s by General the Lord Dannatt.
The current CCF is the successor to several individual service cadet forces, established during the world wars and at other stages, as well as to Culford’s Air Scouts troop which, in 1939, was amongst the first five nationally and which became the largest in eastern England prior to dwindling in the 1960s.
Headmasters
Herbert A Davidson 1881-1882
Samuel B Leigh, 1882–1915
W C Newman, 1915–1924
John W Skinner 1924-1951
C Storey 1951-1971
D Robson, 1971–1992
J S Richardson, 1992-2004 (Cheltenham College headmaster 2004-2010)
Julian Johnson-Munday, 2004- (formerly Mill Hill School deputy headmaster)
Notable alumni
John C. A. Barrett (President, World Methodist Council and former Headmaster of sister school The Leys)
Bob Blizzard (Labour MP 1997-2010; Lord Commissioner of HM Treasury 2008-2010)
Sir Robert Crawford CBE (former Director General of the Imperial War Museum)
I Grenville Cross QC, SC, SBS (Director of Public Prosecutions, Hong Kong, China 1997-2009)
Josh Davey (Cricketer, Middlesex and Scotland, Badger)
Nick de Bois (Conservative MP 2010- )
Hugh Falkus (writer and film maker (d.1996))
Jayne-Anne Gadhia (Former Chief Executive of Virgin Money UK)
Ian Hendry (actor, most notably The Avengers (d.1984))
Sharon Hunt (Great Britain 3-Day Eventing Bronze Medalist, 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics)
Kate Jackson (singer, formerly of The Long Blondes)
Peter Jenkins (political columnist and Associate Editor, The Independent (d.1992))
Andy Johnson-Laird (pioneer in computer forensics, software reverse engineering and forensic software analysis)
Lucy Johnston (Health Editor, The Daily Express)
Professor Philip Johnson-Laird (Stuart Professor of Psychology, Princeton University)
General Sir John McColl KCB CBE DSO (Lieutenant Governor of Jersey; Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe 2007-2011)
William McFee (Anglo-American novelist, especially of sea-tales, and essayist (d.1966))
William R. Miller CBE (former Vice Chairman of Bristol-Myers Squibb and benefactor to Culford and St Edmund Hall, Oxford)
John Motson OBE (sports commentator, BBC)
Gary Newbon (Sky Sports presenter)
Lord Phillips of Sudbury OBE (Liberal Democrat politician and Chancellor of the University of Essex)
Sir David Plastow (former Chairman of Rolls-Royce Motors & Chairman & Chief Executive of Vickers)
Paula Pryke (noted floral artist and author)
Admiral Sir Derek Reffell KCB (former Controller of the Navy and Governor of Gibraltar)
John Rose (businessman) (chief executive, Rolls Royce, 1996-2011)
Heather J. Sharkey (Marshall Scholar, Fulbright-Hays Scholar, historian of the Middle East and Africa at the University of Pennsylvania, author)
Henry Tang (Chief Secretary of Hong Kong 2007-11)
John Taylor (first Chief Justice of Lagos (d.1973))
Colin White, Nelson scholar and Director of the Royal Naval Museum (d. 2008))
Controversies
In 2017 two individuals were alleged by Suffolk police to be dealing cannabis to students, with several pupils being suspended by the school for smoking the drug.
The former head of IT, Gerald Baalham, was convicted in 2014 of dishonestly abusing his position to obtain £32k of computer equipment between August 2012 and December 2013 and sentenced to a two-year prison sentence suspended for two years.
In 1992 five pupils were expelled and three suspended for smoking cannabis, with the school chef Nicholas Clutterham, 19, committing suicide after being sacked for his part in the drug scandal. A further five pupils were expelled and five suspended in 1999 for similar offences.
The Fifth Dinner Club
The name of the ‘Fifth Dinner Club’ (FDC) is derived from its foundation by five members of the Fifth Form - G G Hawes, R H Tuffs, Gaubert, Downs and Marley - to subvert the prefects. However the Fifth Formers eventually became prefects themselves and only prefects have been admitted ever since. It is separate from the school and is run by its members. The club is associated with a motto, abbreviated to D.V.P.M. It is also associated with Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese pub on London’s Fleet Street, where members first dined in the 1930s and which they visit to this day.
Miscellanea
During the 1940s, Basil Brown, the amateur archaeologist, worked as a stoker at the school. Enlisting the help of several Culford boys, he dug out two Roman pottery kilns at nearby West Stow, inspiring Stanley West to return two decades later to unearth West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village.
Construction of the indoor tennis centre unearthed the body of a Bronze Age child.
Backdrops of Culford Park, and particularly the thatched cricket pavilion, were featured in the BBC's Lovejoy series.
The London and North Eastern Railway named one of their Class B17s, no. 2815, “Culford Hall”.
In September 1940, during the Battle of Britain, a German Junkers 88A-1 aircraft was shot down by the RAF over the school's lake, resulting in numerous fragments of the plane disappearing into Cadogan House as souvenirs. The School Archive now has a number of these fragments including the maker's plate and an oxygen bottle.
The school is featured in a 2005 Victorian crime novel by Ethard Wendel Van Stee as having turned out one James Lott, notorious swindler and one of the chief protagonists of the tale. Van Stee imagines Lott's father having "packed him off to join the first class at the East Anglian School for Boys, later the Culford School, in Bury St Edmunds, ostensibly to provide him with a good Christian education." Having "expected the school, in its mysterious way, to turn the son of a publican into a young gentleman," he would not be disappointed; "However, like ice cream, the products of the East Anglian School for Boys were turned out in distinctive flavours..."
A bronze statue of the Victorian racing greyhound Master McGrath on the south lawns of Culford Hall led to some speculation that he is buried there.
Further reading
Written by the Headmaster of Kingswood School, chronicles the involvement of Methodism with education and the history of each of the Board’s 14 schools.
Charts the foundation of the Methodist schools.
References
External links
Culford School Website
Profile on the ISC website
Methodist Education Website
Educational institutions established in 1881
1881 establishments in England
Independent schools in Suffolk
Boarding schools in Suffolk
Member schools of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference
Preparatory schools in Suffolk
Methodist schools in England
Grade I listed buildings in Suffolk
Grade II* listed buildings in Suffolk
Grade II listed educational buildings
Sports venues in Suffolk
Culford
Gardens by Humphry Repton |
4001544 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Taris%2C%20Swimming%20Champion | Jean Taris, Swimming Champion | Jean Taris, Swimming Champion ( or La natation par Jean Taris, champion de France or Taris, champion de natation) is a 1931 French short documentary film directed by Jean Vigo, about the French swimmer Jean Taris. The film is notable for the many innovative techniques that Vigo uses, including close ups and freeze frames of the swimmer's body.
References
External links
1930s French-language films
1930s short documentary films
1931 documentary films
1931 films
Black-and-white documentary films
Documentary films about sportspeople
Films directed by Jean Vigo
French black-and-white films
French short documentary films
Swimming films |
5396938 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93scar%20C%C3%B3rdoba | Óscar Córdoba | Óscar Eduardo Córdoba Arce (born 3 February 1970) is a Colombian retired professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played more than 70 games for the Colombia national team. He is also the only person to never concede a goal in a Copa América edition, having done so in 2001.
Club career
Córdoba started playing professionally with Atlético Nacional in 1988, but transferred to Deportivo Cali in 1989 and loaned to Deportes Quindío in 1990. In 1991, he moved to Millonarios, and in 1993 he played for Once Caldas, and América de Cali, with which he would win the Colombian Championship in 1997.
After the title, he moved to Argentine team Boca Juniors to what was probably his most successful time, winning the Argentine Championships Apertura 1998, Clausura 1999 and Apertura 2000, the Copa Libertadores 2000 and 2001, and the Intercontinental Cup of 2000. In 2000 and 2001 was part of the dream team of America.
Ready to make the jump to Europe, Córdoba moved to Italian Perugia Calcio, but after only half season he transferred to Turkish Beşiktaş Istanbul. In Turkey he often played against another Colombian goalkeeper of the Süper Lig; Faryd Mondragón of Galatasaray. After four seasons and after winning the 2002–03 Süper Lig and the 2005–06 Turkish Cup, he transferred to Antalyaspor, club in which he announced his retirement after the 2006–07 season. In spite of the announcement, he returned to Colombia and signed for Deportivo Cali to play the following season.
His contract with the Colombian side expired after Deportivo Cali were eliminated in the semi-finals of the Copa Mustang in the Apertura of 2008. In December 2008 he was nominated by the American channel Fox Sports as "Outstanding Career" Award given annually by such means the best athletes in the world. Oscar will be awarded with special recognition for Outstanding Career with Argentine striker Gabriel Batistuta.
After his experience at Deportivo Cali, Córdoba expressed his interest in either returning to Argentina, returning to Turkey, or retiring from football itself. He finally signed for Millonarios where he played until his retirement in December 2009. He won Fox Sports Radio's "Outstanding Career" Award with three other Colombians, including Formula 3 driver Gustavo Yacaman and bronze medal-winning Paralympic athlete Elkin Serna.
International career
Córdoba made his debut for the Colombia national team in a friendly against Costa Rica on 31 March 1993. He has gone on to make over 70 appearances for his country, making him the most capped goalkeeper in the history of Colombian international football.
In the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification he started in every game and conceded only two goals making him the best goalkeeper in the playoffs. He played a key role in the 2001 Copa América, playing five of six games, and winning the tournament with no goals conceded. Along with Miguel Calero, the Colombian side kept their net virgin throughout the tournament, first time to ever happen in the Copa América. He also won the award for best goalkeeper in the tournament. He played in the 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup where Colombia came fourth.
On 10 September 2003, Córdoba surpassed René Higuita's record of 68 caps, to become Colombia's all-time record goalkeeper. He was called up to the Colombia national team for his final time in October 2009 as the third goalkeeper in a FIFA World Cup qualifier for the CONMEBOL.
Honours
América de Cali
Categoría Primera A: 1996–97
Copa Libertadores: runner-up 1996
Boca Juniors
Argentine Primera División: 1998 Apertura, 1999 Clausura, 2000 Apertura
Copa Libertadores: 2000, 2001
Intercontinental Cup: 2000
Beşiktaş
Süper Lig: 2002–03
Turkish Cup: 2005–06
Colombia
Copa América: 2001
Individual
Most Valuable Player, 2000 Copa Libertadores
Best Goalkeeper, 2000 and 2001 Copa Libertadores
Best Goalkeeper, 2001 Copa América
Named to the América dream team, 2000 and 2001
First and only goalkeeper in Copa América history to keep a perfect clean sheet
References
External links
Óscar Córdoba Interview
Óscar Córdoba: the greatest
Óscar Córdoba, from Maradona and his Ferrari Testarossa to football glory
1970 births
Living people
Footballers from Cali
Colombian footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Atlético Nacional footballers
Deportivo Cali footballers
Deportes Quindío footballers
Once Caldas footballers
América de Cali footballers
Millonarios F.C. players
Boca Juniors footballers
Expatriate footballers in Argentina
A.C. Perugia Calcio players
Expatriate footballers in Italy
Beşiktaş J.K. footballers
Antalyaspor footballers
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Colombian expatriate footballers
Colombia under-20 international footballers
Colombia international footballers
1994 FIFA World Cup players
1998 FIFA World Cup players
1993 Copa América players
1995 Copa América players
2001 Copa América players
2003 FIFA Confederations Cup players
Categoría Primera A players
Argentine Primera División players
Serie A players
Süper Lig players
Copa América-winning players |
4001551 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia%20Federal%20Route%2053 | Malaysia Federal Route 53 | Federal Route 53, or Jalan Seremban–Port Dickson, is the federal road in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. It connects Seremban to Port Dickson. The 33.2 km (20.6 mi) Federal Route 53 became the backbone of the road system linking Seremban to Port Dickson before being surpassed by the Seremban–Port Dickson Highway E29 in 1998.
The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 53 is located at Port Dickson, at its interchange with the Federal Route 5, the main trunk road of the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The Kilometre Zero monument is erected near Pos Malaysia post office at Jalan Baharu, Port Dickson.
History
By the 1990s to 2000s, the road was bogged down with severe congestion, and the present Seremban–Port Dickson Highway was built to replace it.
Features
Dangerous corners along the route.
At most sections, the Federal Route 53 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h.
There is one overlap: Port Dickson–Lukut (overlaps with Federal Route 5).
List of junctions and towns
References
053
Sepang District
Roads in Selangor
Transport in Negeri Sembilan |
4001567 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciniselli%20Circus | Ciniselli Circus | Circus Ciniselli (Russian: Цирк Чинизелли) was the first brick-built circus in Russia; it is situated beside the Fontanka in Saint Petersburg.
The building, which still stands, was opened on 26 December 1877, with a large stage (13 meters in diameter) and stables (housing 150 horses). The architect was Vasily Kenel.
The Italian circus performer Gaetano Ciniselli (1815-1881) first visited Saint Petersburg in 1847, as part of the troupe of Alessandro Guerra. He returned to Russia in 1869, this time working with Carl-Magnus Hinne, his brother-in-law, in his circuses in Moscow and Saint Petersbrug. Ciniselli settled in Russia, and inherited Hinne's circuses in 1875.
The Ciniselli family managed the circus until 1919, when they emigrated. They would often lease the building to stage high-profile entertainment events, such as the World Wrestling Championship in 1898 and Max Reinhardt's production of Oedipus Rex which featured Alexander Moissi in 1911. In 1918, Iury Iurev revived the play using the original set. This was followed by the production of Macbeth featuring Maria Andreyeva and Feodor Chaliapin.
Two halls in the building house the first circus museum in the world, opened in 1928 and boasting more than 80,000 exhibits as of 2002.
See also
Anastasini Circus
References
External links
Entry in the online St Petersburg Encyclopedia
The BOLSHOI Saint-Petersburg State Circus
1877 establishments in the Russian Empire
Buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg
Tourist attractions in Saint Petersburg
Culture in Saint Petersburg
Theatres in Saint Petersburg
Circuses
Museums in Saint Petersburg
Circus museums |
4001568 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayikkara | Ayikkara | Ayikkara is one of the 55 divisions of Kannur Municipal Corporation in Kannur district of Kerala state, India. Kannur fort, and the Mappila Bay is near Ayikkara.
Local name
The locals call Ayikkara as 'Kannur city' because once it was a downtown area during the Arakkal rule. The city area is called 'Kannur town'.
Arakkal palace
The remains of the Arakkalkettu, which is the palace of the Arakkal family, is also located in Ayikkara. The Government of Kerala has renovated a part of the Arakkalkettu into a museum. This Arakkal museum is a tourist attraction located in Ayikkara.
Mappila Bay
'Mappila Bay fishing harbour' is located in Ayikkara. There is also a government shrimp hatchery near the harbour. (see: Matsyafed)
Image gallery
See also
Arakkal Museum
Arakkal family
Kannur City
Suburbs of Kannur |
4001572 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo%20Vidussoni | Aldo Vidussoni | Aldo Vidussoni (21 January 1914, in Fogliano Redipuglia, in Gorizia – 30 November 1982, in Cagliari) was an Italian lawyer and Fascist politician.
After law studies at the University of Trieste, Vidussoni joined the Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF) in May 1936. He was a volunteer soldier in the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, and then on Francisco Franco's side in the Spanish Civil War; he lost an eye and an arm on the Santander front, and was awarded a gold medal for valor in combat. Aldo Vidussoni's reputation made him an asset with the Benito Mussolini régime, and he became an important figure in the hierarchy of the Fascist university corporations - the Gruppi universitari fascisti (GUF). First a secretary of the GUF for the Province of Trieste (in 1938), he was (1940–1941) inspector for the GUF in Enna, and, in November–December 1941, national secretary of the GUF.
Fascist Party leadership
On 26 December 1941, while still quite young, Vidussoni was appointed national secretary of the PNF, replacing Adelchi Serena by order of Mussolini. His scant political experience and the constant criticism of other leaders had made him ill-suited for the task: despite his initial appeal as a decorated soldier, he soon became widely regarded as ineffective, even "ridiculous".
According to the diaries of the Foreign Minister and son-in-law of Mussolini, Count Galeazzo Ciano, Vidussoni came to see him on 5 January 1942 with 'savage plans for the Slovenes. He wants to kill them all. I take the liberty of observing there are a million of them. "That does not matter", he answers firmly; "we must imitate the Askari and exterminate them!" I hope he will calm down'. Vidussoni was abruptly replaced by the ruthless squadrista Carlo Scorza in early 1943.
After the pro-Allied coup d'état inside the Grand Council of Fascism in late July 1943 and the armistice signed by the Pietro Badoglio government in Cassibile, Vidussoni chose to side with the Nazi-backed Italian Social Republic (established and led by Mussolini in the north). He became a leading member of the refounded PNF, the Partito Fascista Repubblicano (Republican Fascist Party).
After World War II, Aldo Vidussoni lived in Verona and then Cagliari. He worked in insurance.
References
20th-century Italian lawyers
1914 births
1982 deaths
People from Fogliano Redipuglia
Italian amputees
Italian fascists
Italian people of the Spanish Civil War
People of the Italian Social Republic
National Fascist Party politicians |
4001584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thayyil | Thayyil | Thayyil is an Indian family name and surname found predominantly in the State of Kerala, India, used by many communities including , Nambiars, Thiyyas, Muslims and Christians. The word in old Malayalam means Beautiful, Pretty, etc. The word "Thayyilale" is used to refer a beautiful girl in old Malayalam.
Etymology
Probably this lineage has started with Thayyil, a family in Kannur district of Kerala state, south India. It is a family name which has its origin in a Nair royal lady. Thayyil tharavadu is situated in Thalikave ward Kannur. It is believed that one of two sisters of a Nair family had to flee Vatakara due to riots that broke out there. One of them married Valli Karanavar of the Thayyil family and the other sister married into the Arakkal, a prominent Muslim family.
Thayyil Tharawad
The Thayyil family lineage is more than 900 years old and its branches are spread far and wide and those interested could trace its genealogy with one of the direct descending families living in Govinda Sadanam, Thalikave Road, Kannur. This family is also related to Onden Tharavad, Koroth Thravad, Vengilat, Palliyath etc.which are also Thiyya Tharavads.
Temple Lineage
The family is also closely associated with Lord Muthappan of Parassinikkadavu, through his grace and blessing. Tradition requires that the Annual Festival ('Ulsavam') of the Muthappan Temple at Parassinikkadavu is to be started by a procession led by a female member of the "Thayyil" clan of Thayyil, Kannur from the family home with Kalaripayattu and Chenda to the main altar of the temple, where she offers a 'Pooja' (prayer) to the God. There is a room inside the temple premises which is specifically for them to be used on the day of the "Ulsavam". After the Ulsavam is done, Lord Muthappan himself drops the members of the Thayyil family off until the gates of the temple.
Thayyil Beach
Also there is a place named Thayyil in the coastal area 3 kilometers away from Kannur town famous for a mosque called Thayyil Juma Masjid. Other religious shrines of this area are Thayyil Sree Venkataramana Temple, Shri Kurumba temple and St. Antony's church.
Thayyil Padinhare Purayil
Thayyil Padinchare Purayil is a Muslim family of Kavvayi island near Payyannur town. This ancient family has branches in Valapattanam and Taliparamba.
References
Kannur
Villages near Payyanur |
4001594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion%20of%20Mary%20%28band%29 | Legion of Mary (band) | Legion of Mary was an American rock band, formed by Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead and his friend and musical collaborator Merl Saunders. The band existed from July 1974 to July 1975, and played about 60 live shows. Its members were Garcia (guitar and vocals), Saunders (keyboards), John Kahn (bass guitar), Martin Fierro (saxophone and flute) and Ron Tutt (drums). The previous lineup of the band, with Paul Humphrey on drums, is sometimes also referred to as Legion of Mary, but later research has shown that they did not use the Legion of Mary name.
In their concerts, Legion of Mary played rock music that had an eclectic mix of influences, including blues, funk, reggae, rock and roll, and especially jazz. Performances included extended improvisational solos, which Garcia made famous with his role in the Grateful Dead.
Discography
Legion of Mary: The Jerry Garcia Collection, Vol. 1 is a two-CD album recorded live at various shows from December 1974 to July 1975. It was released by Rhino Records on August 23, 2005.
Garcia Live Volume Three is a three-CD album recorded on December 14 and 15, 1974. It was released by ATO Records on October 15, 2013.
Pure Jerry: Keystone Berkeley, September 1, 1974 is a three-CD album containing a complete concert by an earlier lineup of the band, not yet known as Legion of Mary, with Paul Humphrey on drums. It was released by Pure Jerry Records on December 28, 2004.
Notes
1974 establishments in California
1975 disestablishments in California
Rock music groups from California
Jerry Garcia
Musical groups established in 1974
Musical groups disestablished in 1975 |
5396945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreams%20from%20My%20Father | Dreams from My Father | Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance (1995) is a memoir by Barack Obama that explores the events of his early years in Honolulu and Chicago until his entry into Harvard Law School in 1988. Obama originally published his memoir in 1995, when he was starting his political campaign for the Illinois Senate. He had been elected as the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review in 1990. According to The New York Times, Obama modeled Dreams from My Father on Ralph Ellison's novel Invisible Man.
After Obama won the U.S. Senate Democratic primary victory in Illinois in 2004, the book was re-published that year. He gave the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention (DNC) and won the Illinois Senate seat in the fall. Obama launched his presidential campaign three years later. The 2004 edition includes a new preface by Obama and his DNC keynote address.
Narrative
Childhood
Barack Obama recounts in his book of how his parents met, and his own life until his enrollment at Harvard Law School in 1988. He was born in 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii. His parents were Barack Obama Sr. of Kenya, and Ann Dunham of Wichita, Kansas, who had met while they were students at the University of Hawaii. In the first chapter, speaking of his father and namesake, Obama states "[h]e had left Hawaii back in 1963, when I was only two years old." Obama's parents separated in 1963 and divorced in 1964, when he was two years old. The elder Obama later went to Harvard to pursue his PhD in economics. After that, he returned to Kenya to fulfill the promise to his nation. Obama himself formed an image of his absent father from stories told by his mother and maternal grandparents. He saw his father one more time, in 1971, when Obama Sr. came to Hawaii for a month's visit. The elder Obama, who had remarried, died in a car accident in Kenya in 1982.
After her divorce, Ann Dunham married Lolo Soetoro, a Javanese surveyor from Indonesia who was also a graduate student in Hawaii. The family moved to Jakarta when Obama was six years old. At age ten, Obama returned to Hawaii under the care of his maternal grandparents for the better educational opportunities available there. He was enrolled in the fifth grade at Punahou School, a private college-preparatory school, where he was one of six black students. Obama attended Punahou from the fifth grade until his graduation in 1979. Obama writes in his book: "For my grandparents, my admission into Punahou Academy heralded the start of something grand, an elevation in the family status that they took great pains to let everyone know." There, he met Ray (Keith Kakugawa), who was two years older and also multi-racial. He introduced Obama to the African-American community.
Adulthood
Upon graduating from high school, Obama moved to the contiguous United States for studies at Occidental College. He describes having lived a "party" lifestyle of drug and alcohol use. After two years at Occidental, Obama transferred to Columbia College at Columbia University, where he majored in Political Science. After graduation, Obama worked for a year in business. He moved to Chicago, where he worked for a non-profit as a community organizer in the Altgeld Gardens housing project on the city's mostly black South Side. Obama recounts the difficulty of the experience, as his program faced resistance from entrenched community leaders and apathy on the part of the established bureaucracy. During this period, Obama first visited Chicago's Trinity United Church of Christ, which became the center of his religious life. Before attending Harvard, Obama decided to visit relatives in Kenya for the first time in his life. He recounts part of this experience in the final and emotional part of the book. Obama acknowledged his entire memoir to reflect on his personal experiences with race relations in the United States.
Book cover
Pictured in left-hand photograph on cover: Habiba Akumu Hussein and Barack Obama Sr. (Obama's paternal grandmother and his father as a young boy, respectively). Pictured in right-hand photograph on cover: Stanley Dunham and Ann Dunham (Obama's maternal grandfather and his mother as a young girl).
Persons in the book
With the exception of family members and a handful of public figures, Barack Obama says in the 2004 preface that he had changed names of others to protect their privacy. He also created composite characters to expedite the narrative flow. Some of his acquaintances have recognized themselves and acknowledged their names. Various researchers have suggested the names of other figures in the book:
Reception
In discussing Dreams from My Father, Toni Morrison, a Nobel Laureate novelist, has called Obama "a writer in my high esteem" and the book "quite extraordinary". She praised
his ability to reflect on this extraordinary mesh of experiences that he has had, some familiar and some not, and to really meditate on that the way he does, and to set up scenes in narrative structure, dialogue, conversation—all of these things that you don't often see, obviously, in the routine political memoir biography. ... It's unique. It's his. There are no other ones like that.
In an interview for The Daily Beast, author Philip Roth said he had read Dreams from My Father "with great interests", and commented that he had found it "well done and very persuasive and memorable."
The book "may be the best-written memoir ever produced by an American politician", wrote Time columnist Joe Klein. In 2008, The Guardian Rob Woodard wrote that Dreams from My Father "is easily the most honest, daring, and ambitious volume put out by a major US politician in the last 50 years." Michiko Kakutani, the Pulitzer Prize-winning critic for The New York Times, described it as "the most evocative, lyrical and candid autobiography written by a future president." Writing for the Guardian, literary critic Robert McCrum wrote that Obama had "executed an affecting personal memoir with grace and style, narrating an enthralling story with honesty, elegance and wit, as well as an instinctive gift for storytelling." McCrum had included the book in his list of the 100 best non-fiction books of all time.
The audiobook edition earned Obama the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2006. Five days before being sworn in as President in 2009, Obama secured a $500,000 advance for an abridged version of Dreams from My Father for middle-school-aged children.
Time magazine Top 100 List
In 2011, Time magazine listed the book on its top 100 non-fiction books written in English since 1923.
Versions
New York: Times Books; 1st edition (July 18, 1995); Hardcover: 403 pages;
New York: Kodansha International (August 1996); Paperback: 403 pages;
New York: Three Rivers Press; Reprint edition (August 10, 2004); Paperback: 480 pages;
New York: Random House Audio; Abridged edition (May 3, 2005); Audio CD; ; Includes the senator's speech from the 2004 Democratic National Convention.
New York: Random House Audio; Abridged edition on Playaway digital audio player
New York: Random House Large Print; 1st Large print edition (April 4, 2006); Hardcover: 720 pages;
New York: Crown Publishers (January 9, 2007); Hardcover: 464 pages;
New York: Random House (January 9, 2007); eBook;
Melbourne: Text Publishing (2008); Paperback: 442 pages;
Translations
Arabic: Aḥlām min abī : qiṣṣat ʻirq wa-irth, translated by Hibah Najīb al-Sayyid Maghrabī; Īmān ʻAbd al-Ghanī Najm; Majdī ʻAbd al-Wāḥid ʻInabah, (2009),
Bosnian: Snovi moga oca : priča o rasi i naslijeđu, Sarajevo : Buybook (2008),
Chinese: 歐巴馬的夢想之路:以父之名 (), translated by Yao-Hui Wang () and Kuan-Lan Shih (). , Taipei, Taiwan, (2008),
Croatian: Snovi mojega oca : priča o rasi i naslijeđu, (2004),
Czech: Cesta za sny mého otce : jedna z nejpůsobivějších autobiografických knih o sebepoznání a hledání vlastní identity, translated by Marie Čermáková, Praha : Štrob, Širc & Slovák, (2009),
Danish: Arven fra min far : selvbiografi, Gyldendals Bogklubber, (2009),
Dutch: Dromen van mijn vader, translated by Joost Zwart, Atlas, (2007),
Finnish: Unelmia isältäni : kertomus rodusta ja sukuperinnöstä, translated by Seppo Raudaskoski and Mika Tiirinen, (2009),
French: Les rêves de mon père, translated by Paris Presses de La Cité, Paris, France, (2008),
German: Ein amerikanischer Traum, Carl Hanser Verlag (2008),
Greek, Modern: Eikones tou patera mou : he historia henos genous kai mias klēronomias, (2008),
Hebrew: חלומות מאבי (Ḥalomot me-avi), translated by Edna Shemesh, Tel Aviv, Israel, (2008),
Hindi: Pitā se mile sapane, translated by Aśoka Kumāra, Aravinda Kumāra Pabliśarsa, Guṛagām̐va,(2009),
Indonesian: Dreams from My father : pergulatan hidup Obama, (2009),
Japanese: , translated by Yuya Kiuchi, Mikiko Shirakura, (2007)
Korean: Nae abŏji robutŏ ŭi kkum (내 아버지로부터의 꿈), translated by Kyŏng-sik Yi, Random House Korea, Seoul, Korea, (2007),
Marathi: Ḍrīmsa phrôma māya phādara, translated by Yamājī Mālakara and Nītā Kulakarṇī, Ameya Prakāśana, (2009),
Persian: Ruyāhā-ye pedaram, translated by Rītū Baḥrī, (2009),
Persian: Ruyāhā-ye pidaram, translated by Manīzhih Shaykh Javādī, (2009),
Polish: Odziedziczone marzenia, translated by Piotr Szymczak, (2008),
Portuguese: A Minha Herança, translated by Artur Lopes Cardoso, Cruz Quebrada, (2008),
Portuguese: A Origem dos Meus Sonhos, translated by Irati Antonio, Renata Laureano & Sonia Augusto, (2008),
Serbian: Snovi moga oca : priča o rasi i nasleđu, translated by Vesna Džuverović; Jasna Simonović, (2008),
Spanish: Los sueños de mi padre : una historia de raza y herencia, Vintage Español, New York City, New York, (2009),
Spanish: Los sueños de mi padre : una historia de raza y herencia, translated by Fernando Miranda; Evaristo Páez Rasmussen, Granada : Almed, (2008),
Swedish: Min far hade en dröm, Albert Bonniers förlag (2008),
Thai: Bārak ʻŌbāmā : phom likhit chiwit ʻēng, translated by Nopphadon Wētsawat, Krung Thēp : Samnakphim Matichon, (2008),
Turkish: Babamdan hayaller : [ırk ve kimlik mirasının öyküsü], İstanbul : Pegasus Yayınlar (2008),
Urdu: Obāmā kī āp bītī, translated by Yāsar Javvād, (2009),
Vietnamese: Những giấc mơ từ cha tôi, translated by Quang Nguyễn, (2008),
References
External links
Barack Obama interview, 1995 August from the Connie Martinson Talks Books collection in the Claremont Colleges Digital Library
All editions at WorldCat
1995 non-fiction books
African-American autobiographies
Books about Barack Obama
Books by Barack Obama
Political autobiographies
American political books
Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album
Literary autobiographies |
5396963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Nerysoo | Richard Nerysoo | Richard Nerysoo (born 1953) is a territorial level politician from the Northwest Territories, Canada. He was a member of the Northwest Territories Legislature from 1979 to 1995 and served as the third premier of the Northwest Territories and Speaker.
Political career
Nerysoo served a long career as Member of the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories (MLA). He was first elected in the 1979 Northwest Territories general election in the Mackenzie Delta electoral district, becoming the youngest MLA in the history of the Northwest Territories.
Nerysoo was re-elected in the 1983 Northwest Territories general election. He was elected by the Legislative Assembly to serve as the third Premier of the Northwest Territories. His election as Premier made him the first Aboriginal in Canada to serve in the role, as well as the youngest Premier in Canadian history and the first native-born Premier of the Northwest Territories. He was re-elected in the 1987 Northwest Territories general election.
History would be made by Nerysoo again when he was elected on October 19, 1989 as the first Aboriginal Speaker of the Assembly, and served in that role until November 13, 1991. He was re-elected to a fourth term in the 1991 Northwest Territories general election. Nerysoo was defeated by candidate David Krutko in the 1995 Northwest Territories general election.
In 1996, Nerysoo was elected as President of the Gwich'in Tribal Council and served until 2000. Nerysoo was one of the founding Directors of the Aboriginal Pipeline Group. Nerysoo was the founding member of Gwich'in Council International, a body that represents the Gwich'in in Alaska, Yukon, and the Northwest Territories as permanent participants on the Arctic Council.
Nerysoo was elected Chief of the Inuvik Native Band and President of the Nihtat Gwich'in Council in 2003 and served until 2008. He was selected as the Chief Negotiator on the Access and Benefits Agreements with Imperial Oil Ltd. who represented the Mackenzie Gas Project.
He was elected as President of the Gwich'in Tribal Council again from 2008 to 2012, during which time he served as the Chair and President of the Gwich'in Development Corporation.
Nerysoo was a member of the Working Group on Natural Resources Development as a representative of the Assembly of First Nations. Nerysoo was also selected as the Co-chair of the Chiefs Committee on Economic Development.
Nerysoo served as the Chief Negotiator on NWT Transboundary rights and interest for the First Nation of Na-Cho Nyäk Dun.
References
External links
Native Aboriginal Achievement Awards: article on Richard Nerysoo
Gwich'in Tribal Council
Northwest Territories speakers 1975 to present
1953 births
Living people
20th-century First Nations people
21st-century First Nations people
First Nations politicians
Gwich'in people
Indspire Awards
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
Premiers of the Northwest Territories
Speakers of the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories |
4001597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Turning%20Point%20%28book%29 | The Turning Point (book) | The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture is a 1982 book by Fritjof Capra, in which the author examines perceived scientific and economic crises through the perspective of systems theory.
Summary
Capra outlines and traces the history of science and economics, highlighting flaws in the Cartesian, Newtonian, and reductionist paradigms which have come to light in the context of contemporary empirical understanding of the physical sciences. He writes that these paradigms are now inadequate to guide human behavior and policy with regard to modern technology and ecology, then argues that society needs to develop the concepts and insights of holism and systems theory to solve its complex problems. His argument is clearly and strongly expressed, for a wide readership, presuming no prior knowledge of any branch of the sciences. For physicists the book is an instructive guide to why and how today's new science may affect tomorrow's society. For non-scientists it will provide a rare insight into the world of scientific endeavours; for all readers alike this will be a useful synthesis of the histories of all branches of qualitative and quantitative enquiry.
Overview
PART I- Crisis and Transformation
This section introduces the main themes of the book.
(1)
The Turning of the Tide
Amid the disciplines that have been influenced by the Cartesian world view and Newtonian physics and will have to adjust to be compatible with current physics' theories, Capra focuses on those dealing with health in the broadest ecological sense: from biology and medical science through psychology and psychotherapy, sociology, economics, and political science.
PART II- The Two Paradigms
In this section, the historical development of the Cartesian world view and the dramatic shift of basic concepts that has occurred in modern physics is described.
(2)
The Newtonian World-Machine
In this chapter, Capra states that Newtonian mechanics had lost its place as the fundamental theory of natural events by the end of the nineteenth century. Maxwell's electrodynamics and Darwin's theory of evolution both included elements that went beyond the Newtonian paradigm. This indicated that the universe was far more complicated than Descartes and Newton had envisioned. This scenario significantly changed in the first three decades of the twentieth century.
(3)
The New Physics
Capra states that his presentation of modern physics in this chapter is influenced by his personal beliefs and allegiances. He emphasized certain concepts and theories that are not yet accepted by the majority of physicists, but ones that he considers significant philosophically, of great importance for the other sciences and for our culture as a whole.
PART III- The Influence of Cartesian-Newtonian Thought
The profound influence of Cartesian-Newtonian thought on biology, medicine, psychology, and economics is discussed, and Capra presents his critique of the mechanistic paradigm in these disciplines.
(4)
The Mechanistic View of Life
In this chapter, Capra highlights the limitations of the reductionist approach.
(5)
The Biomedical Model
Modern medicine loses sight of the patient as a human being because it focuses on smaller and smaller portions of the body, says Capra. By reducing health to mechanical functioning, it is no longer able to cope with the phenomenon of healing, he argues. The mechanistic perspective of life has influenced physician attitudes regarding health and illness. He concludes that we can only transcend the biomedical model if we are prepared to adjust other aspects of our health for a social and cultural shift.
(6)
Newtonian Psychology
This chapter highlights how theory of mind may help psychiatrists to move beyond the typical Freudian framework when dealing with the whole range of human consciousness. Capra describes how the expansion of physicists' research to atomic and subatomic phenomena has led them to accept notions that defy all of our common-sense beliefs.
(7)
The Impasse of Economics
Capra demonstrates how future economic philosophy will make explicit reference to human attitudes, beliefs, and lifestyles, making his suggested new science fundamentally humanistic. It will deal with human goals and potentials and incorporate them into the global ecosystem's underlying matrix. Such an approach will far outperform anything explored in today's sciences; it will be both scientific and spiritual in its ultimate character.
(8)
The Dark Side of Growth
Capra outlines how the new framework will be deeply ecological, compatible with many traditional cultures' viewpoints, and fit with current physics' conceptions and theories. As a physicist, he finds it rewarding to see that modern physics' worldview has the potential to be therapeutic and culturally unifying, in addition to having a great impact on other sciences.
PART IV- The New Vision of Reality
In the fourth part of the book, the critique is followed by a detailed discussion of the new vision of reality.
(9)
The Systems View of Life
In contrast to the neo-Darwinian theory, Capra evaluates Teilhard de Chardin's theory of evolution. In this chapter, Capra expresses his confidence that his ideas will be seen in a new light as a result of the new systems approach to the study of living beings, and that they will contribute considerably to the popular recognition of the harmony between scientists and mystics.
(10)
Wholeness and Health
In this chapter, Capra discusses the Simonton approach, which is a conceptual framework and therapy developed by Carl Simonton, a radiation oncologist, and Stephanie Matthews-Simonton, a psychotherapist. Cancer patients, for example, are compelled to consider their life objectives, and relationship to the universe as a whole, which is why Capra feels their approach is so useful to health care as a whole.
(11)
Journeys Beyond Space and Time
If experiential psychotherapies are familiar with the new paradigm coming from current physics, systems biology, and transpersonal psychology, they will be far more effective. The final impediment to experiential therapies is no longer an emotional or physical barrier, but rather a cognitive one.
(12)
The Passage to the Solar Age
In the final chapter, Capra concludes that while the revolution is occurring, the decaying culture refuses to compromise, clinging to old notions with increasing tenacity; and the dominant social institutions will not relinquish their leadership roles to the new cultural forces. They will, however, inevitably collapse, while the developing culture will continue to rise and finally take over as the dominant culture. As the turning point advances, the awareness that large-scale evolutionary changes cannot be halted by short-term political manipulation gives us the most optimism for the future.
Reception
A review by Catherine Twomey Fosnot, published by the journal Educational Communication and Technology, stated that Capra's book says nothing regarding education. Yet, due to the fact that it offers a vastly different, contemporary physicist's view of technology, it has the potential of becoming a ‘turning point’.
James Connolly of the Bethlehem University Journal expressed in his review that there was a certainty that some individuals would be
will be tempted cynically to reflect that they have heard of previous books offering survival mechanisms to humanity, when picking up The Turning Point. However, given the nuclear threat, the millions of avoidable yearly deaths through starvation on our planet and the ruination of our environment by technological products, Connolly voiced that "any author who suggests a cure for these evils is worthy of the attention of those who are anxious to see their fellow humans survive…”.
Somaditya Banerjee of the Physics Bulletin reviewed that Capra's argument was clearly and strongly expressed, for a wide readership, presuming no prior knowledge of any branch of the sciences. For physicists the book is an instructive guide to why and how today's new science may affect tomorrow's society. For non-scientists it will provide a rare insight into the world of scientific endeavours; for all readers alike this will be a useful synthesis of the histories of all branches of qualitative and quantitative enquiry. At least in this latter respect, this thought-provoking and well researched book is likely to remain unrivalled for some time to come.
Influence
The 1990 film, Mindwalk, is based on the book.
A review by Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat of the film, Mindwalk, directed by Bernt Capra, stated that for the characters, “talking about the world of ideas and values is an adventure. Those of like mind will savour Mindwalk'''s smorgasbord approach to science, history, politics, the nature of evil, and the Gaia Hypothesis as a real treat.”
Michael Wilmington of the LA Times, said, “There’s only one problem: Just as this movie’s conversation suggests one man talking to himself ardently, the often excellent “Mindwalk” is most likely to appeal to people who already agree with it.”
In 2009, a journal report was published by African Journals Online, on Capra’s health and well-being approach in The Turning Point. Their topic of interest in the article is with the paradigm shift advocated by Capra in the book and the progress that has since been made.
Publication data
Fritjof Capra, The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture, (1982), Simon and Schuster, Bantam paperback 1983:
Doubleday Dell, mass market paperback 1984:
Flamingo Press, 1990 edition:
Sounds True audio cassette, 1990
See also
Mindwalk (film)
The Tao of Physics'' (book)
References
Brussat, F., & Brussat, M. (2006). Mindwalk | Film Review | Spirituality & Practice. Retrieved from https://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/reviews/view/6133
Capra, F. (1982). The Turning Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture. London: Bantam Books.
Wilmington, M. (1991). MOVIE REVIEW : ‘Mindwalk’: Alluring but Limited Look at World. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-10-25-ca-58-story.html
1982 non-fiction books
Bantam Books books
Books about the history of science
Books by Fritjof Capra
Books about economic crises
English-language books
Systems theory books |
4001599 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher%20baronets | Fletcher baronets | There have been five creations of Fletcher baronets from 1641 to 1919, three of which are extinct. The creations of 1782 and 1796 have descended to male descendants who have changed surnames to recognise further early inheritance and are the existing Fletcher hereditary titles in the Great British baronetcy.
The first two creations were to first cousins (three times removed upwards or downwards respectively).
Fletcher baronets of Hutton le Forest (1641)
Sir Henry Fletcher, 1st Baronet (died 1645)
Sir George Fletcher, 2nd Baronet (1633–1700)
Sir Henry Fletcher, 3rd Baronet (1661–1712)
Extinct on his death
Fletcher, later Aubrey-Fletcher baronets, of Clea Hall (& Ashley Park) (1782)
see Aubrey-Fletcher baronets
Fletcher, later Boughey baronets, of Newcastle-under-Lyme (1796)
see Boughey baronets
Fletcher baronets of Carrow (1812)
The Fletcher Baronetcy, of Carrow in the County of Cork is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 14 December 1812.
Sir Richard Fletcher, 1st Baronet (1768–1813)
Sir Richard John Fletcher, 2nd Baronet (1805–1876)
Extinct on his death
Fletcher baronets of Ashe Ingen Court (1919)
The Fletcher Baronetcy, of Ashe Ingen Court, in the Parish of Bridstow, in the County of Hereford was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. The escutcheon was blazoned azure, a stag's head erased within an orle of eight arrows points downward, argent.
Sir John Samuel Fletcher, 1st Baronet (1841–1924)
Extinct on his death
References
Baronetcies in the Baronetage of Great Britain
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of England
Extinct baronetcies in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
1641 establishments in England |
4001601 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield%20High%20School%2C%20Lancashire | Mansfield High School, Lancashire | Mansfield High School was a secondary school for 11- to 16-year-olds, in Brierfield, Lancashire.
The school closed in June 2006 as part of the UK Government's Building Schools for the Future project. Edge End High School in neighbouring Nelson also closed its doors at the same time; the enrolled students from these two schools were merged into one and the new Marsden Heights Community College is now the secondary school serving this area.
Information
Mansfield High School comprised five buildings, the Main Building, Weston, Rosla, Onward and Derwent. There were two recreation yards, an indoor sports hall, tennis courts, drama hall and a shared grass sports pitch.
Academic results
Mansfield's GCSE Results for 2005 placed the secondary school well within the country set boundaries, with 43.9% of candidates achieving 5 A*-C grades, 86.9% achieving 5 A*-G grades and 97% achieving at least 1 A*-G grade. Below is a subject breakdown of the schools 2005 GCSE Results (including only effectively compulsory subjects), highlighting the number of students achieving each grade;
External links
Mansfield High School website
Marsden Heights Community College website
BBC News article on school mergers in Lancashire including the creation of Mardsden Height Community College
Defunct schools in Lancashire
Schools in the Borough of Pendle
Educational institutions disestablished in 2006
2006 disestablishments in England |
4001604 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20in%20Sunderland | Alice in Sunderland | Alice in Sunderland: An Entertainment is a 2007 graphic novel by comics writer and artist Bryan Talbot. It explores the links between Lewis Carroll and the Sunderland area, with wider themes of history, myth and storytelling.
Overview
The artwork for the main cover was drawn and made by graphic artist Jordan Smith. His daughter, Kaya Anna Lawson (Smith) is the model for Alice. She is featured on the front cover as Tenniel's Alice, as well as inside the book as her normal self.
The work relates local history. It focuses upon the eponymous city, but also covers other towns and cities in North East England, such as Newcastle upon Tyne, Durham and Hartlepool. Local legends and tales are documented, including The Lambton Worm and the monkey hanged in Hartlepool.
It is published in the UK by Jonathan Cape, and in the US by Dark Horse.
Exhibition
"Alice in Sunderland: The Exhibition" displayed work from the graphic novel, as well as exploring the various influences. It ran from April 5 to July 1, 2007, at The Cartoon Museum.
Awards
BSFA Award nominee, Best Novel
2008: Nominated for "Favourite Original Graphic Novel" Eagle Award
Notes
References
External links
Alice in Sunderland: the official homepage
Interviews
Artist in Sunderland: Bryan Talbot, March, 2007
Curioser and curioser – Bryan draws on Alice, Sunderland Echo, March 17, 2008
Review by The Guardian
2007 graphic novels
2007 comics debuts
Comics based on Alice in Wonderland
British graphic novels
City of Sunderland
Comics by Bryan Talbot
Dark Horse Comics graphic novels
Jonathan Cape books |
4001613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LARC-LX | LARC-LX | The LARC-LX (Lighter, Amphibious Resupply, Cargo, 60 ton), or as it was originally designated BARC (Barge, Amphibious Resupply, Cargo) is a welded steel-hulled amphibious cargo vehicle.
Description
It could carry up to 100 tons of cargo or 200 people, but a more typical load was 60 tons of cargo or 120 people. The vehicle was powered by four GMC diesel engines positioned in the sides of the hull, each of which drove one wheel on land. Pairs of engines were coupled to drive each of the two -diameter propellers, which propelled the vehicle in the water. Its top speed was on land, or afloat. The operator occupied a small cab on the port side at the aft end of the vehicle.
The LARC-LX was used to transport wheeled and tracked vehicles, including beach preparation equipment and general cargo, from ship-to-shore or to inland transfer points. It was also capable of transporting shipping containers, which could be landed from the LARC either by crane, straddle carriers, or rollers. It was the only amphibious vehicle in U.S. Army service capable of landing on a beach through surf. Typically, the LARC-LX was carried as deck cargo on a commercial vessel or heavy lift ship to be transported overseas. Surviving examples of the LARC-LX can be found at the Overloon War Museum in the Netherlands, the Military Museum of North Florida in Green Cove Springs, Florida, and at the Lane Motor Museum in Nashville, Tennessee and the US Army Transportation Museum Ft. Eustis, VA.
Service
The first BARC had its maiden voyage in 1952 at Fort Lawton, Washington. The designation was changed from BARC to LARC in 1960. The LARCs first saw active service in 1967 when they were dispatched to South Vietnam to support the 101st Airborne Division, and in 1968 the 1st Cavalry Division. The last LARC-LX vehicles were retired from service in 2001.
Specifications
Crew: 5
Weight: 100 tons
Engine: GM 6-71, 265 hp × 4
Range (land):
Range (sea):
Length:
Width:
Height: 19 ft, 6in
Wheelbase: 28 ft, 6 in
Battery: 24 volt
Speed (water)
Forward (empty):
Forward (60 ton):
Forward (100 ton):
Speed (land)
Forward (empty):
Forward (60 ton):
Forward (100 ton):
Reverse (60 ton):
Turning circle: 75 ft (23 m)
Gradient: 60%
Temperature range: 125 F to -25 F (-30 to +50 °C)
See also
LARC-V – Lighter, Amphibious Resupply, Cargo, 5 ton – an aluminium-hulled vehicle.
LARC-XV – Lighter, Amphibious Resupply, Cargo, 15 ton – an aluminium-hulled amphibious cargo vehicle.
External links
LARC-LX at GlobalSecurity.org
Wheeled amphibious vehicles
Military vehicles of the United States
Military vehicles introduced in the 1950s |
4001618 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20Mary%27s%20Loch | St Mary's Loch | St Mary's Loch is the largest natural loch in the Scottish Borders, and is situated on the south side of the A708 road between Selkirk and Moffat, about south of Edinburgh.
Description
It is long and wide, and was created by glacial action during the last ice age. The loch is fed by the Megget Water, which flows in from the Megget Reservoir, and is the source of the Yarrow Water, which flows east from the loch to merge with the Ettrick Water above Selkirk.
It connects by a short section of river to the Loch of the Lowes, immediately to the south. Between the two, connected by an old arched bridge, is Tibbie Shiel's Inn, an 18th-century coaching inn, which was frequented by the Border poet James Hogg (1770–1835). The inn is now privately owned.
A statue of James Hogg is located opposite the turning to the former inn.
The loch takes its name from a church dedicated to St Mary which once stood on its northern shore, although only the burial ground is now visible. The loch is around 27 metres deep at its centre. As the loch is sheltered by steep hills on all sides it is often very still, providing excellent reflections in its waters.
The Southern Upland Way and Sir Walter Scott Way long-distance walking routes both pass the shores of the loch. The small settlement of Cappercleuch is located at the north-west corner of the loch.
Sport
St Mary's Loch Sailing Club (StMLSC) is run from premises at the south end of the loch (east of Tibbie Shiels). It is affiliated to the Royal Yachting Association. Brown trout, pike, perch and eels are all found within the loch and its smaller neighbour, Loch of the Lowes. Arctic charr once also populated the loch but exploitation likely led to their disappearance before the mid-18th century.
Literary references
Many of the 71 Noctes Ambrosianae in Blackwood's Magazine refer to Tibbie Shiel's Inn and St Mary's Loch. Tibbie Shiel aka Tibbie Richardson died in 1878 aged 95. Also mentioned in William Wordsworth's poem, Yarrow: "The swan on still St. Mary's Lake
Float double, swan and shadow!"
See also
List of places in the Scottish Borders
List of places in Scotland
References
External links
Freshwater lochs of Scotland
Lochs of the Scottish Borders
Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Tweeddale and Ettrick and Lauderdale
Yarrow Valley
LStMarys |
4001627 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney%20Spears%3A%20In%20the%20Zone | Britney Spears: In the Zone | Britney Spears: In the Zone is the sixth video album and first extended play (EP) by American recording artist Britney Spears. It was released on April 6, 2004 through Jive Records, accompanying her fourth studio album In the Zone (2003). The video contains her ABC concert special Britney Spears: In the Zone, as well as footage from live performances to promote the album. It also includes the music videos for "Me Against the Music" and "Toxic" and their respective episodes of Making the Video, as well as unreleased material, such as several new tracks.
Britney Spears: In the Zone received positive reviews from critics, with one describing it as "recommended for fans". The video was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 200,000 copies across the United States. It was also certified platinum in Argentina and France, and gold in Australia and Brazil.
Release and content
In November 2003, it was announced through Billboard that Spears planned to release a video in mid-March 2004, with previously unreleased footage. On February 26, 2004, it was reported by MTV that the release would concentrate on the live performances to promote In the Zone, such as her performances of "Me Against the Music" and "(I Got That) Boom Boom" from TRL and the half-hour surprise appearance at Rain Nightclub at the Palms Casino Resort. The DVD also includes Britney Spears: In the Zone, her concert special in ABC that aired on November 17, 2003. Shot in New York's Gotham Hall in October, the show featured stage settings evoking Cabaret. The release also contains the music videos of "Me Against the Music" and "Toxic" with their respective episodes of Making the Video. The North American edition includes two bonus tracks, "Don't Hang Up" and "The Answer", whereas other editions contain the songs "I've Just Begun (Having My Fun)" and "Girls and Boys".
Also included are a photo gallery and an additional interview. The total running time is eighty-eight minutes. The presentation is offered in the aspect ratio of 1.33:1, aside from the "Me Against the Music" music video, which is letterboxed. Britney Spears: In the Zone was set to be released on March 23, 2004, but was later pushed back to April 6, 2004.
"Sippin' On", under its original title "Tell Me What You're Sippin' On", was initially to be included on select editions of the Britney Spears: In the Zone but was omitted. Spears later considered including a new version of the song featuring vocals from rapper AC on her fifth studio album Blackout (2007), with a review of the song from DJ Booth saying: "On a possible inclusion to her yet-to-be-titled comeback album (dropping this November), Spears has hooked up with producer Tricky Stewart for the song "Sippin' On". The mid-tempo track has the same familiar drum pattern as Nas' "I Can"; except here lyricism has been replaced by sexiness. After all, come the end of the song Britney does a 'soul clap'." Other reviews noted an influence from Janet Jackson. This version leaked from a Blackout demo CD, while the original intended for In the Zone surfaced in September 2011. The song, a mid-tempo R&B track, was produced by Tricky Stewart and co-written by Spears.
Critical reception
Aaron Beierle of DVD Talk highlighted the concert special, but said that the interviews and behind-the-scenes footage "are geared clearly towards promoting the album and, while they achieve that goal, they break up the momentum of the concert terribly." He summarized his review by saying that, "In the Zone does disappoint somewhat with the audio, but the video quality is good. Recommended for fans." AllMusic gave the compilation three stars out of five.
Accolades
Commercial performance
Britney Spears: In the Zone debuted atop the US Billboard Top Music Videos on April 24, 2004. On May 11, the video was certified double platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 200,000 copies. It was also certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 7,500 units. In the Zone was certified platinum by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers (CAPIF) for shipments of 30,000 copies in total, as well as gold in Brazil by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos (ABPD) for shipment of 25,000 copies. On June 1, 2005, it was certified gold by the Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (AMPROFON) for shipments of 10,000 copies. In the Zone also received a platinum certification in France by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP), for shipments of 15,000 copies of the video. In Japan, In the Zone peaked at number seven on the Oricon video chart, staying on the chart for twenty-nine weeks.
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
References
External links
Britney Spears video albums
2004 video albums
Jive Records video albums
Britney Spears live albums
Live video albums
Jive Records live albums
2004 live albums |
4001633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormotomyiidae | Mormotomyiidae | The family Mormotomyiidae (Diptera: Ephydroidea) contains only one known species, Mormotomyia hirsuta, commonly known as the frightful hairy fly or terrible hairy fly, which is found in Kenya. The fly was first described by English entomologist Ernest Edward Austen, and specimens have been collected from one location on a mountain in the Ukasi Hill (Okazzi Hills), in a cleft where a bat roost is located; this may possibly be the most restricted geographic distribution for any fly family. The larvae have been collected from bat guano. Adult flies are believed to feed on bodily secretions of bats. The fly measures about 1 cm long, with hairy legs, and, due to its nonfunctional wings and tiny eyes, looks more like a spider than a fly. Specimens have been collected only three times, in 1933, 1948, and 2010. Tested members of the population showed higher levels of genetic variation than would be expected for such a restricted range, suggesting that additional undiscovered populations exist with gene flow occurring between them and the known population in Ukasi Hill.
Taxonomy
While the fly was originally thought to belong in the superfamily Sphaeroceroidea, later authorities placed it in Hippoboscoidea, still later work suggested it belonged instead to the Carnoidea, but work in 2011 suggested that its true affiliation is to Ephydroidea.
References
External links
Environment of Kenya
Brachycera families
Monogeneric Diptera families
Diptera of Africa |
5396967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th%20Alpine%20Division%20%22Cuneense%22 | 4th Alpine Division "Cuneense" | The 4th Alpine Division "Cuneense" () was a division of the Royal Italian Army during World War II, which specialized in mountain warfare. The headquarters of the division was in the city of Cuneo, and the majority of its Alpini soldiers were drafted from the surrounding Province of Cuneo - hence the division's name "Cuneense". The division participated in all Italian World War II campaigns with the exception of the North African Campaign. The division was annihilated during Operation Little Saturn by Soviet forces in January 1943.
History
The division's lineage begins on 19 October 1933 when the 1st Alpini Regiment in Mondovì and 2nd Alpini Regiment in Cuneo left the 1st Alpine Division "Taurinense" and entered the newly raised IV Alpine Brigade in Cuneo. On 27 October 1934 the brigade changed its name to IV Superior Alpine Command, which received the name Cuneense in December of the same year (). The command received the newly formed 4th Mountain Artillery Regiment in Cuneo on 1 January 1934.
On 31 October 1935 the IV Superior Alpine Command "Cuneense" was reformed as 4th Alpine Division "Cuneense" with the 1st and 2nd Alpini regiments and the 4th Alpine Artillery Regiment. On 25 December 1935 the Cuneense temporarily transferred its Alpini battalions "Pieve di Teco" and "Saluzzo" and one of its artillery batteries to the 5th Alpine Division "Pusteria" for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War.
World War II
Invasion of France
The division participated in the Italian invasion of France in June 1940. On 22 June it entered French territory in the Chabriere and Mary valleys.
Greco-Italian War
In December 1940 the division was sent as reinforcements to Albania for the Greco-Italian War. Between 15-17 December 1940 the division's units entered the front in the upper Devoll valley and inserted in 23 November the division had entered the front in the upper Devoll valley. On 18 March 1941 the division was taken out of the front and sent to Berat. At the end of March the division deployed to the Yugoslav=Albanian border for the upcoming Invasion of Yugoslavia. On 10 April the division crossed the border and advanced to Debar in Macedonia. After the war's conclusion the division returned to Italy in May 1941.
Soviet Union
The Tridentina was one of the ten Italian divisions of the Italian Army in Russia, which fought on the Eastern Front. In July 1942 the division, together with the 2nd Alpine Division "Tridentina" and the 3rd Alpine Division "Julia" formed the Alpine Army Corps, which was transferred to Eastern Ukraine. In July 1942 the division arrived in Izium from where it marched eastwards to Millerovo and then onward to the Don river. The Italian units covered part of the left flank of the German 6th Army, which spearheaded the German summer offensive of 1942 into the city of Stalingrad.
On 12 December 1942 the Red Army's Operation Little Saturn commenced, which in its first stage attacked and encircled the Italian Army in Russia's II Army Corps and XXXV Army Corps. On 13 January 1943, the Red Army launched the second stage of Operation Little Saturn: four armies of General Filipp Golikov's Voronezh Front attacked, encircled, and destroyed the Hungarian Second Army near Svoboda on the Don to the northwest of the Alpine Army Corps and pushed back the remaining units of the German XXIV Army Corps on the Alpine Army Corps' left flank, thus encircling the Alpine Army Corps.
On the evening of 17 January, the Alpine Army Corps commander, General Gabriele Nasci, ordered a full retreat. At this point only the Tridentina division was still capable of conducting effective combat operations. The 40,000-strong mass of stragglers — Alpini and Italians from other commands, plus German and Hungarian Hussars — formed two columns that followed the Tridentina division which, supported by a handful of German armored vehicles, led the way westwards to the Axis lines. As the Soviets had already occupied every village bitter battles had to be fought to clear the way. On the morning of 28 January the division had walked 200 km, fought 20 battles, lost 80% of its men and spent 11 nights camped out in the middle of the Russian Steppe. Temperatures during the nights were between -30 °C and -40 °C. On 28 January the last remnants of the division were annihilated by Cossack forces. The last survivors of the 1st Alpini regiment burned the regiment's flag to prevent it from falling into enemy hands. The Cuneense then ceased to exist.
Casualties
On 11 February 1943 the count of the survivors gave the following result:
1st Alpini Regiment out of 5,282 men: 722 survivors; none of the soldiers of the battalions Ceva, Pieve di Teco and Mondovì survived.
2nd Alpini Regiment out of 5,229 men: 208 survivors; none of the soldiers of the battalions Borgo San Dalmazzo and Saluzzo survived.
4th Alpine Artillery Regiment out of 3,616 men: 379 survivors; none of the soldiers of the Artillery Group "Mondovì" survived.
4th Mixed Engineer Battalion out of 1,240 men: 139 survivors
Support units out of 1,313 men: 159 survivors
In total 1,607 men of the division's total of 17,460 survived Operation Little Saturn.
Return to Italy
The remnants of the division were repatriated in March 1943 and the division was reformed on 1 May 1943 in Bolzano with troops of the 1st Alpini "Valley" Group of the 6th Alpine Division "Alpi Graie" and with the 104th Marching Alpini Regiment of the 8th Marching Division. After the announcement of the Armistice of Cassibile on 8 September 1943 the invading German forces disbanded the division.
Organization
In late 1942 the division consisted of the following units:
1st Alpini Regiment, in Mondovì
Command and Command Company, in Mondovì
Alpini Battalion "Ceva", in Ceva
Command Company, in Ceva
1st Company, in Ceva
4th Company, in Bagnasco
5th Company, in Ceva
101st Support Weapons Company, in Ceva (Breda M37 machine guns, 45mm Mod. 35 and 81mm Mod. 35 mortars)
Alpini Battalion "Pieve di Teco", in Chiusa Pesio
Command Company, in Chiusa Pesio
2nd Company, in Chiusa Pesio
3rd Company, in Chiusa Pesio
8th Company, in Roccaforte Mondovì
102nd Support Weapons Company, in Chiusa Pesio (Breda M37 machine guns, 45mm Mod. 35 and 81mm Mod. 35 mortars)
Alpini Battalion "Mondovì", in Mondovì
Command Company, in Mondovì
9th Company, in Torre Mondovì
10th Company, in San Michele Mondovì
11th Company, in Vicoforte
103rd Support Weapons Company, in Vicoforte (Breda M37 machine guns, 45mm Mod. 35 and 81mm Mod. 35 mortars)
84th Anti-tank Company, in Mondovì (47/32 anti-tank guns)
1st Supply Squad, in Beinette
21st Train Section, in San Bernolfo Mondovì (Logistic Support)
1st Medical Section, in Mondovì
612th Field Hospital, in Mondovì
2nd Alpini Regiment, in Cuneo
Command and Command Company, in Cuneo
Alpini Battalion "Borgo San Dalmazzo", in Cuneo
Command Company, in Cuneo
13th Company, in Cuneo
14th Company, in Cuneo
15th Company, in Cuneo
104th Support Weapons Company, in Cuneo (Breda M37 machine guns, 45mm Mod. 35 and 81mm Mod. 35 mortars)
Alpini Battalion "Dronero", in Dronero
Command Company, in Dronero
17th Company, in Dronero
18th Company, in San Damiano Macra
19th Company, in Dronero
105th Support Weapons Company, in Dronero (Breda M37 machine guns, 45mm Mod. 35 and 81mm Mod. 35 mortars)
Alpini Battalion "Saluzzo", in Vinadio
Command Company, in Vinadio
21st Company, in Vinadio
22nd Company, in Demonte
23nd Company, in Demonte
106th Support Weapons Company, in Demonte (Breda M37 machine guns, 45mm Mod. 35 and 81mm Mod. 35 mortars)
14th Anti-tank Company, in Cuneo (47/32 anti-tank guns)
2nd Supply Squad, in Dronero
22nd Train Section, in Bene Vagienna (Logistic Support)
2nd Medical Section, in Cuneo
615th Field Hospital, in Dronero
4th Alpine Artillery Regiment, in Cuneo
Command and Command Unit, in Cuneo
Mountain Artillery Group "Pinerolo", in Beinette (75/13 mountain guns)
7th Battery, in Beinette
8th Battery, in Borgo San Dalmazzo
9th Battery, in Boves
Ammunition and Supply Unit, in Crava
Mountain Artillery Group "Mondovì", in Mondovì (75/13 mountain guns)
10th Battery, in Villanova Mondovì
11th Battery, in Mondovì
12th Battery, in Villanova Mondovì
Ammunition and Supply Unit, in Magliano Alpi
Mountain Artillery Group "Val Po", in Piasco (reserve unit raised in 1942 for deployment to the Soviet Union; 105/11 mountain guns)
72nd Battery, in Piasco
73rd Battery, in Verzuolo
Ammunition and Supply Unit, in Manta
64th Anti-aircraft Battery, in Fontanelle Boves (20/65 Mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
116th Anti-aircraft Battery, in Fontanelle Boves (20/65 Mod. 35 anti-aircraft guns)
78th Anti-tank Battery (75/39 anti-tank guns; unit attached to the division for the campaign in the Soviet Union)
IV Mixed Alpine Engineer Battalion, in Peveragno
Command Platoon, in Peveragno
104th Searchlight Section, Peveragno
114th Telegraph and Radio Operators Company, in Peveragno
124th Engineer Company, in Peveragno
2nd Train Unit, in Busca
4th Alpine Division Command Transport Squad, in Cuneo
63rd Bakers Section, in Borgo San Dalmazzo
107th Supply Section, in Chiusa Pesio
201st Transport Section
121st Mixed Transport Platoon
701st Heavy Transport Platoon
702nd Heavy Transport Platoon
947th Heavy Transport Platoon
306th Medical Section, in Cuneo
613th Field Hospital, in Cuneo
614th Field Hospital, in Cuneo
616th Field Hospital, in Cuneo
617th Field Hospital, in Cuneo
413th Carabinieri Section, in Cuneo
414th Carabinieri Section, in Cuneo
203rd Field Post Office, in Cuneo
The division strength was 573 officers and 16,887 NCOs and soldiers for a total strength of 17,460 men. The division also had 176 horses, 4,698 mules and 584 transport vehicles at its disposal.
Military honors
For their conduct during the Italian campaign in the Soviet Union the President of Italy awarded on 31 December 1947 to the three regiments of the 4th Alpine Division "Cuneense" Italy's highest military honor, the Gold Medal of Military Valour.
1st Alpini Regiment on 5 March 1949
2nd Alpini Regiment on 5 March 1949
4th Alpine Artillery Regiment on 5 March 1949
Commanding officers
The division's commanding officers were:
Generale di Divisione Umberto Testa (1935 - 1937)
Generale di Brigata Alberto Ferrero (1937 - 9 September 1938)
Generale di Brigata Giovanni Maccario (10 September 1938 - 9 September 1939)
Generale di Brigata Achille d'Havet (10 September 1939 - 10 June 1940)
Generale di Divisione Alberto Ferrero (11 June 1940 - 15 February 1941)
Colonel Armando Pezzana (acting, 16 February 1941 - 10 March 1941)
Generale di Divisione Emilio Battisti (11 March 1941 - 27 January 1943) POW
Generale di Divisione Carlo Fassi (15 May 1943 - 9 September 1943)
References
Sources
Homepage of the 4th Alpine Division Cuneense
Divisions of Italy in World War II
Alpini divisions of Italy
Military units and formations of Italy in Yugoslavia in World War II
Italian military units and formations of the Greco-Italian War
Military units and formations established in 1935
Military units and formations disestablished in 1943 |
5396975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballyseedy | Ballyseedy | Ballyseedy () is a townland in County Kerry, Ireland. It was historically situated in the parish of Ballyseedy, within the barony of Trughanacmy. The townland contains a number of notable landmarks, including Ballyseedy Wood, a bridge over the Ballycarty River and a ruined Protestant church. There is also a large restored castle (Ballyseedy Castle) which is in use as a hotel.
Location
Ballyseedy is located off the N21 road, southeast of Tralee. A section of the River Lee, from which Tralee takes its name, forms the northern edge of the townland.
History
Ballyseedy Wood is an ancient woodland dating at least to the 16th century, when it was mapped by Sir Edward Denny. The wood contains the ruins of Ballyseedy House (or Old Ballyseedy Castle). Alongside nearby "New" Ballyseedy Castle (now restored as a hotel). The main S block was remodelled in medieval-revival style by James Franklin Fuller.
This was the seat of the Blennerhassett family from around 1586 to 1967.
Ballyseedy Massacre
The townland was the scene of an atrocity in the Irish Civil War, in which eight anti-Treaty IRA prisoners were killed by their captors, members of the Free State forces. The lone survivor was Stephen Fuller TD.
Demographics
In the 2002 census, Ballyseedy had a population of 127. By the 2006 Census, it had a population of 474.
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
List of baronies of Ireland
References
Towns and villages in County Kerry
Townlands of County Kerry |
5396977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slone | Slone | Slone is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Carl Slone (born c. 1937), American basketball coach
Philip Slone (1907–2003), U.S. soccer player
Ricca Slone, Canadian-born American politician
Richard T. Slone (born 1974), English painter
Tara Slone (born 1973), Canadian rock vocalist, actor and TV personality
Verna Mae Slone (1914–2009), American writer
Doctor Slone, a fictional character from the video game Fortnite
See also
Slone Glacier, Antarctica
Słone (disambiguation), various places in Poland
Sloan (disambiguation)
Sloane (disambiguation) |
4001640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome%20Caminada | Jerome Caminada | Jerome Caminada (1844 – March 1914) was a 19th-century police officer in Manchester, England. Caminada served with the police between 1868 and 1899, and has been called Manchester's Sherlock Holmes. In 1897 he became the city's first CID superintendent. His most famous case was the Manchester Cab Murder of 1889, in which he discovered and brought the initially unknown perpetrator to trial and conviction only three weeks after the murder.
Life
Caminada was born in Deansgate, Manchester in 1844, to an Irish mother and an Italian father. At that time, Deansgate consisted mostly of public houses, brothels, and poor quality housing for mill workers, and was the heart of Victorian Manchester's crime world.
He began working as an engineer in the city, but in February 1868, he joined the Manchester City Police force, at the age of 24. In 1872 he was promoted to sergeant, and transferred to the newly formed detectives division, based in Manchester Town Hall. Over his thirty-one-year career, from 1868 until 1899, he earned the respect of colleagues, judges and criminals alike; he was often known as Detective Jerome to the local criminals, who struggled with pronouncing his last name.
On 25 September 1880 Caminada led a police raid on a cross-dressing ball held in the Temperance Hall in Hulme, rounding up 47 suspects, about half of whom had been in drag and the other half in fancy dress. A blind accordionist had been hired to provide music. Rather than let the alleged evidence of male prostitution be brought to public trial, the magistrates' court bound over all the suspects for a year on two sureties of £25 each.
In 1888, Caminada's national reputation for policing – he was reportedly responsible for the imprisonment of 1,225 criminals and for the closure of 400 public houses – earned him promotion to inspector. Threats on his life were commonplace; Caminada often carried a Colt Lightning Revolver, and had cause to use it on more than one occasion.
Bob Horridge, regarded as public enemy number one in 1880s Manchester, a Blacksmith in Angel Meadow by day and was a violent burglar and armed robber by night, and arch rival of Caminada.
Caminada tracked Fenian dynamite conspiracy suspects.
His policing style was eccentric by modern standards, and often involved dressing in disguise to gather evidence on suspects. He maintained a large network of informers, whom he would often meet on the back pew of St Mary's Church, known as the Hidden Gem. His methods were effective however, and he was soon made Detective Superintendent.
Caminada retired in 1899, and became a private detective, an estate agent, and a Manchester city councillor for Openshaw between 1907 and 1910. He died in 1914 at his home in Moss Side at the age of 70, as a result of injuries he had received in a bus accident in North Wales the previous year. He is buried in Manchester's Southern Cemetery.
Angela Buckley, a British historian and trustee of the Society of Genealogists, claims that the Victorian-era detective who featured in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's novels was based on Jerome Caminada's life.
“Caminada became a national figure at just the time that Sherlock Holmes was being created. There are so many parallels that it is clear Doyle was using parts of this real character for his," Buckley was quoted by the Telegraph as saying.
Dubbed 'the Garibaldi of Detectives', Caminada rose to prominence in the mid-1880s, shortly before Doyle's debut Holmes novel, A Study in Scarlet, and during his time as an investigator is said to have helped imprison 1,225 criminals.
The detective died in 1914 aged 69 – the year the last Holmes book was published.
Writings
Caminada wrote the first volume of his autobiography anonymously as Twenty-Five Years of Detective Life in 1895, dedicating the book to the then Chief Constable of the Manchester City Police. Following his retirement, he published a second volume under his own name in 1901. Selected highlights of both volumes were republished in 1994 as Caminada – Crime Buster ().
Bibliography
Further reading
Jerome (Jerry) Charles Caminada, was the grandson of Louis Caminada, who was brother of Caminada, born in South Africa in 1911 and a journalist on the Times, captured by the Germans in Belgium, escaped from a Polish prisoner of war camp , returned to England serving in the Royal Navy for the remainder of the war, and recorded in his book, ‘My Purpose Holds’, published by Jonathan Cape in 1952. Jerry died in 1985.
References
External links
Jerome Caminada findagrave
British police officers
1844 births
1914 deaths
People from Manchester
English people of Irish descent
English people of Italian descent
Councillors in Manchester
Burials at Southern Cemetery, Manchester
Arthur Conan Doyle
Sherlock Holmes |
5396981 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleran%2C%20Duke%20of%20Lower%20Lorraine | Waleran, Duke of Lower Lorraine | Waleran II (or Walram II) ( 1085 – 1139), also called Paganus, probably due to a late baptism, was the Duke of Limburg and Count of Arlon (de) from his father's death in about 1119 until his own twenty years later. He was given the Duchy of Lower Lorraine by Lothair of Supplinburg in 1128 after the latter's accession as King of Germany in 1125.
He was the son of Henry, Duke of Lower Lorraine (1101–1106), and Adelaide of Pottenstein (Adelheid von Botenstein). Henry had been forced to yield the duchy to Godfrey I of Leuven on Henry V's succession, but had kept the ducal title. With the coming of Lothair, Godfrey was forced to yield it to Waleran. Godfrey was not willing to do so and war broke out, especially over disputes about the advocats of the abbey of Sint-Truiden, the Counts of Duras. In 1129, Waleran and the bishop of Liège, Alexandre de Juliers, defeated Godfrey's forces at Wilderen, near Duras, but Brabant and Duras subsequently continued to fight until they came to terms three years later. Though Waleran and Godfrey eventually reconciled, Godfrey continued to use the ducal title.
He married Jutta von Wassenberg sometime between 1107–10, daughter of Gerard I of Guelders. In 1129, Waleran was made forester of Duisbourg. In 1139, Lothair died and Waleran supported Conrad of Hohenstaufen, who was elected. He remained faithful to the new king until his death shortly thereafter. He was succeeded by Godfrey II of Leuven in Lorraine.
Waleran and Jutta had:
Henry II, Duke of Limburg (d. Rome, Aug 1167), Count of Arlon from 1139 and Duke of Limburg from 1140
Gerhard van Limburg, who married Elizabeth [unknown] and had a child, Gerhard (1148– )
Beatrix van Limburg (– 12 July, after 1164), who married Rupert I, Count of Laurenburg (d. before 13 May 1154),
Walram van Limburg (d. 5 Jan 1147)
a daughter (d. 1150/51) who married Ekbert, Graf von Tecklenburg.
References
Sources
Dukes of Lower Lorraine
Dukes of Limburg
1080s births
1139 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
11th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire
12th-century people of the Holy Roman Empire |
4001641 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowsley%2C%20Merseyside | Knowsley, Merseyside | Knowsley is a large village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley, Merseyside, England, commonly known as Knowsley Village.
Historically part of Lancashire, at the 2001 Census it had a population of 11,343. It gave its name to the wider borough when it was formed in 1974. The parish includes Knowsley Hall and Knowsley Safari Park. There are three main built-up areas in the parish: the village of Knowsley, the nearby business park in the north west, and in the south-west a suburban area including Stockbridge Village and the northern fringe of Huyton. To the west of Knowsley is the area of Woolfall Heath.
General information
Knowsley Village consists primarily of two residential areas: a council estate, and a private estate. There is a parade of shops on Sugar Lane that serve the local community.
The village has one public house, The Derby Arms. A second pub, the Pipe and Gannex, was demolished in 2018. There are two public parks, The Rec, off Knowsley Lane, and Mill Lane, as well a woodland in the centre of the village, Syders Grove.
Milbrook Manor, a prominent building on the village green, served as the Village school until the 1980s, when it was redeveloped as a restaurant. As of 2019, it was being converted into residential accommodation.
The village has two churches, the Anglican St Mary's and the Roman Catholic St John Fisher. St Mary's is a grade II listed building built by the Stanley family in the late 19th century.
History
The name derives from the Anglo-Saxon Cēnwulfes lēah, meaning "Cēnwulf's wood/clearing". When the Angles of Northumbria overran the British Celtic kingdom of Rheged, the village was likely taken over or founded by an Anglo-Saxon called Cēnwulf.
The village of Knowsley is hundreds of years older than the neighbouring city of Liverpool. Its name occurs in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Chenulveslei in the ancient hundred of West Derby in South Lancashire, and has been recorded as Knuvesle (1199); Knouselegh (1258); Knouleslee (1261); Knusele (1262); and Knouslegh (1346).
There are a few notable entries in Knowsley's history:
King Henry VII visited in 1495.
William Shakespeare is said to have performed in a play held in Knowsley in 1589.
Capability Brown is responsible for creating some of Knowsley's landscaped gardens in the 1770s.
Edward Lear wrote "The Owl and the Pussycat" while staying at Knowsley Hall.
From 1895 the area was part of Whiston Rural District in Lancashire. On 1 April 1974 the village became part of the newly formed Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley in the nascent county of Merseyside.
See also
Listed buildings in Knowsley, Merseyside
References
External links
Liverpool Street Gallery - Liverpool 34
Towns and villages in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley
Civil parishes in Merseyside |
5396983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samella%20Lewis | Samella Lewis | Samella Sanders Lewis (February 27, 1923 – May 27, 2022) was an American visual artist and art historian. She worked primarily as a printmaker and painter. She has been called the "Godmother of African American Art". She received Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement from the College Art Association (CAA) in 2021.
“Art is not a luxury as many people think – it is a necessity. It documents history – it helps educate people and stores knowledge for generations to come.” – Dr. Samella Lewis
Early life and background
Samella Sanders was born to Samuel Sanders and Rachel Taylor Sanders in New Orleans, Louisiana on February 27, 1923 and raised in Ponchatoula, Louisiana. Her father worked as a farmer and mother along other jobs worked as a domestic worker. Widely exhibited and collected as an artist herself, Lewis was better known as a historian, critic, and collector of art, especially African-American art. Lewis completed four degrees, five films, seven books, and a substantial body of artworks which have received critical respect. She pursued an art degree starting off at Dillard University in 1941, but left Dillard for Hampton Institute in Virginia, earning her master's degree in 1947. She earned her B.A. degree at Hampton University, then completed her master and doctorate in art history and cultural anthropology at the Ohio State University in 1951. Lewis was the first female African American to earn a doctorate in fine art and art history.
While finishing her doctorate, Lewis taught art at Morgan State University. Lewis became the first Chair of the Fine Arts Department at Florida A&M University in 1953; that same year Lewis also became the first African American to convene the National conference of African American artists held at Florida A&M University. She was a professor at the State University of New York, California State University, Long Beach, and at Scripps College in Claremont, California. She co-founded, with Bernie Casey, the Contemporary Crafts Gallery in Los Angeles in 1970. In 1973, she served on the selection committee for the exhibition BLACKS: USA: 1973 held at the New York Cultural Center.
Lewis's grandson is Bay Area artist and musician Unity Lewis. He plans to create a contemporary version of Samella Lewis's catalog Black Artists on Art, which featured black artists not typically showcased in mainstream art galleries and sold thousands of copies. "I wanted to make a chronology of African American artists, and artists of African descent, to document our history. The historians weren't doing it. I felt it better the artists do it anyway, through pictorial and written information… It was really about the movement," Samella Lewis said of the book published in 1969 and 1971.
In 1960-70s, Samella Lewis belonged to a group of artists that would meet every month.
Lewis began collecting art in 1942. She mostly collected art from WPA and the Harlem Renaissance.
Career
In the 1960s and 1970s Lewis's work, which includes lithographs, linocuts, and serigraphs, reflected humanity and freedom. Between 1969 and 1970, Lewis and E.J. Montgomery were consultants for a "ground breaking" exhibition creating awareness to the history of African American history and art.
Lewis was the founder of the International Review of African American Art in 1975. In 1976, she founded the Museum of African-American Art with a group of artistic, academic, business and community leaders in Los Angeles, California. These founders had similar goals including increasing the public's awareness of African American art. Many individuals and corporations, such as Macy's, made generous donations to the museum. Lewis, as the staff's senior curator in the museum, not only organized a great number of exhibitions but also developed diverse ways of educating the public on African American arts. In an article, she discussed the ideas of "art of tradition", and argued that museums had the responsibility to explore the African roots of African American art. The museum operates on donations in the Baldwin Hills Crenshaw Plaza with staff and volunteers who are dedicated to supporting the museum. Lewis once mentioned an "art of inspiration" based on the experiences of African Americans themselves. Lewis founded three other museums in the Los Angeles, California.
Lewis was an NAACP member, and a collector of art with her collection including African, Chinese, Asian, South American, and other works. Some of the art that Lewis collected was transferred to the Hampton Institute, now the University Museum.
In 1984, she produced a monograph on the artist Elizabeth Catlett, who had been one of Lewis's mentors at Dillard University.
In 2015, Unity Lewis and art entrepreneur Trevor Parham created The Legacy Exhibit, which featured three generations of black fine artists, including contemporary artists as well as some included in the original "Black Artists on Art." The show launched their recruitment efforts for 500 black American artists to participate in the updated volumes.
Personal life and death
Lewis married mathematician Paul Gad Lewis in 1948 and they had two sons. He died in 2013. She died from renal failure in a hospice in Torrance, California on May 27, 2022 at the age of 99.
Exhibitions
1969: Samella Lewis and George Clack, Brockman Gallery, Los Angeles
1980: Solo Exhibition, University Union Gallery, California Polytechnic State University, Pomona, California
1980: Smithsonian Institution traveling exhibition, United States and Canada
1981: Solo exhibition, Pasadena City College, Pasadena, California
1981: Solo exhibition, University of California, San Diego
1984: African American Art in Atlanta, Public and Corporate Collections, High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia
1984: Solo exhibition, Museum of African American Art, Los Angeles, California
2011: Now Dig This!: Art and Black Los Angeles 1960–1980, Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, California
Awards and recognition
1962: Fulbright Fellowship to study Asian culture at First Institute of Chinese Civilization and Tung Mai University, Taiwan
1964-65: National Defense Education Act postdoctoral fellow at University of Southern California, studying Chinese language and Asian civilization
1995: UNICEF Award for the Visual Arts
1996-97: Named a Distinguished Scholar by the Getty Center for the History of Art and Humanities
1993: Charles White lifetime Achievement Award
2003: The History Maker Award
2004: Special Day Recognition Award for Outstanding Contributions from the City of New Orleans
2005: Alumni Association Award from the Ohio State University
2021: Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement from the College Art Association
References
Further reading
Lewis, Samella S. African American art and artists (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990), ; ; ;
Samella S. Lewis; Ruth G. Waddy. Black Artists on Art (Los Angeles, CA: Contemporary Crafts Publishers, 1969),
External links
University of Delaware: Paul R. Jones Collection
African American Museum of Dallas
Tilford Art Group
Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Samella S. Lewis papers, 1930-2010
1923 births
2022 deaths
20th-century American women artists
American art historians
American women printmakers
Artists from Louisiana
Artists from New Orleans
Hampton University alumni
Ohio State University Graduate School alumni
Women art historians
20th-century American printmakers
21st-century American women artists
American women historians
African-American art dealers
American art dealers
Women art dealers
African-American printmakers
Historians from Louisiana
20th-century African-American women
20th-century African-American artists
21st-century African-American women
21st-century African-American artists |
5396995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9%20News | Pathé News | Pathé News was a producer of newsreels and documentaries from 1910 to 1970 in the United Kingdom. Its founder, Charles Pathé, was a pioneer of moving pictures in the silent era. The Pathé News archive is known today as British Pathé. Its collection of news film and movies is fully digitised and available online.
History
Its roots lie in 1896 Paris, France, when Société Pathé Frères was founded by Charles Pathé and his brothers, who pioneered the development of the moving image. Charles Pathé adopted the national emblem of France, the cockerel, as the trademark for his company. After the company, now called Compagnie Générale des Éstablissements Pathé Frère Phonographes & Cinématographes, invented the cinema newsreel with Pathé-Journal. French Pathé began its newsreel in 1908 and opened a newsreel office in Wardour Street, London in 1910.
The newsreels were shown in the cinema and were silent until 1928. At first, they ran for about four minutes and were issued fortnightly. During the early days, the camera shots were taken from a stationary position but the Pathé newsreels captured events such as Franz Reichelt's fatal parachute jump from the Eiffel Tower and suffragette Emily Davison's fatal injury by a racehorse at the 1913 Epsom Derby.
During the First World War, the cinema newsreels were called the Pathé Animated Gazettes, and for the first time this provided newspapers with competition. After 1918, British Pathé started producing a series of cinemazines, in which the newsreels were much longer and more comprehensive. By 1930, British Pathé was covering news, entertainment, sport, culture, and women's issues through programmes including the Pathétone Weekly, the Pathé Pictorial, the Gazette and Eve’s Film Review.
In 1927, the company sold British Pathé (both the feature film and the newsreel divisions) to First National. (French Pathé News continued until 1980, and the library is now part of the Gaumont-Pathé collection.) Pathé changed hands again in 1933, when it was acquired by British International Pictures, which was later known as Associated British Picture Corporation. In 1958, it was sold again to Warner Bros. and became Warner-Pathé. Pathé eventually stopped producing the cinema newsreel in February 1970 as it could no longer compete with television. During the newsreels' run, the narrators included Bob Danvers-Walker, Dwight Weist, Dan Donaldson, André Baruch and Clem McCarthy among others.
Digitisation
The library itself was sold with Associated British Picture to EMI Films and then others, including The Cannon Group (which split the feature film and newsreel divisions) and the Daily Mail and General Trust, before relaunching in its own right in 2009. The feature film division is now part of StudioCanal and is not connected with Pathé, the French company and original parent of British Pathé. In 2002, partially funded by the UK National Lottery, the entire archive was digitised. The British Pathé archive now holds over 3,500 hours of filmed history, 90,000 individual items and 12 million stills. On 7 February 2009, British Pathé launched a YouTube channel of its newsreel archive.
From March 2010, British Pathé relaunched its archive as an online entertainment site, making Pathé News a service for the public as well as the broadcasting industry. In May 2010, The Guardian was given access to the British Pathé archive, hosting topical videos on its website. In May 2012, British Pathé won the FOCAL International Award for Footage Library of the Year. In April 2014, British Pathé uploaded the entire collection of 85,000 historic films to its YouTube channel as part of a drive to make the archive more accessible to viewers all over the world. As of 2021, the British Pathé YouTube channel had 822 million views and more than 2 million subscribers.
By 2020, the British Pathé archive now includes material from the Reuters historical collection. Additionally, as historically the British Pathé newsreels covered events in the island of Ireland, while it was variously part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Northern Ireland, the Irish Free State, and later a Republic, that part of the archive was shared with the Irish Film Institute's Irish Film Archive, curated as "The Irish Independence Film Collection". This also resulted in a more accurate cataloguing of the locations, people, and the historical context, than the UK office would have historically had.
Television use
British Pathé produced a number of programmes and series as well as newsreels, such as Pathé Eve and Astra Gazette. In 2010, BBC Four reversioned the 1950s Pathé series Time To Remember, which was narrated by the actor Stanley Holloway, and broadcast it as a thematic 12-part series. BBC News continues to use extracts in its coverage of various events, such as Windrush, and World War II.
Name changes
British Pathé has been known under the following names:
C.G.P.C. (1910–1927)
First National-Pathé (1927–1933)
Associated British-Pathé/RKO-Pathé (1933–1958)
Warner-Pathé (1958–1969)
British Pathé News (1990–1995)
British Pathé (since 1995)
American Pathé News
The British and American newsreel companies separated in 1921 when the American company was sold. In 1947, the film assets of the successor companies of Pathé News, Inc. were purchased by Warner Bros. from RKO Radio Pictures, which had acquired them in 1931. Warners, as had RKO before them, continued to produce the theatrical newsreel Pathé News, its title changing from RKO-Pathé News to Warner-Pathé News Warner also produced a series of 38 theatrical short subjects and 81 issues of the News Magazine of the Screen series, which added to the Pathé film properties and were part of the company's extensive film library. Producer/editor Robert Youngson was primarily responsible for these series and won two Academy Awards for them.
In 1956, Warner Bros. discontinued the production of the theatrical newsreel and sold the Pathé News film library, the 38 theatrical short subjects, the Pathé News Magazine of the Screen, the crowing rooster trademark and the copyrights and other properties to Studio Films, Inc.—shortly thereafter named Pathé Pictures, Inc.— At this time, the new owners, Barnett Glassman, Samuel A. Costello and Joseph P. Smith acquired ownership and subsequently re-branded the name and film properties of both companies to Pathé News, Inc.
A 50% interest in the Pathé News Film Library was sold to Sherman Grinberg in 1958. The Sherman Grinberg Film Library licensed the marketing rights to the Pathé News Film Library. Pathé News, Inc retained the sole exclusive right to sell the library. The series of 38 theatrical short subjects and 81 issues of the News Magazine of the Screen series, Milestones of the Century, the Men of Destiny series, Showtime at the Apollo, as well as many other titles are marketed by Historic Films Archive, LLC.
In 2016, the children of Joseph P. Smith, acquired 100% of the stock. Today, Pathé News, Inc. is a family-owned private company.
Other U.S. newsreel series included Paramount News (1927–1957), Fox Movietone News (1928–1963), Hearst Metrotone News/News of the Day (1914–1967), Universal Newsreel (1929–1967) and The March of Time (1935–1951).
See also
Oliver G. Pike – filmmaker for British Pathé
References
External links
British Pathé History
Newsreels
British film studios
Articles containing video clips |
5397009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeforms%20%28song%29 | Lifeforms (song) | "Lifeforms" is a song by British electronic music group The Future Sound of London, released as the second single from their 1994 album, Lifeforms. Vocals on the single were performed by Elizabeth Fraser of the Cocteau Twins.
The original version of "Lifeforms" from the album of the same name is present as "Path 3", while the album track "Life Form Ends" from the album can be heard in somewhat remixed form as "Path 5".
A 2:50 edit of "Path 4" was used as a radio edit and for the promotional video for the single. It is this version that appears on the commercial compilation album The Best... Album in the World...Ever! (vol 1).
In 1995, Fraser called the collaboration "disappointing". She said, "I sang my heart out for eleven fucking hours on that record and all that is on it is something that sounds like a sample. It was good, but it could have been brilliant." Brian Dougans, however, has given an alternate story, stating "If it sounds sampled it’s because that’s the way she compiled it. We were annoyed that we were restricted to the DAT provided [...] strict instruction was given not to deviate from what was given.”
An mp3 version of the single was premiered on 22 June 1994 on the New York-based internet bulletin board SonicNet. In 2014, after some verification, the single was given a Guinness World Record, certified as "the first internet music download".
Track listing
"Lifeforms (Path 1)" (4:43)
"Lifeforms (Path 2)" (6:49)
"Lifeforms (Path 3)" (5:24)
"Lifeforms (Path 4)" (9:03)
"Lifeforms (Path 5)" (6:02)
"Lifeforms (Path 6)" (2:48)
"Lifeforms (Path 7)" (4:02)
Charts
Crew
Vocals by Elizabeth Fraser.
Written by The Future Sound of London and Elizabeth Fraser.
Tablatronics by Talvin Singh.
References
External links
1994 songs
1994 singles
Astralwerks singles
The Future Sound of London songs |
5397015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldron | Chaldron | A chaldron (also chauldron or chalder) was an English measure of dry volume, mostly used for coal; the word itself is an obsolete spelling of cauldron. It was used from the 13th century onwards, nominally until 1963, when it was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act 1963, but in practice until the end of 1835, when the Weights and Measures Act of that year specified that thenceforth coal could only be sold by weight.
Coal
The chaldron was used as the measure for coal from the 13th century, measuring by volume being much more practical than weighing low-value, high-bulk commodities like coal. It was not standardized, and there were many different regional chaldrons, the two most important being the Newcastle and London chaldrons. The Newcastle chaldron was used to measure all coal shipped from Northumberland and Durham, and the London chaldron became the standard measure for coal in the east and south of England.
Many attempts have been made to calculate the weight of a Newcastle chaldron as used in medieval and early modern times. Coal industry historian John Nef has estimated that in 1421 it weighed , and that its weight was gradually increased by coal traders due to the taxes on coal (which were charged per chaldron) until 1678, when its weight was fixed by law at , later increased in 1694 to .
A London chaldron, on the other hand, was defined as "36 bushels heaped up, each bushel to contain a Winchester bushel and , and to be in diameter". This approximated a weight in coal of around .
The chaldron was the legal limit for horse-drawn coal waggons travelling by road as it was considered that heavier loads would cause too much damage to the roadways. Railways had standard "chauldron waggons" which were about and around high.
The value of a chaldron of coal depended on the size of the lumps of coal and also their water content. Unscrupulous merchants would purchase their coal in lumps as large as possible then sell them in smaller sizes. This was abolished by the Weights and Measures Act of 1835, which legislated that from January 1836 coal was only to be sold by weight.
See also
Chalder
Corf (mining)
Mine car
Minecart
Mineral wagon
Quarry tub
References
Notes
Sources
Imperial units
Coal |
5397016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Corso | Mario Corso | Mario Corso (; 25 August 1941 – 19 June 2020) was an Italian football player and coach. A famed and dynamic left winger, he was regarded as one of the greatest Italian players in his position, earning the nicknames "Mandrake" and "God's Left Foot", due to his skills, free kick technique and crossing ability.
Corso was mostly remembered for his highly successful club career at Inter, and was a key member of Helenio Herrera's Grande Inter side. He also represented the Italy national football team on 23 occasions. After retiring, he later served as a coach for Internazionale and other teams, winning the B group of the 1987–88 Serie C2 campaign with Mantova.
Club career
Corso was an important player of Internazionale, the team with which he played almost exclusively throughout his entire career, from 1957 to 1973, winning four Serie A titles, two European Champions and two Intercontinental Cups, also reaching another European Cup final, and a Coppa Italia final. Corso made his Inter debut at the age of 16, in a Coppa Italia match against Como, which Inter won 3–0; on his debut, Corso scored the second goal of the match, becoming the youngest ever goalscorer in Inter's history. On 23 November 1957, he also made his Serie A debut, in a 5–1 win against Sampdoria, soon becoming a permanent member of the starting eleven, and later serving as captain of the squad. Corso had a role on the left wing in Helenio Herrera's Inter Milan team of the 1960s, which is known as La Grande Inter, winning consecutive Serie A, European Cup, and Intercontinental Cup titles. Following his time with Inter, Corso briefly moved to Genoa in 1973, remaining there for two seasons before retiring in 1975. In total, he played 436 matches with 78 goals in Serie A.
International career
In total, Corso made 23 appearances for the Italy national team over ten years, scoring four goals, although he was never elected to take part in a major international tournament with Italy. He made his debut in 1961, in a 3–2 home loss against England in an international friendly match. On 15 October 1961, he scored his first goals for Italy, scoring two goals against Israel in a 1962 FIFA World Cup qualifying match, which Italy won 4–2 away from home. He also scored a goal in the return leg on 4 November, in Turin. Following an argument with manager Edmondo Fabbri, he was left out of Italy's 1962 FIFA World Cup squad, which was eliminated in the first round of the tournament. He returned to the starting line-up in 1964, and on 10 May, he scored his final goal for Italy in a 3–1 victory against Switzerland. He would also later be excluded from Italy's squad in their similarly disappointing 1966 FIFA World Cup campaign, as well as Italy's victorious UEFA Euro 1968 squad, which won the tournament on home soil. He was once again excluded from the Italian side that would reach the final of the 1970 FIFA World Cup. Corso made his final appearance for Italy on 9 October 1971, in a 3–0 victory against Sweden. Along with Giuliano Sarti, Armando Picchi, Gianfranco Bedin, and Antonio Angelillo, he is one of the most successful Italian, Inter club players to have never been called up for a World Cup. Despite his exclusion from the national side, in 1967 FIFA placed him in their All-Star team for an international friendly against Spain, in honour of goalkeeper Ricardo Zamora, winning the match 3–0.
Style of play
A predominantly left-footed player, Corso was noted for his consistency, intelligence, pace on the ball, and stamina as a winger, as well as being renowned for his accurate distribution, crossing ability, creativity, and wide range of passing with his stronger foot, which made him an effective playmaker. He was capable of playing both on the left and right flank, due to his ability to provide crosses from the touchline on the left wing, or cut into the middle to strike on goal from the right. An atypical winger, he was notorious for his lack of tactical discipline, and often played between the lines in more of a central, free role, as a sort of attacking midfielder; because of this, he was capable of playing both as a forward and as a midfielder. Although he was not particularly quick footed, he was gifted with tenacity and a good physique, as well as class, outstanding technical ability, close control, flair, and dribbling skills. An accurate free-kick taker, he was known in particular for his powerful, bending knuckleball free-kicks and shots from distance. In spite of his ability, the journalist Gianni Brera accused him of being inconsistent, lacking dynamism, and having a poor defensive work-rate, something which Corso himself denied, however; as a result, Brera gave Corso the nickname "past participle of the verb "to run"", a reference to his surname, as well as the fact that, according to Brera, Corso did not run a lot during matches, preferring to make the ball move.
Later life and death
Corso died on 19 June 2020, at the age of 78.
Honours
Inter Milan
Serie A: 1962–63, 1964–65, 1965–66, 1970–71
European Cup: 1963–64, 1964–65
Intercontinental Cup: 1964, 1965
References
1941 births
2020 deaths
Footballers from Verona
Italian footballers
Italy international footballers
Inter Milan players
Genoa C.F.C. players
Serie A players
Serie B players
U.S. Lecce managers
U.S. Catanzaro 1929 managers
Inter Milan managers
Mantova 1911 managers
Serie A managers
Association football midfielders
Association football wingers
Italian football managers |
5397023 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa%20Rufinella | Villa Rufinella | Villa Rufinella, also called Villa Tuscolana, is a villa in Frascati, Italy.
Villa Rufinella is situated highest of the villas on the hill above the town of Frascati. It was built by Alessandro Ruffini, bishop of Melfi, in 1578, but during its history, the proprietors have made changes in different parts of it. In 1773 the villa became property of the pope. Architect Luigi Vanvitelli, commissioned by the Jesuits, gave the building its present appearance.
In 1804 Pope Pius VII sold the Villa to prince Lucien Bonaparte during his self-imposed exile in Rome. Prince Lucien started the first excavations in the area of the villa and in the territory of Tusculum, sending many of the artifacts found to Paris to be sold on the antiques market. In 1817 a group of bandits of the famous band of robber Gasperoni, commanded by Tommaso Transerici, tried to kidnap the Prince Lucien during one of his parties in the gardens. Instead of the Prince, the bandits kidnapped one of his guests, an artist named Charles de Chatillôn, who softened the bandits by painting portraits of them during his captivity. The Prince was so annoyed by the attack that he sold the villa soon thereafter.
In 1820 the villa was passed into the possession of Princess Maria Anna of Savoy. Queen Maria Christina of Naples and Sicily, wife of Charles Felix of Sardinia, inherited the villa bequeathed to the Princess Maria Anna, and lived there for long periods until 1843. In 1834, to commemorate his stay as a guest in the villa, Italian poet Giuseppe Gioachino Belli wrote a sonnet in Roman dialect called "La Rufinella". After 1848 the Villa became the property of King Vittorio Emanuele II, who sold it to the Lancellotti family.
The villa suffered heavy damage during World War II (1943–1944). Since 1966 the Villa Rufinella has been owned by the Salesians of Don Bosco, a Roman Catholic religious society: they have restored the building and turned it into a conference hotel.
See also
Luigi Vanvitelli
References
External links
Official website
1578 establishments in Italy
Rufinella
Baroque architecture in Lazio
Luigi Vanvitelli buildings |
5397043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20Hero%20%28The%20Saint%29 | The Last Hero (The Saint) | The Last Hero is the title of a thriller novel by Leslie Charteris that was first published in the United Kingdom in May 1930 by Hodder and Stoughton and in the United States in November 1930 by The Crime Club. The story initially appeared in The Thriller, a British magazine, in 1929. Because of this somewhat convoluted publishing history, The Last Hero is occasionally cited as the second volume of adventures featuring the crime-busting antihero Simon Templar, alias The Saint, predating Enter the Saint. In fact, according to Charteris himself, it was the third book of the series. This is supported by references to the events of Enter the Saint within the novel.
Alternative titles
The book is also known by its later republication title The Saint Closes the Case, which was first used in 1950. The modified title The Saint and the Last Hero is also often used (somewhat bizarrely, since the last hero — so-called by Vargan — is the Saint himself). Other alternative titles include The Creeping Death and Sudden Death.
Plot summary
Unlike previous Saint stories, which were straightforward realistic crime dramas, The Last Hero saw Simon Templar entering the realm of both science fiction and spy fiction. The novel starts an unspecified length of time after the events of Enter the Saint with an account of Simon Templar, The Saint, foiling an assassination attempt on a visiting prince by tricking the would-be assassin into blowing himself up. This leads to The Saint becoming a cause célèbre among the British people, to the point where the government offers him not only a full pardon for past crimes, but also a job as a sanctioned crime-buster. Templar politely refuses, saying he prefers to remain underground, his identity a secret to all but a select few. (He would revisit this decision, however, in the later story "The Impossible Crime" (featured in the collection Alias the Saint) and again in the novel, She Was a Lady.)
Over the next three months, the Saint operates so far in the shadows that the general public thinks he has retired or disappeared. During this time, Templar hears from a reporter friend about troubling indications that conditions for a new war in Europe might be brewing (Templar insists that after the events of the First World War there wouldn't be another such war "for hundreds of years"). Later, during an outing in the countryside with fellow adventurer and girlfriend Patricia Holm, Templar stumbles upon a secret British government installation where he and Holm witness the testing of a deadly and mysterious weapon—the electroncloud machine, which creates a vapour capable of turning anything (and anyone) it touches into ash.
Templar and Holm are about to leave when they encounter a giant of a man named Rayt Marius, an evil tycoon who wants the weapon for his own purposes. After escaping to safety, Templar determines that he and his team must steal or destroy the weapon before their government—or any other—can use it against people. Not only that, but the weapon must not be allowed to fall into Marius' hands. In order that such a weapon never be re-created, Templar also plans to kidnap the device's inventor and, if necessary, kill the scientist.
Things become complicated when Marius kidnaps Patricia Holm, setting Templar off into an uncharacteristically murderous rage. Meanwhile, Scotland Yard Inspector Claud Eustace Teal also finds himself getting involved, even though the identity of The Saint remains a mystery to him.
After rescuing Patricia from the clutches of Marius, Templar realises that his quest for anonymity is at an end (with both Marius and Teal now aware of who he really is) and begins to make plans to leave the country (along with his compatriots if they so choose). But first he must try to convince the inventor of the electroncloud to abandon the weapon; when the scientist indicates that he not only refuses to give up his work, but might also be mad, Templar reluctantly decides the man must die to potentially save the lives of millions.
Before he can execute the scientist, Templar's base is attacked by Marius, who is revealed to be working for the same prince Templar earlier saved. During the melee, one of Templar's men, Norman Kent, completes the Saint's orders and kills the scientist; he does so after determining that whoever killed the scientist would be likely to hang for murder if caught, and out of loyalty to Templar chose to take the chance himself. It is also revealed that Kent, who had only been mentioned briefly in previous Saint adventures, harboured an unrequited love for Patricia Holm, possibly originating from a Mediterranean cruise on which Templar had assigned Kent to take Holm to keep her out of trouble (as indicated in Enter the Saint).
Later, while being held at gunpoint by Marius and the prince, Kent reveals that he killed the scientist, but not before being given the man's final notes on the electroncloud. In exchange for Marius and the Prince allowing the Saint and his friends Patricia and Roger Conway to go free, Kent agrees to hand over the documents.
After Templar and his group (save Kent) depart, Kent reveals that he has played a trick on Marius and had secretly passed the notes off to Simon before his departure. As the book ends, Marius shoots Norman Kent dead as he stands in front of a window to stop Marius shooting through it.
The Last Hero was published 15 years before the advent of nuclear weapons, and nine years before the outbreak of the Second World War, yet contains statements that could be seen as predicting these two milestones. Perhaps coincidentally, the name Albert Einstein is mentioned in passing. The electroncloud device is only shown in action once and, while the inventor of the device is killed, and Marius states to Templar that the machine Templar and Holm witnessed in action was destroyed by his men, it is never revealed what, if anything, Templar did with the scientist's notes. It is noteworthy that "The Last Hero" was published on the same year as Olaf Stapledon's vast science fiction opus Last and First Man - an otherwise utterly different kind of book, yet Stapledon also included the plot element of a scientist inventing a terrible weapon of mass destruction, which must be suppressed, even at the cost of its inventor's life.
The Last Hero was the first of a trilogy of novels. The events of this novel (in particular the fate of Norman Kent) led to an immediate sequel, Knight Templar (a.k.a. The Avenging Saint), which was published later in 1930 and which takes place three months after the conclusion of Last Hero. In 1932, after an interval of a number of unrelated novellas and a full-length novel, the trilogy concluded with Getaway.
After this book, the character of Holm fades somewhat into the background for a time, although she would return to the forefront in the novella collection The Holy Terror.
The tone of the book is far more romantic and tragic than the average Simon Templar books. In most books of the series, the reader can know in advance that no matter what terrible threats and perils Templar would face, he would survive them all and live to have new adventures in the next book and the next.
Conversely, in the present book Charteris drops many hints that Norman Kent is in effect "fey", meaning doomed to die—for example, his hopeless but gallant love for Patricia Holm.
Norman Kent, rather than Templar, is the true protagonist—certainly in the book's later parts. With reference to this book, Caroline Whitehead and George McLeod wrote:
(...) Norman Kent is an archetypal knight-errant. Though formally a man of 20th Century England, he lives (and dies) by the Code of Chivalry. He loves totally his Lady, Patricia Holm—who, like Don Quixote's Dulcinea, is not aware of that love. He is totally loyal to his Liege Lord, Simon Templar. Like Sir Gawain in "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", Norman Kent takes on threats made to his Lord, wholly and without reservation. Not only physical threats to life and limb, but also the sometimes unavoidable necessity to perform dishonorable acts which would have reflected badly on the reputation of King Arthur/Simon Templar are taken unflinchingly by Sir Gawain/Norman Kent.
The third sentence of this, however, is contradicted by Patricia herself:
"Dear Pat," said Norman Kent, "I've always longed for a chance to serve you. And now it's come. You knew I loved you, didn't you?"
She touched his hand.
"Don't, Norman dear … please! … Of course I knew. I couldn't help knowing. I'm so sorry…".
Updated edition
In a foreword to the 1964 Hodder Paperback edition of Featuring the Saint, Charteris admits to "in a few cases" succumbing to the temptation of updating his earliest Saint stories. One such example occurs in the 1963 Hodder Paperback edition of The Saint Closes the Case where references to Mussolini and the League of Nations are changed to Khrushchev (misspelled "Kruschev") and the United Nations.
Adaptations
Although the novel itself has yet to be adapted on film, the 2013 television pilot The Saint, released in 2017, featured Rayt Marius as its villain.
It was also adopted for radio by the BBC in 1995.
References
External links
Review of the book
Portion of the story
1930 British novels
1930 science fiction novels
British science fiction novels
Simon Templar books
Novels by Leslie Charteris
Novels first published in serial form
Works originally published in British magazines
Hodder & Stoughton books |
5397050 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenchi%20the%20Movie%3A%20Tenchi%20Muyo%20in%20Love | Tenchi the Movie: Tenchi Muyo in Love | Tenchi the Movie: Tenchi in Love!, also known in Japan as , is a 1996 Japanese animated film and the first of three films set in the Tenchi Muyo! multi-verse.
The film takes place after the conclusion of Tenchi Universe, and so varies from the original OVAs at several points. Most noticeable of these is the inclusion of Achika as Tenchi's mother instead of Kiyone Masaki. It was followed by Tenchi Forever!, released in 1999.
Plot
After being defeated by the Jurai Emperor and the Galaxy Police centuries ago, the monstrously powerful Super A-1 class criminal Kain was imprisoned in the subspace room of the GP's headquarters, never to be released.
In the present (established to be 1996, the year of the film's release), Kain escapes his bonds, destroys the GP space station, and travels back in time to take his revenge on Jurai's royal family. The Galaxy Police only has time to send a short warning, which Mihoshi and Kiyone intercept.
The Masaki house, the shrine, and Tenchi himself all begin to fade out of existence. Washu theorizes that someone is tampering with the established timeline, and uses a shield to keep Tenchi from vanishing. The shield is only a temporary solution, so Washu sends the rest of the group back to 1970 to prevent Kain from killing Tenchi's mother Achika.
Tenchi's friends assume roles at Tenchi's father Nobuyuki and Achika's high school, while Tenchi himself stays hidden to prevent causing a paradox. Tenchi and his friends must also deal with a rogue GP operative bent on seizing glory by killing Kain.
After determining the exact time that Kain strikes in 1970, the group tries to defend Achika, only to see the villain escape into subspace with her and Nobuyuki. Tenchi, Ayeka and Ryoko follow and challenge Kain, but even with their powers boosted by Washu they are no match for him.
Washu sends a powerful "dimensional cannon" from the present, and Kiyone mans the weapon to destroy Kain. Tenchi is wounded, and Achika unlocks her latent Jurai powers to fuel his sword and deal a crippling blow to Kain. The group barely escapes in time before the dimensional cannon is fired into their pocket of subspace, finally destroying Kain.
Before her memory is wiped along with Nobuyuki's, Achika asks Ryoko and Ayeka to take care of Tenchi, since she will not be there for him in their present.
Cast
Masami Kikuchi as Tenchi Masaki
Ai Orikasa as Ryoko
Megumi Hayashibara as Achika
Yumi Takada as Ayeka
Chisa Yokoyama as Sasami
Etsuko Kozakura as Ryo-Ohki
Ryūzaburō Ōtomo as Kain
Toshiyuki Morikawa as young Nobuyuki Masaki
Yuko Kobayashi as Washu
Yuko Mizutani as Mihoshi
Yuri Amano as Kiyone
Takeshi Aono as Nobuyuki Masaki
Music
The music for Tenchi in Love was composed by Christopher Franke (formerly of Tangerine Dream and the main composer for the Babylon 5 series).
The end theme song is Alchemy of Love, written by Franke and performed by Nina Hagen, with Rick Jude on backing vocals.
There is also an Achika version of the song, with new Japanese lyrics, and is performed by Megumi Hayashibara (Achika's Japanese voice actress). The Achika version is available on a single mini-CD (Pioneer PIDA-1033) and on the Japanese LaserDisc version of the movie, as a music video, which also features the original English version.
Distribution
Tenchi in Love! had its US television premiere during Sci-Fi Channel's (now SyFy) Anime theme week on August 26, 1996.
In North America, it was initially released on home video in the '90s by Pioneer Entertainment USA before they released it independently on DVD in 2003. This release was one of the few releases from Pioneer/Geneon to have THX-certified video, re-mastered for superior picture quality, and with the audio, remixed in 5.1 Dolby Digital AC3 surround sound. After Pioneer's shut down in 2007, FUNimation Entertainment announced the license of the movie, along with a handful of other Geneon titles. The movie is distributed by Madman Entertainment in Australia and New Zealand and by MVM Films in the United Kingdom. It was released on Blu-ray Disc in North America in December 2012 by FUNimation in a box set with the other Tenchi movies.
References
External links
1996 anime films
Adventure anime and manga
Anime International Company
Fantasy anime and manga
Animated films about time travel
Films set in 1970
Films set in 1996
Films set in Tokyo
Funimation
Geneon USA
Harem anime and manga
NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan
Japanese films
Shōnen manga
Tenchi Muyo! films
Films scored by Christopher Franke |
5397053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athribis%20%28Upper%20Egypt%29 | Athribis (Upper Egypt) | Athribis (; ), also known to the ancient Greeks as Triphieion or Tripheion, and to the ancient Egyptians as Hut-Repyt, was an ancient city of Egypt, in the Panopolite nome. The modern villages of Wannina and Nag' Hamad in the Sohag Governorate are situated nearby. It is located some southwest of the city of Akhmim and about south of the White Monastery, on the west bank of the Nile.
Overview
The city is the site of a temple built for the goddess Repyt (Triphis) by Ptolemy XV Caesarion and subsequent Roman Emperors. South of this temple was an earlier temple of Ptolemy IX Soter II. One of the tombs nearby, belonging to the brothers Ibpemeny "the younger" and Pemehyt of the late 2nd century BC, has two zodiacs on its ceiling.
In 2021, archaeologists discovered 13,000 ostraca in Demotic (Egyptian), Hieratic, Coptic, Greek and Arabic with financial transactions.
See also
Athribis, for the ancient city called Athribis in Lower Egypt.
List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities
Athribis Project
References
Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (), p. 77.
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Egypt
Roman sites in Egypt
Populated places in Sohag Governorate
Former populated places in Egypt |
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