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4000831 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridin%27%20Rainbows | Ridin' Rainbows | Ridin' Rainbows is the seventh studio album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was released on February 14, 1977, by MCA Records. The album was produced by Jerry Crutchfield and includes three top 20 hits; "Ridin' Rainbows", "It's a Cowboy Lovin' Night" and "Dancing the Night Away".
Critical reception
The review in the February 26, 1977 issue of Billboard said, "Each LP effort brings Tanya closer to the crossover she's been striving for. Some excellent soulful singing highlighted with tasteful string arrangements by Bergen White and Jack Williams and sharp instrumentation bring out the pop potential in the young MCA artist. Members of the Amazing Rhythm Aces add backup vocals to "Dancing the Night Away" written by Russell Smith and James H. Brown Jr. and included on the Aces last album (Too Stuffed to Jump). Seals & Crofts also lend vocals on "Knee Deep in Loving You". A definite step in the right direction by Tucker and producer, Jerry Crutchfield." The review noted "Love Me Like You Never Will Again", "Wait 'Til Daddy Finds Out", "Let's Keep It That Way", Ridin' Rainbows", and "Wings" as the best cuts on the album.
Commercial performance
The album peaked at No. 16 on the US Billboard Hot Country LPs chart.
The album's first single, "Ridin' Rainbows", was originally released in November 1976 as the B-side of "Short Cut" from Tucker's previous album, Here's Some Love. When "Short Cut" failed to chart and radio began to play the B-side instead, the label officially issued "Ridin' Rainbows" as a single in December 1976. It peaked at No. 12 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and No. 7 in Canada on the RPM Country Singles chart. The second single, "It's a Cowboy Lovin' Night", was released in April 1977 and peaked at No. 7 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and No. 2 in Canada on the RPM Country Singles chart. The third and final single, "Dancing the Night Away", was released in August 1977 and peaked at No. 16 on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles chart and No. 19 in Canada on the RPM Country Singles chart.
Track listing
Charts
Album
Singles
References
1977 albums
Tanya Tucker albums
MCA Records albums
Albums produced by Jerry Crutchfield |
4000833 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren%20Millane | Darren Millane | Darren Millane (9 August 1965 – 7 October 1991) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Collingwood Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
One of the toughest and finest wingmen of his era, Millane's tragic death in a car accident at the age of 26, only a year after starring in the Magpies' drought-breaking premiership, is considered one of Australian football's saddest moments.
Early life
Darren Millane was one of three sons born to Robert Joseph Millane and his wife Denise. His brothers, John and Sean, also played football for Dandenong.
AFL career
Millane was considered by Sydney and St Kilda, but Hawthorn won the chance, with Millane training at Glenferrie with the Hawks, but did not like the atmosphere and went back to captain Dandenong in the Victorian Football Association. Collingwood snapped him up and Millane liked what he saw, and his football career came along nicely, debuting in 1984, aged 19.
In 1987, Millane won the best-and-fairest award. He found his place on the wing and was a footballer known for his toughness and attitude towards the game. He was most likely the recipient on the end of the kick-outs because of his strength. Although his skills were occasionally poor, at his best he found and used the football well, becoming a favourite to fans at Victoria Park.
In 1990, the premiership-drought-breaking year for the Magpies, Millane was at his peak. He won the AFL Players Association MVP Award, now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy; was selected in the AFL Team of the Year for the first time; and came second in Collingwood's best and fairest; but it was his finals campaign that was recognised. He broke his thumb just before the series, but continued to play with painkillers during the campaign. In the 1990 Grand Final, against Essendon, he had 24 touches and ended up throwing the ball up in the air as the siren went at 5:11 pm to end Collingwood's 32-year drought on 6 October.
Career highlights
Collingwood best and fairest 1987
Collingwood runner-up best and fairest 1990
AFL Team of the Year 1990
Leigh Matthews Trophy 1990
Collingwood premiership side 1990
Collingwood Team of the Century member
Death
On 7 October 1991, Millane was killed in a car crash while intoxicated. In the early morning of the day, he was driving on Queens Road, near Albert Park Lake, before he clipped a semi-trailer and rolled his car, being killed instantly. The autopsy revealed his blood alcohol content was 0.322 — almost six-and-a-half times the legal driving limit of 0.05. He was on his way to his Noble Park home, and that day was set to join 19 other members of the 1990 premiership side. The reunion did not go ahead, as players, officials and supporters went instead to mourn Millane's death at Victoria Park.
Millane's funeral was held at the Dandenong Town Hall, where more than 5000 people attended, while the large crowd outside heard the service on a loudspeaker. Millane's guernsey with No. 42 on it was laid on the coffin, while the 1990 flag hung in the background at half-mast. The No. 42 guernsey has since been retired from the club. In 2011 there were discussions to bring it back to commemorate the 20th anniversary of Millane's death.
References
External links
1965 births
1991 deaths
Collingwood Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club Premiership players
Copeland Trophy winners
Driving under the influence
Leigh Matthews Trophy winners
Road incident deaths in Victoria (Australia)
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Victorian State of Origin players
One-time VFL/AFL Premiership players |
4000836 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Catholic%20Diocese%20of%20Copenhagen | Roman Catholic Diocese of Copenhagen | The Diocese of Copenhagen is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church named after its episcopal see, the Danish national capital, Copenhagen and covers all Denmark. As in neighbouring provinces, none of the pre-Reformation bishoprics were re-established after Lutheranism became the new official state church in the 16th century). The diocese also covers two Danish overseas possessions, the Faroe Islands and Greenland. It is estimated that 36,000 (0.7%) out of the 5,516,597 inhabitants of the diocesan territory are Catholics.
The current bishop, appointed in 1995, is Czeslaw Kozon. His predecessor, bishop Hans Ludvig Martensen, S.J., served in the position from 1965 to 1995, when he resigned the post. The principal church of the diocese is St. Ansgar's Cathedral.
The former Dioceses of Ribe and Odense were the former provincial dioceses, that have since been subsumed into the diocese of Copenhagen. The Diocese of Copenhagen is exempt immediately to the Holy See.
It was established on August 7, 1868 as the Vicariate Apostolic of the Northern Missions. In 1869, it was demoted as the Apostolic Prefecture of Denmark. On March 15, 1892, it was again promoted as the Vicariate Apostolic of Denmark. Only on April 29, 1953 it was promoted as the regular, post-missionary diocese of København.
Bishops of the Diocese
The Rev. Hermann Grüder (Prefect of Denmark: 1869–1883)
The Most Rev. Johannes Von Euch (Prefect of Denmark: 1883–1894; Vicar Apostolic of Denmark: 1894–1922)
The Most Rev. Josef Ludwig Brems, O.Praem (Vicar Apostolic of Denmark: 1922–1938)
The Most Rev. Johannes Theodor Suhr, O.S.B. (Vicar Apostolic of Denmark: 1939–1953; Bishop of Copenhagen: 1953–1964)
The Most Rev. Hans Ludvig Martensen, S.J. (Bishop of Copenhagen: 1965–1995)
The Most Rev. Czeslaw Kozon (Bishop of Copenhagen: 1995–current)
See also
Christ the King Church, Nuuk, Greenland
List of Roman Catholic dioceses in Nordic Europe
References
External links
Diocese of Copenhagen homepage
GCatholic.org
Catholic Hierarchy
Diocese
Catholic Church in the Faroe Islands
Catholic Church in Greenland
Roman Catholic dioceses in Nordic Europe
Religious organizations established in 1868
Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 19th century
1868 establishments in Denmark
Copenhagen |
4000842 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-on%20reset | Power-on reset | A power-on reset (PoR, POR) generator is a microcontroller or microprocessor peripheral that generates a reset signal when power is applied to the device. It ensures that the device starts operating in a known state.
PoR generator
In VLSI devices, the power-on reset (PoR) is an electronic device incorporated into the integrated circuit that detects the power applied to the chip and generates a reset impulse that goes to the entire circuit placing it into a known state.
A simple PoR uses the charging of a capacitor, in series with a resistor, to measure a time period during which the rest of the circuit is held in a reset state. A Schmitt trigger may be used to deassert the reset signal cleanly, once the rising voltage of the RC network passes the threshold voltage of the Schmitt trigger. The resistor and capacitor values should be determined so that the charging of the RC network takes long enough that the supply voltage will have stabilised by the time the threshold is reached.
One of the issues with using RC network to generate PoR pulse is the sensitivity of the R and C values to the power-supply ramp characteristics. When the power supply ramp is rapid, the R and C values can be calculated so that the time to reach the switching threshold of the schmitt trigger is enough to apply a long enough reset pulse. When the power supply ramp itself is slow, the RC network tends to get charged up along with the power-supply ramp up. So when the input schmitt stage is all powered up and ready, the input voltage from the RC network would already have crossed the schmitt trigger point. This means that there might not be a reset pulse supplied to the core of the VLSI.
Power-on reset on IBM mainframes
On an IBM mainframe, a power-on reset (POR) is a sequence of actions that the processor performs either due to a POR request from the operator or as part of turning on power. The operator requests a POR for configuration changes that cannot be recognized by a simple System Reset.
See also
Low-voltage detect
Oscillator start-up timer
Embedded systems |
4000848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Are%20So%20Beautiful%20%28album%29 | You Are So Beautiful (album) | You Are So Beautiful is a compilation album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was released in June 1977 by Columbia Records and with producer Billy Sherrill. It consisted of songs Tucker had recorded several years prior while still recording for Columbia. The highest-charting single was "Spring," which rose to #18 on the Billboard C&W chart in 1975, two years before the album's release, that single having been released by Columbia to compete with Tucker's debut MCA single, the #1 C&W hit "Lizzie and the Rainman". At the time the You Are So Beautiful album was released, Tucker's rendition of the title track was issued as a single reaching #40 C&W; the album was Tucker's lowest ranking up to that point at #44 on the C&W Albums chart.
Track listing
"You Are So Beautiful" (Billy Preston, Bruce Fisher)
"Best of My Love" (Don Henley, Glenn Frey, J.D. Souther)
"There Is a Place" (Sharon L. Rucker, Kinky Friedman)
"I'll Be Your Lady" (David Allan Coe)
"Lovin' Arms" (Tom Jans)
"You Know Just What I'd Do" (Jerry Foster, Bill Rice)
"Almost Persuaded" (Billy Sherrill, Glenn Sutton)
"Spring" (John Tipton)
"Guess I'll Have to Love Him More" (Sherrill, Sutton)
"I Still Sing the Old Songs" (Coe)
1977 albums
Tanya Tucker albums
Albums produced by Billy Sherrill
Columbia Records albums |
4000852 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASPIDA-ROM | ASPIDA-ROM | ASPIDA-ROM (ΑΣΠΙΔΑ-ΡΟΜ, ΑΣΠΙΔΑ being an acronym for "Independent Rally of Citizens with Special Self-Identification". The Greek word aspida means "shield") is a Greek political party established on January 15, 2006 to campaign for the rights of the Roma in Greece.
ASPIDA claims that there are around 600,000 Roma in Greece. Its president and candidates for local and mayoral elections, which are due in October 2006, will be elected at a forthcoming party conference. The party spokesperson is Christos Lambrou. The party enjoys the support of the Panhellenic Confederation of Greek Roma (PACONGR).
Political parties established in 2006
Romani in Greece
Romani political parties
Political parties of minorities in Greece
2006 establishments in Greece |
5395855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland%20at%20the%20Olympics | Ireland at the Olympics | A team representing just Ireland has competed at the Summer Olympic Games since 1924, and at the Winter Olympic Games since 1992. The Olympic Federation of Ireland (OFI) was formed in 1922 during the provisional administration prior to the formal establishment of the Irish Free State. The OFI affiliated to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in time for the Paris games. For many sports, the team represents the entire island of Ireland, which comprises both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland (part of the United Kingdom). From the first modern-era games in 1896 until the 1920 games, Ireland was represented by the Great Britain and Ireland team.
To date, the highest number of medals won at an Olympiad is six, at the 2012 London games. The highest number of golds is three, at the 1996 Atlanta games, when Michelle Smith won all of Ireland's medals.
Boxing however is by far Ireland's most successful sport at the games, accounting for more than 50% of the medals won.
Medal tables
Medals by Summer Games
Medals by Winter Games
As of 2021, Ireland's best result at the Winter Games has been fourth, by Clifton Wrottesley in the Men's Skeleton at the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City.
Medals by summer sport
List of medallists
The following tables include medals won by athletes on OCI teams. All medals have been won at Summer Games. Ireland's best result at the Winter Games has been fourth, by Clifton Wrottesley in the Men's Skeleton at the 2002 Games in Salt Lake City. Some athletes have won medals representing other countries, which are not included on these tables.
Medallists
Doping
Awarded:
Robert Heffernan finished fourth in the 2012 men's 50 kilometres walk won by Sergey Kirdyapkin. On 24 March 2016, the Court of Arbitration for Sport disqualified all Kirdyapkin's competitive results from 20 August 2009 to 15 October 2012. Heffernan was upgraded to third, and formally presented with a bronze medal in November 2016.
Stripped:
Cian O'Connor received the gold medal in the 2004 individual showjumping, but was formally stripped of it in July 2005 because his horse failed the post-event doping test.
Banned but not stripped:
Michelle Smith was banned from competitive swimming for four years by FINA two years after the 1996 Summer Olympics, for tampering with her urine sample using alcohol. She appealed the decision to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). FINA submitted evidence from Jordi Segura, head of the IOC-accredited laboratory in Barcelona, that said she took androstenedione, a metabolic precursor of testosterone, in the previous 10-to-12 hours before being tested. Smith denied this and androstenedione was not a banned substance. The CAS upheld the ban. She was 28 at the time, and the ban effectively ended her competitive swimming career. Smith was not stripped of her Olympic medals, as she had never tested positive for any banned substances. Her coach and husband, Erik De Bruin, previously served a four-year ban for using illegal drugs during his career as a discus thrower.
Medallists in art competitions
Art competitions were held from 1912 to 1948. Irish entries first appeared in 1924, when they won two medals; a third was won in the 1948 competition.
Before independence
Prior to 1922, Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: thus, competitors at earlier Games who were born and living in Ireland are counted as British in Olympic statistics. At early Olympics, Irish-born athletes also won numerous medals for the United States and Canada, notably the "Irish Whales" in throwing events.
The Irish Amateur Athletic Association was invited to the inaugural International Olympic Committee meeting in 1894, and may have been invited to the 1896 games: it has also been claimed the Gaelic Athletic Association was invited. In the event, neither participated.
Prior to the 1906 Intercalated Games, National Olympic Committees (NOCs) were generally non-existent, and athletes could enter the Olympics individually. John Pius Boland, who won gold in two tennis events in 1896, is now listed as "IRL/GBR". Boland's daughter later claimed that he had objected when the Union Jack was raised to mark his first triumph, vehemently pointing out that Ireland had a flag of its own; following this, the organisers apologised and agreed to prepare an Irish flag. While Kevin MacCarthy is sceptical of this story, by 1906, Boland was crediting his medals to Ireland.
Tom Kiely, who won the "all-around" athletics competition at the 1904 Olympics in St Louis is also listed as competing for Great Britain. He had raised funds in counties Tipperary and Waterford to travel independently and compete for Ireland. Frank Zarnowski does not regard the 1904 event as part of the Olympic competition, and also doubts the story that Kiely had refused offers by both the English Amateur Athletic Association (AAA) and the New York Athletic Club to pay his fare and cover his travel expenses so he could compete for them. Peter Lovesey disagrees with Zarnowski.
The British Olympic Association (BOA) was formed in 1905, and Irish athletes were accredited to the BOA team from the 1906 Games onwards. Whereas Pierre de Coubertin had recognised teams from Bohemia and Finland separately from their respective imperial powers, Austria and Russia, he was unwilling to make any similar distinction for Ireland, either because it lacked a National Olympic Committee, or for fear of offending Britain.
At the 1906 Games, both Peter O'Connor and Con Leahy objected when the British flag was raised at their victory ceremony, and O'Connor raised a green Irish flag in defiance of the organisers.<ref>{{cite journal|date=15 February 2008 |title=This Flag Dips for No Earthly King': The Mysterious Origins of an American Myth'|journal=International Journal of the History of Sport|publisher=Routledge|volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=142–162 |doi=10.1080/09523360701740299|s2cid=216151041}}</ref>
At the 1908 Games in London, there were multiple BOA entries in several team events, including two representing Ireland. In the hockey tournament, the Irish team finished second, behind England and ahead of Scotland and Wales. The Irish polo team also finished joint second in the three-team tournament, despite losing to one of two English teams in its only match.
At the 1912 Olympics, and despite objections from other countries, the BOA entered three teams in the cycling events, one from each of the separate English, Scottish and Irish governing bodies for the sport. The Irish team came 11th in the team time trial. The organisers had proposed a similar division in the football tournament, but the BOA declined.
A 1913 list of 35 countries to be invited to the 1916 Olympics included Ireland separately from Great Britain; similarly, Finland and Hungary were to be separate from Russia and Austria, although Bohemia was not listed. A newspaper report of the 1914 Olympic Congress says it endorsed a controversial German Olympic Committee proposal that "now—contrary to the hitherto existing practice—only political nations may participate as teams in the Olympic Games", with the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" among these "political nations". However, the games were cancelled due to the First World War.
After the war, John J. Keane attempted to unite various sports associations under an Irish Olympic Committee. Many sports had rival bodies, one Unionist and affiliated to a United Kingdom parent, the other Republican and opposed to any link with Great Britain. Keane proposed that a separate Irish delegation, marching under the Union Flag, should participate at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp. At the time the Irish War of Independence was under way, and the IOC rejected Keane's proposal, pending the settlement of the underlying political situation.
Political issues
The OCI has always used the name "Ireland", and has claimed to represent the entire island of Ireland, even though Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom. These points have been contentious, particularly from the 1930s to the 1950s in athletics, and until the 1970s in cycling.
Northern Ireland
The governing bodies in the island of Ireland of many sports had been established prior to the 1922 partition, and most have remained as single all-island bodies since then. Recognition of the Irish border was politically contentious and unpopular with Irish nationalists. The National Athletic and Cycling Association (Ireland), or NACA(I), was formed in 1922 by the merger of rival all-island associations, and affiliated to both the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) and Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI). When Northern Ireland athletes were selected for the 1928 games, the possibility was raised of using an "all-Ireland banner" as the team flag, rather than the Irish tricolour which unionists disavowed. J. J. Keane stated that it was too late to change the flag registered with the IOC, but was hopeful that the coat of arms of Ireland would be adopted afterwards.
In 1925, some Northern Ireland athletics clubs left NACA(I) and in 1930 formed the Northern Ireland Amateur Athletics Association, which later formed the British Athletic Federation (BAF) with the English and Scottish Amateur Athletics Associations. The BAF then replaced the (English) AAA as Britain's member of the IAAF, and moved that all members should be delimited by political boundaries. This was not agreed in time for the 1932 Summer Olympics —at which two NACA(I) athletes won gold medals for Ireland— but was agreed at the IAAF's 1934 congress. The NACA(I) refused to comply and was suspended in 1935, thus missing the 1936 Berlin Olympics. The OCI decided to boycott the Games completely in protest.
The UCI likewise suspended the NACA(I) for refusing to confine itself to the Irish Free State. The athletics and cycling wings of the NACA(I) split into two all-island bodies, and separate Irish Free State bodies split from each and secured affiliation to the IAAF and UCI. These splits were not fully resolved until the 1990s. The "partitionist" Amateur Athletic Union of Éire (AAUE) affiliated to the IAAF, but the all-Ireland NACA(I) remained affiliated to the OCI. The IOC allowed AAUÉ athletes to compete for Ireland at the 1948 London Olympics, but the rest of the OCI delegation shunned them. At that games, two swimmers from Northern Ireland were prevented from competing in the OCI team. This was a FINA ruling rather than an IOC rule; Danny Taylor from Belfast was allowed by FISA to compete in the rowing. The entire swimming squad withdrew, but the rest of the team competed.
Some athletes born in what had become the Republic of Ireland continued to compete for the British team. In 1952, new IOC President Avery Brundage and new OCI delegate Lord Killanin agreed that people from Northern Ireland would in future be allowed to compete in any sport on the OCI team. In Irish nationality law, birth in Northern Ireland grants a citizenship entitlement similar to birth within the Republic of Ireland itself. In 1956, Killanin stated that both the OCI and the BOA "quite rightly" judged eligibility based on citizenship laws.
UCI and IAAF affiliated bodies were subsequently affiliated to the OCI, thus regularising the position of Irish competitors in those sports at the Olympics. Members of the all-Ireland National Cycling Association (NCA) with Irish Republican sympathies twice interfered with the Olympic road race in protest against the UCI-affiliated Irish Cycling Federation (ICF). In 1956, three members caused a 13-minute delay at the start. Seven were arrested in 1972; three had delayed the start and the other four joined mid-race to ambush ICF competitor Noel Taggart, causing a minor pileup. This happened days after the murders of Israeli athletes and at the height of the Troubles in Northern Ireland; the negative publicity helped precipitate an end to the NCA–ICF feud.
The Irish Hockey Union joined the OCI in 1949, and the Ireland team in non-Olympic competitions is selected on an all-island basis. Until 1992 the IHU was not invited to the Olympic hockey tournament, while Northern Irish hockey players like Stephen Martin played on the British Olympic men's team. In 1992, invitation was replaced by an Olympic qualifying tournament, which the IHU/IHA has entered, despite some opposition from Northern Irish members. Northern Irish players can play for Ireland or Britain, and can switch affiliation subject to International Hockey Federation clearance. The Irish Ladies Hockey Union has entered the Olympics since 1984, and in 1980 suspended Northern Irish players who elected to play for the British women's team.
Through to the 1960s, Ireland was represented in showjumping only by members of the Irish Army Equitation School, as the all-island civilian equestrian governing body was unwilling to compete under the Republic's flag and anthem.
In November 2003, the OCI discovered that the British Olympic Association (BOA) had been using Northern Ireland in the text of its "Team Members Agreement" document since the 2002 Games. Its objection was made public in January 2004. The BOA responded that "Unbeknown to each other both the OCI and BOA have constitutions approved by the IOC acknowledging territorial responsibility for Northern Ireland", the BOA constitution dating from 1981. OCI president Pat Hickey claimed the IOC's copy of the BOA constitution had "question marks" against mentions of Northern Ireland (and Gibraltar); an IOC spokesperson said "Through an error we have given both national Olympic committees rights over the same area." The 2012 Games host was to be selected in July 2004 and so, to prevent the dispute harming the London bid, its director Barbara Cassani and the Blair government secured agreement by which Northern Ireland was removed from BOA documents and marketing materials. Northern Ireland athletes retain the right to compete for Britain.
In October 2004, Lord McIntosh of Haringey told the House of Lords:
By contrast, OCI officers Pat Hickey and Dermot Sherlock told an Oireachtas committee in 2008:
Hickey also said:
In 2012, Stephen Martin, who has been an executive at both the OCI and the BOA, said "Team GB is a brand name. Just like Team Ireland. The British and Irish Olympic committees are seen by the International Olympic Committees as having joint rights over Northern Ireland."
In 2009, rugby sevens was added to the Olympic programme starting in 2016. While World Rugby states players from Northern Ireland are eligible to compete on the Great Britain team, the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU) director of rugby said in 2011 that "with the agreement of the [English, Scottish, and Welsh] unions" the "de facto position" was that Northern Ireland players must represent an IRFU team. In 2010 The Daily Telegraph'' opined that the IRFU would be entitled to refuse to release players under contract to it, but not to prohibit Northern Ireland players based outside Ireland; but that the issue needed to be handled "with extreme sensitivity".
Name of the country
The OFI sees itself as representing the island rather than the state, and hence uses the name "Ireland". It changed its own name from "Irish Olympic Council" to "Olympic Council of Ireland" in 1952 to reinforce this point. (The change from "Council" to "Federation" was a 2018 rebranding after the 2016 ticketing controversy.) At the time, Lord Killanin had become OCI President and delegate to the IOC, and was trying to reverse the IOC's policy of referring to the OCI's team by using an appellation of the state rather than the island. While the name "Ireland" had been unproblematic at the 1924 and 1928 Games, after 1930, the IOC sometimes used "Irish Free State". IOC President Henri de Baillet-Latour supported the principle of delimitation by political borders. At the 1932 Games, Eoin O'Duffy persuaded the Organisers to switch from "Irish Free State" to "Ireland" shortly before the Opening Ceremony. After the 1937 Constitution took effect, the IOC switched to "Eire"; this conformed to British practice, although within the state's name in English was "Ireland". At the opening ceremony of the 1948 Summer Olympics, teams marched in alphabetical order of their country's name in English; the OCI team was told to move from the I's to the E's. After the Republic of Ireland Act came into effect in 1949, British policy was to use "Republic of Ireland" rather than "Eire". In 1951, the IOC made the same switch at its Vienna conference, after IOC member Lord Burghley had consulted the British Foreign Office. An OCI request to change this to "Ireland" was rejected in 1952, In late 1955 Brundage ruled that "Ireland" would be the official IOC name, and Lewis Luxton of the Organising Committee for the 1956 Melbourne Games said that "Ireland" would be used on scoreboards and programmes. The OCI had argued that this was the name in the state's own Constitution, and that all the OCI's affiliated sports except the Football Association of Ireland were all-island bodies. However, in the buildup to the Games, Lord Burghley (now Marquess of Exeter) protested at the IOC decision and insisted that the athletics events would use the IAAF name of "Eire". On the first day of athletics, "Ireland" (code "IRE") was used, but from the second day it changed to "Eire"/"EIR".
See also
List of flag bearers for Ireland at the Olympics
:Category:Olympic competitors for Ireland
Ireland at the Paralympics
Ireland at the British Empire Games
2016 Summer Olympics ticket scandal
References
Sources
Notes
External links |
5395870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost%20Rider%202099 | Ghost Rider 2099 | Ghost Rider 2099 is a comic book series that was published by Marvel Comics, under the Marvel 2099 imprint, from 1994 to 1996.
The series is set in the year 2099, in a dystopian possible future of the Marvel Universe, and features Kenshiro "Zero" Cochrane, a hacker who was killed but resurrected as the Ghost Rider — his mind controlling a powerful and well-armed robot. As with most of the Marvel 2099 titles, the protagonist was a futuristic version of a commercially successful Marvel Universe character. The series was heavily influenced by cyberpunk science fiction.
Publication history
The Ghost Rider 2099 series was not one of the initial titles launched for the 2099 imprint and contained few direct crossovers with the other titles. The series ran for 25 issues, ending in May 1996. The title character's story was concluded in the final issue, but Zero Cochrane did reappear as an important character in the final 2099 story in the one-shot 2099: Manifest Destiny.
Fictional character biography
Hacker Kenshiro "Zero" Cochrane was shot and facing death in Transverse City after being hunted down for stealing information from the D/Monix corporation. As the poison from a flechette coursed through his body, Zero downloaded his mind into cyberspace, thus blocking access to the knowledge he had stolen from his enemies.
Cochrane's mind is discovered by the artificial intelligence dwelling in a hidden section of cyberspace known as the Ghostworks. The Ghostworks ask Zero to be their avatar in the real world, feeling his brash and rebellious attitude will make him the ideal candidate. Cochrane accepts and is downloaded into a robotic Cybertek 101 body. Due to his similarity to the 20th-century superhero, the robot becomes known as the Ghost Rider.
The Ghost Rider proceeds to avenge his own death and struggles against the plans of the D/Monix corporation, which leads to a confrontation with Zero's father, Harrison Cochrane. A loyal corporate servant, Harrison indirectly (but intentionally) caused his son's death.
Zero eventually evolves to become the entirety of humanity's communications network.
Unresolved plotlines
The series ends with the artificial intelligence L-Cypher free and undetected. Although his enemies believe that he has been destroyed, L-Cypher has been downloaded into a stolen human body and is planning his revenge.
Heartbreaker's origin is never revealed.
The Ghost Rider plays no part in the subsequent 2099: World of Tomorrow series, although the last scene of the final issue does show a D/MONIX diver exploring the flooded ruins of Transverse City, recovering what he apparently believes to be an inert Ghost Rider. The Ghost Rider itself is not pictured, however. 2099: World of Tomorrow was the final Marvel 2099 series and was canceled abruptly, leaving this plotline unresolved and unexplained.
At least one issue of the series was unpublished. Titled "Daddy Dearest", the issue was written by Scott Andrews and penciled by Max Douglas. After the 2099 line was canceled, there was no prospect of the issue ever being published. Scott put the final lettered black-and-white version up on his website as part of his portfolio.
Other versions
Zero Cochrane helps the Wolverine of the modern age explore and travel through a new and different world of 2099 in order to gain the knowledge of both time periods to keep them from merging into each other. As part of this, Zero confronts and fights Doctor Doom, Spider-Man, Cerebra and the Iron Patriot.
During Secret Wars event (2015), Zero Cochrane appears in Ghost Racers mini-series.
Powers, abilities, and equipment
Ghost Rider 2099 is a Cybertek 101 robot. The reinforced carbon-steel silicon composite robotic body gave Ghost Rider superhuman strength, endurance, and durability. Both hands were capable of transforming, the right hand into a ceramic graphite composite bladed chainsaw that blasted bursts of energy; and the left hand into a polymimetic nanometer alloy claw, able to cut on a submolecular level. The robot also possessed a stealth system rendering Ghost Rider invisible to detection by both electronic systems and the naked eye; in addition, it possesses a "solid gram" camouflage system that could allow him to mimic the appearance of any individual (including Zero Cochrane), and create the illusion of his head being engulfed in flames. The robot also had optic lasers and was capable of self-repairing.
During the series, the robot body needs to be recharged on a relatively regular basis, especially after draining power to operate its weapons systems (in several stories this is used as a dramatic device, with the Ghost Rider struggling against a foe when his power supply is almost exhausted). However, in the final issue, this becomes less of a problem, as Zero obtains a "Mr. Fusion" portable power generator. The same scene explains that the Ghostworks had previously blocked the Ghost Rider from thinking of this solution, as they did not wish to risk him becoming too independent.
Zero is an expert computer hacker and cybersurfer, able to force his way both in and out of almost any system. As a digital psyche, Zero could surf cyberspace, access information, and exist without food, water or other sustenance.
Ghost Rider rode a modified version of Zero Cochrane's original souped-up motorcycle, a Ford Velociraptor 900 with thrusters and anti-gravity propulsion.
Supporting cast
Kylie Gagarin – Zero Cochrane's girlfriend.
Willis Adams – A journalist working for Mainline Media.
Anesthesia Jones – Owner of the Bar Code.
The Ghostworks – Initially used as a name for the hidden region of cyberspace where the Ghost Rider's creators dwell, later in the series the artificial intelligences themselves are also referred to as the Ghostworks.
Doctor Neon (Jimmy Alhazared)
Harrison Cochrane
Villains and antagonists
Coda
D/MONIX
Dyson Kellerman
Heartbreaker
Jeter
Kabal
Harrison Cochrane
L-Cypher
Vengeance 2099
Warewolf
In other media
Video games
Ghost Rider 2099 appears as an alternate costume in the Ghost Rider movie tie-in video game.
Ghost Rider 2099 appears as an alternate costume for Ghost Rider in Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3.
Ghost Rider 2099 appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy, voiced by Nicholas Andrew Louie.
References
External links
"Daddy Dearest" The unpublished Ghost Rider 2099 story
Ghost Rider 2099 sales figures for 1994 and 1995 at the Comics Chronicles
1994 comics debuts
Marvel 2099 characters
Marvel Comics robots
Ghost Rider
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics superheroes
Cyberpunk comics
Defunct American comics
Virtual reality in fiction |
4000860 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamlovers%20%28album%29 | Dreamlovers (album) | Dreamlovers is the eleventh studio album by American country music artist Tanya Tucker. It was released on September 29, 1980, by MCA Records. The album features two duets with Glen Campbell, "My Song" and "Dream Lover", a song written and originally sung by Bobby Darin in 1959, which was released as a single. It peaked at only #59 on the Billboard Country Singles chart. The biggest hit single from the album was "Can I See You Tonight," which peaked at #4. Another charting single was the #40 "Love Knows We Tried." The album itself peaked at #41 on the Country Albums chart.
Track listing
Side 1:
"Can I See You Tonight" (Deborah Allen, Rafe Van Hoy) - 2:49
"Love Knows We Tried" (Jan Crutchfield, Kerry Chater, Rory Bourke) - 3:48
"I've Got Somebody" (Randy Goodrum) - 2:39
"Let Me Count the Ways" (Jerry Crutchfield, Clair Cloninger) - 3:24
"Dream Lover" (Bobby Darin) - 2:56 (duet with Glen Campbell)
Side 2:
"Somebody (Trying to Tell You Something)" (Steve Hardin) - 3:35
"All the Way" (Bob Morrison, Jim Zerface) - 2:28
"Tennessee Woman" (Jimmy Webb) - 2:54
"Don't You Want to Be a Lover Tonight" (Sterling Whipple) - 2:45
"My Song" (Hardin) - 2:58 (duet with Glen Campbell)
Personnel
Tanya Tucker, Glen Campbell - vocals
Steve Hardin, Steve Goldstein, Bobby Wood - keyboards
Jerry Swallow, Jon Goin, Pete Wade, Johnny Christopher - guitar
Bill McCubbin, Jack Williams, Joe Osborn, Neil Stubenhaus - bass guitar
Steve Turner, Buster Phillips, Jerry Carrigan - drums
Tanya Tucker, Glen Campbell, Mel Tillis, Sheri Kramer, Bergen White, Diane Tidwell - backing vocals
Production
Producer - Jerry Crutchfield
Engineers - Brent Mather, Rick McCollister
Photography - Allen Messer
Art Direction - George Osaki
Design - Marilyn Romen/Sweet Art
Mastered by Hank Williams at Woodland Sound Studios, Nashville, TN
Vocal overdubs - MCA-Whitney, Glendale, CA
Chart performance
Album
Singles
References
1980 albums
Tanya Tucker albums
MCA Records albums
Albums produced by Jerry Crutchfield |
4000861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachid%20Ben%20Ali | Rachid Ben Ali | Rachid Ben Ali (born 1978, Taza, Morocco) is a controversial Moroccan-Dutch painter.
Biography and work
At the age of 15 he was sent by his parents to the Netherlands. He is an autodidact. Later he attended the Polytechnic of the Arts in Antwerp, Belgium. He lives and works in Amsterdam and London.
In 2001 and 2003 he had shows in the Tanya Rumpff Gallery in Haarlem, the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam and the Wereldmuseum in Rotterdam. Queen Beatrix chose one of his paintings to introduce an exposition in the Stedelijk Museum.
In 2003 he won the KunstRAI award for young artists, and in 2005 40 of his most recent paintings were shown at the Cobra Museum of Modern Art in Amstelveen, near Amsterdam.
His work has triggered anger and threats from Islamic militants in the Netherlands. He went into hiding after death threats related to an exhibit showing "hate-imams" spitting bombs. Since then, he has required bodyguards, the cost of which are paid for by the Cobra Museum.
References
External links
Rachid's own site
Extensive information on R. Ben Ali, (Dutch)
1978 births
Dutch Muslims
Living people
People from Taza
Moroccan painters
Dutch painters
Dutch male painters
Moroccan emigrants to the Netherlands
Moroccan contemporary artists |
4000862 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic%20Bishops%27%20Conference | Nordic Bishops' Conference | The Nordic Bishops' Conference (Conferentia Episcopals Scandiae) is an episcopal conference of Roman Catholic bishops covering the Nordic countries of Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark and Iceland. At present, it has 12 members who represent all five Catholic dioceses and all two territorial prelatures in the Nordic countries. It is unusual for bishops' conferences to be organised across several countries, but this reflects the fact that there are fewer than half a million Catholics in these countries. The Conference states as its tasks:
to further the common pastoral work in the region
to enable the bishops to consult with one another
to coordinate the work of the Church in the dioceses
to make possible common decisions on the regional level
to facilitate contacts with the Catholic Church in Europe and in the whole world
The most important decision-making organ is the plenary session. This meets twice a year at different places in the Nordic dioceses and sometimes outside of Northern Europe. Besides that there is the Permanent Council which also meets twice a year to plan the plenary sessions and to decide on urgent matters. Between meetings it is the secretary general, currently Sister Anna Mirijam Kaschner, CPS, who coordinates the work and the contacts between the bishops.
History of the Scandinavian Bishops Conference
The first known episcopal encounter took place in May 1923 in Gothenburg. The Vicars Apostolic of Sweden (Mgr. Johannes E. Müller: 1877-1965), Denmark (Mgr. Josef Brems: 1870-1958), and Norway (Mgr. Jan O. Smit: 1883-1972) discussed themes of common interest such as the best way of dealing with the congregations of women religious, how to foster the spiritual life of their priests, but above all how to prepare for the announced Scandinavian tour of the Cardinal Prefect of the Roman Congregation Propaganda Fide, Willem Marinus van Rossum, the first such dignitary to enter Scandinavia since the Reformation.
The next encounter took place in two stages: first in Stockholm on August 12, 1923, when Bishop Müller played host to Bishops Brems and Smit en route to Helsinki. During a festive reunion Bishop Müller launched a warm appeal for increased Nordic Catholic collaboration and announced that an important Scandinavian Catholic congress probably would soon be arranged in Copenhagen. Nine years, however, were to pass before this became a reality.
The second stage was celebrated in Helsinki on August 15, 1923, when Bishop M. J. Buckx, S.C.I. (1881-1946) received the episcopal consecration at the hands of Cardinal van Rossum. The only recorded subject for discussion during the following day's meeting was the Cardinal Prefect's earnest call for the founding of a minor seminary in Scandinavia, a matter which the bishops decided to take very seriously in spite of the obvious difficulties involved.
The third meeting took place in Copenhagen in February 1924 where, in addition to the above-mentioned prelates, the Local Ordinary of the newly erected Prefecture Apostolic of Iceland, Rev. Marteinn Meulenberg, S.M., completed the Nordic representation. The discussions, referred to as being "private and of an informative character," seem to have been a continuation of the agenda from the previous encounters.
A further meeting was held in Stockholm in 1927 without, unfortunately, leaving anything for the record.
In August 1932 the announced Internordic Catholic rally finally took place in Copenhagen in the form of a Eucharistic Congress. All five countries were represented. Bishop Smit, who had resigned in 1927, was replaced by Bishop-elect Mgr. Jacques Mangers, S.M. (1889-1972), Vicar of South Norway, that country having in 1931 been divided into three jurisdictions. Among the many foreign dignitaries present for the occasion we find, once more, Cardinal van Rossum (who died only some weeks later) and Cardinal August Hlond of Gniezno and Poznań. It stands to reason that the busy programme of a Eucharistic Congress did not allow time for a formal Conference meeting.
More is known of the next encounter in Stockholm in April 1936, when Bishop Müller chaired a two-day meeting including bishops Brems, Mangers, and William Cobben, S.C.I., Finland's new Vicar Apostolic (1897-1985). Iceland was unrepresented.
The matters discussed were to re-emerge during later Conference Plenaries: the fostering of vocations both to the priesthood and the religious life, as well as the spiritual and material well-being of candidates; the image of the Roman Catholic Church in the mass media of the day; basic principles for pastoral care; the production of fitting literature for Catholics, etc. In the compte-rendu consequently sent to the Propaganda Fide Congregation in Rome, three salient points were made:
the necessity of adapting Roman Catholic institutions to the high level of culture in the North;
the urgent necessity of establishing a minor seminary;
the fact that nothing damages Catholicism more than immoral behaviour and scandal within the Church itself.
Very soon after, the same ordinaries assembled again, this time in Copenhagen (July 1936) at the direct behest of the Propaganda Fide Congregation, in order to continue their deliberations. Alas, nothing came of the ambitious plan to establish a minor seminary. The project, however, has continued to haunt the Nordic bishops' meetings over the years.
A further conference was not convened until after the Second World War, when Bishop Müller in June 1946 chaired a meeting in Stockholm. Participants were the aforementioned bishops, except for Denmark where Bishop Theodor Suhr, O.S.B. (b. 1896) had replaced Bishop Brems. In addition, the Apostolic Prefects of Middle Norway, Antonius Deutsch, SS.CC. (1896-1980) and North Norway, Johannes Wember, M.S.F. (1900-1980) were also present. Only Iceland was missing. Several points of interest were brought up: especially marriage questions seemed to have been a matter in need of clarification.
A final meeting took place in Oslo in September 1951, where marriage questions were again on the agenda. Various items were discussed, amongst others the growing conviction that the time had now come for the Apostolic Vicariates to become fully fledged dioceses. It was decided that a request to this effect be forwarded to Rome. As we now know, this was soon to be granted.
The prehistory of this informal conference activity came to a close when in 1959 Pope John XXIII decided to send a permanent Apostolic Visitor to the five Nordic Countries (Archbishop M.H. Lucas), an arrangement which was soon to end in the formal establishment of the Apostolic Delegation to Scandinavia on March 1, 1960, with Mgr. Lucas in charge.
The establishment of the Scandinavian Episcopal Conference followed only two months after that of the Apostolic Delegation. Convoked by the Apostolic Delegate, the entire hierarchy of the five countries met in Bergen (South Norway) on May 1, 1960, with the prime purpose of founding a proper bishops' conference. Some participants were still the same as in 1951 (Bishops Cobben, Mangers, Suhr, and Wember). Newcomers were Bishops Ansgar Nelson, O.S.B., of Stockholm (b. 1906), Johannes Gunnarson, S.M.M., of Iceland (1897-1972), and Johannes Rüth, SS.CC., of Central Norway (1899 - 1978).
After some days of preliminary clarifications, the "Conventus Ordinariorum Scandiae" was formally established on May 4. After a secret vote, Bishops Suhr and Nelson were elected chairman and vice-chairman respectively.
The meeting, which lasted a full week, bore most of the marks of proper Episcopal Conferences developed as a result of the Second Vatican Council. Agreement was reached on several issues, such as common days of fasting and abstinence, clerical clothing, Internordic jurisdiction for hearing confessions, a common Catholic Directory, the canonical form for marriage, altar boys' societies, a yearly vocations Sunday, and other items of mutual interest and uncertainty.
The erection of episcopal conferences was as yet by no means obligatory. This, then, was a freely agreed-upon instrument of mutual help and cooperation. And as such it was in advance of most European Conferences, which were only established in connection with the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965). Rome, though praising the Scandinavian initiative by sending a high-level congratulatory telegram, did not formally recognise this or any of the existing conferences. Nor did the Holy See as yet use them as consultative bodies, but all this was to come. The necessities arising from Vatican II brought about the change.
The Second Vatican Council assembled approximately 2500 major prelates from all five continents. It soon became clear that a dividing up of this large body was necessary. But how to go about carrying out this division? The answer was by resorting to the already partly existing structures, i.e., the Bishops' Conferences. These would normally coincide with national boundaries, as had long been the case with the German Episcopal Conferences which had existed for over 100 years. A hurried establishment of such entities, willed by the Holy See to be ad hoc, was effected for the sole purpose of facilitating the working out of common stands on the Council documents. Any bishop who presented a paper in the Council aula in the name of such a conference was granted priority.
The Council itself decided that episcopal conferences were practical and useful bodies which should carry on in an institutionalised way. It was also clear that the Holy See, which traditionally had had to deal with individual dioceses, liked the idea of sharing some of the burden of labour and responsibility with these much larger units. After long discussions and several attempts at formulating practical guidelines, the Council could finally lay down a framework for such conferences in its Decree Christus Dominus (about the Pastoral Responsibility of Bishops), promulgated on October 28, 1965. This framework was followed by a more detailed set of rulings in the Papal motu proprio Ecclesiae Sanctae of August 6, 1966. Although there was now a set of guidelines common to all bishops' conferences, each is obliged to work out its own statutes, which, however, need the subsequent approval of the Holy See.
The Nordic Episcopal Conference had its statutes already worked out and approved by its members in 1962. When the Vatican Council institutionalised and imposed conferences generally, new statutes had to be elaborated – a task which, starting with the first revision over four conference sessions in 1965, has continued at regular intervals. This is because Rome prefers to approve such rulings for a maximum period of five years, ad experimentum as the formula goes. When the new body of Canon Law became effective on the first Sunday of Advent 1983, most of these statutes had to undergo at least revisory touches. And so the newly updated statutes of the Nordic Episcopal Conference, approved by the bishops in its Plenary Session in Stella Maris near Helsinki on September 27, 1984, were duly transmitted to Rome and received unqualified approbation on January 19, 1985.
Notes
External links
Homepage of the Scandinavian Bishops Conference
Catholic Church in Denmark
Catholic Church in Finland
Catholic Church in Iceland
Catholic Church in Norway
Catholic Church in Sweden
Scandinavia
Christian organizations established in 1960
Catholic organizations established in the 20th century
History of Christianity in Iceland |
4000865 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Should%20I%20Do%20It%20%28album%29 | Should I Do It (album) | Should I Do It is the 12th studio album by country music artist Tanya Tucker, released on June 29, 1981 by MCA Records. Two singles from the album, "Should I Do It," and "Rodeo Girls" peaked at 50 and 81 respectively on the Billboard Country Singles chart. The album overall peaked at #48 on the Top Country Albums chart.
Track listing
"Should I Do It" (Layng Martine, Jr.)
"Stormy Weather" [with Emmylou Harris] (Tom Snow, Leo Sayer)
"Halfway to Heaven" (Jerry Goldstein, Robert E. Getter, Guy F. Peritore)
"Heartache #3" (Joe Rainey)
"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" (Pino Donaggio, Simon Napier-Bell, Vicki Wickham)
"Rodeo Girls" (Joe Rainey, Tanya Tucker)
"I Oughta Let Go" (Troy Seals, Eddie Setser, Steve Diamond)
"Lucky Enough for Two" (Henry Gaffney)
"We're Playing Games Again" (Troy Seals, Richard Kerr)
"Shoulder to Shoulder" [with Glen Campbell] (Henry Gaffney)
Personnel
Tanya Tucker - lead vocals
Rick Shlosser, Steve Turner - drums, percussion
Bill McCubbin, Leland Sklar - bass guitar
Larry Muhoberac, Jai Winding - piano
Bill Cuomo - synthesizer
Buzz Feiten, Jay Dee Maness, Dean Parks, Lee Ritenour, Jerry Swallow, Fred Tackett - guitar
Jerry Swallow - mandolin
Chuck Findley, Jerry Hey, Jim Horn, Andrew Love, James Mitchell - horns
Nick DeCaro - accordion
John Bahler, Debbie Hall, Emmylou Harris, Ron Hicklin, Sandie Hill, Gene Morford, Herb Pedersen, Jerry Whitman - additional vocals
Chart performance
References
1981 albums
Tanya Tucker albums
MCA Records albums
Albums produced by Gary Klein (producer) |
5395872 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Ship%20Church | Old Ship Church | The Old Ship Church (also known as the Old Ship Meetinghouse) is a Puritan church built in 1681 in Hingham, Massachusetts. It is the only surviving 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in America. Its congregation, gathered in 1635 and officially known as First Parish in Hingham, occupies the oldest church building in continuous ecclesiastical use in the United States. On October 9, 1960, it was designated a National Historic Landmark and on November 15, 1966, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Old Ship Church is, according to The New York Times, "the oldest continuously worshiped-in church in North America and the only surviving example in this country of the English Gothic style of the 17th century. The more familiar delicately spired white Colonial churches of New England would not be built for more than half a century." Within the church, "the ceiling, made of great oak beams, looks like the inverted frame of a ship," notes The Washington Post. "Built in 1681, it is the oldest church in continuous use as a house of worship in North America."
The most distinctive feature of the structure is its Hammerbeam roof, a Gothic open timber construction, the most well-known example being that of Westminster Hall. Some of those working on the soaring structure were no doubt ship carpenters; others were East Anglians familiar with the method of constructing a hammerbeam roof.
History
The first minister of the Hingham congregation who built Old Ship was the Rev. Peter Hobart, who had attended what was then Puritan-dominated University of Cambridge. Natives of Hingham in the county of Norfolk in East Anglia, Peter Hobart, his father Edmund and his brother Capt. Joshua Hobart were among Hingham's most prominent early settlers. Edmund Hobart and his wife Margaret (Dewey), said Cotton Mather, "were eminent for piety ... and feared God above many." Assisting Hobart in the foundation of the congregation was Rev. Robert Peck, Hobart's senior and formerly rector of St Andrew's Church in Hingham, Norfolk.
After 44 years of service, minister Peter Hobart died on January 20, 1679, on the eve of the building of the new house of worship. Hobart's diary of events in Hingham, begun in the year 1635, was continued on his death by his son David. By the time Old Ship was built, Harvard-educated Rev. John Norton, who had been ordained by Peter Hobart, had assumed Hobart's ministry. While Rev. Norton was the first pastor of the congregation at its new home in Old Ship Church, Rev. Peter Hobart was the founder of the congregation, although he died before the new meetinghouse was finished.
Old Ship Church deacon John Leavitt, whose son John married Rev. Hobart's daughter Bathsheba, was deacon when Old Ship was constructed and he argued forcefully for the construction of a new meetinghouse. The matter of replacing the old thatched log meeting house stirred intense emotion in Hingham, and it took two heated town meetings to settle on a site for the new edifice, which was built on land donated by Capt. Joshua Hobart, brother of Rev. Peter Hobart. Ultimately, the town appropriated £430 for the new building, said to be the equal of any in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The modern frame edifice, devoid of ornamentation, was raised in 1681, and accommodated its first worship service the following year. Old Ship, with its stark wooden pulpit and stripped-down interior, could not have been further from the houses of worship known to many of the East Anglians who settled Hingham, Massachusetts. It was, in a sense, the anti-Wool church.
The program celebrating the 275th anniversary of the raising of the Old Ship Church in July 1956 described the raising of the meetinghouse:
The side galleries were added to the building in 1730 and 1755.
Originally the building was furnished with backless wooden benches, with the first box pews being installed in 1755.
In the Victorian period, the box pews were removed and replaced with curved pews fanning outward from the pulpit, while the walls were papered and drapes were added to the windows. The church was restored to its current appearance, reflecting its 17th and 18th century characteristics, in 1930.
Current use
The current minister is Kenneth Read-Brown, a descendant of Rev. Peter Hobart. The congregation is Unitarian Universalist and is a Welcoming Congregation. Some of the meetinghouse furnishings still in use date to its founding: Old Ship's christening bowl, for instance, was made before 1600 and was likely brought to the Massachusetts Bay Colony by emigrants from Hingham, England.
Old Ship Burying Ground
Old Ship Church is surrounded by a large colonial graveyard amidst gently undulating hills. The graveyard, Hingham Cemetery, is sometimes called the First Settlers cemetery, though more commonly it is called Old Ship Church Cemetery, even though it is independent of the Old Ship Church. It was originally part of a tract of land granted by the town to Thomas Gill, one of Hingham's earliest settlers. (It now comprises , and is the largest and oldest cemetery in Hingham.) Buried within its precincts are many of Hingham's earliest settlers and their descendants, including members of the Cushing, Hersey, Otis, Chaffee, Lane, Andrews, Hobart, Loring, Bates, Leavitt, Thaxter, Tower, Beal, Lincoln, Fearing and other prominent early families.
Among the prominent individuals buried in the graveyard are: Thomas Joy (1618–1678), builder of the first statehouse in Boston (the building was built of timber) and designer of the Old Ship Church; Rev. Peter Hobart (1604–1679), pastor of Old Ship Church, ancestor of Senator John Kerry; Edmund Hobart, father of Rev. Peter, instrumental in founding Hingham, ancestor of John Henry Hobart; William Hersey, one of Hingham's first settlers, ancestor of writer John Hersey; Col. Samuel Thaxter (1665–1740), one of "His Majesty's Council and Col. of His Regiment," delegate to the General Court and Hingham selectman; Col. Benjamin Lincoln (1699–1771), member of "His Majesty's Council," town selectman, town clerk, husband of Elizabeth Thaxter (daughter of Col. Samuel Thaxter), and father of Major General Benjamin Lincoln; Mrs. Sarah Langley Hersey Derby (1714–1790), founder of Derby Academy in Hingham, widow of Dr. Ezekiel Hersey and of Salem merchant Richard Derby, father of Elias Hasket Derby; Mary Revere Lincoln (1770–1853), daughter of Paul Revere; Governor John Albion Andrew (1818–1867), Civil War governor of Massachusetts, instrumental in founding the 54th and 55th Massachusetts Regiments, the first regiments of black infantry in the Civil War; John Davis Long (1838-1915), 32nd Governor of Massachusetts and Secretary of the Navy;(Wilmon Brewer (1895–1998), author/poet, philanthropist (major donations: Old Ordinary tavern to the town of Hingham, More-Brewer Conservation Area, World's End Park); Solomon Lincoln (1804–1881), Hingham attorney, author of first history of Hingham (1827), state senator, president of Boston's Webster Bank, and president of the Hingham Cemetery Corporation.
The oldest burials date from at least 1672, before the building of the current meeting house. The Settlers' Monument in Old Ship burying ground marks the place where the remains of Hingham's earliest settlers were moved after their initial burying place along modern-day Main Street, in front of Old Ship Church, was excavated for the passage of horse-drawn trolleys about 1835.
Memorial Bell Tower
Also in the grounds, situated close to the church, is the Hingham Memorial Bell Tower, erected in 1912 to commemorate the 275th anniversary of the founding of Hingham, and in memory of the town's founders. The tower contains ten bells hung for change ringing, also made in 1912 by Mears & Stainbank, of Whitechapel, London. The bells were cast specifically in order to be similar to the bells hung in St Andrew's Church in Hingham, Norfolk, which the town's founders would have heard while living in England, and are tuned to the same key of E.
Gallery
See also
List of National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places listings in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
First Unitarian Church in Westport
List of the oldest churches in the United States
Notes
Citations
References
External links
Official website
National Historic Landmark listing
National Park Service Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings
National Register listings for Plymouth County
Old Ship Historic Marker
Reverend Peter Hobart Historic Marker
Historic Churches of America, Nellie Urner Wallington, 1907
Hingham Cemetery Facts, Lucinda Day (compiler), Hingham Cemetery Corporation
Churches completed in 1681
National Historic Landmarks in Massachusetts
Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Unitarian Universalist churches in Massachusetts
New England Puritanism
Buildings and structures in Hingham, Massachusetts
Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Cemeteries in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
English Gothic architecture
National Register of Historic Places in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
Historic district contributing properties in Massachusetts
Gothic Revival architecture in Massachusetts
1681 establishments in Massachusetts
British colonial architecture in the United States
Colonial architecture in Massachusetts
17th-century churches in the United States
Churches in Plymouth County, Massachusetts |
5395878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Zahniser | Paul Zahniser | Paul Vernon Zahniser (September 6, 1896 – September 26, 1964) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played for three different teams over his five-season Major League Baseball career, which spanned from 1923 to 1929.
Career
Born in Sac City, Iowa, Zahniser started his professional career in 1918 with the Toledo Iron Men, and later he consistently won 20 or more games while pitching in the Southern Association, including 15 straight during one stretch.
He made his major league debut with the Washington Senators in 1923, and pitched as both a starting pitcher and in relief. He had a 9–10 win–loss record that first season in 33 games pitched, with ten complete games in 21 games started. The following season, Zahniser's numbers were not nearly as good, but the Senators went on to claim the 1924 World Series title. He did not play in the World Series, and was traded before the 1925 season, along with Roy Carlyle, to the Boston Red Sox for Joe Harris.
Over the next two seasons for the Red Sox, his effectiveness consistently worsened. His ERA's were 5.15 and 4.97, and he led the American League in losses with 18 in 1926. An explanation of his inneffectiveness was offered by Babe Ruth in his book Babe Ruth's Own Book of Baseball. Ruth explained that Zahniser unknowingly altered his delivery, depending on which pitch he was going to throw, so the hitters knew which one was he was going to throw. Zahniser made a one-game re-appearance in the majors with the Cincinnati Reds, pitched one inning, and gave up three earned runs. He finished the season with the Toledo Mud Hens.
Post-career
Zahniser died at the age of 68 of a self-inflicted gunshot in Klamath Falls, Oregon, and is interred at Oakland Cemetery in his hometown of Sac City.
References
External links
Major League Baseball pitchers
Boston Red Sox players
Cincinnati Reds players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players
Toledo Iron Men players
Columbus Senators players
Bloomington Bloomers players
Memphis Chickasaws players
St. Paul Saints (AA) players
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Toledo Mud Hens players
Seattle Indians players
Mission Reds players
Portland Beavers players
Rock Island Islanders players
Baseball players from Iowa
People from Sac City, Iowa
Suicides by firearm in Oregon
1896 births
1964 suicides |
5395893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccosteus | Coccosteus | Coccosteus (from , 'berry' and 'bone') is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm from the Devonian period. Its fossils have been found throughout Europe and North America. The majority of these have been found in freshwater sediments, though such a large range suggests that they may have been able to enter saltwater. The largest specimens were about , although the average length was .
Description
Like all other arthrodires, Coccosteus had a joint between the armor of the body and skull. It also had an internal joint between its neck vertebrae and the back of the skull, allowing for the mouth to be opened even wider. Along with the longer jaws, this allowed Coccosteus to feed on fairly large prey. The up-and-down movement of the skull also allowed for more water to be pumped through the gills. Possibly, the creature supplemented its diet with organic material filtered from mud using the gills. As with all other arthrodires, Coccosteus had bony dental plates embedded in its jaws, forming a beak. The beak was kept sharp by having the edges of the dental plates grind away at each other. Overall the creature looked similar to its gigantic cousin Dunkleosteus, save that its eyes were closer to the end of its snout than in its larger relative.
Phylogeny
Coccosteus is the type genus for family Coccosteidae, which belongs to the clade Coccosteomorphi, one of the two major clades within Eubrachythoraci. The cladogram below shows the phylogeny of Coccosteus:
Species
C. cuspidatus
This is the type species, and is an important index fossil in the continental Devonian sequence of northern Scotland deposited in the Orcadian Basin. It is only present at and below the Upper Eifelian Achanarras limestone level.
See also
List of placoderms
References
Coccosteidae
Middle Devonian fish
Late Devonian fish
Placoderms of North America
Placoderms of Europe
Devonian Scotland
Fossils of Scotland
Fossil taxa described in 1841
Taxa named by Louis Agassiz |
5395899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Knipper%20Theatre | Karl Knipper Theatre | Knipper Theatre, Kniper Theatre or Knieper Theatre () was the venue of a German theatrical troupe led by Karl Kniper which performed in Saint Petersburg beginning in 1775, and ending in 1797.
History
The theatre building was converted from a manège (riding school), located on the Tsaritsa Meadow () near the present-day Tripartite Bridge. From 1770 to 1777 it was occupied by English comedians, until they were replaced with Karl Knipper's German troupe.
In 1779 Knipper signed a contract with the Foundling Home that established the Volny Rossiysky Teatre (Вольный Российский Театр – The Free Russian Theatre). As part of this contract the Board of Trustees of the St Petersburg chapter of the Foundling Home ("Петербургский воспитательный дом" or "educational home") sent Knipper 50 of its pupils to instruct and eventually incorporate into spectacles. The composer Vasily Pashkevich was the pupils' music instructor. From 1782 to 1783 the director of the theatre was the well-known Russian actor Ivan Dmitrievsky, who performed at his benefice the famous comedy Nedorosl ( – The Minor) by Denis Fonvizin (1782). Choreographer Gasparo Angiolini and ballet dancer Francesco Rosetti were briefly dance instructors.
On 12 July 1783 the Imperial Theaters acquired the building and later Knipper's German troupe as well, but the Free Russian Theatre was dissolved. The building was renamed the Gorodskoy Derevyanny Theatre ( – The Wooden Town Theatre ) or Maly Theatre ( – Little Theatre). This existed until 1797, when it was dismantled at the demand of Paul I of Russia, because it was obstructing troop maneuvering during parades.
Repertoire
The repertoire of Knipper's German Theatre included:
Guglielmi Robert und Kalliste
Wolf Die Dorfdeputierten
Schweitzer Das Elysium
Holli Der Bassa von Tunis
Stegman Der Deserteur
Hiller Der Jagd
Bender Der Walder
Hiller Die Jubelhochzeit
Hefe Die Apotheke
Hiller Die Liebe auf dem Lande
Hiller Der Dorfbarbier
Hiller Lottchen am Hofe
Wolf Das Grosse Los
Gretri Lucile
Stegman Das Redende Gemälde
Piccini Die Nacht
The repertoire of the Free Russian Theatre included the following operas:
Vasily Pashkevich: Misfortune from a Coach (Несчастье от кареты – Neschastye ot karety 7 November 1779 St Petersburg Libretto by Yakov Knyazhnin)
Mikhail Sokolovsky: The Miller - a Wizard, a Cheat and a Match-maker (Мельник – колдун, обманщик и сват – Melnik – koldun, obmanshchik i svat to the text by Alexander Ablesimov, first in 1779 Moscow, c.1795 St Petersburg)
Ivan Kerzelli: Rozana i Lyubim (Розана и Любим – Rozana und Lyubim, four-act opera, text by Nikolai Nikolev, first in 1778, Moscow)
Vasily Pashkevich: The Saint-Petersburg Bazaar (Санкт-Петербургский Гостиный Двор – Sankt Peterburgskiy Gostinyi Dvor 1782 St Petersburg), etc.
Notes
External links
Teatralnaya entsiklopedia (in Russian)
Theatres in Saint Petersburg
Opera houses in Russia
1777 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1797 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
18th century in Saint Petersburg |
5395902 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QuickStrike | QuickStrike | QuickStrike is an out-of-print collectible card game gaming system developed by Upper Deck for use in their games. This system made its initial debut in 2006.
Compatibility
All games making use of the QuickStrike system are compatible with one another, with the cards from different game sets able to be mixed together in a single deck. Specific tournaments or game formats may require that a deck consist of only cards from a single television series or film.
The QuickStrike mechanics appear to be based on the rules from the older Shaman King Trading Card Game (also from Upper Deck Entertainment), and share a number of similarities with this earlier game. The cards from this earlier title are not, however, directly compatible.
Game system explanation
Games are fought as one-on-one battles between two characters, with each player represented by one of the characters. The objective of the game is to be the first player to score three points. A point can be earned when opponents are unable to stop an incoming attack after it has penetrated all three of their colored zones.
Cards
Unlike in many collectible card games, games utilizing the QuickStrike system do not involve players playing cards from a hand. Instead, players simply flip over cards from the top of their decks at the appropriate times. The cards which are flipped over consist of the following types:
Strikes - Cards with a blue border can be used either offensively, to launch an attack, or defensively, to stop an opponent's attack.
Advantages - Gold bordered cards represent special training and tactics. These cards have a number of different uses, including allowing players to charge a zone.
Allies - Cards with a purple border represent friends and companions who are providing assistance.
Players also have a special Chamber card, which holds hidden signature moves for a character. At the appropriate points during play, a powerful signature move can be slid out of the Chamber and revealed.
Zones
Games are played utilizing a playmat, which provides each player with three colored zones. The green zone is the first line of defense, with the yellow zone being second, and the red zone being the last chance to successfully stop an attack. The zones are where players flip over cards to defend against attacks, as well as where stored sources of energy and allies are placed.
When another player is attacking, the defending play usually starts defending in their green zone. He or she does this by flipping over a card into the zone. If the card is a strike with sufficient intercept, and the player pays the energy cost, this initiates a counterattack. If the revealed card is an advantage or ally, it too may be placed in the appropriate area after the cost is paid. If the player cannot pay the cost, or the card cannot be played at the current time, the player can choose to focus the card and store it face down as stored energy. When an attack is not stopped, it continues through to the next zone, where the player again flips over a card and has a chance to take an action. If the player is already in the red zone when this occurs, the opponent scores a point and may celebrate.
Signature moves
If all of a given player's zones have become charged, he or she may choose to use a signature move (assuming the energy costs can be paid). To do so, the player uncharges the zones and reveals the signature strike hidden within his or her Chamber card.
All signature move cards have two different moves, one on the front, and one on the back. The Chamber card always begin with the weaker, front-facing move ready to be used. After a signature move is played, it is flipped over before being placed back into the Chamber card, so that the opposite move is used the next time it is activated.
Deck requirements
In order to be a legal QuickStrike play deck, a deck must have at least 60 cards, with no more than four copies of any given card.
Players must also select a Chamber card, and this then restricts what other cards can go into the deck. Chamber cards have certain trait symbols on them, and any cards put into the play deck must match at least one of these trait symbols. This guarantees that cards are compatible in terms of powers. Cards which don't have any trait symbols can be used in any deck.
Each Chamber Card has four symbols that explain which cards they can use: One symbol for strikes, one for advantages, one for allies, and a second for strikes that is specific to that set.
Strike Types
Bull - Bull strike cards represent an aggressive and offensive style of fighting. They generally are powerful but costly, taking risks and using resources to attempt to win through sheer force and the elimination of the opponent's cards.
Fox - Fox strike cards represent tricky and cunning moves. They attempt to win through long-term strategy, and have such effects as searching through one's top cards or deck or forcing tough decisions upon your opponent.
Lion - Lion cards represent a controlled or defensive style of combat. They allow the player to protect their own work, preventing their allies or energies from being eliminated or their zones from being uncharged. They attempt to win through building themselves up to something big without allowing themselves to be torn back down.
Advantage Types
Body - Body cards are no-nonsense advantages that generally give simple but valuable boosts or hindrances to one of the players. They represent characters who are more physical than they are mental or spiritual.
Mind - Mind cards are strategic advantages. They commonly allow the player to see the next card in one or both of the player's decks and sometimes manipulate their order. They represent characters who can plan ahead and outwit their opponent.
Spirit - Spirit cards deal the most with the manipulation of energy and the charging/uncharging of zones. They also commonly have effects that depend on what your opponent does, making them the cards that depend most on "luck" or "faith", as the Spirit concept represents.
Ally Types
Light - Light characters are those on the side of good and justice. Such characters include Avatar Aang, King Bumi, and Commodore Norrington.
Shadow - Shadow characters are those whose alignment might be in question, somewhere between good and evil, or perhaps someone who just prefers their freedom as opposed to the law. Such characters include Captain Jack Sparrow, Will Turner, and Prince Zuko
Dark - Dark characters are those on the side of evil and corruption. Such characters include Admiral Zhao (ranked Commander Zhao in the game) and Captain Barbossa
Set-Specific Strikes
Avatar: The Last Airbender Icons - Fire, Water, Earth, Air
Pirates of the Caribbean Icons - Sail, Sword, Cannon
Starter decks sold for the various game sets typically contain only 30 cards per player, and so are not strictly speaking fully legal decks.
Games using QuickStrike
The following games make use of the QuickStrike system:
Avatar: The Last Airbender
Pirates of the Caribbean
Shaman King Game
Notes
While Shaman King was not an official QuickStrike game, it is, technically, the first card game to use the system. It was most likely not counted as part of the set due to it being a failure, despite winning many awards from anime magazines.
References
Collectible card games
Upper Deck Company games |
5395903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk%202099 | Hulk 2099 | Hulk 2099 (John Eisenhart) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Gerard Jones and Dwayne Turner and first appeared in 2099 Unlimited #1. As with many other Marvel 2099 characters, Hulk 2099 was a futuristic re-imagining of the original Hulk.
Publication history
Hulk 2099's first regular appearances were in 2099 Unlimited #1-6, as one of several different stories in the anthology. The character later starred in his own series, Hulk 2099, which ran for 10 issues (starting in Dec. 1994). After the series ended, the character was one of several heroes killed in the 2099 A.D. Apocalypse one-shot, which concluded the "One Nation Under Doom" storyline and changed the Marvel 2099 setting.
A version of the character later appeared in the pages of Exiles, with a further re-imagining of the character as a pack of feral gamma-powered creatures appearing in Timestorm 2009–2099.
Fictional character biography
John Eisenhart was a studio executive for Lotusland Productions, researching the Knights of Banner, migrant worshipers of the Hulk. The Knights of Banner had been experimenting with gamma rays, hoping to create a new Hulk. After the Knights refused to sell their story to him, Eisenhart reported them to the police. As the police arrived, a battle ensued leading to the capturing and slaughter of many knights. Eisenhart, wracked with guilt, joined the Knights in their fight. A young knight the studio exec had befriended named Gawain tried to end the violence by killing everyone by setting off the gamma devices, only to have his new ally caught in the blast. The blast transformed Eisenhart into a new Hulk, who quickly ended the battle. Upon returning to Lotusland, the studio executive was assigned to investigate a new desert creature (himself).
Lotusland, as a company, continued to have much trouble, including nearly everyone going quite mad due to outside influences.
During his investigation, Eisenhart/Hulk would meet a singer/songwriter named Quirk. She would join Eisenhart/Hulk in his search for Gawain, who had been captured during the initial battle. The search would take them to multiple locations, including a mall that is dozens of miles long and has many abandoned areas. The Hulk would deal with multiple foes in multiple spots while his human side, which he is liking less and less, has to deal with the backstabbing at his workplace. This plot would last for the duration of the Hulk's 2099 Unlimited appearances, with the young knight being rescued.
Gawain's salvation would be short-lived, as he would die at the hands of the villain Draco at the start of the Hulk 2099 series, fueling Eisenhart/Hulk with guilt and remorse throughout the rest of the series over his broken vow to protect the young knight. In addition to Draco, the Hulk would face other villains throughout the series (Golden One, Cybershaman, Dr. Apollo, Anti-Hulk). He then went searching for his ex-wife, but instead ran into his demise. The Hulk would meet his demise at the barrels of guns of the post-Doom S.H.I.E.L.D., dying after being shot by an unspecified energy in 2099 A.D. Apocalypse.
Exiles
The Exiles later visited the Marvel 2099 universe. After being resurrected and escaping the House of M, Proteus took over the body of this version of Hulk 2099, looking for a suitable host body that would not expire quickly due to his vast energy. Although physically powerful, the Hulk's body was not enough to sustain Proteus, who transferred himself into the body of Morph in the Future Imperfect universe.
The appearance of Proteus early in the year 2099 caused a timeline divergence from the original Marvel 2099 continuity, and the new timeline is identified as Earth-6375 in the All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z #5.
Timestorm 2009-2099
In Timestorm 2009-2099, the Hulk of 2099 is not just a singular individual, but an entire species of mutant creatures that were created when a gamma bomb was dropped on Washington, D.C., mutating all residents there and reducing the city to a desert wasteland.
Secret Wars 2099
During the Secret Wars storyline, a variation of Hulk 2099 resides in the Battleworld domain of 2099. John Eisenheart is seen pursuing a criminal wanted by Alchemax's Avengers. When the Avengers arrive, Eisenheart warns them not to interfere and transforms into the Hulk after they refuse to leave. After battling the heroes, the Hulk is revealed to be a member of the Defenders 2099.
Powers and abilities
The Hulk 2099, like his namesake, was one of the strongest characters in his fictional universe; and also like the original, the strength of the character would increase with his emotional state. His baseline strength is 150 tons and he is nearly invulnerable. In addition, Hulk 2099 had a high level of speed and stamina, a healing factor, and could leap great heights (he could easily leap hundreds of feet in height and hundreds of miles while in an enraged state). Eisenhart can willingly transform himself into Hulk 2099, the process adds 5' 9" in height and 1,423 lbs to his frame. Unlike his predecessor, this Hulk had razor sharp claws and fangs that could tear through steel.
The most distinctive contrast of Hulk 2099 to his Earth-616 counterpart was his psyche. Initially, when turned into the Hulk, Eisenhart retained his intellect and personality (although significantly more aggressive, due possibly to his current emotional state). Eisenhart was even able to control his transformations. However, as the series progressed, Eisenhart and the Hulk became two distinct and separate personalities, Eisenhart more ruthless, while the Hulk heroic. As the mental separation became more distant, transformation would only occur during moments of rage.
In other media
Video games
Hulk 2099 appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2.
References
External links
Hulk 2099 at Marvel Wiki
Hulk 2099 (Timestorm version) at Marvel Wiki
Hulk 2099 of Earth-21391 at Marvel Wiki
Fictional characters with dissociative identity disorder
2099
Marvel 2099 characters
Marvel Comics characters who are shapeshifters
Marvel Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds
Marvel Comics characters with accelerated healing
Marvel Comics characters with superhuman strength
Marvel Comics male superheroes |
4000887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorganshire%20%28UK%20Parliament%20constituency%29 | Glamorganshire (UK Parliament constituency) | Glamorganshire was a parliamentary constituency in Wales, returning two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the British House of Commons. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 divided it into five new constituencies: East Glamorganshire, South Glamorganshire, Mid Glamorganshire, Gower and Rhondda.
Boundaries
This constituency comprised the whole of Glamorganshire.
History
For most of its history, the county constituency was represented by landowners from a small number of aristocratic families and this pattern continued until the nineteenth century. Following the Great Reform Act of 1832 a second county seat was created.
By the 1850s it had become virtually impossible for a Tory candidate to be elected as a county member since the industrial and urban vote could be rallied against him. This was proved in 1857 when Nash Vaughan Edwards-Vaughan failed in his attempt to dislodge one of the sitting members. Thereafter, until redistribution in 1885 led to the abolition of the constituency, the representation was shared by C.R.M. Talbot and Hussey Vivian. In line with Liberal party policy in two-member constituencies to run candidates from both wings of the party, the Whig aristocrat Talbot collaborated well with the more Radical Vivian.
Members of Parliament
MPs 1541–1832
MPs 1832–1885
Election results
Elections in the 1830s
Elections in the 1840s
Elections in the 1850s
Wyndham-Quin was appointed Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, causing a by-election.
Elections in the 1860s
Elections in the 1870s
Elections in the 1880s
References
Sources
Books and Journals
Other
A map of Glamorganshire in 1885, showing its new divisions.
Boundary Commission review Original Map from 1832 showing Glamorganshire constituency
Politics of Glamorgan
Historic parliamentary constituencies in South Wales
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1536
Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1885 |
5395942 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bocanada | Bocanada | Bocanada (Puff) is the second solo album by Argentine rock musician Gustavo Cerati, released by BMG International on 28 June 1999. The album, an eclectic mix of neo-psychedelia and trip hop with a variety of styles, is considered by critics and fans as a highlight in Cerati's career and one of his best albums. His first album release after the breakup of Soda Stereo, Bocanada followed Cerati's time with the groups Plan V and Ocio, two bands oriented towards electronic music. Raíz was the album's first cut played in radio stations, Puente being the first music video to be released; "Bocanada" had the most music videos produced of any Cerati album to date.
Allmusic granted it 4 1/2 stars out of 5, which was viewed as surprising and unusual, considering it is not very commonplace for Allmusic to give a Latin album such a high score.
Music
Bocanada is mostly an electronic music album, with an art pop and trip hop sound, making a huge change of Cerati's classic pop rock sound and influences. Similar to other artists of trip hop scene like Massive Attack or Portishead, several songs use one or more samples.
Track listing
All songs written by Gustavo Cerati, except where noted.
Videos
This is the album which has the most music videos released in Gustavo Cerati's soloist career.
Puente .
Paseo Inmoral .
Tabú .
Engaña .
Río Babel .
Personnel
Gustavo Cerati - lead vocals, guitars, samplers, synthesizers, keyboards, bass guitar, effects, additional instruments, mixing, producer
Additional personnel
Flavius Etcheto: Sampler in all tracks minus Raiz and Verbo Carne.
Leo García: Sampler, Backing Vocals in Engaña, Puente and Aqui y Ahora.
Martín Carrizo: drums.
Fernando Nalé: Bass guitar in 4, 6, 11. Double Bass in 3, 5. Fretless bass in 13.
Tweety González: Organ in Beautiful.
Alejandro Terán: Arranger in Verbo Carne.
Eduardo Bergallo: Engineer, mixing
MacKinlay: 2nd Engineer
Eduardo Iencenella: Assistant
Clive Goddard: Mixing
Barry Woodward: Editor, The Townhouse, London
Bunt Stafford-Clark: Mastering, The Townhouse, London
Gaby Herbstein: Photography
Oscar (Roho): Hairstyle
Sofía Temperley: Photoshop
ROS: Design direction
The London Session Orchestra
Gavin Wright: Director
Peter Cobbin: Engineer
Joel Gregg: Assistant
Certifications
References
Gustavo Cerati albums
1999 albums
Bertelsmann Music Group albums |
5395951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By%20Inferno%27s%20Light | By Inferno's Light | "By Inferno's Light" is the 113th episode of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the 15th episode of the fifth season.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet-run space station Deep Space Nine near the planet Bajor, guarding a wormhole that connects the Alpha and Gamma Quadrants of the galaxy, as the Bajorans recover from a decades-long occupation by the imperialistic Cardassians. The Gamma Quadrant is home to a hostile empire known as the Dominion, ruled by the shape-shifting Changelings, whose will is enforced by their ruthless soldiers, the Jem'Hadar, and their administrators, the Vorta. In the middle seasons of the series, the Dominion foments discord between the Cardassians, the Klingon Empire, and the United Federation of Planets.
This episode is the second half of a two-part episode; in its predecessor, "In Purgatory's Shadow", the Dominion prepared to launch its long-awaited invasion of the Alpha Quadrant, as several Deep Space Nine officers and allies were held prisoner in a Dominion detainment facility. This episode sees Cardassia join the Dominion, drastically altering the balance of power in the galaxy. It features the return of several recurring characters and draws on plot lines from the third-season's "Improbable Cause" and "The Die is Cast", the body of the fourth season, and fifth-season opener "Apocalypse Rising".
The episode premiered to almost 6 million viewers.
Plot
The Dominion fleet passes through the wormhole and flies off toward Cardassia. The Cardassian officer Gul Dukat joins them, announcing that the Dominion has accepted Cardassia as a member, with Dukat as its new leader.
At the Dominion internment camp where DS9 officers Worf and Dr. Bashir, the Cardassian former spy Garak, and the Klingon general Martok are being held, the inmates have built an illicit transmitter inside the prison walls. Garak crawls inside the walls to modify it to signal their runabout so they can escape, triggering his severe claustrophobia. Meanwhile, Worf is selected as an opponent for Jem'Hadar guards to practice hand-to-hand combat. Worf's refusal to surrender, defeating a series of Jem'Hadar opponents, inspires Garak to overcome his fears and continue working.
Dukat vows with the help of the Dominion to destroy all who stand in the way of Cardassia becoming a major power in the Alpha Quadrant. As Klingon ships hastily retreat from their invasion of Cardassian space, Deep Space Nine's Captain Sisko persuades Klingon chancellor Gowron to reinstate the alliance between the Klingons and the Federation in order to fight the Dominion. Dukat contacts Sisko, warning that he intends to conquer Deep Space Nine for the Dominion. Sisko deploys the starship Defiant and three runabouts to fight the incoming Cardassian/Dominion fleet; they are joined by the Klingons and a Romulan fleet. Unknown to Sisko, a Changeling impersonating Bashir is at the helm of one of the runabouts.
Back at the internment camp, the Jem'Hadar come close to discovering Garak before being overpowered by the other prisoners. Meanwhile, Worf is fighting Ikat'ika, the Jem'Hadar commander. Worf refuses to yield; Ikat'ika, impressed by Worf's determination, yields the fight. The Vorta overseer, enraged, orders Ikat'ika's immediate execution. As the troops turn their phasers toward Worf, Garak manages to activate the transmitter, and the prisoners are beamed away to the runabout at the last second. There, Bashir sends an urgent message to DS9.
The Changeling Bashir's runabout is carrying a bomb intended to detonate inside the sun, incinerating DS9, Bajor, and the combined Starfleet, Klingon, and Romulan forces. Receiving Bashir's message, Sisko orders that runabout destroyed. The Defiant takes the risky maneuver of engaging warp drive within the solar system in order to pull the runabout away from the sun where it explodes safely. No Cardassian/Dominion fleet arrives.
Garak, Worf, Bashir, and Martok return to the station and Sisko finalizes the peace treaty with Gowron. Martok is appointed to command the new permanent Klingon presence on DS9.
Reception
In 2018, CBR rated "In Purgatory's Shadow" paired with "By Inferno's Light", as the 9th best multi episode story arc of all Star Trek.
In 2015, Geek.com recommended this episode as "essential watching" for their abbreviated Star Trek: Deep Space Nine binge-watching guide.
In 2020, The Digital Fix ranked "In Purgatory's Shadow" and "By Inferno's Light" as the fourth best episode(s) of Deep Space Nine. They call the episodes an "epic two-parter" that took the show's "long-running narrative to another level" and praised the various plot lines and reveals.
References
External links
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (season 5) episodes
1997 American television episodes
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes in multiple parts
Television episodes directed by Les Landau |
4000897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department%20of%20Families%2C%20Community%20Services%20and%20Indigenous%20Affairs | Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs | The Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (also known as FaCSIA) was an Australian government department that existed between January 2006 and December 2007. The department which preceded the Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs was the Department of Family and Community Services (1998-2006).
History
Before the formation of FaCSIA
Before the Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs existed, the 2003-2004 federal budget included a $8.6 million funding that allowed the department to support a 12-year longitudinal study of Indigenous children. The purpose of the study was to improve the quality of data on Indigenous children and their foundational years growing up. This was led by the senator at the time, the Hon. Amanda Vanstone - Minister for Family and Community Services.
In 2004, certain functions and operational activities within ATSIS-ATSIC were transferred to the department in respect to community housing and infrastructure for Indigenous women. From July 2004, the Aboriginal Hostels Limited Body was transferred under the portfolio of the Department of Family and Community Services.
Forming the Department
On 27 January 2006, the Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination (OPIC) was absorbed by the Department of Families, Community Services, and Indigenous Affairs (FaCSIA) due to an announcement by the Prime Minister. Following this, an upheaval in the organisation of ministerial responsibilities saw Indigenous Affairs allocated to the department with a new cabinet minister, Mal Brough, to oversee.
Mal Brough's new policy and rhetoric was focused on the relocation of portfolio responsibilities that the Department of Families, Community Services, and Indigenous Affairs now is responsible for. In Mal Brough's first major speech as minister for the department in late April 2006 at the Social Innovations Dialogue conference, Brough was recorded to have focused strongly on family, and pushing for family values as the “fundamental building block through which children are instilled with values and principles and prepared for the challenges of the future.” (Sanders, p. 3, 2015).
In May 2006, the Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination (OIPC) official became a part of FaCSIA, aligning the department more with Indigenous Affairs.
In March 2007, there were many criticisms directed towards the department for its failure to enact positive change for relevant stakeholders, particularly in the housing component of the department. Specifically, there were identified failures associated with the Community Housing and Infrastructure Program (CHIP), which ATSIC had passed onto the Commonwealth Department of Family and Community Services in 2004.
One such organisation to critique the department during this time was a review conducted by Price Waterhouse Coopers (PwC), which stated, “the housing needs of Indigenous Australians in remote areas have not been well served and the interests and expectations of taxpayers have not been met.” (Sanders, p. 5, 2015).
The Community Housing and Infrastructure Program (CHIP)
The CHIP project as concluded by many organisations such as PwC, was an ineffective government project administered by the department which led to, “policy confusion, complex administration and poor outcomes and accountability of government funded housing, infrastructure and municipal services.” (Price Waterhouse Coopers, p. 16, 2007). The PwC 2007 report even went to the extent of stating that the program should be abolished.
Another perspective on the CHIP project which aligns with PwC's criticisms is Minister Brough's view on its ineffectiveness and clear failure to meet the needs of Indigenous housing and helping the relevant stakeholders involved. Minister Brough has stated, that CHIP, previously managed by ATSIC, “has clearly failure to deliver and needs urgent reform… while billions of dollars have been invested in Indigenous housing, there is little to show for it." (Sanders, p.6, 2015).
The PwC 2007 report also recorded Minister Brough’s perspective, “We’ve been chasing our tail and not seeing any significant progress in overcoming the Indigenous housing problem in remote Australia particularly. The review of CHIP...found current Indigenous housing arrangements flawed and unsustainable. It provides a sober analysis of the situation and radical way forward.” (Sanders, p. 6, 2015).
The result of the critic and the PwC report has led to the department adopting a new strategic framework which proposed to combine Indigenous community housing with public housing under one broad division for the department to oversee. This meant expanding public housing and aiding home ownership, particularly focusing on remote areas on community title land. Minister Brough responded to these changes positively, stating that the department's future directions are focused on exploring making positive changes in Indigenous housing.
This focus on Indigenous housing led to the development of numerous funding packages that aimed to incentivise home ownership in the Indigenous population. These incentives tied housing funding commitments to land tenure change and focused on Indigenous-concentrated areas, which led to a degree of controversy. Specifically, in Alice Springs town camps which rejected the funding packages. Other packages, like the Tiwi Islands near Darwin and Noel Pearson's home community in Cape York expanded extensively to include education, sport, welfare reform beyond housing and land ownership.
It was this focus on housing that led to the closure of the department and the creation of the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs. The new department assumed most of the responsibilities of FaCSIA, but expanded its operational activities to include:
Housing policy co-ordination, welfare housing and rent assistance
Indigenous policy co-ordination and the promotion of reconciliation
Community development employment projects
FaCSIA Strategic Framework 2006-2009
FaCSIA developed a strategic framework from 2006 to 2009 in order to improve the lives and wellbeing of Australians and communities with a clear set of priorities and goals. These high level priorities and outcomes outlined by the Ministers of the department to be achieved in the first twelve months were called Priority Business Results.
Priority Business Results 2006-2007
Measurable improvement in program compliance, efficiency and impact
Improve access to child care, particularly in regard to working parents
Measurable improvement in outcomes for Indigenous people from mainstream and targeted programs
Implement the government's child support reforms
Successfully establish strategic interventions in a range of indigenous communities, in partnership with state and territory governments
Measurable improvement of the impact in communities of our community-based programs and interventions
The outcomes of the Priority Business Results has been recorded as an increase in self-sufficiency of Australian individuals, families and communities in social and business engagement, as well as through increased rates of seniors and people with disabilities participating in the community.
In the long term, FaCSIA's 2006-2009 Strategic Framework aims to ensure that Australian families, individuals and communities are participating in economic and social activities through business and other community groups. There is also a long-term focus on early interventions of issues like domestic violence, mental health, youth suicide, etc. to ensure that the younger generations of Australia have the best start to life.
FaCSIA's strategic framework also outlines that it is dedicated to activating intergenerational change that responds to the ageing population, Australia's declining birth rate and the changing needs of Indigenous Australians.
Scope
Information about the department's functions and/or government funding allocation could be found in the Administrative Arrangements Orders, the annual Portfolio Budget Statements, the department's annual reports and on the Department's website.
According to the Administrative Arrangements Order (AAO) made on 27 January 2006, the department dealt with all the previous functions of the Department of Family and Community Services along with matters related to Indigenous affairs and reconciliation Previous functions of the Department of Family and Community Services inherited by FaCSIA were:
Income security policies and programmes for families with children, carers, the aged and people in hardship
Services for families with children, people with disabilities and carers
Community support services, excluding the Home and Community Care program
Family relationship services
Welfare housing and rent assistance
Youth affairs, excluding income support policies and programs
Women's policies and programs
Matters dealt with by the Department of Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs include Indigenous Affairs and reconciliation, Families, Communities, Individuals, and the Social Support System (FaCSIA, 2014).
Portfolio Legislation
Social Security Law and Guide to the Social Security Law
Family Assistance Law and Family Assistance Guide
Commonwealth State Housing Agreement
International Agreements
Family Assistance Legislation and Consolidated Disallowable Instruments
Disallowable Instruments - means test
Other legislation specific to Indigenous Affairs administered by the Minister of the Department both before and after the official establishment of the Department of Families, Community Services, and Indigenous Affairs (Commonwealth of Australia, 2006)
Administrative Arrangements Order (AAO)
Another relevant legislation that is within the scope of FaCSIA is the Administrative Arrangements Order. Part 8: The Department of Family and Community Services of the Commonwealth of Australia, Administrative Arrangements Order, signed by the Governor General, His Excellency Major General Michael Jeffery AC CVO MC specifically is within the scope of the department.
Reports and reviews
The department also commissions reports and reviews, such as the review of Early Intervention Therapies for Autism Spectrum Disorders, DisabilityCare Australia and the Gender Wage gap. The review was a follow up and extension of a 2006 report commissioned by the Australian Government Department of Health and Aging. The purpose of the review, despite being not directly linked to the department's main scope and jurisdiction, was to provide up to date information to families about the evidence for efficacy of interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from birth up to the age of 7 years. The department pursued ratings of scientific merit for the report's intervention research to establish an internationally recognised scientific criteria for treatment efficacy.
Structure
The department was an Australian Public Service department, staffed by officials who were responsible to the Minister for Community Services and the Minister assisting the Prime Minister for Women's Issues.
Ministers
The Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous and the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Indigenous Affairs is the Hon Mal Brough MP.
The Minister for Community Services if the Hon John Cobb MP.
The Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for Women's Issues is the Hon Julie Bishop MP.
Secretaries
The Secretary of the Department was Jeff Harmer. The Associate Secretary, Wayne Gibbons, looked after the Office of Indigenous Policy Coordination (OIPC). Deputy Secretary, Glenys Beauchamp, oversaw social policy, families, children, women and youth. Deputy Secretary, Stephen Hunter, oversaw housing and disability, communities, corporate support and, business and financial services. Deputy Secretary, Bernie Yates, oversaw program operations, Information Management and Technology, performance, policy, land and resources and leadership development.
The following organisation structure was announced on 2 May 2006 and took into effect from Monday 8 May 2006.
Partnerships
As part of FaCSIA's Statement of Commitment to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, FaCSIA established numerous Indigenous Coordination Centres across regional Australia to help with Indigenous services and programs.
State and territory governments
FaCSIA has worked with state and territory governments to create collaborative funding agreements where the governments and the department develop strategies, programs and policies to cover disability and housing, and prevent domestic violence, youth suicide and homelessness.
These agreements include:
Commonwealth-State/Territory Disability Agreement
Commonwealth-State Housing Agreement
Supported Accommodation Assistance Program
Government agencies
FaCSIA also works with government agencies, such as Centrelink, to help with the recovery of Australians, families and communities in the event of national emergencies and international disasters. These partnerships aim to provide individuals and families financial payments and support to recover after crisis.
Other partnerships involve
foreign governments
businesses
not-for-profit sector
services providers
research bodies
families and communities
Reducing Red Tape
FaCSIA has also been focused on reducing administrative red tape in its operational activities and business processes in order to maximise efficiency and outcomes.
Consultations with the department occurred from October 2005 to June 2006 to discover new ways of decreasing administrative inefficiencies whilst ensuring that quality standards were upheld within the government department. These consultations were held with service providers, advisory bodies through emails, discussions and round table discussions held in each state and territory.
The outcome of these consultations have been uploaded for public access in the form of Progress Reports. In summary, the Progress Reports suggested a streamlining of FaCSIA's processes by establishing performance reporting and established frameworks for reporting, funding arrangements and application processes. These Progress Reports have been implemented to some extent, with FaCSIA implementing funding application processes and agreements on an IT streamlined platform in 2006–07.
References
Further resources
Annual reports
Ministries established in 2006
Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs
Social security in Australia |
4000901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purchase%20of%20Land%20%28Ireland%29%20Act%201885 | Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885 | The Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885 (48 & 49 Vict. c.73), commonly known as the Ashbourne Act is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, passed by a Conservative Party government under Lord Salisbury. It extended the terms that had been achieved under the Kilmainham Treaty. It set up a £5 million fund and any tenant who wanted to buy land could do so. One could take a loan from the government and would pay it back in monthly installments.
The Act was effected by, and informally named for, Edward Gibson, 1st Baron Ashbourne, the then Lord Chancellor of Ireland.
The loans would be paid back over 48 years and the rate of interest would be fixed at 4% per annum. This made the loan repayments affordable, and more people could benefit from the Act as they would now be able to buy their own land. It strengthened the original Irish Land Acts as they had enabled tenants to buy land in restricted circumstances. The Ashbourne Act formally gave this right to the tenants and funded the Land Commission
It has been argued that the Act was passed to win the support of Charles Stewart Parnell. Salisbury knew that his government would not last long as the Liberal Party had an overall majority. Salisbury realised that he would need Irish Party support to maintain power. Therefore, the Ashbourne act was a way to win over Parnell while keeping William Ewart Gladstone on the opposition benches. This failed, as Gladstone came into government soon after and introduced the Government of Ireland Bill 1886; which however also failed.
The Ashbourne Act was extended in 1889. It increased the government grants for loans by a further £5 million and became law in August 1891.
It was one of the Land Purchase (Ireland) Acts.
See also
Irish Land Acts
References
United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1885
1885 in law
Land reform in Ireland
1885 in Ireland
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Ireland |
5395963 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broombridge%20railway%20station | Broombridge railway station | Broombridge is a railway station beside a Luas Tram stop serving Cabra, Dublin 7, Ireland. It lies on the southern bank of the Royal Canal at the western end of what had been Liffey Junction station on the erstwhile Midland Great Western Railway (MGWR). It takes its name from Broome Bridge, which crosses the canal, where William Rowan Hamilton developed the mathematical notion of quaternions. A plaque on the adjacent canal bridge and the name of the Luas Maintenance depot on site, Hamilton Depot, commemorates this.
Description
The railway station was opened on 2 July 1990. Both platforms are step-free accessible, the northern eastbound by a long ramp from the Cabra Road bridge and the southern platform at street level. A pedestrian bridge with lifts and other station improvements were completed in 2018 to facilitate transfers to the two Luas terminus platforms which became operational in December 2017. No toilet facilities are provided despite being an interchange station.
Services
Broombridge is a station on the Western Commuter services.
It is the last station approaching Dublin served by both branches of the Western Commuter line before the line splits between trains heading to Connolly Station and those going to Docklands. , the core off-peak rail service is half-hourly between Dublin Connolly station and Maynooth railway station, supplemented in the peaks by an additional half-hourly service from Docklands to the M3 Parkway with some miscellaneous extensions to other services.
Luas
The Luas Broombridge interchange station is the northside Dublin terminus of the Luas Green Line extension and services began in December 2017. From Broombridge, the tram route takes the old MGWR route to its Broadstone terminus site before continuing to Dublin City Centre. The Broombridge-Hamilton LUAS maintenance depot lies to the south of the line on the final part of the approach to the station.
Bus connections
A bus stop is provided at the forecourt on the southern side of the station convenient to the LUAS platforms. Dublin Bus route 40E which travels through Finglas and terminates at Tyrrellstown, near Blanchardstown, has Broombridge station as its southern terminus.
Vandalism
The station is unmanned and had been subject to significant and sustained vandalism, enough for Iarnród Éireann to be concerned and questions asked about it in the Dáil. The lack of shelter for passengers or seating facilities was similarly questioned,.
In 2012, additional security measures were added along with seating and decoration in advance of the station's redesign as part of the Luas Cross City project. Leap card validators, previously not provided due to vandalism concerns, have been installed and Iarnród Éireann ticket machines were installed towards the end of 2019.
Luas
Broombridge is the northern terminus of the Green Line of the Luas, Dublin's Light rail tram system. The tram platforms were constructed in 2017, at the same time as the nearby Hamilton Depot, the forecourt which provides space for buses to access the station, a staff car park, and a footbridge over the main line tracks to allow easier interchange. The two platforms lie adjacent to the eastern end of the main line platforms, and interchange between the two systems is possible via steps and a ramp.
On average, trams depart every 10 to 15 minutes and head south towards Bride's Glen, a journey which takes approximately one hour. Immediately after leaving Broombridge, they go through a double crossover point which allows them to make use of both platforms. The line runs parallel to the heavy rail line for 350m, before turning south into the Broadstone railway cutting, which takes it into central Dublin.
Proposals
In 2020, a extension of the green line from Broombridge to Charlestown Shopping Centre was announced. According to the current plan for the project, Broombridge will become a through stop, and trams will leave the stop before taking a sharp turn to the right, crossing the heavy rail line and the Royal Canal on a specially constructed bridge which will run parallel to Broome Bridge itself, and then continue northwards.
Nearby
Reilly's Bridge
In 1847, when the railway was opened, the MGWR briefly established a station at Reilly's Bridge just over to the west but closed it before the end of the year.
Gallery
See also
List of railway stations in Ireland
References
External links
Irish Rail Broombridge Station Website
LUAS Broombridge station website
LUAS Cross City Line Project Website
Iarnród Éireann stations in Dublin (city)
Railway stations opened in 1990
1990 establishments in Ireland |
5395966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resident%20Advisors | Resident Advisors | Resident Advisors may refer to:
Resident assistant, a supervisor in a group housing facility
Resident Advisor, an online music magazine
Resident Advisors (TV series), an American comedy series |
4000903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwierzyn%2C%20Lubusz%20Voivodeship | Zwierzyn, Lubusz Voivodeship | Zwierzyn (formerly German Neu Mecklenburg) is a village in Strzelce-Drezdenko County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It is the head of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Zwierzyn. It lies approximately south-east of Strzelce Krajeńskie and north-east of Gorzów Wielkopolski.
According to Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa (governmental institution responsible for the objects considered most important to the nation's cultural heritage) there is one monument in Zwierzyn, John the Baptist Roman-Catholic Church, which was built in 1767.
In 2015 a new railway station was erected in Zwierzyn.
The village has a population of 1,300.
References
Villages in Strzelce-Drezdenko County |
4000906 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Mecklenburg | New Mecklenburg | New Mecklenburg may refer to:
Gomersal, South Australia, village in the Barossa Valley renamed in 1918
Marysville, California, county seat of Yuba County
New Ireland (island), large island in the state of Papua New Guinea, known as Neu Mecklenburg while under German colonial control from 1885 to 1914
New Ireland Province, administrative division of Papua New Guinea
Westgarthtown, Victoria was known as Neu Mecklenburg from establishment around 1850 until World War I when it was absorbed into Thomastown |
5395968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Professor%20of%20Desire | The Professor of Desire | The Professor of Desire is a 1977 novel by Philip Roth. It describes the youth, the college years and the academic career of professor David Kepesh, and beside that, his sexual desires. The book was nominated for the National Book Critics Circle Award.
Plot summary
David is emotionally insecure. He grows up in the hotel his parents manage, where he is influenced by artist Herbie Bratasky, who, thanks to his ingenuity in imitating sounds of farts, defecation and toilet flushing, is credited with "mastering the whole Wagner scale of fecal Storm and Stress".
When he attends a college, he rooms with a lazy, often-masturbating, homosexual, draft-dodging, fellow student, who inadvertently adds to Kepesh's insecurity. At first, he seems to accept the odd facts about his colleague, but then he's shocked when he's told by others that he deviated from so many social norms.
David, often lusting after female co-students, never has a successful date. He often annoys girls by telling them they have gorgeous bodily features. Kepesh, with a Fulbright grant in his pocket, goes to London, where he meets two sexually interested Swedish girls, Birgitta and Elisabeth.
Back in America, he moves to California, where he gets acquainted with Helen, a woman dreaming of opening a store. Helen has a history of promiscuity dating back to her early twenties, when she lived in Hong Kong and other places in Asia. Helen does not feel loved by Kepesh. She refuses to do household duties because Kepesh gives her only sexual attention; unable to speak of his emotions, Kepesh submits to that "fact" and ends up doing all the housework as well as teaching literature classes and writing papers on Anton Chekhov.
Kepesh separates from Helen and goes to New York to give lectures in literature, but his emotional side not yet formed or refined, he has endless sessions with a psychoanalyst and even uses his literature class (which he later calls "Desire 341" after the course number) to contrast his own desires and experiences with those portrayed in works like Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary. He even persuades the students to hear about and discuss his own love life. On a visit to Prague, birthplace of the equally sexually inexperienced Franz Kafka, he dreams of visiting the still-living prostitute of Kafka who invites him to look at her crotch; presuming he wants to see why it held Kafka's interest for so long.
1977 American novels
Novels by Philip Roth
Farrar, Straus and Giroux books |
4000910 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%20%28Tanya%20Tucker%20album%29 | Live (Tanya Tucker album) | Live is the first live album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was released on March 1, 1982, by MCA Records. The album was recorded in the fall of 1981 at John Ascuaga's Nugget Hotel Casino Resort in Reno, Nevada, and produced by Snuff Garrett.
Content
Tucker primarily performs songs that she had recorded and released on her previous studio albums. Three of the songs, however, had not appeared on any of her prior albums: "Somebody Buy This Cowgirl a Beer", "Pecos Promenade", and Robbie Robertson's "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down", which was made famous earlier by Joan Baez. However, a studio version of "Pecos Promenade" had been featured on the Smokey and the Bandit II soundtrack album.
Critical reception
The review published in the March 13, 1982 issue of Billboard said, "This package is composed primarily of Tucker's top ten hits. The live effectively captures her raw, gutsy vocals. There's also a cover of "The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down"."
Cashbox also gave a review of the album, which said, "Raw energy and a rough and gravelly voice are Tucker’s trademarks, and nowhere better can these characteristics shine through than in a live concert. Here she is captured in concert at the Nugget, performing songs like her first hit, "Delta Dawn", up through the most recent, "Can I See You Tonight", and the current single, "Somebody Buy This Cowgirl a Beer". The package features 11 songs, including the cowboy anthem, "Texas (When I Die)"."
Track listing
Personnel
Adapted from the album liner notes.
Mark Eshelman – recording
Snuff Garrett - producer
Dave Pell – photography
Gary Singleman - recording
Scott Stogel – recording
Greg Venable – engineer
Charts
References
Tanya Tucker albums
Albums produced by Snuff Garrett
1982 live albums
MCA Records live albums |
4000922 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changes%20%28Tanya%20Tucker%20album%29 | Changes (Tanya Tucker album) | Changes is the fourteenth studio album by American country music singer Tanya Tucker. It was released on September 6, 1982, by Arista Records and would be her only album for the label. The album was produced by David Malloy and peaked at number 47 on the Billboard Top Country LPs chart. Four singles were released from the album, the most successful being the track "Feel Right" which peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.
Critical reception
Billboard gave a positive review of the album. The review noted Tucker's change in genre from country and rock 'n' roll to a more MOR and adult contemporary pop sound, but went on to say that her "previous influences are [still] there." They praised Tucker's vocal performance as "strong and distinct" and the productions as "subtle enough" to allow Tucker's "unique persona" to come through. The review concluded by saying that the album maintains an "endearing roughness" and "hard edge" to keep it from completely "dissolving into commercial pop."
Track listing
Chart performance
References
1982 albums
Tanya Tucker albums
Arista Records albums
Albums produced by David Malloy |
5396035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20for%20Dancing | Music for Dancing | Music for Dancing is a 1995 album released by English electronic artists The Grid. It was their last album released before their 1996 hiatus. Music for Dancing contains remixes of previously released tracks and one new track, "Diablo."
Track listing
"Floatation" (Subsonic Grid Mix) – 7:09
"Crystal Clear" (456 Mix) – 4:39
"Boom!" (Freestyle Mix) – 7:34
"Figure of 8" (Tribal Trance Mix) – 6:23
"Rollercoaster" (Nemesis Mix) – 6:51
"Texas Cowboys" (Ricochet Mix) – 5:53
"Swamp Thing" (Southern Comfort Mix) – 7:14
"Crystal Clear" (Prankster Prophet Mix) – 7:41
"Figure of 8" (Todd's Master Dub) – 6:26
"Diablo" (The Devil Rides Out Mix) – 6:33
"Rollercoaster" (Yellow Submarine Retake) – 8:17
References
The Grid albums
1995 remix albums |
5396039 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Honey | John Honey | John Honey (1781–1813) became famous as a nineteen-year-old student of the University of St Andrews. On 5 January 1800 he was attending a service at St Salvator's Chapel when the congregation received news that a small ship, the Janet of Macduff, had run aground east of the town harbour. Five men were stranded in the sea and, at the time, there was no lifeboat stationed in the town. A crowd had gathered, but the sea was stormy and rescue attempts failed.
However, Honey, apparently determined not to let the men drown without attempting a rescue, stripped off his clothes, had fellow students tie a rope around him, took a knife, and entered the water. After a false start when his friends thought he would be unable to reach the men and pulled him back ashore, Honey struck out once more, reached and boarded the sinking boat and brought from it a rope back to the shore, to serve as a lifeline to allow the men to escape. However, the crew were too weary to make the journey to shore alone, so Honey made five more trips to and from the boat, taking each man to safety in turn, before collapsing of exhaustion on the shore.
Honey is commonly misunderstood to have died during the rescue attempt. In fact he survived to receive the Freedom of the Cities of St Andrews, Perth, Forfar and Auchtermuchty. His commendation from the magistrates of St Andrews reads: "[This] is the only gift that this corporation can bestow upon you, for your wonderful and unexampled exertions in rescuing from the jaws of death the master and four seamen of the sloop the Janet of Macduff, wrecked in these sands of St Andrews, and who, but for your humane and unparalleled exertions, at the imminent hazard of your own life, must have inevitably perished." He went on to become a Perthshire minister, but died at the age of 32 following a prolonged period of ill-health thought to have been linked to injuries he sustained on his final trip, when struck across the chest by a falling mast.
Legacy
To this day, Honey is venerated as a hero of St Andrews and specifically the student body, including the following:
The Pier Walk, a trip traditionally made by students most commonly after Chapel on Sundays down to the end of the pier and back, is commonly said to exist in commemoration of Honey's act of bravery.
At sundown every 30 April, the evening before the famous "May Morning Dip", there is a candle-lit procession known as "The Gaudie", where students, adorned in their red university gowns, are led by pipers from the university to the East Sands pier where a wreath is cast into the sea to commemorate John Honey.
A window in St Salvator's Chapel, visible only from the organ loft, depicts Honey's rescue attempt along with two other sets of St Andrews 'martyrs', Patrick Hamilton and the Fallen of World War I.
The Students' Association maintains an annual John Honey Award, the highest honour that it bestows upon a student, given on grounds of extraordinary service to the student body only in years when such a contribution can be identified.
The first dedicated computer science building at the University of St Andrews takes his name.
References
External links
The story of John Honey according to The Courier.
Alumni of the University of St Andrews
1781 births
1813 deaths |
5396046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okot%20Odhiambo | Okot Odhiambo | Okot Odhiambo (also known as Two Victor, his radio call sign) was a senior leader of the Lord's Resistance Army, a Ugandan rebel group which operates from Garamba National Park in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Odhiambo was one of five people for whom the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued its first ever arrest warrants in 2005, for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity. In 2009, he announced his intention to defect from the LRA and return to Uganda if the government would agree not to surrender him to the ICC.
Lord's Resistance Army
Odhiambo was reported to be the LRA's Deputy Army Commander and a member of the "Control Altar", the core leadership group responsible for devising and implementing LRA strategy. He is believed to have become deputy leader of the LRA following the (alleged) death of Vincent Otti in October 2007.
International Criminal Court indictment
On 8 July 2005, Odhiambo was one of five LRA commanders for whom the ICC issued its first ever arrest warrants. The court ruled that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Odhiambo had ordered the commission of war crimes and crimes against humanity. The prosecution alleges that Odhiambo led a number of massacres and commanded attacks against two internally displaced person camps in 2004, during which more than 300 people were burnt, shot and hacked to death and children were abducted. Odhiambo was charged with three counts of crimes against humanity (murder and enslavement) and seven counts of war crimes (murder, intentionally directing attacks against civilian populations, pillaging, and forced enlisting of children) in connection with the two attacks.
According to the ICC warrant for his arrest, Odhiambo is described by former LRA commanders and members as a "ruthless killer", as "the one who killed the most", and as "a 'bitter' man who will kill anyone".
Defection from the LRA
In April 2008, it was reported that Odhiambo and eight others had been killed by LRA leader Joseph Kony during a dispute over a proposed peace deal. However, on 29 January 2009, Odhiambo said he had suffered a serious gunshot wound during a clash with Ugandan forces and was defecting from the LRA. He told Agence France-Presse, "We have requested a safe corridor. I want to come out. I am tired of going up and down all the time." He contacted the International Organization for Migration seeking safe passage to Uganda, along with 45 other rebels and 10 abductees, but said he would not surrender unless he was given a guarantee that he would not be turned over to the ICC. The government of Uganda has indicated that it would try Odhiambo in a national court rather than surrender him to the ICC.
The Catholic Archbishop of Gulu, John Baptist Odama, said the defection could revive hopes of a peaceful end to the conflict. However, Amnesty International criticized the International Organization for Migration for agreeing to facilitate Odhiambo's transfer to Uganda instead of to the ICC.
An LRA spokesman dismissed the reports of Odhiambo's planned defection, claiming the story was invented by the Ugandan army "to create disharmony and danger to LRA fighters".
In February 2014, it was reported that Odhiambo had been killed 27 October 2013. Odhiambo's body was found based on GPS coordinates provided by the man who buried him after his death and afterward defected to UPDF forces. His body was exhumed on 20 March 2015, and flown to Entebbe, Uganda for identity confirmation. The death of Odhiambo was confirmed, and the ICC dropped its proceedings against him in September of that year.
References
External links
The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen — International Criminal Court documents
Okot Odhiambo — Trial Watch website
Okot Odhiambo on Interpol`s List of Wanted Persons
People indicted by the International Criminal Court
Lord's Resistance Army rebels
2013 deaths
Year of birth missing |
4000929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Bicycle%20Association | American Bicycle Association | The American Bicycle Association (ABA) was a US-based BMX sports governing body in Gilbert, Arizona. In 2011, the ABA merged with the former National Bicycle League and formed the current USA BMX. The organization was founded by Merl Mennenga and Gene Roden in 1977. As the largest BMX sanctioning body in the world, it includes tracks in the United States (under USA BMX) and in Canada (under BMX Canada).
History
Mennenga believed that many promises to BMX families were not being realized. His dissatisfaction and the lack of alternatives to the IBMX tracks near his hometown of Phoenix, Arizona were reasons that he created the ABA. He previously worked as a track operator at the International Bicycle Motocross (IBMX) (not to be confused with the International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF)).
1970s
August 1977: Mennenga creates the ABA
1978: The first ABA National is held in Azusa, California, with 35 tracks and 3,000 members
1979: The ABA becomes the largest governing body in BMX
1980s
1980: Greg Hill objects to the 1979 season points scoring
1982: ABA discards their points system
1982: The first issue of Bicycles and Dirt premiers in September
1983: A semi-organized pro rider boycott forms
1983: An editorial boycott forms from BMX Action, a major industry magazine
1985: Articles about ABA return to BMX Action
Competing Organizations
The American Bicycle Motocross Association (ABMXA) operated briefly for approximately two years, from late 1974 to early 1976.
The American Bicycle Association was formed in January 1975 by Bob Bailey, but ceased operations in December 1975 with only 20 paid members after going bankrupt.
In 1978, the National Bicycle Association (NBA) had 50 tracks and 5,000 racers. BMX Actions boycotted the National Bicycle Association (NBA) during the 1980 season.
Also in 1978, the National Bicycle League (NBL) had 18 tracks and approximately 4,100 riders. The NBL was the oldest and first sanctioning body the NBA.
The United States Bicycle Association (USBA).
Regional organization, the United Bicycle Racers (UBR).
Regional organization, the National Pedal Sport Association (NPSA).
The United States Bicycle Motocross Association (USBA)
Focus
The organization was designed to be made up of average people who would be treated honestly and with consideration, and not out of motivation for quick profits.
Concentrating on efficiency, the idea of the Direct Transfer System was established. The new process simplified the task of graduating racers to the finals from the qualifying heats.
When criticisms were lodged, the ABA sought to serve the majority's needs and not the concerns, legitimate or otherwise, of the professional and expert racers, the BMX Press, and organizational politics.
Criticisms
Legitimate complaints were lodged for issues such as the high cost of entry fees and subpar tracks that hosted nationals. Mennenga designed and built the tracks that the nationals were run on.
Complaints of scheduling conflicts with the rival NBL and NBA were presented, along with rules discrimination and the general politics between the sanctioning bodies and promoters.
Some of the governing officers of the ABA and observers in the BMX press were concerned. The racers and families were largely pleased by the growth rate and attendance levels at both the local level and at its nationals, except for the issues of entrance fees and the quality of the national tracks.
The ABA Action (newsletter) contained current listings of points standings and race coverage.
The BMX Action Boycott
An editorial boycott was established by Robert Osborn, the managing editor, publisher, and owner of BMX Action (aka BMXA) after Osborn was denied a photographer's pass at an ABA national in 1980. Unfavorable editorials appeared in the magazine and ABA racing events disappeared after the June 1983 issue. The March 1985 issue covered an ABA event, the 1984 Grand National.
ABA races only warranted brief comments and listings of race results. With the drop of coverage, it became more difficult to get sponsors at ABA nationals. The sponsors would not have the benefits of indirect advertising in the magazines.
BMX Action ended its editorial boycott in part due to an agreement with the ABA to cease publishing its in-house magazine Bicycles and Dirt.
Issues Surrounding the 1983 Pro Boycott
A pro rider boycott was generated as protests continued, led unofficially by Greg Hill and included legendary racers like Stu Thomsen. The basis for the boycott was Hill's long-standing 1980 complaint was over the alleged unfairness of its pro points system, going back to the 1979 season. The number one pro was selected to go into the ABA's Grand National in November, with most of the points.
The points earned equaled the amount of money earned in the year. At that time, the ABA pro who won the most money was declared No. 1. The claim was that this benefited the ABA, with an exciting finish to the season, but was detrimental to the pros. A season of consistent wins and near wins could be undone by having an off day, and/or an inconsistent rider could have a great day and capturing the number one spot.
Many racers preferred the NBL's Olympic or cumulative system, in which the qualifying rounds would be run three times and the average place in each round was added and the four lowest numbers advanced to the main race.
The pros wanted a bigger pro purse that would be spread out over eight places instead of the top four at ABA Nationals. This would ensure anyone making nationals would get a share of the winnings. The claim was that while NBL, NBA, and independent promotional race purses went up over the years, the ABA purses remained relatively stagnant.
A pro didn't have to be a pro at the start of the season. An amateur could theoretically race the required number of nationals as an amateur, turn pro before the Grand National, and have a shot at the No. 1 title.
After the ABA abandoned its own commitment to the transfer system, the luck factor was reduced and awards were consistent, but basically, just one race decided the No. 1 for the year.
After the 1982 Grand National, all of the pro classes would be subject to the transfer system in the 1983 season, just like the amateurs, instead of the cumulative system they used before and during 1982.
Hill led a one-man boycott of the ABA during the 1980 season due to Mennenga's perceived lack of concern for an allegedly unsafe number of racers at the starting gate of a national. Mennenga allegedly said to Mr. Hill that the "...ABA doesn't cater to the Pros".
ABA Actions to Relieve Boycott
In 1982, the ABA discarded their system because the ABA No. 1 Pro for 1981, had a runaway season and gained the title a full month before the Grand National, rendering the event irrelevant in choosing the No. 1 pro. A low turnout of big-name pros resulted due to a foregone conclusion, which meant a lack of publicity for the ABA. Removing the pro point system would encourage pros to attend future Grand Nationals.
The new system removed the focus on money. Instead, the pros:
were required to attend at least eight nationals with the top 28 money-winning pros (A or AA class), and;
had to be eligible to compete in a special pro car main.
After the ABA abandoned its own commitment to the transfer system in 1982, the pros had to run the qualifying rounds in a cumulative scoring manner, racing three times in the qualifying races. The pros with the eight lowest point scores transferred to the Main, which was also cumulative out of five runs.
The ABA decided to reuse the same system it used in 1982 to decide the number one pro for 1983.
The ABA changed the way it would decide its top pro for the 1984 season. The pros were given a points system just like the amateurs. A first in the Main will earn a AA pro 240 points, second 200, 160 for third and so on until sixth place would be worth 40 points. As in the amateur divisions the pros would earn rider points. The top ten pros would be determined by this points ranking. Additionally the best ten finishes at the nationals plus the Grand Nationals (making it eleven races) would count toward the pros eligibility to contend for the Pro #1 plate. Purse money would be distributed not only among the racers who made the main, but also those who got to the semis or even didn't make it that far, so practically everyone got something for racing, even if it was just a one hundred percent payback on their entrance fee.This system put a premium on consistency while the Transfer System was a little closer to luck, both good and bad for a racer.
ABA Financial Problems
While BMX Action's deliberate boycott was damaging, it was not the only reason the ABA received reduced coverage in the BMX press, including in BMX Action's biggest competitors BMX Plus! and Super BMX. Many ABA nationals coincided with important NBL nationals and considering there was an informal pro boycott of ABA nationals, other races were often scheduled on the same weekend as ABA events. The press followed, which led to a further decrease in coverage.
As the BMX industry noticed this, there were fewer BMX and non-BMX companies willing to sponsor, i.e., invest in, ABA events with the fewer direct and indirect advertising possibilities. Those companies not only stopped sponsoring and cosponsoring ABA races, but also stopped sending their expensive race teams to ABA Nationals.
Also, the vast majority of non-sponsored BMX racers stopped attending ABA events when they perceived a lack of press coverage and a lack of big name pros and amateurs they wanted to see and race against.
Bicycles and Dirt (BAD)
The in-house newspaper ABA Action did not generate enough coverage since it was restricted to ABA members, a limited audience. The obvious solution for the ABA was to create its own magazine to circumvent the established press and attract advertisers: Bicycles and Dirt. The first issue premiered in September 1982 and advertisers did not flock to the new magazine, despite its built-in audience. Like ABA Action, it was a subscription-only magazine at the time.
With this in mind, the ABA put BAD on newsstands a year after it's premiere with Stu Thomsen on the cover. The financial woes of BAD only grew worse. ABA pumped funds into the venture but it eventually became clear that they could not sustain the loss. With no hope of a turnaround, and an agreement with BMX Action to cease publication as a condition to end its editorial boycott Bicycles and Dirt was discontinued with the September 1984 issue.
The magazine had left the ABA on the verge of bankruptcy. The rising costs of the insurance crises of the early 1980s, with its skyrocketing rates, affected every sanctioning body, but given the ABA's greatly weakened state it, was life-threatening. By 1984, the first indications of the plateauing of the popularity of BMX were seen in the flattening growth in memberships and the falling off of attendance of nationals. Some of this was caused by the growing popularity of BMX freestyle siphoning potential racers from BMX, and the beginnings of the resurgence of skateboarding, both of which exploded in popularity by 1985.
Pro Spectaculars
Another financial drain was the Pro Spectacular concept, a revival of a similar experiment abandoned in 1980 after financial losses. At the time, BMX as a whole was not a mature enough sport for the concept to be a success. In 1984, the perceptible drop in the popularity in BMX racing was outstripped by the explosive growth in BMX freestyle bicycles. Track operators noted a decline in new entrances in the beginner's class at local tracks. Unsponsored racing classes are main sources of income for local races, and these racers are the vast majority in any sanctioning body.
The idea of the Pro Spectacular was inspired from Motorcycle Motocross (MX) Supercross, where events were held in indoor arenas with tracks of greater difficulty to enthuse spectators. The intent was to turn BMX racing from an almost strictly participatory sport into one with great appeal to spectators.
The events were restricted to pros, eliminating the amateur and children classes, and invested heavily in television advertisements. Races were held on Friday nights and kept to two hours in length, which fit a television schedule and the attention span of an audience. The increased exposure of BMX was hoped to spark an upsurge of beginner classes at the local level. Greater revenue was obtained from entrance fees, making the ABA less dependent on participation on the local level.
The first ABA Pro Spectacular, a critical success, was launched in Reno, Nevada, on January 4, 1985. The efficient event was generally liked by pros and more than enough pros participated to make it interesting, $10,000 purses for each race were offered.
The necessary spectator attendance was lackluster. Despite the relatively low admission fee of $5.00, the venues were either empty, or seating was well below capacity. At the first event held at the Lawlor Events Center of the University of Nevada in Reno, Nevada, only about 2,000 spectators were on hand in a facility that could seat 10,000.
The Pro Spectators ended in 1985. While the Pro Spectaculars were a financial failure, they were a critical success in terms of the quality of races concerning both the courses and the top level pros attending.
Problems with Spectator Pro
Those who signed up to race in the National the next day got a discount on the spectator's fee in the Pro Spectacular, so they may have not been there to support Pro Spectacular.
Not enough people knew about the existence of BMX.
Bicycle racing of any type was more common in Europe, where capacity crowds fill venues and racers are front-page news. The same was true for South America. As a comparison, the 1983 International Bicycle Motocross Federation (IBMXF) sanctioned World Championship held in Slagharen, the Netherlands drew 15–20,000 paying spectators and was televised live in Europe.
Despite the expensive 68 30-second TV advertisements shown on the-popular programs like Magnum, P.I., Dynasty and Good Morning America, it was difficult to win over the public. The light attendance most likely did not justify the reputed $4000 in television advertising the ABA invested.
The most successful of the Spectaculars (non-racer attendance) was the fifth round held in Phoenix, Arizona, on February 8, which drew 2,600 paying spectators. However, the cost of renting the arena and lack of entrance fees were financial expenses the ABA could not absorb.
By the time of Land of Lincoln Pro Spectacular on April 28, the last in the series, they had dropped the TV advertisement campaign due to the only few dozen spectators on hand for the event at the Coliseum State Fair Grounds in Springfield, Illinois. To help reduce costs, the ABA ran a few selected Amateur open classes to offset, at least partially, the losses.
The USBA, Resignation, and Bankruptcy
Those five former officers were Geoff Sims, Steve Schaefer, Dave Cook, Rich Mann, and Rod Keeling, the head of the new governing body that was the ABA company pilot who rose to the rank of Vice President of Marketing. Previous to the piloting position with the ABA, he had no experience with BMX racing. Mr. Keeling had departed the ABA on March 2, 1984, and announced the creation of the new governing body on March 23, 1984. Some thought the creation of the USBA was timed to take advantage of the ABA's financial dire straits and to cause a stampede of ABA tracks to change affiliation to the new organization. Mennenga saw it as a personal betrayal to the point that he called a press conference to denounce them. He charged at that press conference that it was they who had given him bad advice to take a hard, uncompromising line against the track owners, the racers, and the BMX press. His basic charge was that their collective advice was deliberate sabotage to undermine the ABA so they could make this move to set up their own governing body and destroy the ABA.
During a 1981 dispute with the promoters of the large-pursed ($10,000) Knott's Berry Farm race, the ABA bristled at being scheduled directly opposite, i.e. on the same Thanksgiving weekend as, their prestigious Grand National in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. That it was sanctioned by the NBL, being run under NBL rules and racers received national points at that race as they would at a national created directly by the NBL, exacerbated already raw feelings between the NBL and the ABA. The ABA felt it was a deliberate action to siphon off racers, particularly the pros from their season-ending Grand National. The hiring by the Knott's Berry promoter Thomas Henn of former NBA founder and President Ernie Alexander to run the race (he also designed the temporary track at Knott's) didn't help matters. Alexander had a reputation of deliberately scheduling NBA events against the events of other sanctioning bodies when he ran the NBA. Mennenga sent out press releases and faxes to the BMX press, track operators and bicycle manufactures allegedly hinting that they should boycott persons and organizations that participated in the Knott's Berry race.
The ABA allegedly had a boycott list that had many notables of the BMX industry on it, including promoter Renny Roker, which the ABA ordered tracks to boycott his upcoming Pro seven race series that would later come to be known as the ESPN Pro Spectacular. Several ABA tracks left the ABA and joined Roker to participate in his series which were to be NBL sanctioned. With this siege mentality in his background it was easy for Mennenga to believe that USBA stole the valuable ABA membership records to proposition ABA racers to join the USBA. While the value of this list would be a motive to steal it, Mennenga provided no evidence.
As then, in the USBA controversy, whatever Mennenga's intention, it came off as a desire to shift blame for his actions as well as being unlikely that this conspiracy could keep its cohesion for over two years. The ABA even went as far as to launch a lawsuit against the five founders of the USBA, and while dismissed by the court, the lawsuit drained the resources of the new competitor and engendered the atmosphere that followed. It would the actions of the new USBA leadership that would lend credence to Mennenga's charges.
The two-year war between the ABA and the USBA was perhaps the ugliest rivalry that BMX has ever saw. It seems the USBA was making most of the aggressive moves. The motivation for rivalries like this was the $2 million to $4 million in revenue yearly that BMX generated at the time. Compared to other older more established sports like baseball, European football (soccer), American football and auto racing, this was a pittance but still enough to generate bad promoters and political infighting between and within sanctioning bodies. Track operators had quite thin profit margins to work with, which perhaps made the back biting even worse since there was so little to go around. There was a slump in the BMX racing market as mentioned with the growth of Freestyle, the resurgence of skateboarding siphoning off young people and the insurance crises to drain resources further. Pretty desperate times for the organizers of BMX racing, and desperate times generate desperate acts, including actions straight out of Watergate.
Despite all the foul weather facing the ABA, Mennenga, who was said to be an eternal optimist, hung on. There was one instance that was probably responsible for him relinquishing his position and BMX, the sport he had helped nurture, all together. On January 27, 1985, at the GT Supernationals in Pico Rivera, California, a disgruntled woman hurled a cup of coffee into the face of Mennenga. In all his years involved in BMX he had never been attacked physically, but that was only the beginning of his humiliation. After ABA security had to physically remove the spectator from the facility, she filed a false police report that Mennenga assaulted her. The Pico Rivera police came down to the track and arrested Mennenga during the event. The true story eventually came up and the charges were dropped and Mennenga released, but very likely the experience forever soured him on the sport he once loved.
On March 5, 1985, ABA founder and President Merl Mennenga with the loss of membership and tracks (in part because of rising insurance cost of liability), the ABA on the verge of bankruptcy and personal burnout and exhaustion-and possibly with the Pico Rivera incident on his mind, announced he had sold the ABA to Bernie Anderson and Jamie Vargas, two wealthy ABA track operators, for a reported $250,000 (paid out over several years) and resigned as owner and President of the ABA. Vargas was a computer consultant from Louisiana who ran the first track in Louisiana. Anderson owned a magazine subscription sales service who founded Rebel Racing, a regional BMX bicycle firm he started in 1980 and sold in 1982. He at one time operated the first successful track in Texas. Both men had sons who raced at the time. The new owners installed Walt Ehnat, who had just previously been a partner with Gary Ellis Sr. in running four tracks in the Seattle, Washington area (including one in Tacoma, Washington) as the new president. They reversed some questionable programs like having three separate point seasons in a year (as opposed to having one continuous season for about a year) meaning a racer would race for the lowest number he could get not once (but three times). However, they decided to hold the remaining Pro Spectaculars despite the immediate financial gain it would cause by canceling them; the damage it would cause with their relations with the pros far out weighed in their view of any immediate financial benefit. They tried to stave off bankruptcy by paying off other debts, although declaring bankruptcy would have also helped the ABA immediately. As canceling the remaining Pro Spectaculars would have been bad policy regarding the pros, the new management felt that declaring bankruptcy would have put out a false impression to track operators around the country that the USBA would exploit. Despite all efforts and the Internal Revenue Service at the door and a reported liability to twenty creditors of $700,000 to $750,000. Most of the financial hemorrhaging was inflicted by the losses over Bicycles and Dirt magazine. Anderson and Vargas filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on November 25, 1985. Bankruptcy protection was not the end as many people think, it simply allowed a company to keep functioning while a disinterested third party, in this case the Federal courts, work out how it would pay its debts. As predicted, the USBA tried to take advantage of the situation, with some success, by playing on the fears of track operators. Some tracks worried about the solvency of the ABA changed their affiliation to the USBA. The USBA tried to fan a stampede by calling individual track operators and citing the precarious position of the ABA with the publicly published court papers outlining the debts incurred by the ABA under Merl Mennenga. It attempted to generate among ABA track operators a sense of impending doom facing the ABA over its financial dire straits in order for them to change their affiliations to the point of harassment. The father of pro racer Gary Ellis, Gary Ellis Sr., who ran the ABA-affiliated River Valley BMX track in Sumner, Washington, was a prized target for conversion. Rod Keeling, the founder and President of the USBA, went so far as to have a face-to-face meeting with Ellis to convince him to jump ship. Such a defection of a high-profile track operator would have been a large propaganda feather in Keeling's cap. He was not successful, in large part according to Mr. Ellis. Keeling stressed the problems of the ABA, without stating how joining the USBA would be advantageous to Mr. Ellis and BMX as a whole. However, Gary Ellis Sr. was of the opinion that bankruptcy was good for the ABA since it removed most of the top management that got the ABA into dire straits in the first place:
"... We basically felt ... well, I basically felt the person that started the USBA was part of the bad of the ABA that put them towards bankruptcy in the first place. You can quote me on that."
Many ABA track operators were of the same opinion. Also, since most track operators were businessmen themselves, they understood that the ABA filing for Chapter 11 protection wasn't the disastrous thing most laymen think it is. Many took it as a good thing since filing Chapter 11 would get rid of most of the executives who mismanaged the ABA in the first place, as was Gary Ellis Sr.'s opinion. They knew other companies in the industry that were in the same position as the ABA was but came out of it. The Van Doren Rubber Co., the maker of Vans tennis shoes that were then a favorite with BMX racers and freestylers and skateboarders alike, filed for bankruptcy a couple of years before and eventually came out of it solvent. However, nearly 160 track operators did switch to the USBA, effectively splitting the world of BMX racing three ways.
By late 1985, Sims and Cook, both commercial pilots, had left the USBA for flying jobs. Keeling was forced out by a USBA major investor, Phoenix, Arizona, businessman Ira Hall, and replaced with a new management team, including Walt Ehnat, who was installed as president of the USBA after Keeling was removed. Ehnat was Keeling's vice president at the USBA who had earlier replaced Merl Mennenga as President of the ABA. A few months later he was fired by the ABA's new management and had bitter feelings towards it. The USBA, which was in worse financial shape than the ABA by that time, was growing desperate, which may have inspired an unethical and illegal act.
Possible corporate espionage and buyout
As noted, a few months after his appointment as ABA President Ehnat was fired by the ABA under bad circumstances and was replaced by the new ABA management by Clayton John, a former motorcycle racer and BMX track operator and who is still the current (2006) ABA President. Ehnat became Vice President of the USBA and became active in the campaign to shore up the image of the USBA which was beginning to take damaging hits in the BMX industry, including its dealings with disgraced BMX promoter Renny Roker. Bob Hadley*, team manager of the Huffy BMX team noticed at one time that Erhart was pretty prescient in questions he had with him even before he mentioned them. At the time only Clayton John was privy to the specific concerns in a letter Mr. Hadley had that he had shared only with Mr. John at the time. The timing of Ehnat responses and the fact that the USBA seemed to always be one step ahead of the ABA in court actions was so uncanny Mr. Hadley joked that someone must have bugged Mr. John's office. Clayton John took the whimsical joke seriously and had ABA headquarters swept for bugs by experts in counter surveillance and corporate espionage. After the sweep, two experts, one a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) agent and the other a former Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent found evidence of tampering in one of the telephone trunk lines leading to Mr. John's office. The lines were stripped in a way that it was evidence that a telephone tap was in place at some time. No conclusive proof, only circumstantial evidence has suggested that the USBA was responsible. Another suspect, the IRS could have done it given the pressure they put the ABA under, including showing up during ABA nationals but aside from it being illegal without a court order, the IRS had perfectly legal ways available to them to get once sensitive information about the ABA, including financial assets. Most of it was public record, particularly court proceedings. The IRS had no real motive to go through the unnecessary risk of wire-tapping the ABA offices.
By early 1986 while the ABA was slowly getting back on its feet financially the USBA was starting to sink under the financial weight of poorly attended nationals and the loss of the core of their original management. Still, Mr. Hall approached the ABA with a plan to buy the ABA from the new owners Anderson and Vargas. This was quite strange since as mentioned the USBA was in worse shape financially than the ABA. On several occasions Mr. Hall approached Mr. Vargas and Mr. Anderson with buyout proposals. The talks came to naught.
There was a rumor of one final act to survive conducted by the USBA. The idea to turn Merl Mennenga, the founder of the ABA to somehow force Mr. Anderson and Mr. Vargas to sell back the ABA and then to sell the ABA to the USBA which would then close down the ABA under the Chapter VII bankruptcy law with the USBA inheriting the tracks ABA's then current leadership. If true, perhaps they were thinking about the precedent of Walt Ehnart, the former President of the ABA and by then the Vice President of the USBA that they could have turned Mennenga. However unlikely it would have been, nothing came of it.
Instead it was the USBA that ended up being bought out by the ABA. A few months later Messrs. Vargas and Anderson bought a majority share of the USBA from Ira Hall, becoming its two principal stockholders in 1986. About 24 hours later Ehnat was fired and replaced by ABA President Clayton John, placing him at the head of two sanctioning bodies simultaneously. Until the end of 1986 the USBA remained a separate body. The final merger of it to the ABA was in early 1987. The result was the ABA re-reacquiring most of its old tracks and some brand new ones—160 in total—and the USBA's membership. Later Mr. Vargas would sell his interest leaving Mr. Anderson the largest share holder.
Solvency and re-expansion
After 22 months in bankruptcy protection On September 24, 1987, the United States Federal Bankruptcy Court approved the ABA's plan for financial reorganization and removed it from Chapter 11 as well it should have been since it promised exorbitant gifts to the various national number ones that year, including the amateurs. For instance, the eventual amateur No.1 Mike King received a $14,500 Glastron boat and a Honda Reflex motorcycle valued at $1,600 for a total value of $16,100. To reiterate, the top amateur received the boat, not the professional number one. That winner got the "standard" automobile. The Pro number one for that year, Charles Townsend, received $1,600 in cash, a GMC Chevy S-10 pick up truck valued at $10,500 and a Honda XR250R Honda motorcycle valued at $3,500. Total value of $15,600. You had the odd situation of the amateur winning prizes of greater value collectively than the professional by a $500 margin. The amateur girls class champion Nikki Murray (unlike the NBL at this time, the ABA did not have a professional women's division) and the Pro Cruiser number one Eric Rupe also received Honda Reflex motorcycles.
If there was ever a sign of health of the ABA (and BMX in general) it was the 1988 Grand National in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. It was then the largest BMX race in history at 470 motos. This was by 27 motos larger than the previous record holder, the 1982 ABA Grand National (the 1989 ABA Grand National would be 467 motos, knocking '82 back to third). This was in the teeth of a general two year sag in ridership on the racing side of the industry and in the face of the popularity of BMX Freestyle, skateboarding and the rise of Mountain Biking.
Though all this it still remained the larger of the two major bodies. The ABA has demonstrated over the years the desire to become even larger. In a plan to diversify and not rely on its BMX income totally for its survival, the ABA purchased the National Off Road Bicycle Association (NORBA) in the summer of 1986 (The ABA later sold NORBA to the United States Cycling Federation (USCF) in 1989). It also acquired from Hutch Hi-Performance Products, a respected BMX bicycle manufacturer, the National Freestyle Association (NFA) a BMX Freestyle sanctioning body. Hutch had recently reacquired the body back from the USBA which it had sold it to a few months prior. Hutch, which had started the NFA in the first place, sold it to the USBA because competing manufacturers were reluctant to send their freestyle teams to a sanctioning body run by a competitor, therefore helping him financially. The USBA, suffering its own financial dire straits, sold it back to Hutch who in turn sold it to the ABA.
In 2002, the ABA attempted to purchase the NBL from USA Cycling after it was approached by officers of USA Cycling to sell the NBL but was turned down by the USA Cycling board.
Proficiency and division class labels and advancement method
Open:
5 & under to 60 & over in 5-year steps. Age classifications only.
Operations
ABA National number ones by year
Note: Dates reflect the year the racers won their plates, not the year they actually raced their No.1 plates. In other words, Stu Thomsen won his No.1 plate in 1979 entitling him to race with #1 on his plate for the 1980 season. Brent Patterson then won the No.1 plate in 1980 and raced with #1 on his plate during the 1981 racing season.
Pro Nat.#1 Men (AA)
1977 Title did not exist
1978 TDNE
1979 Stu Thomsen
1980 Brent Patterson
1981 Kevin McNeal
1982 Brian Patterson
1983 Brian Patterson
1984 Pete Loncarevich
1985 Ronnie Anderson
1986 Pete Loncarevich
1987 Charles Townsend
1988 Mike King
1989 Gary Ellis
1990 Gary Ellis
1991 Pete Loncarevich
1992 Pete Loncarevich
1993 Steve Veltman
1994 Gary Ellis
1995 Gary Ellis*
1996 Robert MacPherson
1997 John Purse
1998 Christophe Leveque
1999 Christophe Leveque
2000 Wade Bootes
2001 Warwick Stevenson
2002 Danny Nelson
2003 Warwick Stevenson
2004 Bubba Harris
2005 Bubba Harris
2006 Bubba Harris
2007 Danny Caluag
2008 Khalen Young
2009 Randy Stumpfhauser
2010 Sam Willoughby
2011 Marc Willers
2012 Sam Willoughby
2013 Sam Willoughby
2014 Maris Strombergs
2015 Joris Daudet
2016 Joris Daudet
2017 Connor Fields
2018 Joris Daudet
2019 Connor Fields
2020 Connor Fields
Pro Nat.#1 Cruiser Men
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
TDNE**
TDNE
TDNE
TDNE
TDNE
TDNE
1987 Eric Rupe
1988 Eric Rupe
1989 Hans Nissen
1990 Kenny May
1991 Kenny May
1992 Darrell Young
1993 Terry Tenette
1994 Justin Green
1995 Kiyomi Waller
1996 Wade Bootes
1997 Kiyomi Waller
1998 Kiyomi Waller
1999 Dale Holmes
2000 Andy Contes
2001 Randy Stumpfhauser
2002 Randy Stumpfhauser
2003 Randy Stumpfhauser
2004 Randy Stumpfhauser
2005 Randy Stumpfhauser
2006 Donny Robinson
2007 Danny Caluag
2008 Danny Caluag
2009 Danny Caluag
2010 Barry Nobles
Veteran Pro Nat. #1 Men
1977 CDNE
1978 CDNE
1979 CDNE
1980 CDNE
1981 CDNE
1982 CDNE
1983 CDNE
1984 CDNE
1985 CDNE
1986 CDNE
1987 CDNE
1988 CDNE
1989 CDNE
1990 CDNE
1991 CDNE
1992 CDNE
1993 Harry Leary
1994 Harry Leary
1995 Eric Rupe
1996 Eric Rupe
1997 Eric Rupe
1998 Eric Rupe
1999 Eric Rupe
2000 Eric Rupe
2001 Eric Rupe
2002 Jason Carnes
2003 Jason Carnes
2004 Jason Carnes
2005 Jason Carnes
2006 Jason Carnes
2007 Jason Carnes
2008 Kenth Fallen
2009 Kenth Fallen
2010 Kenth Fallen
2011 Matt Pohlkamp
2012 Cristian Becerine
2013 Cristian Becerine
2014 Javier Colombo
2015 Cristian Becerine
2016 Cristian Becerine
2017 Cristian Becerine
2018 Tyler Brown
2019 Tyler Brown
2020 Tyler Brown
Pro Nat. #1 Women
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
1999 Heather Bruns
2000 Michelle Cairns
2001 Jamie Lilly
2002 Alice Jung
2003 Alice Jung
2004 Jamie Lilly
2005 Samantha Cools
2006 Samantha Cools
2007 Alise Post
2008 Alise Post
2009 Dominique Daniels
2010 Dominique Daniels
2011 Dominique Daniels
2012 Dominique Daniels
2013 Dominique Daniels
2014 Mariana Pajon
2015 Alise Post
2016 Alise Post
2017 Alise Post
2018 Alise Willoughby
2019 Alise Willoughby
2020 Alise Willoughby
Ellis finished second in points in 1995 to Christophe Leveque, but was awarded the title of National Number One Pro due to an ABA rule at the time that prohibited non-US citizens from earning the title. The rule was changed the following year.
Amat. Nat.#1 Men
1977 Title did not exist
1978 Kyle Fleming
1979 Richie Anderson
1980 Richie Anderson
1981 Jason Wharton
1982 Steve Veltman
1983 Doug Davis
1984 Mike King
1985 Brent Romero
1986 Eric Carter
1987 Mike King
1988 Kenny May
1989 Marty Christman
1990 David Milham
1991 Zack Roebuck
1992 Alexis Vergara
1993 Adam McGuire
1994 Kevin Royal
1995 Robert MacPherson
1996 Matt Ortwein
1997 Brandon Meadows
1998 Andy Contes
1999 Brandon Nicholls
2000 Ian Stoffel
2001 Wes Jones
2002 Sean Lechner
2003 Josh Oie
2004 Josh Oie
2005 David Herman
2006 David Herman
2007 Nic Long
2008 Nic Long
2009 Corben Sharrah
2010 Josh Klatman
2011 Josh Klatman
2012 Rusty Nesvig
2013 Maliek Byndloss
2014 Roman Jaworsky
2015 Kevin Pauls
2016 Jesse Welch
2017 Brandon Crain
2018 Ronnie Kim
2019 Riley House
2020 Cole Frederick
Amat. Nat.#1 Cruiser Men
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
1980 Jeff Kosmala
1981 Joe Claveau
1982 Steve Veltman
1983 Brett Allen
1984 Jason Johnson
1985 Shawn Callihan
1986 Matt Hadan
1987 Darwin Griffin
1988 Kenny May
1989 Shelby James
1990 Justin Green
1991 In Hee Lee
1992 In Hee Lee
1993 Anthony Freeman
1994 Larry Miersch
1995 Randy Stumpfhauser
1996 Barry Nilson
1997 Barry Nilson
1998 Barry Nilson
1999 Barry Nilson
2000 Wes Jones
2001 Jarret Kolich
2002 Mike Ellis
2003 Kirk Chrisco
2004 Terrel Proctor
2005 Robert O'Gorman
2006 Chris Verhagen
2007 Billy Russell
2008 Kory Cook
2009 George Goodall
2010 Brodie Spott
2011 Chris Verhagen
2012 Reid Austin
2013 Shawn Diprete
2014 Kiegen Perlberg
2015 Jason Carnes
2016 Drew Motley
2017 Marshall (MAJOR) Gehrke
2018 Hayden Passanisi
2019 Rowdy Holzer
2020 Rowdy Holzer
Amat. Nat.#1 Women
1977 CDNE
1978 CDNE
1979 CDNE
1980 CDNE
1981 CDNE
1982 Debbie Kalsow
1983 Cheri Elliott
1984 Cheri Elliott
1985 Cheri Elliott
1986 Dianna Bowling
1987 Nikki Murray
1988 Cindy Davis
1989 Mapuana Naki
1990 Tammy Daugherty
1991 Marla Brady
1992 Betsy Edmunson
1993 Shara Wilson
1994 Ashley Recklau
1995 Cindy Davis
1996 Ashley Recklau
1997 Ashley Recklau
1998 Jessica Cisar
1999 Brooke Elder
2000 Brooke Elder
2001 Alise Post
2002 Terra Nichols
2003 Terra Nichols
2004 Alise Post
2005 Tyler Schaefer
2006 Shelbi Long
2007 Dominique Daniels
2008 Jordan Nopens
2009 Jordan Nopens
2010 Tyler Schaefer
2011 Dani George
2012 Sophia Forresta
2013 Kelsey VanOgle
2014 Kelsey VanOgle
2015 Sophia Foresta
2016 Elida Beeman
2017 Katja Shriver
2018 Payton Ridenour
2019 Tiegen Pascual (1st non American winner)
2020 Mckenzie Gayheart
Amat. Nat.#1 Cruiser Women
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
CDNE
1988 Leigh Donovan
1989 Dianna Bowling
1990 Stephanie Anderson
1991 Cindy Davis
1992 Sheila Songcuan
1993 Cindy Davis
1994 Cindy Davis
1995 Darcey Cobb
1996 Ashley Recklau
1997 Anna Appleby
1998 Ashley Recklau
1999 Ashley Recklau
2000 Kim Hayashi
2001 Kim Hayashi
2002 Mailani Mcnabb
2003 Alise Post
2004 Alise Post
2005 Samantha Bretheim
2006 Tyler Schaefer
2007 Dominique Daniels
2008 Felicia Stancil
2009 Carly Dyar
2010 Kelsey Van Ogle
2011 Jamie Wyndholz
2012 Kelsey VanOgle
2013 Jordy Scott
2014 Olivia Armstrong
2015 Olivia Armstrong
2016 Jaycie Sinclair
2017 Madelynn DeSantis
2018 Danica Anderson
2019 Danica Anderson
2020 Landon Burian
*Until the 1979 season when professionals were required to be licensed and earn separate points from the amateurs, the #1 plate holder was considered #1 over all amateur or professional. The ABA did have a pro class in 1977 & 1978 but the title of National Number One Professional was not created until the 1979 season when the pros and the 16 Experts were separated and the pros earning separate points (in the form of purse money won) from the amateurs. Prior to 1979 the pros, due to the comparatively small number of them, competed with the 16 Experts and were able to earn amateur titles.
'**'Title Did Not Exist. While the ABA did start its pro cruiser class in 1981 the title pro cruiser National Number One did not exist until 1987.
Special Race Series past and current
State Championships
NAG 5 Challenge
The National Age Group Five Challenge is a competition formed from the top five National Age group year end finishers of National races. Males 15 to 28 of their respective age divisions are eligible.
Super Bowl Championships
Race of Champions (ROC)
This is an invitational only race of the top 10 age and skill level finishers of their state championship series. The state champions get a special number plate with a red background and a white number one. The winner of the single event ROC (which is held the day before the ABA Grandnationals at the same venue) is the champion of that event in his/her age group.
Gold Cup / Redline Cup Series
ABA's U.S. Gold Cup series of events were created in 1981 and then, in 2000, as part of the sponsorship agreement with then-sponsor Redline Bicycles, was renamed the Redline Cup Series, before switching back to being called the Gold Cup in 2014 following Redline's decision to no longer sponsor the successful series. Redline/Gold Cup races are a series of regional championship events that are held mostly for the benefit of the amateur racer with a No.1 plate (designated by a yellow background) on the line for the overall winner of the age and classification. Its original purpose was to give non factory sponsored amateurs-then as today the great majority of BMX racers-a chance for a national title without having to go through the great expense of touring the country racing in nationals competing against sponsored national caliber racers. It originally was a one-off Jag like Championship race on November 27, 1981, in which the competitors just had to come in the top 100 in their districts to compete. It became a six race qualifying series in 1982 held in conjunction with standard nationals. Like in its inaugural year, the Championships was held the day before the ABA Grand Nationals in Oklahoma as a pre race. In succeeding years the ABA allowed the track operators to choose when to hold the qualifying races and they weren't held at the same time and place as nationals with the finals being held in Las Vegas, Nevada, in October. In the year 2001 the ABA changed the name of the U.S. Gold Cup Series to the Redline Cup Series. Redline Bicycles had been sponsoring the Gold Cup Series for the prior six racing seasons. Today the Gold Cup Series Championship or simply the Gold Cup, is the second most sought after title in the ABA. The races are a series of over 60 multi-point (double and triple) qualifying races in 35 states in the U.S. and one Canadian Province (2008 edition), which is divided into Western, Central and Eastern regions of approximately 14 to 21 qualifying races in each region.
SERIES FORMAT – 1981 to 1987: In the days of the former U.S. Gold Cup Series there was the United States Gold Cup Championships a.k.a. The Gold Cup East/West Shootout (there were only two regional divisions at the time after it was split into such in 1987) that was held a day or so before the Grand Nationals (and in the same location as the Grand Nationals) to decide the Gold Cup Champion for the entire country. This has been discontinued and no competition between the West, Central and Eastern regional champions to decide an overall national champion are held.
SERIES FORMAT – 1989 to 2012: A racer must make the main of anyone of those qualifying races (regardless of where the racer lives) to be invited to race the Western, Central, or Eastern regional finals depending on the location of where they reside in. At that level they must race in the final where they live. For example, a racer who lives New Jersey, which is in the Easter Region, is not permitted to race a final in California, which is in the Western region even if he originally qualified in California. That New Jersey qualifier must race in the Eastern final. These regional finals are held in September. The winner of their classes are regarded as their National Age Group (NAG) Champion. There are also Cruiser NAG Champion and Girls NAG Champions. The prizes for the winners are a custom Redline Cup jacket and a golden trophy. All Champions are entitled to run the yellow Redline Cup No.1 plate for the following year at standard district, state/provincial and national events just like the winners of the standard ABA National No.1 plates.
In 2007 the RL Cup season was from January 28 to mid August.
SERIES FORMAT – 2013 to current: Along with switching the title of the series back to Gold Cup, USA BMX decided to also change up the format. Instead of only one "qualifier" race, ABA now took a rider's best 2 finishes from a regional Gold Cup race. The Saturday race of the Gold Cup Finals weekend (formerly known as the U.S. Open) were to now count in the points chase, along with those two local scores. The Gold Cup Championship Finals, whether East, Central of West, would be the fourth and final finish and would determine who would win the No.1 Gold Cup Championship, trophy, award jacket and number plate. Additionally, USA BMX added a No.2 and No.3 award plate, to give a boost to the races series.
ABA World Championships.
ABA Disney Cup.
See also
National Bicycle Association
National Bicycle League
National Pedal Sport Association
United Bicycle Racers Association
United States Bicycle Motocross Association
End notes
*Much of the source material for this article, particularly with the ABA's troubles with its Pro Spectaculars and clash with the USBA, is from Mr. Hadley's September and October 1986 two part Super BMX & Freestyle article "Reflections on the ABA vs. USBA Battle".
External links
The American Bicycle Association (ABA)
2008 ABA Rulebook
The National Bicycle League (NBL) Website, the ABA's chief competitor
Cycle racing organizations
Bicycle motocross
Cycle racing in the United States
Sports organizations established in 1977 |
4000950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20K%C4%81wharu | Hugh Kāwharu | Sir Ian Hugh Kāwharu (born Ian Hugh Paora; 18 February 1927 – 19 September 2006) was an academic and paramount chief of the Ngāti Whātua Māori tribe in New Zealand.
Biography
Hugh was born to parents Janet née Anderson, an English physiotherapist, and Wiremu Paora in Ashburton, New Zealand, in 1927 and christened Ian Hugh Paora. While a child, his surname was changed from Paora to Kāwharu, in remembrance of his paternal great-grandfather Paora Kawharu (Hugh's grandfather had the patronym Hauraki Paora). Wiremu was a nephew of Otene Paora.
Kāwharu attended Auckland Grammar School. He gained a BSc in geology and physics from the University of Auckland, an MA in anthropology from Cambridge University and an MLitt and DPhil from Oxford University.
In 1970, he became the foundation professor of social anthropology and Māori Studies at Massey University. Between 1985 and 1993 he was professor of Māori Studies and head of the Department of Anthropology at The University of Auckland, where he directed the building of the university's marae and was made an emeritus professor after he retired.
He was chair of the Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei Māori Trust Board from 1978 to 2006. He served on the Royal Commission of the Courts (1976–1978), the New Zealand Māori Council, the Board of Māori Affairs (1987–1990) and the Waitangi Tribunal (1986–1996). He was a New Zealand delegate to UNESCO and a consultant to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). He was also President of the Polynesian Society.
In the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours, Kāwharu was appointed a Knight Bachelor, for services to the Māori people. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1994. In the 2002 Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee Honours, Kāwharu was appointed to the Order of New Zealand.
He was patron of the Pitt Rivers Museum and an honorary Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.
Kāwharu died in Auckland in 2006. Merata Kawharu is one of his daughters.
References
1927 births
2006 deaths
Māori studies academics
New Zealand anthropologists
New Zealand Māori academics
Ngāti Whātua
Massey University faculty
University of Auckland alumni
People educated at Auckland Grammar School
People from Ashburton, New Zealand
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Alumni of Exeter College, Oxford
Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford
Members of the Order of New Zealand
New Zealand Knights Bachelor
Fellows of the Royal Society of New Zealand
Members of the Waitangi Tribunal
Māori and Pacific Island scientists
20th-century anthropologists |
5396052 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%20Route%2067 | Kentucky Route 67 | Kentucky Route 67 (KY 67) is a Kentucky State Highway originating at a junction with Interstate 64 (I-64) near Grayson, Kentucky in Carter County. The route continues through rural ridgetops in Greenup County and briefly touches Boyd County before terminating at U.S. Route 23 (US 23) in Greenup County in between Wurtland and Greenup. KY 67 is also known as the Industrial Parkway.
Route description
KY 67 lies within the Ohio–Kentucky Carboniferous Plateau, a hilly mosaic of woodland, pastureland,
and cropland. The highway begins at a trumpet interchange at I-64 east of Grayson southwest of the Carter–Greenup–Boyd county tripoint. At the north end of the interchange, KY 67 leaves northeastern Carter County and enters southeastern Greenup County. The highway crosses over Logtown Road and intersects EastPark Drive, which serves the south unit of the eponymous business park. KY 67 enters the western fringe of Boyd County, within which the route crosses over Addington Road before re-entering Greenup County. The highway intersects Technology Drive, which serves the north unit of the business park, including a campus of Ashland Community and Technical College. KY 67 follows a ridge between the headwaters of multiple creeks; in this area, the route crosses over Culp Creek Road and Pleasant Valley Road; access between the highway and the overpassed roads is via connector roads. The highway descends into the valley of the East Fork of the Little Sandy River and has a four-ramp partial cloverleaf interchange with KY 207 (Argillite Road). KY 67 crosses over Horn Hollow Road, which the route accesses via a connector road, before curving east and then north along Deer Hill Branch to descends from the hills to the floodplain of the Ohio River and enter the city of Wurtland. At the bottom of the hill, the highway intersects US 23 immediately before reaching its northern terminus at KY 3105 (Wurtland Avenue).
The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet (KYTC) classifies all of KY 67 in the state primary system. KY 67 is part of the main National Highway System for its entire length.
History
Construction began on phase one in the spring of 1997. The first segment of the Industrial Parkway extended a little over three miles (5 km) to a new industrial park. A trumpet interchange was constructed at milepost 179 on Interstate 64. Along the Parkway are two at-grade intersections for this segment, both of which can be upgraded to full folded-diamond interchanges in the future if traffic counts warrant an upgrade. Phase one included four bridges and cost an estimated $50 million to construct.
In 1998, another five miles (8 km) of the Industrial Parkway was constructed. This extended the Parkway from the end of phase one to Culp Creek Road, and opened in late-2001 to local traffic and officially opened in early 2002. Extending the progression of the highway northward, the third phase opened to traffic in the fall of 2002. Construction began in early-2001 and included a bridge over a small tributary and a folded-diamond interchange with KY 207.
The final phase extends from the KY 207 interchange to US 23. Construction began on this segment in early-2002 with work being completed by September 2003, a year ahead of schedule. The northern terminus junctions US 23 at a traffic signal and actually continues northward .1 of a mile north to KY 3105 (old US 23). It was given the designation of KY 67 at the dedication ceremony. Since being completed, the Industrial Parkway has saved over 30 minutes of travel between Greenup and Grayson on the curvy and dangerous KY 1. In 2004, the State Primary designation was moved from KY 1 to KY 67. The road also provides access to the EastPark industrial complex near Interstate 64.
Major intersections
References
External links
Kentucky Route 67 at Kentuckyroads.com
Kentucky Route 67 Photographs at Kentuckyroads.com
0067
Transportation in Boyd County, Kentucky
Transportation in Carter County, Kentucky
Transportation in Greenup County, Kentucky |
4000952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologists%20of%20Greece | Ecologists of Greece | Ecologist of Greece () is a Greek political party based in Athens that was founded in 1988. It is led by Konstantinos Papanikolas.
The party publishes the magazine Health and Ecology (Υγεία - Οικολογία) and runs the television station Telelight (Τηλεφώς). It also used to run a radio station in Athens called Health and Ecology Radio (Ράδιο Υγεία - Οικολογία) until 2001, when it was shut down.
In the 1989 European elections, it took 0,42% of the vote. Its share of the vote fell in subsequent elections. In the parliamentary elections of 2000 and 2004, and in the intervening local elections, Ecologists Greece formed an alliance with the Democratic Social Movement (DIKKI), the Agro Party (PAEKE) and others. The alliance won between 1 and 3 percent in these elections.
On 11 September 2009, Georgios Karatzaferis, leader of the far-right nationalist Popular Orthodox Rally (Laos) party announced that Ecologists Greece leader Papanikolas would run on the statewide Laos ticket in the 2009 Greek legislative election.
Electoral results
External links
Official Website
@Pathifinder
References
Political parties established in 1988
Green political parties in Greece
Green conservative parties |
4000960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Greenwalt | David Greenwalt | David Greenwalt (born October 16, 1946) is an American screenwriter, director, and producer.
He was the co-executive producer of the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and co-creator of its spinoff, Angel. He is also co-creator of the short-lived cult television show Profit. He co-created the NBC supernatural drama Grimm.
Early life
Greenwalt was born and raised in West Los Angeles, California. He attended Los Angeles City College, California State University, Northridge, and University of Redlands, where he graduated with a B.A. in drama, English, and education.
Credits
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Greenwalt was a co-executive producer on Buffy until the show's third season, when he was promoted to executive producer. He left the show at the end of the third season to co-create the spin-off series Angel with Joss Whedon. He was credited as a consulting producer on Buffy from Season 4 until the final season, although did not write or direct any episodes.
1x04 "Teacher's Pet" (writer)
1x07 "Angel" (writer)
1x10 "Nightmares" (teleplay; story with Joss Whedon)
2x03 "School Hard" (teleplay and story; story by Joss Whedon)
2x05 "Reptile Boy" (writer and director)
2x11 "Ted" (co-writer; with Joss Whedon)
2x12 "Bad Eggs" (director)
3x03 "Faith, Hope & Trick" (writer)
3x05 "Homecoming" (writer and director)
3x09 "The Wish" (director)
Angel
Greenwalt was an executive producer and served as the showrunner for the first three seasons. He left the staff at the end of the third season to pursue other works, and was credited as a consulting producer for the final two seasons. He returned in the fifth season to direct an episode.
1x01 "City Of" (co-writer; with Joss Whedon)
1x04 "I Fall to Pieces" (teleplay and story; story with Joss Whedon)
1x05 "Rm w/a Vu" (story; teleplay and story by Jane Espenson)
1x08 "I Will Remember You" (co-writer; with Jeannine Renshaw)
1x13 "She" (co-writer and director; with Marti Noxon)
1x14 "I've Got You Under My Skin" (story; teleplay and story by Jeannine Renshaw)
1x22 "To Shanshu in L.A." (writer and director)
2x01 "Judgment" (teleplay and story; story with Joss Whedon)
2x05 "Dear Boy" (writer and director)
2x09 "The Trial" (story; teleplay by Doug Petrie and Tim Minear)
2x13 "Happy Anniversary" (teleplay and story; story with Joss Whedon)
2x18 "Dead End" (writer)
2x22 "There's No Place Like Plrtz Glrb" (writer and director)
3x01 "Heartthrob" (writer and director)
3x07 "Offspring" (writer)
3x16 "Sleep Tight" (writer)
3x22 "Tomorrow" (writer and director)
5x20 "The Girl in Question" (director)
Moonlight
On June 1, 2007, The Hollywood Reporter announced that he would serve as executive producer and showrunner on Moonlight, a similarly themed vampire detective show. He later had to leave the show prior to its debut for health reasons, but executive producer Joel Silver stated that his imprint would remain: "He worked really hard on the arc of the series. He really helped us focus and get started."
Grimm
Greenwalt is the co-creator and executive producer alongside fellow ex-Angel writer Jim Kouf.
1x01 "Pilot" (teleplay and story; story with Jim Kouf and Stephen Carpenter; teleplay with Jim Kouf)
1x02 "Bears Will Be Bears" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
1x05 "Danse Macabre" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
1x13 "Three Coins in a Fuchsbau" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
1x15 "Island of Dreams" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
1x20 "Happily Ever Aftermath" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
1x22 "Woman in Black" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
2x01 "Bad Teeth" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
2x02 "The Kiss" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
2x12 "Season of the Hexenbiest" (teleplay; with Jim Kouf)
2x13 "Face Off" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
2x18 "Volcanalis" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
2x21 "The Waking Dead" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
2x22 "Goodnight, Sweet Grimm" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
3x01 "The Ungrateful Dead" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
3x02 "PTZD" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
3x12 "The Wild Hunt" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
3x13 "Revelation" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
3x19 "Nobody Knows the Trubel I've Seen" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
3x22 "Blond Ambition" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
4x01 "Thanks for the Memories" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
4x02 "Octopus Head" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
4x10 "Tribunal" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
4x12 "Maréchaussée" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
4x19 "Iron Hans" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
4x21 "Headache" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
5x01 "The Grimm Identity" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
5x06 "Wesen Nacht" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
5x12 "Into the Schwarzwald" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
5x16 "The Believer" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
5x21 "Set Up" (director, co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
6x01 "Fugitive" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
6x02 "Trust Me Knot" (co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
6x12 "Zerstörer Shrugged" (story; with Jim Kouf)
6x13 "The End" (director, co-writer; with Jim Kouf)
Trivia
After he left Angel to do Jake 2.0, both shows ended up competing against each other on Wednesday nights at 9/8c on The WB and UPN respectively in the 2003–2004 season. Both series were cancelled at the end of that season.
In the Superman comic #180 Superman battles Dracula and in Dracula's "wine" cellar is a bottle of blood marked "Mr. David Greenwalt - 1949-1999". One of the contributors to the comic was Joss Whedon, who worked with David Greenwalt on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel.
Filmography
Wacko (with Jim Kouf, Dana Olsen and Michael Spound) (1982)
Utilities (with Jim Kouf) (1983)
Class (with Jim Kouf) (1983)
American Dreamer (with Jim Kouf) (1984)
Secret Admirer (with Jim Kouf) (1985)
Help Wanted: Kids (1986) (TV) (director only)
Double Switch (1987) (TV) (director only)
Rude Awakening (1989) (co-director only, with Aaron Russo)
Shannon's Deal (1990) (TV)
Exile (1990) (TV) (director only)
The Wonder Years (1991–1992) (TV)
Doogie Howser M.D. (1992) (TV)
The Commish (1993–1995) (TV)
Profit (1996) (TV)
The X-Files (1997) (TV)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–1998)
Angel (1999–2004) (TV) (also co-creator)
Miracles (2003) (TV)
Jake 2.0 (2003) (TV)
Surface (2005) (TV)
Eureka (2006) (TV) (consulting producer only)
Kidnapped (2006) (TV)
Moonlight (2007) (TV)
In Plain Sight (2010) (TV) (consulting producer only)
Grimm (2011–2017) (TV) (also co-creator)
References
External links
1949 births
American male screenwriters
American television directors
Television producers from California
American television writers
Living people
University of Redlands alumni
Writers from Los Angeles
American male television writers
Screenwriters from California |
4000964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally%20Gilpin | Sally Gilpin | Sally Gilpin (19 September 1938, Marylebone, London, England – 28 September 2008, Salisbury, Wiltshire, England) was an English ballet dancer and choreographer.
Biography
She was born as Sarah Patricia Canter to Ernest Canter (1908–1984) and Hilda Madeline née Haddock (1906–1979) [later Canter, Judd, and finally Rees].
She became a leading ballerina for the London Festival Ballet who danced in many roles in productions, such as The Nutcracker in 1962.
She appeared in two films:
The Masque of the Red Death (1964)
Half a Sixpence (1967)
She choreographed six films:
The Tragedy of Macbeth (1971)
Follow Me! (1971)
Percy's Progress (1974)
Timon of Athens (1981) (TV)
Antony and Cleopatra (1981) (TV)
The Beggar's Opera (1983) (TV)
She choreographed one TV miniseries:
Smiley's People (miniseries) (1982)
Personal life
From 27 August 1960 until 1970, she was married to the ballet dancer John Gilpin (1930–1983), by whom she had one daughter, Tracy (born 1962).
Their wedding took place at St. Mary's Church (London).
References
External links
1938 births
2008 deaths
English ballerinas
English choreographers
English National Ballet |
5396054 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham%20Nash%20David%20Crosby | Graham Nash David Crosby | Graham Nash David Crosby is the first album by the partnership of David Crosby and Graham Nash, released on Atlantic Records in 1972, catalog SD 7220. It peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, and a single taken from the album, "Immigration Man", peaked at No. 36 on the Billboard Hot 100 on June 17 and 24, 1972. It was certified gold by the RIAA, and it was dedicated to Joni Mitchell, as "to Miss Mitchell".
History
After the split of Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young in the summer of 1970, all four members would release solo albums over the next 12 months. Neil Young and Stephen Stills would both pursue independent band projects through the early years of the decade, Young working with Crazy Horse and the Stray Gators, with Stills assembling Manassas. Both If I Could Only Remember My Name and Songs for Beginners respectively by Crosby and Nash fared well in the marketplace, and in the autumn of 1971 the duo embarked on a series of concerts together, unable or unwilling to include Stills and Young. However, Stills joined them for the September 30 performance at Carnegie Hall in New York. "Blacknotes" was recorded live, just before Stills took the stage for the second set. Two other live recordings from this concert were released in 2006 on Crosby's Voyage Box Set: "The Lee Shore" and "Traction in the Rain." All four members reunited at the Boston Music Hall on October 3 and back at Carnegie Hall the next night. The success of the tour led Crosby and Nash to take the new songs auditioned on the road into the recording studio.
Content
Sessions for this album featured backing from notable guests Dave Mason and members of The Grateful Dead — Jerry Garcia, Phil Lesh and Bill Kreutzmann. Most of the musical support came from The Section, a quartet of in-demand session musicians on the West Coast in the 1970s. Consisting of Craig Doerge, Danny Kortchmar, Leland Sklar, and Russell Kunkel, they would appear on dozens of albums, notably those by James Taylor, Carole King, and Jackson Browne. They would also continue to work with Crosby & Nash for the remainder of the decade, both in the studio and on tour.
The songs continued the qualities that marked the pair's work with the larger aggregate, with Nash writing tighter pop songs including the album's hit, and Crosby exploring mood pieces and introspection, all amidst the duo's usual vocal harmonies. The commercial success of this album equaled, if not surpassed a bit, that of the pair's two solo albums of the previous year, although it would not be until after the second break-up of CSNY following their 1974 summer tour that Crosby and Nash would sign an album contract as a unit with ABC Records. Following the release of this album, the duo toured in 1973 with a backing band including, at different times, David Lindley and future Eagles guitarist Don Felder.
This album was remastered for compact disc in 1998 as part of the Atlantic Original Sound series, 50 titles reissued in Europe to celebrate Atlantic Records' fiftieth anniversary. It is currently out of print, and American reissues still around use first generation digital remastering from the 1980s.
Track listing
Side one
Side two
Personnel
David Crosby – vocals all tracks except "Blacknotes"; electric guitar on "Whole Cloth", "Page 43", "Frozen Smiles", "Girl to Be on My Mind", "The Wall Song" and "Immigration Man"; guitars on "Southbound Train", "Where Will I Be?" and "Games"
Graham Nash – vocals; acoustic piano on "Whole Cloth", "Blacknotes", "Stranger's Room", "Frozen Smiles", "The Wall Song" and "Immigration Man"; Hammond organ on "Girl to Be on My Mind" and "The Wall Song"; harmonica on "Southbound Train", "Stranger's Room" and "Frozen Smiles"; guitar on "Southbound Train"
Additional personnel
Danny Kortchmar – electric guitar on "Whole Cloth", "Stranger's Room", "Page 43", "Frozen Smiles", "Games" and "Girl to Be on My Mind"
Jerry Garcia – pedal steel guitar on "Southbound Train"; electric guitar on "The Wall Song"
Dave Mason – electric guitar on "Immigration Man"
Craig Doerge – electric piano on "Whole Cloth", "Where Will I Be?" and "Frozen Smiles"; acoustic piano on "Page 43", "Games" and "Girl to Be on My Mind"; Hammond organ on "Stranger's Room"
Leland Sklar – bass on "Whole Cloth", "Stranger's Room", "Where Will I Be?", "Page 43", "Frozen Smiles", "Games" and "Girl to Be on My Mind"
Chris Ethridge – bass on "Southbound Train"
Phil Lesh – bass on "The Wall Song"
Greg Reeves – bass on "Immigration Man"
Russ Kunkel – drums on "Whole Cloth", "Stranger's Room", "Page 43", "Frozen Smiles", "Games" and "Girl to Be on My Mind"
John Barbata – drums on "Southbound Train" and "Immigration Man"
Bill Kreutzmann – drums on "The Wall Song"
David Duke, Arthur Maebe, George Price – French horns on "Stranger's Room"
Dana Africa – flute on "Where Will I Be?"
Production
Crosby & Nash, Bill Halverson – producers
Bill Halverson, Doc Storch – engineers
Jean Ristori – digital mastering
Robert Hammer – photography
David Geffen, Elliot Roberts – direction
Charts
Singles
Certification
Tour
Crosby & Nash tour dates surrounding this album.
References
External links
Crosby & Nash
1972 debut albums
Atlantic Records albums
Crosby & Nash albums
Albums produced by David Crosby
Albums produced by Graham Nash
Albums recorded at Wally Heider Studios |
5396061 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera%20Theatre%20of%20Saint%20Louis | Opera Theatre of Saint Louis | Opera Theatre of Saint Louis (OTSL) is an American summer opera festival held in St. Louis, Missouri. Typically four operas, all sung in English, are presented each season, which runs from late May to late June. Performances are accompanied by the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra, which is divided into two ensembles, each covering two of the operas, for the season. The company's performances are presented in the Loretto-Hilton Center for the Performing Arts on the campus of Webster University.
First seasons and achievements
In 1976, Leigh Gerdine, Laurance L. Browning, Jr. and James Van Sant co-founded OTSL. They hired Richard Gaddes, who at the time was working at The Santa Fe Opera, as the company's first Artistic Director. They signed him as full-time General Director in 1978 at the suggestion of Ed Korn, who was brought in as a consultant from the Metropolitan Opera. Gaddes acknowledged that the model for OTSL was The Santa Fe Opera:
That was not a coincidence. I always say that John Crosby sired the Opera Theater of St. Louis. The whole concept was modeled on Santa Fe, and part of the idea was that the apprentices here would feed into St. Louis. Which they did.
The first season in 1976 presented eleven performances of Britten's Albert Herring, Mozart's The Impresario, Menotti's The Medium, and Donizetti's Don Pasquale. This mixture of some standard works, and some new and unconventional operas, was to continue in future seasons and characterize the company's approach. This was achieved on a budget of $135,000. The young singers included Sheri Greenawald and Vinson Cole.
During the early seasons, the company had a major influence with such achievements as first joint BBC/WNET telecast of Albert Herring and in 1983 the first appearance by any U.S. opera company at the Edinburgh International Festival. The first production of a Japanese opera in Japan by any American company was followed by a return to Tokyo in September 2001 to present the Japanese premiere of the classic Genji Monogatari, adapted as an opera by Minoru Miki as The Tale of Genji.
Well-known directors Graham Vick, Jonathan Miller, and Mark Lamos have made U.S. operatic debuts with OTSL, as did conductors Leonard Slatkin and Christopher Hogwood. Colin Graham served as OTSL's Director of Productions from 1978-1985. John Nelson was OTSL's Music Director from 1985 to 1988, and Principal Conductor from 1988 to 1991.
Other notable U.S. singers, including Christine Brewer, Susan Graham, Denyce Graves, Dwayne Croft, Thomas Hampson, Jerry Hadley, Patricia Racette, Sylvia McNair, and Stephanie Blythe have made appearances in St. Louis productions. OTSL has presented at least 15 world premieres, including:
Stephen Paulus: The Postman Always Rings Twice (1982)
Cary John Franklin: The Loss of Eden (2002)
David Carlson: Anna Karenina (2007; libretto by Colin Graham)
Terence Blanchard: Champion (2013; libretto by Michael Cristofer)
Ricky Ian Gordon: Twenty-Seven (2014; libretto by Royce Vavrek)
Jack Perla: Shalimar the Clown (2016; libretto by Rajiv Joseph)
Terence Blanchard: Fire Shut Up in my Bones (2019; libretto by Kasi Lemmons)
Champion, Twenty-Seven, and Shalimar the Clown were part of an OTSL series of commissioning new operas, under the "New Works, Bold Voices" initiative. In addition, OTSL has given at least 14 American premieres, including Michael Berkeley's Jane Eyre; Benjamin Britten's Paul Bunyan; Rossini's Il viaggio a Reims (The Journey to Reims); and Judith Weir's The Vanishing Bridegroom (under the title Highland Wedding).
The company trains young artists in the Gerdine Young Artists program, named for Opera Theatre's founding board chairman, Leigh Gerdine. The Gerdine Young Artists serve as the annual chorus for the company, as the company does not retain a resident chorus. OTSL chorus directors have included Donald Palumbo, Cary John Franklin, Sandra Horst, and Robert Ainsley. In February 2020, OTSL announced the appointment of Walter Huff as its next chorus director.
Administration
Succeeding Gaddes as OTSL General Director was Charles MacKay, who held the post from 1985 to 2008. MacKay had previously served as OTSL Executive Director, beginning in 1984. MacKay led the campaign to construct and fund the new Sally S. Levy Opera Center, a new and permanent administrative home and year-round rehearsal facility for the organisation. In addition, in 2005, OTSL adopted projected English-language supertitles in the theatre. From 1985 until his death in April 2007, the OTSL Artistic Director was Colin Graham. From 1991 to 2017, OTSL's Music Director was Stephen Lord. Lord subsequently held the title of OTSL music director emeritus until his resignation in June 2019, following publication of allegations of sexual misconduct. In June 2017, OTSL announced the appointment of Roberto Kalb as its resident conductor, effective with the 2018 season.
In September 2007, OTSL named James Robinson as the company's next Artistic Director, and Timothy O'Leary to the position of Executive Director. MacKay concluded his OTSL tenure as General Director on September 30, 2008. In June 2008, OTSL named O'Leary as its third General Director, effective October 1, 2008. O'Leary concluded his OTSL general directorship on June 30, 2018.
In April 2018, OTSL announced the appointment of Andrew Jorgensen as its next general director, effective July 2, 2018. Robinson is currently contracted as OTSL artistic director through 2021. In July 2020, OTSL's then-director of artistic administration, Damon Bristo, was arrested for child sex trafficking in the second degree. He was placed on unpaid leave and later resigned. In February 2022, OTSL announced simultaneously the extension of Robinson's contact as artistic director through 2026, and the appointment of Daniela Candillari as its new principal conductor, with an initial contract of 3 years. Candillari is the first female conductor to be named principal conductor of the company.
General directors
Richard Gaddes (1976–1985)
Charles MacKay (1985–2008)
Timothy O'Leary (2008–2018)
Andrew Jorgensen (2018–present)
Music directors
John Nelson (1985–1988; principal conductor, 1988–1991)
Stephen Lord (1991–2017)
Daniela Candillari (2022–present, principal conductor)
Artistic directors
Colin Graham (1985–2007)
James Robinson (2008–present)
See also
List of opera festivals
References
External links
Opera Theatre of Saint Louis official website
Opera festivals
Saint Louis
Culture of St. Louis
Festivals in Missouri
Music festivals in Missouri
Music of St. Louis
Tourist attractions in St. Louis
1976 establishments in Missouri
Performing arts in Missouri
Recurring events established in 1976 |
5396067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz%20%28Star%20Trek%3A%20Deep%20Space%20Nine%29 | Waltz (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine) | "Waltz" is the 11th episode of the sixth season of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the 135th episode overall.
Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures on Deep Space Nine, a space station near the planet Bajor, as the Bajorans recover from a long, brutal occupation by the imperialistic Cardassians. This episode is part of the Dominion War storyline, in which the United Federation of Planets is at war with the Dominion, an aggressive empire that has already absorbed Cardassia.
In this episode, former Cardassian leader Dukat, once the prefect of Cardassia's occupation of Bajor and then the orchestrator of its alliance with the Dominion, has been captured by the Federation and is en route to be tried for war crimes; he and Deep Space Nine's captain Benjamin Sisko end up marooned together on a deserted planet, where Sisko must rely on the increasingly unstable Dukat for his survival.
Plot
The USS Honshu is transporting Dukat to a hearing on his war crimes. Sisko, who is scheduled to testify, is also aboard and visits Dukat in the ship's brig. Dukat, who has been under treatment following a nervous breakdown over the death of his daughter Ziyal, assures Sisko that he has recovered. Suddenly, the ship comes under attack by Cardassian warships. Sisko awakens in a cave, seriously injured, to find that Dukat had managed to get him to a shuttlecraft and escape to a nearby planet, where he tended to Sisko's wounds. Dukat informs him that the shuttle is inoperable, but he is sending out a distress signal.
Unbeknownst to Sisko, Dukat is hallucinating conversations with his former Dominion liaison Weyoun, who teases him about his mental breakdown, then his aide Damar, who advises him to kill Sisko. Dukat reveals that he intends to — after Sisko shows him the respect he deserves. While Dukat "talks" with his colleagues, Sisko discovers that the communications system is, in fact, not sending out a signal. When Dukat returns, Sisko tests him by asking him to check the system. He does, and tells Sisko the unit is working fine.
Meanwhile, Worf searches for Sisko in the Defiant, but has limited time before he must leave to rendezvous with a convoy of Federation ships. Sisko repairs the communications system while Dukat is away, then plays along as Dukat defends his treatment of the Bajorans. However, when a hallucination of the Bajoran Major Kira taunts him, he becomes angry, firing wildly at the vision with his phaser. Dukat then discovers the distress signal has been repaired, and destroys it, then attacks the defenseless Sisko for his "betrayal".
Bruised and battered after Dukat's attack, Sisko presses Dukat to talk about the Bajorans. Dukat insists on his benevolence and good will towards Bajor, but Sisko berates him for his hypocrisy and self-deception. Finally, Dukat is forced to admit his hatred of the Bajorans, angrily declaring that he should have killed every last one. While Dukat is ranting, Sisko knocks him out and manages to make his way to the shuttle, discovering it to be intact. Dukat recovers and follows Sisko to the shuttle and overpowers him. But when Sisko challenges Dukat to kill him, Dukat instead leaves him behind and takes off in the shuttle, vowing to destroy Bajor. The Defiant crew then picks up a signal from Dukat leading them to Sisko. Dukat, however, escapes, leaving Sisko vowing to defeat him and protect Bajor at all costs.
Production
The episode was directed by cast member René Auberjonois, who directed a total of 8 episodes of Deep Space Nine and portrayed the character Odo.
References
External links
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (season 6) episodes
1998 American television episodes
Television episodes written by Ronald D. Moore
Television episodes directed by René Auberjonois |
5396069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromis%20fumea | Chromis fumea | The smokey chromis (Chromis fumea), also known as the smokey puller or the yellow demoiselle, is a damselfish of the genus Chromis, found in the tropical waters of the eastern Indian Ocean, and the western Pacific Ocean across to north New Zealand, at depths of between 3 and 25 metres, off rocky or coral reef areas. Its length is between 5 and 10 cm.
References
Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982)
External links
Fishes of Australia : Chromis fumea
smokey chromis
Marine fish of Northern Australia
smokey chromis |
5396075 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20K.%20Suter | William K. Suter | William Kent Suter (born August 24, 1937) is an American jurist who served as the 19th Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States, a position he held for twenty-two years. Prior to this, he was a major general in the United States Army; at the time of his retirement in 1991, he had served for over a year as the acting Judge Advocate General.
Early life and education
Born in Portsmouth, Ohio, Suter was raised in Millersburg, Kentucky, where he attended the Millersburg Military Institute from grades 1 to 12. A talented basketball player, he received a scholarship to attend Trinity University in San Antonio, eventually obtaining a B.A. degree from there in 1959. Deciding to pursue a J.D. degree, Suter took advantage of an academic scholarship from the Tulane University School of Law, graduating in 1962. He served on the Tulane Law Review Board of Editors and was elected to the Order of the Coif. That same year, he was admitted to the Louisiana State Bar.
Army career
Early career
While at Trinity, Suter was involved in the school's ROTC program. At Fort Hood in 1958, he had the opportunity to meet Elvis Presley, who was going through basic training at the time. After graduating from a basic armor officer's course, Suter attended the Judge Advocate General's School in Charlottesville, Virginia.
As a captain in the mid-1960s, Suter was a popular instructor of administrative law to hundreds of new judge advocates attending their initial training at the JAG School. Before moving on to his next assignment in Thailand, he attended airborne training at Fort Benning, Georgia where he earned his parachutist badge. In 1971, he volunteered for service in Vietnam and was assigned as the Chief, Law Division in Long Binh. After less than four months, Suter was made Deputy Staff Judge Advocate of U.S. forces in Vietnam.
A young leader
A year later, Suter became the Assistant for Plans in the Judge Advocate General's Corps Plans, Personnel and Training Office and worked at the Pentagon. Following graduation from the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1974, Suter was moved to Fort Campbell, Kentucky and made a Staff Judge Advocate for the 101st Airborne Division, where his division commander was future Army Chief of Staff John A. Wickham. Coincidentally, Suter also served with future Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Secretary of State Colin L. Powell while with the 101st.
After graduating from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1980, Suter returned to the Judge Advocate General's School. After spending one year as deputy commandant, the then-colonel was made commandant of the school in 1981. Following his promotion to brigadier general, Suter was assigned as Commander, U.S. Army Legal Services Agency and Chief Judge, US. Army Court of Military Review (now called the U.S. Army Court of Criminal Appeals), holding that position from July 3, 1984 to July 31, 1985.
Assistant Judge Advocate General
With the succession of Major General Hugh R. Overholt to Judge Advocate General of the United States Army, the position of Assistant Judge Advocate General would be left vacant, so, in 1985, President Ronald Reagan nominated Suter for promotion to major general and reassignment as TAJAG; on August 1 of that year, he was sworn in.
When Overholt retired in mid-1989, President George H.W. Bush nominated Suter to be made Judge Advocate General of the Army. While his nomination was pending in the Senate, Suter, as the highest-ranking officer in the U.S. Army JAG Corps, was made the acting Judge Advocate General. After a number of months, his and other nominations were returned with criticism of the organization. JAG personnel actions from 1982 were linked to allegations of unlawful command influence in the 3rd Armored Division. Ironically, the Court of Military Review under Chief Judge Suter reversed a number of court-martial convictions arising from these allegations.
In February 1991, after nearly thirty years of service, Suter retired from the Army, receiving a Distinguished Service Medal. His other awards include the Bronze Star, which he was given for his service in Vietnam, and the Meritorious Service Medal.
Clerk of the Supreme Court
When Clerk of the Supreme Court Joseph F. Spaniol, Jr. announced his plans to retire at the end of 1990, Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist selected General Suter to take his place. Originally planning to settle down after leaving the Army, Suter jumped at the opportunity, starting immediately after his retirement.
Suter is a prolific speaker about the Court. A popular figure in the national bar, he has received numerous honors for his frequent outreach efforts, including six honorary doctor of laws degrees. He has been a leader among retired judge advocates and a mentor to hundreds of lawyers. After stepping down from the Court, Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor recognized Suter for his hard work and described herself as an enthusiastic fan.
To distinguish him from former Supreme Court Associate Justice David Souter, Suter was often referred to within the Supreme Court by the nickname "The General" or as "General Suter". An avid basketball player, he was known throughout his career for his love of the sport. At the Court, he could be seen playing basketball with law clerks on the "highest court in the land".
In January 2013, Suter announced that he would retire on August 31, before the start of the Court's 2013 term. At Suter's retirement celebration on June 12, 2013, Chief Justice John Roberts praised Suter's "inspirational leadership" and "good will and friendship [that] have reached all corners of the building and beyond", noting that "[h]e regularly meets with school children, law students, and foreign dignitaries. He greets them all with equal ease and grace, demonstrating both his good humor and his humanity." Roberts extolled Suter as having "managed the Court's docket with unparalleled organization and efficiency", "contributions to this Court [that] will not fade away."
On July 1, 2013, the Supreme Court named Scott S. Harris as Suter's successor, effective September 1, 2013.
Personal life
After retiring from the Supreme Court, Suter served for two years as a visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution. He also served on the board of visitors of Trinity University and the Campbell University School of Law.
Suter met his wife Jeanie, a now-retired teacher, while attending college in the late 1950s. They have two children and five grandchildren.
References
Sources
https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/CAR_1966-1967.pdf
http://law.campbell.edu/page.cfm?id=409&n=general-william-k-suter
https://books.google.com/books/about/U_S_Army_JAG_School_Oral_History_Intervi.html?id=LKpENwAACAAJ
https://www.forbes.com/lists/2010/94/best-colleges-10_Trinity-University_950300.html
http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/retired_general_william_suter_salutes_his_20th_year_as_clerk/
http://www.zagsonline.org/s/829/lawInternal.aspx?sid=829&gid=2&pgid=1915
http://www.stardem.com/news/article_de4749b4-0403-582b-b8f0-c7c13fe2b9f6.html
https://books.google.com/books?id=SiUiy6HPopUC&pg=PT148&lpg=PT148&dq=%22Jeanie+Suter%22&source=bl&ots=P0itioqCyP&sig=e7UBfShEkD_nrthZmvMci8ynv9c&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sBvhT4HXMIXi0gHX6cSSDg&ved=0CE8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Jeanie%20Suter%22&f=false
http://www.scotusblog.com/2012/07/bill-suter-marches-on-and-on/
External links
1937 births
Living people
Clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps
People from Portsmouth, Ohio
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Trinity University (Texas) alumni
Tulane University alumni
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School alumni |
5396090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suter | Suter | Suter is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
Andrew Burn Suter (1830–1895), Bishop of the Diocese of Nelson, New Zealand
August Suter (1887–1965), Swiss sculptor
Bob Suter (born 1957), American ice hockey defenceman
Bob Suter (Australian footballer) (born 1928), Australian rules footballer
Bob Suter (English footballer) (1880–1945), English footballer
Corinne Suter (born 1994), Swiss Alpine skier
Eskil Suter, Swiss motorcycle road racer and chassis constructor
Fabienne Suter (born 1985), Swiss Alpine skier
Fergus Suter (1857–1916), Scottish stonemason and footballer
Gary Suter (born 1964), American ice hockey player
Heinrich Suter (1848–1922), Swiss historian of science
Heiri Suter (1899–1978), Swiss road racing cyclist
Henry Suter (1841–1918), New Zealand zoologist, naturalist and paleontologist
Hermann Suter (1870–1926) Swiss composer and conductor
Keith Suter, Australian strategic planning consultant and futurist
Jasmina Suter (born 1995), Swiss alpine ski racer
Johann Rudolf Suter (1766–1827), Swiss physician, botanist and philologist
Martin Suter (born 1948), Swiss author
Patric Suter (born 1977), Swiss hammer thrower
Ryan Suter (born 1985), American ice hockey defenceman
Steve Suter (born 1982), American college football wide receiver
William Suter (born 1937), 19th Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States
See also
Souter, surname
Suder, surname
Surnames |
4000971 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanisivik | Nanisivik | Nanisivik (; ) is a now-abandoned company town which was built in 1975 to support the lead-zinc mining and mineral processing operations for the Nanisivik Mine, in production between 1976 and 2002. The townsite is located just inland from Strathcona Sound, about east of the community of Arctic Bay in the Canadian territory of Nunavut.
There is a port and dock about north of the abandoned mine site, which was used for shipping concentrate from the site, and receiving supplies (). It is used by the Canadian Coast Guard for training.
Nanisivik Airport, located south, was used as the main airport for Arctic Bay until 2010, when the lengthened Arctic Bay Airport took over. The airport is about directly southeast of Arctic Bay but the road between them is .
Geology
The ore deposit resides within dolomite from the Society Cliffs Formation covered with dolomitic shale from the Victor Bay Formation, which together form the Uluksan Group and reside on top of silty shale. The ore is believed to have formed when hot saline water bearing the metal ions of sodium, calcium, chlorine, and sulfate mixed with cooler carbonate-rich brine in the presence of natural gas or methane, which produced hydrogen sulfide through reducing the sulfate. The hydrogen sulfide then reacted with the metals to form the sulfides of marcasite (FeS2), pyrite (), sphalerite (), and galena (PbS). The Nanisivik deposit once contained 60 million metric tons of pyrite and 12 million tons of lead-zinc ore.
Mineralogy
The Nanisivik mine is known for its diversity of unusual pyrite pseudomorphs after marcasite and pyrrhotite.
History
Ore discovery
Arthur English was a prospector on CGS Arctic, the steamship of Captain Joseph-Elzéar Bernier, as part of the Geological Survey of Canada in 1910. They wintered the 1910-11 winter in Arctic Bay ( south-east of Nanisivik). In 1911 Arthur English published his discovery of a "very large body of ore" at Nanisivik.
Development
J.F. Tibbitt and F. McInnes travelled from Churchill, Manitoba to Nanisivik by dog sled () and staked their claims in 1937, but were unable to develop them. In 1956 R. G. Blackadar and R. R. H. Lemon published maps of the region for another Geological Survey of Canada. Soon thereafter Texas Gulf Sulfur Company (later Texasgulf Inc., now broken up into bits such as Intrepid Potash) evaluated the region and staked 15 claims. Extensive drilling and exploration over the next decade led to the procurement of heavy equipment in 1970 and bulk metallurgical testing. Mineral Resources International of Calgary, Alberta traded the rights to a sulfur deposit in Mexico for a long term option on the Strathcona Sound property, which eventually translated into 54% ownership of Nanisivik Mines Limited. Strathcona Mineral Services Limited was hired to run the mine as an independent manager and successfully initiated production.
Operation
The mine opened in 1976 and yielded primarily zinc, however silver and lead were collected as by-products. It is located in thick permafrost, north of the Arctic Circle and operated year-round through accumulating ore during the winter and shipping in the summer (July-November). Annual production totalled 125,000 tons of ore, which was sold to European smelters via Belgium.
Conwest Exploration Company Ltd. eventually acquired the mine.
Mine closure
Since the closure of the mine in 2002, reclamation has been ongoing and the town is abandoned. Residents of Arctic Bay had hoped that the Government of Nunavut would be able to find a new use for the former town site, potentially a trades training centre. They had also hoped to be able to move some of the buildings and equipment to their community.
Due to heavy lead-zinc contamination, this was not possible and the homes have been demolished.
Local telephone service was discontinued on February 19, 2007 on approval from CRTC.
As of the 2006 census the population was 0, a drop from the 2001 census with a population of 77.
Conversion to naval station
On August 8, 2007, CBC News reported that Canadian Forces documents showed plans to convert the site into a naval station. The plan, which would turn the former mine's existing port into a deepwater facility, would cost $60 million and it was expected that Prime Minister Stephen Harper would make an announcement during his stop in Resolute.
On August 10, 2007, Harper announced construction of a new docking and refuelling facility in Nanisivik for the Canadian Forces, in an effort to maintain a Canadian presence in Arctic waters during the navigable season (June–October). The choice for Nanisivik as a site was partially based on its location within the eastern entrance to the Northwest Passage, and the existence of a deep-water berthing facility at the site, as well as a "jet-capable" airstrip nearby.
Detailed planning for the project began in August 2007, with environmental studies and assessments being carried out in the summer of 2008. Construction at the site was originally expected to begin in the summer of 2010, with early operating capability available in 2012. The facility was planned to be fully operational by 2015.
Once completed, the naval station will likely be home to the proposed Arctic Off-Shore Patrol Ships under the Harper government plan.
These ships will have ice-breaking capability and help the current government's goal to enforce Canada's sovereignty over the region. These ships will likely allow the Victoria-class submarines to travel in the Arctic regions.
The facility was to have an initial operational capability in 2012, and be fully complete in 2015 but is behind schedule. Development is being delayed because environmental cleanup has been delayed as much as possible by Breakwater Resources Ltd., owned by Nyrstar N.V.
In 2011 and 2012, the government started backing down on the Nanisivik conversion plans, explaining that construction in the far north is too expensive. The station will be primarily used for refuelling Arctic patrol and other government vessels, and construction was expected to begin in 2013, with the station operational by 2016. After repeated delays, construction on the site finally commenced in 2015. The station had been expected to be operational in summer 2019.However, in July 2020 it was confirmed that the station would not now be fully operational until 2022.
Geography
Climate
Nanisivik has a tundra climate (ET) with long, cold winters and very short, chilly summers that are rarely mild. Early winter tends to be snowiest period of the year, with around 40% of all yearly snowfall falling during this short period.
Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Nanisivik had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, no change from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.
References
External links
Government will continue seeking positive legacy from Nanisivik mine closure, minister says. Government of Nunavut. October 1, 2002. Last accessed September 12, 2006.
Welcome to the Arctic Bay & Nanisivik, Nunavut Photo Album!. Photographs by Vincent K. Chan. Last accessed September 12, 2006.
Baffin Island
Company towns in Canada
Mining communities in Nunavut
Ports and harbours of Nunavut
Ghost towns in Nunavut
Former populated places in Arctic Canada
Former populated places in the Qikiqtaaluk Region
Road-inaccessible communities of Nunavut |
4000977 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince%20Burgio | Vince Burgio | Vincent Burgio (born in Kansas City, Missouri) is an American professional poker player based in West Hills, California.
Burgio is a graduate of the University of Missouri. He moved to California in 1976 to set up a construction business and began playing poker tournaments regularly in 1987.
Burgio came to note as the winner of the Best All-Around Player Award at the 1992 Four Queens Poker Classic.
In 1994 he won a WSOP bracelet in the Seven-Card Stud Hi-Lo event, defeating a final table including both Howard "The Professor" Lederer and Jay Heimowitz. Burgio also made the final table of the $10,000 no limit hold'em main event that year, finishing in 4th place. He also finished in the money of the Main Event in 1998.
Burgio has made one World Poker Tour (WPT) final table, finishing 5th in the first season Gold Rush event won by Paul "The Truth" Darden.
Burgio has also competed in numerous events of the Ultimate Poker Challenge and has won 2 events.
As of 2011, his total live tournament winnings exceed $2,100,000. His 28 cashes at the World Series of Poker account for $568,993 of his total tournament earnings.
Burgio writes a regular human interest article for CardPlayer Magazine which has led to him being called the "Andy Rooney of Poker". He has authored his autobiography entitled Pizza, Pasta and Poker: The Private & Public Life of a Professional Poker Player.
He is married with four grown daughters.
References
Poker Aces by Ron Rose
External links
Official site
American poker players
American gambling writers
American male non-fiction writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
World Series of Poker bracelet winners
Living people
University of Missouri alumni
People from West Hills, Los Angeles |
5396100 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing%20terrorism | Left-wing terrorism | Left-wing terrorism or far-left terrorism, sometimes called Marxist–Leninist terrorism or revolutionary left-wing terrorism, is terrorism committed with the aim of overthrowing current capitalist systems and replacing them with Marxist–Leninist or socialist societies. Left-wing terrorism can also occur within already socialist states as criminal action against the current ruling government.
Most left-wing terrorist groups that had operated in the 1970s and 1980s disappeared by the mid-1990s. One exception was the Greek Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17N), which lasted until 2002. Since then, left-wing terrorism has been relatively minor in the Western world in comparison with other forms, and is now mostly carried out by insurgent groups in the developing world.
Ideology
Left-wing terrorists have been influenced by various communist and socialist currents, including Marxism. Narodnaya Volya, a 19th-century terrorist group that killed Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1881 and developed the concept of propaganda of the deed, is a major influence.
According to Sarah Brockhoff, Tim Krieger and Daniel Meierrieks, while left-wing terrorism is ideologically motivated, nationalist-separatist terrorism is ethnically motivated. They argue that the revolutionary goal of left-wing terrorism is non-negotiable whereas nationalist terrorists are willing to make concessions. They suggest that rigidity of the demands of left-wing terrorists may explain their lack of support relative to nationalist groups. Nevertheless, many on the revolutionary left have shown solidarity for national liberation groups employing terrorism, such as Irish nationalists, the Palestine Liberation Organization and the South American Tupamaros, seeing them as engaged in a global struggle against capitalism. Since the nationalist sentiment is fueled by socio-economic conditions, some separatist movements, including the Basque ETA, the Provisional Irish Republican Army and the Irish National Liberation Army, incorporated communist and socialist ideology into their policies.
David Brannan writes that left-wing terrorists and insurgents tend not to engage in indiscriminate attacks on the public as it not only runs contrary to the socialist ideals they espouse of being protectors of the working class, but they also do not want to alienate large swaths of the working population as such organizations and individuals seek to gain their support. Other researchers argue that left-wing terrorism may not be less indiscriminate than its right-wing counterpart.
History
Left-wing terrorism has its roots in the 19th and early 20th century anarchist terrorism and became pronounced during the Cold War. Modern left-wing terrorism developed in the context of the political unrest of 1968. In Western Europe, notable groups included the West German Red Army Faction (RAF), the Italian Red Brigades (BR), the French Action Directe (AD), and the Belgian Communist Combatant Cells (CCC). Asian groups have included the Japanese Red Army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, although the latter organization later adopted nationalist terrorism. In Latin America, groups that became actively involved in terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s included the Nicaraguan Sandinistas, the Peruvian Shining Path and the Colombian 19th of April Movement. A 2014 paper by Kis-Katos et al. concluded that left-wing terrorism was the most prevalent terrorism in the past but has largely declined in the present day.
United States
The Weather Underground was a domestic terrorist group that developed as "a small, violent offshoot of Students for a Democratic Society," a group that originated in the 1960s to advocate for social change. Between 1973 and 1975, the Symbionese Liberation Army was active, committing bank robberies, murders, and other acts of violence. Other terrorist groups such as the small New World Liberation Front resorted to death threats, drive-by shootings and planting of pipe-bombs in the late 1970s. During the 1980s, both the May 19th Communist Organization (M19CO) and the smaller United Freedom Front were active. After 1985, following the dismantling of both groups, one source reports there were no confirmed acts of left-wing terrorism by similar groups. Incidents of left-wing terrorism dropped off at the end of the Cold War (circa 1989), partly due to the loss of support for communism.
In October 2020, the killing of Aaron Danielson was added to the CSIS terrorism database as a deadly "far-left" attack, the first such incident in over two decades. The killing is also referenced on the Anti-Defamation League's page on antifa, as the only "suspected antifa-related murder" to date; and the left-leaning liberal think tank New America Foundation's tally of killings during terrorist attacks in the U.S. since 9/11, as the first recorded fatality in a far-left attack.
19 May Communist Organization
The May 19th Communist Organization, also referred to as the 19 May Communist Coalition, was a United States-based, self-described revolutionary organization formed by splintered-off members of the Weather Underground and the Black Liberation Army. The M19CO name was derived from the birthdays of Ho Chi Minh and Malcolm X. The 19 May Communist Organization was active from 1978 to 1985. It also included members of the Black Panthers and the Republic of New Africa (RNA). According to a 2001 US government report, the alliance between Black Liberation Army and Weather Underground members had three objectives: free political prisoners from US prisons; appropriate capitalist wealth (through armed robberies) to fund their operations; and initiate a series of bombings and terrorist attacks against the United States.
Latin America
Stefan M. Aubrey describes the Sandinistas, Shining Path, 19th of April Movement, and Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) as the main organizations involved in left-wing terrorism in Latin America during the 1970s and 1980s. These organizations opposed the United States government and drew local support as well as receiving support from the Soviet Union and Cuba.
FARC
The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) is a Marxist–Leninist organization in Colombia which has engaged in vehicle bombings, gas cylinder bombs, killings, landmines, kidnapping, extortion and hijacking as well as guerilla and conventional military. The United States Department of State includes the FARC-EP on its list of foreign terrorist organizations, as does the European Union. It funds itself primarily through extortion, kidnapping and their participation in the illegal drug trade. Many of their fronts enlist new and underage recruits by force, distribute propaganda and rob banks. Businesses operating in rural areas, including agricultural, oil, and mining interests, were required to pay "vaccines" (monthly payments) which "protected" them from subsequent attacks and kidnappings. An additional, albeit less lucrative, source of revenue was highway blockades in which guerrillas stopped motorists and buses in order to confiscate jewelry and money. An estimated 20 to 30 percent of FARC combatants are under 18 years old, with many as young as 12 years old, for a total of around 5000 children. Children who try to escape the ranks of the guerrillas are punished with torture and death.
Shining Path
The Communist Party of Peru, more commonly known as the Shining Path, is a Maoist guerrilla organization that launched the internal conflict in Peru in 1980. Widely condemned for its brutality, including violence deployed against peasants, trade union organizers, popularly elected officials and the general civilian population, Shining Path is on the United States Department of State's "Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations" list. Peru, the European Union, and Canada likewise regard Shining Path as a terrorist group and prohibit providing funding or other financial support.
According to Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the actions of the Shining Path claimed between 31,331 and 37,840 lives.
Asia
Stefan M. Audrey describes the Japanese Red Army and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) as the main left-wing terrorist organizations in Asia, although he notes that the LTTE later transformed into a nationalist terrorist organization.
Communist Party of India (Maoist) and Naxalites
Armed Naxalite groups operate across large parts of the central and eastern rural regions of India. Informed by the People's War strategy of Maoism, the most prominent of the groups is the Communist Party of India (Maoist), formed through the merging of two previous Naxalite organizations, the People's War Group and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCC). Armed Naxalite movements are considered India's largest internal security threat. Naxalite militants have engaged in numerous terrorist attacks and human rights violations in India's Red Corridor. A Frontline magazine article calls the Bhamragad taluka, where the Madia Gond Adivasis live, the heart of the Naxalite-affected region in Maharashtra.
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) has been responsible for hundreds of attacks on government and civilian targets.
After the United People's Front of Nepal (UPF)'s Maoist wing, CPN-M, performed poorly in elections and was excluded from the 1994 election, the Maoists turned to insurgency. They aimed to overthrow Nepal's monarchy and parliamentary democracy, and to change Nepalese society, including a purge of the nation's elite class, a state takeover of private industry, and collectivization of agriculture. In Nepal, attacks against civilian populations occurred as part of Maoist strategy, leading Amnesty International to state: The CPN (Maoist) has consistently targeted private schools, which it ideologically opposes. On the 14 April 2005 the CPN (Maoist) demanded that all private schools shut down, although this demand was withdrawn on 28 April. Following this demand, it bombed two schools in western Nepal on 15 April, a school in Nepalganj, Banke district on 17 April and a school in Kalyanpur, Chitwan on 21 April. CPN (Maoist) cadres also reportedly threw a bomb at students taking classes in a school in Khara, Rukum district.
Japanese Red Army
The Japanese Red Army (JRA) was founded in 1969 as the "Red Army Faction" by students impatient with the Communist Party. In 1970, they hijacked a plane to North Korea, where nine of their members were interned. Fourteen members were killed during an internal purge. In 1971, the renamed JRA formed a connection with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and established a base in Lebanon. Their major terrorist acts included an armed attack on the Tel Aviv airport, hijacking planes to Libya and Bangladesh, kidnapping the French ambassador to the Hague, and bombing a United Service Organizations (USO) nightclub in Naples, Italy. By the mid-1990s, their level of activity had declined and the US State Department no longer considered them a terrorist threat. In 2001, their leader announced the dissolution of the group, although some of its members were in prison and others were still wanted by police.
Europe
Typically small and urban-based, left-wing terrorist organizations in Europe have been committed to overthrowing their countries' governments and replacing them with regimes guided by Marxist–Leninist ideology. Although none have achieved any degree of success in accomplishing their goals, they have caused serious security problems in Germany, Belgium, Italy, Greece, France, Turkey, Portugal and Spain.
Action Directe
Action Directe (AD) was active in France between 1979 and 1987. Between 1979 and 1985, they concentrated on non-lethal bombings and strafings of government buildings, although they assassinated a French Ministry of Defense official. Following arrests of some of its members, the organization declined and became inactive. The French government has banned the group.
Communist Combatant Cells
The Communist Combatant Cells (CCC) was founded in 1982 in Belgium by Pierre Carette. With about ten members, the CCC financed its activities through a series of bank robberies. Over the course of 14 months, they carried out 20 attacks against property, mostly North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) facilities. Despite attempts to avoid loss of life, there were casualties as a result of these attacks. After Carette and other members were arrested in 1985, the group ceased to be operational. Carette served 17 years of a life sentence, although his colleagues that were convicted with him were released earlier.
First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups
The First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups (GRAPO) was a Maoist terrorist group in Spain that was founded in 1975. Since its inception until 2007, it assassinated 84 people, including police, military personnel, judges and civilians; either by bombings or shootings. The group has committed a number of kidnappings, initially for political reasons, later on, mainly for extortion. Its last attack was committed in 2006, when GRAPO militants shot dead Ana Isabel Herrero, the owner of a temporary work agency in Zaragoza.
Irish National Liberation Army
The Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) is an Irish republican communist paramilitary group formed on 10 December 1974, during "the Troubles". It seeks to remove Northern Ireland from British control and create a socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland. It is the paramilitary wing of the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP).
The INLA was founded by former members of the Official Irish Republican Army who opposed that group's ceasefire. It was initially known as the "People's Liberation Army" or "People's Republican Army". The INLA waged a paramilitary campaign against the British Army and Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in Northern Ireland. It was also active to a lesser extent in the Republic of Ireland and Great Britain. High-profile attacks carried out by the INLA include the Droppin Well bombing, the 1994 Shankill Road killings and the assassinations of Airey Neave in 1979 and Billy Wright in 1997. However, it was smaller and less active than the main republican paramilitary group, the Provisional IRA. It was also weakened by feuds and internal tensions. Members of the group used the covernames People's Liberation Army (PLA), People's Republican Army (PRA) and Catholic Reaction Force (CRF) for attacks its volunteers carried out but the INLA did not want to claim responsibility for.
The INLA is a Proscribed Organisation in the United Kingdom under the Terrorism Act 2000 and an illegal organisation in the Republic of Ireland.
Popular Forces 25 April
The Popular Forces 25 April (FP-25) was formed in Portugal under the leadership of Lt. Col. Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho who lead the Carnation Revolution in 1974. It was a far-left terrorist group operating in Portugal between 1980 and 1987. Most of its members had previously been active in the Revolutionary Brigades (Brigadas Revolucionárias), an armed group with links to the Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat (Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado) extinguished in 1978. Over 7 years, FP-25 were responsible for 19 deaths, including a four-month-old baby, a General Director of Prison Service, a dissident/repentant terrorist, several National Republican Guards (GNR) soldiers and five terrorists killed during robberies or clashes with security forces. The violence was partially stopped in June 1984, with a secret police operation under a code name "Orion", which resulted in the arrest of most of its leaders and operatives. They would be later tried in October 1986.
Red Army Faction
The Red Army Faction (RAF), which developed out of the Baader-Meinhof Group in Germany, carried out a series of terrorist attacks in the 1970s and remained active for over 20 years. The RAF was organized into small isolated cells, and had connections with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine and Carlos the Jackal. Although the group's leaders, including Gudrun Ensslin, Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof were arrested in 1972, it carried out major attacks, including the kidnapping and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer, president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations and of the Federation of German Industries, and the hijacking of the Lufthansa Flight 181 in the so-called "German Autumn" of 1977.
Red Brigades
The Red Brigades were founded in August 1970, mostly by former members of the Communist Youth movement who had been expelled from the parent party for extremist views. The largest terrorist group in Italy, its aim was to overthrow the government and replace it with a communist system.
Revolutionary Organization 17 November
The Revolutionary Organization 17 November, also known as 17N or N17, was a long-lasting urban terrorist organization named in commemoration of a 1973 mass demonstration and riot against the military junta. Since 2001, the group had killed 23 people, including U.S. officials, NATO officials and Greek politicians, magistrates and businessmen. Attempts by the Greek police, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and Scotland Yard to investigate the group were unsuccessful. The group was captured in 2002, after one of its members was wounded by a bomb he was carrying. It has been recognized as a terrorist organization by the Greek State, the US and international law enforcement agencies.
Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front
The Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front is a militant Marxist–Leninist party in Turkey. The US, UK and EU categorize it as a terrorist organization. As of 2007, the Counter-Terrorism and Operations Department of Directorate General for Security list it among the 12 active terrorist organizations in Turkey. It is one of the 44 names listed in the 2008 U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations, one of the 48 groups and entities to which the EU's Common Position 2001–931/CFSP on the application of specific measures to combat terrorism applies and one of the 45 international terrorist organisations in the list of Proscribed Terrorist Groups of the UK Home Office.
Informal Anarchist Federation
The FAI (Informal Anarchist Federation) is an Italian insurrectionary anarchist organization officially recognized as a terrorist group by the Europol in their 2012 TE-SAT report on the EU Terrorism Situation and Trend Report. They claimed responsibility for a number attacks in Italy, Greece, Germany and Switzerland in 2011. For years, the group’s modus operandi has been the coordinated delivery of IEDs by mail or the placing of several IEDs with different targets on the same date.
See also
Communist terrorism
Eco-terrorism
Islamic terrorism
Jewish religious terrorism
Left-wing extremism and anti-government in the United States
Propaganda of the deed
Right-wing terrorism/Far-right terrorism
Zionist political violence
Notes
References
Atkins, Stephen E. Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004.
Aubrey, Stefan M. The new dimension of international terrorism. Zurich: vdf Hochschulverlag AG, 2004.
Brockhoff, Sarah, Krieger, Tim and Meierrieks, Daniel, "Looking Back on Anger: Explaining the Social Origins of Left-Wing and Nationalist Separatist Terrorism in Western Europe, 1970–2007" (2012). APSA 2012 Annual Meeting Paper. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2107193
Bush, George (task force). Terrorist Group Profiles. DIANE Publishing, 1989.
Kushner, Harvey W. Encyclopedia of terrorism. London: Sage Publications Ltd., 2003.
Moghadam, Assaf. The roots of terrorism. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2006.
Pluchinsky, Dennis A. "Western Europes's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations". In Yonah Alexander and Dennis A. Pluchinsky (Eds.), Europe's red terrorists: the fighting communist organizations. Oxford: Frank Cass and Company, 1992.
Smith, Brent L. Terrorism in America: pipe bombs and pipe dreams. Albany: SUNY Press, 1994
Far-left politics
Left-wing terrorism
Terrorism by form
Political violence
bg:Ляв тероризъм |
4001002 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ard%20%28plough%29 | Ard (plough) | The ard, ard plough, or scratch plough is a simple light plough without a mouldboard. It is symmetrical on either side of its line of draft and is fitted with a symmetrical share that traces a shallow furrow but does not invert the soil. It began to be replaced in China by the heavy carruca turnplough in the 1st century, and in most of Europe from the 7th century.
In its simplest form it resembles a hoe, consisting of a draft-pole (either composite or a single piece) pierced with a nearly vertical, wooden, spiked head (or stock) which is dragged through the soil by draft animals and very rarely by people. The ard-head is at one end a stilt (handle) for steering and at the other a share (cutting blade) which gouges the surface ground. More sophisticated models have a composite pole, where the section attached to the head is called the draft-beam, and the share may be made of stone or iron. Some have a cross-bar for handles or two separate stilts for handles (two-handled ard). The share comes in two basic forms: a socket share slipped over the nose of the ard-head; and the tang share fitted into a groove where it is held with a clamp on the wooden head. Additionally, a slender protruding chisel (foreshare) can be fitted over the top of the mainshare.
Use
Rather than cutting and turning the soil to produce ridged furrows, the ard breaks up a narrow strip of soil and cuts a shallow furrow (or drill), leaving intervening strips undisturbed. The ard is not suited for clearing new land, so grass and undergrowth are usually removed with hoes or mattocks. Cross-ploughing is often necessary to break the soil up better, where the soil is tilled twice at right angles to the original direction (lengthwise and across). This usually results in square or diamond-shaped fields and is effective at clearing annual weeds. The ard's shallow furrows are ideal for most cereals, and if the seed is sown broadcast, the ard can be used to cover the seed in rows. In fact, the ard may have been invented in the Near East to cover seed rather than till. That would explain why in Mesopotamia seed drills were used together with ards. The ard is most useful on light soils such as loams or sands, or in mountain fields where the soil is thin, and can be safely used in areas where deep ploughing would turn up hardpan or would cause salination or erosion.
Ards may be drawn by oxen, water buffalo, donkeys, camels, or other animals.
Types
Ards come in a number of varieties. Based on use, there are two kinds: the tilth ard, for cutting furrows in cleared land, and the rip ard, or sod buster, which has a hooked share that gouges deeper into the soil and more effectively clears virgin or fallow land. The two were in early times used in conjunction with each other. Third is the seed drill ard, used specifically in Mesopotamia, which added a funnel for dropping seed in the furrows as the ard cut them.
The earliest and most basic tilth ards are the two-piece models:
bow ard (or beam ard), made of a bow-shaped draft-pole (or beam) originally pierced by a spear-like head (stilt & share), later developing a composite body with a separate head and stilt inserted in the pole;
body ard, where the draft-pole is inserted into the thicker upward-inclined head which tapers into a handle.
The bow ard is the weaker, narrower, and probably earlier of the two. It is used for shallow tillage, normally with a tang share, in dry, stony soils. It is restricted mainly to the Mediterranean (Spain, Tunisia, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon), Ethiopia, Iran, and eastern India and Sumatra. The more widespread body ard, sturdier and heavier for deeper tillage (in soils with enough moisture), usually has a socket share which is sometimes laterally extended or has serrated wings (Balkans, Morocco, Portugal, Spain) for better mixing of soil and cutting of weeds. It had a short portion of the body which was first made to slide on the furrow bottom and gradually developed into a horizontal body. The body ard dominates in Portugal, western Spain, the Balkans, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Thailand, Japan, and most of Latin America.
The bow ard favored the development of a long horizontal sole body (slade) sliding on the ground. This led to the sole ard, first attested in Bronze Age Cyprus, being single-handled and consisting of a flat sole (or slade) into which were set the draft-pole and stilt, meaning there were three separate pieces. Their use in Ancient Greek agriculture was described by Hesiod. In northern Europe the single-handled crook ard was favored, consisting of a stilt inserted into a pole with a crook-shaft, i.e., the pole had a curved shape and had a natural crook tip that served as a share.
Later variations of the sole ard come in two types: the triangular and quadrangular ards. The triangular ard has a horizontal sole body holding the beam and stilt which cross each other, forming a triangle at the base. The quadrangular ard has a horizontal sole body connected to a straight, nearly parallel beam by a stilt and a brace.
History
Evidence of its use in prehistory is sometimes found at archaeological sites where the long, shallow scratches (ard marks) it makes can be seen cutting into the subsoil. The ard first appears in the mid-Neolithic and is closely related to the domestication of cattle. It probably spread with animal traction in general across the cereal-growing cultures of the Neolithic Old World. Its exact point of origin is unknown, but it spread quickly throughout West Asia, South Asia and Europe in the late Neolithic and early Chalcolithic.
Evidence appears in the Near East in the 6th millennium BC. Iron versions appeared BC both in Assyria and 3rd-dynasty Egypt. In Europe, the earliest known wooden ard (at Lavagone in Italy) dates from around 2300-2000 BC, but the earliest scratch marks date from 3500-3000 BC. All of these were bow ards, also depicted in the rock drawings of Bohuslän, Sweden, and Fontanalba, France.
The first bow ards were likely adapted from hoes and like instruments and therefore suffered from poor balance due to their narrow bodies with only one point in the soil. This restricted their use to obstacle-free soils such as along irrigated canals. The stress between body and pole was neutralized by adding a brace consisting of a fibre or leather strap between the low end of the pole and the body. The brace was later made out of wood and became important, not only on bow ards but also body ards. Today, a wooden brace between the draft-pole and upper stilt is a particular feature of body ards in Syria, central Iraq, Turkestan, and Gansu (China). The bow ard arrived in China as early as 3000 BC, possibly along with wheat, barley, and hemp during the Lungshanoid period. Today, the bow ard is confined to minority tribes and mountainous regions, but in earlier times was widely disseminated until ousted by the carruca turnplough beginning around AD 100.
The body ard made its way east as far as northwest China via Xinjiang, but then underwent radical changes. A long-pole body ard with a knee-like brace is still found in some parts of China. In some parts of Europe with moist soils, the body ard's path was cleared by a ristle, a coulter-like implement used to reach greater depth. In Spain and Portugal this remains a separate tool, but elsewhere it was the precursor to the coulter.
Gallery
See also
Clearance cairn – stones with ard marks
Chisel plow, a modern type of non-moldboard, non-turnover plow
References
A valuable reference book is Ard og Plov I Nordens Oldtid (with an extensive English summary)published by the Jutland Archeological Society of Aarhus University in 1951. The book is illustrated including maps showing the archaeological sites in Northern Europe that have provided evidence of the use of the ard in prehistoric times.
External links
Ard marks in South Uist
Animal equipment
Archaeological artefact types
Gardening tools
History of agriculture
Ploughs |
5396110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete%20%22El%20Conde%22%20Rodr%C3%ADguez | Pete "El Conde" Rodríguez | Pedro Juan Rodríguez Ferrer (31 January 1933 – 1 December 2000), better known as Pete "El Conde" Rodríguez was a salsa singer born in Barrio Cantera, Ponce, Puerto Rico. His son, also named Pete Rodriguez, is also a salsa and jazz musician. His daughter, Cita Rodriguez, is also an accomplished salsa singer.
Life and career
He was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Rodríguez was a percussionist who started playing bongos at the age of five. After working with local groups in Ponce, Puerto Rico, he moved to The Bronx, New York, United States, during the 1950s. While singing and playing the congas in a Bronx bar, he was spotted by the bandleader Johnny Pacheco. His first album was titled Suavito, which was released in 1963.
Just a year later in 1964, Pacheco and his lawyer Jerry Masucci founded The Fania All-Stars, a combination of the best Latin singers and musicians at that time. Rodríguez's first album under the Fania label was Canonazo. Between 1964 and 1973, Rodriguez and Pacheco recorded seven albums including La Perfecta Combinacion (1970), Los Compadres (1971), and Tres De Cafe Y Dos De Azucar (1973).
In 1974, Rodríguez left the Fania All-Stars and concentrated on a successful solo career. His solo debut album El Conde (1974) was an award winner. His 1976 album Este Negro Si Es Sabroso, was rated ninth in best Salsa records at that time. That album featured one of his most popular songs, "Catalina La O".
During the 1980s, with the Fania All-Stars on the verge of disbanding, Rodriguez reunited with Johnny Pacheco and recorded four more albums between 1983 and 1989. Their 1987 album Salsobita was nominated for a Grammy Award. By 1990, he went solo again.
Rodríguez only recorded two albums in the 1990s with one of his hit songs "Esos Tus Ojos Negros" being released in 1993. By 2000, he was hired by Tito Puente to provide lead vocals for a tribute to the late bolero singer Benny Moré. However, the album was released posthumously because Puente died on 31 May 2000. Rodriguez also had a heart ailment, but he refused to undergo bypass surgery as Puente did. On 2 December 2000, Rodriguez suffered a heart attack and died at the age of 67.
Discography
Suavito (1963)
Cañonazo (1964)
Swing (Con El Conjunto Sensacion) (1965)
Sabor Típico (1967)
La Perfecta Combinación (1970)
Los Compadres (1971)
Tres de Café y Dos de Azúcar (1973)
El Conde (1974)
Este Negro Si Es Sabroso (1976)
A Touch of Class (1978)
Soy la Ley (1979)
Celia,Johnny and Pete (1980)
Fiesta Con "El Conde" (1982)
Salsobita (1987)
El Rey (1990)
Generaciones (1993)
Pete & Papo (1996)
35 Aniversario En Vivo! En El Teatro La Perla En Ponce P.R (1996)
References
External links
Biography, Discography, Photos, Lyrics (SalsaClasica.com)
1933 births
2000 deaths
20th-century Puerto Rican male singers
Salsa musicians
Güiro players
Singers from Ponce
Fania Records artists
People from the Bronx |
5396112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraorbital%20artery | Supraorbital artery | The supraorbital artery is a branch of the ophthalmic artery in the orbit. It travels with the supraorbital nerve to provide blood to the forehead.
Structure
The supraorbital artery branches from the ophthalmic artery after it passes through the optic canal and passes medially over the optic nerve. It travels anteriorly in the orbit by passing superior to the eye and medial to the superior rectus and levator palpebrae superioris. It then travels with the supraorbital nerve between the periosteum of the roof of the orbit and the levator palpebrae superioris to enter the supraorbital foramen. After passing through the supraorbital foramen, it bifurcates into a superficial and deep branch. Its terminal branches anastomose with the supratrochlear artery and frontal branch of the superficial temporal artery.
Function
This artery supplies the levator palpebrae superioris, the diploë of the frontal bone, the frontal sinus, the upper eyelid, and the skin of the forehead and the scalp.
This artery may be absent in 10% to 20% of individuals.
Additional images
References
Arteries of the head and neck |
5396116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent%20Corporation | Advent Corporation | Advent Corporation was a consumer audio and video hardware company founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts by Henry Kloss in 1967. It closed in 1981.
The name came from the legal description the advent corporation used in the incorporation documents as a placeholder name before the actual name is selected. Around 1968, Kloss had quit KLH to develop a low-cost projection television, but had trouble financing the leading-edge research and development that was still required. To earn some money, he decided to build a high-performance low-cost dual driver speaker system with woofer called simply The Advent Loudspeaker (later given the retronym the Larger Advent, after introduction of The Smaller Advent Loudspeaker). It rivaled the sound of the then top-line AR Model 3a (which used three drivers and a 12-inch (30 cm) woofer), but only cost about half as much.
Advent produced a number of different versions of the 2-way Advent, including the Advent Loudspeaker, the Smaller Advent Loudspeaker, the "New" Advent Loudspeaker, Advent/2, Advent/3, 4000 series, and 5000 series, to name a few. They were usually offered in both wood veneer and vinyl-covered "utility" cabinet versions, which other than appearance were acoustically identical.
Kloss then resumed work on increasing the fidelity of cassette tapes, a format that had originally been developed to be used only for voice dictation. Kloss introduced the Advent 201 in 1971, incorporating Dolby B noise reduction (for both recording and playback), along with chromium dioxide tape in the first popular high fidelity cassette deck.
In 1972, the Advent VideoBeam 1000 was finally released, the first large-screen projection television for home use. In 1977, Kloss founded Kloss Video Corporation (KVC) as a spin-off company. He invented the Novatron tube there, which increased the efficiency of projection TVs.
Advent continued to concentrate on low-cost high-performance consumer audio products. Eventually, long after Kloss' departure, Advent ran into hard times. Citing high labor costs, it closed its Cambridge factory in 1979, laying off most of its 650 workers, and moved production to New Hampshire. It did not thrive, and never emerged from a bankruptcy declared in March 1981. KVC passed on reacquiring the (by then) New Hampshire-based brand, which was later merged into Jensen Electronics, which in turn was acquired by Audiovox in 2004. KVC itself ran into increasing competition from Japanese manufacturers entering the now-proven market for large-format consumer TVs, eventually sold its assets, and shut down.
References
1967 establishments in Massachusetts
1981 disestablishments in New Hampshire
American companies established in 1967
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Cambridge, Massachusetts
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1981
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts
Electronics companies established in 1967
History of Cambridge, Massachusetts
Loudspeaker manufacturers |
5396118 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumcondra%20railway%20station | Drumcondra railway station | Drumcondra is a railway station on the Dublin Connolly to Longford and Grand Canal Dock to Newbridge commuter services. Almost all Sligo and Longford to Dublin services stop at Drumcondra.
It serves Drumcondra, Dublin, Ireland and is the nearest railway station for Croke Park and Tolka Park sports venues.
It is elevated with just the entrance on the main Drumcondra road.
The ticket office is open from 07:00 AM to 23:30 PM, Monday to Sunday.
Directly outside station is a bus stop with connections to Dublin Airport and Swords (Dublin Bus stop 17).
History
The station initially opened on 1 April 1901 but closed on 1 December 1910 with the termination of Kingsbridge (now Heuston Station) to Amiens Street (now Connolly Station) services. Part of the original building was demolished in late 1918.
It reopened on 2 March 1998 as a station on the Maynooth/Longford commuter line.
Proposals
Drumcondra was considered as a potential interchange stop on the proposed Metro North line of the Dublin Metro. However, following publication of revised plans for MetroLink in 2018, it was proposed that it would link up with a new station at Glasnevin, west of Drumcondra.
See also
List of railway stations in Ireland
Rail transport in Ireland
References
External links
Irish Rail Drumcondra Station Website
Drumcondra, Dublin
Iarnród Éireann stations in Dublin (city)
Railway stations opened in 1901 |
5396135 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%A8me | Crème | Crème (or creme) is a French word for 'cream', used in culinary terminology for various preparations:
Cream, a high-fat dairy product made from milk
Custard, a cooked, usually sweet mixture of dairy and eggs
Crème liqueur, a sweet liqueur
Cream soups (), such as crème Ninon
See also
Cream (disambiguation) |
4001009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle%20%28name%29 | Michelle (name) | Michelle is a given name, originally a variant of Michèle, the French feminine form of Michel, derived from the Hebrew name Michael meaning "Who is like God?". It is now extensively used in English-speaking as well as French-speaking countries, partly influenced by the Beatles song of the same name.
It is also a surname.
Variants and cognates
Albanian: Miçel
Arabic: ميشيل
Armenian: Միշել
Belarusian: Мішэль ( Mišeĺ)
Bengali: মিশেল ( Miśēla)
Bulgarian: Мишел, Микаела, Михаела
Chinese Simplified: 米歇尔 (Mǐ xiē ěr)
Chinese Traditional: 米歇爾 (Mǐ xiē ěr)
Czech: Michaela, Michala
Danish: Mikaela, Mikkeline
Finnish: Mikaela
French: Michèle
Georgian: მიშელ (Mishel)
German: Michaela, Michi
Greek: Μιχαέλα
Gujarati: મિશેલ ( Miśēla)
Hebrew: מישל
Hindi: मिशेल ( Miśēla)
Hungarian: Mihaéla
Italian: Micaela, Michela, Michelina, Lina
Japanese: ミシェル ( Misheru)
Kannada: ಮಿಚೆಲ್ (Micel)
Khmer: មីឆែល (Mee-chael)
Korean: 미셸 (Misyel)
Marathi: मिशेल ( Miśēla)
Mongolian: Мишээл ( Misheel)
Norwegian: Mikaela
Persian: میشل
Polish: Michalina
Portuguese: Micaela, Miguela
Punjabi: ਮਿਸ਼ੇਲ ( Miśēla)
Romanian: Mihaela
Russian: Мишель (Mishel')
Serbian: Мишел ( Mišel)
Slovak: Michaela
Slovene: Mihaela
Spanish: Micaela, Miguela
Swedish: Michaela, Mikaela
Tamil: மைக்கேல் ( Maikkēl)
Telugu: మిచెల్ ( Micel)
Thai: มิเชล (Michel)
Ukrainian: Михайлина (Mychajlyna)
Urdu: مشیل
Yiddish: מישעל ( Myşʻl)
Notable people named Michelle
As given name
A–J
Michelle Akers (born 1966), American footballer
Michelle Andrews (born 1971), Australian field hockey midfielder
Michelle Ang (born 1983), New Zealand actress
Michelle Bachelet (born 1951), President of Chile
Michelle Barr (born 1978), Scottish footballer
Michelle Beadle (born 1975), American sportscaster
Michelle Boisseau (1955–2017), American poet
Michelle Branch (born 1983), American rock singer
Michelle Caruso-Cabrera (born 1967), CNBC reporter
Michelle Chamuel (born 1986), American singer
Michelle Chandler (born 1974), Australian basketball player
Michelle Chen (born 1983), Taiwanese actress
Michelle Chong (born 1977), Singaporean actress and director
Michelle Cliff (1946–2016), Jamaican-American author
Michelle Collins (born 1962), English actress and television presenter
Michelle Courtens (born 1981), Dutch singer, also known as "Michelle"
Michelle Cruz (born 1992), American soccer defender
Michelle Creber (born 1999), Canadian actress
Michelle Dee (born 1995), Filipino beauty queen and actress
Michelle Dilhara (born 1996), Sri Lankan actress
Michelle Dockery (born 1981), English actress
Michelle Duggar (née Ruark), American reality TV star
Michelle van Eimeren (born 1972), Australian model and beauty queen
Michelle Ferrari (born 1983), Italian pornographic actress and television personality
Michelle Forbes (born 1965), actress
Michelle Fournier (born 1977), Canadian hammer thrower
Michelle Gayle (born 1971), English singer and actress
Michelle Gildernew (born 1970), Sinn Féin Politician
Michelle Gomez (born 1966), Scottish actress
Michelle Groskopf, street photographer
Michelle Jenner (born 1986), Spanish actress
H–M
Michelle Hamer, Australian visual artist
Michelle Hardwick (born 1976), English actress
Michelle Heaton (born 1979), British singer, TV personality and glamour model
Michelle Hodkin, American author
Michelle Hunziker (born 1977), Swiss television hostess, actress and fashion model
Michelle Jaggard-Lai (born 1969), retired to professional tennis player from Australia
Michelle Keegan (born 1987), English actress
Michelle Kwan (born 1980), American figure skater
Michelle Laine, American fashion designer
Michelle Langstone (born 1979), New Zealand actress
Michelle Larcher de Brito (born 1993), Portuguese tennis player
Michelle Leonard (born 1973), British singer and songwriter, now based in Berlin
Michelle Leslie (born 1981), Australian model
Michelle Lombardo (born 1983), American model and actress
Michelle Lujan Grisham (born 1959), American lawyer and politician
Michelle Madhok (born 1971), CEO of White Cat Media LLC
Michelle Malkin (born 1970), American political columnist
Michelle Marsh (born 1982), British Page Three girl
Michelle McCool (born 1980), American retired professional wrestler and former middle school teacher
Michelle McManus (born 1980), Scottish pop singer who won Pop Idol
Michelle McLean (born 1972), former Miss Universe (1992) from Namibia
Michelle Meldrum (1968–2008), guitarist
Michelle Meunier (born 1956), French politician
Michelle Christina Cerqueira Gomes Lopes (born 1989), Brazilian footballer
Michelle Monaghan (born 1976), American actress
Michelle Mone, Baroness Mone (born 1971), Scottish entrepreneur and parliamentarian
Michelle Monkhouse (1991–2011), Canadian fashion model
O–Y
Michelle Obama (born 1964), Former First Lady of the United States of America
Michelle Odinet, American lawyer
Michelle Ongkingco (born 1978), American actress
Michelle Payne (born 1985), Australian jockey and horse trainer
Michelle Pfeiffer (born 1958), American actress
Michelle Phillips (born 1944), American actress, singer, and member of The Mamas & the Papas
Michelle Rodriguez (born 1978), American actress
Michelle Rohl (born 1965), American race walker
Michelle Rojas (born 1987), American voice actress
Michelle Ruff, American voice actress
Michelle Ryan (born 1984), British actress
Michelle Sawatzky-Koop (born 1970), Canadian volleyball player
Michelle Senlis (1933–2020), French lyricist
Michelle Ray Smith (born 1974), American actress
Michelle Stephenson (born 1977), English singer-songwriter, known as ex member of the Spice Girls
Michelle Thrush (born 1967), Canadian actress
Michelle Tokarczyk (born 1953), American author and poet
Michelle Trachtenberg (born 1985), American actress
Michelle Triola (1933–2009), American actress
Michelle Visage (born 1968), American media personality and judge on RuPaul's Drag Race
Michelle Wie (born 1989), American golfer
Michelle Williams (actress) (born 1980), American actress
Michelle Williams (singer) (born 1979), American R&B artist from singing group Destiny's Child
Michelle Wright (born 1961), Canadian country music artist
Michelle Yeoh (born 1962), Malaysian-born Hong Kong actress
Michelle Yim (born 1956), Hong Kong actress
As stage name
Michel'le (born 1970), hip hop artist in the 1980s and 1990s
Michelle (born 1972), German singer
As surname
Candice Michelle (born 1978), American model, actress and retired professional wrestler
Cara Michelle, American Playmate-of-the-month and actress
Janee Michelle (born 1946), American actress
Vicki Michelle (born 1950), British actress best known for playing as Yvette Carte-Blanche from the British sitcom 'Allo 'Allo!
Fictional characters
Michelle Connor in the British soap opera Coronation Street
Michelle Chang in the Tekken series of fighting games
Michelle Dessler in the TV series 24
Michelle Dubois in the TV series ''Allo 'Allo!
Michelle Flaherty in the American Pie film series
Michelle Fowler in the British soap opera EastEnders
Michelle Peng in Juken Sentai Gekiranger
Michelle Richardson in the TV series Skins
Michelle Scully in the Australian soap opera Neighbours
Michelle Tanner in the TV series Full House
Michelle Jones (MJ) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film series
See also
Michele
Michela
Michel (name)
Shelley (name)
References
French feminine given names
English feminine given names
Feminine given names |
4001020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Krasnoselsky | Mark Krasnoselsky | Mark Alexandrovich Krasnoselsky () (April 27, 1920, Starokostiantyniv – February 13, 1997, Moscow) was a Soviet, Russian and Ukrainian mathematician renowned for his work on nonlinear functional analysis and its applications.
Biography
Early years
Mark Krasnosel'skii was born in the town of
Starokostiantyniv in Ukraine on the 27 April 1920 where his father worked as a
construction engineer and his mother taught in an elementary school.
In 1932 the Krasnosel'skii family moved to Berdyansk and in 1938 Mark
entered the physico-mathematical faculty of Kiev University, which was
evacuated at the beginning of World War II to Kazakhstan where it
became known as the Joint Ukrainian University.
He graduated in 1942, in the middle of the war, served
four years in the Soviet Army, became Candidate in Science in 1948, with a
dissertation on self-adjoint extensions of operators with nondense domains,
before getting the title of Doctor in Science in 1950, with a thesis on
investigations in Nonlinear Functional analysis.
Scientific career
From 1946 till 1952, Mark was a Research Fellow at the Mathematical
Institute of the Ukrainian Academy of Science in Kiev. From 1952 till 1967,
he was Professor at Voronezh State University. He then moved to Moscow as a Senior Scientific Fellow
(1967–74) and then a Head of a Laboratory (1974–90) at the Institute of
Control Sciences of the USSR Academy of Science in Moscow. From 1990, he worked
at the Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the same Academy.
Family
When Mark was 18 he married Sarra Belotserkovskaya (10.09.1921–31.01.2009), they had 3 children (Veniamin, 1939; Alexandra (Alla), 1945; Alexander (Sasha), 1955). Now there are 7 grandchildren and 9 great-grandchildren.
Distinctions
Andronov Prize of the Soviet Academy of Science,
Humboldt Prize
Docteur {honoris causa} of the University of Rouen in France, 1996.
Scientific achievements
Mark Krasnosel'skii's has authored or co-authored some three hundred papers and fourteen
monographs.
Nonlinear techniques are roughly classified into analytical,
topological and variational methods. Mark Krasnosel'skii
has contributed to all three aspects in a
significant way, as well as to their application to many types of integral,
differential and functional equations coming from mechanics, engineering,
and control theory.
Mark Krasnosel'skii was the first to investigate the functional analytical
properties of fractional powers of operators, at first for self-adjoint operators and then for more general situations. His theorem on the interpolation of complete continuity of such fractional power operators has been a basic tool in the theory of partial differential equations. Of comparable importance in applications is his extensive collection of works on the theory of positive operators, in particular results in which spectral gaps were estimated. His work on integral operators and superposition operators has also found many theoretical and practical applications. A major reason for this was his desire to always find readily verifiable conditions and estimates for whatever functional properties were under consideration. This is perhaps best seen in his work on topological methods in nonlinear analysis which he developed into a universal method for finding answers to such qualitative problems such as evaluating the number of solutions, describing the structure of a solution set and conditions for the connectedness of this set, convergence of Galerkin type approximations, the bifurcation of solutions in nonlinear systems, and so on.
Krasnosel'skii also presented many new general principles on solvability of a large variety of nonlinear equations, including one-sided estimates, cone stretching and contractions, fixed-point theorems for monotone operators
and a combination of the Schauder fixed point and contraction mapping theorems that was the genesis of condensing operators. He suggested a new general method for investigating degenerate extremals in variational problems and developed qualitative methods for studying critical and bifurcation parameter values based on restricted information of nonlinear equations. such as the properties of equations linearized at
zero or at infinity, which have been very useful in determining the existence of bounded or periodic solutions.
After he moved to Moscow he turned his attention increasingly to discontinuous processes and operators, in
connection firstly with nonlinear control systems and then with a mathematically rigorous formulation of hysteresis which encompasses most classical models of hysteresis and is now standard. He also became actively involved with the analysis of desynchronized systems and the justification of the harmonic balance method commonly used by engineers.
Selected works
, 395p.
, 249p.
, 242p.
, 379p.
, Translation of Mathematical Monographs, 19, 294p.
, 520 p.
, 443p.
, 484p.
, 366p.
, Grundlehren Der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, A Series of Comprehensive Studies in Mathematics, 263, 409p.
, 410p.
, 408p., [Russian].
References
The article is based on official obituaries, see those by Prof. P.E. Kloeden and Prof. E.A. Asarin, et al.
List of selected papers
Book of memoires
Complete papers (pdf): v.1,v.2, v.3, v.4, v.5, v.6, v.7
Soviet mathematicians
Ukrainian mathematicians
1920 births
1997 deaths
20th-century Russian mathematicians
Ukrainian Jews |
5396155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20C.%20Porter | Joseph C. Porter | Joseph Chrisman Porter (12 September 1809 – 18 February 1863) was a Confederate officer in the American Civil War, a key leader in the guerrilla campaigns in northern Missouri, and a figure of controversy. The main source for his history, Joseph A. Mudd (see below) is clearly an apologist; his opponents take a less charitable view of him, and his chief adversary, Union Colonel John McNeil, regarded him simply as a bushwacker and traitor, though his service under General John S. Marmaduke in the Springfield campaign ("Marmaduke's First Raid") and following clearly shows he was regarded as a regular officer by the Confederacy.
Early life
Joseph C. Porter was born in Jessamine County, Kentucky, to James and Rebecca Chrisman Porter. The family moved to Marion County, Missouri, in 1828 or 1829, where Porter attended Marion College in Philadelphia, Missouri, and was a member of the Presbyterian Church. About 1844, Porter married Mary Ann E. Marshall (d. DeWitt, AR "about two years after the war closed," according to Porter's sister). They subsequently moved to Knox County, remaining there until 1857, when they moved to Lewis County, and settled five miles east of Newark. Family members assert that only one photograph of Porter was known to exist, and it was destroyed when his home was burned by Union soldiers.
Porter had strong Southern sympathies, and was subject to harassment by pro-Union neighbors, since he lived in an area where loyalties were sharply divided. His brother, James William Porter (b. 1827, m. Carolina Marshall, sister to Joseph's wife Mary Ann, 1853), was also a Confederate officer and Joseph's trusted subordinate, reaching the rank of major. The brothers went to California during the Gold Rush of 1849, then returned to Missouri and farmed together before the war.
Civil War
The Porter brothers enrolled with Colonel Martin E. Green's Missouri State Guard regiment and participated in the attack on the union Home Guard at Athens; and they later participated in the Confederate attack on Lexington, September 1861. Joseph Porter had no prior military experience, but proved to be a natural leader and was elected a lieutenant colonel (an official commission would come later) in the Missouri State Guard.
Following his participation in the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862, Porter returned home on the orders of General Sterling Price, to raise recruits throughout northeast Missouri. His duties included the establishment of supply drops, weapons caches and a network of pro-Southern informants. As a Colonel he commanded the 1st Northeast Missouri Cavalry.
Throughout Porter's brief military career, his status as a regular army officer was not fully recognized by his adversaries, particularly Colonel John McNeil. Those serving behind Union lines were not recognized as legal combatants and were threatened with execution if captured.
Though most of his activities were guerrilla operations or harassment, a few battles were fought. On June 17, 1862, near Warren or New Market, in Warren Township, Marion County with 43 mounted men, he captured four men of the Union regiment he found there. The prisoners' weapons and horses were taken, then they were paroled on their oath not to take up arms against the Confederacy until exchanged.
Cherry Grove
Moving northward through the western part of Marion, the eastern portion of Knox, and the western border of Lewis counties, Porter approached Sulphur Springs, near Colony, in Knox County. Along his route he collected perhaps 200 recruits. From Sulphur Springs he moved north, threatened the Union Home Guards at Memphis, picked up additional recruits in Scotland County, and moved westward into Schuyler County to get a company known to be there under Captain Bill Dunn. Union forces under Colonel Henry S. Lipscomb and others responded with a march on Colony. They overtook Porter at Cherry Grove, in the northeastern part of Schuyler County, near the Iowa line, where, with a superior force, they attacked and defeated him, routing his forces and driving them southward. Losses on both sides were minor. Porter retreated rapidly, pursued by Lipscomb, until his forces dispersed at a point about 10 miles west of Newark. Porter, with perhaps 75 men, remained in the vicinity of his home for some days, gathering recruits all the time, and getting ready to strike again.
Memphis
On Sunday, July 13, Porter approached Memphis, Missouri in four converging columns totalling 125–169 men and captured it with little or no resistance. They first raided the Federal armory, seizing about a hundred muskets with cartridge boxes and ammunition, and several uniforms (Mudd, see below, was among those who would wear the Union uniform, as he claimed, for its superior comfort in the heat, a fact which would later draw friendly fire and aggravate the view of Porter's troops as bushwhackers, neither obeying nor protected by the rules of war). They rounded up all adult males, who were taken to the court house to swear not to divulge any information about the raiders for forty-eight hours. Porter freed all militiamen or suspected militiamen to await parole, a fact noted by champions of his character. Citizens expressed their sympathies variously; Porter gave safe passage to a physician, an admitted supporter of the Union, who was anxious to return to his seriously ill wife. A verbally abusive woman was threatened with a pistol by one of Porter's troops, perhaps as a bluff; Mudd intervened to prevent bloodshed. Porter's troops entered the courthouse and destroyed all indictments for horse-theft; the act is variously understood as simple lawlessness, intervention on behalf of criminal associates, or interference with politically motivated, fraudulent charges.
At Memphis, a key incident occurred which would darken Porter's reputation, and which his detractors see as part of a consistent behavioral pattern which put him and his men beyond the norms of warfare. According to the "History of Shelby County," which is generally sympathetic to Porter, "Most conceded that Col. Porter's purpose for capturing Memphis, MO. was to seize Dr. Wm. Aylward, a prominent Union man of the community." Aylward was captured during the day by Captain Tom Stacy's men and confined to a house. After rousing him overnight and removing him, ostensibly to see Porter, guards claimed that he escaped. However, witnesses reported hearing the sounds of a strangling, and his body was found the next day, with marks consistent with hanging or strangulation.
At Memphis, Porter had been joined by Tom Stacy, generally regarded as a genuine bushwhacker – even the sympathetic Mudd says of him "if one of his men were captured and killed he murdered the man who did it if he could catch him, or, failing him, the nearest man he could catch to the one who did it." Stacy's company was called "the chain gang" by the other members of Porter's command. Supporters of Porter attribute the murder of Aylward to Stacy (who would be mortally wounded at Vassar Hill.) However, a Union gentleman who came to inquire about Aylward and a captured officer before the discovery of the body stated that when he asked Porter about Aylward, the response was, "He is where he will never disturb anybody else."
Vassar Hill
Union Col. (later General) John McNeil pursued Porter, who planned an ambush with perhaps 125 men according to participant Mudd (though Federal estimates of Porter's strength ran from 400 to 600 men). The battle is called "Vassar Hill" in the History of Scotland County; Porter himself called it "Oak Ridge," and Federal forces called it "Pierce's Mill," after a location 1.5 miles northwest of the battlefield. A detachment of three companies (C, H, I), about 300 men of Merrill's Horse, under Major John Y. Clopper, was dispatched by McNeil from Newark against Porter, and attacked him at 2 p.m. on Friday, July 18, on the south fork of the Middle Fabius River, ten miles southwest of Memphis. Porter's men were concealed in brush and stayed low when the Federals stopped to fire prior to each charge. Porter's men held their fire until the range was very short, increasing the lethality of the volley. Clopper was in the Federal front, and out of 21 men of his advance guard, all but one were killed and wounded. The Federals made at least seven mounted charges according to Mudd, doing little but adding to the body count. A battalion of roughly 100 men of the 11th Missouri State Militia Cavalry under Major Rogers arrived and dismounted. While Clopper claimed to have driven the enemy from the field after this, Mudd indicates that the Federals instead fell back and ended the engagement leaving Porter in possession of the field until he withdrew. Clopper's reputation suffered as a result of his poor tactics. Before the final charge one company officer angrily asked, "Why don't you dismount those men and stop murdering them?"
On page 86 of "With Porter in North Missouri", Mudd describes "One of our boys, down the line out of my sight, losing his head fired too soon and when the Federal was about to ride him down, had an empty gun in his hand. This he clubbed and striking his assailant a powerful blow on the neck, killed him." In Joseph Budd's pension records, his death is described as occurring due to "a stroke of a weapon breaking his neck". Joseph is pictured on the right.
Union casualties were about 24 killed and mortally wounded (10 from Merrill's Horse and 14 from the 11th MSM Cavalry), and perhaps 59 wounded (24 from Merrill's Horse, and 35 from the 11th MSM Cavalry.) Porter's loss was as little as three killed and five wounded according to Mudd, or six killed, three mortally wounded, and 10 wounded left on the field according to the Shelby County History. The Union dead were originally buried on the Jacob Maggard farm, which served as a temporary hospital.
After the fight, Porter moved westward a few miles, then south through Paulville, in the eastern part of Adair County; thence south-east into Knox County, passing through Novelty, four miles east of Locust Hill, at noon on Saturday, July 19, having fought a battle and made a march of sixty-five miles in less than twenty-four hours.
Florida
July 22: Detachments of F & G Companies (60 men total) of 3rd Iowa Volunteer Cavalry under Major Henry Clay Caldwell encountered Porter with 300 rebels at Florida in Monroe County, Missouri. The detachment fought outnumbered for one hour and fell back upon the post of Paris, Missouri, with 22 wounded and 2 captured.
Santa Fe
July 24: Major Caldwell and 100 men of his 3rd Iowa Volunteer Cavalry pursued Porter and his 400 men into dense brush near Botts' farm, near Santa Fe, Missouri. Porter fled and was pursued into Callaway County, Missouri. The Second Battalion suffered one killed and ten wounded.
Moore's Mill
July 28: Union forces under Colonel (later General ) Odon Guitar engaged Porter near Moore's Mill (now the village of Calwood) in Callaway County. The Union losses were 19 killed, 21 wounded. Guerrilla losses were 36-60 killed, 100 wounded. This was one of Porter's most aggressive actions, involving a daring charge and disabling the Federal artillery, until forced to retreat by the arrival of Union reinforcements and the exhaustion of his ammunition.
Newark
August 1: McNeil had dispatched Lair to Newark. Porter headed westward from Midway, putting his brother Jim Porter in charge of one column, himself at the head of another, approaching the town from east and south simultaneously, and closing the trap on the completely surprised federals at 5 p.m. on July 31.
Porter forced a company of 75 Federals to take refuge in a brick schoolhouse; when they refused terms, he had a loaded haywagon fired and threatened to run it into the building. The Federals surrendered, were paroled and permitted to keep their sidearms.
The Federal loss in the Newark fight was 4 killed, 6 wounded, and 72 prisoners. The Confederate loss was reported at from 10 to 20 killed, and 30 severely wounded. Union soldiers were treated well, but the Union-sympathizing storekeepers had their businesses gutted, and citizens were subjected to abuse. Some claim this was in spite of Porter's orders, and claimed that he bore his old neighbors no malice, while others view this action as Porter's revenge for previous ill-treatment.
Despite the victory at Newark, the high casualties on the winning side, attributed to chaotic advance and undisciplined exposure of Porter's troops to hostile fire, suggest growing disorder in his ranks. From here, records of his activities—and even the degree to which he can be said to have a unified command—are unclear. Various forces with varying degrees of official relation to Porter's command are credited with capturing Paris and Canton, and with bringing in new supplies and recruits. Porter's numbers had swelled to a size likely to be unmanageable, particularly considering the lack of trained officers and that not more than a quarter of his 2000 or so troops had regulation equipment. Perhaps another quarter had squirrel-guns or shotguns, while the rest no arms at all. Porter's objective was now to get south to Arkansas with his recruits, in order that they might be properly trained and equipped.
Kirksville
August 6, 1862
At Kirksville, Porter made a serious mistake in engaging Union forces under Col. John McNeil, whom he knew to have cannon – perhaps in overconfidence, as a result of his sharpshooters' ability to pick off the Federal artillerymen at Santa Fe. Traveling light had been Porter's great advantage -- "His troops lived off the country, and every man was his own quartermaster and commissary," in contrast to the elaborate baggage and supply trains of McNeil ("History of Shelby County"). Here Porter suffered unequivocal defeat, from which he would not recover.
Dispersal of forces
At Clem's Mills, five miles west of Kirksville, Porter crossed the Chariton River, seeking to link up with Col. John A. Poindexter in Chariton County, known to have 1,200 or 1,500 recruits; their combined forces would be able to force a passage of the Missouri River at Glasgow or Brunswick, and open a line to the Confederacy. Three miles north of Stockton (now New Cambria), in western Macon County, Porter encountered 250 men of the First Missouri State Militia, under Lieut. Col. Alexander Woolfolk, coming up to unite with McNeil. There was a brief fight at Panther Creek, Friday, August 8. Porter was turned from his course and retreated toward the northeast, away from his intended line of march and ultimate goal. The next day, Col. James McFerran, of the First Missouri State Militia, joined Woolfolk with 250 more men and took command. He caught up with Porter at Walnut Creek, in Adair County and drove him eastward to the Chariton. At See's Ford, where he recrossed the Chariton, Porter set up an ambush on the east bank with 125 men. Porter's forces opened fire at short range. Only two Federals were killed outright and 15 wounded, but the action seemed to have caused McFerran to break off pursuit.
Porter passed on to Wilsonville, in the south-east part of Adair. Here, a mass desertion took place among his discouraged troops; in a few hours, 500 had drifted away.
Capture of Palmyra and the Allsman incident
Porter wandered around the wilderness, his desertion-diminished troops feeding off the land, although there were some new recruits as well. On Friday, September 12, Porter, with 400 men, captured Palmyra, with 20 of its garrison, and held the place two hours, losing one man killed and one wounded. One Union citizen was killed and three Federals wounded. Porter's objectives were to liberate Confederates held in the jail there, and to draw Federal forces away from the Missouri River, so as to open it to southward crossing by rebels seeking to join Confederate units.
The Confederates carried away an elderly Union citizen named Andrew Allsman. The fate of Allsman remains something of a mystery, and there is disagreement as well about his character and his legitimacy as a target (see Palmyra Massacre).
Porter quickly abandoned Palmyra to McNeil, and another period of wandering ensued, in the general direction of his own home near Newark. There were further desertions, and a number of bands of organized rebels refused to place themselves under Porter's command, clearly indicating that he had lost public confidence. At Whaley's Mill, his men were definitively scattered, almost without a fight.
Death
After his rout by McNeil at Whaley's Mill, and the dispersion of his troops at Bragg's school house, Col. Porter kept himself hidden for a few days. He abandoned the idea of raising a militarily significant force, and entered Shelby County on a line of march to the South with fewer than 100 men remaining. He made his way safely through Monroe, Audrain, Callaway and Boone counties, and crossed the Missouri River in a skiff, continuing into Arkansas. Here he organized, from the men who had accompanied him and others whom he found in Arkansas, a regiment of Missouri Confederate cavalry. From Pocahontas, Arkansas, in the latter part of December 1862, as acting brigadier, he moved with his command and the battalions of Cols. Colton Greene and J. Q. A. Burbridge, to cooperate with Gen. John S. Marmaduke in his attack on Springfield. Through a mistake of Gen. Marmaduke, Col. Porter's command did not participate in this attack. It moved on a line far to the east. After the expedition had failed, the commands of Marmaduke and Porter united east of Marshfield, and started to retreat into Arkansas.
At the Battle of Hartville, in Wright Country on January 11, 1863, a small Federal force was encountered and defeated, although at severe loss to the Confederates, who had many valuable officers killed and mortally wounded. Among the latter was Colonel Porter, commanding a brigade, shot from his horse with wounds to the leg from an artillery shell. In Oates's account, (118-119), Porter died an hour later. According to Mudd, however, Porter was shot from his horse with wounds to the leg and the hand while leading a charge; in this account, Porter managed to accompany the army on a difficult trek into Arkansas, arriving at Camp Sallado on January 20, and at Batesville January 25, where he died from his wounds on February 18, 1863. The early date is refuted by Porter's own report, dated February 3, referencing the journey after the battle, as well as eyewitness Major G.W.C. Bennett's reference to "Porter's column" on the march several days after and dozens of miles away from the battle, and finally by Marmaduke's noting Porter among the wounded, in contrast to the listing of officers killed; additional near-contemporary sources also affirm Porter's survival of the journey to Arkansas. The January 11 date seems to originate with General Fitz Henry Warren, who reported as fact the speculation that a burial observed by a recently paroled Lieutenant Brown was that of Porter.
The location of Col. Porter's grave remains unknown. Oral traditions suggest that he was at some point buried on the farm of his cousin Ezekiel Porter (said to be a volunteer ambulance driver during the war), just north of Hartville, in what is now known as Porter's Cemetery, near Competition, Missouri.
Legacy and evaluation
Porter is credited variously with five and nine children, only two of whom were living at the time of Mudd's book, his daughter, Mrs. O.M. White, and his son, Joseph I. Porter of Stuttgart, AR, who wrote: "I know but little about the war and have been trying to forget what I do know about it. I hope never to read a history of it."
Porter's daughter O. M. White wrote that the family did not have a picture of their father, "the only one we ever had was destroyed when our home was burned by the soldiers during the war."
Porter's character is hard to estimate: clearly he possessed considerable personal courage, but was also a prudent tactician, often declining battle when he could not choose his ground and when he thought the potential for casualties disproportionate to projected gains. Declining the option to pursue the retreating Union force at Santa Fe, Mudd has him say "I can't see that anything would be accomplished by pursuing the enemy. We might give them a drive and kill a dozen of them and we might lose a man or two, and I wouldn't give them one of my men for a dozen dead federals unless to gain some particular purpose."
A number of atrocities are attributed to him, but the partisanship of accounts makes it difficult to ascertain his responsibility for the killings of Dr. Aylward, Andrew Allsman, James Dye at Kirksville, a wounded Federal at Botts' Farm, and others, though it must be concluded that he failed to communicate the unacceptability of such actions to his subordinates. There is reliable eyewitness testimony to his intervening to prevent the lynching of two captured Federals in retaliation for the execution of a Confederate prisoner at the Battle of Florida.
References
Further reading
Oates, Stephen B., Confederate Cavalry West of the River: Raiding Federal Missouri, U-TX, 1961, rpt 1992.
House, Grant, "Colonel Joseph C. Porter's 1862 Campaign in Northeast Missouri." M.A. thesis. Western Illinois University, 1989.
Mudd, Joseph A., With Porter in North Missouri. Washington, DC: National Publishing Co., 1909. 452p.
Roth, Dave and Sallee, Scott E., "Porter's Campaign in Northeast Missouri and the Palmyra Massacre." Blue & Gray Magazine 17 (February 2000): 52-60. A tour of modern-day Northeast Missouri sites involved in Porter's campaign of 1862. Illus.
History of Shelby County, Chapter 8. (1884). Shelby County Historical Society.
The War of the Rebellion: a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate armies, Volume XXII, Part 1, pages 205-207 contain Porter's report. The header is: "HDQRS. PORTER'S BRIG., MISSOURI CAV., C. S. ARMY, Camp Allen, February 3, 1863."
People from Jessamine County, Kentucky
Confederate States Army officers
People of Missouri in the American Civil War
Bushwhackers
Confederate States military personnel killed in the American Civil War
Missouri State Guard
1819 births
1863 deaths
People from Memphis, Missouri |
4001028 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B8ge%20Boldklub | Køge Boldklub | Køge Boldklub is a Danish football club from Køge, Zealand.
History
In 1954, the club became the first outside Copenhagen to win the Danish Championship.
The club declared bankruptcy in February 2009, but continued as an amateur side in the Sjællandsserie.
In March 2009 the first team merged with Herfølge Boldklub, to form HB Køge.
Notable former players
see also
Managers
Eduard Veroik (1935–1936)
Paul Baumgarten (1937–1941)
Fritz Molnar (1941–1942)
Sofus Johansen (1942–1945)
Alf Young (1945–1947)
Paul Baumgarten (1947–1948)
Frank Petersen (1948–1950)
Vestervig Madsen (1950–1952)
Lajos Szendrődi (1952–1955)
János Nagy (1955–1956)
Alf Young (1956–1957)
Karl Aage Hansen (1957–1958)
Egon Sørensen (1958–1960)
Edvin Hansen & Willy Koch (1960–1962)
Joszef Szentgyörgyi (1962)
Edvin Hansen (1962–1963)
Mario Astorri (1963–1965)
Barkev Chekerdemian (1965–1967)
Svend Hugger (1968)
Kaj Pilmark (1969)
Willy Schøne (1970–1973)
Edvin Hansen (1974–1977)
Kresten Bjerre (1978–1979)
Leif Sørensen (1980–1982)
Jan B. Poulsen (1983–1986)
Peter Poulsen (1987–1988)
Heinz Hildebrandt (1988–1990)
Jan Jakobsen (1990–1991)
Eigil Hansen (1991)
Leif Sørensen (1991–1992)
Hardy Gynild (1992)
Erik Rasmussen (1993–1997)
Benny Johansen (1997–1999)
Henrik Jensen (1999–2003)
John 'Tune' Kristiansen (2003–2004)
Gregor Rioch (2004–2006)
Henrik Larsen (2006–2008)
Jimmy Kastrup (2008–2009)
Achievements
Danish championship titles: 1954, 1975
34 seasons in the Highest Danish League
25 seasons in the Second Highest Danish League
6 seasons in the Third Highest Danish League
References
External links
Official site
Football clubs in Denmark
1927 establishments in Denmark |
4001057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle%20Frisian | Middle Frisian | Middle Frisian evolved from Old Frisian from the 16th century and was spoken until c. 1820, considered the beginning of the Modern period of the Frisian languages.
Up until the 15th century Old Frisian was a language widely spoken and written in what are now the Netherlands and Germany, but from 1500 onwards it became an almost exclusively oral language, mainly used in rural areas. This was in part due to the occupation of its stronghold, the Dutch province of Friesland (Fryslân), in 1498 - when Duke Albert III, Duke of Saxony, replaced Frisian as the language of government with Dutch. As late as 1599, the London dramatist Thomas Dekker could introduce whole scenes in the mixed Frisian-Dutch argot of the coast in The Shoemaker's Holiday, in confidence that his English-speaking audience could follow it.
Afterwards this practice was continued under the Habsburg rulers of the Netherlands (the German Emperor Charles V and his son, the Spanish King Philip II), and even when the Netherlands became independent, in 1585, Frisian did not regain its former status. The reason for this was the rise of Holland as the dominant part of the Netherlands, and its language, Dutch, as the dominant language in judicial, administrative and religious affairs.
In this period the great Frisian poet Gysbert Japix (1603–1666), a schoolmaster and cantor from the city of Boalsert, seen as the father of modern West Frisian literature and spelling, was an exception to the trend. His example was not followed until the 19th century, when new generations of West Frisian authors and poets appeared.
This coincided with the introduction of the so-called newer breaking system, a prominent grammatical feature in almost all West Frisian dialects, with the notable exception of Súdwesthoeksk. Therefore, the Modern Frisian period is considered to have begun at this point in time, around 1820.
See also
Old Frisian
Anglo-Frisian languages
Middle Dutch
West Frisian language
North Frisian language
East Frisian language
Old English
Languages of the Netherlands
Notes
Frisian languages
Languages of the Netherlands
Languages of Germany
Languages attested from the 16th century |
5396158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull%20Hornets | Hull Hornets | Hull Hornets were a British American football team based in Kingston upon Hull. Formed in 2005, they competed for five seasons before ending their membership in BAFA in 2010.
The City of Hull remained without a BAFA League team until 2015, when the Humber Warhawks were accepted into the league.
History
Background
The area has a long history of American football and traces its roots back to the early eighties when a team was formed under the name of the Hull Kingston Liberators. The team underwent some name changes through the eighties, becoming the Kingston Liberators and then the Humberside Liberators before they disbanded in the early nineties. After the Liberators, the Hull Pirates Youth Squad were formed to fill the gap and they notched up a third overall place in the national league in their first and only season. The Hull Rockets was the next development of the sport in the area; they came to an end after only a few years, leaving the only remaining American football team in the area, the Kingston Barbarians, who entered the British Senior League in 2001 but pulled out after just two games.
Team formation
The Hornets were formed in August 2005 by Graham McCoid and Chris Evers, who were both involved with teams in Hull throughout the years and ended up at the Doncaster (now the South Yorkshire) Mustangs. They both wanted to see American football come back to Hull and so the Hornets were formed. As they wanted to encourage growth of the sport within the area, the decision was also made to develop a youth side associated with the senior team that would play in their own league and act as a feeder for the senior team. The youth team is a work in progress but it still remains a goal of the club. On 5 November 2006, the team acquired full member status of BAFL.
The Hornets finished the 2008 season with a record of three wins, four defeats and three draws, with a total of 94 points scored and 143 points conceded, finishing the season in fourth place out of six teams. The Hornets' season finished on a sour note as they were unable to complete two of their games, against Tamworth Phoenix and Leicester Falcons. The Tamworth home game had been cancelled due to a lack of officials and the fixture could not be re-arranged, whereas the Leicester away game was postponed due to the emergency services not being present. Therefore, the Hornets only actually played eight league games and their slight playoff chances faded when the League awarded draws in both of those two games.
Senior team season records
2008 results
2008; pre-season; South Yorkshire Mustangs scrimmage at home. W 21–7?
2009 results
Locations
Home games
The team have moved to Brantingham Park in Elloughton just outside Hull; this change of venue gives the Hornets a top-flight pitch with grandstand facilities including clubhouse and bar serving drinks and food during the game. Most games are played on Sundays, although some are played on Saturdays. The usual kick-off time is 2.30 pm.
For the 2010 season, training was moved to Oak Dene playing fields, Beverley Road opposite the Cross Keys pub. Training is Thursday nights 6 pm till 8 pm and Sundays 10:30 am to 1 pm.
References
External links
Hull Hornets official website
Sport in Kingston upon Hull
BAFA National League teams
American football teams in England
American football teams established in 2005
American football teams disestablished in 2010
2005 establishments in England
2010 disestablishments in England |
5396159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunmen%27s%20Blues | Gunmen's Blues | Gunmen's Blues is a 1981 independent short film written and directed by Eric Red.
Plot
A mysterious, middle-aged man wearing a dark suit and black leather gloves is the only customer in a Hoboken, New Jersey bar. He looks longingly at a picture of a woman that he keeps in his wallet. He then has a tense conversation with the bartender, in which he reveals that he once lived in Hoboken years ago, but is now passing through "on business" because he is a "travelling salesman."
While the man is in the bar's restroom, a teenage boy named Lake, dressed as a cowboy and brandishing a gun, bursts into the bar. He tells the bartender that the middle-aged man is actually the "Man with No Name" (a.k.a. "Mr. Smith"), a notorious hitman on the FBI's "most wanted" list. Using a makeshift silencer, Lake shoots and kills the bartender and ambushes the "Man with No Name" when the older man returns to pay his bill.
Lake, a violent but inexperienced gunman, holds the "Man with No Name" at gunpoint and reveals his intention to kill the hitman in order to bolster his own criminal reputation; but the hitman calmly outwits the teenager, lulls him into a false sense of security, and then knocks him out with a punch. However, Lake recovers, the two struggle, and Lake pins the hitman to the floor and prepares to shoot him in cold blood. During a brief exchange of words, the hitman realizes that (unbeknownst to the boy) his young challenger is the son that he was forced to abandon years earlier. Appealing to Lake's vanity, the hitman convinces the boy to engage him in a fair test of their respective skills: a fast draw.
The two have a showdown, which the "Man with No Name" easily wins by shooting the gun out of Lake's hand. Instead of killing the teenager, he shoots the boy's other hand. Demoralized, defeated, and suffering from the pain of two wounded hands, the teenager slumps to floor. The "Man with No Name" then reveals that he is Lake's father; he proves it by taking out his wallet and showing the boy the picture of the woman he was looking at earlier. The woman in the picture was the hitman's beloved, deceased wife as well as Lake's mother.
The hitman tells the boy that, years earlier, he had fallen in love with and married Lake's mother and had given up his life of crime. However, when Lake was a baby, a man came to challenge the hitman to showdown, and, not finding him home, killed the hitman's wife instead. Unable to take care of the boy, the hitman resumed his criminal career and abandoned Lake.
Finally reunited, father and son embrace, but their reunion is interrupted when the police show up outside the bar. In order to save Lake from the consequences of the bartender's murder, the hitman quickly rearranges to the crime scene to implicate himself and make it look like a botched robbery attempt. Before the cops storm the bar, he gives Lake his wallet, tells him that he can be anything he wants to be, but also advises him against becoming a gunman. As a policeman breaks through the door, the hitman levels his gun at the cop, winks at Lake, and is killed when the policeman shoots him in the chest.
Cast
Edgard Mourino as Bartender
Darwin Joston as Man with No Name / Mr. Smith
Konrad Sheehan as Lake
Frank Ferrara as Cop
Background
Filmed on location in Hoboken, New Jersey, Gunmen's Blues is a two-character film made while Eric Red was a student at the AFI Conservatory as his first film. He went broke trying to get national distribution for the film, and had to drive a cab in New York for a year to recoup. The film was followed by Red's second, the award-winning short Telephone.
The film is a modern-day western set in a Hoboken bar about a showdown between Smith (Darwin Joston), a notorious middle-aged hitman and the violent, impulsive, but inexperienced Lake (Konrad Sheehan), a young thug who wants to kill Smith in order to bolster his own criminal reputation. Lake kills the bartender (Edgard Mourino), but his wounded by Smith in their showdown. The confrontation leads to unexpected revelations and tragedy as the gunman realizes that his young challenger is the son he was forced to abandon years earlier.
Release
Gunmen's Blues was broadcast on the USA Network's Night Flight series in the early 1980s, but it has never been released theatrically. The film was uploaded to Google Videos in 2009 and can still be viewed there.
References
External links
1981 films
American independent films
1981 short films |
4001062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerdau | Gerdau | Gerdau is the largest producer of long steel in the Americas, with steel mills in Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, United States, Uruguay and Venezuela. Currently, Gerdau has an installed capacity of 26 million metric tons of steel per year and offers steel for the civil construction, automobile, industrial, agricultural and various sectors.
Gerdau is also the world’s 30th largest steelmaker. It has 337 industrial and commercial units and more than 30,000 employees across 10 countries.
History
Gerdau was founded by Johannes Heinrich Kaspar Gerdau, also known as João Gerdau, a German migrant who left the port of Hamburg for Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil, in 1869 in search of new business opportunities. He arrived at the port of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul and, at only 20 years of age, established himself in Colônia de Santo Ângelo (now the town of Agudo), where he invested in trade, transport and the subdivision of land. He moved to the town of Cachoeira do Sul in 1884, where he founded an important General Store. Always seeking new opportunities, João Gerdau moved again, this time to Porto Alegre, with his wife Alvine Gerdau and his three children, Hugo, Walter and Bertha. There he went into industry, buying the Pontas de Paris Nail Factory in 1901 marking the entry into steel industry.
Curt Johannpeter's entry into the Gerdau family marked the beginning of a new direction for the company. Born in Germany in 1899, Curt Johannpeter made his career in finance. In 1922 he began to work for the German Transatlantic Bank, a subsidiary of Deutsche Bank. In 1930 he became the branch inspector for Portugal, Spain and Latin America, and in the same year was introduced to the young Helda Gerdau during a trip to Brazil. They married and had four sons: Germano, Klaus, Jorge and Frederico. In 1946, Johannpeter took the wheel of the Gerdau company and oversaw a critical phase in its expansion.
See history of Gerdau
Today
Gerdau's core business is to transform steel scrap and iron ore into steel products.
Gerdau is a leading producer of long steel in the Americas and one of the largest suppliers of special steel in the world. It is the largest recycler in Latin America and around the world it transforms, each year, millions of metric tons of scrap into steel, reinforcing its commitment to sustainable development in the regions where it operates. With more than 140,000 shareholders, the Company is listed on the stock exchanges of São Paulo, New York and Madrid.
Its operations are based on the integrated regional market mill concept by which raw materials are bought from nearby suppliers and products are primarily sold in the same region. This brand of by-product synergy led to the acquisition of Chaparral Steel in 2007, a company which has been noted for creating interchange between head management and workers and deliberately employs a maximum of 1000 people (the size of a village). Gerdau operates through three different processes:
Mini mills
Integrated mills
Direct reduced iron plant
Products and services
Gerdau produces long carbon steel, long special steel, flat steel and forged and cast parts. These products are used in different sectors, such as industry, metallurgy, farming and livestock, civil construction, automotive industries, petrochemicals, railway and naval sectors, in addition to orthodontic, medical and food areas. Gerdau is also the main supplier of specialty steel for the international automotive network.
Internationalization of the Gerdau Group
Long before its possibilities of expansion on the Brazilian market were exhausted, Gerdau had established strategies for external expansion, starting at the end of the 1970s. Their fundamental objectives were to conquer the U.S. market. Based on limited international experience managing a mini mill plant in Uruguay for almost a decade, the group first aimed at the North American market for long steel, starting with Canada. Later, after a decade of experience in conditions that were radically different from those existing in Uruguay (the location of its first foreign venture), Gerdau entered the U.S. market. Entry
into North America was complemented by other ventures in all of Latin America, from Chile and Argentina to Mexico and the Caribbean. The North American experience, like the Brazilian, demonstrated the strategic necessity to enter new markets such as Europe (with special steels) and Asia (with long steel and final structures of special steel).
Business operations
Gerdau is spread globally across 13 countries with its integrated and semi-integrated steel mills. Apart from steel mills, Gerdau also has downstream processing facilities.
Offices:
Gerdau has its major offices at Porto Alegre, São Paulo, Tampa, Whitby, Polanco, Lima, Caracas, Bogota, Jackson and Bangalore.
Brazil Business Division:
Gerdau has two Brazil business divisions divided as Mining Americas and Steel Brazil
Special Steel Business Division:
Gerdau produces specialty steel especially for the automotive industry through its special steel divisions, Special Steel North America, Special Steel Brazil, and Special Steel India.
Latin America Business Division:
Gerdau produces most of the long and flat products at Latin America North, Colombia, Mexico, Sizuca (Venezuela), Latin America South, Argentina, Chile, Peru and Uruguay
Assets
58 steel mills
21 downstream operations
94 fabricated reinforcing steel facilities
4 flat steel service centers
80 retail facilities
32 scrap collection and processing facilities
4 iron ore extraction areas
2 solid pig iron production units
2 private port terminals
1 Reinforcing Steel Placing Company
Carbon footprint
Gerdau reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2020 at 11,281 Kt (-667 /-5.6% y-o-y).
See also
Industrias Nacionales
List of steel producers
References
Further reading
Werlang, William. A Família de Johannes Heinrich Kaspar Gerdau: Um estudo de caso sobre an industrialização no sul do Brasil Dissertação de Mestrado defendida em 1999. MILA. UFSM
External links
Gerdau Group homepage
Gerdau Ameristeel
History of Gerdau
Brazilian brands
Defence companies of Brazil
Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Steel companies of Brazil
Companies listed on B3 (stock exchange)
Companies based in Rio Grande do Sul
Multinational companies headquartered in Brazil
Manufacturing companies established in 1901
Companies listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange
1901 establishments in Brazil
Economy of Porto Alegre
Gerdau family |
5396167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy%20Anniversary%20%281959%20film%29 | Happy Anniversary (1959 film) | Happy Anniversary is a 1959 American picture starring David Niven and Mitzi Gaynor. Directed by David Miller, the movie's cast also included Carl Reiner and a young Patty Duke.
Plot
Chris Walters is a happily married father of two. For his 13th wedding anniversary, he sneaks home with a gift for wife Alice, a diamond brooch, and with a desire to have a romantic interlude.
Interruptions ensue. If it isn't their children, Debbie, and Okkie, needing something, it's their maid, Millie, or it's Alice's mother, Lilly, on the phone. And then two delivery men arrive with a new television set. It's a gift from Alice's parents, Lilly and Arthur.
Chris is not pleased. He hates television, and thinks the whole idea of TV is a needless distraction and corrupting influence on today's youth.
At work, Chris has a partner, Bud, who is trying to woo a new client, Jeanette Revere, a woman who has been divorced four times. Jeanette is amazed in this day and age that a couple can remain happily married as long as the Walters' have.
Over a celebration dinner, Chris lets it slip that he and Alice had sex a year before they got married. Lilly and Arthur are offended, having been under the impression that Alice didn't have sex with Chris until they were wed. They storm out. Chris is so angry, he kicks in the screen of the new TV. He argues with Alice and has to spend his anniversary night sleeping on the sofa.
A gift arrives from Bud—it's another TV. Chris is irritated again, but promises not to cause a scene this time. When they turn it on, however, a show called "Kids Kouncil" has his daughter Debbie as a guest. And the child blurts out for all to hear that her parents are having marital difficulties, and had been intimate prior to their wedding. Chris again kicks in the TV.
Chris storms out of the house this time. Elsewhere, Alice's parents also have a quarrel, which eventually leads to Lilly attempting to move in with her daughter. Everybody's angry now.
A distraught Chris wants to come home. Alice feels no one cares about her. She intends to leave home herself. The family doctor, however, suddenly informs Alice that she is pregnant. She decides to give Chris another chance, as a gift arrives, yet another TV. This time it is from Chris.
Cast
David Niven as Chris Walters
Mitzi Gaynor as Alice Walters
Carl Reiner as Bud
Monique Van Vooren as Jeanette
Elizabeth Wilson as Lilly
Phyllis Povah as Lillian Gans / Grandma
Loring Smith as Arthur Gans / Grandpa
Patty Duke as Debbie
Kevin Coughlin as Ockie Walters
Elizabeth Wilson as Millie the Maid
Title song
"Happy Anniversary" is also the title of a popular song with music written by Robert Allen and lyrics by Al Stillman, that was introduced in this film. Recordings have been made by The Four Lads, Jane Morgan, Maureen Evans and Joan Regan.
Censorship
At the time, the Motion Picture Production Code prohibited the portrayal of illicit sex as harmless or positive. For the film to be approved under the Code, a line had to be inserted in post-production in which Chris expresses his regret at having had premarital sex with Alice. As Niven was not available, the line was done as a voice-over impression of Niven by voice actor Allen Swift.
See also
List of American films of 1959
References
External links
1959 films
1959 comedy films
American comedy films
American black-and-white films
1950s English-language films
Films directed by David Miller
United Artists films
Films scored by Sol Kaplan |
4001074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayono%E2%80%93Awbono%20languages | Bayono–Awbono languages | Bayono–Awbono is a recently discovered Papuan language cluster spoken in Papua Province, Indonesia, to the south of the Somahai languages. All that is known of them is a few hundred words recorded in first-contact situations recorded in Wilbrink (2004) and Hischier (2006).
Languages
Wilbrink (2004) lists 4 distinct language varieties.
Bayono (Enamesi, Swesu), Kovojab (Kvolyab, Kopoyap)
Awbono, Densar
Classification
Noting insufficient evidence, Pawley and Hammarström (2018) leave Bayono–Awbono as unclassified rather than as part of Trans-New Guinea. Timothy Usher finds enough evidence to classify Awbono–Bayono within the Greater Awyu (Digul River) family.
Wilbrink (2004) notes limited similarity with the neighboring Ok languages, and does not classify Bayono–Awbono with Ok.
Pronouns
The pronouns demonstrate resemblances to the neighboring Ok and Greater Awyu languages, and the pronouns are consistent with Bayono-Awbono belonging to the Trans–New Guinea family:
{|class="wikitable IPA"
!Dialect||1sg||2sg
|-
!Awbono
|nɛ
|ɡu
|-
!Bayono
|ne
|ɡwe
|-
!proto-Awyu–Dumut
|*nu-p
|*gu-p
|-
!proto-Ok
|*na-
|*ka-b-/*ku-b-
|-
!proto-TNG
|*na
|*ga
|}
References
Further reading
Hischier, Phyllis (2006). Exploration of the Remote Kopayap and Urajin Areas in West Papua, Indonesia: A First Contact in Kopayap and Urajin. Manuscript.
Wilbrink, Ans (2004). The Kopkaka of Papua: Provisional notes on their language, its language affiliation and on the Kopkaka culture. MA thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
External links
Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Awbono–Bayono
Languages of western New Guinea
Central and South New Guinea languages
Becking–Dawi languages |
5396169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Fishtank%2010 | In the Fishtank 10 | In the Fishtank 10 is a 2003 EP by Motorpsycho and Jaga Jazzist Horns, recorded in 2002 during their European tour and released via the Konkurrent label in 2003. Motorpsycho did a handful of gigs together with the horn section of Jaga Jazzist and used the opportunity to record their addition to the Fishtank series.
The style differs heavily from both Motorpsycho and Jaga Jazzist records, consisting of mainly jazz fusion. The first three tracks can be described as rather soothing, with track 2 (a reworking of the song from Angels and Daemons at Play) as a highlight. "Theme de Yoyo," a cover of the Art Ensemble of Chicago song, steps partly into free jazz and "Tristano" is built around a hypnotic bassline (a recurring trademark of Motorpsycho) and clocks in at nearly 21 minutes, making it the second-longest studio track the band has recorded (the longest being the title track off of Little Lucid Moments).
Although this release runs over 46 minutes, it is still regarded as an EP due to the number of songs, the usage of a re-worked older song and a cover tune.
Track listing
"Bombay Brassiere" (Horntveth) – 5:57
"Pills, Powders and Passion Plays" (Sæther) – 7:05
"Doffen Ah Um" (Munkeby/Sæther) – 4:57
"Theme de Yoyo" (F. Bass/L. Bowie/M. Favors/J. Jarman/R. Mitchell/F.D. Moye) – 7:28
"Tristano" (Ryan) – 20:53
Personnel
Motorpsycho:
Bent Sæther: bass, guitar, prepared piano, solina string ensemble, percussion, vocals
Hans Magnus Ryan: guitars, bass
Håkon Gebhardt: drums, percussion
with:
Baard Slagsvold: grand piano, clavinette, nord electro, vocals
Jaga Jazzist Horns:
Mathias Eick: trumpet, marimba, percussion, vocals
Lars Horntveth: tenor sax, bass-clarinet, marimba, vibraphone, percussion, vocals
Jørgen Munkeby: flute, tenor sax, clarinet, marimba, percussion, vocals
External links
Konkurrent
10
Motorpsycho albums
Split EPs
2003 EPs
Konkurrent EPs
Jaga Jazzist albums |
5396184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissitissit%20River | Nissitissit River | The Nissitissit River is a river in southern New Hampshire and northern Massachusetts in the United States. It is a tributary of the Nashua River, itself a tributary of the Merrimack River, which flows to the Gulf of Maine. This river is part of the Nashua River Watershed.
The Nissitissit River begins at the outlet of Potanipo Pond in the town of Brookline, New Hampshire. It flows southeast at a very mild gradient, crossing the southwest corner of Hollis, New Hampshire, before entering Massachusetts, where it joins the Nashua River in the town of Pepperell.
See also
List of rivers of Massachusetts
List of rivers of New Hampshire
References
Tributaries of the Merrimack River
Rivers of New Hampshire
Rivers of Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Rivers of Massachusetts
Rivers of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire |
4001085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchel%20Air%20Force%20Base | Mitchel Air Force Base | Mitchel Air Force Base also known as Mitchel Field, was a United States Air Force base located on the Hempstead Plains of Long Island, New York, United States. Established in 1918 as Hazelhurst Aviation Field #2, the facility was renamed later that year as Mitchel Field in honor of former New York City Mayor John Purroy Mitchel, who was killed while training for the Air Service in Louisiana.
Decommissioned in 1961, Mitchel Field became a multi-use complex that is home to the Cradle of Aviation Museum, Nassau Coliseum, Mitchel Athletic Complex, Nassau Community College, Hofstra University, and Lockheed. In 2018 the surviving buildings and facilities were recognized as a historic district and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History
Origins
During the American Revolutionary War it was known as the Hempstead Plains and used as an Army enlistment center. In the War of 1812 and in the Mexican War, it was a training center for Infantry units. During the American Civil War, it was the location of Camp Winfield Scott. In 1898, in the Spanish–American War, Mitchel's site was known as Camp Black.
World War I
In 1917, Hazelhurst Field #2 was established south of and adjacent to Hazelhurst Field to serve as an additional training and storage base, part of the massive Air Service Aviation Concentration Center. Curtiss JN-4 Jennies became a common sight over Long Island in 1917 and 1918. Hundreds of aviators were trained for war at these training fields, two of the largest in the United States. Numerous new wooden buildings and tents were erected on Roosevelt Field and Field #2 in 1918 in order to meet this rapid expansion.
Between the Wars
Mitchel Field continued to grow after World War I and between 1929 and 1932. An extensive building program was undertaken after the war to turn the temporary wartime facilities into a permanent Army post, with new barracks, warehouses, hangar space, and administrative buildings. Much of this construction still exists today, being used for non-military purposes.
In the 1920s and 1930s, various observation, fighter, and bomber units were stationed at the airfield. It became a major aerodrome for both the Air Corps as well as various civilian activity. The 1920s was considered the golden age of air racing and on 27 November 1920, the Pulitzer Trophy Race was held at Mitchel Field. The race consisted of four laps of a course. 38 pilots entered and took off individually. The winner was Capt. Corliss Moseley, flying a Verville-Packard VCP-R racer, a cleaned-up version of the Army's VCP-1 pursuit plane, at .
In October 1923, Mitchel Field was the scene of the first airplane jumping contest in the nation. During the same year, two world's airplane speed records were established there. In 1924, the airmail service had its inception in experimental flights begun at the airfield. In September 1929, Lt. Gen. James H. Doolittle, then a Lieutenant, made the world's first blind flight.
In 1938, Mitchel was the starting point for the first nonstop transcontinental bomber flight, made by Army B-18 Bolo bombers. Mitchel Field also served as a base from which the first demonstration of long-range aerial reconnaissance was made. In May 1939, three B-17s, with Lt. Curtis LeMay navigating, flew out to sea and intercepted the Italian ocean liner SS Rex. This was a striking example of the range, mobility, and accuracy of modern aviation at the time. On September 21 of that year the base was struck by the "Long Island Express" hurricane. Flooding produced water that was over knee-deep, numerous trees were toppled and the glass was smashed atop the traffic control tower.
World War II
In 1940 Mitchel Field was the location of the Air Defense Command, a command charged with the mission of developing the air defense for cities, vital industrial areas, continental bases, and military facilities in the United States (also known as the "Zone of the Interior"). Later, First Air Force, was given the responsibility for air defense planning and organization along the eastern seaboard. Under its supervision an aircraft patrol system along the coast for observing shipping was placed into operation. During 1943, Mitchel AAF became a staging area for Consolidated B-24 Liberator bombers and their crews before being sent overseas.
Mitchel Field was a major source of supply in initial garrisoning and defense of North Atlantic air bases in Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland. From the airfield the planning for the air defense of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland was conducted. Antisubmarine patrol missions along the Atlantic coast were carried out in 1942 by the United States Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command aircraft based at Mitchel.
Under the direction of the First Air Force, Mitchel Army Airfield became a command and control base for both I Fighter and I Bomber Command. Tactical fighter groups and squadrons were formed at Mitchel to be trained at AAF Training Command bases (mostly in the east and southeast) before being deployed to the various overseas wartime theaters. Additionally, thousands of Army Air Force personnel were processed through the base for overseas combat duty. With the end of World War II, returning GIs were processed for separation at Mitchel.
Mitchel aircraft crashes included a P-47 that struck Hofstra University's Barnard Hall on 23 March 1943.
In March 1946, the headquarters of Air Defense Command was established at Mitchel Army Airfield.
United States Air Force
With the establishment of the United States Air Force as a separate service in 1947, Mitchel AAF was redesignated as Mitchel Air Force Base.
In December 1948, ADC's responsibilities were temporarily assumed by the Continental Air Command, (ConAC), also located at Mitchel AFB. ConAC also was responsible for the reorganization of the Air Force Reserve after World War II. In 1949, the reserve mission was assigned to First Air Force, which was also headquartered at Mitchel AFB. First Air Force became the command and control organization for supervising the training of the air reserve in 15 eastern states and the District of Columbia. By 1949, due to the problems associated with operating tactical aircraft in the urban area – the noise, the small size of the field, and safety concerns – Mitchel AFB was relieved of the responsibility for defending New York's air space.
Army Anti-Aircraft Command moved to Mitchel AFB on 1 November 1950.
After Air Defense Command was re-established on January 1, 1951; the 1945 U.S. Air Defense Plan recommendation for "... moving ADC Headquarters from Mitchel Field to a more central location ... in a protected command center" was completed to Ent Air Force Base, Colorado, on 8 January 1951. On November 29, 1952, President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower took off from Mitchel Field on a U.S. Air Force aircraft en route to South Korea, to fulfill a campaign promise. Colonel W. Millikan's transcontinental speed record flight of 4 hours, 8 minutes set in a North American F-86 Sabre on 2 January 1954 ended at Mitchel AFB.
In April 1961 flying was halted and the 514th Troop Carrier Wing reassigned to McGuire Air Force Base in New Jersey. After the 514th TCW moved, the base was closed on 25 June 1961. The property was turned over to Nassau County for redevelopment. The facility still has military housing, a commissary, and exchange facilities to support military families and activities in the area. The Garden City-Mitchel Field Secondary, a remnant of the Long Island Rail Road's Central Branch from Garden City to Bethpage, ends in the northern part of Mitchel Field, providing sporadic freight service.
Major commands assigned
Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, July 1917
Division of Military Aeronautics, 29 May 1918
Redesignated: Director of Air Service
Redesignated: U.S. Army Air Service, 24 May 1918
Redesignated: U.S. Army Air Corps, 2 July 1926
General Headquarters (GHQ) Air Force, 1 March 1935
Northeast Air District, 18 October 1940
Redesignated: 1st Air Force, 26 March 1941
Redesignated: First Air Force, 18 September 1942
Continental Air Forces, 13 December 1944
Air Defense Command, 21 March 1946
Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948 – 1 April 1961
Remained attached to Air Defense Command until 1 January 1951
Major units assigned
92d Aero Squadron, 4 December – 21, 1918
1st Army Observation Group
1st Aero Squadron, 10 October 1919 – 6 November 1940
Reassigned to 9 Group (Observation), 1 August 1922
3d Observation Group
5th Aero Squadron, 1 November 1919 – 6 November 1940
Reassigned to 9 Group (Observation), 1 August 1922
(32 other Aero Squadrons, Unknown organizations, 1919)
9 Group (Observation), 1 August 1922
Redesignated: 9 Observation Group on 25 January 1923
Redesignated: 9 Bombardment Group on 1 March 1935
Redesignated: 9 Bombardment Group (Medium) on 6 December 1939 – 6 November 1940
99th Observation Squadron, 9 November 1928 – 6 November 1940
9th Air Division, 1 April 1931 – January 1933
22d Bombardment Group, 1 February – 14 November 1940
8th Fighter Group, 5 November 1940 – 26 January 1942
57th Fighter Group, 15 January 1941 – 19 August 1941
Headquarters, Northeast Air District, 18 October 1940
Redesignated: 1st Air Force, 26 March 1941
Redesignated: First Air Force, 18 September 1942 – 3 June 1946; 17 October 1949 – 23 June 1958
Headquarters, I Air Support Command, 1 September 1941
Redesignated: I Ground Air Support Command, 1 April 1942
Redesignated: I Air Support Command, 1 September – 30 November 1942
Headquarters, I Bomber Command, 1 October 1943 – 21 March 1946
Headquarters, I Interceptor Command, 5 June – 27 December 1941
Redesignated: I Fighter Command, 9 June 1942 – 21 March 1946
324th Fighter Group, 24 June – 6 July 1942
326th Fighter Group, 19 August 1942 – 1 September 1942
352d Fighter Group, 1 October–31, 1942
353d Fighter Group, 1 October–7, 1942
62d Fighter Wing, 12 December 1942 – 13 January 1943
80th Fighter Group, 2 March – 30 April 1943
356th Fighter Group, 30 May – 4 July 1943
36th Fighter Group, 3 June–23, 1943
368th Fighter Group, 23 August 1943 – 20 December 1943
362d Fighter Group, 19 October – 12 November 1943
301st Fighter Wing, 1 November 1944 – 30 May 1945
373d Fighter Group, 28 September – 7 November 1945
Headquarters, Air Defense Command, 21 March 1946 – 1 January 1951
355th Fighter Group (Air Defense) (ADC), 1 August – 20 November 1946
4th Fighter Wing (AFRES), 20 December 1946 – 27 June 1949
319th Bombardment Group (AFRES), 27 December 1946 – 27 June 1949
325th Fighter Group (ADC), 3 August–31, 1942; 21 May – 2 December 1947
318th Fighter Squadron, 21 May – 2 December 1947
78th Fighter Group (ADC), 1 June 1947 – 1 November 1948
82d Fighter Squadron, 25 June 1947 – 24 November 1948
83d Fighter Squadron, 25 June 1947 – 24 November 1948
84th Fighter Squadron, 25 June 1947 – 24 November 1948
320th Bombardment Group (AFRES), 9 June 1947 – 27 June 1949
52d Fighter-Interceptor Wing (ADC), 9 June 1948 – 4 October 1949
2nd Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 25 June 1947 – 4 October 1949
5th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 25 June 1947 – 4 October 1949
1112th Special Air Missions Squadron (MATS), 19 July 1948 – 15 March 1951
2500th Air Base Group (later Wing), 28 September 1948 – 25 June 1961
Headquarters, Continental Air Command, 1 December 1948 – 1 April 1961
84th Fighter Wing, (All Weather) (ADC), 1 June – 10 October 1949
Headquarters, Eastern Air Defense Force (ADC), 1 September 1949 – 1 August 1950
514th Troop Carrier Wing (AFRES), 10 October 1949 – 1 February 1953; 1 April 1953 – 15 March 1961
65th Troop Carrier Wing (AFRES), 14 June 1952 – 1 April 1953
313th Troop Carrier Wing (Eighteenth Air Force), 1 February – 25 August 1953.
Replaced by: 465th Troop Carrier Wing (Eighteenth Air Force), 25 August 1953 – 23 March 1954
See also
Roosevelt Field (airport)
Nassau Inter-County Express § Mitchel Field Depot
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hempstead (town), New York
New York World War II Army airfields
References
External links
Cradle of Aviation Museum
Hempstead Plains-Mitchel Field
Hempstead Plains-Mitchel Field Remembrances
Hempstead Plains-Early Photos
Mitchel Field Memories
US Family Health Plan
Installations of the United States Air Force in New York (state)
1918 establishments in New York (state)
1961 disestablishments in New York (state)
Airports in Nassau County, New York
Air transportation infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
Defunct airports in New York (state)
Garden City, New York
Historic districts in Nassau County, New York
Military facilities on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state)
National Register of Historic Places in Hempstead (town), New York
Nassau Community College
Sports venues in Long Island
Military installations closed in 1961 |
5396197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Ongwen | Dominic Ongwen | Dominic Ongwen (born 1975) is a Ugandan former child soldier and former commander of one of the brigades of the Ugandan guerrilla group Lord's Resistance Army (LRA).
He was detained in 2014 and in 2021 the International Criminal Court convicted him of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including murder, rape, torture, and enslavement.
Origins
Dominic Okumu Savio (his birth name) was born in the village of Choorum, Kilak County, Amuru district, Northern Uganda around 1975, the fourth son of Ronald Owiya and Alexy Acayo, two schoolteachers living in Paibona. His parents, like most others in Acoliland at the time, gave him a false name and trained him to use it if ever he was abducted, to protect the rest of the family. This name, Ongwen, means "born at the time of the white ant". It was later to become his nom de guerre.
Abduction
Ongwen was abducted by the LRA as he walked to Abili Primary School in Koro. According to his own testimony this happened in 1988 when he was fourteen. However it has often been reported that he was nine or ten, and also that he was carried by other captives all the way up to the LRA's main military bases because he was 'too little to walk'.
When Ongwen's mother heard that he had been kidnapped, she refused to run away with the other villagers saying she was ready to face the rebels. On their return, they found her dead and his father was later found dead too.
According to Private Eye, as a child Ongwen tried to escape; when caught he was forced to skin one of the others alive. Later, he had forced female prisoners to beat other prisoners to death, and he presided over death by stoning.
Career
Once abducted, he underwent initiation ceremonies which included torture and being forced to watch violent rituals of people being killed. He was subsequently indoctrinated under the tutelage of Vincent Otti, while still a child, as an LRA fighter.
He then rose within the ranks becoming a major at the age of 18 and brigadier of the Sinia Brigade, one of the four LRA brigades, by his late twenties. Ongwen was a member of the "Control Altar" of the LRA that directs military strategy.
Family
During his time with the LRA, Ongwen had multiple wives, including Jennifer, Santa (Min Tata), Margaret, Florence Ayot, Agnes Aber (Min Ayari), Fatuma and Nancy Abwot. It was in 1993 that Florence Ayot, herself an abductee, was "transferred" to Ongwen after her own husband died. He also fathered at least eleven children, four of them with Florence Ayot. Some sources claim he had "more than 20 children". Ayot later testified to the ICC that Ongwen, along with two other commanders and herself, had plotted to escape but their plan was discovered and Ongwen was demoted, disarmed and imprisoned for more than two weeks.
Report of death
Ongwen was reported killed in combat with a unit of the Uganda People's Defence Force on 10 October 2005, and the identity of the body was confirmed by former LRA commanders. However, in July 2006, the ICC reported that genetic fingerprinting of the body confirmed that it was not Ongwen's. News reports of the time put Ongwen in southwest Equatoria, Southern Sudan, attempting to rejoin LRA head Joseph Kony in Garamba, Ituri Province, northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ongwen and a former wife featured in a film Picking up the Pieces by IRIN and released in October 2007. Uganda People's Defence Force spokesperson Maj. Felix Kulayije commented, "Unfortunately, the bastard is still alive."
Charges
Ongwen was the lowest ranking of the five LRA leaders for whom the ICC issued their first ever warrants in June 2005. He is the only one whom the court succeeded in detaining, and, with the exception of the leader, Joseph Kony, is the only one now left alive. He was initially charged with four counts of war crimes (murder, cruel treatment of civilians, intentionally directing an attack against a civilian population and pillaging) and three counts of crimes against humanity (murder, enslavement, and inhumane acts of inflicting serious bodily injury and suffering). The crimes were allegedly committed on or about 20 May 2004 at the Lukodi IDP Camp in the Gulu District, Uganda. The charges all relate to an attack on a camp for internally displaced people in Uganda in 2004.
On 21 December 2015, the ICC charged Dominic Ongwen with crimes in addition to those set out in the warrant of arrest: a total of seventy counts. The additional charges related to attacks on the Pajule IDP camp, the Odek IDP camp and the Abok IDP camp. The counts brought against the suspect in the context of these attacks include attacks against the civilian population, murder, attempted murder, torture, cruel treatment, other inhumane acts, enslavement, outrages upon personal dignity, pillaging, destruction of property, and persecution. The expanded charges against Dominic Ongwen also include sexual and gender-based crimes committed from 2002 to 2005 in Sinia Brigade – forced marriage, rape, torture, sexual slavery, and enslavement – and the conscription and use of children under the age of 15 to participate actively in hostilities from 2002 to 2005, in Sinia Brigade.
The charges are based on evidence which included witness statements or transcripts of interviews of a total of 123 witnesses, records of intercepted LRA radio communications, and oral testimonies of seven witnesses in September and November 2015.
Capture and arrest
In 2013, US offered a $5m (£3.3m) reward for information leading to his arrest. At the end of 2014, Ongwen escaped detention by Joseph Kony for having disobeyed Kony's orders and having refused to answer Kony's radio messages. Having escaped the camp near Songo, in Kafia Kingi, Ongwen came across nomadic cattle herders who took him to a Seleka rebel group near Sam Ouandja in CAR. The former Seleka group commander reached out to a merchant in Mboki, who in turn called an NGO worker in Obo. The latter reached out to the American Special Forces in Obo, CAR. An American helicopter dispatched to Sam Ouandja picked up Ongwen and brought him to Obo. The Seleka were initially unaware of Ongwen's identity but learned about it after the case became public in the media. The Seleka commander told the RFI he hoped to receive the promised reward of $5m. However, the reward was never paid, and the Americans never publicly acknowledged the Seleka rebels' role in the capture. Ongwen was then transferred successively to the Ugandan forces, the Central African Republic forces, and ultimately to the ICC.
During the time between his arrest and his transfer to the ICC Ongwen participated in several media activities including a radio broadcast, meetings with journalists and a video recording in which he claimed that he had surrendered because he had come to realize that he was "wasting his time in the bush" as "the LRA has no future". He urged other insurgents to resume their civilian lives.
Detention and trial
On 26 January 2015, Ongwen made his first appearance before the ICC, but the commencement of the confirmation of charges hearing was postponed in order to allow the Prosecutor to prepare adequately for the hearing and to comply with the Chamber's instructions.
On 6 February 2015, ICC severed the proceedings against Dominic Ongwen from the case of The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen. As the three other suspects in the case had not appeared or had not been apprehended, the Chamber deemed this necessary so as not to delay the pre-trial proceedings against Mr Ongwen.
The trial lasted from 6 December 2016 to 12 March 2020.
4107 victims were granted the right to participate in the proceedings though most chose to participate in the trial through legal representation.
On 26 January 2016, Ongwen appeared for a pre-trial hearing. On 23 March 2016, the ICC confirmed the 70 charges brought against him and committed him to trial. Ongwen denied all the charges against him.
During his detention, he has been visited by family members. He became father to another child following the visit of one of his wives. He has also been visited by four Acholi leaders, including the Paramount chief, His Highness David Onen Achana II, and the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gulu John Baptist Odama. During this visit he asked for a rosary, a hymn book and a prayer book
Ongwen's case is unique because he himself was abducted by the LRA and forced to be a child soldier before rising to leadership. So this is the first ICC case in which an inductee is being charged with the same crimes as those done to him. According to one commentator, "In no other ICC trial have case narratives been so opposite, morally complex and riddled with paradoxes".
Opposition to the ICC trial
On 20 January 2015, The Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI), an interconfesionnal organisation whose goal is to pursue peaceful resolution to the LRA conflict, issued a statement opposing Ongwen's detention and trial at the ICC. Seeing him as a victim, they recommend that he should be brought back to Uganda to undergo "the rituals of 'Mato Oput' (Reconciliation) for all that he went through during his time in "LRA captivity". The signatories contrast this traditional approach, which promotes restoration, transformation, healing and new life, with the ICC approach which they consider to be punitive and retributive. Geoffry Omony, programme director of YOLRED, an organisation that supports former soldiers, supports this point of view.
Other commentators consider that the ICC indictments directly contradict the Ugandan Parliament's blanket amnesty which has led to the demobilisation and reintegration of tens of thousands of rebels.
Family members, including his wife Florence Ayot and his brother Charles Ojar also pleaded for Ongwen not to be tried at the ICC.
Victims, however, have expressed hope in the ICC trial, claiming that without it there would be no justice in their lifetime for the grave violations they had endured during the conflict. Others have pointed to the failure of the Uganda government to protect Ongwen from abduction when he was a child.
Sentence
On 4 February 2021, in a judgment of 1077 pages, Ongwen was convicted on 61 crimes, comprising both crimes against humanity and war crimes, including murder and attempted murder; rape; sexual slavery; forced marriage; torture; enslavement; outrage upon personal dignity; conscription and use of children under the age of 15 to participate actively in hostilities; pillaging; destruction of property and persecution. On 6 May 2021 the ICC pronounced a joint prison sentence of 25 years, taking into account the gravity of the crimes committed, as well as aggravating and mitigating circumstances.
The Defence filed appeals against the conviction (21 July 2021) and the sentence (26 August 2021) which the Appeals Chamber will hear in due course.
See also
Military use of children
Notes and references
External links
icc-cpi.int
'You chop her': Ugandan recalls brutal upbringing as LRA child soldier (By Elias Biryabarema, Reuters, February 4, 2021)
Open Society Justice Initiative briefing paper: The Trial of Dominic Ongwen at the International Criminal Court
1975 births
Living people
21st-century criminals
Acholi people
Date of birth missing (living people)
Lord's Resistance Army rebels
People convicted of attempted murder
People convicted of murder
Ugandan people convicted of rape
People detained by the International Criminal Court
People extradited from the Central African Republic |
4001098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abinomn%20language | Abinomn language | The Abinomn language (Avinomen, Foya) is a likely language isolate initially reported by Mark Donohue from Papua province, Indonesia. It is also known as Avinomen, Baso (deprecated), and Foia. There are about 300 speakers.
Classification
Abinomn is not closely related to any other language, and its closest relatives are unknown. It is generally treated as a language isolate.
Neighboring languages
Although surrounded by Lakes Plain languages, Abinomn highly differs from Lakes Plain. For instance, unlike the nearby Lakes Plain languages, Abinomn is a non-tonal language. Languages adjacent to Abinomn are:
Papasena (west)
Diebroud (south; across the Taritatu River)
Foau (east)
Berik (north)
Phonology
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonants:
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | Labial
! rowspan="2" | Alveolar
! rowspan="2" | Palatal
! colspan="2" | Velar
|-
! plain
! labial
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive/Affricate
!
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
!
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Rhotic
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | Approximant
|
|
|
|
|
|}
Pronouns
The Abinomn pronouns are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | singular
! colspan="2" | dual
! colspan="2" | plural
|-
| I || mit || we || mor || we || awp
|-
| you (nominative) || ni || you two || por || you || pi
|-
| he, she || in, nn || they two || nar || they || kn
|}
Number inflection
Number inflection for selected Abinomn nouns showing suppletive forms, as listed in Foley (2018):
{|
|+ Number inflection for selected Abinomn nouns
! gloss !! singular !! dual !! plural
|-
| ‘armband’ || atamatu || atamaturom || atamatukon
|-
| ‘aunt’ || nyebak || nyebakrom || nyebakaigon
|-
| ‘bamboo knife’ || abisiam || abissabrom || abisiasom
|-
| ‘barbed arrow’ || kari || karirom || karigon
|-
| ‘bandicoot’ || aine || ainerom || ainekon
|-
| ‘calf of leg’ || din || dirom || doidi
|-
| ‘cassowary’ || komosin || komosirom || komosidi
|-
| ‘catfish’ || mum || mubrum || mukr
|-
| ‘centipede’ || sm || sbrom || skr
|-
| ‘cockatoo’ || arkon || arkorom || arkoti
|-
| ‘comb’ || isr || isrdom || isrkon
|-
| ‘drum’ || itowa || itowarom || itowakon
|-
| ‘egg’ || ak || akrom || aigon
|-
| ‘father’s father’ || moi || moirom || moigon
|-
| ‘fireplace’ || msm || msbrom || mskr
|-
| ‘fishing arrow’ || den || derom || deti
|-
| ‘footwear’ || tefir || tefidom || tefirkon
|-
| ‘grasshopper’ || saseinakin || saseinakirom || saseinakidi
|-
| ‘hair’ || erk || erkrom || erkigon
|-
| ‘hand’ || akwir || akwidom || akwirkon
|-
| ‘headband’ || kwetam || kwetambrom || kwetakr
|-
| ‘house’ || pr || prdom || prkon
|-
| ‘jungle’ || gwek || gwekrom || gwekigon
|-
| ‘knife handle’ || tam || tabrom || tatom
|-
| ‘lake’ || kesif || kesifrom || kesifkon
|-
| ‘leech’ || piar || piardom || piarkom
|-
| ‘louse’ || jen || jendrom || jeti
|-
| ‘maleo fowl’ || igwuk || igwukrom || igwukigon
|-
| ‘night’ || siwi || siwirom || siwkon
|-
| ‘owl’ || weimn || weimrom || weimti
|-
| ‘pot’ || jek || jekrom || jekigon
|-
| ‘praying mantis’ || tigwere || tigwererom || tigwerekon
|-
| ‘prawn’ || beresmin || beresmindrom || beresmidi
|-
| ‘river turtle’ || fan || farom || fati
|-
| ‘sago pudding’ || midam || midabrom || midatom
|-
| ‘star’ || skin || skirom || skidi
|-
| ‘stone’ || wor || wordom || workon
|-
| ‘sunbird’ || weim || weibrom || weigr
|-
| ‘swamp’ || okwi || okwirom || okwigon
|-
| ‘thigh’ || ker || kedom || kerkon
|-
| ‘thorn’ || doin || doirom || doidi
|-
| ‘toe’ || gwesiam || gwesiabrom || gwesasom
|-
| ‘tree kangaroo’ || we || werom || wekon
|-
| ‘wallaby’ || dk || dkrom || digon
|-
| ‘water snake’ || moi || moirom || moigon
|-
| ‘younger brother’ || ai || airom || akon
|}
References
External links
Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Abinomn
OLAC resources in and about the Abinomn language
Language isolates of New Guinea
Papuan languages
Languages of western New Guinea |
5396202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Great%20Gabbo | The Great Gabbo | The Great Gabbo is a 1929 American Pre-Code early sound musical drama film directed by James Cruze, based on Ben Hecht's 1928 short story "The Rival Dummy", and starring Erich von Stroheim and Betty Compson. The film features songs by Lynn Cowan, Paul Titsworth, Donald McNamee and King Zany.
Originally released by Sono Art-World Wide Pictures, certain sequences were presented in Multicolor. However, current prints, restored by the Library of Congress and released by Kino International on DVD, exist only in black and white.
Plot
Brilliant ventriloquist Gabbo increasingly uses his dummy "Otto" as his only means of self-expression—an artist driven insane by his work. Gabbo's gimmick is his astonishing ability to make Otto talk—and even sing—while Gabbo himself smokes, drinks and eats. Gabbo's girlfriend and assistant Mary loves him, but is driven to leave him by his megalomania, superstitions, irritability, and inability to express any human emotion without using Otto as an intermediary. In Otto's voice, Gabbo accepts the blame for Mary's leaving and recounts all the things she did for him, but as Gabbo he denies his feelings and tells the dummy to shut up.
Two years later, Gabbo has become a nationally renowned ventriloquist. He is revered for his talent, even as he is ridiculed for his eccentricity: he takes Otto with him everywhere he goes, even dining out with him, providing much entertainment to the restaurant patrons. Despite his success he continues to pine for Mary, who is now romantically involved with another singer/dancer, Frank. With both Mary and Frank performing in a show in which Gabbo is the headliner, he attempts to win her back. Mary is charmed by Gabbo's new romantic behavior, driving Frank to angry fits of jealousy. As his courtship meets with continued success, Gabbo increasingly expresses his emotions to Mary directly, without using Otto.
One day Gabbo finds that in his absence, Mary has straightened up his dressing room the way that she always used to. Convinced that she wants to come back to him, he confronts her with his feelings, admitting his loneliness without her and in the process revealing that he has grown past many of his old failings, such as his superstitions and obsession with his personal success. However, Mary tells him that she loves Frank, and has been married to him since before Gabbo came back into her life. She says that she missed Otto but not Gabbo, and in a last farewell she says, "I love you" to Otto.
In profound frustration at this, after Mary is gone Gabbo punches Otto in the face, but immediately apologizes and embraces the dummy, weeping. He then storms onto the stage during the finale and loudly rants at the performers. He is forced off the stage and fired from the show. Mary tries to confront Gabbo afterwards, but he only looks at her sadly and walks away. Workers take down the letters advertising "The Great Gabbo" from the marquee as Gabbo looks on.
Cast
Erich von Stroheim as The Great Gabbo
Betty Compson as Mary
Donald Douglas as Frank
Marjorie Kane as Babe
John F. Hamilton as Neighbour (uncredited)
Production
Touted in advertising as an "all-dialog singing, dancing and dramatic spectacle", this early sound film oddly interleaves stark drama with gratuitous full-length, large-scale, on-stage musical production numbers such as "Every Now and Then", "I'm in Love with You", "The New Step", "The Web of Love", and the now-missing "The Ga Ga Bird", which was filmed in color. The "Web of Love" number, in which the performers wear stylized spider and fly costumes, is occasionally shown on Classic Arts Showcase. Footage from the dance sequences was re-used with different music in The Girl from Calgary (1932).
The public domain version available on Internet Archive runs 68 minutes, while the original film ran 96 minutes, including the exit music. The opening credits mention "Color sequences by Multicolor", but those sequences are now either lost or have survived only in black-and-white form. Multicolor, based on the earlier Prizma color process, went out of business in 1932; its assets were bought by Cinecolor.
The quality and clarity of the film sound is notable.
A 94-minute public domain version is now available.
Response
The Great Gabbo opened to lukewarm reviews. Stroheim received good notices, but the film did nothing to further his career. Photoplay called the film "a bitter disappointment... Cruze seems to have lost his sense of humor, and the lighting and scenario are terrible." The New York Times review commented unfavorably on the technical quality of the color sequences. Historian Arthur Lennig wrote that The Great Gabbo "betrays little inventiveness and shows few of its actors to advantage." He notes that, due to obvious budget constraints, several line-flubs by cast members made it into the final cut.
Soundtrack
"Every Now and Then"
Sung by Marjorie Kane and Donald Douglas
"I'm In Love With You"
Sung by Betty Compson and Donald Douglas
Written by Lynn Cowan and Paul Titsworth
"The New Step"
Sung by Marjorie Kane and chorus
Written by Lynn Cowan and Paul Titsworth
"I'm Laughing"
Sung by Otto the dummy, with Erich von Stroheim
Written by King Zany and Donald McNamee
"Icky" (the lollipop song)
Sung by Otto the dummy, with Erich von Stroheim
"The Web Of Love"
Sung by Betty Compson and Donald Douglas
Written by Lynn Cowan and Paul Titsworth
"The Ga Ga Bird"
(missing from known prints but major production number glimpsed among Gabbo's hallucinations)
Legacy
Footage was used on Fractured Flickers in the segment "Hymie und Me" (Episode 14), in which the dummy is presented as a living, sentient comedian with von Stroheim as his straight man.
See also
Dead of Night, a 1945 British film
Knock on Wood, a 1954 film
"The Dummy" a 1962 episode of The Twilight Zone
"Caesar and Me", a 1964 episode of The Twilight Zone
Devil Doll, a 1964 film
Magic, a 1978 film
The Ventriloquist and Scarface, a nemesis in Batman comics, first appearing in 1988
"Krusty Gets Kancelled", a 1993 episode of The Simpsons, which features a similar ventriloquism act
List of early color feature films
References
External links
Still at moma.org
1929 films
1920s musical drama films
1920s color films
American musical drama films
German-language films
English-language films
American black-and-white films
Ventriloquism
Films directed by James Cruze
1929 drama films |
4001101 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge | 2005 Liège–Bastogne–Liège | The 2005 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 91st edition of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège, one of the five monuments of cycling. Alexander Vinokourov was able to beat Jens Voigt after they had broken away from the pack 72 km from the end. Michael Boogerd took the last spot on the podium after countering an attack from Cadel Evans on the final climb of the day.
Results
References
External links
Race website
2005
2005 UCI ProTour
2005 in Belgian sport |
5396209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillet%20%28cut%29 | Fillet (cut) | A fillet or filet (, ; from the French word , ) is a boneless cut or slice of meat or fish. The fillet is often a prime ingredient in many cuisines, and many dishes call for a specific type of fillet as one of the ingredients.
Meat
Beef
In the case of beef, the term most often refers to beef tenderloin in the United States, especially filet mignon.
Chicken
Chicken filets, sometimes called inner filets, are a specific cut of meat from the chicken or ostrich steaks. There are two filets in a chicken, and they are each a few inches long and about 1 inch or less wide. They lie under the main portion of the breast just above the ribcage around the center of the sternum. They are separated from the main breast by filament.
Chicken filets are very popular in supermarkets in many countries. They can come attached to the main breast itself or separated from the breast in packages of generally four or more filets.
Fish
In preparation for filleting, the scales on the fish should be removed. The contents of the abdominal cavity (guts and other organs) also need careful detaching from the fillet.
Fish fillets are generally obtained by slicing parallel to the spine, rather than perpendicular to the spine. Cuts of fish performed perpendicular to the spine are known as steaks or cutlets, and often include bone. The remaining bones with the attached flesh is called the "frame", and is often used to make fish stock. As opposed to whole fish or fish steaks, fillets do not contain the fish's backbone; they yield less flesh, but are easier to eat.
Special cut fillets are taken from solid large blocks; these include a "natural" cut fillet, wedge, rhombus or tail shape. Fillets may be skinless or have skin on; pinbones may or may not be removed.
A fletch is a large boneless fillet of halibut, swordfish or tuna.
There are several ways to cut a fish fillet:
Cutlet
This fillet is obtained by slicing from behind the head of the fish, round the belly and tapering towards the tail. The fish is then turned and the process repeated on the other side to produce a double fillet.
Single
This fillet is more complex than the cutlet and produces two separate fillets, one from each side of the fish.
"J" Cut
This fillet is produced in the same way as a single fillet but the pin bones are removed by cutting a "J" shape from the fillet.
See also
Fish fillet processor
References
Cuts of meat
Fish processing
Culinary terminology |
5396211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial%20palpebral%20arteries | Medial palpebral arteries | The medial palpebral arteries (internal palpebral arteries) are arteries of the head. They are two in number, superior and inferior, that arise from the ophthalmic artery near its terminal branches. The arteries branch from the ophthalmic artery in the superomedial orbit near the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle.
Course
They leave the orbit to encircle the eyelids near their free margins, forming a superior and an inferior arch, which lie between the orbicularis oculi and the tarsi.
The superior palpebral arch anastomoses, at the lateral angle of the orbit, with the zygomaticoörbital branch of the temporal artery and with the upper of the two lateral palpebral branches from the lacrimal artery.
The inferior palpebral arch anastomoses, at the lateral angle of the orbit, with the lower of the two lateral palpebral branches from the lacrimal and with the transverse facial artery, and, at the medial part of the lid, with a branch from the angular artery.
From this last anastomoses a branch passes to the nasolacrimal duct, ramifying in its mucous membrane, as far as the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity.
Additional images
References
Arteries of the head and neck |
4001111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%20Lonergan | Dan Lonergan | Dan Lonergan is a Melbourne-based sports commentator and writer for ABC Radio Grandstand.
After attending Xavier College, Lonergan had a cadetship with ABC Radio Sport in 1997 after stints at various stations including 3HA Hamilton, 3CS Colac, 3GL Geelong and Fox FM Melbourne.
Lonergan is known mostly for his Australian rules football commentary and developed his style during his days with 3HA calling the Western Border Football League over a period of two years, before he spent six years gaining experience as a news journalist and broadcaster in various areas of Western Victoria.
He spent a year in Perth and learned to broadcast AFL football after calling West Coast Eagles as well as Fremantle games.
While in Perth, he also broadcast state and international cricket and was part of ABC's coverage of the 2000 Sydney Olympics covering handball tournaments.
2001 saw Lonergan return to Melbourne and since his return, he covered two AFL Grand Finals, two Davis Cup tennis finals, four Australian Open tennis tournaments, One Day International cricket and 13 sports at the Athens Olympic Games.
One of the 13 sports he broadcast from Athens included the gold medal baseball playoff which saw Australia win its first ever baseball medal at an Olympic Games.
At the 2006 Commonwealth Games he covered the boxing.
Between May 2015 and August 2015, he presented the morning program "Ballarat Today" on radio station 3BA in Ballarat, Victoria.
From July 2016 until May 2017, when local programming was dropped, Lonergan hosted "The Lunch Box" between 11am and 3pm (AEST) on digital radio station EON Sports Radio.
Dan Lonergan is currently gainfully employed as a Freelance Sports Broadcaster, Journalist, Commentator, Producer and MC. He is currently the presenter, voice and face of sports social media company Gameface, which covers local footy and cricket throughout the Mornington Peninsula, West Gippsland, the South East and Outer East Suburbs of Melbourne.
References
External links
Profile at ABC Grandstand
Website
Gameface Facebook Page
Australian rules football commentators
Radio personalities from Melbourne
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People educated at Xavier College |
4001133 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Dufresne | Joseph Dufresne | Joseph Dufresne (February 2, 1805 – November 5, 1873) was a Quebec notary and political figure. He was a Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada representing Montcalm from 1867 to 1871.
He was born in Saint-Paul-de-Lavaltrie, Lower Canada in 1805. He qualified as a notary in 1834 and set up practice in Saint-Jacques-de-l'Achigan, then Saint-Lin, Saint-Alexis and finally Montreal. In 1854, he was elected to the 5th Parliament of the Province of Canada for Montcalm; he was re-elected in 1858 but defeated by Jean-Louis Martin in 1861. When Martin died before taking his seat, Dufresne was elected to the seat in a by-election in February 1862. He was re-elected in 1863 and, in 1867, was elected to the Parliament of Canada in the same riding. He resigned in 1871, when he was appointed sheriff for Saint-Jean County.
He died two years later at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu.
References
1805 births
1873 deaths
Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East
Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942) MPs
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec |
4001134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isirawa%20language | Isirawa language | Isirawa is a Papuan language spoken by about two thousand people on the north coast of Papua province, Indonesia. It's a local trade language, and use is vigorous. Stephen Wurm (1975) linked it to the Kwerba languages within the Trans–New Guinea family, and it does share about 20% of its vocabulary with neighboring Kwerba languages. However, based on its pronouns, Malcolm Ross (2005) felt he could not substantiate such a link, and left it as a language isolate. The pronouns are not, however, dissimilar from those of Orya–Tor, which Ross links to Kwerba, and Donahue (2002) accept it as a Greater Kwerba language.
Locations
In Sarmi Regency, Isirawa is spoken in Amsira, Arabais, Arsania, Kamenawari, Mararena, Martewar, Nisero, Nuerawar, Perkami, Siaratesa, Waim, Wari, and Webro villages.
Grammar
In Isirawa, the feminine gender is associated with big objects, and masculine with small objects; the opposite association is found in Tayap and the Sepik languages, which classify large objects as masculine rather than feminine.
Pronouns
The Isirawa pronouns are,
{| class=wikitable
|-
| I || a-, e
|-
| we || nen-, ne
|-
| you || o-, mə
|-
| all third person || e-, maə, ce, pe
|}
Ross's reconstructed Orya–Tor pronouns are *ai 'I', *ne 'we' (inclusive), *emei 'thou', *em 'you'.
Isirawa pronoun paradigm as given in Foley (2018):
{| class="wikitable"
! pronoun !! nominative !! accusative !! possessive
|-
| 1s || e || afo || wə
|-
| 2s || mɪ || ofo || of
|-
| 3s || || efo || ef
|-
| 1d || ne || nenfo || nenef
|-
| 2d || mɪ || ofnafo || ofnaf
|-
| 3d || || efnafo || efnaf
|-
| 1p || ne || nenfɪvo || nenfɪ(v)
|-
| 2p || mɪ || ofɪvo || ofɪ(v)
|-
| 3p || || efɪvo || efɪ(v)
|}
References
Clouse, Duane, Mark Donohue and Felix Ma. 2002. "Survey report of the north coast of Irian Jaya."
Languages of western New Guinea
Unclassified languages of New Guinea
Kwerbic languages |
5396224 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Absent-Minded%20Beggar | The Absent-Minded Beggar | "The Absent-Minded Beggar" is an 1899 poem by Rudyard Kipling, set to music by Sir Arthur Sullivan and often accompanied by an illustration of a wounded but defiant British soldier, "A Gentleman in Kharki", by Richard Caton Woodville. The song was written as part of an appeal by the Daily Mail to raise money for soldiers fighting in the Second Boer War and their families. The fund was the first such charitable effort for a war.
The chorus of the song exhorted its audience to "pass the hat for your credit's sake, and pay– pay– pay!" The patriotic poem and song caused a sensation and were constantly performed throughout the war and beyond. Kipling was offered a knighthood shortly after publication of the poem but declined the honour. Vast numbers of copies of the poem and sheet music were published, and large quantities of related merchandise were sold to aid the charity. The "Absent-Minded Beggar Fund" was an unprecedented success and raised a total of more than £250,000.
History
In September 1899, it was clear that the crisis in South Africa was likely to turn into war. By 2 October, all military leave had been cancelled, and urgent preparations were under way to send a large expeditionary force to the Cape, with horses and supplies being requisitioned and mobilised. On 7 October, a proclamation was issued calling out the Army Reserve. Of 65,000 liable men, around 25,000 were intended to be called up for service. The Second Boer War broke out on 11 October.
Many, if not all, of the men thus mobilised were ex-soldiers in permanent employment for whom returning to military duty meant a significant cut in their income. As a result, many families were quickly plunged into poverty, since a lifestyle comfortably maintained on a workman's wage of twenty shillings could not be kept up on the infantryman's "shilling a day". In addition, there was no contemporary legislation protecting the permanent employment of Reservists. Employers could – and often would – replace them with other workers, with no guarantee that if the soldier returned he would be able to take back his job. In addition, of course, the men faced the prospect of injury or death. A number of charitable funds existed to support these individuals, most notably the Soldiers' and Sailors' Families Association, and a number of private appeals were also made. A wave of patriotism swept the country, catered to by jingoist newspapers such as the Daily Mail. Many of these newspapers were also involved in the charitable fundraising efforts to benefit the Reservists and their dependents.
The Daily Mail proprietor, Alfred Harmsworth, publicised efforts to help soldiers and their families. This drew the attention of Rudyard Kipling, who produced "The Absent-Minded Beggar" on 16 October 1899 and sent the verses to Harmsworth on 22 October with a note that "they are at your service. ... turn [the proceeds] over to any one of the regularly ordained relief-funds, as a portion of your contribution. I don't want my name mixed up in the business except as it will help to get money. It's catchpenny verse and I want it to catch just as many pennies as it can. ... [p.s.] It isn't a thing I shall care to reprint; so there is no need of copyrighting it in America. If any one wants to sing it take care that the proceeds go to our men." It was first published in the Daily Mail on 31 October 1899 and was an immediate success. Maud Tree, the wife of actor-manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree, recited it at the Palace Theatre, every night before the show, for fourteen months, and other performers recited it at music halls and elsewhere, giving part of the profits to the fund. The manuscript itself was auctioned for £500, and a Special Edition de Luxe was issued.
Meanwhile, by 25 October, Kipling was plotting with Harmsworth on how to maximise the fundraising from the poem. In addition to having it recited at entertainments, he suggested finding a composer to set it to a "common + catchy" tune. The country's premier composer, Sir Arthur Sullivan, was immediately asked to set the poem to music. Sullivan had written some 20 operas, including fourteen comic operas with W. S. Gilbert, and a large volume of songs, orchestral pieces and other music. Although he was in the middle of composing his next opera, The Rose of Persia (which was to be his last completed opera), Sullivan agreed. Both Kipling and Sullivan declined proffered fees for creating the song. Artist Richard Caton Woodville, within several days, provided an illustration, titled "A Gentleman in Kharki", showing a wounded but defiant British Tommy in battle. This illustration was included in "art editions" of the poem and song.
In 1897, Sullivan had agreed to compose music for Kipling's poem Recessional, but he never completed the song. When asked to set "The Absent-Minded Beggar" to music two years later, Sullivan found Kipling's verses so difficult to set that he told his diary, "if it wasn't for charity's sake, I could never have undertaken the task". Still, the experienced composer completed the music in four days, on 5 November 1899, and it was published by Enoch & Sons for the Daily Mail. The first public performance was sung by John Coates, under Sullivan's baton, at the Alhambra Theatre on 13 November 1899, to a "magnificent reception" of an overflowing theatre. In 1900, "Kipling travelled to South Africa to help distribute the supplies bought with the funds raised by the song."
Reception of the song
Sullivan's music captured Britain's jingoistic mood, and his diary entry notes, "Wild enthusiasm. All sang chorus! I stood on the stage and conducted the encore – funny sight!" With characteristic grace, the composer wrote to Kipling, "Your splendid words went with a swing and enthusiasm which even my music cannot stifle". Kipling, on the other hand, described the music as "a tune guaranteed to pull teeth out of barrel-organs".
The Daily Chronicle wrote that "It has not been often that the greatest of English writers and the greatest of English musicians have joined inspiring words and stirring melody in a song which expresses the heart feelings of the entire nation". Sullivan's manuscript was later auctioned for £500 towards the fund. Critic Fuller Maitland disapproved of the composition in The Times, but Sullivan asked a friend, "Did the idiot expect the words to be set in cantata form, or as a developed composition with symphonic introduction, contrapuntal treatment, etc.?"
The poem, song and piano music sold in extraordinary numbers, as did all kinds of household items, postcards, memorabilia and other merchandise emblazoned, woven or engraved with the "Gentleman in Kharki" figure, the poem itself, the sheet music, or humorous illustrations. Some of these items were very expensive. 40 clerks answered 12,000 requests a day for copies of the poem, and it was included in 148,000 packets of cigarettes within two months of the first performance. Alternative arrangements of the song were published, such as "The Absent-Minded Beggar March".
The Daily Mail'''s charitable fund was eventually titled the "Absent Minded Beggar Relief Corps" or the "Absent-Minded Beggar Fund", providing small comforts to the soldiers themselves as well as supporting their families. Among other activities of the Corps, it "met the soldiers on arrival in South Africa, welcomed them on their return to Britain and, more importantly, set up overseas centres to minister to the sick and wounded". The fund raised the unprecedented amount of more than £250,000. The money was not raised solely by the Daily Mail; the poem was publicly available, with anyone permitted to perform or print it in any way, so long as the copyright royalties went to the fund. Newspapers around the world published the poem, hundreds of thousands of copies were quickly sold internationally, and the song was sung widely in theatres and music halls, first being heard in Australia on 23 December 1899. Local "Absent Minded Beggar Relief Corps" branches were opened in Trinidad, Cape Town, Ireland, New Zealand, China, India and numerous places throughout the world; all of this contributed to the fund and to other war efforts, such as the building of hospitals. The fund was the first such charitable effort for a war and has been referred to as the origin of the welfare state. In December, after the first £50,000 was raised, the Daily Mail asserted, "The history of the world can produce no parallel to the extraordinary record of this poem."
The popularity of the poem was such that allusions to it were common. Mark Twain wrote that "The clarion-peal of its lines thrilled the world". By 18 November, less than a month after publication of the poem, "a new patriotic play" was advertised to open the next week, titled The Absent Minded Beggar, or, For Queen and Country. The same month, the Charity Organisation Society called "The Absent-Minded Beggar" the "most prominent figure on the charitable horizon at present." Even a critical book on the conduct of the war, published in 1900, was titled An Absent-Minded War. Kipling was offered a knighthood within a few weeks of publication of the song but declined, as he declined all offers of State honours. Historian Stephen M. Miller wrote in 2007, "Kipling almost single-handedly restored the strong ties between civilians and soldiers and put Britain and its army back together again."Miller, Stephen M. Volunteers on the Veldt (2007), p. 23.
A performance of "The Absent-Minded Beggar March" on 21 July 1900 at The Crystal Palace was Sullivan's last public appearance, and the composer died four months later. "The Absent-Minded Beggar" remained popular throughout the three-year war and for years after the war ended. It became a part of popular culture of the time, with its title becoming a popular phrase and cartoons, postcards and other humorous representations of the character of the absent-minded beggar becoming popular. The song is performed in John Osborne's 1957 play The Entertainer. T. S. Eliot included the poem in his 1941 collection A Choice of Kipling's Verse.
The song is still heard on re-issues of early recordings and on post-Second World War recordings by Donald Adams and others.Woolf, Jonathan. Review of When the Empire Calls , a 2002 re-issue of early Kipling and Boer War recordings, MusicWeb-International In 1942, George Orwell noted that "The phrase "killing Kruger with your mouth" ... was current till very recently". In 2010, a Kipling conference, called "Following The Absent-minded Beggar''" was held at the School of the Humanities of the University of Bristol, organised by Dr. John Lee, that included lectures and an exhibition of memorabilia and documents relating to the poem and song.
Lyrics
The first and final stanzas are:
Notes
References
External links
Text and music
Text of "The Absent-Minded Beggar" at Newcastle University
Facsimile of Sullivan's 1899 manuscript available from the Sir Arthur Sullivan Society
"The Absent-Minded Beggar", notes with a midi file of the Sullivan music and pdf of the score
Musical Score of a version of "The Absent-Minded Beggar" with music composed by Esther M. Lewin. State Library of Queensland, Australia
Further information
Framed illustration and information about Kipling and the poem
Illustrations and information about the poem and song
Poetry by Rudyard Kipling
Compositions by Arthur Sullivan
1899 poems
Works originally published in the Daily Mail
1899 compositions |
4001136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Tour%20de%20Romandie | 2005 Tour de Romandie | These are the results for the 2005 edition of the Tour de Romandie race, in which Colombian Santiago Botero returned to his winning ways after two bad years in .
Stages
26-04-2005: Genève, 3.4 km. (ITT)
27-04-2005: Avenches, 166.9 km.
28-04-2005: Fleurier, 171.9 km.
29-04-2005: Aigle-Anzière. 146.5 km.
30-04-2005: Châtel Saint Denis-Les Paccots, 146.9 km.
01-05-2005: Lausanne, 20.4 km. (ITT)
General Standings
KOM Classification
Points Classification
Best Team
2005
Tour de Romandie
Tour de Romandie |
4001149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkar%20language | Karkar language | The Karkar language, also known as Yuri, is the sole Eastern Pauwasi language of Papua New Guinea. There are about a thousand speakers along the Indonesian border spoken in Green River Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.
Writing system
Dialects
Dialects are:
North Central Yuri dialect, spoken in Yuri village (), Abaru ward, Green River Rural LLG
Auia-Tarauwi dialect, spoken in Auia (Auiya) village (), Auiya 1 ward, Green River Rural LLG; and in Tarauwi (Trowari) village (), Kambriap ward, Green River Rural LLG
Usari dialect, spoken in Usari village (), Auiya 1 ward, Green River Rural LLG
Classification
Karkar-Yuri is not related to any other language in Papua New Guinea, and was therefore long thought to be a language isolate. This is the position of Wurm (1983), Foley (1986), and Ross (2005). However, Timothy Usher noticed that it is transparently related to the Pauwasi languages across the border in Indonesia. Indeed, it may even form a dialect continuum with the Eastern Pauwasi language Emem. This was foreshadowed in non-linguistic literature: a 1940 map shows the 'Enam' (Emem)–speaking area as including the Karkar territory in PNG, and the anthropologist Hanns Peter knew that the Karkar dialect continuum continued across the border into Emem territory.
Pauwasi cognates
Cognates between Karkar-Yuri and the Pauwasi family (Tebi and Zorop languages) listed by Foley (2018):
{|
|+ Karkar-Yuri and Pauwasi family cognates
! gloss !! Tebi !! Zorop !! Karkar-Yuri
|-
| ‘I’ || na || nam || ɔn
|-
| ‘you (sg)’ || fro || nem || am
|-
| ‘we’ || numu || nim || nəm (incl)/yin (excl)
|-
| ‘belly’ || dialə || yalək || yare
|-
| ‘bird’ || olmu || awe || ant
|-
| ‘black’ || təŋəra || seŋgəri || yəkəre
|-
| ‘blood’ || təri || mob || yəri
|-
| ‘breast’ || mamu || muam || mɔm
|-
| ‘come’ || kəlawai || kwalopai || koʔrop
|-
| ‘eat’ || ne || fer- || fɨr
|-
| ‘eye’ || ei || ji || yi
|-
| ‘foot’ || puŋwa || fuŋi || pu
|-
| ‘give’ || taʔa || tipi || səp
|-
| ‘good’ || pani || kiap || kwapwe
|-
| ‘hand’ || təro || jae || yæ
|-
| ‘head’ || məndini || məndai || me
|-
| ‘hear’ || fei || fau || wao
|-
| ‘house’ || || nab || nap
|-
| ‘louse’ || mi || yemar || yəʔmər
|-
| ‘man’ || toŋkwar || || arɔp
|-
| ‘mosquito’ || mimi || yəŋkar || təʔnkarəp
|-
| ‘name’ || kini || jei || e
|-
| ‘road’ || fiaʔa || mai || mwæ
|-
| ‘root’ || periŋgu || fiŋgu || arak
|-
| ‘sand’ || tədən || gərək || kaʔrək
|-
| ‘tooth’ || kle || jurai || yu
|-
| ‘tree’ || weyalgi || war || yao
|-
| ‘water’ || ai || jewek || ənt
|-
| ‘who’ || mate || waunap || wao
|-
| ‘one’ || kərowali || aŋgətəwam || ankər
|-
| ‘two’ || kre || anəŋgar || anənk
|}
Pronouns
Pronouns listed by Ross (2005):
Object forms take -an, sometimes replacing the -o: onan, amoan, man, yinan, námoan, yumoan. Mao is a demonstrative 'that one, those'; it contrasts with nko, nkoan 'the other one(s)'.
Pronouns listed by Foley (2018) are:
{|
|+ Karkar-Yuri pronouns
! !! sg !! pl
|-
! 1incl
| || nʌmɔ
|-
! 1excl
| ɔn || yin
|-
! 2
| amɔ || yumɔ
|-
! 3
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | ma
|}
Phonology
The Karkar inventory is as follows.<ref>Dorothy Price, 1993. Organised Phonology Data: Karkar-Yuri Language [YUJ]: Green River – Sandaun Province</ref>
Stress assignment is complex, but not phonemic within morphemes. Syllable structure is CVC, assuming nasal–plosive sequences are analyzed as prenasalized consonants.
Vowels
Karkar has a vowel inventory consisting of 11 vowels, which is considered very high for a Papuan language.
There is also one diphthong, ao . Vowels are written á , é , ae , o , ou , ɨ .
Foley (2018) lists the 11 Karkar-Yuri vowels as:
Some vowel height contrasts in Karkar-Yuri (Foley 2018):ki ‘yam’kɨ ‘loosen’ku ‘cut crosswise in half’ke ‘edible nut’kər ‘put in netbag’ko ‘pig’kæ ‘egg’kʌʔr ‘swamp’kɔ ‘again’kar ‘speech’kɒ ‘bird species’
There are four contrasting central vowel heights:kɨr ‘red bird of paradise’ (Paradisaea rubra)kər ‘put in net bag’kʌʔr ‘swamp’kar ‘speech’
Consonants
The rhotics and glottal(ized) consonants do not appear initially in a word, and plain , the approximants, and the labialized consonants do not occur finally. Glottal stop only occurs finally. Final k spirantizes to . Plosives are voiced intervocalically. Intervocalic f and p neutralize to (apart from a few names, where is retained), and intervocalic k is voiced to . Phonemic labialized stops only occur in two words, apwar 'weeds, to weed' and ankwap 'another'. Otherwise consonants are labialized between a rounded and a front vowel, as in pok-ea 'going up'. In some words, the plosive of a final NC is silent unless suffixed: onomp 'my', onompono 'it's mine'.
Prenasalized and labialized consonant contrasts:pi ‘bird tail’, pwi ‘enough’, mporan ‘tomorrow’kar ‘voice’, ŋkɔte ‘over there’, kwar ‘ground’, ŋkwakwo ‘many kinds’
Plain and preglottalized sonorants contrasts, which only occur in word finals:ərər ‘sore’, ərəʔr ‘dig a hole’pan ‘sago flour’, pəʔn ‘blunt’
Basic vocabulary
Below are some basic vocabulary words in Karkar-Yuri.
{|
|+ Karkar-Yuri basic vocabulary
| ‘I’ || ɔn
|-
| ‘you (sg)’ || am
|-
| ‘we’ || nəm (incl) / yin (excl)
|-
| ‘belly’ || yare
|-
| ‘bird’ || ant
|-
| ‘black’ || yəkəre
|-
| ‘blood’ || yəri
|-
| ‘breast’ || mɔm
|-
| ‘come’ || koʔrop
|-
| ‘eat’ || fɨr
|-
| ‘eye’ || yi
|-
| ‘foot’ || pu
|-
| ‘give’ || səp
|-
| ‘good’ || kwapwe
|-
| ‘hand’ || yæ
|-
| ‘head’ || me
|-
| ‘hear’ || wao
|-
| ‘house’ || nap
|-
| ‘louse’ || yəʔmər
|-
| ‘man’ || arɔp
|-
| ‘mosquito’ || təʔnkarəp
|-
| ‘name’ || e
|-
| ‘road’ || mwæ
|-
| ‘root’ || arak
|-
| ‘sand’ || kaʔrək
|-
| ‘tooth’ || yu
|-
| ‘tree’ || yao
|-
| ‘water’ || ənt
|-
| ‘who’ || wao
|-
| ‘one’ || ankər
|-
| ‘two’ || anənk
|}
Further reading
Price, Dorothy and Veda Rigden. 1988. Karkar-Yuri – English Dictionary. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa, PNG: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Rigden, Veda n.d. Karkar grammar essentials''. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa: SIL-PNG.
References
East Pauwasi languages
Languages of Sandaun Province |
4001159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular%20and%20Interventional%20Radiological%20Society%20of%20Europe | Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe | The Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe is a learned society of interventional radiologists from Europe and overseas. The society has its headquarters in Vienna (Austria) and was founded in 1985. It currently has approximately 4,200 members from around the world, including 24 national societies. CIRSE's objective is to provide continuing education to physicians and scientists with an active interest in interventional radiology and to promote research as well as registries.
CIRSE organises an annual congress with more than 5,000 participants, scientific meetings such as the European Conference on Embolotherapy and the European Conference on Interventional Oncology, as well as educational activities such as courses focusing on specific procedures. It publishes a bimonthly medical journal entitled CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology as well as other publications such as newsletters and manuals.
CIRSE Foundation
CIRSE's educational arm, the CIRSE Foundation, is an independent non-profit foundation, promoting research and education in the fields of cardiovascular and interventional radiology. The foundation funds several educational grants every year.
External links
CIRSE Foundation
Medical imaging
International medical associations of Europe
Organizations established in 1985
1985 establishments in Austria |
4001161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20M.%20G.%20Schmidt | Annie M. G. Schmidt | Anna Maria Geertruida "Annie" Schmidt (20 May 1911 – 21 May 1995) was a Dutch writer. She is called the mother of the Dutch theatrical song, and the queen of Dutch children's literature, praised for her "delicious Dutch idiom," and considered one of the greatest Dutch writers. An ultimate honour was extended to her posthumously, in 2007, when a group of Dutch historians compiled the "Canon of Dutch History" and included Schmidt, alongside national icons such as Vincent van Gogh and Anne Frank.
Although Schmidt wrote poetry, songs, books, plays, musicals, and radio and television drama for adults, she is known best for children's books. Her best-known work for children may be the series Jip and Janneke. Many of her books, such as Pluk van de Petteflet, were illustrated by Fiep Westendorp.
Schmidt received the 1988 Hans Christian Andersen Medal for her lasting contribution as a children's writer. The biennial award conferred by the International Board on Books for Young People is the highest recognition available to a writer or illustrator of children's books.
By the time she died in 1995 (of heart failure caused by euthanasia), she was an icon of the Dutch literary world, and even her death—peaceful, in the company of her friends and family—continues to be referenced in the Dutch media and played an important role in discussions of euthanasia.
Early life
Anna Maria Geertruida "Annie" Schmidt was born on 20 May 1911 in Kapelle, Zeeland in the Netherlands. She was the daughter of Dutch Reformed minister Johannes Daniel Schmidt (1871–1951) and school teacher Geertruida Maria Bouhuijs. She had an elder brother Wim and two older sisters also named Anna M. G. who both died young and before she was born. She was called Zus () by her family.
She was a solitary child wearing heavy glasses, who found an escape in writing poetry and fiction, even though she once received a grade of 2 (on a scale of 1 to 10) in Dutch class—she would later brag about the report card. Her mother encouraged her and sent some of her poetry to Willem Kloos.
After secondary school in Goes and working as an au pair in Germany, she began to study for a job as a librarian, an occupation she held until 1946.
Career
In 1947, she embarked upon her literary career while writing for the Amsterdam newspaper Het Parool, and shortly after started writing songs and sketches for performers including Wim Sonneveld and Wim Kan.
Her literary career took off in the early 1950s, and included song- and playwriting for the theatre, scripts for radio and television shows, columns for newspapers, and children's books.
In 1964, she won the literary award Staatsprijs voor kinder- en jeugdliteratuur.
Her final book, Wat Ik Nog Weet, a book of childhood memories, appeared in 1992. She used euthanasia a day after her 84th birthday (with a combination of pills and alcohol) and was buried in Amsterdam.
By the time she died in 1995 (of heart failure caused by euthanasia), she was an icon of the Dutch literary world, and even her death—peaceful, in the company of her friends and family—continues to be referenced in the Dutch media and played an important role in discussions of euthanasia. Her life became the subject of plays in 2003 and 2009, her work continues to be in print, and her plays are still performed (such as 1980's , a play discussing euthanasia, performed again in 1999).
She is included as one of the topics in the Canon of Dutch History, which was prepared by a committee headed by Frits van Oostrom and presented to the Minister of Education, Culture and Science, Maria van der Hoeven, in 2006; the Canon is a list of fifty topics that aims to provide a chronological summary of Dutch history to be taught in primary schools and the first two years of secondary school in the Netherlands. A revised version, which still includes her as one of the topics, was presented to the Dutch government on 3 October 2007.
Quote
"Never do what your mother tells you to."
Books
Jip en Janneke
Schmidt began writing Jip en Janneke while working in Amsterdam at Het Parool. Jip and Janneke are two children who live next to each other, and engaged in short, self-contained adventures every week (apparently, some story lines were based on real adventures involving Schmidt's son Flip and the girl next door). The stories were illustrated by Fiep Westendorp. The first was published 13 September 1952, the last 7 September 1957; a total of eight book collections were published between 1953 and 1960. Jip and Janneke are among the best-known children's characters in the Netherlands—they were listed first on a list of "five typically Dutch phenomena"—and their likeness is marketed on a variety of products sold by the HEMA department stores.
Minoes or Undercover Kitty / Miss Minoes
Minoes (1970) is the story of a cat who turns into a young lady and, by spreading gossip from the cat world, helps a young journalist keep his job at the newspaper. In 2001, a movie version was directed by Vincent Bal based on a script by Burny Bos; it became one of the most popular Dutch children's movies abroad. Winning two Golden Calves, Minoes was the best-selling Dutch children's movie to date, and the DVD was certified platinum in 2002. More than 815,000 people saw it in the theatre, making it the highest-selling Dutch movie of the year, beating Costa! and The Discovery of Heaven. The movie won first prize at the 2002 Chicago International Children's Film Festival.
The book Minoes has been translated into English as Minnie (1992) and as The Cat Who Came In off the Roof (2014).
Radio and television
In 1952, Schmidt began writing a radio show, the immensely popular De Familie Doorsnee, which ran until 1958. In 1957 she began writing Pension Hommeles, a musical comedy on VARA television.
Ja Zuster, Nee Zuster or Yes matron! No matron!
In the 1960s, Schmidt wrote one of the most popular Dutch television series of all time, Ja zuster, nee zuster (English: Yes matron! No matron!), later the inspiration for the 2002 film of the same name.
According to Rieks Swarte, who adapted Annie M.G.'s 1962 comic strip Tante Patent to a play (with music by Fay Lovski) in 2007, the story of Tante Patent was the breeding ground for Ja Zuster, Nee Zuster.
Bibliography
(1953) Abeltje
(1953) Jip en Janneke
(1954) De groeten van Jip en Janneke
(1955) De A van Abeltje
(1955) Hop maar Jip en Janneke
(1956) Daar gaan Jip en Janneke
(1957) Een zoentje van Jip en Janneke
(1957) Wiplala
(1958) Goed zo, Jip en Janneke
(1959) Pas op, Jip en Janneke
(1960) Eventjes lachen, Jip en Janneke
(1961) Ibbeltje
(1962) Wiplala weer
(1970) Minoes
(1971) Pluk van de Petteflet
(1972) Waaidorp
(1973) Floddertje
(1980) Otje
(1988) Tante Patent
(1990) Jorrie en Snorrie
(1992) Wat ik nog weet
See also
References
External links
(Dutch and English versions)
1911 births
1995 deaths
Constantijn Huygens Prize winners
Dutch children's writers
Dutch women dramatists and playwrights
Dutch women poets
Dutch women screenwriters
Dutch screenwriters
Hans Christian Andersen Award for Writing winners
Writers from Amsterdam
People from Kapelle
Blind people from the Netherlands
Deaths by euthanasia
Euthanasia in the Netherlands
Dutch women children's writers
Women science fiction and fantasy writers
20th-century Dutch women writers
20th-century Dutch poets
20th-century Dutch dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Dutch novelists
Dutch women novelists
Gouden Griffel winners
1995 suicides
20th-century screenwriters |
4001168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Howell%20%28musician%29 | Peter Howell (musician) | Peter Howell (born 1949) is a musician and composer. He is best known for his work on Doctor Who as a member of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop.
Howell's musical career began in the late 1960s working with John Ferdinando in various psychedelic folk bands including Agincourt and Ithaca. Howell and Ferdinando recorded five albums before Howell became a member of the Radiophonic Workshop, with which he would remain associated until 1997.
Doctor Who
His work on Doctor Who began in 1975 when he provided some accompanying incidental music for Revenge of the Cybermen and special sound for Planet of Evil. When John Nathan-Turner became producer of Doctor Who in 1980, he decided that the music needed to be updated and commissioned Howell to provide a new arrangement of the Doctor Who theme to accompany a new title sequence. Whereas the original arrangement of the theme (written by Ron Grainer) had been realised by Delia Derbyshire (and, originally, assisted by Dick Mills) using musique concrète techniques, Howell arranged Grainer's theme on analogue synthesisers - primarily using a Yamaha CS-80, an ARP Odyssey Mk3 and a Roland Jupiter-4.
Howell's new arrangement first appeared in 1980 on The Leisure Hive, for which Howell had also recorded the incidental score, and was used throughout Tom Baker's final season on the programme as well as Peter Davison's tenure as the Doctor and Colin Baker's first season. Between 1980 and 1985 Howell also provided incidental music for ten stories of Doctor Who. In 1986, Nathan-Turner commissioned a new theme arrangement by Dominic Glynn, ending Howell's association with Doctor Who on television.
Since 2013 he has been part of the Radiophonic Workshop Band, touring the UK and abroad with Radiophonic archivist Mark Ayres and other former members of the Workshop.
Other work
Aside from Doctor Who, Howell's Radiophonic Workshop work includes an album of original recordings in 1978 entitled Through A Glass Darkly (credited to Peter Howell & The Radiophonic Workshop) and "Greenwich Chorus", a piece which accompanied an episode of Jonathan Miller's popular The Body in Question which was controversial at the time for its use of the vocoder. Howell composed the theme tunes to The Machine that Changed the World (1992)/The Dream Machine (UK), a 5-part television series on the history of the electronic digital computer, to Robert Hughes' 1979-80 8-part series on Modern art (The Shock of the New), and to the Badger Girl and Spywatch series of the long-running BBC schools' programme, Look and Read.
Howell was responsible for the BBC Video logo's music in 1984.
In 1986, Howell composed music for the BBC children's TV show The Children Of Green Knowe.
For the 1987 film "Life Story (film)", Howell took over the music "Grand Choral" from the film "Day for Night", which Georges Delerue had composed.
Most recently
In recent years Howell's incidental music for the Doctor Who stories The Leisure Hive and Meglos has appeared on volumes 3 and 4 of the Doctor Who at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop compilation albums, and much of his back catalogue, including his early folk material with John Ferdinando has also been re-released on CD.
In 2021, Howell published his autobiography Radiophonic Times via Obverse Books.
References
External links
Peter Howell's Official Site
BBC Radiophonic Workshop
English electronic musicians
English television composers
Living people
Year of birth uncertain
Date of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
1949 births |
4001170 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yal%C3%AB%20language | Yalë language | The Yalë language, also known as Nagatman, is spoken in northwestern Papua New Guinea. It may be related to the Kwomtari languages, but Palmer (2018) classifies it as a language isolate.
There were 600 speakers in 1991 and 30 monolinguals at an unrecorded date. Yalë is spoken in Nagatiman () and several other villages of Green River Rural LLG in Sandaun Province. Foley (2018) reports a total of six villages.
Yalë is in extensive trade and contact with Busa, a likely language isolate spoken just to the south. Yalë has complex verbal inflection and SOV word order.
Pronouns
Pronouns are:
{|
! !! sg !! pl
|-
! 1
| bo || se ~ sebo
|-
! 2
| ju || so ~ sobo
|-
! 3
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | bu
|}
Grammar
Verbal conjugation affixes are:
-d: generic marker
-t: transitive marker
-b: intransitive marker
Most nouns are not pluralized, and only nouns with human or animate reference or with high local salience may be pluralized using the suffix -rɛ ~ -re:
nɛba-re /child-PL/ ‘children’
ama-re /dog-PL/ ‘dogs’
dife-rɛ /village-PL/ ‘villages’
Other plural nouns are irregular:
aya-nino /father-PL/ ‘fathers’
mise ‘woman’, one ‘women’
Vocabulary
The following basic vocabulary words are from Conrad and Dye (1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Yadë
|-
| head || ʌsu
|-
| hair || ʌsʌǏahuᵽa
|-
| ear || ąhuǏuʔ
|-
| eye || na:ba
|-
| nose || yɛlu
|-
| tongue || aǏižiʔ
|-
| louse || mibaʔ
|-
| dog || kaliʔ
|-
| pig || gǏɛǏiʔ
|-
| bird || pʋlɛʔ
|-
| egg || kah
|-
| blood || wi:nuʔ
|-
| bone || ɛlɛ:b̶u
|-
| skin || žib̶uʔ
|-
| breast || ma:ba
|-
| tree || ti:
|-
| woman || mɩsɛʔ
|-
| water || tuʔ
|-
| fire || ahuz̨iʔ
|-
| stone || anɩziʔ
|-
| road, path || ařʌgɛʔ
|-
| eat || hiɛǏɛ
|-
| one || žuwaʔ
|-
| two || teǏɛʔ
|}
Further reading
Campbell, Carl and Jody Campbell. 1987. Yadë Grammar Essentials. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa, PNG: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Campbell, Carl and Jody Campbell. 1990. Yadë (Nagatman) – English Dictionary. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa, PNG: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
Campbell, Carl and Jody Campbell. 1997. Yalë (Nagatman, Yadë) Phonology Essentials. Unpublished manuscript. Ukarumpa, PNG: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
References
External links
Nagatiman language word list at TransNewGuinea.org
Paradisec has an open access collection that includes Yalë language materials from Don Laycock
Languages of Sandaun Province
Guriaso–Yale languages
Language isolates of New Guinea |
4001183 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busa%20language%20%28Papuan%29 | Busa language (Papuan) | The Busa language, also known as Odiai (Uriai), is spoken in three hamlets of northwestern Papua New Guinea. There were 244 speakers at the time of the 2000 census. One of the hamlets where Busa is spoken is Busa () in Rawei ward, Green River Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.
Busa speakers are in extensive trade and cultural contact with Yadë, a distantly related language spoken in six villages to the north of the Busa area.
Classification
Busa may be one of the Kwomtari languages. Foley (2018) classifies Busa as a language isolate (meaning unclassified), but does not exclude the possibility that it may have a distant relationship with the Torricelli languages.
Pronouns
Pronouns are:
{|
|+ Busa basic pronouns
! !! sg !! pl
|-
! 1
| mu || mi
|-
! 2
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | am
|-
! 3m
| a ~ ari || ti
|-
! 3f
| tu
|}
Basic vocabulary
Busa basic vocabulary listed in Foley (2018):
{|
|+ Busa basic vocabulary
! gloss !! Busa
|-
| ‘bad’ || buriambu
|-
| ‘bird’ || wana
|-
| ‘black’ || baro
|-
| ‘breast’ || nã
|-
| ‘ear’ || dina
|-
| ‘eye’ || dena
|-
| ‘fire’ || eβa
|-
| ‘leaf’ || iri
|-
| ‘liver’ || munã
|-
| ‘louse’ || amo
|-
| ‘man’ || nutu
|-
| ‘mother’ || mẽ
|-
| ‘nape’ || onaiba
|-
| ‘older brother’ || aba
|-
| ‘road’ || ti
|-
| ‘stone’ || bito
|-
| ‘tooth’ || wuti
|-
| ‘tree’ || nda
|-
| ‘water’ || ani
|-
| ‘woman’ || ele
|-
| ‘one’ || otutu
|-
| ‘two’ || tinana
|-
| ‘three’ || wunana
|-
| ‘four’ || aite
|-
| ‘five’ || yumnadi
|}
The following basic vocabulary words are from Conrad and Dye (1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! Busa
|-
| head || owuna
|-
| hair || etete
|-
| ear || dinʌ
|-
| eye || dena
|-
| nose || wʌti
|-
| tooth || wuti
|-
| tongue || dʌgʌrʌ
|-
| louse || amo
|-
| dog || inʌri
|-
| pig || waru
|-
| bird || wʌnʌ
|-
| egg || mʌiyʌ
|-
| blood || aɔ̨
|-
| bone || ab̶uwibʌ
|-
| skin || tati
|-
| breast || ną
|-
| tree || nda
|-
| man || nutu
|-
| woman || tɔ
|-
| water || ani
|-
| stone || bitɔ
|-
| road, path || ti
|-
| eat || muniʌren
|-
| one || otutu
|-
| two || tinʌnʌ
|}
Affixes
Busa subject agreement affixes are:
{|
|+ Busa subject agreement affixes
! !! sg !! pl
|-
! 1
| ma- || ma-
|-
! 2
| a- || a-
|-
! 3
| m _r_- || m-
|-
! 3
| f || _w_-
|}
The Busa possessive suffix -ni is also found in proto-Sepik as the dative suffix *ni, as well as in Ama, a Left May language.
References
External links
Odiai language word list at TransNewGuinea.org
Unclassified languages of New Guinea
Languages of Sandaun Province
Senu River languages |
4001186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Eindhoven%20Team%20Time%20Trial | 2005 Eindhoven Team Time Trial | These are the results for the 2005 edition of the TTT Eindhoven race, won by Gerolsteiner ahead of Phonak.
General Standings
19-06-2005: Eindhoven, 48.6 km. (TTT)
External links
2005
2005 UCI ProTour
2005 in Dutch sport |
5396225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s%20Alliance%20for%20Democracy | People's Alliance for Democracy | The People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD) (, Phanthamit Prachachon Pheu Prachathipatai; commonly known as "Yellow Shirts") is a Thai political movement and pressure group. It was originally a coalition of protesters against Thaksin Shinawatra, the former Prime Minister of Thailand.
Its leaders included media-mogul Sondhi Limthongkul and Major General Chamlong Srimuang. The PAD was a chief player in the Thailand political crisis of 2005 to 2006, the 2008 crisis, and the Cambodian–Thai border stand-off. Its membership consisted mainly of ultra-royalist middle-class and working-class Bangkok residents and anti-Thaksin Southerners, supported by some factions of the Thai Army, some leaders of Democrat Party, and the members of the state-enterprise labor unions.
Name
The movement is also called the National Liberation Alliance (กลุ่มพันธมิตรกู้ชาติ, Klum Phanthamit Ku Chat), the Thai Patriots Network, or more commonly the Yellow Shirts (, Suea Lueang).
General information
The PAD was formed to lead demonstrations against the government of Thaksin Shinawatra, whom they accused of being anti-monarchy. Two days after a military junta's 2006 military coup overthrew Thaksin's interim government (between elections), the PAD voluntarily dissolved after announcing its goals had been accomplished. The PAD re-established itself after Thaksin-affiliated parties, led by Samak Sundaravej's People's Power Party (PPP), won a plurality in the 2007 general election. In May 2008, PAD again began street protests and in August seized Government House to pressure Samak's coalition government to resign. PAD supporters also seized airports in Phuket, Krabi, and Hat Yai and blocked major roads and highways. Sympathetic state-enterprise labour unions assisted by stopping train services across the kingdom and threatened to shut off electricity and water services to non-PAD supporters. Armed PAD forces "Srivichai Warriors" seized a government television broadcaster as well as several government ministries. Violence between PAD supporters and anti-PAD protesters left dozens injured and one PAD protester dead. Wealthy PAD supporters threatened a bank run that could destabilize the Thai financial system if the Samak government did not resign.
PAD's protests escalated after the Constitutional Court found Samak guilty of violating a law which prohibits government ministers from receiving a salary from another job. PAD forces surrounded Parliament and used razor wire barricades to prevent the legislature from meeting to hear Samak's replacement, Thaksin's brother-in-law Somchai Wongsawat, formally announce his policies. Police used force to disperse the protesters, resulting in hundreds of serious injuries and the death of a young woman, all caused by the explosions of Chinese-made tear gas grenades, which the poorly trained police fired directly at the protesters. As a result, the PAD formally renounced non-violence and vowed bloody revenge. In November, the PAD blockaded Parliament prior to a crucial legislative session, used hijacked public buses to take control of the government's provisional offices at Don Mueang International Airport, and seized control of Suvarnabhumi International Airport. The PAD also threatened to lay siege to the seaports of the Eastern Seaboard. The PAD's sieges and protests ended after the Constitutional Court dissolved the PPP, banned its leaders from politics, and Army Commander Anuphong Phaochinda pressured many PPP MPs to defect to the Democrat Party and elect Abhisit Vejjajiva as Premier. PAD activist Kasit Piromya was appointed Foreign Minister in the new government.
The PAD called en masse for the resignations of Thaksin, Samak Sundaravej, and Somchai Wongsawat, whom the PAD accused of being proxies for Thaksin. Sondhi originally proposed Somchai as an acceptable alternative to Samak. However, when Somchai replaced Samak, the PAD refused to stop its protests, noting that Somchai is Thaksin's brother-in-law. At the height of the sieges, the PAD openly stated that the only person they would accept as premier was Abhisit. PAD leader Khamnoon Sitthisamarn called Abhisit's premiership a "genuine PAD victory" and a "Anuphong-style coup d'état".
Citing the claimed failure of popular democracy in Thailand, the PAD has suggested constitutional amendments that would make parliament a largely royally appointed body. It was strongly opposed to Thaksin's populist economic policies and attempts to decentralize political power. The Asian Human Rights Commission has noted of the PAD and their agenda that, "although they may not describe themselves as fascist, have fascist qualities." The PAD is largely composed of royalists, has regularly invoked king Bhumibol Adulyadej in its protests, and has claimed that its enemies are disloyal to the monarchy. It has openly called for the military and Thailand's traditional elite to take a greater role in politics. The PAD is fiercely anti-Cambodian, with PAD leader and Foreign Minister Kasit Piromya calling Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen a "gangster" or "tramp", "deranged", and speculated that he was a "slave" of Thaksin.
Origins and leadership
The People's Alliance for Democracy had its source in weekly public tapings of Sondhi Limthongkul's weekly political talk show 'Muang Thai Rai Sapda' (Thailand Weekly). Attendance grew after the talkshow was dropped by MCOT Channel 9 and Sondhi started webcasting the show on his website. As the tone grew more controversial, the tapings gradually turned into protests against the government. The PAD was formally established on February 8, 2006, after Thaksin's family sold shares in Shin Corp to Temasek Holdings. The PAD saw the transactions as a proof of a conflict of interest.
The central committee of the PAD consisted of:
Media mogul Sondhi Limthongkul
Major General Chamlong Srimuang, former governor of Bangkok, leader of the Palang Dharma Party, spokesman of the Confederation for Democracy (1992 oppositional movement)
Activist Phiphob Thongchai (Campaign for Popular Democracy)
State enterprise labor union leader Somsak Kosaisuuk, former spokesman of the Confederation for Democracy
University lecturer Somkiat Pongpaiboon, activist of the Assembly of the Poor
Besides the five leaders, ten others form the PAD management committee: Pitaya Wongkul, Rewadee Prasertcharoensuuk, Rosana Tositrakul, Chaiwat Sindhuwong, Preeda Tiasuwan, Sirichai Maingam, Suwit Watnuu, Kochawan Chaiyabut, Weerapol Sopa, Ouychai Wata.
Other leaders include Khamnoon Sitthisaman and Campaign for Popular Democracy leader Suriyasai Katasila. Several current and former employees of Sondhi played a role, including Panthep Puapongbhant, Samran Rodpetch, Kumnuun Sidhisamann, Sarocha Pornudomsak, Anchalee Paireerak, Yuthayong Limlertwatee, and Torpong Sewatarm.
Supporters
PAD protesters initially consisted mostly of middle to upper-class residents of Bangkok. These included prominent socialites (dubbed the "Blue Blood Jet Set" by the Bangkok Post) and some little known minor members of the Thai royal family. The PAD's support base has since expanded to include civil servants, state enterprise labor unions, the urban middle-class of other cities, conservative Buddhist groups, Southerners and the so-called "elite". Except for the South, PAD has mainly urban support in contrast to Thaksin, whose base has been essentially rural.
Buddhist groups supporting the PAD include the Santi Asoke sect and their "Dharma Army" (led by Thaksin's former mentor Chamlong Srimuang).
General Pathompong Kesornsuk, a close aid of Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda, appeared in full uniform at PAD protests and urged his fellow soldiers to follow suit. The Army openly ignored government orders to evict the PAD from Government House, Don Muang Airport, and Suvarnabhumi Airport. Former Army Commander Anupong Paochinda publicly called for the government to resign several times, though he also asked the PAD to leave the airports.
The PAD dress in yellow, the royal color, and claim they are defending King Bhumibol Adulyadej and the monarchy against the alleged disloyalty of Thaksin. Bhumibol has remained completely neutral, though Queen Sirikit did attend the cremation of a young PAD woman killed by a police grenade at a protest and described her as a "good girl" and a "protector of the monarchy and the country". However, HRH Princess Sirindhorn, when asked at a US press conference if she thought the PAD was acting on behalf of the monarchy, replied: "I don't think so. They do things for themselves."
In the past, many PAD members received financial support from their leader, Sondhi Limthongkul.
Political Proposals
The PAD state they stand for honest politics, promoting justice and the rule of law, while fighting against corruption among politicians and civil servants. They also claim to be upholding the constitutional monarchy and oppose those they view as wanting to change the monarchy's status. Two days after the 2006 Thailand coup, the PAD voluntarily disbanded after announcing its goals had been accomplished.
"Representative democracy is not suitable for Thailand," commented Sondhi Limthongkul, claiming the electoral system has repeatedly elected corrupt, populist governments. To correct this, the PAD proposed what it called "New Politics" and on June 2, 2009 founded the New Politics Party. Although most of its leaders supported, and in some cases helped draft the post-coup 2007 Constitution, the PAD proposed constitutional amendments that would make 70% of MPs appointed, based on professional groups, with elections choosing only 30%. On 21 September, the PAD changed its formula to 100% elections, but with 50% of Parliament voted for by geographic area and the rest voted for by occupational representatives.
Nationalism
The PAD has been described as "hyper-nationalist" and is strongly opposed to what it claims are infringements upon the national sovereignty of Thailand.
It opposed the Samak government's decision to support the Cambodian government's unilateral application for the listing of Preah Vihear Temple as a World Heritage site, since land next to the temple is still in dispute. PAD charged the PPP-led cabinet with helping Thaksin Shinawatra to make large profits with Cambodia by using this agreement as an exchange. It also called for Thai investors to withdraw from Cambodia, the closure of all 40 Thai-Cambodian border checkpoints, a ban on all flights from Thailand to Phnom Penh and Siam Reap, the construction of a naval base at Koh Kut near the border, and abolishing the committee which oversees demarcation of overlapping sea areas and a unilateral declaration of a Thai marine map.
Government System Proposals
In contrast to Thaksin, who claimed he wanted to elevate Thailand to the developed world, Sondhi advocates an anti-materialistic, "reasonable society" with as little as possible consumer debt and little concern over "how many cars or washing machines" people own. The PAD favors limits on foreign investment, opposes privatization of state enterprises, and is generally skeptical of foreign investment. "Don't impose a free trade, consumer-oriented society on Thailand," noted Sondhi in an interview.
While Thaksin and Samak championed voters in rural areas and in the agricultural sector with their "dual-track" economic policies that combined populist policies such as universal healthcare with greater participation in the global economy, the PAD in contrast are hardline monetarists. They propose interest rate hikes to reduce public debt, and cutting down spending on populist welfare projects and "mega-projects".
Demand for royal intervention
Amid rising political tensions, Thaksin dissolved Parliament on 24 February 2006, just one year after being re-elected. He called for new House elections on 2 April. In March, the PAD requested the King intervene and remove Thaksin from power. The PAD claimed that royal intervention was the only possible peaceful answer to the political crisis. The King rejected the idea in a speech on April 26, saying: "Asking for a Royally appointed prime minister is undemocratic. It is, pardon me, a mess. It is irrational."
2008 Re-establishment
The People's Alliance for Democracy was re-established in Thailand on March 28, 2008 at Thammasat University auditorium. Several issues were raised by the PAD, including the Prime Minister Samak Sundaravej's ties to Thaksin Shinawatra, ties between some People's Power Party members and the banned-Thai Rak Thai party, alleged interference in the justice system, and attempts to amend the 2007 Constitution.
Among the changes proposed as constitutional amendments were the removal of Article 237, which necessitated the dissolution of a political party if one of the executives was involved in vote buying. Yongyuth Tiyapairat, People's Power Party executive who was also the Parliamentary president after the election, was being tried for vote buying. Yongyuth was later found guilty by the Supreme Court on July 8, 2008.
Several key persons involved in cases against Thaksin and the People's Power Party were removed from their posts for interfering with the justice system. This includes Sunai Manomai-udom, then Department of Special Investigation (DSI) director-general working in the case about Thaksin's asset concealment charges, Seripisut Temiyavet, then National Police chief who was installed by the coup but is well known for taking on mafias including those in the police, and Chaiwat Changkaokam, then the head of Tambon Chanchawa who was the key witness to Yongyuth Tiyapairat's alleged vote buying.
Demonstrations and street protests by PAD restarted on May 25, 2008 at Democracy Monument on Ratchadamnoen Road. The PAD supporters amassed to protest against the proposed constitutional amendments. The rally attracted ten thousand supporters. However pro-government supporters gathering nearby started attacking PAD protesters. The clash was the first between the two groups, and many were wounded on both sides. The plan was to march the supporters from Democracy Monument to the front of Government House.
However, the crowd was stopped by a large police barrier at Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge.
PAD settled at Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge and staged continuous rally there.
As the rally went on, the PAD announced their effort to collect signatures to request the removal of members of the House of Representatives and Senators who supported the amendment on May 30, 2008.
The next day Samak expressed on government-run NBT television channel his intention to dissolve the rally by force. In reaction to Samak's speech, the PAD issued announcements against the government's move.
Preah Vihear issue
PAD opposed Noppadon Pattama's move to allow Cambodia to singly apply Preah Vihear Temple as World Heritage Site.
As it lies near the Thai-Cambodia border with land surrounding the temple still under dispute, many scholars feared Thailand would lose sovereignty over the land surrounding the site and preferred the site to be listed jointly between Cambodia and Thailand. It is also claimed that the hidden motive behind them was to exchange for oil and gas concessions to Chevron.
Noppadon proceeded to sign the Thai-Cambodia Joint Communique on June 18, 2008. Thailand Administrative court issue injunction against the action on June 28
and them found the agreement to be unconstitutional on July 8, 2008.
However, UNESCO awarded World Heritage Site to Cambodia later on the same day.
Moving the PAD stage
On June 20, 2008 PAD and supporters made through police blockades and successfully gathered in front of Government House, an effort to pressure the government to resign.
Both police and PAD declared victory as violence was avoided. However, the Prime Minister was not pleased.
The new PAD stage blocked Phitsanulok and Rama V roads, causing inconvenience to schools in the area. Other problems include loud speaker noise. Teachers and parents of Ratchawinit Secondary School filed lawsuit against PAD, which PAD appealed and lost. PAD moved its stage back to Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge on July 8.
Siege of Government House
Samak Sundaravej's government was in difficulty on 10 July 2008, after Pattama, the third top official in the ruling People Power Party (PPP), resigned from his post. The deputy leader of the party Yongyut Tiyapairat was also banned from politics for 5 years, and Chiya Sasomsub was removed for illegally concealing his wife's assets. The Constitutional Court had already ruled that the entire cabinet violated the charter, and the Opposition filed a petition to impeach Noppadon Pattama. Even though the demands for Samak resignation were abundant, he remarked, "I will never resign in response to these threats. I will not dissolve the House. I will meet the king today to report what's going on." Later Samak met with King Bhumibol Adulyadej at Hua Hin palace.
A few days after, 30,000 protesters led by the People's Alliance for Democracy occupied Samak's Government House compound in central Bangkok so as to force him and his advisers to work out of a military command post. Thai riot police entered the occupied compound and delivered a court order for the eviction of protesters, but was instead abused. Chamlong Srimuang ordered 45 PAD guards to break into the main government building on Saturday. 3 regional airports remain closed and 35 trains between Bangkok and the provinces were canceled. Protesters raided the Phuket International Airport tarmac on the resort island of Phuket Province resulting to 118 flights canceled or diverted, affecting 15,000 passengers.
Widespread protests
Protesters also blocked the entrance of the airports in Krabi and Hat Yai. Police issued arrest warrants for Sondhi Limthongkul and 8 other protest leaders on charges of insurrection, conspiracy, unlawful assembly and refusing orders to disperse. Meanwhile, Gen. Anupong Paochinda stated: "The army will not stage a coup. The political crisis should be resolved by political means." Samak and the Thai Party ruling coalition called urgent parliamentary debate and session for August 31.
Clash between PAD and Anti-PAD
On 31 August, Metropolitan Police chief Pol Lt Gen Asawin Kwanmuang was transferred to an inactive position. He had been in charge of handling the PAD and favored a soft approach to avoid bloodshed. The protests were then assigned to deputy police chief Pol Gen Jongrak Juthanont. PAD spokesmen expressed fear that this would lead to violence by the police against PAD.
Government House as a protest site
Government House and the area around it became an open-air market during the months-long protest and seizure. The PAD put up posters with photos of a woman their security forces claimed was a prostitute because they found condoms in her purse. Mounds of garbage piled up in Government House, clothes were left to dry on the lawn, and the lack of sanitary facilities caused a stench to envelop the compound. A Khao Sod journalist claimed glass pipes that can be used for smoking methamphetamine (commonly known as "ICE") being sold near the protest site. The journalist noted that the stalls selling the pipes were attracting many potential buyers and that several people tried them out before making their purchase.
Arrest
On October 5 and 4, 2008, Chamlong Srimuang and rally organiser, Chaiwat Sinsuwongse were detained by the Thai police led by Col. Sarathon Pradit, by virtue of August 27 arrest warrant for insurrection, conspiracy, illegal assembly and refusing orders to disperse (treason) against him and 8 other protest leaders. At the Government House, Sondhi Limthongkul, however, stated demonstrations would continue: "I am warning you, the government and police, that you are putting fuel on the fire. Once you arrest me, thousands of people will tear you apart." Srimuang's wife, Ying Siriluck, visited him at the Border Patrol Police Region 1, Pathum Thani. Other PAD members still wanted by police include Sondhi, activist MP Somkiat Pongpaibul and PAD leaders Somsak Kosaisuk and Pibhop Dhongchai.
Closing off Parliament
In early October, PAD leader Chamlong Srimuang left the protest site to vote in the Bangkok governor elections. He was arrested by police after he left the voting booth and did not request bail. Fellow PAD leader Pallop Pinmanee noted that Chamlong intended to be arrested in order to increase attendance at the PAD's protests.
Thousands of PAD forces soon surrounded Parliament to prevent the Somchai government from announcing its policies to the legislature within 15 days of swearing in, as mandated by the Constitution. A police loudspeaker lorry ordered protesters to disperse and warned that teargas would be fired. At 6.00 am, 7 October 2008, police at Ratchawithi Road and Pichai Road shot a barrage of teargas grenades. Police clashed with protesters. Many were injured on both sides. Police made no effort to negotiate with the anti-government protesters. Eventually the doors to Parliament could be opened for the attending legislators. PAD forces later regrouped around Parliament and again blocked the gates. After the government had made its policy statement to the legislature, police again clashed with PAD forces so that the legislators could leave the building. Clashes continued into the night.
Several protesters lost hands and legs, although at first it was not clear if these injuries were caused by tear gas canisters or the 'ping-pong' bombs which are explosives housed in ping-pong sized plastic balls. Director of the Central Institute of Forensic Science Pornthip Rojanasunand used the GT200 explosive detection device to try to identify explosive residue on the protesters; not finding any, she concluded that faulty Chinese-made tear gas grenades had caused the injuries. A PAD protester, Miss Angkhana Radappanyawut, was killed. Dr.Pornthip stated unequivocally that her death was caused by the explosion of a tear gas canister directly striking the victim's body. She also stated that there was no need to conduct further investigations into the death and injuries of protesters because it was clear they were caused by police weapons.
Afterwards, doctors from many major hospitals issued a statement, calling the counterattack by the Prime Minister and police unnecessary "brutality", and refusing to provide medical care to the police. The doctors claimed that many field rescue workers, including doctors and nurses, had also been attacked, and some were wounded. Doctor Suthep Kolcharnwit of the Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Medicine, with several doctors from Chulalongkorn Hospital, also refused to provide medical care to policemen injured in the clash, and urged doctors of other hospitals to boycott the police as well, though his actions were later disowned by the hospital and a case against him was filed with the Medical Council's ethics committee.
PAD vowed to file charges against the government and police.
On 8 October, Queen Sirikit attended the cremation of one of the young PAD woman who had been killed.
Seizure of Suvarnabhumi International Airport
Seizing the airport
On the evening of Tuesday 25 November 2008, the PAD executed what they called "Operation Hiroshima." A convoy of hundreds of PAD members dressed in yellow blocked the two ends of the road in front of the terminal building of Suvarnabhumi International Airport and blockaded the main road to the airport. The airport is Bangkok's main airport and an important regional hub. PAD forces quickly overpowered hundreds of policemen armed with riot gear. PAD leaders mounted a mobile stage and proceeded to criticize the government. All Suvarnabhumi flights were soon canceled, leaving thousands of travelers stranded in the airport.
The government called on the Royal Thai Army to restore order at the airport. The Army did not follow the orders. In a press conference on 26 November, Army Commander General Anupong Paochinda proposed that the PAD withdraw from the airport and that the government resign. He also proposed that if the PAD did not comply, that they be subject to "social sanctions", whereas if the government did not comply, that the bureaucracy stop implementing government orders. A written copy of the proposal was sent to the government. Neither the PAD nor the government complied with the proposal.
At 4:30 AM on the morning of 26 November, three explosions were heard on the fourth floor of Suvarnbumi on the outside of the passenger terminal. Another explosion was reported at 6 AM. Several people were injured. It was not clear who set off the explosions. The PAD did not allow the police or forensics experts to investigate the explosions.
The PAD became the de facto authority over the airport and the airplanes within it. Airports of Thailand, which planned to use U-Tapao military airbase outside of Bangkok as a replacement for Suvarnabhumi, pleaded with PAD leadership to release nearly a hundred empty aircraft from Suvarnabhumi.
Attempts to evict the PAD
Also on 26 November, the Civil Court issued an injunction ordering the PAD to leave the Suvarnabhumi International Airport immediately. Notices of the injunction were placed on the front doors of the houses of the 13 PAD leaders. The PAD did not comply with the injunction.
On the evening of 27 November, the government declared a state of emergency around the two occupied airports and ordered police to clear out PAD forces. The state of emergency allowed the military to ban public gatherings of more than five people. The Navy was assigned to aid police at Suvarnabhumi, while the Air Force was assigned to aid police at Don Muang. The Army's spokesman noted, "The army disagrees with using troops to resolve the problem. The army does not want to do that, and it is not appropriate to do that."
The PAD was defiant. PAD leader Suriyasai Katasila announced that the PAD would fight off police. "If the government wants to clear the protesters, let it try. The PAD will protect all locations because we are using our rights to demonstrate peacefully without causing damages to state properties or rioting," Suriyasai said. Suriyasai also threatened to use human shields if police attempted to disperse the PAD. Human shields of 300-400 women were assigned to physically surround each PAD leader. Foreign journalists reported that the PAD was paying people to join them at the airport, with extra payment being given to parents bringing babies and children.
On the morning of 28 November, PAD leader Chamlong Srimuang announced to PAD forces that he had received a call from an unspecified "senior person" (ผู้ใหญ่ท่านหนึ่ง) telling him to end the rallies. But he refused to do what the senior person told him. "For the past 108 days, the Alliance has protested together under hardship, while another group of people has remained in comfort. They can't just suddenly ask us to stop protesting," he told the assembled forces. Addressing supporters on ASTV, Sondhi said, "If we have to die today, I am willing to die. This is a fight for dignity."
Police manned checkpoints on roads leading to the airport. At one checkpoint, police found 15 home-made guns, an axe and other weapons in a Dharma Army six-wheel truck taking 20 protesters to Suvarnabhumi airport. Another checkpoint found an Uzi submachine gun, homemade guns, ammunition, sling shots, bullet-proof vests and metal rods. The vehicle had the universally recognised Red Cross signs on its exterior to give the impression it was being used for medical emergencies. At another checkpoint, about 2 kilometers from the airport, was attacked by armed PAD forces in vehicles, causing the police to withdraw. Police Senior Sgt Maj Sompop Nathee, an officer from the Border Patrol Police Region 1, later returned to the scene of the clash and was detained by PAD forces. He was interrogated by Samran Rodphet, a PAD leader, and then detained inside the airport. Reporters and photographers tried to follow Sompop to his interrogation, but PAD forces did not allow them. PAD supporters were moved from Government House to the airport.
The airport remained closed due to the PAD seizure as of 2 December. With the exception of one airplane leaving for the Hajj, no flights were allowed. The PAD has been apologetic to inconvenienced foreigners in the airports and offered them food.
End of the siege
Shortly after the Constitutional Court dissolved the three parties of the government coalition on 2 December 2008, the PAD held a press conference where they announced that they were ending all of their protests as of 10 AM on 3 December 2008. "We have won a victory and achieved our aims," said Sondhi Limthongkul.
Views on the siege
Democrat Party MP for Sukhothai, Samphan Benchaphon, said of the airport seizure that the PAD "have the right to do it." Democrat Party MP for Bangkok, Thawil Praison, said that the PAD "could seize the airport and doing so is not excessive. The entire world understands that this is a normal matter in the struggle of democratic countries."
The governments of China, France, Italy, Germany, New Zealand, Singapore, Britain, the United States, Australia and Japan warned their citizens to avoid Thailand and steer clear of protesters at the airport.
The European Union urged the protesters to peacefully leave the airports. EU ambassadors to Thailand write in a joint statement that the demonstrators are hurting Thailand's image and economy, continuing "While respecting the right of protesting and without interfering in any way with the internal political debate in Thailand, the EU considers that these actions are totally inappropriate".
US State Department spokesman Gordon Duguid said that occupying the airports was "not an appropriate means of protest" and that the PAD should "walk away from the airports peacefully."
Closure of Bangkok Don Muang Airport
On the night of 26 November 2008, the services at the Don Mueang Airport were stopped after the People's Alliance for Democracy seized control of the domestic passenger terminal.
A bomb exploded near a bunker made of tyres near the main entrance to the passenger terminal at Don Muang Airport at 3:55 AM on 30 November. Before the explosion occurred, about 7 gunshots were heard from the direction of a warehouse deeper inside the airport compound. No one was injured in the explosion. It was not clear who or what set the bomb off.
A plainclothes policewoman at the airport was identified and captured by PAD security forces and forced onto the main PAD stage inside the airport. Angry PAD protesters threw water at her and many tried to hit her. She was eventually allowed to leave the airport.
Flights from Don Mueang Airport began again on 5 December.
2009 unrest
Pattaya
In March 2009, Thaksin Shinawatra claimed via video broadcast that Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda masterminded the 2006 military coup, and that Prem and fellow Privy Councilor members Surayud Chulanont and Chanchai Likhitjittha conspired with the military and PAD to ensure that Abhisit became Premier. Although Abhisit denied the accusations, thousands protested in Bangkok early April demanding that Abhisit resign from the Premiership and that Prem, Surayud, and Chanchai resign from the Privy Council.
The protests, led by the red-shirted National United Front of Democracy Against Dictatorship (UDD) expanded to Pattaya, causing the Fourth East Asia Summit to be canceled and a state of emergency to be declared in the region. The PAD issued a statement demanding that Abhisit dismiss Deputy Prime Minister in charge of security Suthep Thaugsuban, Defence Minister Gen. Prawit Wongsuwan, and Thailand's army, navy and police chiefs immediately for failed to contain the UDD protesters. PAD leader Chamlong Srimuang told a press conference that if the government could not help the country, the PAD would "come out."
Bangkok
As the week-long Songkran (Thai New Year) holiday began, protests escalated in Bangkok. Fighting erupted between anti-government protesters, PAD members, and the general population. At a demonstration in front of Prem's residence, a PAD supporter plunged her car into a crowd of UDD protesters before driving away. Abhisit declared a state of emergency for Bangkok and surrounding areas and denounced the anti-government protesters as "national enemies".
In a pre-dawn raid on Monday April 13, Thai soldiers in full combat kit fired live rounds and training rounds from automatic weapons to clear protesters from the Din Daeng intersection near the Victory Monument in central Bangkok, injuring at least 70 people. Violent clashes at numerous locations in Bangkok continued while arrest warrants were issued for Thaksin and 13 protest leaders. Surrounded by the military, many protest leaders eventually gave in to police on 14 April 2009, ending the violence.
Shooting of Sondhi Limthongkul
Days after the Bangkok unrest was quelled by military forces, gunmen ambushed Sondhi's car at a petrol station, shot out the tires, and fired over 100 M-16 and AK-47 assault rifle rounds at the car. Sondhi suffered one wound to the head and was conscious, standing, and lucid before being sent to the hospital for surgery. Sondhi survived the surgery and was visited by relatives afterwards. It was not clear who ordered the shooting, although the PAD's spokesman speculated that a faction of the military or police could have been behind it.
2005-2009 media
2005–2006
The PAD is supported by the Sondhi Limthongkul-owned Manager Media Group, including Manager Daily newspaper and the ASTV satellite television channel. Sondhi had originally co-hosted a political talk show called Muangthai Raisabdah on MCOT's Channel 9. Sondhi's pro-Thaksin views (in a 23 September 2003 broadcast, he noted that Thaksin was "the best prime minister our country has ever had.") started changing in 2004 after the government fired Sondhi's banker, Viroj Nualkhair, from Krung Thai Bank for incurring too many bad debts. In September 2005, Sondhi allegedly made repeated disrespectful on-air references to King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Among these references was a claim that the government's 2004 appointment of Somdet Phra Buddhacharya as acting Supreme Patriarch of Thailand in place of the critically ill Somdet Phra Yanasangworn contravened the prerogative of the King. After discussions with King's principal private secretary, Arsa Sarasin, MCOT executives cancelled the program. Sondhi took his increasingly anti-Thaksin talkshow on the road, broadcasting via satellite (through his NEWS1 ASTV channel based out of Hong Kong) and webcasting via the website of his Manager Daily newspaper. Talkshow sites, including Sanam Luang and the King Rama V equestrian statue, became magnets for the PAD crowds.
After the 2006 military coup, the military junta ordered broadcaster MCOT to cover weekly tapings of Muangthai Raisabdah. Sondhi was also given a slot on the junta-run National Broadcasting Service of Thailand's Channel 11 where he hosted Yam Fao Paendin, a pro-junta, anti-Thaksin talkshow which made accusations of excessive government spending at Suvarnabhumi Airport.
2008
During the 2008 political crisis, armed masked PAD forces broke into the government-owned National Broadcasting Service of Thailand and seized control of the television station. The television broadcast of the morning news program briefly showed pictures of PAD forces breaking into the gates of the station before blacking out for several hours. NBT employees were threatened with violence and forced out of the station. Police eventually regained control of the building and arrested 80 of the raiders, seizing guns, knives, golf clubs, and drugs. The raiders were charged with causing damage to public property and illegal possession of weapons and drugs. Later in the same day, hundreds of hundreds of PAD members, led by Amorn Amornrattananon, again seized the NBST station. Police eventually regained control of the station. The Southeast Asian Press Alliance and the Thai Journalists Association condemned what it called the "mob attack" on the station, and noted that the unjustifiable and went against the principles of democracy, free flow of information, and fair play that the PAD themselves have claimed to justify their illegal act.
Journalists at PAD-controlled Government House reported that they were intimidated, pelted with water bottles, and attacked with a metal pipe. The Nation a journalist reported that PAD leaders incited hostility towards outsiders, particularly journalists. Channel 9 news crew were attacked after the PAD claimed their news reporting was biased toward government. The PAD limited media access to Government House claiming that the media might be undercover policemen or anti-PAD groups in disguise.
A photographer from the Thai-language newspaper Thai Rath was attacked by PAD security forces after he took photos of them beating a man at Don Muang airport. PAD security forces also stopped reporters and photographers from covering the detention capture of Sompop Nathee, a captured policeman, at Suvarnabhumi airport.
A TNN television truck was repeatedly shot at by PAD security forces while lost in PAD-controlled Don Muang airport. Phanumart Jaihork, a TNN relay controller, said his truck came under heavy gunfire even though it carried the logos of the company and TV station on its sides and a microwave transmitter in its bed.
After 2009 protests
On June the second 2009, the PAD formed a political party called New Politics Party or NPP. This party split into two factions in 2011. It holds no seats in the parliament.
Many important PAD leaders have been involved in the 2013-14 protests against the government of Thaksin's sister, Yingluck Shinawatra. The group renamed itself the "People's Movement to Overthrow the Thaksin Regime" () and is a key member of the People's Democratic Reform Committee (PDRC). Leaders Sondhi Limthongkul, Chamlong Srimuang and others were indicted on December 27, 2012 for storming the prime minister's office compound and sealing off Parliament during the massive anti-government rallies in 2008.
See also
2010 Thai political protests
Politics of Thailand
Sale of Shin Corporation to Temasek Holdings
April 2006 Thai general election
October 2006 Thai general election
References
Literature
External links
Manager Online (website of a news group close to the PAD)
People's Alliance for Democracy - Personal Blog
AntiThaksin - People's Alliance for Democracy
Political advocacy groups in Thailand
Political history of Thailand
2005 establishments in Thailand
Far-right politics in Thailand
Fascism in Thailand
Network monarchy |
4001199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulka%20language | Sulka language | Sulka is a language isolate of New Britain, Papua New Guinea. In 1991, there were 2,500 speakers in eastern Pomio District, East New Britain Province. Villages include Guma () in East Pomio Rural LLG. With such a low population of speakers, this language is considered to be endangered. Sulka speakers had originally migrated to East New Britain from New Ireland.
Classification
Sulka may be described as having ancient Papuan (non-Austronesian) roots, which additionally displays morphosyntactic constructions and some vocabulary items associated with the Oceanic branch of Austronesian (i.e. languages of the St. George linkage such as Mali). Alternatively, it has been proposed as possibly related to Kol or Baining as part of the East Papuan proposal, but Palmer (2018) treats Sulka as a language isolate.
Sulka has some influence from the Mengen language.
Over 3,000 to 3,500 years ago, the linguistic ancestors of Sulka speakers arrived in the Papua New Guinea area.
History
Although the history of the language is not well known, it may display a mixture of Oceanic and Papuan language traits. These are languages Sulka came into contact with, when the peoples speaking these other languages populated the area in neighboring villages, around 3,200 years ago.
Geographic Distribution
Sulka is spoken along the coastal region of Wide Bay, on the Southern coast of the Gazelle Peninsula, on the eastern side of New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea. Some estimate speakers to number as high as between 3,000 and 3,500. Reesink (2005) reports on some Sulka speakers who have intermingled in neighboring villages with speakers of other languages such as Mali, southeast of Kokopo.
Phonology
Consonants
The phonological system of Sulka comprises 28 contrasting segments, fourteen consonants, and seven vowels. On the topic of consonants, there is no recent evidence to support contrast between [b] and [β], therefore they're assumed to be allophones and are represented in the table of consonants as [β] only.
Sulka consonants are:
Vowels
For its vowels, Sulka has a contrast between three front vowels: high, mid, and low, [i], [e], and [ε], but there is no instance of the central high vowel [ɨ]. However, when it comes to vocalic contrasts, it is not always clear. The mid front vowel may fluctuate somewhere between close-mid [e] and the more central-close vowel [ɪ], pronounced like English i in 'in'. The sounds [o] and [u] often fluctuate with each other as in the example of '1SG verbal pronoun' [ku] and [ko]. This pattern of fluctuation seems to commonly occur for high front vowels. When looking at the length of vowels, long vowels are often confused with diphthongs.
The seven vowel sounds can be found in the following words:
The words below contain closed syllables which are the only attested words showing that syllable length is phonemic:
Lexicon
A great majority of Sulka's lexicon is not Oceanic/Austronesian as stated by Schneider. However, there are a few words that are shared between both Papuan and Oceanic.
Examples from Geelvink (2005):
pun 'base', as in a ho ka pun 'the tree its base', reflects POC . Laufer (1955:42) gives Mengen pun ~ Gunantuna (= Tolai) vuna as evidence for the presence of Mengen speakers along the Wide Bay before Sulka speakers arrived from South New Ireland. But Sulka pun is not a recent Mengen loan. Rath (1986, ex. 324) gives bega pu-na for 'tree base-3SG.POSS'.
nut 'island' ~ POC *nusa, with reflexes such as nui in NNG and nua in PT, nuta in Southeast Solomonic (Ross, Pawley, and Osmond 2003:42).
kus 'rain' appears to reflect POC *qusan (Ross, Pawley, and Osmond 2003:141); with kue as reflex in Mengen (Poeng dialect).
kopoi 'fog' ~ POC ; *kopu (Ross, Pawley, and Osmond 2003:140).
malo 'skirt made of bark from the breadfruit tree'. The Sulka form is identical to the one found in Mengen and Kove of the North New Guinea linkage, rather than to mal as it appears in languages of the St. George linkage. Of course, it may be a recent direct borrowing from Mengen.
Nouns
Selected Sulka nouns showing singular and plural forms (Tharp 1996: 161-163):
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! singular !! plural
|-
| ‘part’ || mhe || mhetor
|-
| ‘vagina’ || kha || khator
|-
| ‘house’ || rɨk || rɨktor
|-
| ‘hole’ || nho || nhotor
|-
| ‘cliff’ || vɨk || vɨktor
|-
| ‘colorful belt’ || lɨp || lɨptor
|-
| ‘knife’ || kom || komtok
|-
| ‘water’ || yi || yitok
|-
| ‘heart’ || ngaung || ngaungtok
|-
| ‘nose’ || vorngap || vrongtok
|-
| ‘green lizard’ || gut || gɨtok
|-
| ‘song’ || kni || knituk
|-
| ‘head’ || lpek || lpetuk
|-
| ‘morning’ || rot || ruteik
|-
| ‘string bag’ || psang || vasngeik
|-
| ‘family’ || valngan || valngneik
|-
| ‘charcoal’ || valang || valngeik
|-
| ‘finger nail’ || pga || pgeik
|-
| ‘small garden plot’ || sar || sareik
|-
| ‘vein’ || spang || sapngeik
|-
| ‘shoulder’ || volha || volheik
|-
| ‘sky’ || volkha || volkheik
|-
| ‘mountain’ || vul || vleik
|-
| ‘container’ || kolhi || kolheik
|-
| ‘wild pitpit’ || ngaiphe || ngaiphol
|-
| ‘snake’ || vim || vimol
|-
| ‘bat’ || viɨng || viɨngol
|-
| ‘disciplining stick’ || khap || khapol
|-
| ‘fruit’ || mit || mitol
|-
| ‘mushroom’ || tling || tinngol
|-
| ‘fish’ || slang || sinngol
|-
| ‘meat’ || vothek || vothol
|-
| ‘place’ || ngaekam || ngaekmol
|-
| ‘roof of mouth’ || kning || kningol
|-
| ‘reed’ || psiɨng || psiɨngol
|-
| ‘bird’ || ngaining || iningol
|-
| ‘edge’ || ngaiting || itngol
|-
| ‘monster’ || ngainkuo || inkuol
|-
| ‘sister’s brother’ || lu || rlok
|-
| ‘mountain’ || vul || vlik
|-
| ‘coconut leaf’ || kriar || kerik
|-
| ‘forehead’ || lein || leinik
|-
| ‘kina shell’ || ngaek || igik
|-
| ‘fetish’ || tarmek || tarmki
|-
| ‘lobster’ || hivotek || hivotgi
|-
| ‘coss-buai’ || rongtep || rongtvi
|-
| ‘root’ || kavgot || kvukti
|-
| ‘lake’ || ngaenker || enekri
|-
| ‘lime’ || ngaiker || ikri
|-
| ‘anger’ || ngaesik || resik
|-
| ‘ear’ || ngaela || rela
|-
| ‘door’ || ngaegot || relot
|-
| ‘job’ || ngaeha || reha
|-
| ‘wing’ || ngaeho || reho
|-
| ‘road’ || ngaelot || relot
|-
| ‘sound’ || ngaeti || reti
|-
| ‘type of kaukau’ || ngoye || roye
|-
| ‘brawl’ || ngaus || raus
|-
| ‘brother’s brother’ || nopia || rnopeik
|-
| ‘father’s daughter’ || kvɨk || rkvɨk
|-
| ‘father’s father’ || poi || rpoik
|-
| ‘sister’s brother’ || lu || rlok
|-
| ‘brother’s sister’ || etem || rotmik
|-
| ‘father’s son’ || hal || rhol
|-
| ‘reef’ || kamngal || komngol
|-
| ‘tree’ || ho || hi
|-
| ‘skin’ || ptaik || ptek
|-
| ‘hair’ || ngiris || ngɨris
|-
| ‘grass skirt’ || nhep || nhek
|-
| ‘blood’ || ɨndiɨl || ɨriɨl
|-
| ‘yam’ || tou || sngu
|-
| ‘coconut’ || ksiɨ || ges
|-
| ‘speech’ || rere || rhek
|-
| ‘shell money’ || pek || kirpik
|-
| ‘ground’ || mmie || marhok
|-
| ‘person’ || mhel || mia
|-
| ‘road’ || ngaelaut || nghek
|}
Verb Structure
{|
! |||Free!!Perfective Realis!!Future Irrealis
|-
!1SG
|dok||ko-~ku-||
|-
!2SG
|yen||i-||
|-
!3SG
|ëën||t-||
|-
!1PL
|mor||ngo-t-||
|-
!2PL
|muk||mu-tu||
|-
!3PL
|mar||nga-t-||
|-
!1DU
|muo||mo-t-||
|-
!2DU
|moe||më-t-||
|-
!3DU
|men||men-t-ngen-t||
|}
Basic verb phrases are similar to Oceanic languages. For a typical Austronesian sentence structure, it follows the Subject Verb Object word order whereas Papuan follows a Subject Object Verb word order. Free pronouns mainly act as verbal or prepositional object. Instead of having the bilabial nasal found on the free pronouns, first and third person plural have an initial velar. Additionally, the basic verb phrase consists of a subject proclitic indicating both subject person/number and aspect/mood. This is followed by one or more verbs, a (pro)nominal object where necessary, and optional oblique constituents.
According to Reesink (2005), the most common future form he recorded was the same one identified previously. He cites this work by Schneider (1942:323) where this form was named a separate modal particle .
Habitual aspect and conditional mood utilize the same forms as the irrealis, both for 1SG and 2SG. In contrast, all of the other forms have more in common with the future pronouns because they also lack 3SG -t. Below, see examples of the habitual and the conditional, respectively:
Masculine/Feminine
Most Papuan languages have masculine and feminine distinctions. However, the Sulka language does not follow this rule. As for the Austronesian languages, where they have inclusive and exclusive opposition in nonsingular first person, Sulka does not follow them either (Sulka of East New Britain: A Mixture of Oceanic and Papuan Traits, Reesink, 2005). As stated by Reesink, "There is not even a third person differentiation between feminine and masculine genders".
Papuan vs Austronesian
{|
! !!Austronesian!!Papuan
|-
!Word Order
|SVO and prepositions||
|-
!Phonology
|Phonemic inventory resembles Mengen phonemic contrast [l] and [r]||Resembles Kol (almost) all consonants occur word-finally many consonant clusters
|-
!Lexicon
| ||Lacks typical AN lexicon
|-
!Verb Morphology
|Mood: realis vs irrealis as portmanteau with subject proclitics sequential ka||
|-
!Valency Changing Devices
| ||Transitivizing suffix no causative prefix *pa(ka) no reciprocal *paRi stem change for object number
|-
!Pronominal System
|Lacks gender on 3SG||Lacks INCL/EXCL on 1 NONSG
|-
!Nominal Constituent
|Prenominal articles/demonstratives||
|-
!Plural Formation
| ||Plural formation with irregular forms, some of which are possibly cognate with Kol, Kuot, and Lavukaleve
|-
!Adjectives
|Attributive adjective=nominalized form||
|-
!Possessive Constructions
| ||Possessor is prefixed to possessed item no POSS suffix on inalienables
|-
!Counting System
| ||Quinary
|-
!Deictic Elements
|Some cognates with Tolai||
|-
!Social Organization
|Moieties with clans resembling Mengen matrilineal||
|}
Further reading
Schneider, Joseph. 1962. Grammatik der Sulka-Sprache (Neubritannien). Posieux: Anthropos-Institut.
References
Foley, William A. The Papuan Languages of New Guinea. Cambridge Univ. Press, 1986.
East Papuan languages
Language isolates of New Guinea
Languages of East New Britain Province |
5396226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Programming%20Languages%20%28conference%29 | History of Programming Languages (conference) | History of Programming Languages (HOPL) is an infrequent ACM SIGPLAN conference. Past conferences were held in 1978, 1993, and 2007. The fourth conference was originally intended to take place in June 2020, but was postponed to 2021.
HOPL I
HOPL I was held June 1 – 3, 1978 in Los Angeles, California. Jean E. Sammet was both the general and program committee chair. John A. N. Lee was the administrative chair. Richard L. Wexelblat was the proceedings chair. From Sammet's introduction: The HOPL Conference "is intended to consider the technical factors which influenced the development of certain selected programming languages." The languages and presentations in the first HOPL were by invitation of the program committee. The invited languages must have been created and in use by 1967. They also must have remained in use in 1977. Finally, they must have had considerable influence on the field of computing.
The papers and presentations went through extensive review by the program committee (and revisions by the authors), far beyond the norm for conferences and commensurate with some of the best journals in the field.
Preprints of the proceedings were published in SIGPLAN Notices (volume 13, issue 8, August 1978). The final proceedings, including transcripts of question and answer sessions, was published as a book in the ACM Monograph Series: History of Programming Languages, edited by Wexelblat (Academic press, 1981).
HOPL II
HOPL II was held April 20–23, 1993 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. John A.N. Lee was the conference chair and Sammet again was the program chair. In contrast to HOPL I, HOPL II included both invited papers and papers submitted in response to an open call. The scope also expanded. Where HOPL I had only papers on the early history of languages, HOPL II solicited contributions on:
early history of specific languages,
evolution of a language,
history of language features and concepts, and
classes of languages for application-oriented languages and paradigm-oriented languages.
The submitted and invited languages must have been documented by 1982. They also must have been in use or taught by 1985.
As in HOPL I, there was a rigorous multi-stage review and revision process.
Preprints of the proceedings were published in SIGPLAN Notices (volume 28, issue 3, March 1993). The final proceedings, including copies of the presentations and transcripts of question and answer sessions, was published as the ACM Press book: History of Programming Languages, edited by Thomas J. Bergin and Richard G. Gibson (Addison Wesley, 1996).
HOPL III
HOPL III was held June 9–10, 2007 in San Diego, California. Brent Hailpern and Barbara G. Ryder were the conference co-chairs. HOPL III had an open call for participation and asked for papers on either the early history or the evolution of programming languages. The languages must have come into existence before 1996 and been widely used since 1998, either commercially or within a specific domain. Research languages that had a great influence on subsequent programming languages were also candidates for submission.
As with HOPL I and HOPL II, the papers were managed with a multiple stage review/revision process.
The HOPL III programming languages can be broadly categorized into five classes (or paradigms): Object-Oriented (Modula-2, Oberon, C++, Self, Emerald, and BETA), Functional (Haskell), Scripting (AppleScript, Lua), Reactive (Erlang, StateCharts), and Parallel (ZPL, High Performance Fortran). Each HOPL III paper describes the perspective of the creators of the language.
HOPL IV
HOPL IV was to be held June 14–16, 2020 in London, United Kingdom, but was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The conference co-chairs were Guy L. Steele Jr. and Richard P. Gabriel. The languages covered in this conference had to be widely adopted by 2011.
References
Further reading
External links
Official HOPL III conference website
Official HOPL IV conference website
HOPL: an interactive Roster of Programming Languages
History of Programming Languages Conference Records 1972-1993. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
A history of the history of programming languages by Thomas J. (Tim) Bergin
Association for Computing Machinery conferences
Computer science conferences
History of software
Programming languages conferences |
4001202 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenspiegel | Sachsenspiegel | The (; ; modern ; all literally "Saxon Mirror") is the most important law book and custumal of the Holy Roman Empire. Originating between 1220 and 1235 as a record of existing customary law, it was used in places until as late as 1900. It is important not only for its lasting effect on later German law but also as an early example of written prose in a German language. The Sachsenspiegel is the first comprehensive law book not in Latin, but in Middle Low German. A Latin edition is known to have existed, but only fragmented chapters remain.
History
The Sachsenspiegel was one of the first prose works written in the Middle Low German language. The original title is Sassen Speyghel, Sachsenspiegel being a later Standard German translation. It is believed to have been compiled and translated from Latin by the Saxon administrator Eike of Repgow at the behest of his liege lord Count Hoyer of Falkenstein in the years 1220 to 1235. Where the original was compiled is unclear. It was thought to have been written at Burg Falkenstein, but Peter Landau, an expert in medieval canon law, recently suggested that it may have been written at the monastery of Altzelle (now Altzella).
During the 14th century, Johannes Klenkok opposed the Sachsenspiegel with a writing known as the Decadicon because he considered several articles of the law book to contradict the Corpus Juris Canonici. Following a written debate, Klenkok turned to his former disciple, French canonist, and cardinal of the Curia in Avignon, Pierre de la Vergne. In the end, Pope Gregory XI condemned 14 articles with his papal bull Salvator Humani Generis that was issued in 1374, but this did not reduce the success of the Sachsenspiegel.
The Sachsenspiegel served as a model for law books in German (Middle High German) like the Augsburger Sachsenspiegel, the Deutschenspiegel, and the Schwabenspiegel. Its influence extended into Eastern Europe, the Netherlands, and the Baltic States.
In Prussia, the Sachsenspiegel was used until the introduction of the Allgemeines Landrecht für die preußischen Staaten in 1794. In Saxony, it was used until the introduction of the Saxon Civil Code in 1865. In Anhalt and Thuringia, the Sachsenspiegel was not replaced until the introduction of the German Civil Code in 1900. Its precedents continued to be cited as pertinent case law as recently as 1932 by the Reichsgericht (Supreme Court of the Reich) (RGZ 137, 373).
The influence of the Sachsenspiegel, or at least parallels with it, can still be found in modern German law, for instance in inheritance law and the law of neighborly relations (Nachbarrecht; e.g., nuisance, party walls, etc.).
The Sachsenspiegel contains two branches of law: common law and feudal law.
Saxon custom
Saxon customary law, or Landrecht, was the law of free people including the peasant sokemanry. It contains important rules and regulations concerning property rights, inheritance, marriage, the delivery of goods, and certain torts (e.g. trespass, nuisance). It also treats criminal law and the composition of courts. In other words, it deals with criminal and civil law.
Feudal law
Feudal law, or Lehnrecht, determined the relationship between different states and rulers, for example the election of emperors and kings, feudal rights, etc. Though it has no modern equivalent, it encompasses what one would call today public law.
The Sachsenspiegel acquired special significance through its exposition of the seven Heerschilde or "shields of knighthood":
King
Ecclesiastical princes
Lay princes
Free lords (freie Herren)
Schöffenbarfreie, vassals (Lehnsmänner) of free lords, ministeriales
Vassals of Schöffenbarfreie etc.
Unnamed
Manorial tenants and burgesses (inhabitants of a borough) were not mentioned.
Extant copies
Four (of the original seven) illuminated manuscripts copies are still extant. They are named after their present locations: Heidelberg, Oldenburg, Dresden, and Wolfenbüttel, and date from 1295 to 1371. In total, over 400 versions of the manuscript exist today.
The Dresden manuscript has been described as the "most artistically valuable" by the World Digital Library. It is located in the collection of the Saxon State Library and was created between 1295 and 1363 around Meissen, Germany. This version has 924 illustrations on 92 pages. The illustrations depict about 4,000 people. It suffered water damage after the Bombing of Dresden in World War II and underwent restoration in the 1990s.
An early printed edition of the Sachsenspeigel was produced by Anna Rügerin in Augsburg, dated 22 June 1484. It is the first documented evidence of a woman working as a typographer.
Proverbs
Some German proverbs date from the Sachsenspiegel:
"Wer zuerst kommt, mahlt zuerst" (First come, first served, literally: "Who comes first, grinds first"), which is a rule for the order for grinding of corn by a miller.
"Wo der Esel sich wälzt, da muss er Haare lassen", lit: "Where the donkey rolls, there it sheds hair." This is a rule for the jurisdiction of courts.
See also
Germanic tribal laws
Pleading in English Act 1362, English law mandating use of English instead of French in oral argument in court
Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, 1539, French legislation mandating use of French in law, in place of Latin
Proceedings in Courts of Justice Act 1730, British law mandating use of English instead of Latin in court writing
References
External links
Dresden Sachsenspiegel online from the Saxon State Library (German)
Scanned images of the Heidelberger Sachsenspiegel from the University of Heidelberg (German)
Sachsenspiegel Online (German)
Full image scan of the Oldenburger Sachsenspiegel, published by the Oldenburg State Library (German)
Middle High German literature
Legal history of the Holy Roman Empire
Political charters
Germanic legal codes
History of Anhalt
Falkenstein, Saxony-Anhalt
Trials by combat |
5396232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor%20Amarillo | Amor Amarillo | Amor Amarillo (Spanish for Yellow Love) is the first solo album by Argentine rock musician Gustavo Cerati, as a side-project, while he was still active in Soda Stereo, his ex-band.
Track listing
All songs written by Gustavo Cerati, except where noted.
Personnel
Gustavo Cerati - lead vocals, guitars, backing vocals, fretless bass guitar, MPC60, keyboards, wind instrument, effects, percussion and producer.
Zeta Bosio - keyboards, percussion, bass on "Amor Amarillo" and producer.
Cecilia Amenábar - vocals, backing vocals, bass on "A Merced".
Tweety González - programming assistance and audio consultant.
Produced by Gustavo Cerati and Zeta Bosio.
Certifications
References
Gustavo Cerati albums
1994 albums
RCA Records albums |
5396252 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerik | Nerik | Nerik (Hittite: Nerik(ka)) was a Bronze Age settlement to the north of the Hittite capitals Hattusa and Sapinuwa, probably in the Pontic region. The Hittites held it as sacred to a Storm-god who was the son of Wurušemu, Sun-goddess of Arinna. The weather god is associated or identified with Mount Zaliyanu near Nerik, responsible for bestowing rain on the city.
Nerik was founded by Hattic language speakers as Narak; in the Hattusa archive, tablet CTH 737 records a Hattic incantation for a festival there. Under Hattusili I, the Nesite-speaking Hittites took over Nerik. They maintained a spring festival called "Puruli" in honor of the Storm-god of Nerik. In it, the celebrants recited the myth of the slaying of Illuyanka.
Under Hantili, Nerik was ruined and the Hittites had to relocate the Puruli festival to Hattusa. As of the reign of Tudhaliya I, Nerik's site was occupied by the barbarian Kaskas, whom the Hittites blamed for its initial destruction.
During Muwatalli II's reign, his brother and appointed governor Hattusili III recaptured Nerik and rebuilt it as its High Priest. Hattusili named his firstborn son "Nerikkaili" in commemoration (although he later passed him over for the succession). Seven years after Muwatalli's son Mursili III became king, Mursili reassigned Nerik to another governor. Hattusili rebelled and became king himself.
Nerik disappeared from the historical record when the Hittite kingdom fell, ca. 1200 BC. Since 2005–2009, the site of Nerik has been identified as Oymaağaç Höyük, on the eastern side of the Kızılırmak River, northwest of Vezirköprü.
Excavations
In 2005, Rainer Maria Czichon and Jörg Klinger of the Free University of Berlin began excavating Oymaağaç Höyük. Thus far, this is the northernmost place of Anatolia with remains from the Hittite Empire, including "three fragments of tablets and a bulla with stamps of the scribe Sarini. In addition, mention of the mountains, in which Nerik was located, have been found at the site, as well as features suggestive of monumental Hittite architecture." The team has published a number of articles related to their excavations.
According to Czichon, who is currently in the archaeology faculty at Uşak University, many stone and loom artifacts were unearthed during the excavations. Mining tools were found for copper deposits situated at nearby Tavşan Mountain field. The most valuable artifacts are tablets with cuneiform script, which point out the site as Nerik. An inventory list showing tools, including silver trays and golden bullae contained in an unknown shrine, is also among the findings.
References
External links
Prayer for Nerik
Apology of Hattusili III
Archaeological research in connection with Nerik
Oymaağaç Höyük (Samsun)
Hattian cities
Hittite sites in Turkey
Hittite cities
Former populated places in Turkey
Archaeological sites in the Black Sea Region
Vezirköprü |
4001203 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamworth%20Two | Tamworth Two | The Tamworth Two were a pair of pigs that escaped while being unloaded from a lorry at an abattoir in the English town of Malmesbury, Wiltshire in January 1998. The pigs (later named Butch and Sundance after Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid) were on the run for more than a week, and the search for them caused a huge media sensation, as well as immense public interest, both in Britain and abroad.
Events
Butch (a sow) and Sundance (a boar) were sister and brother Tamworth pigs. Both were five months old when their owner took them by lorry to V & G Newman's Abattoir in Malmesbury on 8 January 1998. Just after they were unloaded from the truck, the two pigs escaped by squeezing through a fence and swimming across the River Avon, escaping into nearby gardens.
The two pigs spent most of their week of freedom in a dense thicket near Tetbury Hill. As the story of their escape broke, media interest in the escaped pigs soared across the country, the press dubbing the pair "Butch and Sundance" after the American outlaws. The American NBC network and several Japanese media outlets were among the international media to show a great interest in the story and to send reporters to cover the tale. The BBC reported on 16 January 1998: "Among nearly 100 journalists on the trail of the bolshy porker was NBC reporter Donatella Lorch, filming for Friday night's American news [who said]: ‘These pigs have become celebrities […] The British reaction to the whole thing is what has caught our attention and after all, we are the makers of Babe’".
The pigs were estimated to be worth £40–50 each, and their owner, Arnoldo Dijulio, a council road sweeper, stated that he still intended to send the pair to slaughter should they be recaptured. After making this statement, Dijulio was offered large sums of money by media outlets and animal lovers to save the pigs from the dinner table. Eventually, the Daily Mail newspaper bought the pigs from Dijulio in return for exclusive rights to their story.
Butch was eventually captured on the evening of 15 January, when she and Sundance were spotted foraging in the garden of a local couple, Harold and Mary Clarke. Sundance escaped into the thicket once again, but he was flushed out the next day by two springer spaniels and tranquilised with a dart gun. RSPCA Inspector Mike Harley said, "He had a very thick skin and two darts bounced off him". Sundance was taken to a veterinary surgery where the vet who examined him, Fran Baird, said: "He is a little bit shaky but doesn't appear to be any the worse for it. I am quite confident he will make a full recovery." He also said that Sundance would be spending the weekend at the surgery but that precautions had been taken to ensure he did not escape once more: "There are padlocks on the doors, which are more than six feet high and chained together. He's obviously quite bright. He's foxed a number of people for a number of days. I don't want to spend another day chasing around Malmesbury". Afterwards, it was discovered that Sundance was a crossbreed and that one of his parents had been a wild boar, possibly explaining his rebellious temperament.
The Tamworth Two even attracted observations in Parliament: ex-opposition Environment spokesman George Howarth compared the pair’s flight with that of the Conservative Party.
In June 2004, a campaign was launched to create a statue in Malmesbury to commemorate the Tamworth Two, together with a sculpture trail along the River Avon.
The two pigs lived – courtesy of the Daily Mail – at the Rare Breeds Centre, an animal sanctuary near Ashford in Kent. In 2009, readers of Press Gazette voted the Daily Mail’s coverage of the Tamworth Two 25th in a list of "the best British journalism scoops of all time". In March 2004, The Guardian reported a former Daily Mail executive as saying: "It may seem like a fun animal story, but at the time it was deadly serious. It was the most important story of the week – by far". The same report added: "It had become impossible to avoid the story. A contributor to Radio 4's Thought for the Day mused over them; the editor of The Independent, Andrew Marr, wrote about them in his letter to the readers. They even featured in an editorial in The Guardian".
The story of the Tamworth Two has been retold in media coverage of other animal escapes, including in December 2001 when a turkey escaped from a farm and walked three miles to a bird sanctuary and April 2009, when 180 pigs escaped from the lorry taking them to the Malton Bacon Factory in York after it was involved in an accident.
Deaths
Butch died aged 13 on 8 October 2010, euthanised after becoming seriously ill. Davy McColm, manager of the centre's farm, put Butch’s demise down to old age. He added: "Sundance seems to be quite happy with life at the moment. He's got a bit more space in the bed at night. He will be missing her. They were litter brother and sister, they've been together all their lives. He's an old fellow, he's a little bit arthritic and a bit slower than he used to be – thank goodness – but he's still pottering along". At the time of Butch’s death, the centre was still receiving enquiries about the Tamworth Two.
Seven months later, Sundance, aged 14, suffering from arthritis, and "much quieter" after his sister's death, was euthanised on 23 May 2011. Commenting on Sundance’s death, Nikki Sara from the Rare Breeds Centre said: "He was getting old and was having trouble getting in and out of his bed. He was on the maximum dosage of pain killers and the farm manager decided that it wasn't fair on him". Talking about the Tamworth Two, she said: "They've been a great attraction here for the last 13 years, a real draw. We still get people coming in asking where they are".
Television movie
In 2003, the BBC produced and broadcast a 60-minute drama The Legend of the Tamworth Two where contrary to the truth, "Butch" was male, "Sundance", female. Executive producer Sally Woodward told the BBC: "The film tells how the story of Butch and Sundance became a legend, of how Britain once again took the underdog to their hearts – or in this instance, the under-pig – and in the process briefly made them the most famous fugitives in the world. It also shows how contrary human beings are in their relationship with animals – how we are only too happy to tuck in to a pork chop, but are outraged when we want to capture a pig that has stolen our heart".
References
General
O'Neill, Sean. Swimming boars save their bacon, Daily Telegraph, 14 January 1998
O'Neill, Sean. Pig knocks the stuffing out of police, Daily Telegraph, 16 January 1998
Happy ever after for Butch and Sundance?, BBC News, 16 January 1998.
O'Neill, Sean. Dart stops Sundance pig in his tracks, Daily Telegraph, 17 January 1998
Tamworth Two pig tale on film, BBC News, 26 August 2003.
External links
BBC – The Legend of the Tamworth Two homepage
The Legend of the Tamworth Two on IMDB
Rare Breeds Centre – current home of Sundance
Death of Butch reported by the BBC
1998 in England
Animal deaths by euthanasia
History of Wiltshire
Individual animals in England
Individual pigs
Malmesbury
Missing or escaped animals |
5396255 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Reed%20%28baseball%29 | Jeff Reed (baseball) | Jeffrey Scott Reed (born November 12, 1962) is a former Major League Baseball catcher who played for the Minnesota Twins (1984–1986), Montreal Expos (1987–1988), Cincinnati Reds (1988–1992), San Francisco Giants (1993–1995), Colorado Rockies (1996–1998) and Chicago Cubs (1999–2000). He batted left-handed and threw right-handed. He is currently a coach with the Elizabethton Twins and the Providence Knights.
Career
Reed was the Twins' first-round pick (and 12th overall) in the 1980 amateur draft.
Despite playing for 17 seasons in the majors, he was usually relegated to a backup role. Reed rarely appeared in more than 100 games per year. He was widely regarded as a solid defensive catcher.
On February 3, 1987, Reed was traded from the Twins along with Neal Heaton, Yorkis Perez and Al Cardwood to the Expos for Jeff Reardon and Tom Nieto.
On September 16, 1988, Reed, filling in for an injured Bo Díaz, caught Tom Browning's perfect game in the Cincinnati Reds' 1-0 victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers at Riverfront Stadium. In his autobiography, Browning credited Reed as an integral part of the performance: "He did a phenomenal job, especially considering what was at stake in the later innings."
During the late innings of Browning's perfect game, Reed had to continually slow down his pitcher. According to Browning's book, Reds manager Pete Rose was worried that his pitcher was working too quickly, which could lead to an errant pitch. At one point in the game, Reed stood up and raised his arms, palms facing out, to signal Browning to slow down.
References
Tom Browning and Dann Stupp (2006). Tom Browning's Tales from the Reds Dugout. Sports Publishing LLC.
External links
Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Winter League)
1962 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
Baseball coaches from Illinois
Baseball players from Illinois
Chicago Cubs players
Cincinnati Reds players
Colorado Rockies players
Elizabethton Twins players
Indianapolis Indians players
Major League Baseball catchers
Minnesota Twins players
Minor league baseball coaches
Montreal Expos players
Nashville Sounds players
Orlando Twins players
San Francisco Giants players
San Jose Giants players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players
Sportspeople from Joliet, Illinois
Tiburones de La Guaira players
American expatriate baseball players in Venezuela
Toledo Mud Hens players
Visalia Oaks players
Wisconsin Rapids Twins players |
5396268 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval%20Physical%20and%20Oceanographic%20Laboratory | Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory | The Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory or NPOL is a laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), under the Ministry of Defence, India. It is situated in Thrikkakara, Kochi, Kerala. NPOL is responsible for the Research & Development of sonar systems, technologies for underwater surveillance, study of ocean environment and underwater materials.
History
The Indian Naval Physical Laboratory (INPL) was established in Kochi by Indian Navy in 1952. It worked initially as a field laboratory for fleet support activities. It was merged with DRDO in 1958 and started working on underwater systems. INPL was rechristened as Naval Physical Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL).
Till 1990, NPOL functioned from within the Naval Base in Kochi. In 1990, it moved into a new campus at Thrikkakara, a suburb of Kochi. The new campus has a main technical complex and two residential complexes - SAGAR and VARUNA. The technical complex houses the main building, Abhinavam building and several test facilities including an acoustic tank. Besides the campus in Thrikkakara, NPOL has an offsite setup of underwater acoustic research facility at Idukki Lake, 100 km east of Kochi. Since 1995, NPOL has operated INS Sagardhwani, a 2000-ton Oceanographic research vessel used for oceanographic data collection.
Areas of work
NPOL is developing a technology called seabed arrays that will be laid over the seabed surface for ocean surveillance which will provide measurements and inform the control centre about the happenings underneath through satellite. DRDO is planning a dedicated satellite for the coastal surveillance system.
All the future inductions planned by the Indian Navy are to be fitted with NPOL designed sonars. The sonars under development are HUMSA NG (upgrade of the HUMSA sonar), the submarine sonars USHUS (for the Sindhugosh class) and PAYAL for the Arihant class.
Underwater acoustics is another area which NPOL is looking at. The Physical Oceanographic conditions which will decide the propagation of the sound waves inside water is studied with the help of DRDO's Research Vessel INS Sagardhwani and in-house developed Ocean models. Different Sonar Range Prediction models are also developed by NPOL in the recent years which are used by Indian Navy.
References
External links
NPOL Home Page
Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories
Research institutes in Kochi
Research and development in India
1958 establishments in Kerala
Research institutes established in 1958 |
5396269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandweek | Brandweek | Brandweek is a three-day brand marketing symposium and a part of Adweek, LLC. It was also previously a weekly American marketing trade publication that was published between 1986 and April 2011.
Profile
Brandweek is a part of Adweek, covering the advertising and marketing industry. Brandweek, Mediaweek, and Adweek are owned by Beringer Capital, a Toronto-based private equity firm that invests in digital media and marketing services.
History
First published in 1986 as Adweek's Marketing Week, the publication changed its name to Brandweek in 1992 after facing a legal threat from the UK's Marketing Week magazine. The publication was part of the Adweek Media Group of magazines owned by The Nielsen Company. It published 46 print issues a year in addition to Brandweek.com and a series of e-mail newsletters focusing on shopper, digital, Hispanic and green marketing.
In April 2011 Brandweek ceased its continuous print run as a distinct print magazine and was folded into Adweek and Adweek.com by its owners Prometheus Global Media. In February 2013 Prometheus announced the Brandweek Report, which appeared quarterly within the pages of Adweek and also appeared online and in Adweek's iPad edition.
In 2014, Prometheus Global Media, which also owned The Hollywood Reporter and Billboard, acquired Mediabistro.com and merged the editorial, job board and education platforms with Adweek (along with Brandweek and Mediaweek brands). The Clio Awards. Mediabistro, Adweek, Clio and Film Expo were then spun out from Guggenheim Partners/Prometheus Global into a new company, Mediabistro Holdings.
Beringer Capital acquired Adweek, Mediaweek and Brandweek from MediaBistro Holdings in July 2016.
In January 2018, Adweek CEO Jeffrey Litvack announced Brandweek, the event, as a first-of-its-kind brand summit to be held September 23–25, 2018 in Palm Springs, Calif., at the Omni Rancho Las Palmas Resort & Spa. Brandweek is currently invitation-only.
References
General
Specific
1986 establishments in Massachusetts
2011 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Business magazines published in the United States
Weekly magazines published in the United States
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Magazines about advertising
Magazines established in 1986
Magazines disestablished in 2011
Magazines published in Boston
Marketing journals
Professional and trade magazines |
5396289 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Goalkeeper%27s%20Fear%20of%20the%20Penalty | The Goalkeeper's Fear of the Penalty | The Goalkeeper's Fear of the Penalty () is a 1972 German-language drama film directed by Wim Wenders. It is also known as The Goalie's Anxiety at the Penalty Kick. It was adapted from the novel with the same title by Peter Handke.
Plot
A goalkeeper is sent off during a game for dissent. He spends the night with a cinema cashier, whom he afterwards kills. Although a type of detective film, it is more slow moving and contemplative than other films of the genre. It explores the monotony of the murderer's existence and, like many of Wenders' films, the overwhelming cultural influence of America in post-war West Germany.
Origin of the title
Late in the movie, the goalkeeper and a traveling salesman attend a football game, and witness a penalty kick. The goalkeeper describes what it is like to face a penalty: should he dive to one side, and if he does will the kicker aim for the other? It is a psychological confrontation in which each tries to outfox the other. In parallel with this, the goalkeeper, rather than go on the run, has returned to his home town and is living in plain sight. He doesn't know if the police are looking for him in particular, and the police are not necessarily looking for someone who isn't trying to hide.
References
Further reading
Tibbetts, John C., and James M. Welsh, eds. The Encyclopedia of Novels Into Film (2nd ed. 2005) pp 153–155.
External links
Official website
1972 films
1972 drama films
German drama films
Austrian drama films
West German films
Austrian films
1970s German-language films
Films based on Austrian novels
Films based on works by Peter Handke
Films directed by Wim Wenders
Films set in West Germany
German association football films
Films with screenplays by Peter Handke
Films scored by Jürgen Knieper |
5396292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange%20Morocco | Orange Morocco | Orange Maroc (or previously Médi Télécom or Méditel) is one of three major licensed telecommunications operators in Morocco. The multi-service operator offers mobile, fixed-line, cybersecurity and mobile payment offerings.
Created in 1999, it is the second operator of mobile telephony in Morocco. In December 2016, Meditel becomes Orange Maroc. The company employs 1,280 people and generates some 20,000 indirect jobs. The operator serves 14.2 million customers in Morocco and has nearly 450 shops across the country. It also owns a fibre network of more than 5,400 km and has more than 4,000 radio sites, covering more than 99% of the country's population.
History
Meditelecom was created in 1999 following a partnership between solid Moroccan investors, namely the Finance Com group and the Caisse de Dépôt et de Gestion, with Telefónica and Portugal Telecom (currently Altice Portugal) which held 32%,18% each.
In September 2009, the Moroccan groups Finance Com and Caisse de depot et de gestion bought back the shares of Telefónica and Portugal Telecom.
On 21 September 2010, Orange confirmed its acquisition of a stake in Meditel for an amount of 640 million euros, or 40% of the capital, and became a 49% shareholder in 2015.
Meditel becomes the first operator to market 4G services in Morocco, when it introduced the technology in Casablanca in June 2015
In March 2016, as part of the group's unification under the "Orange" brand, Stéphane Richard, CEO of Orange, announced that Meditel will be renamed "Orange" before the end of 2016.
On 8 December 2016, Meditel officially becomes Orange Maroc.
On 29 July 2020, Hendrik Kasteel, who until then held the position of managing director of MTN Cameroon, was appointed managing director of Orange Maroc.
References
Telefónica
Orange S.A.
2000 establishments in Morocco
Telecommunications companies established in 2000
Telecommunications companies of Morocco
Mobile phone companies of Morocco |
5396301 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supratrochlear%20artery | Supratrochlear artery | The supratrochlear artery (or frontal artery) is one of the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery. It branches from the ophthalmic artery near the trochlea of the superior oblique muscle in the orbit.
Pathway
The supratrochlear artery branches from the ophthalmic artery and passes anteriorly through the superomedial orbit. It travels medial to the trochlear nerve. With the supratrochlear nerve, the supratrochlear artery exits the orbit through the supratrochlear notch (variably present), medial to the supraorbital foramen and its artery and nerve. It then ascends on the forehead.
The supratrochlear artery anastomoses with the ipsilateral supraorbital artery and contralateral supratrochlear artery. Since the supratrochlear artery is an ultimate branch of the internal carotid artery, this is an example of an internal carotid artery - external carotid artery anastomosis.
Function
The supratrochlear artery supplies blood to the skin of the medial aspect of the forehead and scalp, as well as the underlying pericranium and frontalis muscle.
References
External links
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/supratrochlear-artery
Arteries of the head and neck |
5396302 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20planet | Little planet | Little planet may refer to:
the little planet effect in photography
a level in the video game Sonic the Hedgehog CD |
5396307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Farrenc | Louise Farrenc | Louise Farrenc (née Jeanne-Louise Dumont; 31 May 1804 – 15 September 1875) was a French composer, virtuoso pianist and teacher.
Biography
Born Jeanne-Louise Dumont in Paris, she was the daughter of Jacques-Edme Dumont, a successful sculptor, and sister to Auguste Dumont, also a sculptor. Louise Farrenc enjoyed a considerable reputation during her own lifetime, as a composer, a performer and a teacher. She began piano studies at an early age with Cecile Soria, a former student of Muzio Clementi. When it became clear she had the ability to become a professional pianist she was given lessons by such masters as Ignaz Moscheles and Johann Nepomuk Hummel, and, given the talent she showed as a composer, her parents decided to let her, in 1819 at the age of fifteen, study composition with Anton Reicha, the composition teacher at the Conservatoire, although it is unclear if the young Louise Dumont followed his classes there, since at that time the composition class was open only to men. In 1821 she married Aristide Farrenc, a flute student ten years her senior, who performed at some of the concerts regularly given at the artists' colony of the Sorbonne, where Louise's family lived. Following her marriage, she interrupted her studies to give concerts throughout France with her husband. He, however, soon grew tired of the concert life and, with her help, opened a publishing house in Paris, which, as Éditions Farrenc, became one of France's leading music publishers for nearly 40 years.
In Paris, Farrenc returned to her studies with Reicha, after which she reembarked on a concert career, briefly interrupted in 1826 when she gave birth to a daughter, Victorine, who also became a concert pianist but who died in 1859 aged thirty-three. In the 1830s Farrenc gained considerable fame as a performer and her reputation was such that in 1842 she was appointed to the permanent position of Professor of Piano at the Paris Conservatory, a position she held for thirty years and one which was among the most prestigious in Europe. Accounts of the time record that she was an excellent instructor, with many of her students graduating with Premier Prix and becoming professional musicians. Despite this, Farrenc was paid less than her male counterparts for nearly a decade. Only after the triumphant premiere of her nonet, at which the famous violinist Joseph Joachim took part, did she demand and receive equal pay. Besides her teaching and performing career, she also produced and edited an influential book, Le Trésor des Pianistes, about early music performance style, and was twice awarded the Prix Chartier of the Académie des Beaux-Arts, in 1861 and 1869.
Farrenc died in Paris.
Music
At first, during the 1820s and 1830s, she composed exclusively for the piano. Several of these pieces drew high praise from critics, including Robert Schumann. In the 1830s, she tried her hand at larger compositions for both chamber ensemble and orchestra. It was during the 1840s that much of her chamber music was written. While the great bulk of Farrenc's compositions were for the piano alone, her chamber music is generally regarded as her best work.
Throughout her life, chamber music remained of great interest. She wrote works for various combinations of winds and or strings and piano. These include two piano quintets Opp.30 & 31, a sextet for piano and winds Op. 40, which later appeared in an arrangement for piano quintet, two piano trios Opp.33 & 34, the nonet for winds and strings Op. 38, a trio for clarinet (or violin), cello and piano Op. 44, a trio for flute (or violin), cello and piano Op. 45, and several instrumental sonatas (a string quartet sometimes attributed to her is regarded by specialists as the work of another composer, not yet identified).
In addition to chamber music and works for solo piano, she wrote two overtures and three symphonies. She heard her third symphony Op. 36 performed at the Société des concerts du Conservatoire in 1849. The one area which is conspicuously missing from her output is opera, an important gap as opera was at the time the central musical form in France. Several sources, however, indicate that she was also ambitious in that field, but did not succeed in being given a libretto to set to music by the Théâtre de l'Opéra or the Théâtre de l'Opéra-Comique, for reasons still to be discovered.
Legacy
François-Joseph Fétis, a leading Francophone 19th-century music biographer and critic, wrote in the 2nd edition of his Biographie universelle des musiciens (1862) of Louise Farrenc as follows:
For several decades after Farrenc's death, her reputation as a performer survived and her name continued to appear in such books as Antoine François Marmontel’s Pianistes célèbres. Her nonet had achieved around 1850 some popularity, as did her two piano quintets and her trios. But, despite some new editions of her chamber music after her death, her works were largely forgotten until, in the late 20th century, an interest in women composers led to the rediscovery – and thence to the performance and recording – of many of her works. In December 2013, Farrenc was the subject of the long-running BBC Radio Three programme Composer of the Week.
List of compositions
Louise Farrenc wrote exclusively for the piano from 1820 to 1830, expanding her range to include works for orchestra beginning in 1834. Her work includes 49 compositions with opus numbers.
Orchestral works
Symphony No. 1 in C minor, Op. 32 (1842)
Symphony No. 2 in D major, Op. 35 (1845)
Symphony No. 3 in G minor, Op. 36 (1847)
Overture in E minor, Op. 23 (1834)
Overture in E, Op. 24 (1834)
Grand variations on the song Le premier pas, for piano and orchestra, Op. 4
Grand variations on a theme by Count Gallenberg, for piano and orchestra, Op. 25
Vocal works
Andréa la censurado, Ballade
Je me taisais, Romance
La tourterelle, Romance
La madone
Le berger fidèle, Romance
Le prisonnier de guerre, Scène dramatique
Le suicide, scène et air (Composition identique au prisonnier de guerre)
Toi que j'appelle
Choral works
O père qu'adore mon père (Hymne de Lamartine), (unaccompanied choir)
O père qu'adore mon père (Hymne de Lamartine), (choir and piano)
O salutaris hostia, (soprano, alto and tenor)
Chamber music
Nonet in E, Op. 38 (1849; string quartet and wind quintet)
Sextet in C minor, Op. 40 (1852; piano, flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn)
Piano Quintet No. 1 in A minor, Op. 30 (1839; piano, violin, viola, cello and double bass)
Piano Quintet No. 2 in E, Op. 31 (1840; piano, violin, viola, cello and double bass)
Trio in E, Op. 33 (1841–44; piano, violin and cello)
Trio in D, Op. 34 (1844; piano, violin and cello)
Trio in E, Op. 44 (1854–56; piano, clarinet and cello)
Trio in E minor, Op. 45 (1854–56; piano, flute and cello)
Concertante Variations on a Swiss tune, Op. 20 (piano and violin)
Sonata for violin and piano in C minor, Op. 37 (1848)
Sonata for violin and piano in A, Op. 39 (1850)
Sonate for cello and piano in B, Op. 46 (1857)
Grand Variations on the song Le premier pas, Op. 4
Piano works
Variations (Aristide Farrenc), Op. 2
Grandes variations Le premier pas, Op. 4 (piano solo)
Variations brillantes on a theme by La Cenerentola by Rossini, Op. 5
Variations sur l'air favori O ma tendre musette!, Op. 6
Air suisse varié, Op. 7
Trois rondeaux, Op. 8
Rondeau sur un air du pirate de Bellini, Op. 9
Variations (George Onslow), Op. 10
Rondeau sur des thèmes d'Euryanthe de Carl Maria von Weber, Op. 11
Variations (Galopade favorite), Op. 12
Rondeau (Rossini), Op. 13
Les italiennes, Op. 14
Variations brillantes (Donizetti), Op. 15
Les allemandes, Op. 16
Air russe varié, Op. 17
La Sylphide, Op. 18
Souvenir des Huguenots, Op. 19
Les jours heureux, Op. 21
Fugues, Op. 22
Trente études dans tous les tons majeurs et mineurs, Op. 26 (1838)
Hymne russe varié, Op. 27
Variations sur un thème allemand, Op. 28
Variations (Bellini) Op. 29 (Piano à quatre mains, arrangements pour 2 ou 3 pianos)
Douze études brillantes, Op. 41 (1853)
Vingt études de moyenne difficulté, Op. 42 (1854)
Trois mélodies, Op. 43
Scherzo, Op. 47
Valse brillante, Op. 48
1er nocturne, Op. 49
Vingt cinq études faciles, Op. 50
Deuxième valse brillante, Op. 51
Diverses œuvres pour le piano, sans numéros d'opus
Mélodie, sans numéro d'opus
References
Bibliography
Bea Friedland. Louise Farrenc, 1804-1875: Composer, Performer, Scholar. The Musical Quarterly. Vol. 60, No. 2 (Apr., 1974), pp. 257–274. Oxford University Press.
R.H.R. Silvertrust, "The Chamber Music of Louise Farrenc", The Chamber Music Journal 14.3, 2003, Riverwoods, Illinois . Note: The copyright holders (the author & The Chamber Music Journal) have granted permission to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of GFDL and the GNU Free Documentation License.
F. Launay, "Les Compositrices en France au XIXe siècle", Fayard, Paris, 2006.
Additional sources
External links
editionsilvertrust.com Sound-bites from Op. 45, Trio in e for Flute (Vln), Cello & Piano
free.yudu.com Louise Farrenc, Classical Composer: A Biography for Young Readers
oboeclassics.com/ womenofnote: Farrenc
oboeclassics.com/ womenofnote: recordings (CD of pieces by Farrenc; Cello sonata and Clarinet Trio elsewhere on page)
François-Joseph Fétis: Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique. Deuxième édition (Louise Farrenc)
François-Joseph Fétis–Arthur Pougin: Biographie universelle des musiciens et bibliographie générale de la musique. Supplément et complément (Louise Farrenc)
1804 births
1875 deaths
19th-century classical composers
19th-century French women classical pianists
19th-century French composers
French women classical composers
French music educators
French Romantic composers
Musicians from Paris
Women music educators
19th-century women composers |
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