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5394328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20ST%20series%20%28minibike%29 | Honda ST series (minibike) | The Honda ST-series minibikes are known as the Dax in Japan and Europe, and the Trail 70 in Canada and the US.
The ST70 was exported to Canada and the US as the CT70. This is an exception to Honda's usual practice of prefix letters indicating the bike family, followed by engine size. The CT70 is mechanically unrelated to other CT-series bikes such as the CT50 Motra, and the CT50, CT90 & CT110 Trail Cubs. The ST90 was sold in the US as the Trailsport, and was not given a CT designation.
The ST50, ST70, and CT70 were introduced in August 1969 and produced through 1981. The larger ST90 was produced from 1973 through 1975. The ST50 was reissued in 1995, and produced through 2000.
The CT70 was also sold in the US from 1981 through 1994 with a new serial number format: JH2Dxxxxxxxxxxxxx, rather than the CT70-xxxxxxx format used since 1969. These 'JH2D' bikes are not listed in Honda Japan's production figures above and are perhaps licensed production.
A key feature of the ST-series is the pressed-steel "T-bone" frame that distinguishes it from Honda's other minibikes: the Z50 Monkey & Gorilla, the Ape, the CF50 & CF70, and the CY50 & CY80 Nautydax.
As a general description, the ST-series bikes have a bench-style saddle, small fat tires, and folding handle bars. They have an air-cooled 4-stroke engine with either a 3-speed semi-automatic transmission, with an automatic centrifugal clutch, or a 4-speed manual gearbox. The ST90 uses larger 3.00-14 tires, compared to the 3.50-10 and 4.00-10 of the smaller bikes. For more detail about individual models, see the accompanying Infoboxes and the External Links section below.
Due to the diminutive wheel-size and limited speed, the ST-series bikes do not always qualify as road-legal vehicles and were sold in some markets for off-road recreation only. Their licensing status varies with locale and time period during their nearly 40 years of existence.
Honda's patents for the original ST-series expired in 1998, and replica bikes have become a popular export product for many Chinese manufacturers such as Jincheng, Lifan, Panda, and Redcat.
The Dax name resurfaced at the 2001 Tokyo Motor Show with the e-DAX concept vehicle, a 25 kg folding electric wheel motor scooter meant to accompany the Bulldog concept car as a trunk bike. This car-scooter combination was previously introduced by Honda in 1981 with the City car and Motocompo folding scooter.
More specifications
References
External links
1969 Infobox specifications from these Honda pages on 2008-02-26:
http://www.honda.co.jp/news/1969/2690814.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20050422121035/http://www.honda.co.jp/collection-hall/2r/235.html
http://www.honda.co.jp/sou50/Hworld/Hall/2r/64.html
1971 Infobox specifications from these Honda pages on 2008-02-26:
http://www.honda.co.jp/news/1971/2710205.html
1976 Infobox specifications from these Honda pages on 2008-02-26:
https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040242/http://www.honda.co.jp/news/1976/276040102.html
1979 Infobox specifications from these Honda pages on 2008-02-26:
http://www.honda.co.jp/news/1979/2790220.html
1995 Infobox specifications from these Honda pages on 2008-02-26:
http://www.honda.co.jp/news/1995/2950118.html
External links
Folding Video at honda.co.jp
ST-series Owners Gallery at honda.co.jp
ST series (minibike)
Minibikes |
5394329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And%20Now%20My%20Love | And Now My Love | And Now My Love (), (Released as 'A Whole Lifetime' in Australia) is a French-Italian film released in 1974 by Claude Lelouch, starring Marthe Keller, André Dussollier, Charles Denner, and Charles Gérard. The American title derives from the use of the Gilbert Bécaud song "Et Maintenant" at the film's climax; the song title literally translates as "And Now," and the song became a worldwide hit when it was recorded with English lyrics as "What Now My Love".
And Now My Love was nominated for the Best Original Screenplay Oscar in 1975. The film was also screened at the 1974 Cannes Film Festival, but wasn't entered into the main competition.
Synopsis
The story begins in France with a black-and-white, silent film-style sequence in the pre-World War I era, where a woman (Judith Magre) meets a man (Charles Denner) operating a prototypical Lumiere movie camera in a park. After charming her into taking a turn operating the crank on his camera, she is next seen bearing his child while he is enlisted in the French army, documenting soldiers in a trench. He receives a telegram announcing the birth of his son, but is killed by enemy fire quickly after. His widow and young son are given posthumous medals for his service by a general (Daniel Boulanger). The general later takes a fancy to a chorus girl (Marthe Keller), whom he quickly marries. His wife bears him a daughter, but is previously shown cheating on him with his younger aide-de-camp. The general kills her upon discovering her infidelity. (This scene is omitted, but flashed back to later on, in the U.S. release version.) On the same day as her death, the shooting of the Romanov family takes place, and a brief montage of the succeeding Russian leaders is shown.
A film clip announcing the breakthrough of sound recording on film and promoting the release of The Jazz Singer transitions to sound clips of Hitler and World War II events, and then to a train carrying Jewish concentration camp survivors, including the now grown daughter of the cuckolded general, named Rachel Stern (Marthe Keller again), and the son of the filmmaker's widow (Charles Denner again), named David Goldman. They are drawn to each other, exchange photos of their deceased parents, and are next seen conceiving a child (with the film switching to color). Rachel, weakened by her camp imprisonment, dies in childbirth, but successfully bears David a daughter, whom he names Sarah. Over a series of birthday scenes, Sarah (Marthe Keller once more) is depicted as growing into the image of her mother, and being lavishly spoiled by David, who has now become a millionaire from manufacturing shoes. On her 16th birthday, he hires French pop star Gilbert Bécaud (playing a fictional version of himself) to perform for her. Later that night, she loses her virginity to him.
In scenes crosscut with Sarah's youth, the character of Simon Duroc (André Dussollier) is introduced, shoplifting a Gilbert Bécaud record. He pulls many petty crimes, but is caught by police. His defense attorney reveals in court that Simon has been raised in an orphanage, been to reform school, and deserted the Army during France's war with Algeria, attempting to draw sympathy for him. Simon is found guilty and sent to jail. He engineers an escape via a garbage truck, but after he steals a car, he gets into a car wreck and is sent back to jail. At the same point in time, Sarah, earlier seen being cavalierly dumped by Bécaud when she tries to meet him backstage at a concert, attempts suicide, but survives in hospital.
Desperate to try making her move on from her affair with Bécaud, David takes Sarah on a long, around-the-world trip, where they talk at length about relationships, religion, class issues, and other concepts. Flashbacks reveal that David previously visited many of these sites with Rachel, and had some of the same discussions. Sarah is still swept up in misplaced love and mostly ridicules her father's counsel. In jail, Simon befriends Sam (Sam Letrone), a cook with a trained rooster, and later apprentices himself to the prison photographer "Charlie Focus" (Charles Gérard), who teaches him how to take photographs. Sarah and Simon unconsciously develop identical traits, such as wanting three sugars in their coffee, that indicate they may be destined to be a couple.
A couple of years later, Sarah is now living in Italy, ostensibly supervising the local branch of her father's shoe company. She has a best friend Carla (Carla Gravina) whom she briefly carries on a lesbian relationship with. She propositions a handsome stud (Angelo Infanti) to get her pregnant, but the attempt is unsuccessful and he ultimately becomes involved with Carla instead. Simon and Charles are released from jail, and after a brief period of making money taking surveillance photos and film of unfaithful couples, find success making a porno movie depicting deviant acts in Hitler's inner circle. At a party thrown by Sarah and Carla, this porno film is screened, but Sarah declines to watch it. Simon and Charles' office is raided (since making adult films is a criminal act at this time of history), and they are arrested and sent back to prison; one of the arresting officers is the same who previously sent Simon to jail earlier in the film, but does not recognize him.
At the tail end of the '60's, Sarah has taken to writing about herself and her dissatisfied upbringing, remarking on her father's indulgence as a means of keeping her mother's memory alive. She agrees to marry an Italian man suggested by her father (Gabriele Tinti), but divorces him after six days, coinciding with the Six-Day War between Israel and Egypt. Four days after the breakup, David dies from a heart attack. Simon, having devoured film theory books and Cahiers du Cinema magazine during his porn-making incarceration, is eager to make a feature film, and starts conceiving an autobiographical story. When he and Charles are released from jail, they reunite with Sam, who is now a successful restaurateur, and frequently dine with him. The duo set up a firm to make commercials, and win an award for one of them. Chafing under the conditions of advertising, Simon embarks on adapting a book into his directorial debut, casting a black actress (Annie Kerani) he begins dating after making a commercial with her. However, she cheats on him with the leading actor in the project, and Simon's bitterness creeps into the finished film, which ends with her being choked by the actor. The film is poorly reviewed and forces the team to go back to making commercials. They rent office space in the same building where Sarah's company is headquartered, Sarah and Simon obliviously walking past each other in one moment.
A heartbroken Sarah, now recognizing the wisdom of her father after his death, proposes sweeping progressive changes to his company that will favor the workers. However, a union agitator (Élie Chouraqui) doubts the company's sincerity and leads the employees on a violent strike. Sarah finds herself attracted to the agitator and briefly dates him, but otherwise maintains a long-term relationship with a kind-hearted member of her board of directors; while appreciating his calm and nurturing manner, she finds no excitement in the relationship. Simon initially attempts to pitch another feature film, this time an dystopian science fiction story about man's future. He chooses instead to make his earlier autobiographical tale, complete with reenacting events of his life previously depicted - his youthful thefts, his porn career, etc. There are two more near-meets between Simon and Sarah during this time, once at the restaurant as they both dine there unaware of each other, and later at the Deauville beach, where Sarah has gone to reassess her priorities and Simon tries to rethink the ending to his film. In the latter encounter, while they do not meet, he crosses paths with her dog, which inspires him to write a happy ending for his movie. The new film is well-received and Simon is interviewed on TV, which Sarah watches with interest.
At the climax, Sarah tells her lover she is leaving him, tired of the boring stability they have experienced. She intends to go to New York City to raise money for Israel. Her lover accompanies her to the airport. Simultaneously, Simon is also heading for New York as well, feeling he needs a change of scenery to get ideas for his next film. They arrive at the departure desk one after the other, their luggage is tagged at the same time, and their seats are next to each other. When they are offered coffee, Simon asks for three sugars, Sarah takes note of it, and they initiate conversation. In a sequence cut from the American release version (but retained on the first U.S. DVD from Image Entertainment), the dystopian future story that Simon had been contemplating is dramatized at length, as he tells it to Sarah. The film ends with their respective bags on top of each other on a conveyor belt, as if making love.
According to film historian John Kirk, an earlier French release version of the film ended with the plane carrying Sarah and Simon crashing soon after their meeting. The idea behind this stark finish was that since the film has depicted their entire lives, and their mutual destiny to meet each other as soul mates, the natural ending should be to then depict their lives ending since that task has been completed.
Production
Lelouch used the principle of Simultaneous Bilingual Film Production in making this film: for each camera setup, the actors performed twice (in English and in French), so that neither the French-language nor English-language prints are dubbed or subtitled.
Many autobiographical elements come into play, especially in the arc of the Simon Duroc character. Like Duroc, Lelouch's first feature film was widely panned, and his successful follow-up A Man and a Woman featured a sequence on the Deauville beach.
Cast
Marthe Keller as Sarah / Rachel, her mother / her grandmother
André Dussollier as Simon Duroc
Charles Denner as David Goldman, Sarah's father / his father
Carla Gravina as Carla, Sarah's Italian friend
Charles Gérard as Charlie-Focus, Simon's friend
Gilbert Bécaud as himself
Sam Letrone as Sam, the restaurant owner
Judith Magre as David Goldman's mother
André Falcon as the lawyer
Nathalie Courval as the lawyer's wife
Annie Kerani as Simon's girlfriend
Daniel Boulanger as the general
Jacques Villeret as le spectator
François Chalais as himself
Gérard Sire as Monsieur Gérard,
Gabriele Tinti as Sarah's spouse
Élie Chouraqui as Paul, the unionist
Music
The movie uses many songs by French singer Gilbert Bécaud, who also plays a fictional version of himself in the movie. For the American release, captions indicated the names of his songs and when he was singing them, as well as other lesser-known French pop songs and performers. This was instrumental in demonstrating that Bécaud, who was not a familiar figure to English-speaking audiences, was a crucial element to the story, in that both protagonists are obsessed with him and his music, and that his presence was constantly hovering over their lives.
References
External links
French films
1974 films
Italian films
Films directed by Claude Lelouch
Films set in France
Films set in the United States
1970s French-language films |
5394343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowville%20and%20Beaver%20River%20Railroad | Lowville and Beaver River Railroad | The Lowville and Beaver River Railroad is a short-line railroad that was owned by Genesee Valley Transportation (GVT) of Batavia, New York from 1993 to Wednesday, January 24, 2007. Map
The Lowville & Beaver River runs from an interchange, with GVT subsidiary Mohawk, Adirondack and Northern Railroad (MHWA) at Lowville, NY to Croghan, New York.
History
The Lowville & Beaver River Railroad was originally part of the Utica & Black River Railroad (U&BR). The U&BR reached Lowville in 1868 and Cartage in 1871. There was an 11-mile branch line from Lowville through Beaver Falls to Croghan planned in 1880 but it was not built.
In 1903 James P. Lewis backed the short line to serve his mills at Beaver Falls. The Lowville & Beaver River Railroad was open on January 13, 1906.
The L&BR was dieselized in 1947, while #1923, their remaining steam locomotive, was last used on standby service in case the diesel needed repairs. It last operated in January 1957. The locomotives of the L&BR were numbered 10, 12, 51, 1912, 1923, 1947 (Diesel), 1950 (Diesel), 1951 (Diesel) and 8, a Shay owned by the Railway Historical Society of Northern New York. All of the diesels are GE 44-tonners.
From 2010 to 2012, Lewis County and GVT negotiated the sale of the LBR infrastructure to the county. Plans called for the LBR route, which was offered for $425,000, to be used for a museum train operated by the Railroad Society of Northern New York, which had been based in Croghan in the mid-1990s. The MHWA route from Lowville to Carthage was also to be sold to the county and converted to a rail trail. On April 30, 2012, however, the county decided against purchasing the infrastructure.
River Marine Inc. of Cape Vincent, NY recently purchased the former Carthage train depot on Mechanic Street. River Marine also owns the railway yard in Lowville, NY. Ronald J. Trottier the owner of River Marine Inc. plans to lease the railroad between Cartage and Lowville. His plan is to run tourist trains and rail bikes, human-pedal-powered open air vehicles that ride the rails.
The #1923 steam locomotive, an Alco 2-8-0, has been preserved as part of the Steamtown, USA National Historic Site, Scranton, PA.
Infrastructure
The 16.8 km long route of the LBR runs from Lowville through the valley of the Beaver River via New Bremen and Beaver Falls to Croghan. In Lowville, there is a connection to the MHWA route to Carthage, which is part of a connection formerly running from Utica to Clayton on the St. Lawrence River, but whose section from Lowville south to Lyons Falls was closed in 1964. The LBR has a small depot in Lowville.
The branch line crosses the Black River on a 1,100 foot long Warren swing through truss bridge.
Operations
The MHWA Lowville-to-Carthage branch line has been virtually out-of-service since the mid-1990s and is currently, as of May, 2022 out-of-service. The L&BR was placed out of service after the paper mill in Beaver Falls closed on January 24, 2007. The future usage of the line is yet to be determined.
External links
CNYrailroadnut's Lowville & Beaver River Railroad picture gallery
Railway Historical Society of Northern New York
More
References
New York (state) railroads
Railway companies established in 1903 |
5394373 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatius | Climatius | Climatius (from , 'gradation') is an extinct genus of spiny shark. Fossils have been found in both Europe and North America.
Climatius was an active swimmer, judging from its powerful caudal fin and abundant stabilizing fins, and probably preyed on other fish and crustaceans. Its lower jaw was lined with sharp teeth which were replaced when worn, but the upper jaw had no teeth. It had large eyes, suggesting that it hunted by sight.
It was a small fish, at , and to discourage predators, Climatius sported fifteen sharp spines. There was one spine each on the paired pelvic and pectoral fins, and on the aingle anal and two dorsal fins, and a four pairs without fins on the fish's underside.
See also
List of acanthodians
References
Parker, Steve. Dinosaurus: the complete guide to dinosaurs. Firefly Books Inc, 2003. Pg. 60
Acanthodii genera
Silurian acanthodians
Devonian acanthodians
Devonian fish of North America
Silurian fish of North America
Devonian fish of Europe
Silurian fish of Europe
Paleozoic life of Nova Scotia
Taxa named by Louis Agassiz |
4000328 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam%20Centraal%20station | Amsterdam Centraal station | Amsterdam Centraal Station ( ; abbreviation: Asd) is the largest railway station in Amsterdam, North Holland, the Netherlands. A major international railway hub, it is used by 192,000 passengers a day, making it the second busiest railway station in the country after Utrecht Centraal and the most visited Rijksmonument of the Netherlands.
National and international railway services at Amsterdam Centraal are provided by NS, the principal rail operator in the Netherlands. Amsterdam Centraal is the northern terminus of Amsterdam Metro routes 51, 53, 54, and stop for 52 operated by municipal public transport operator GVB. It is also served by a number of GVB tram and ferry routes as well as local and regional bus routes operated by GVB, Connexxion and EBS.
Amsterdam Centraal was designed by Dutch architect Pierre Cuypers and opened in 1889. It features a Gothic, Renaissance Revival station building and a cast iron platform roof spanning approximately 40 metres.
Since 1997, the station building, underground passages, metro station, and the surrounding area have been undergoing major reconstruction and renovation works to accommodate the North-South Line metro route, which was opened on 22 July 2018. Amsterdam Centraal has the second longest railway platform in the Netherlands with a length of 695 metres.
History
Amsterdam Centraal was designed by Pierre Cuypers, who is also known for his design of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. While Cuypers was the principal architect, it is believed that he focused mostly on the decoration of the station building and left the structural design to railway engineers. The station was built by contractor Philipp Holzmann. The new central station replaced Amsterdam Willemspoort Station, which had closed in 1878, as well as the temporary Westerdok Station used from 1878 to 1889. The idea for a central station came from Johan Rudolph Thorbecke, then the Netherlands Minister of the Interior and responsible for the national railways, who, in 1884, laid two proposals before the Amsterdam municipal council. In the first proposal, the station would be situated between the Leidseplein and the Amstel river. In the other, it would be built in the open harbour front allowing for the station to be connected to the existing main lines in the area to the west and the south, but also to a projected new northern line.
Cuypers' design of the station building in many ways strongly resembled his other architectural masterpiece, the Rijksmuseum, of which the construction had begun in 1876. It features a palace-like, Gothic/Renaissance Revival facade, with two turrets and many ornamental details and stone reliefs referring to the capital city's industrial and commercial importance. Cuypers' station reflects the romantic nationalistic mood in the late nineteenth-century Netherlands, with its many decorative elements glorifying the nation's economic and colonial power at the time.
As with the Rijksmuseum, the station's overall architecture reminded many contemporaries of medieval cathedrals. For that reason, as well as for the fact that it became increasingly clear that the national government wanted the station to be built at the city's waterfront effectively separating the city from the IJ lake, the plan was highly controversial. In his book on the history of city, Amsterdam historian Geert Mak writes that: Almost all of Amsterdam's own experts and others involved thought this to be a catastrophic plan, 'the most disgusting possible attack on the beauty and glory of the capital'. Nevertheless, the building of the Central Station in front of the open harbour was forced through by the railway department of the Ministry of Transport in The Hague, and the Home Secretary, Thorbecke. Finally, the plan made its way through the Amsterdam municipal council by a narrow majority.
Construction works started in 1882. The station is built on three interconnected artificial islands in the IJ lake. These islands were created with sand taken from the dunes near Velsen, which had become available as a result of the excavation of the North Sea Canal. The islands together are known as Stationseiland (Station Island). Like many other structures in Amsterdam, the station was built on wooden piles (8,687 pieces). The construction of the station was delayed because of the instability of the soil, which set back the completion of the work by several years. The station building was completed in 1884, but the commission to Cuypers did not include the roofwork of the platforms. Therefore, the station did not yet feature its distinctive station roof. This roof, consisting of 50 curved trusses and a span of almost 45 meters, was designed by L.J. Eijmer, a civil engineer with the private railroad company Staatsspoorwegen. The roof was manufactured by Andrew Handyside and Company of Derby, England. Cuypers did design the decorations for the trusses and the gable ends. On 15 October 1889, the station was officially opened, drawing large numbers of crowds. The visitors were charged 0.25 guilders to see the station; in the first two days after the opening, several dozens of thousands paid. The opening of the central station marked the city's transition from a waterfront city to an inland city, spurring further redevelopment activities in the city centre which included the realignment of streets and the filling up of canals. The waterways would soon be replaced by tramways and cars as the primary modes of transport in the city.
In 1920, the East Wing of the station (the lower end of the building) was demolished and replaced by "The East", a postal service building designed by Cuypers' son Joseph. A second, narrower and longer but similar roof on the north side of the station was completed in 1922. In the 1950s, a pedestrian tunnel was created between the station and the road in front of it, which terminated inside the station. With the construction of the metro tunnel in the late 1970s, both the pedestrian tunnel and the road in front of the station disappeared. In the early 1980s, the central hall and middle tunnel were considerably widened and modernized. In the 1990s, a new signaling post was built on the western side of the station. In addition, the number of tracks on that side was expanded in order to increase capacity in the direction of Sloterdijk station. In 1996, a third, 'centre roof' designed by Jan Garvelink, architect at Holland Rail Consult, was built between the two existing roofs, whereby all platforms at the station were now covered.
Since 1997, the station has been continuously undergoing reconstruction works because of the development of the North-South Line of the Amsterdam Metro, which was originally planned to be completed in 2014. Due to several setbacks, some at the Amsterdam Centraal building site, the line was fully completed in 2018. Construction works at the station include a renovation of the station building, including the reconstruction of original station features which had disappeared over the years, a redevelopment of the Stationsplein (Station Square), and a new bus station on the north side of the station. In 2000, the new western passenger tunnel opened replacing the main tunnel in the centre of the station which was shut down enabling the construction of the new metro line. In 2004, platforms 10-15 were extended to accommodate international high-speed rail services. Construction works for the bus station commenced in 2003, opened in 2009 and finished in 2014. It includes the construction of a fourth station roof and a station hall with space for shops and restaurants. It replaces 5 small bus stations and several isolated bus stops across the Station Island. With all buses eventually moving to the new bus station on the north side, the Station Island should only be accessible to pedestrians, cyclists and trams.
The three passenger tunnels underneath the station were upgraded and provided with convenience stores and kiosks. In addition, two new passageways were created enabling the hosting of larger retail stores, geared towards passengers who have more time to spend at the station.
On 4 February 2020, the Minister of Infrastructure and Water Management, Cora van Nieuwenhuizen, and the UK Transport Secretary, Grant Shapps, announced that juxtaposed controls would be established in the station. According to the announcement, starting from 30 April 2020, Eurostar passengers travelling to the UK would clear exit checks from the Schengen Area as well as UK entry checks (conducted by the UK Border Force) in the station before boarding their train (without having to disembark at Brussels-South station, go through the juxtaposed controls there, and re-board the train before continuing their journey to the UK). However, the launch was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The inauguration of juxtaposed controls in the station subsequently took place on 26 October 2020.
Modernisation
From 2017 there will be further reconstruction works at the station. A number of platforms will be widened making use of the tracks which do not currently have platforms. This means that alterations will be made in the tunnels under the platforms again. Furthermore, the eastern tunnel will be made wider, based on the example of the middle tunnel. The old railway bridges to the east of the station will also be replaced.
Railway services
Amsterdam Centraal is a terminus station on many historical railway lines in the Netherlands: the Amsterdam–Rotterdam railway (1839), also known as the Oude Lijn, via Haarlem, Leiden and The Hague (Den Haag); the Den Helder–Amsterdam railway (1865), also known as the Staatslijn K, from Den Helder to Amsterdam via Alkmaar and Uitgeest; the Amsterdam-Zutphen railway (1874), also known as the Oosterspoorweg, via Hilversum, Amersfoort and Apeldoorn; the Amsterdam-Elten railway (1856), also known as the Rhijnspoorweg, via Utrecht and Arnhem; and the Amsterdam-Schiphol railway (1986), also known as the Westtak Ringspoorbaan.
As of December 2014, Amsterdam Centraal is served by 8 international rail routes and 22 national rail routes.
International rail
National rail
National rail services at the station are provided by NS, the principal rail operator in the Netherlands. NS offers four types of rail service from Amsterdam Centraal: Intercity Direct operating on the HSL-Zuid high-speed rail line, long-distance InterCity services, local Sprinter services, and the Nachtnet night service.
Railway station layout
Amsterdam Centraal has 15 tracks, 11 of which are alongside a platform: four island platforms with tracks along the full length on both sides (tracks 4/5, 7/8, 10/11, 13/14); one side platform with one track along the full length (track 15); and one bay platform with two tracks (tracks 1/2). Platforms 2-15 have an A-side (to the west) and a B-side (to the east). This means that there are 21 places where a train can be positioned for passenger access, with scissors crossings in the middle enabling trains to pass each other. Track 1 terminates short of the western end of the station building, which fronts track 2. Tracks 3, 6, 9, and 12 have no platform.
Diagram (platforms are yellow, tunnels are grey, north is up):
Other transport
Metro services
Amsterdam Centraal metro station (called Centraal Station on the Amsterdam Metro system) opened in 1980. It is the terminus station of three routes: Route 51 (Amsterdam Centraal - Isolatorweg), Route 53 (Amsterdam Centraal - Gaasperplas), and Route 54 (Amsterdam Centraal - Gein). In July 2018, the new Route 52 (Noord Station - Zuid Station) opened.
The metro station is only accessible with an OV-chipkaart smart card, the national fare system for public transport in the Netherlands. Disposable cards for one-hour, one-day or multiple-day use are available at ticket machines in the metro station hall.
As of 2018, the following metro services call at Centraal Station:
Tram services
Tram services at Amsterdam Centraal are provided from two tram stations on Stationsplein (Station Square), situated in front of the station's main entrance. Tram routes 2, 12, 13 and 17 call on the west side (Westzijde, Platform B) of the square, the other routes call on the east side (Oostzijde, Platform-A).
Bus services
City services
As of July 2018, GVB city bus routes 18, 21 and 22 and 48 depart from the new bus platform G on the lake side of the station (IJzijde or 'IJ side').
City nightbuses
Night bus services operate daily, starting around midnight and running until around 6 AM. From Monday to Thursday, night buses run once per hour. On Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays, they run twice per hour. As of December 2014, all night buses depart from platform G on the lake side of the station and call at all main entertainment areas in Amsterdam's city centre, including Leidseplein and Rembrandtplein.
Noord Holland services
EBS (part of Egged) regional bus services depart from a new bus station on the IJ lake side of the station (beyond platform 15). This can be reached from the main central walkway via escalators. Connexxion bus services depart from the Kamperbrug bus stops on the city centre side of the station.
305 (EBS - R-Net) Centraal Station - Schouw - Watergang - Ilpendam - Purmerend Tramplein - Zuidoostbeemster - Middenbeemster - De Rijp
306 (EBS - R-Net) Centraal Station - Ilpendam - Purmerend Gors-Noord - Purmerend Wheermolen - Purmerend Overwhere
314 (EBS - R-Net) Centraal Station - Broek in Waterland - Edam Bus Station - Oosthuizen - Scharwoude - Hoorn
316 (EBS - R-Net) Centraal Station - Volendam East - Edam - Edam Bus Station Limited stop between Amsterdam and Volendam
391 (Connexxion - R-Net) Centraal Station - Amsterdam Noord - Zaandam De Vlinder - Zaandam ZMC - Zaandam Kogerveld - Zaanse Schans
393 (Connexxion - R-Net) Centraal Station - Amsterdam Noord - Zaandam De Vlinder - Zaandam-Zuid - Zaandam Zaans Medisch Centrum
394 (Connexxion - R-Net) Centraal Station - Amsterdam Noord - Zaandam De Vlinder - Zaandam Zuid - Zaandam Station
Ferry services
Free of charge ferry services from Amsterdam Centraal to the borough of Amsterdam North across the IJ lake depart from the quay on the northern side of the station at the De Ruijterkade.
Just behind the station is the EYE Film Institute Netherlands, easily accessible with a free ferry.
See also
Railway stations in the Netherlands
List of tourist attractions in Amsterdam
References
Inline citations
General sources
External links
Amsterdam Centraal, project site about the station renovation
1880s establishments in the Netherlands
Centraal
Tram stops in Amsterdam
Buildings and structures completed in 1882
Pierre Cuypers buildings
Centraal
Railway stations in North Holland
Railway stations on the Oosterspoorweg
Railway stations on the Oude Lijn
Railway stations on the Rhijnspoorweg
Railway stations on the Staatslijn K
Railway stations on the Westtak Ringspoorbaan
Railway stations opened in 1889
Railway stations served by Eurostar
Rijksmonuments in Amsterdam
Juxtaposed border controls |
5394374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Weitzman | David Weitzman | David Weitzman, QC (18 June 1898 – 6 May 1987) was a British Labour Party politician.
Weitzman was born in Blackburn and educated at Hutchesons' Grammar School, Glasgow, Manchester Central School and Manchester University. He served in the Manchester Regiment in the First World War. After graduating he was called to the Bar (Gray's Inn) and became a member of the Northern Circuit. He contested Stoke Newington unsuccessfully at the 1935 general election but it was a Labour gain at the 1945 general election.
In October 1947, he was convicted of conspiracy related to unlawful supply of toilet preparations (lipstick) by his brothers' Newington Supply Co. contrary to wartime regulations, and was sentenced to 12 months imprisonment and fined £500. This was quashed in March 1948.
For the 1950 election his seat was reconstituted as Hackney North and Stoke Newington and he went on to represent the constituency for a further 29 years.
For the five years leading up to his retirement in 1979, he was the last sitting British MP born in the 19th century, the last born during the Victorian era, the oldest member of the House of Commons, and the last Member of Parliament to have served in the First World War. After his retirement, Bob Edwards became the oldest sitting British MP.
He was married three times and had a son and a daughter from the first marriage. He died on 6 May 1987 aged 88.
References
"Times Guide to the House of Commons", Times Newspapers Limited, October 1974 and 1979 editions.
External links
1898 births
Weitszman, David
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
English Queen's Counsel
British Army personnel of World War I
Hackney Members of Parliament
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
UK MPs 1964–1966
UK MPs 1966–1970
UK MPs 1970–1974
UK MPs 1974
UK MPs 1974–1979
English Jews
People educated at Hutchesons' Grammar School
Jewish British politicians
Manchester Regiment soldiers
20th-century English lawyers |
4000333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1i%20B%C3%A8%20district | Cái Bè district | Cái Bè is a river-land mixed town in Vietnam. It is a rural district of Tiền Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Along the river, there are docks that handle passengers and goods, and the floating market. Cái Bè is the north shore of Mỹ Thuận bridge, the gateway to the city of Vĩnh Long and the Cửu Long River Delta. As of 2003, the district had a population of 290,457. The district covers an area of 421 km². The district capital lies at Cái Bè.
References
Districts of Tiền Giang province |
4000334 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassery%20Stadium | Thalassery Stadium | Thalassery Stadium (also known as Thalassery Municipal Cricket Ground) is located near the Thalassery Civil Station, Kerala state, South India. Thalassery Stadium hosts the Ranji Trophy cricket matches every year.
History
On this ground, the first ball was bowled in the early 19th century, thanks to Colonel Arthur Wellesley, who brought the game to this Malabar town. In 2002, Thalassery cricket ground celebrated its 200th birthday by hosting a one-day cricket match between India and Sri Lanka sides containing former Test players.
See also
Thalassery Pier
Thalassery Fort
Overbury's folly
Thalassery
References
Sports venues in Kerala
Buildings and structures in Thalassery
Cricket grounds in Kerala
Sports venues completed in 1802
1802 establishments in India |
5394379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cuba%20relations | China–Cuba relations | Cuban–Chinese relations are the interstate relations between the People's Republic of China and Republic of Cuba. The origins of the relations began when the Qing dynasty established a consulate in Havana while Cuba was a still a colony of Spain in 1879. In 1902, the Qing dynasty recognized the independence of the Republic of Cuba from the United States, which had taken it from Spain in 1898. Cuba recognised the PRC in September 1960.
The relations are based on trade, credits, and investments, which have increased significantly since the 1990s. China is Cuba's second-largest trading partner after Venezuela. At a ceremonial trade gathering in Havana in early 2006, China's ambassador to Cuba said, "Our government has a firm position to develop trade co-operation between our countries. The policy, the orientation, has been determined. What's left is the work to complete our plans."
Although both Cuba and China are ruled by a communist party, they were on different sides during the Cold War, with Cuba being an ally of the Soviet Union, which China usually opposed following the Sino-Soviet Split.
China and Cuba have respect for each other's sovereign internal affairs and as a result experience good mutual relations such as being members of the Belt and Road Initiative for trade. China has partnered with Cuba to upgrade the rail network and other initiatives.
Commerce
Bilateral trade between China and Cuba in 2005 totaled US$777 million, of which US$560 million were Chinese exports to Cuba. Bilateral trade between China and Cuba in 2014 totaled US$1.6 billion. China is sending a growing amount of durable goods to Cuba. Chinese goods have become the primary tools both in the planned revitalization of Cuban transport infrastructure and in the "Energy Revolution" of 2006 to provide electricity to the Cuban population. Some large-scale transactions include:
Transportation
As of mid-2006, Cuba had purchased 100 locomotives from China for US$130 million.
As of early 2006, Cuba had signed a contract for 1,000 Chinese buses for urban and inter-provincial transportation.
Refrigerators
The Cuban government is replacing older appliances with newer, more energy-efficient models, including (as of early 2006) 30,000 Chinese refrigerators.
Investments
Nickel
As of 2004, China had agreed to planning to invest US$500 million in the completion and operation of Las Camariocas, an unfinished processing facility from the Soviet era. Under the agreement, Cubaníquel, the state-run nickel producer, owns 51 percent and Chinese-government owned Minmetals Corporation owns 49 percent. Financing for the project is from the China Development Bank, with Sinosure, the Chinese Export and Credit Insurance Corporation, providing guarantees.
Oil
SINOPEC, the Chinese state oil company, has an agreement with state-owned CUPET (Cuba Petroleum) to develop oil resources. As of mid-2008, SINOPEC had done some seismic testing for oil resources on the island of Cuba, but no drilling. The company also has a contract for joint production in one of Cuba's offshore areas of high potential yield, off the coast of Pinar del Río, but had done no off-shore drilling as of mid-2008.
In November 2005, PetroChina Great Wall Drilling Co., Ltd. and CUPET held a ceremony for the signing of two drilling service contracts, to provide di; Great Wall Drilling has provided drilling rigs for oil exploration on Cuba's north coast.
Biotechnology
In December 2005, the two countries signed an agreement to develop biotech joint ventures within the next three to five years. Two manufacturing plants using Cuban technology and processes, were operating in China as of early 2006.
Political and military relations
In 1912, the Cuban government established relations with the Beiyang government of the Republic of China in Peking. This continued with Nationalist government in Nanking and Taipei after losing most of its territory. Both countries were allies in both World War II and the Korean War. From September 1960, post-revolutionary Cuba shifted recognition to the People's Republic of China.
In the late 1990s, China provided the Cuban government with equipment to block signals from Radio Martí.
Chinese president and Party general secretary Hu Jintao visited Cuba in November 2004, and Chinese president and Party general secretary Xi Jinping visited Cuba in July 2014.
Chinese personnel have been operating two intelligence signal stations in Cuba since early 1999.
Cuba was one of 53 countries, that in June 2020, backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.
Other areas of cooperation
In 2004, China opened a local Confucius Institute in Havana.
Scientific and technical exchange and innovation in the industrial and agriculture sectors
Cultural exchanges
Medical, education and training exchanges
Energy and transport infrastructure
Resident diplomatic missions
China has an embassy in Havana.
Cuba has an embassy in Beijing and consulates-general in Guangzhou and Shanghai.
See also
Caribbean–China relations
Chinese Cubans
Belt and Road Initiative
Foreign relations of Cuba
Foreign relations of China
References
Further reading
Jiang Zemin, The Future of Socialism Remains as Bright as Ever, Excerpt from remarks to Fidel Castro (Selected Works, Vol I, p. 327-330)
Hearn, Adrian H. (2012), China, Global Governance and the Future of Cuba, in: Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 41, 1, 155–179.
Hearn, Adrian H. Cuba and China: Lessons and Opportunities for the United States Commissioned report for the CubaInfo Series; The Cuban Research Institute, Florida International University, June 2009z
External links
Chinese delegate Li Baodong praises Cuba's human rights record during the review of Cuba by the United Nations Human Rights Council's Universal Periodic Review, February 5, 2009
Cuba
Bilateral relations of Cuba |
5394381 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Molin%C3%A9 | Keith Moliné | Keith Moliné is a British guitarist and electronic musician, best known for his work in Pere Ubu. He has also performed with David Thomas and Two Pale Boys, Infidel, They Came from the Stars I Saw Them, and Prescott. He uses Roland, Variax and Fernandes Sustainer technology, allowing him to produce numerous overlapping instrument voicings within the context of "live" playing.
References
British rock guitarists
British male guitarists
Living people
Pere Ubu members
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4000336 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla%20Garita | Priscilla Garita | Priscilla Garita (born March 14, 1968) is an American actress, best known for her role as Gabi Martinez in NBC soap opera Sunset Beach.
Life and career
Garita was born in New York City. She is of Costa Rican descent. In 1993 she made her soap debut on Another World, and later had recurring roles in All My Children and As the World Turns.
Garita is best for playing the role of Gabi Martinez on the now-defunct NBC soap Sunset Beach for the show's entire run from January 1997 to December 1999. Garita was credited during January 1997, but her first appearance on the soap was in February 1997. In 2000 she was cast in the NBC pilot of the short-lived TV series Titans, but later was replaced to Lourdes Benedicto. Garita has also portrayed the role of Theresa Lopez-Fitzgerald on another NBC soap, Passions on a temporary basis from August to September 2004. During this time, Lindsay Hartley (the original Theresa) was on maternity leave with husband Justin Hartley.
Garita appeared on number of primetime dramas include Diagnosis Murder, Charmed, Ghost Whisperer, Law & Order: LA, Off the Map, CSI: Miami, Castle, and Rizzoli & Isles. In 2011, she appeared on General Hospital as Lupe. In March 2022, she replaced Inga Cadranel as Harmony Miller for the multiple episodes of General Hospital when Cadranel had COVID during filming.
Filmography
References
External links
1968 births
American soap opera actresses
Living people
American television actresses
Actresses from New York City
University of Connecticut alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses |
4000338 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top%20of%20the%20Mark | Top of the Mark | The Top of the Mark is a penthouse level bar located on the nineteenth floor of the Mark Hopkins Hotel on Nob Hill at California and Mason Streets in San Francisco, California. Located at the highest point of downtown San Francisco, on fog-free days the Top of the Mark has views of the financial district, Chinatown, North Beach, The San Francisco Bay, and of Grace Cathedral and Huntington Park.
History
The Mark Hopkins Hotel was built by George D. Smith on the site of the old Mark Hopkins mansion, which had burned down following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The hotel was dedicated in 1926, and the penthouse suite was rented exclusively to Daniel C. Jackling, reputedly at per month, until he moved to his house in Woodside in 1936. In 1939, shortly after emerging from a 1933 bankruptcy, George Smith convinced the trustees of the Mark to spend to convert the 11-room penthouse on the hotel's 19th floor into a glass-walled cocktail lounge, which became known as the Top of The Mark.
Marjorie Trumbull won fame in the 1940s for her radio interviews of celebrities broadcast on KSFO and conducted from the Top of the Mark.
During World War II, when San Francisco was a major transit point for troops going to the Pacific Theater, servicemen traditionally had a farewell drink before shipping out while watching the sun set over the Golden Gate Bridge. The northwest corner was known as "Weeper's Corner" after the wives and girlfriends who would gather there for their final look at departing ships.
A new tradition was established during the Korean War, when squadron members would sponsor a "squadron bottle" to be kept available at the bar. Each member would sign and date the label after claiming a free drink, and the man who took the last drink would keep the signed bottle and purchase a new bottle. By the end of the Korean War, thirty-two squadron bottles were in use.
Present day
The Top of the Mark features over 100 variations on the martini. The bar remains popular today, featuring dancing and live music most days of the week. During the December holiday season, the Top of the Mark offers an afternoon tea service.
Gallery
References
External links
Drinking establishments in the San Francisco Bay Area
Landmarks in San Francisco
Restaurants in San Francisco
Restaurants established in 1939
1939 establishments in California
Nob Hill, San Francisco |
4000340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta%20Latow | Roberta Latow | Muriel Roberta Latow (September 27, 1931 – February 4, 2003) was an American art expert, gallery owner, interior designer, and erotic author. She has been credited with giving Andy Warhol the original idea to paint Campbell's Soup Cans and the 200 One-Dollar Bills silkscreens, and her written works reflect her travels throughout Europe. Her later erotic fiction also reflected her knowledge and experience in the worlds of art.
Biography
Early life and art career
Latow was born on September 27, 1931 in Springfield, Massachusetts. She had an early interest in art and moved to New York City to study interior design at Parsons School of Design.
She then worked as an interior designer in Manhattan, during which time she befriended numerous prominent abstract and pop culture artists of that era, including Mark Rothko and Andy Warhol. She actively participated in the "pop art scene" in the 1960s and became "famous for her generosity and the wild parties in her Mayfair apartment. The carpets were of fur, indoor trees reached to the high ceilings, from which canaries sang in cages and Roberta herself looked magnificent in extraordinary jewelry and eastern garments."
In 1960, she opened an art gallery in Manhattan, and opened it with encouragement from her friends but had to close it six years later because of competition from more established galleries.
According to Latow's Amazon.com biography, "She was a noted art expert and gallery owner and has been credited with giving Andy Warhol the original idea to paint Campbell's Soup Cans. While multiple people have taken that credit, many attribute the suggestion to Latow, including Ted Carey – a close friend of Warhol's during the late 1950s/early 1960s – who reports in Warhol's biography, Pop: The Genius of Andy Warhol: "the gallerist Muriel Latow came up with the idea for both the Soup Cans and Warhol's money paintings," and in compensation for that contribution, "on 23 November 1961, Warhol wrote Latow a cheque for $50 [more than $300 in 2010 terms]."
In the early 1970s, Latow moved to Europe. There, she visited and lived in various parts of the Mediterranean Sea. She particularly liked Greece, where she lived for many years and worked as an art dealer and interior decorator, remodelling homes and travelling the world to select antiquities for museums and art dealers.
Later life and writing career
In 1981, Latow later moved to London, where she wrote her first erotic novel Three Rivers, and became an international bestseller. She ultimately settled in the English countryside and wrote over 20 more novels. Many of her books' backgrounds reflect her travels in Europe.
Death
Latow died of cancer on February 4, 2003, in Oxford, England at the age of 71.
Bibliography
Novels (Headline Book Publishing)
Three Rivers (1981)
Tidal Wave (1983)
Soft Warm Rain (1986)
This Stream of Dreams (1987)
White Moon, Black Sea (1988)
Cheyney Fox (1990)
Cannonberry Chase (1991)
Those Wicked Pleasures (1992)
Her Hungry Heart (1993)
Love Chooses (1993)
A Rage to Live (1994)
Objects of Desire (1995)
Acts of Love (1995)
Forbidden (1995)
The Pleasure Seekers (1996)
Secret Souls (1996)
Only in the Night (1997)
The Sweet Caress (1997)
Her One Obsession (1998)
Embrace Me (1999)
Take Me Higher (1999)
Body and Soul (2001)
The Blue Lotus (2006)
References
20th-century American women writers
1931 births
2003 deaths
21st-century American women |
4000353 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marne-la-Vall%C3%A9e%E2%80%93Chessy%20station | Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy station | Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy TGV, or Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy also appearing on platform displays as Disneyland Paris, is a large combined RER (commuter rail), and high-speed rail station in Chessy, Seine-et-Marne, France, about east of Paris, located on the LGV Interconnexion Est opened in 1994. The station is inside the Disneyland Paris resort, close to the entrances to the theme parks and at the entrance to Disney Village. The station opened as an extension of RER A in April 1992, in conjunction with the opening of the theme park, with The Walt Disney Company contributing €38.1 million of the €126.5 million cost. The high-speed rail part of the station opened in May 1994, two years after the RER portion of station.
Situation
There are direct TGV services to, among others, Bordeaux, Marseille, Nice, Lyon, Rennes, Lille, Nantes, Limoges, Toulouse, Montpellier, Orléans, Grenoble and Brussels. On 29 June 1996, Eurostar began direct services from London to Disneyland Paris. Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy is also the rail head used for Paris by Ouigo services. Passengers can travel by TGV from Charles de Gaulle Airport TGV station to this station in less than 10 minutes.
The station has a UK National Rail station code of MCK because it is part of the Eurostar network, although Eurostar is not part of National Rail. As Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy is a Eurostar station, it houses Eurostar check-in areas and border control booths operated by the French Border Police and Customs in a dedicated area on the 2nd floor of the station. Previously, the UK Border Agency operated juxtaposed controls and carried out pre-embarkation immigration checks at the station. However, the UK has discontinued this arrangement. Accordingly, passengers go through UK immigration and customs checks at their arrival station in the UK.
Train services
From Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, train services depart to major French cities such as Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Montpellier, Perpignan, Lille and Strasbourg. International services operate to Brussels in Belgium, London in the United Kingdom and Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
The following services currently start, end, or stop at Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy:
Domestic services:
High-speed services (TGV) from Lille Europe to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Lyon Saint-Exupéry, Avignon TGV and Marseille-Saint-Charles, Cannes and Nice
High-speed services (TGV) from Lille Europe to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Lyon Saint-Expuéry, Nîmes, Montpellier-Saint-Roch and Toulouse
High-speed services (TGV) from Lille Europe to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Tours-Saint-Pierre-des-Corps, Angoulême and Bordeaux-Saint-Jean
High-speed services (TGV) from Lille Europe to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Le Mans and Rennes
High-speed services (TGV) from Lille Europe to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Le Mans, Angers and Nantes
High-speed services (TGV) from Lille Europe to Arras, Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Lyon Saint-Exupéry, Nîmes and Montpellier-Saint-Roch
High-speed services (TGV) from Lille Europe to Arras, Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Lyon Saint-Exupéry, Avignon TGV and Marseille-Saint-Charles
High-speed services (TGV) from Strasbourg to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Le Mans and Rennes
High-speed services (TGV) from Strasbourg to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Le Mans, Angers and Nantes
High-speed services (TGV) from Strasbourg to Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Tours-Saint-Pierre-des-Corps and Bordeaux-Saint-Jean
High-speed services (Ouigo) from Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy to Lyon Saint-Exupéry, Avignon TGV and Marseille-Saint-Charles
High-speed services (Ouigo) from Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy to Lyon Saint-Exupéry, Nîmes and Montpellier-Saint-Roch
International services:
High-speed services (TGV) from Brussels-South to Lille Europe, Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Lyon Saint-Exupéry, Avignon TGV and Marseille-Saint-Charles
High-speed services (TGV) from Brussels-South to Lille Europe, Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, Lyon Saint-Exupéry, Nîmes, Montpellier-Saint-Roch and Perpignan
High-speed services (Eurostar) from Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy to Ashford International, Ebbsfleet International and London St. Pancras
High-speed services (Thalys) from Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy to Brussels-South, Rotterdam Centraal and Amsterdam Centraal
Commuter services:
RER services (A) from Cergy-le-Haut, Conflans-Fin-d'Oise, Sartrouville, La Défense, Gare de Lyon, Vincennes, Val de Fontenay and Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy
RER services (A) from Poissy to Sartrouville, La Défense, Gare de Lyon, Vincennes, Val de Fontenay and Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy
See also
List of stations of the Paris RER
Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
References
External links
Réseau Express Régional stations
Railway stations in Seine-et-Marne
Railway stations in France opened in 1992
Disneyland Paris
Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Railway stations served by Eurostar
Railways of amusement parks in France
French railway stations with juxtaposed controls |
5394386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place%20des%20Victoires | Place des Victoires | The Place des Victoires is a circular place in Paris, located a short distance northeast from the Palais Royal and straddling the border between the 1st and the 2nd arrondissements. The Place des Victoires is at the confluence of six streets: Rue de la Feuillade, Rue Vide Gousset, Rue d'Aboukir, Rue Étienne Marcel, Rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs, and Rue Catinat.
History
At the center of the Place des Victoires is an equestrian monument in honor of King Louis XIV, celebrating the Treaties of Nijmegen concluded in 1678-79. A marshal of France, François de la Feuillade, vicomte d'Aubusson, on his own speculative initiative, demolished the old private mansions on the site. Feuillade's project was soon taken over by the Bâtiments du Roi, a department attached to the king's household, and the royal architect, Jules Hardouin Mansart, was entrusted with redesigning a grander complex of buildings, still in the form of a ring of private houses, to accommodate a majestic statue of the triumphant king.
Hardouin-Mansart's conception
Hardouin-Mansart's design, of 1685, articulated the square's unified façades according to a formula utilised in some Parisian hôtels particuliers, (palatial private homes). Mansart chose colossal pilasters linking two floors, standing on a high arcaded base with rustication of the pilasters; the façades were capped with sloping slate "mansard roofs", punctuated by dormer windows. However, because the building work was incomplete at the time of the unveiling of the monument, the envisioned façades were painted on canvas. By 1692, the Place des Victoires was pierced by six streets, and the circular plan functioned as a flexible joint to harmonize their various axes.
Desjardins sculpture
The original statue, of Louis XIV crowned by Victory and trampling Cerberus underfoot, in gilt bronze, stood on a high square pedestal with bas-relief panels and effusively flattering inscriptions; dejected bronze figures were seated at the corners. The sculptor was Martin Desjardins, part of the team that was working cooperatively at the Château of Versailles and its gardens.
Louis XIV's reversals
Louis permanently abandoned Paris in 1682, and his imperial ambitions in Europe were deflated by subsequent wars; the Treaty of Ryswick of 1697 was termed "a humiliating disaster for the king" by the military architect Vauban. "During the course of the eighteenth century," Rochelle Ziskin has noted, "critics would suggest that the arrogance of representation at the Place des Victoires had serious political consequences and may have been a factor in provoking war." The grandiose memorial that had begun to embarrass Louis XIV himself would eventually be destroyed in 1792, during the French Revolution.
Modern times
In 1793, the Place was renamed Place des Victoires-Nationaux (National Victories Square), and a wooden pyramid was erected on the site of the destroyed statue. In 1810, under the rule of Napoléon I, a nude statue of the General Louis Desaix replaced the pyramid. However, following the abdication of Napoléon, the statue was taken down and its metal was used to create a new statue of Henry IV on the nearby Pont Neuf.
In 1828, the restored Bourbon king, Charles X, commissioned the current equestrian statue, which was sculpted by François Joseph Bosio in imitation of the famous Bronze Horseman. Louis XIV, dressed as a Roman emperor, sits on a proud horse rearing on its hind legs. An iron fence encircles the twelve-meter-high monument.
Square today
The area surrounding the Place des Victoires is now an upmarket neighborhood. Fashion designers Kenzo and Cacharel have boutiques there, as have the ready-to-wear chains Maje, and Zadig et Voltaire. The German Forum for Art History (Deutsches Forum für Kunstgeschichte) is on the Place and the French Institut national d'histoire de l'art is in nearby Galerie Colbert.
Metro station
The Place des Victoires is:
It is served by lines 3, 4, 7, and 14.
Notes
External links
Monuments and memorials in Paris
Victoires
1685 establishments in France
Buildings and structures in the 1st arrondissement of Paris
Buildings and structures in the 2nd arrondissement of Paris |
4000356 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Zara | Siege of Zara | The siege of Zara or siege of Zadar (; ; 10–24 November 1202) was the first major action of the Fourth Crusade and the first attack against a Catholic city by Catholic crusaders. The crusaders had an agreement with Venice for transport across the sea, but the price far exceeded what they were able to pay. Venice set the condition that the crusaders help them capture Zadar (or Zara), a constant battleground between Venice on one side and Croatia and Hungary on the other, whose king, Emeric, pledged himself to join the Crusade. Although some of the crusaders refused to take part in the siege, the attack on Zadar began in November 1202 despite letters from Pope Innocent III forbidding such an action and threatening excommunication. Zadar fell on 24 November and the Venetians and the crusaders sacked the city. After wintering in Zadar, the Fourth Crusade continued its campaign, which led to the siege of Constantinople.
Background
Shortly after his election as pope in 1198, Pope Innocent III (1161–1216) published several papal encyclicals calling for the invasion and recapture of the Holy Land from the Muslims. His plan to accomplish this differed from the earlier ultimately unsuccessful Second and Third crusades in several ways. Instead of the secular nobles who led the earlier crusades, this one would be, in theory, completely under papal control. Innocent's plan also called for the invading armies to travel to Egypt by sea and seize the Nile Delta, which would then be used as a base from which to invade Palestine. His call was at first poorly received among the ruling families of Europe, but by 1200, an army of approximately 35,000 was formed.
Innocent III negotiated an agreement with the Republic of Venice, Europe's dominant sea power at the time, involving the construction of a fleet of warships and transports. The deal stipulated that about 35,000 crusaders would need transport and the Venetians would be paid 94,000 marks of silver, to be paid in installments. A council held at Soissons in June 1201 chose Boniface of Montferrat to lead the expedition.
The agreement between the Venetians and the crusaders had set the date for the arrival of the host in Venice before the end of April 1202, in order to provide for a departure in time for a summer crossing at the end of June. The crusade leaders had counted on raising the money still owed to the Venetians through the collection of passage money from the individual crusaders. However, the first crusader groups did not leave France until April and May, others straggled along throughout the summer and some of the French nobles chose to sail instead from Marseilles and other ports. Therefore, after the Venetians had suspended their regular commercial operations for a year to build and crew the ships, only about 12,000 crusaders showed up at Venice to man and pay for them. Boniface and the nobles added what money they could spare, and pledged their gold and silver plate to the Venetian moneylenders. Still the crusaders found themselves only able to pay 51,000 marks to the Venetians. In response, the Venetians indicated that they would accept the invasion of Zara (now Zadar, Croatia), a Catholic city on the coast of the Adriatic, as well as nearby Trieste, in lieu of payment for the time being; the crusaders were then to pay the rest owed to the Venetians out of their initial gains in the crusade. Zara had rebelled against the Venetian Republic in 1183, and placed itself under the dual protection of the Papacy and King Emeric of Hungary (who had recently agreed to join the Crusade). Though a large group of crusaders found the scheme repulsive and refused to participate, the majority agreed (despite the written protests of Innocent III), citing it as necessary to attain the larger goal of taking Jerusalem.
Assault
Once the agreement was made, the crusaders and Venetians began boarding the ships. The crusaders used the 50 amphibious transports, 100 horse carriers and 60 warships designed and built for them by the Venetians. Their transports were approximately 30 m long, 9 m wide and 12 m high, with a crew of 100. Each one could carry up to 600 infantry. The horse carriers featured specially designed slings to carry their cargo of horses, and featured fold-out ramps below the waterline that could be opened to allow mounted knights to charge directly onto shore. The Venetian warships were powered by 100 oarsmen each and featured metal-tipped rams just above the waterline as their primary weapons. They also carried more than 300 siege weapons.
The Venetian fleet, led by Doge Enrico Dandolo, left harbor on 1 October towards Istria and imposed Venetian supremacy over Trieste, Muggia and Pula. Most of the crusader forces left Venice on 8 October. The two armies met near Pula and sailed together towards Zadar. Doge Dandolo was in no hurry as he planned on staying in Zadar over winter.
On the eve of St. Martin's Day the fleet arrived at Zadar. The attack on Zadar took the form of an amphibious landing followed by a brief siege. Chains and booms were laid across the mouth of Zadar's harbor as a defense, but the crusaders burst through them in their Venetian ships and landed their troops and equipment near the city, where they made a camp. Citizens of Zadar hung flags with crosses on the walls, showing that they were a Christian city. Some of the crusader leaders, including Simon de Montfort, Robert de Boves and Guy of Vaux-de-Cernay, refused to take part in the siege and requested that the city be spared. On behalf of the Pope, Guy of Vaux-de-Cernay read a letter delivered by Peter of Lucedio and forbade the conquest of the city "because it is a city of Christians, and you are pilgrims". However, most of the crusaders sided with Dandolo, while de Montfort and other crusaders who refused to participate in the siege camped further away from the city.
On 13 November siege engines were placed and used to bombard the city's walls. Zadar fell on 24 November 1202, and the incident foreshadowed the siege of Constantinople later in the campaign. Most of the population of Zadar fled to Nin and Biograd or the surrounding islands.
Aftermath
Following the capture of the city, widespread violence erupted between the Frankish and Venetian contingents over the distribution of plunder.
The anonymous author of the Devastatio Constantinopolitana records a figure of 100 dead following the brawl.
In 1203, Pope Innocent III excommunicated the entire crusading army, along with the Venetians, for taking part in the attack, writing: Behold your gold has turned into base metal and your silver has almost completely rusted since, departing from the purity of your plan and turning aside from the path onto the impassable road, you have, so to speak, withdrawn your hand from the plough [...] for when [...] you should have hastened to the land flowing with milk and honey, you turned away, going astray in the direction of the desert.
In February 1203, the Pope rescinded the excommunications against all non-Venetians in the expedition.
Notes
Sources
Christian vs. Christian in the Fourth Crusade: Quarterly Journal of Military History
Gibbon, Edward. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Ch. 60: Siege of Zara
Sieges involving Croatia
Battles of the Fourth Crusade
Battles involving medieval Croatia
Siege
13th-century military history of Croatia
Sieges of the Crusades
1202 in Europe
13th century in Croatia
Sieges involving the Republic of Venice
Conflicts in 1202
History of Dalmatia
Venetian period in the history of Croatia
Battles involving Hungary in the Middle Ages
Sieges involving Hungary
Looting |
4000365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Maguire | Matthew Maguire | Matthew Maguire may refer to:
Matt Maguire (born 1984), Australian rules footballer
Matthew Maguire (labor activist), American labor activist |
4000367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravelas | Caravelas | Caravelas is a city of about 20,000 inhabitants in southern Bahia, Brazil, a few miles above the mouth of the Caravelas River.
Caravelas was founded in 1581 by Portuguese settlers. It was once the centre of a flourishing whale fishery. It is the port of the Bahia & Minas railway pt. Caravelas is the nearest town to the uninhabited Abrolhos Archipelago.
The city contains part of the Cassurubá Extractive Reserve, a sustainable use conservation unit that protects an area of mangroves, river and sea where shellfish are harvested.
The city is served by Caravelas Airport.
See also
Abrolhos Marine National Park
References
Populated coastal places in Bahia
Populated places established in 1503
Municipalities in Bahia |
5394416 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer%20Vasko | Elmer Vasko | Elmer "Moose" Vasko (December 11, 1935 – October 30, 1998) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks and Minnesota North Stars. He was on the Blackhawks team that won the Stanley Cup in 1961.
Personal
Vasko was born in Duparquet, Quebec. He was one of the few players of Slovak descent in the NHL's younger years. Vasko also never lost any of his teeth during his NHL career, despite the lack of mouthguards or helmets in his playing days. He was a second team all star in 1962-63 and 1963-64.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
External links
1935 births
1998 deaths
Buffalo Bisons (AHL) players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian people of Slovak descent
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Minnesota North Stars players
People from Abitibi-Témiscamingue
Salt Lake Golden Eagles (WHL) players
Stanley Cup champions
St. Catharines Teepees players |
4000368 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20May%20Now%20Kiss%20the...%20Uh...%20Guy%20Who%20Receives | You May Now Kiss the... Uh... Guy Who Receives | "You May Now Kiss the... Uh... Guy Who Receives" is the 25th episode of the fourth season of Family Guy. The episode originally aired on April 30, 2006, on Fox. In the episode, Brian's gay cousin Jasper comes to Quahog with his boyfriend Ricardo to get married. Mayor West tries to ban same-sex marriage to divert attention from a bad investment he made with the taxpayers' money. Brian fights for gay marriage and ends up taking Mayor West hostage to get his view across.
The episode was written by David A. Goodman and directed by Dominic Polcino. The episode received positive reviews from critics. The week it aired, the episode had an estimated 7.8 million viewers. The episode features guest performances from Michael Clarke Duncan, Ralph Garman, Rachael MacFarlane, Chad Morgan, Charles Reid, Craig Reid, Kevin Michael Richardson, and Stark Sands, as well as several recurring voice actors for the series.
Plot
Brian's gay cousin Jasper comes to Quahog with his Filipino boyfriend Ricardo, and he announces that they are going to get married. Everyone is delighted — except for Lois, who is against same-sex marriage. Later, Mayor Adam West reveals in the city center a solid gold statue of the Honey Smacks mascot Dig 'Em, and dedicates the statue to the servicemen who died in what he refers to as the "recent Gulf conflict". The cost of the statue puts the city in debt. In order to distract the townspeople, he proposes a bill outlawing same sex marriage. Meanwhile, Chris falls for Alyssa, a beautiful girl who belongs to the Young Republicans, and joins the group to impress her.
An enraged Brian vows to make West change his mind, getting 10,000 people to sign a petition to oppose the bill. Lois refuses to sign and takes Stewie to visit her parents. Before Brian can present the petition to the mayor, Chris burns it because Alyssa has agreed he may touch her breasts if he destroys the document, much to Brian's anger. Brian manages to get 10,000 more signatures on a new petition to show it to Mayor West, but West still won't change his mind and throws them out of his office window. Out of desperation, Brian takes a security guard's gun, and holds the mayor hostage.
Lois hears about Brian on TV, and then discovers that her parents do not love each other, and even raised her to believe that a heterosexual couple who hate each other have every right to marry while a homosexual couple who love each other don't. Horrified, Lois changes her mind on same-sex marriage, deciding that gay couples who love each other have the right to be together. She returns to Quahog to convince Brian to free the mayor, saying that if he pursues this any further, he will be hurting his own cause. Brian agrees, and ends the hostage situation. Since it has distracted the town from the Dig 'Em scandal, Mayor West agrees to drop the ban on gay marriage. Brian gives him a key for a Volkswagen Scirocco, and West drops the hostage charges. Jasper and Ricardo get married in the backyard of the Griffin house.
Production
Written by David A. Goodman, and directed by Dominic Polcino, series creator Seth MacFarlane came up with the idea for the episode while writing a pilot episode featuring two gay men. MacFarlane describes himself as "incredibly passionate about [his] support for the gay community", and finds it to be "infuriating and idiotic" that two gay partners "have to go through this fucking dog and pony act when they stop at a hotel and the guy behind the counter says, 'You want one room or two?'"
In addition to the regular cast, actor Michael Clarke Duncan, voice actor Ralph Garman, actress Rachael MacFarlane, actress Chad Morgan, actor Charles Reid, actor Craig Reid, voice actor Kevin Michael Richardson, and voice actor Stark Sands guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voices include Lori Alan, Alex Breckenridge, Johnny Brennan, writer Mike Henry, writer Chris Sheridan, writer Danny Smith, writer John Viener, and actor Adam West, who portrays an exaggerated version of himself. Actor Patrick Warburton has a guest appearance as well.
Censor issues required multiple changes to the episode. The line when Peter says, "It's not like we're going to have a gay sex orgy in the living room," was originally, "Come on Lois, we're not going to drill glory holes in the living room." The show received a broadcast standards request that the anti-gay video the priest shows Lois say "Pat Robertson Industries," so as not to make it look like Fox had an opinion about homosexuals. The writers had a problem with Lois being against gay marriage, as they felt they were not portraying her in a way that is consistent with other episodes as she expressed a more liberal viewpoint on many past issues on the show and even expressed a generally more accepting view of gays in the episode Brian Sings and Swings. The DVD version has a deleted scene during the backyard wedding ending where Ricardo (who doesn't speak English) asks Stewie what's going on and Stewie (who speaks Tagalog) tells Ricardo that he'll find out on his wedding night.
Cultural references
Mayor West builds a statue of Dig 'Em, the Sugar Smacks mascot, which causes controversy and causes West to ban gay marriage. Stewie takes over air traffic control, and causes Matthew McConaughey's private plane to crash into the ocean. The film The Sound of Music is also referenced in the episode. West also swallowed a Stratego board game and an older issue of People magazine which features the actor Paul Hogan. A cutaway gag involves Peter in the band The Proclaimers, in a recording for the song "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)", while another involves Popeye at Dr. Hartman's office, where he is told his bulging forearms are full of tumors and his speech patterns are the result of a stroke.
Reception
"You May Now Kiss the... Uh... Guy Who Receives" had an average of 7.82 million viewers and ranked 82nd out of 215 programs airing that week. Bob Sassone from TV Squad wrote that he could not stop laughing throughout the episode, feeling that there is "just something really funny about gay dogs getting married and a giant gold statue of Dig 'Em, the Sugar Smacks mascot". While reviewing the Family Guy: Volume 4 DVD, Nancy Basile of About.com called the episode "sharp".
See also
References
External links
2006 American television episodes
Family Guy (season 4) episodes
American LGBT-related television episodes
Television episodes about same-sex marriage
LGBT-related animated television episodes
Homophobia in fiction
Television episodes directed by Dominic Polcino
Television episodes about anti-LGBT sentiment |
4000371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana%20Vilma%20de%20Escobar | Ana Vilma de Escobar | Ana Vilma Albanez de Escobar is a Salvadoran female politician who was Vice President of El Salvador from 1 June 2004 to 1 June 2009. She is a member of the right-wing Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party.
She is the first woman to serve as vice president, complementing the presidential formula of Elías Antonio Saca for the term 2004–2009. Their victory was the outcome of the most attended election in Salvadoran history, giving their party, ARENA, 58.5% of the votes, 20 points above its closest contender. She sought the nomination for president of El Salvador in the presidential primary of 2008 but was defeated by National Police Chief Rodrigo Ávila.
Education and experience
She earned a degree in Economics from the "José Simeón Cañas" Central American University additionally she has pedagogical experience in the areas of mathematics and languages. She is fluent in both English and French.
De Escobar worked for ten years at the United States Agency for International Development in its Private Sector Office managing projects to develop the promotion of non-traditional exports and to foment foreign investment through the private and public sector.
Her participation in Salvadoran politics includes serving as Executive Director of the political party ARENA and Director of the Women's Sector of the Party. She was a candidate for congress in the 2003 elections.
Governance
Within the government had the task of leading the efforts to create jobs through the Foreign Direct Investment Promotion Agency ‘’'PROESA'’(by its Spanish acronym) and Export Promotion Agency EXPORTA, was electedPresident of the National Agency for the Promotion of Exports (EXPORTA).
In her management developed the conception and launch of the National Export Strategy in force until 2016, the strategic investment attraction for the integration of the textile industry and clothing, and attracting investment in the services sector, especially in Contact and Distribution and Logisticscenters.
She also developed a plan to convert El Salvador into a regional hub, with the goal of modernizing the country.
De Escobar was also president of the National Commission for Sustainable Development (CNDS). The CNDS works with the United Nations Development Programme, international organizations, and government institutions responsible of carrying out national social programs.
Legislative candidacy
On 20 May 2011 was published his nominations a candidate for legislator to the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador by the department of San Salvador, under the Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA).
One difference from previous years in the elections, are the reforms in electoral laws, the ballot for the election of deputies, will show the faces of the candidates. Ana Vilma began in December 2011 a campaign called Defend your vote and the main campaign promise is your work plan is the commitment to the country's growth in all sectors.
On Sunday 11 March 2012, the country was under elections, after scrutiny by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal of El Salvador was announced that Ana Vilma de Escobar received 135.015 votes, these results became the candidate for Congress of party Arena in San Salvador with more preference votes received by face. De Escobar will hold deputy in charge of San Salvador in the period 2012–2015 in the Salvadoran parliament.
References
External links
website
Investment Promotion Agency of El Salvador PROESA
EXPORTA El Salvador
1954 births
Living people
National Republican Alliance politicians
Vice presidents of El Salvador
21st-century Salvadoran women politicians
21st-century Salvadoran politicians
Women vice presidents
Central American University alumni
21st-century Algerian people |
4000376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSB | JSB | JSB is an initialism which usually refers to the initials of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750), German composer and musician of the Baroque period.
JSB may also refer to:
Sandaime J Soul Brothers, a J-Pop dance and vocal unit from Tokyo and the third generation of the J Soul Brothers
Japanese School of Beijing
The Japanese School of Brussels
The Jimmy Swift Band, Canadian Electro-Rock Quartet
Júlio Sérgio Bertagnoli, Brazilian goalkeeper who plays for Roma
John Seely Brown, a US researcher in organizations and computing
John Stewart Bell, Irish physicist
Julie Stewart-Binks, a Canadian television and sports reporter
Judicial Studies Board, now the Judicial College |
4000386 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin%20Coates | Austin Coates | Austin Coates (1922–1997) was a British civil servant, writer and traveller. He was the son of noted English composer Eric Coates.
Austin Coates wrote extensively on topics related to the Asia-Pacific region, particularly Hong Kong and Macau. He was first connected to the East through his service for the Royal Air Force intelligence in India, Burma, Malaysia and Indonesia in the Second World War. After the war, he worked for the Hong Kong government as Assistant Colonial Secretary and Magistrate in the New Territories from 1949 to 1956. As a magistrate, he gained insight on the Chinese customs and character, and he applied Chinese laws to solve many of his cases.
After Hong Kong, he was the Chinese Affairs Officer in Sarawak from 1957 to 1959; First Secretary of the British High Commission, Kuala Lumpur and Penang from 1959 to 1962. In 1962, he left the British civil service to concentrate on writing. In 1965, he settled in Hong Kong and continued travelling and writing extensively. In 1968, he published Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr, a biography of the Philippine national hero José Rizal which serves as the second biographical account of the life and career of Rizal authored by a non-Filipino.
Coates was the guest of many prominent Asians, among them the Tagore family, the Indian painter Jamini Roy and Mahatma Gandhi. After his visit with Gandhi, he decided that understanding between East and West was one of the most important goals in the world.
His book, City of Broken Promises was made into an extremely successful musical for the Hong Kong Art Festival in 1978. The show was also staged in San Jose in 1979, starring Teresa Carpio.
Coates was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium.
Bibliography
Travel and history
Invitation to an Eastern Feast (1953)
Personal and Oriental (1957)
Basutoland (Corona Library, 1966)
Western Pacific Islands (The Corona Library, 1970)
Islands of the South (1974)
History
Portuguese Roots in Africa (1965) Johannesburg: Frier & Munro
Prelude to Hong Kong (1966) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; second edition as Macao and the British, 1637–1842 Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1988, 234 pp;
Rizal, Philippine Nationalist and Martyr (1968), Oxford University Press. José Rizal is the national hero of the Philippines.
China, India and the Ruins of Washington (1972) New York: John Day, discusses the longevity of the Chinese and Indian civilisations in contrast to the Western civilisation.
A Mountain of Light: The Story of the Hongkong Electric Company (1977)
A Macao Narrative (1978) Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition 1999, 146 pp., preface by Cesar Guillen-Nunez
Whampoa: Ships on the Shore (Hong Kong: SCMP. 1980), about the founding of the Hongkong & Whampoa Dock Company and the transformation of Hong Kong from a sleepy little village to the seventh biggest port of the world.
China Races (1984) Oxford University Press (China), a history of racing on the China Coast commissioned by the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club.
Quick Tidings of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. 1990 A History of telecommunications in Hong Kong.
The Commerce in Rubber: The First 250 Years (1987) Singapore: Oxford University Press
Other non-fiction
Report on the Southern District (195?) Rural development, Village communities, Southern District New Territories
Myself a Mandarin (1968) London: Frederick Muller, describes the author's experience as a special magistrate in the New Territories.
Numerology (1975) Coates explains his system of reading people's characters and predicting their fortunes based on their names and birth dates.
Novels
The Road (London: Hutchinson & Co, 1957), novel about Hong Kong's Lantau Island during 20th century.
City of Broken Promises (1959, Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition 1987, 314 pp. A novel based on the life of Martha Merop, a Chinese orphan in Macao who rose to great success in business and on her liaison with Thomas Kuyck van Mierop, a principal of the British East India Company.)
References
20th-century British writers
1922 births
1997 deaths
British diplomats in East Asia
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II |
5394425 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade%E2%80%93Bar%20railway | Belgrade–Bar railway | The Belgrade–Bar railway () is a railway connecting the Serbian capital of Belgrade with the town of Bar, a major seaport in Montenegro.
Overview
The Belgrade–Bar railway is a standard-gauge railway, long. Of this length, of the railway goes through Serbia, and through Montenegro. It is electrified with 25 kV, 50 Hz AC along the entire corridor. It passes through 254 tunnels of total length of and over 435 bridges (total length ). The longest tunnels are "Sozina", , and "Zlatibor", . The biggest and the best known bridge is Mala Rijeka Viaduct, long and above ground level.
The highest point of the railway is at above mean sea level, at the town of Kolašin. The railway descends to 40m above mean sea level at Podgorica in a relatively short distance, thus the gradient of 25‰ on this section.
A small section of the railway actually passes through Bosnia and Herzegovina, near the town of Štrpci, and three trains per day stop there in each direction (though no border police is normally present)
When the line was completed in the late 1970s, it took a train approximately seven hours to complete the trip from Belgrade to Bar. Today it takes 11 hours, due to speed restrictions, as the railway cannot safely sustain the projected speeds without being thoroughly rebuilt.
Stations
History
The decision to build the railway connection between Belgrade and Bar was made in 1952, as a national project of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. However, the construction was passed to the constituent Republics, SR Serbia and SR Montenegro, to build on their own.
The sections of the railway were completed as follows:
Resnik – Vreoci in 1958
Podgorica – Bar in 1959
Vreoci – Valjevo in 1968
Valjevo – Užice in 1972
Užice – Podgorica in 1976
The construction works were concluded on 27 November 1975, by joining the railway tracks south of Kolašin. The railway was opened on 28 May 1976. Electrification was completed at the end of 1977.
Maintenance of the Belgrade–Bar railway suffered from chronic underfunding during the 1990s, which has resulted in the railway deteriorating and becoming unsafe. This culminated in the Bioče derailment, when a passenger train derailed, causing the deaths of 47 passengers. As a result, efforts are being made to thoroughly reconstruct the railway.
The Serbian part of the railway was targeted several times by NATO during its bombing campaign in 1999, seriously damaging portions of the railway. Also, the small section that passes through Bosnia and Herzegovina was blown up by SFOR ground forces. All of this damage was later repaired.
In 2016, Serbia commenced a thorough reconstruction of the entire section on its territory. The aim is to make the line able to support the maximum speed of 120 km/h as originally designed. The first section, from Belgrade to Valjevo, which represents 27% of the Serbian part of the line, was due for completion during the summer of 2017.
Gallery
See also
Serbian Railways
Rail transport in Montenegro
References
External links
Belgrade to Bar railway, Seat 61
The Guardian
International railway lines
Railway lines in Serbia
Railway lines in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Railway lines in Montenegro
Railway lines opened in 1958 |
5394440 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS.ac%2C%20Inc. | SMS.ac, Inc. | Founded in 2001, SMS.ac Inc. is a mobile data and Internet communications company based in San Diego, California. With a worldwide connectivity to more than 400 mobile operators, the company offers a platform MMSbox for interpole exchange of MMS and SMS. The company (and its spinoff subsidiary FanBox, now rebranded as empowr) has claimed to serve over 14 billion mobile text messages in 2003, and 25 billion in 2004 where they were widely criticized for charging unrequested SMS services from consumers and for failing to respond to the complaints of users and for FanBox's e-mail activities. The company provides distribution and billing to people buying and selling digital content (video, music, and applications) through (SMS) mobile services and web-based applications. SMS.ac's website integrates its mobile billing technology with various social networking services like photos, videos, music, and comments. SMS.ac claims over 50 million registered users in more than 180 countries.
The SMS.ac website domain name uses the .ac top-level domain for Ascension Island.
As of June 2022, the website is for sale and emails to the domain bounce due to lack of a configured mail server.
Business model
SMS.ac's revenue is derived through revenue-sharing arrangements with content providers and mobile operators. Specifically, the company enables content providers to bill subscribers for consumption of video, music, and widgets through SMS-based (text message) mobile billing.
History
At the time of its public launch in 2002, SMS.ac made history by signing up "nearly 6 million users in its first six months – making it the fastest product launch in Internet history".
In 2005, SMS.ac was recognized as one of "the top emerging companies in the wireless industry" by Fierce Wireless's "Fierce 15". An article by the Chicago Tribune described "a clever text-messaging ploy" whereby users provide their e-mail address and password in response to a message to join.
In 2006 an article in the International Herald Tribune, while praising the service's integrated billing option, stated "SMS.ac is one of those right-place, right-time, right-technology companies that has nearly all the elements for colossal success. But it also has hovering over it a big red flag that could wrong-foot it at any moment as some consumers had complained on the Internet and in the mainstream press that SMS.ac has charged them for services they never asked for, making that billing relationship into potentially its greatest liability."
In 2007, SMS.ac created a DBA called FanBox, a social networking mobile desktop site.
In 2008, SMS.ac was fined £250,000 by the UK premium rate regulator, PhonepayPlus, for operating misleading and unfair mobile-terminating text message services without giving proper pricing information, and barred from operating reverse-billed services in the UK until it became compliant with the PhonepayPlus compliance rules. Following the ruling SMS.ac brought their practices into compliance with UK regulations.
On 18 July 2009 the alleged unfair labor practices of SMS.ac subsidiary, FanBox were reported by San Diego 6 News. In the coverage, former employees claimed they often received partial paychecks if they were paid at all.
See also
Marketplace
Micropayments
Social network
User generated content
References
External links
Forbes.com
SMS.ac warning, jacobsen.no
Internet service providers of the United States
Companies based in San Diego
Privately held companies based in California
Companies established in 2001 |
4000394 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigore%20Moisil | Grigore Moisil | Grigore Constantin Moisil (; 10 January 1906 – 21 May 1973) was a Romanian mathematician, computer pioneer, and titular member of the Romanian Academy. His research was mainly in the fields of mathematical logic (Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebra), algebraic logic, MV-algebra, and differential equations. He is viewed as the father of computer science in Romania.
Moisil was also a member of the Academy of Sciences of Bologna and of the International Institute of Philosophy. In 1996, the IEEE Computer Society awarded him posthumously the Computer Pioneer Award.
Biography
Grigore Moisil was born in 1906 in Tulcea into an intellectual family. His great-grandfather, Grigore Moisil (1814–1891), a clergyman, was one of the founders of the first Romanian high school in Năsăud. His father, Constantin Moisil (1876–1958), was a history professor, archaeologist and numismatist; as a member of the Romanian Academy, he filled the position of Director of the Numismatics Office of the Academy. His mother, Elena (1863–1949), was a teacher in Tulcea, later the director of "Maidanul Dulapului" school in Bucharest (now "Ienăchiță Văcărescu" school).
Grigore Moisil attended primary school in Bucharest, then high school in Vaslui and Bucharest (at "Spiru Haret" High School) between 1916 and 1922. In 1924 he was admitted to the Civil Engineering School of the Polytechnic University of Bucharest, and also the Mathematics School of the University of Bucharest. He showed a stronger interest in mathematics, so he quit the Polytechnic University in 1929, despite already having passed all the third-year exams. In 1929 he defended his Ph.D. thesis, La mécanique analytique des systemes continus (Analytical mechanics of continuous systems), before a commission led by Gheorghe Țițeica, with Dimitrie Pompeiu and Anton Davidoglu as members. The thesis was published the same year by the Gauthier-Villars publishing house in Paris, and received favourable comments from Vito Volterra, Tullio Levi-Civita, and Paul Lévy.
In 1930 Moisil went to the University of Paris for further study in mathematics, which he finalized the next year with the paper On a class of systems of equations with partial derivatives from mathematical physics. In 1931 he returned to Romania, where he was appointed in a teaching position at the Mathematics School of the University of Iași. Shortly after, he left for a one-year Rockefeller Foundation scholarship to study in Rome. In 1932 he returned to Iași, where he remained for almost 10 years, developing a close relationship with professor Alexandru Myller. He taught the first modern algebra course in Romania, named Logic and theory of proof, at the University of Iași. During that time, he started writing a series of papers based on the works of Jan Łukasiewicz in multi-valued logic. His research in mathematical logic laid the foundation for significant work done afterwards in Romania, as well as Argentina, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. While in Iași, he completed research remarkable for the many new ideas and for his way of finding and using new connections between concepts from different areas of mathematics. He was promoted to Full Professor in November 1939.
In 1941, a position of professor at the University of Bucharest opened up, and Moisil applied for it. However, Gheorghe Vrânceanu, Dan Barbilian, and Miron Nicolescu also applied for the position, and Vrânceanu got it. Moisil approached the Ministry of Education, arguing that it would be a great opportunity for mathematics in Romania if all four could be appointed. As a result of his appeal, all four mathematicians were hired. Moisil moved to Bucharest, where he became a Professor in the School of Mathematics (later the School of Mathematics and Computer Science) at the University of Bucharest, on 30 December 1941.
From 1946 to 1948, Moisil took a leave of absence, being named plenipotentiary envoy to Ankara. While in Turkey, he gave several series of mathematics lectures at Istanbul University and Istanbul Technical University.
In 1948, he resumed teaching at the University of Bucharest. That same year, he was elected to the Romanian Academy, and a member of the Institute of Mathematics of the Romanian Academy. After 1965, one of his students, George Georgescu, worked closely with him on multi-valued logics, and after the Romanian Revolution of 1989, became a Professor of Mathematics and Logic at the same university and department as Moisil in 1991. His student also published extensive, original work on algebraic logic, MV-algebra, algebra, algebraic topology, categories of MV-algebras, category theory and Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebra.
Work
Moisil published papers on mechanics, mathematical analysis, geometry, algebra and mathematical logic. He developed a multi-dimensional extension of Pompeiu's areolar derivative, and studied monogenic functions of one hypercomplex variable with applications to mechanics. Moisil also introduced some many-valued algebras, which he called Łukasiewicz algebras (now also named Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebras), and used them in logic and the study of automata theory. He created new methods to analyze finite automata, and had many contributions to the field of automata theory in algebra.
Whereas Moisil's early contributions were in mathematics, he later devoted his scientific activity to mathematical logic and computer science. He was a professor of mathematical logic and computer science at the University of Bucharest, and he also taught Boolean logic at the Politehnica University of Bucharest. In 1957 he assisted in setting up the first Romanian computer in the Institute of Atomic Physics, and he encouraged several of his students to learn computer programming. Thus, he played a fundamental role in the development of computer science in Romania, and in raising the first generations of Romanian computer scientists. Furthermore, several of Moisil’s books had an impact on the beginning of computer science: Încercări Vechi și Noi în Logica Neoclasică [New and Old Approaches in Neoclassic Logic], 1953; Teoria Algebrică a Mecanismelor Automate [Algebraic Theory of Automata], 1959; and Circuite cu Tranzistori [Transistorized Circuits], 1961. These books were translated into several languages, including Russian and Czech. He furthermore gave lectures at various universities in Europe and North America.
Moisil was a titular member of the Romanian Academy and a member of the Academy of Bologna. In 1996, he was awarded by exception posthumously the Computer Pioneer Award by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Computer Society.
See also
Boolean logic
De Morgan algebra
Jan Łukasiewicz
Łukasiewicz logic
Ternary logic
Lattices
Multi-valued logic:
Łukasiewicz–Moisil algebras
Quantum logic:
Quantum computers
Algebraic logic:
MV-algebra
Symbolic logic:
Mathematical logic
Algebra
Category theory:
Categorical logic,
Adjoint functors
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Notes
Selected publications
Logique modale, Disquisit. Math. Phys. 2 (1942), 3–98.
Introducere in algebră. I. Inele și ideale [Introduction to algebra. I. Rings and ideals], Editura Academiei Republicii Popular Române, Bucharest, 1954.
Teoria algebrică a mecanismelor automate [Algebraic theory of automatic machines], Academia Republicii Popular Romîne, Editura Tehnică, Bucharest, 1959.
Circuite cu tranzistori [Transistor Circuits], Editura Academiei Republicii Popular Romîne, Bucharest, 1961–62.
Théorie structurelle des automates finis, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1967.
The algebraic theory of switching circuits, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, 1969.
Books and articles on Moisil
George Georgescu, Afrodita Iorgulescu, Sergiu Rudeanu, "Grigore C. Moisil (1906–1973) and his School in Algebraic Logic", International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control, vol. 1 (2006), no.1, 81–99.
Solomon Marcus, "Grigore C. Moisil: A life becoming a myth", International Journal of Computers, Communications & Control, vol. 1 (2006), no. 1, 73–79.
Viorica Moisil, "Once upon a time... Grigore Moisil" (A fost odată... Grigore Moisil), Bucharest: Curtea Veche, 2002.
Sergiu Rudeanu, Afrodita Iorgulescu, George Georgescu and Cătălin Ioniţă, "G. C. Moisil memorial issue", Multiple-Valued Logic 6 (2001), no. 1-2. Gordon and Breach, Yverdon, 2001.
External links
1906 births
1973 deaths
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University faculty
Mathematical logicians
People from Tulcea
Spiru Haret National College (Bucharest) alumni
Politehnica University of Bucharest alumni
20th-century Romanian mathematicians
Romanian computer scientists
20th-century Romanian inventors
Romanian diplomats
Romanian schoolteachers
Titular members of the Romanian Academy
University of Bucharest faculty
Members of the Romanian Academy of Sciences
IEEE award recipients |
5394451 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo%20York%20%28Central%20Park%29 | Zoo York (Central Park) | Zoo York is a style and social philosophy inspired by the New York City graffiti art subculture of the 1970s. Its name originates from a subway tunnel running underneath the area of the Central Park Zoo. This tunnel, called the Zoo York Tunnel, or simply "Zoo York," was a haunt of very early "old school" graffiti writers who hung out with the hippies around the Central Park Bandshell in the late 1960s and 1970s.
Zoo York Tunnel
Dubbed "Zoo York" by graffiti pioneer and rapper ALI (Marc Edmonds), founder of the Soul Artists, the subway tunnel provided a "scene" where crews of Manhattan graffiti artists gathered at night. The tunnel itself was a cut-and-cover construction project built through Central Park from 1971 to 1973. Extensions of the New York City Subway's BMT Broadway Line and IND Sixth Avenue Line, continued north from their former (BMT) and 57th Street (IND) stations, merged just south of the City Zoo, then snaked underneath the zoo grounds and out under Fifth Avenue, where they connected to the recently completed 63rd Street Line and bellmouths for the Second Avenue Subway.
During construction, the site was left unguarded at night. Unauthorized entry was discouraged by a tall aluminum-sheathed wall erected around the open ground by the New York City Transit Authority—but this hardly deterred local graffiti writers from boosting one another over it and climbing down into the tunnel below. Down inside the tunnel, there were four subway tracks (uptown and downtown IND and BMT tracks on two levels; downtown tracks on upper level, uptown tracks on lower level) constructed on two levels about underneath the park, creating something of a subterranean monkey-house environment for invading street kids to climb around and scrawl graffiti on.
Tagging the wall
Graffiti artists also marked their territory by "tagging" the wall which had been put up around the construction site. A photograph of the extinct Zoo York Wall is prominently displayed on the second page of The Faith of Graffiti, the noted 1974 photo essay book on New York City graffiti (documented by Mervyn Kurlansky and John Naar, with text by Norman Mailer. Praeger Publishers, Inc.)
Origins of name
A cynical social observer with a quick wit, ALI coined the term "Zoo York" to describe the absurdity displayed in the attitudes and actions of New Yorkers during what he called the "Sick Seventies"—particularly as exemplified by what he saw at the Central Park subway tunnel site late at night. The tunnel's naming occurred when a crew of graffiti artists calling themselves The Underground (UND) gathered at the site late one autumn night in 1971. Several of them, ALI, FINE, KITE (aka CRUNCH) and ACEY (aka SIE-1), had just attended a showing of a new musical-comedy review called National Lampoon's Lemmings at the Village Gate downtown. The show (which starred future comic notables John Belushi, Chevy Chase and Christopher Guest) lampooned the Woodstock Festival, which had taken place upstate two years earlier—calling it "Woodchuck" and equating the entire hippie generation with lemmings bent on self-destruction. The crew of teenagers made similar comparisons between themselves and the animals in the nearby zoo.
The Central Park Zoo at that time was a classical 19th-century menagerie, populated by wild animals displayed in open-air cages, who paced the bars back and forth neurotically—always hoping for an escape, yet paradoxically blind to the world beyond their cramped quarters. ALI noted that by contrast, here were these feral teenagers, himself included, living in a free society, who sought nothing more wholeheartedly than to crowd together in a deep, dark hole in the ground. Marvelling at their perverse urban psychologies, ALI decided that all city people were insane for seeking imprisonment in tiny apartments, offices, subway cars and the like, and declared that New York City itself was "not New, but a Zoo!" He named the tunnel itself "Zoo York"—a perfect symbol, in his mind, of the dark psyche of the inner city itself.
References
Further reading
The Faith of Graffiti, documented by Mervyn Kurlansky and John Naar, text by Norman Mailer, New York: Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1974.
Culture of New York City
Graffiti in the United States |
5394467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satori%20Paint | Satori Paint | Satori Paint is the umbrella title for a suite of Windows-only resolution-independent vector graphics applications developed by Spaceward Ltd. of Cambridge, UK. The Satori variants include Satori PhotoXL, Satori WebFX 2000, Satori FilmFX and Satori FilmFX 64. A further Photoshop-compatible plugin called Satori PaintFX enables rapid file exchange between Satori and any Photoshop-compatible application.
Features and applications
Satori's resolution-independent architecture enables images to be processed and stored as a series of operations, rather than the standard bitmap convention as favoured by applications such as Photoshop or Painter. Completed layers or entire files can then be rendered as discrete bitmap files at almost any chosen resolution, and the rendered bitmap files can then be referenced by Satori for further editing. This process allows the user to work with multi-layered, very high resolution images with very little demand on system RAM or processor workload.
Although Satori was developed primarily for photographic, film and video post-processing, its customisable brush engine has made it equally applicable to digital artists in the fields of matte painting, illustration and animation backgrounds.
Variant comparison
Satori PhotoXL
PhotoXL is the entry-level variant of the Satori suite. It offers the basic brush and vector toolkit of Film and WebFX, but lacks any animation components and some of the higher functions of the other programs.
Satori WebFX
WebFX was developed for website content generation, and to this end includes various web-orientated tools such as image slicing, java rollovers and web optimisation, together with rotoscoping and onion-skinning features for animation. However, image rendering is limited to 1024x1024 pixels.
Satori FilmFX and FilmFX 64
FilmFX includes all the features of the previous two variants, but has no resolution limit and includes batch processing facilities that can be shared across a network. The flagship application, FilmFX 64, also supports 64bit processing where the rendered file format allows.
References
External links
Satori Homepage - main site maintained by Spaceward Ltd.
Satori Forum - primary forum for discussion of all Satori variants
Graphics
Vector graphics editors |
5394495 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Children%27s%20Museum%2C%20Connecticut | The Children's Museum, Connecticut | The Children's Museum is the oldest and largest museum for children in Connecticut, United States. The museum was founded in 1927 as the Children's Museum of Hartford, and was known until 2006 as The Science Center of Connecticut. The Museum is geared towards young children, and is committed to "Igniting Curiosity through Science and Nature". It is the fifth oldest of all Children's Museums in the US, and serves over 200,000 people each year.
Located at 950 Trout Brook Dr. in West Hartford, the Children's Museum offers interactive exhibits, New England's second largest planetarium, over a hundred live animals, a life-sized replica of a sperm whale (Connecticut's State animal) that visitors can walk inside, and science and nature classes for children. It also includes the Children's Museum Preschool, one of the nation's oldest preschools, and of very few that feature a science and nature curriculum.
External links
The Children's Museum
Museums established in 1927
Children's museums in Connecticut
Museums in Hartford County, Connecticut
Planetaria in the United States
Buildings and structures in West Hartford, Connecticut |
5394583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaram | Rajaram | Rajaram or Raja Ram is one of the Indian names:
Several Chhatrapatis, leaders of the Maratha Empire in India
Rajaram I (1670–1700), younger son of Maratha ruler Chhatrapati Shivaji, ruled 1689–1700
Rajaram II of Satara, putative grandson of Rajaram Chhatrapati, ruled 1749–1777
Rajaram II (1850–1870), Raja of Kolhapur 1866–1870
Rajaram III (1897–1940), Maharaja of Kolhapur 1922–1940
Rajaram College in Kolhapur, named after the Maratha King
Rajaram Godase (born 1961), Indian politician
Rajaram of Sinsini (ruled 1670–1688), Jat leader and organizer of rebellion against Aurangzeb
Rajaram (politician), Indian politician from Uttar Pradesh
Madhurantakam Rajaram (1930–1999), Indian story writer
Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a founder of the Brahmo Samaj, an Indian socio-religious reform movement
Raja Ram (musician) (born Ronald Rothfield 1941), musician and the owner of the UK record label TIP World
N. S. Rajaram (1943–2019), 21st century author and mathematician
Ramaswamy Rajaram, Indian Air Force Air Marshal |
5394586 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otter%20Brook%20%28Ashuelot%20River%20tributary%29 | Otter Brook (Ashuelot River tributary) | Otter Brook is a river located in southwestern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of The Branch of the Ashuelot River, itself a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound.
Otter Brook begins at Chandler Meadow, in the town of Stoddard, New Hampshire. It flows southwest through the towns of Nelson, Sullivan, and Roxbury, eventually entering the city of Keene, where it joins Minnewawa Brook to form The Branch.
The brook passes through Ellis Reservoir (a small lake in Sullivan) and Otter Brook Lake, a flood control reservoir built on the boundary between Keene and Roxbury. The dam which created Otter Brook lake was completed in 1958. From the village of East Sullivan to Otter Brook Lake, the brook is followed by New Hampshire Route 9.
See also
List of rivers of New Hampshire
References
Rivers of New Hampshire
Rivers of Cheshire County, New Hampshire
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Stoddard, New Hampshire
Nelson, New Hampshire
Roxbury, New Hampshire
Keene, New Hampshire |
5394591 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krya%20Vrysi | Krya Vrysi | Krya Vrysi (Κρύα Βρύση) may refer to several places in Greece:
Krya Vrysi, Pella, a municipal unit in the Pella regional unit
Krya Vrysi, Karditsa, a village in the Karditsa regional unit, part of the municipal unit Mitropoli
Krya Vrysi, Rethymno, a village in the Rethymno regional unit, part of the municipal unit Lampi
Krya Vrysi, Trikala, a village in the Trikala regional unit, part of the municipality Kalampaka
Krya Vrysi, Nesebar |
5394597 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhmut%20Raion | Bakhmut Raion | Bakhmut Raion () is a raion (district) within the northeastern part of Donetsk Oblast in eastern Ukraine. Its administrative center is Bakhmut. Its area is , and its population is approximately .
Created in 1923, it was known as Artemivsk Raion from 1924 to 2016 after its administrative center. Due to the War in Donbass, three smaller municipalities were transferred away from Yenakiieve municipality and transferred to Bakhmut Raion (at that time Artemivsk Raion), among which are Vuhlehirsk municipality, Olkhovatka municipality, and Bulavynske municipality. On 4 February 2016, the Verkhovna Rada renamed raion to Bakhmut Raion.
On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of raions of Donetsk Oblast was reduced to eight, of which only five were controlled by the government, and the area of Bakhmut Raion was significantly expanded. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was
Within Bakhmut Raion there are six cities (Bakhmut, Chasiv Yar, Siversk, Soledar, Svitlodarsk, and Vuhlehirsk), and eight urban-type settlements.
Settlements
Siversk or Seversk (; ; since 1913-1793 Yama) is a city of raion subordination located on with a population of 14,393. There are some industrial factories located within the raion, namely the brick factory Stroidetal. Siversk is a former sovhoz by the name of Yamskyi. It was founded in 1913 and received city status in 1961.
Luhanske (; since 1701–1922 Piatnadtsatia Rota) is an urban-type settlement (town) with a population of 2,604. Since 1772 the town has been populated by Moldovans and Romanians. To the town's administration also includes the adjacent villages of Krasnyi Pakhar, Krynychne, Lozove, Myronivka and Rozsadky as well as the rural settlements of Roty and Skeleve.
Demographics
As of the 2001 Ukrainian census:
Ethnicity
Ukrainians: 78.7%
Russians: 18.4%
Belarusians: 0.7%
Turks: 0.6%
Armenians: 0.2%
See also
Administrative divisions of Donetsk Oblast
References
External links
Verkhovna Rada website – Administrative divisions of the Artemivsk Raion
Raions of Donetsk Oblast
1923 establishments in Ukraine |
5394600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evilard | Evilard | Evilard/Leubringen is a bilingual municipality in the Biel/Bienne administrative district of the canton of Bern, Switzerland. The French name of the municipality is Evilard and the German name is Leubringen.
The municipality contains two separate settlements, called in French Evilard and Macolin, in German Leubringen and Magglingen, and a rural area called in French the Pré de Macolin.
History
The first appearance of the municipality in written documents was in 1300, under the name of Lomeringen. French speakers are recorded later as using the names Evillard or es Villard ("in the town"). A number of monasteries and the Bishopric of Basel held land in this area during the Middle Ages. However, judicially and militarily the town was subordinate to the city of Biel. From 1798 to 1815, Evilard belonged to France and was part of the Canton de Bienne in the département of Mont-Terrible, which was joined with Haut-Rhin in 1800. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the town was returned to Switzerland and placed in the Canton of Bern. At first, Evilard was attached to the Oberamt Nidau; in 1832 it was placed in the Biel/Bienne district. At times, there has been debate over merging the administration with the city of Biel/Bienne; this was however rejected by the residents in 1902. Evilard is not an ecclesiastical parish. Until 1821 it was part of the church parish of Orvin, and since is combined with Biel/Bienne.
Geography
Evilard lies above sea level, and north of the district capital city, Biel/Bienne, as the crow flies. The town spans a southeast-facing clearing of the front of the Jura mountains, about over the city of Biel. In clear weather, the view from Evilard of the Swiss plateau and the Alps from Mont Blanc to the region of Glärnisch and Alpstein is quite impressive.
The municipality reaches to the height of the anticline of Montagen de Macolin. It includes the town of Evilard, which is surrounded by Malvaux (German: Malewagwald, up to altitude). To the southwest, the municipality reaches in a narrow strip over the Magglingen to the peak of the Magglingerberg, up to the municipal high point of .
It consists of the villages of Evilard and Macolin and the Pré de Macolin area. Macolin (German: Magglingen), lies at on the southeast slope of Magglingerberg. The neighboring municipalities are Biel/Bienne, Orvin, Lamboing, and Twann-Tüscherz.
Evilard has an area of . Of this area, or 29.9% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 39.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 29.1% is settled (buildings or roads).
Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 19.6% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.6%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 1.1% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 3.8%. Out of the forested land, 38.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 6.5% is used for growing crops and 23.1% is pastures.
On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Biel, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Biel/Bienne.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or a Bull's Head caboshed Sable.
Demographics
Evilard has a population () of . , 10.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 1.3%. Migration accounted for 2.4%, while births and deaths accounted for -1.2%.
Most of the population () speaks German (1,426 or 60.0%) as their first language, French is the second most common (811 or 34.1%) and Italian is the third (35 or 1.5%). There are 2 people who speak Romansh.
, the population was 48.7% male and 51.3% female. The population was made up of 1,028 Swiss men (43.4% of the population) and 126 (5.3%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,090 Swiss women (46.0%) and 12 (0.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 368 or about 15.5% were born in Evilard and lived there in 2000. There were 904 or 38.0% who were born in the same canton, while 661 or 27.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 375 or 15.8% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 21% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 55.3% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 23.7%.
, there were 852 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,251 married individuals, 161 widows or widowers and 112 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 294 households that consist of only one person and 68 households with five or more people. , a total of 967 apartments (90.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 70 apartments (6.5%) were seasonally occupied and 34 apartments (3.2%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 11.8 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 1.5%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 21.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (18.7%), the FDP (16.8%) and the BDP Party (11.9%). In the federal election, a total of 845 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 47.7%.
Economy
Evilard was dominated by agriculture until the beginning of the 20th century. Since about 1950, the town has built a large number of single-family homes for commuters working in Biel/Bienne. Macolin has developed into a resort location starting in about 1875, thanks to its sunny high altitude. Today the town has many tourist facilities, and includes the Swiss Federal Office of Sport (FOSPO), the Swiss federal government’s centre for expertise in sports.
, Evilard had an unemployment rate of 1.74%. , there were a total of 276 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 29 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 8 businesses involved in this sector. 23 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 9 businesses in this sector. 224 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 43 businesses in this sector.
there were a total of 197 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 20, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 22 of which 7 or (31.8%) were in manufacturing and 10 (45.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 155. In the tertiary sector; 25 or 16.1% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 20 or 12.9% were in the movement and storage of goods, 13 or 8.4% were in a hotel or restaurant, 2 or 1.3% were in the information industry, 17 or 11.0% were technical professionals or scientists, 27 or 17.4% were in education and 35 or 22.6% were in health care.
, there were 339 workers who commuted into the municipality and 891 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.6 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 24% used public transportation to get to work, and 57.9% used a private car.
Religion
From the , 532 or 22.4% were Roman Catholic, while 1,219 or 51.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 15 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.63% of the population), there were 5 individuals (or about 0.21% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 166 individuals (or about 6.99% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 4 individuals (or about 0.17% of the population) who were Jewish, and 26 (or about 1.09% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 5 individuals who were Buddhist, 4 individuals who were Hindu and 3 individuals who belonged to another church. 388 (or about 16.33% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 90 individuals (or about 3.79% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Evilard about 942 or (39.6%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 586 or (24.7%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 586 who completed tertiary schooling, 63.1% were Swiss men, 24.6% were Swiss women, 7.5% were non-Swiss men and 4.8% were non-Swiss women.
The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2009-10 school year, there were a total of 241 students attending classes in Evilard. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 36 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 8.3% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 13.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 4 primary classes and 89 students. Of the primary students, 2.2% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 4.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language.
, there were 11 students in Evilard who came from another municipality, while 206 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
Transport
Transport within the municipality is well-developed. It is linked with Biel/Bienne and Orvin by road. In 1898 the Bienne–Evilard Funicular between Biel/Bienne and Evilard was opened. Magglingen is also connected to Biel/Bienne by the Biel–Magglingen Funicular.
Personalities
Willy Burkhard (1900–1955), composer
Henri Dubuis (1906–2003), architect
Valérie Favre (born 1959), artist
References
External links
Eidgenössische Hochschule für Sport Magglingen
Municipalities of the canton of Bern |
5394605 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1jar | Alájar | Alájar is a town and municipality located in the province of Huelva, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city has a population of 771 inhabitants. The song "Señorita" of the Bollywood movie Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara was shot in this town.
Alájar had 8 villages in the 19th century. Currently, only 4 villages are inhabited: El Calabacino, El Collado, El Cabezuelo and Los Madroñeros.
Demographics
Tourism
Benito Arias Montano retired to La Peña de Arias Montano after his work on the Polyglot Bible and participation in the Council of Trent. This community receives many visitors each year. Here the bust of the great humanist and theologian of the sixteenth century, engraved by Eugenio Hermoso on the occasion of his centenary in 1927, can be found.
In 2011 Bollywood drew attention to this small town with the film Sólo se vive una vez (You Only Live Once, Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara) from director Zoya Akhtar, the filming of the song "Señorita" from the film took place over three nights, which also featured locals dressed in costumes.
Main sights
Reina de los Ángeles Hermitage
San Marcos Church
St. Bartholomew Hermitage
Portada almohadillada
Espadaña y garitas
"Peña de Arias Montano" Natural Monument
"Peña de Arias Montano" Natural Monument
Monumento Natural Peña de Arias Montano or Peña de Alájar is a natural monument of great historical and landscape value. The famous humanist Benito Arias Montano lived here, and the area was renamed after him so that nowadays it goes by the name of "Peña de Arias Montano." It offers incredible views of Alájar and everything south of the province of Huelva. Below is a network of caves among which is Palacio Osucro, a cave which currently remains closed.
Reina de los Ángeles Hermitage
The Ermita de la Reina de los Ángeles (Reina de los Ángeles Hermitage) or Ermita de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles'' (Our lady of los Ángeles Hermitage) is located within la Peña de Alájar. This sixteenth-century chapel is a building consisting of heterogeneous aggregations to a small temple. It consists of a nave, priest and dressing room, in addition to a vestry, housing and enclosures. The nave, with strong deformations to the floor has two pointed transverse arches that spring from pillars.
Portada almohadillada
It is located in front of the Hermitage. It consists of two semi-columns and an arc in addition to the spill nose tongs and some bursts of buttress walls. It lacks historical reference, however it has very clear affiliations within Renaissance architecture.
Espadaña y garitas
Located at the edge of the plateau on which the Reina de los Ángeles Hermitage sits, in la Peña de Arias Montano is a picturesque steeple, accompanied by pilastered booth paths, circular and a penpal vault. The steeple has two levels: the bottom has a symmetrical composition with a base of six embedded semi-columns on each side framing a round arch, post-and-beam openings with square windows above and finally two massifs.
The columns on pedestals are independent and carry some terse chapiters. The upper floor is constituted by a parallelepipedal central bulk with a central oval window. Three bells and a picturesque bluff complete the work.
Gallery
References
External links
Alájar - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities in the Province of Huelva |
5394606 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torupill | Torupill | The torupill () is a traditional bagpipe from Estonia.
Place in Estonian folk music
It is not clear when the bagpipe became established in Estonia.
The instrument was known throughout Estonia. The bagpipe tradition was longest preserved in West and North Estonia where folk music retained archaic characteristics for a longer time.
Later when the fiddle was taking over folk music a lot of bagpipe tunes were transcribed for it.
Very often the bagpipe was used for playing dance music; other instruments served this purpose only in the absence of the bagpipe. Some old ceremonial dances, such as the Round Dance (Voortants) and the Tail Dance (Sabatants) were performed together with a bagpiper who walked at the head of the column. Ceremonial music took an important place in the bagpipers' repertoires in the 17th century, as seen from the literary sources of that time. For instance, the presence of a bagpiper was considered essential during weddings, where he had to take part in certain ceremonies. There were special tunes, marches or riding melodies that were performed in the wedding procession, etc. The bagpiper was an indispensable participant in dances and social gatherings. He accompanied minstrels during Martinmas and Christmas. No pub could manage without a good musician.
One of the most popular players in history has been considered Juhan Maaker (1845–1930) at the time called the king of bagpipe players in Estonia. Another notable players include Juhan Maaker's nephew Aleksander Maaker (1890–1968). After his death there was only one surviving bagpipe player alive in Estonia: Olev Roomet who became the revivalist of bagpipe in the country by training 25 new players in the 1970s.
In modern times bagpipe playing is a part of the curriculum at University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy's Traditional Music faculty and in a number of regular music schools around the country.
Construction
The Estonian bagpipe has a bag, a mouth-pipe (blow-pipe) for inflating the bag, a melody-pipe (chanter) and 1 or 2, rarely 3, drones.
Bag
The bag ("tuulekott", "magu", "lõõts", "kott", etc.) was usually made of the stomach of a grey seal in the western and northern parts of Estonia and on the islands. Most valued were the stomachs of large old seals. The bag that was made of a seal's stomach, was not spoilt either by aridity or by humidity. A bagpiper of the Hiiu island is known to have said that if his bagpipe (made of a seal's stomach) became wet, it sounded richer because the seal is a sea animal.
The bags were also made of the stomach of an ox, cow, elk or dog, but sometimes they were sewn of the skin of a dog, cat, goat or seal (with the fur outward) or even of the skin of a Lynx.
In bag-making certain superstitions were observed. In South Estonia, for example, some thought that the more a dog howled when being hanged, the better the sound of the bagpipe later.
Blow pipe
The blow pipe ("puhumispulk", "naput", "naba", "puhknapp", "napp") was made of wood.
Chanter
The chanter ("sõrmiline", "putk", "esimik", etc.) was made of juniper, pine, ash or, more seldom, of a tube of cane. It had 5–6 holes. The chanter was single-reeded, generally with a parallel rather than conical bore.
The bottom end of the chanter sometimes had 1 – 2 holes in the side bored obliquely into the pipe, so that some straws or twigs could be put in to control the pitch.
The chanter was placed in an oval wooden stock ("kibu", "kloba", "torupakk", "käsilise pakk").
The stock-end of the chanter contained a reed ("piuk", "keel", "roog", "raag", "vile").
Drone
The drones ("passitoru", "pass", "kai", "tori", "pill", "pulk", "toro") were made of wooden pipes, different in shape and diameter.
The number of pipes determined their length. If there is only one, it is quite long, if two, they are both shorter. In some rare cases bagpipes with 3 drones could be found.
The drone consists of 2 – 3 separate joints. In the lower end there is a wooden bell. The joints can be pulled out in order to tune the drone. The drone is placed in an oval or round stock.
Repertoire
Although they can be quite long sometimes (with 3 passages or more), they remain simple in their structure.
The music for the bagpipe has much in common with the melodies of old Estonian so-called runic songs. A number of tunes, like the instrument itself, are of foreign origin. Supposedly they chiefly derive from Sweden. The Swedish influence is suggested by the texts of dance songs for the bagpipe, and the dances themselves also seem to come from Sweden.
From the English translation (by Kustas Tiivas ) of Igor Tõnurist's texts.
Notable players
Jaakko Lemmetty
Aleksander Maaker
Juhan Maaker
Lauri Õunapuu
Olev Roomet
Ants Taul
See also
Culture of Estonia
References
External links
Torupill.ee by hereditary pipemaker Andrus Taul
Estonian Bagpipe archive of Taul's earlier site
Bagpipes
Estonian musical instruments |
4000401 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%BCppel%20associated%20box | Krüppel associated box | The Krüppel associated box (KRAB) domain is a category of transcriptional repression domains present in approximately 400 human zinc finger protein-based transcription factors (KRAB zinc finger proteins). The KRAB domain typically consists of about 75 amino acid residues, while the minimal repression module is approximately 45 amino acid residues. It is predicted to function through protein-protein interactions via two amphipathic helices. The most prominent interacting protein is called TRIM28 initially visualized as SMP1, cloned as KAP1 and TIF1-beta. Substitutions for the conserved residues abolish repression.
Over 10 independently encoded KRAB domains have been shown to be effective repressors of transcription, suggesting this activity to be a common property of the domain. KRAB domains can be fused with dCas9 CRISPR tools to form even stronger repressors.
Evolution
The KRAB domain had initially been identified in 1988 as a periodic array of leucine residues separated by six amino acids 5’ to the zinc finger region of KOX1/ZNF10 coined heptad repeat of leucines (also known as a leucine zipper). Later, this domain was named in association with the C2H2-Zinc finger proteins Krüppel associated box (KRAB). The KRAB domain is confined to genomes from tetrapod organisms. The KRAB containing C2H2-ZNF genes constitute the largest sub-family of zinc finger genes. More than half of the C2H2-ZNF genes are associated with a KRAB domain in the human genome. They are more prone to clustering and are found in large clusters on the human genome.
The KRAB domain presents one of the strongest repressors in the human genome. Once the KRAB domain was fused to the tetracycline repressor (TetR), the TetR-KRAB fusion proteins were the first engineered drug-inducible repressor that worked in mammalian cells.
Examples
Human genes encoding KRAB-ZFPs include KOX1/ZNF10, KOX8/ZNF708, ZNF43, ZNF184, ZNF91, HPF4, HTF10 and HTF34.
References
Further reading
Protein domains |
4000402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Poulet | Georges Poulet | Georges Poulet (; 29 November 1902 – 31 December 1991) was a Belgian literary critic associated with the Geneva School. Best known for his four-volume work Studies in Human Time, Poulet rejected formalist approaches to literary criticism and advanced the theory that criticism requires the reader to open his or her mind to the consciousness of the author. His work has had a lasting influence on critics such as J. Hillis Miller.
Biographical information
Georges Poulet was born in Chênée, now part of Liège, Belgium in 1902. Poulet received his doctorate from the University of Liège in 1927, after which he taught at the University of Edinburgh. In 1952, Poulet became a professor of French Literature at Johns Hopkins University where he also acted as chair of the Department of Romance Languages and Literatures. He later taught at the University of Zurich and the University of Nice. Poulet died in Brussels, Belgium in 1991. His estate is archived in the Swiss Literary Archives in Bern.
Although he never taught at the University of Geneva, Poulet was associated with the Geneva School of literary criticism. He worked closely with critics such as Marcel Raymond, Albert Béguin, Jean Rousset, Jean Starobinski, and Jean-Pierre Richard. Poulet was influenced by his fellow Geneva School critics as well as by critics such as Jacques Riviere, Charles du Bos, Wilhelm Dilthey, and Friedrich Gundolf (Miller 305). Lawall (1968) identifies Poulet as "the first critic to develop Raymond’s and Beguin’s concept of experience in literature as a systematic tool of analysis. . . .He shifts their focus from the individual author to the author's generic human experience"(74).
A renowned author, Poulet published many works of literary criticism in his lifetime. Among his most famous books are the four volumes of his masterwork, Studies in Human Time. The first volume, also called Studies in Human Time, was published in France in 1949 and won the Prix Sainte-Beuve in 1950. Poulet was awarded the Grand prix de la Critique littéraire and the French Academy's Prix Durchon in Philosophy for the second volume, 1952’s The Interior Distance. Volume three, Le point de départ, was published in 1964. The final volume, Mesure de l’instant appeared in 1968. In these four volumes, Poulet conducts an exhaustive examination of the work of French authors such as Molière, Proust, Flaubert, and Baudelaire to find the expression of what he calls the cogito, or consciousness, of each writer (Leitch et al. 1318).
Poulet's criticism of consciousness
Like other Geneva School critics, Poulet rejects the concept of literary criticism as an objective evaluation of structural or aesthetic values. For critics such as Poulet and Raymond, literature is neither an objective structure of meanings residing in the words of a poem or novel, nor the tissue of self-references of a "message" turned in on itself, nor the unwitting expression of the hidden complexes of a writer's unconscious, nor a revelation of the latent structures of exchange or symbolization which integrate a society. Literature, for them, is the embodiment of a state of mind. (Miller 306-7) Lawall (1968) writes, "[Poulet] is not concerned with technical uniqueness, verbal manipulation of themes, or any aspect of art that may be called 'craftsmanship' (130). Instead, Poulet is interested in what he calls a 'criticism of consciousness.' "
Lawall (1968) describes criticism of consciousness as "a reading that explores the work’s expression of a conscious, perceiving being." Poulet's goal is to "[rethink] and [re-create] the author's own expression"(78). It is possible for the reader to recreate the individual experience of the author because that experience is both personal and universal. For Poulet, the critic's job is to "[empty] his mind of its personal qualities so that it may coincide completely with the consciousness expressed in the words of the author" (Miller 307). While reading a book, Poulet is "aware of a rational being, of a consciousness: the consciousness of another, no different from the one I automatically assume in every human being I encounter, except that in this case the consciousness is open to me" (Poulet 54). Poulet calls this consciousness the author's cogito. The cogito is "each person's perception and creation of his own existence" (Lawall 86).
In order to fully grasp an author's cogito, it is important to examine all available examples of the author's work. For Poulet, letters, journals, and unpublished manuscripts hold as much information about the author's cogito as published novels or poems (Leitch et al. 1318). He did not believe that these sources should be analyzed as objects, however. Instead, they should be used by the reader to "coexist with the author's developing grasp and formulation of his own existence" (Lawall 112). By examining an author's complete body of work, the critic begins to see patterns of expression not only in the work of one particular author but also across literary periods.
In addition to the cogito, Poulet looks for the "point of departure" in an author's body of work. The point of departure is a "structural and organizing principle" around which the author's work is centered and which defines the author's individuality (de Man 82). Poulet asserts that all narratives emerge from a preconceived world in which the author has already determined everything that will happen in the future. This static world is the point of departure for the fictional narrative. If the critic can identify the point of departure, he or she will have a key to the author's cogito.
Influence and criticism
By the 1970s, Poulet, and other phenomenological critics, had given way to a new wave of young critics (Leitch et al. 1319). Meltzer (1977) writes, "many critics sense a confidence, or complacency, in Poulet's work, which they believe results from a deafness on his part to the recent problematization of the literary experience and the language of literature" (viii). Formalist critics disagreed with Poulet's disregard for objective standards of literary value while structuralist, poststructuralist, and deconstructionist critics rejected the importance Poulet placed on the role of the author and his belief in engaging with the text as a representation of the author's consciousness.
Poulet's books continue to be read and admired. De Man writes, "more than any other, the criticism of Georges Poulet conveys the impression of possessing the complexity and the scope of a genuine work of literature" (80). Although many of his ideas have fallen from critical favour, Poulet's influence can still be seen in the work of J. Hillis Miller.
List of major works
(The date given is for the publication of the English translation. For works not yet published in English, the original French title and date of publication is provided.)
Studies in Human Time (1956)
The Interior Distance (1959)
Metamorphoses of the Circle (1961)
Le Point de départ (1964)
Trois essais de mythologie romantique (1966)
Les Chemins actuels de la critique (1967)
Mesure de l’instant (1968)
La Conscience critique (1969)
Who Was Baudelaire? (1969)
Entre moi et moi: Essais critiques sur la conscience de soi (1977)
Proustian Space (1977)
Exploding Poetry: Baudelaire/Rimbaud (1984)
La Pensée indéterminée, vol. 1-3 (1985-90)
See also
Structuralism
New Criticism
Sources
de Man, Paul. Blindness and Insight: Essays in the rhetoric of contemporary criticism. New York: Oxford, 1971.
Lawall, Sarah N. Critics of Consciousness: The existential structures of literature. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1968.
Leitch, Vincent B. et al. "Georges Poulet". The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. New York: Norton, 2001. 1317-20.
Meltzer, Françoise. Introduction. Exploding Poetry. By Georges Poulet. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1977. vii-xi.
Miller, J. Hillis. "The Geneva School: The Criticism of Marcel Raymond, Albert Béguin, Georges Poulet, Jean Rousset, Jean-Pierre Richard, and Jean Starobinski". The Critical Quarterly VIII, 4 (Winter 1966): 302–321.
Poulet, Georges. "Phenomenology of Reading". New Literary History 1, 1 (October 1969): 53–68.
Further reading
Miller, J. Hillis. "Geneva or Paris? The Recent Work of Georges Poulet." University of Toronto Quarterly 39 (1970): 212–228.
Miller, J. Hillis. "The Literary Criticism of Georges Poulet." Modern Language Notes LXXVIII (December 1963): 471–488.
External links
Literary estate of Georges Poulet in the archive database HelveticArchives of the Swiss National Library
Publications by and about Georges Poulet in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss National Library
The Geneva School of Literary Criticism''
1902 births
1991 deaths
Writers from Liège
Belgian academics
Belgian literary critics
University of Liège alumni
Prix Sainte-Beuve winners
Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Johns Hopkins University faculty |
4000403 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heal-all | Heal-all | Heal-all is a common name for the plant Prunella vulgaris.
Heal-all may also refer to:
Pedicularis canadensis, or high heal-all
Stachys, a genus of plants in the mint family
See also
Panacea (medicine), a cure-all, or a medicine capable of healing many ailments |
5394632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chithiram%20Pesuthadi | Chithiram Pesuthadi | Chithiram Pesuthadi () is a 2006 Indian Tamil-language romantic action drama film written and directed by Mysskin in his directorial debut. The film stars Narain and Bhavana, both making their debuts in Tamil cinema, in the lead roles. The film's score and soundtrack are composed by Sundar C Babu with cinematography by Mahesh Muthuswami and editing by M. Kasi Viswanathan. Produced by Dreambridge Productions on a budget of 1.20 crores, the film faced publicity issues but later released in Chennai and the rest of Tamil Nadu. The movie became a massive hit of that year. Bhavana's performance received critical acclaim and earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil.
The film was later remade to Telugu as Raju Bhai, in Kannada as Kichha Huchha and in Oriya as Abhimanyu.
Plot
Thirunavukarasu, aka Thiru (Narain), a fearless karate fighter, saves the son of a local don from being killed by members of a rival gang. In return, the don Annachi (Dhandapani) hires Thiru as his henchman. Thiru's mother (Sathyapriya) and younger sister dislike his association with the gang but have to live with his decision.
One day, Thiru stumbles upon Charumathi, aka Charu (Bhavana), a worker at an NGO who fights injustice. A quarrel ensues between them, and they grow to dislike each other. Nobody has spoken up to Thiru before, and he admires Charu's courage. Whenever they bump into one another, Charu berates Thiru for being a gangster. Ashamed, Thiru and a few of the gangsters try to turn over a new leaf by selling toys at a sidewalk.
Charu is impressed by Thiru's changed personality and decides to marry him. Her father (Raviprakash) gives her his blessings, though her uncle (Mahadevan) does not approve. However, her hopes are shattered after she witnessed a naked Thiru being clumped away in a police truck from a brothel after a raid. She gives up her plans of being with him and blames her father for not raising her well enough to make the right decision. Later that day, her father commits suicide. Charu blames Thiru for ruining her life and causing her father's death. Thiru and his friends return to Annachi.
Charu's uncle arranges for her to be married to his own relative. However, Annachi's son sees Charu during her engagement and falls in love with her. Annachi threatens Charu's uncle to surrender his niece to him. After learning that Thiru is part of Annachi's gang, Charu goes to confront him. Thiru's friends reveal that he was only at the brothel that day to save his friend's family, who lives there. Instead, he sees Charu's father there, who was in the company of prostitutes. In order to give time for Charu's father to flee the area, Thiru creates a distraction by attacking the police officers. They beat him up and tear him off his clothes while trying to arrest him. Charu realizes her mistake and asks Thiru's friends to take her to him.
Meanwhile, Thiru has devised his own plans in an attempt to thwart Annachi's plans and save Charu. He has arranged for his friends to bring Charu and her fiancé separately to the registrar's office to get them married. However, Annachi shows up and orders his men to attack Thiru. When Charu arrives at the scene, she is overwhelmed to see that Thiru has been stabbed and is fighting for his life. Only then does Annachi realize that she and Thiru are in love. He stops the attack and lets Thiru's friends rush him to the hospital. Thiru is saved, and Annachi agrees to let him go. He marries Charu, and they live happily ever after.
Cast
Narain as Thirunavukarasu
Bhavana as Charumathi
Dhandapani as Annachi
Delhi Ganesh as Prakash
Raviprakash as Charu's father
Mahadevan as Charu's uncle
Sathyapriya as Thiru's mother
Vasantha Narayan
Gana Ulaganathan
Malavika in a special appearance
Inspiration
Mysskin expressed at a book release that he himself got to realize that this movie is an accidental inspiration of Beauty and the Beast while the shooting was progressing. He questioned the critics why they failed to criticize about this accidental inspiration, whereas they criticized Nandalala, his other movie to be a copy of Kikujiro. He expressed this was irrelevant to the book release.
Soundtrack
The film's score and soundtrack were composed by Sundar C Babu, who made his debut in film scoring through this film. The album features 12 tracks overall, including four instrumental tracks. The lyrics were penned by Kabilan and director Mysskin himself, while Gana Ulaganathan had written and sung the song "Vazha Meenu", which is considered as having contributed immensely to the film's success.
Release
Released by Dreambride Productions on 10 February 2006, the film initially failed to attract an audience due to a low-profile release and a lack of publicity. It was removed from almost all theaters within two weeks after its release. SUN Networks helped promote the song Vaazha Meenu by repeated airings on its channels, making the song a cult hit. In the meantime, the movie generated a word of mouth publicity combined with excellent press reviews. Taking the cue, Dreambridge initiated the process to re-release in the Chennai area first. The re-release witnessed a tremendous opening which invoked the interest of Aascar Ravichandran, who distributed the film to the rest of Tamil Nadu. The re-release of the film was well received by the audience, which resulted in a stupendous hit.
Accolades
Sequel
A standalone sequel named Chithiram Pesuthadi 2 was released in 2019 by the same production company.
References
External links
2006 films
Indian films
Tamil-language films
Films featuring an item number
Tamil films remade in other languages
Films directed by Mysskin
2000s Tamil-language films
Indian action drama films
Films scored by Sundar C. Babu
2006 directorial debut films
2006 action drama films
2006 romantic drama films |
5394649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bound%20Stems | Bound Stems | Bound Stems was an indie rock band with math rock influences from Chicago, Illinois. The band's members were Robert Gallivan (vocals), Dan Fleury (guitar), Dan Radzicki (bass, keys), Evan Sult (drums, ex-Harvey Danger), and Janie Porche (multi-instrumentalist).
Band history
Fleury, Radzicki, and Gallivan met while attending high school in Lisle, IL. The three wrote and recorded music during these years and continued to do so during college. It wasn't until the September 2002 arrival of Harvey Danger alum Evan Sult, who answered a drummer-wanted ad, that Bound Stems officially formed. They began writing and performing around Chicago more frequently. Janie Porche completed her transition from friend, to roommate, to band member during the recording of their Logic EP in 2005.
The Logic of Building the Body Plan EP, released in 2005, is the first work that all five members wrote together from beginning to end. After extensive touring, writing, and recording the band completed and released Appreciation Night to warm reviews in 2006.
During the summer of 2007, Bound Stems played shows across the country, including the Lollapalooza festival in Chicago.
The group began recording their second full-length album for Flameshovel Records during the fall of 2007. The album, titled The Family Afloat, was released July 11, 2008 on vinyl and September 9, 2008 on CD.
After the release and tour supporting The Family Afloat the band separated. In March 2010 a new project Like Pioneers was announced which included Robert, Dan, Dan, and Janie of Bound Stems, with the addition of Jesse Woghin of The Narrator and Chicago multiinstrumentalist Darren Garvey. Drummer Evan Sult relocated to St Louis to continue the Sleepy Kitty project with partner Paige Brubeck.
Honors
Bound Stems were SPIN's Artist of the Day, December 2005.
Bound Stems were SPIN's Band of the Month, March 2006.
Bound Stems were the featured band on Daytrotter in September 2006.
Discography
Change Comes at 14 and a Half EP (2003)
Caught It on the Continent EP (2003)
Levity EP (2004)
The Logic of Building the Body Plan EP (2005) - Flameshovel Records
Appreciation Night LP (2006) - Flameshovel Records
The Family Afloat LP (2008) - Flameshovel Records
Notes and references
External links
Official site
Myspace site
Flameshovel Records
New York Times Article
Review of Appreciation Night
Interview with Centerstage Chicago (October 2006)
Indie rock musical groups from Illinois
Musical groups from Chicago
Flameshovel Records artists |
4000413 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave%20Pybus | Dave Pybus | Dave Pybus (born 4 June 1970) is a British extreme metal musician, best known as the former bass player of Cradle of Filth.
Career
Pybus's first band was called Anul Death (1988–1991) which later changed its name to Darkened.
From 1990 to 1994, Pybus worked at Peaceville Records as a graphic designer. His name is credited on several records from that period including Darkthrone - A Blaze in the Northern Sky, Autopsy - Mental Funeral, My Dying Bride - As the Flower Withers and Turn Loose the Swans. He also worked with Vital Remains, Pitchshifter, Therion, Anathema, G.G.F.H., Kong, Paradise Lost, Banished, Pentagram, Ship of Fools, and At the Gates (first three albums). Around 1993, Peaceville signed a U.S. distribution deal with Caroline, where Pybus and Lyle Preslar worked together for over a year.
In 1991, Pybus formed Dreambreed, a band in which he provided vocals and played guitar. They were influenced by the Misfits and released a six-track mini CD titled Sometime in 1995. Pybus stayed in Dreambreed until 1998, when he joined Anathema on bass guitar. He stayed with Anathema until 2001, appearing on two albums – Judgement (1999) and A Fine Day to Exit (2001) – after which he sessioned and later joined Cradle of Filth, often operating under the stage name Herr Pubis, following the departure of bassist Robin "Graves" Eaglestone.
Pybus appeared on: Damnation and a Day (2003), Nymphetamine (2004), Thornography (2006), Godspeed on the Devil's Thunder (2008), Darkly, Darkly, Venus Aversa (2010).
In 2005, Pybus took a six-month break from Cradle of Filth and started Sixsixsix Records. In July, he was honoured with an appearance on the Roadrunner United CD alongside Peter Steele, Josh Silver, Steve Holt and Joey Jordison. After his break he re-joined Cradle of Filth and played bass on the debut Angtoria album, released in April 2006 via Listenable Records.
21 April 2008 saw the release of Dreambreed's Misery Sessions on CD, via Pybus' Sixsixsix Record label; the sessions were originally recorded in 1997.
Pybus launched his own monthly podcast Life Is a Hideous Thing in December 2014, running for 16 episodes, including four commissioned by Peaceville Records, and featuring guests such as Pat Mills, Dave McKean, Doug Bradley, among others. One episode was unpublished, featuring Paul "Hammy" Halmshaw. This was held back due to Hammy not being happy with the results and using the inspiration from the recording sessions to write his book Peaceville Life, released in 2016.
Guest appearances
In 1991, Pybus played guitar in a Misfits cover band called The Hatebreeders. He made a guest appearance on the song "Summernite Stalker" for German horror punk band The Spook, released in August 2007. In October 2008, he performed live for two shows with German band Samsas Traum and toured with them in November 2009. He played bass on the track "Hell is the Face of Love" for Autoclav1.1 in 2008. Pybus contributed to the Roadrunner United project, playing bass on the track "Enemy of the State". He played bass on Sarah Jezebel Deva's debut album A Sign of Sublime in 2010.
Pybus played bass on one track for My Black Omen, a multinational death metal project featuring Kam Lee (Mantas, Massacre) on vocals, Ross Feratu (The Spook, Gorthaur's Wrath, Ramonstars) on guitar and Brian Forman (Unburied) on drums. They released one cover version of the Massacre song "Chamber of Ages" in May 2011.
Pybus left Cradle of Filth in spring 2012. He played bass with American band Prong for their Beg to Differ European tour and the following U.S. tour in the summer of 2012.
Discography
Dreambreed
Sometime (1995)
Misery Sessions (2008)
Anathema
Judgement (1999)
A Fine Day to Exit (2001)
Cradle of Filth
Damnation and a Day (2003)
Nymphetamine (2004)
Thornography (2006)
Godspeed on the Devil's Thunder (2008)
Darkly, Darkly, Venus Aversa (2010)
Angtoria
God Has a Plan for Us All (2006)
Sarah Jezebel Deva
A Sign of Sublime (2010)
References
External links
Profile on Cradle of Filth's website
1970 births
Living people
English heavy metal bass guitarists
Male bass guitarists
Cradle of Filth members
People from Heckmondwike
21st-century English bass guitarists |
5394667 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20M.%20Golder | Benjamin M. Golder | Benjamin Martin Golder (December 23, 1891 – December 30, 1946) was Republican member of the United States House of Representatives for Pennsylvania.
Biography
Benjamin Golder was born in Alliance, New Jersey (near Vineland, New Jersey). He moved with his parents to Philadelphia in 1893. He graduated from the law department of the University of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1913.
He enlisted in the Naval Aviation Service during World War I and was honorably discharged as ensign after the Armistice. He became a member of the Pennsylvania State House of Representatives, serving from 1916 to 1924.
He was elected in 1924 as a Republican to the 69th Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1932 and for election in 1940. He resumed the practice of law in Philadelphia until the Second World War. He was commissioned a captain in the United States Army on February 5, 1943, and served until discharged as a lieutenant colonel on July 1, 1945.
In 1930, he married Peggy Mastbaum, daughter of Etta Wedell Mastbaum and Jules E. Mastbaum. Golder was the younger brother of historian Frank A. Golder (1877–1929), an academic expert on the history of Imperial Russia.
See also
List of Jewish members of the United States Congress
Footnotes
1891 births
1946 deaths
20th-century American politicians
United States Navy personnel of World War I
United States Army personnel of World War II
Members of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Jewish members of the United States House of Representatives
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Republicans
People from Cumberland County, New Jersey
Politicians from Philadelphia
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
University of Pennsylvania Law School alumni
Mastbaum family
United States Navy officers
United States Army colonels
20th-century American Jews
Military personnel from New Jersey |
5394668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost%20Patrol | Lost Patrol | The Lost Patrol or Lost Patrol may refer to:
Music
The Lost Patrol, a band from New York, or their self-title album
The Lost Patrol Band, earlier name of Swedish punk band Invasionen, or their self-titled album
"Lost Patrol", a song by Big Country on their album The Crossing
Films
Lost Patrol (1929 film), a silent war film
The Lost Patrol (1934 film), starring Victor McLaglen and Boris Karloff, remake of the 1929 film
Delta Force One: The Lost Patrol, a 1999 film
Other
Patrol (or Lost Patrol), a 1927 novel by Philip MacDonald which was adapted to the 1929 and 1934 films
Lost Patrol (video game), a video game for the Commodore Amiga, Atari ST and DOS
US Navy training Flight 19 which disappeared in December 1945
The Lost Patrol (Canada), a 1910 Royal North-West Mounted Police patrol led by Inspector Francis J. Fitzgerald, all members of which died
"The Lost Patrol", episode 37 of Exosquad
Lost Patrol, a board game briefly published by Games Workshop in 2000, with a second edition released in 2016 |
5394693 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acanthodes | Acanthodes | Acanthodes (from , 'provided with spines') is an extinct genus of spiny shark. Fossils have been found in Europe, North America, Asia, and Australia. Acanthodes was most common in the Carboniferous and Early Permian. A few putative species ("Acanthoides dublinensis", Acanthodes guizhouensis) have been reported from Devonian strata, but their referral to the genus may not be valid.
Description
Compared with other spiny sharks, Acanthodes was relatively large, at long. The genus had no teeth, instead gills. Because of this, it is presumed to have been a filter feeder, filtering plankton from the water. The Acanthodes has been found to have only a couple of skull bones. It was covered in scales that were cubical in shape.
It also had fewer spines than many of its relatives. Each of the paired pectoral and pelvic fins had a spine, as did the single anal and dorsal fins, giving it a total of just six, less than half that of many other species. Due to its slender branchiostegals, singular dorsal fin, lack of fin spines, and its pelvic fin that is similar to pectoral fins, Acanthodes are considered to be part of the Acanthodidae subdivision of the Acanthodii. A fossil discovered near Hamilton, Kansas in the Upper Carboniferous Hamilton Formation, and published in 2014 as Acanthodes bridgei was so well-preserved that traces of its eye tissue were sufficient to establish that Acanthodes had both rod and cone photoreceptor cells, and thus profited from color vision.
Discovery
Several specimens of Acanthodes were recovered from an abandoned quarry (Hamilton Quarry) which contained individuals ranging in total length from 54 mm to 410 mm. A. bridgei was one of the species found there. A. bridgei has large orbits, a shorter pre-pectoral region, and shallower insertions of the fin spines.
Taxonomy
The scientific classification of acanthodians is still a subject of great dispute, due to the fact that they share qualities of both bony fish (osteichthyes) and cartilaginous fish (chondrichthyes). A recent study has suggested that Acanthodes may have been, or closely related to an early common ancestor to all cartilaginous and bony fish, including humans.
Acanthodian internal anatomy is primarily understood by Acanthodes bronni because it remains the only example preserved in substantial detail, central to which is an ostensible osteichthyan braincase. For this reason, Acanthodes has become an indispensable component in early gnathostome phylogenies. Acanthodes is quantifiably closer to chondrichthyans than to osteichthyans. However, phylogenetic analysis places Acanthodes on the osteichthyan stem, as part of a well-resolved tree that also recovers acanthodians as stem chondrichthyans and stem gnathostomes. As such, perceived chondrichthyan features of the Acanthodes cranium represent shared primitive conditions for crown group gnathostomes. There has been increasingly detailed findings of early gnathostome evolution highlights ongoing and profound anatomical reorganization of vertebrate crania after the origin of jaws but before the divergence of living clades.
As mentioned earlier, A. bronni is an acanthodian, a group of stem gnathostomes more derived than placoderms, but fairly close to the origins of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans. A. bronni lived about 290 million years ago during the Carboniferous period.
Researchers took 138 characteristics of various skulls of A. bronni and compared these with skulls of both chondrichthyans and osteichthyans, and determined that acanthodians are closer to cartilaginous fishes.
References
Parker, Steve. Dinosaurus: the complete guide to dinosaurs. Firefly Books Inc, 2003. Pg. 60
External links
entry at the Fossil Museum
entry at Saint Joseph's University
Acanthodii genera
Carboniferous acanthodians
Permian acanthodians
Paleozoic fish of North America
Paleozoic fish of Europe
Prehistoric fish of Australia
Taxa named by Louis Agassiz |
4000429 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20and%20Peewit | Johan and Peewit | Johan and Peewit () is a Belgian comics series created by Peyo. Since its initial appearance in 1947 it has been published in 13 albums that appeared before the death of Peyo in 1992. Thereafter, a team of comic book creators from Studio Peyo continued to publish the stories.
The series is set in Medieval Europe and includes elements of sword-and-sorcery. Johan et Pirlouit provided the framework for the first appearances of The Smurfs.
Publication history
Initially titled simply Johan, the series first appeared in the newspaper La Dernière Heure in 1947, and then in Le Soir from 1950 until 1952. It began publication in the Franco-Belgian comics magazine Spirou on 11 September 1952 and the initially blond-haired hero became dark-haired.
In 1954, Johan was joined by Pirlouit, and the series took its final name. It was in Johan et Pirlouit, on 23 October 1958, that the first smurf appeared.
Peyo stated that Pirlouit was his favourite character, and Johan et Pirlouit was the only series on which he always did the drawings without the aid of the studio. Their adventures appeared regularly in Spirou in the 1950s and early 1960s, but the success of the Smurfs meant that they were much neglected afterwards, aside from a very short one-off adventure in 1977. However, following Peyo's death, other artists and writers have revived the series with 4 more albums between 1994 and 2001.
Synopsis
Set in the Middle Ages in an unnamed European kingdom, the series follows the adventures of Johan, a brave young page to the King, and Peewit, his faithful, if boastful and cheating, midget sidekick. Johan rides off in search of adventure with his trusty horse Bayard, while Peewit gallops sporadically, and grudgingly, behind on his goat, Biquette. The pair are driven by duty to their King and the courage to defend the underpowered. Struggles for power between deposed lords and usurping villains form the basis of many of the plots which also contain elements of detective fiction as the pair hunt down traitors and outlaws, as well as fantasy, with witches and sorcerers, giants, ghosts and, above all, the Smurfs.
The first few adventures did not feature Peewit. From his first appearance in 1947, Johan had a number of solo adventures and met Peewit in 1954, thus, in line with many other comic series of the time, giving Johan's earnest hero a comic relief sidekick similar to Tintin's Captain Haddock, Lucky Luke's Rantanplan, Asterix's Obelix, Spirou's Fantasio or Gil Jourdan's Libellule.
Characters
Johan: servant of the King. Courageous and skilled with both a sword and a bow, this black-haired hero aspires to becoming a knight. He is the quintessential bold fighter, always ready to be in the thick of it, and a natural leader. Johan is quick to intervene whenever he sees an injustice being committed and will go all the way to rectify wrongs, ignoring Peewit's grumblings about the problems that they are going to face in the process. His name is pronounced "Yohahn".
Peewit: a blond, gluttonous dwarf, he lived in the forest neighboring the King's castle playing practical jokes on the people and stealing meats and apples before being hired as the court jester. He agreed, provided that he was not obliged to wear the jester's outfit, which he felt made him look like a "fool" (which is another term for jester). His name is pronounced "Peewee".Contrary to what he believes himself, Peewit is a terrible musician, though, unlike Cacofonix from the Asterix series, the other inhabitants of the castle cannot bring themselves to tell him how bad he is — though the King did once make a show of removing earplugs in Peewit's presence. His "music" has also been known to cause rain.Peewit is easily upset, especially when Johan volunteers him to go on another adventure but, being cunning and agile, he is quite capable of escaping from a tight corner and putting up a fight. When outwitting his enemies, he screams out his cry of triumph: "Peeeewiiiiit". In the Smurfs cartoon series, rather than being a random dwarf, he is the King's nephew, as he states in the episode The Sorcery Of Maltrochu, and is portrayed as a kid, younger than Johan.
Bayard: Johan's horse, He's his loyal steed and is always there to lay a hoof whenever Peewit is unable to help.
Biquette: Peewit's goat, who is endowed with a strong character. Her horn attack is extremely powerful. Her name is the French word for nanny goat.
The King: the unnamed monarch of the Kingdom. He is somewhat carefree and enjoys wine but is also firm and is loved by his subjects and vassals. He has a beautiful niece, but no direct descendants. He can be very keen to go on expeditions and battles — which can be difficult given his old age.
Homnibus: an enchanter whom the heroes often consult on matters of magic. He is also an alchemist and herbalist. It is he who first tells Johan and Peewit about the beings called the Smurfs.
Olivier: Homnibus' young servant.
Rachel: an old sorceress, who has a terrible reputation, but is actually very kind and helpful. She knows how to make many different potions, including a mixture called Wine of Giddiness.
Count Tremaine: ("Comte Tréville" in the original French) a skilled knight and brave warrior, he is a friend and role model to Johan.
Lady Barbera: Usually called "Dame Barbara" in the cartoon series; an old aristocratic woman who resides in the King's castle, always wearing a green dress. She has a reputation for being a gossip, as well as being somewhat prideful and stuck-up.
The Smurfs: appear in several stories as Johan and Peewit's allies. While the Smurfs have their own series, adventures with their two human friends remain part of the "Johan and Peewit" series. Papa Smurf's knowledge of magic is especially helpful.
Princess Savina: niece to the King. She is pretty but hates ladylike things and is an excellent marksman (she only features in the Smurfs cartoon series).
Gargamel: The main antagonist and sworn enemy of the Smurfs, Gargamel is an evil wizard with limited powers. Gargamel is absolutely obsessed with the Smurfs, and his main goal vacillates from trying to eat them to trying to capture them for use in a potion to make gold to simply getting revenge.
Azrael: Gargamel's pet cat.
Merchandising
While never as popular as the Smurfs, Johan and certainly Peewit enjoyed their share of fame and popularity as well, and consequently some merchandising was made. In 1959, a first Peewit figurine was made by Dupuis, followed a few years later by a Johan. In the 1970s, Bully and Schleich made Johan and Peewit figurines in their series of PVC Smurf figurines. Plush puppets were made as well.
In other media and comics
Originally a Johan and Peewit adventure, The Smurfs and the Magic Flute was adapted into an animated film in 1976 in Europe, with considerable success. It was re-released in 1983 in the wake of the success of the Smurfs cartoons from Hanna-Barbera, and enjoyed some success in the USA as well.
Johan and Peewit were also featured in some of the animated Smurf cartoons, being the main stars in many episodes. In France and other European countries, their TV cartoon adventures were treated as a separate series from that of the Smurfs, even though the latter feature heavily.
In the early 1980s, some records about their adventures were made in France and Italy, contributors including Cristina D'Avena.
Another Peyo series was Benoît Brisefer (best known in English as "Benny Breakiron") about a little boy with extraordinary strength. Benoît's adventures are set in modern times. In one episode a man strongly resembling Johan can be seen signing into a luxury hotel near a film studio — he even wears a brown jacket and red trousers similar to Johan's; in another, Benoît reads a newspaper which appears to indicate the announcement of a film called Johan: The Return II with a photo of Johan next to it.
When the Smurfs got their own series, Johan and Peewit did not feature. However, they did appear in a 2008 Smurf adventure called Les schtroumpfeurs de flûte (French: "The Flute Smurfers"). This story, published to mark the 50th anniversary of the first appearance of the Smurfs, is a prequel to La flûte à six schtroumpfs (published in English as "The Smurfs and the Magic Flute") and tells how the Smurfs first deliver the flute which was to be the basis of the 1958 story. Johan and Peewit help out a human friend of the Smurfs, but do not actually get to meet the little blue elves themselves.
Stories and English translations
Few of Johan and Peewit's adventures have been published in English: La Flûte à six Schtroumpfs as The Smurfs and the Magic Flute (Hodder and Stoughton UK, 1979, Random House USA, 1983 and Papercutz USA, 2010), La guerre des sept fontaines as The War of the Seven Springs (Papercutz USA, 2013), and La Flèche noire (Fantasy Flight Publishing USA, 1995) under the title The Black Arrow.
Below is a list of the French titles, their year of publication, an English translation of the titles and a brief description.
The first 13 albums were published by Dupuis; those that came afterwards were published by Le Lombard.
As well as Spirou magazine, some of the shorter stories, like Sortilèges au château, were published in Risque-Tout (French for "Daredevil") which came from the same publishers.
Johan's adventures published in newspapers prior to his appearing in Spirou are not included.
Sources
Johan et Pirlouit publications in Spirou BDoubliées
Footnotes
External links
Johan and Peewit Dupuis Publishing
1947 comics debuts
Adventure comics
Animated duos
Belgian comics adapted into films
Belgian comic strips
Comics adapted into animated films
Comics adapted into animated series
Comics adapted into television series
Comics by Peyo
Comics characters introduced in 1947
Comics set in the Middle Ages
Comic strip duos
Dupuis titles
Fictional Belgian people
Fictional duos
Fictional knights
Humor comics
Lombard Editions titles
Male characters in comics
Peyo characters
Television duos
The Smurfs characters |
4000435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Bailey | Kevin Bailey | Kevin Bailey may refer to:
Kevin Bailey (poet) (born 1954), British poet
Kevin Bailey (politician), Texas state representative, 1991–2009
Kevin Bailey, vocalist in The Shoppe |
4000447 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenyl%20oxalate | Diphenyl oxalate | Diphenyl oxalate (trademark name Cyalume) is a solid whose oxidation products are responsible for the chemiluminescence in a glowstick. This chemical is the double ester of phenol with oxalic acid. Upon reaction with hydrogen peroxide, 1,2-dioxetanedione is formed, along with release of the two phenols. The dioxetanedione then reacts with a dye molecule, decomposing to form carbon dioxide and leaving the dye in an excited state. As the dye relaxes back to its unexcited state, it releases a photon of visible light.
The reaction rate is pH dependent, and slightly alkaline conditions, achieved by adding a weak base, such as sodium salicylate, give a faster reaction and therefore produce brighter light.
The 2,4,6-trichlorophenol ester of oxalic acid is a solid and thus easier to handle. Furthermore, since trichlorophenolate is the better leaving group, the reaction will proceed faster, again producing brighter light, as compared to the phenol ester.
The following colors can be produced by using different dyes:
References
Oxalate esters
Chemiluminescence
Phenol esters |
4000450 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Dmitriev | Igor Dmitriev | Igor Borisovich Dmitriev () (29 May 1927 – 26 January 2008) was a Soviet and Russian film and theatre actor who specialized in playing aristocratic characters in costume productions (e.g., Rosencrantz in Grigori Kozintsev's Hamlet).
Igor Dmitriev was born in Leningrad to parents Boris Petrovich Dmitriev, a professional yachtsman and Elena Tauber, a ballerina. In 1948 he graduated from the Studio of the Moscow Art Theatre and in 1949 became an actor of the Vera Komissarzhevskaya Theater of Drama in Leningrad. From 1967 to 1984 he worked at Lenfilm. In 1984 he started working at the Nikolay Akimov Theater of Comedy. Dmitriev worked with Georgi Tovstonogov, Sergei Gerasimov, Yan Frid. He acted in more than 120 films, not only in the Soviet Union, but also in Hungary, Poland, East Germany, the United States, Morocco and Algeria.
He became People's Artist of the RSFSR in 1988. In 2000 he played the benefit performance in the play of George Bernard Shaw and Jerome Kilty Dear Liar: A Comedy of Letters. He also worked as a radio narrator, being one of the first actors to do so, he recited the novels of Leo Tolstoy, Theodore Dreiser, Guy de Maupassant, Émile Zola, Anton Chekhov and many others.
Selected filmography
Ivan Pavlov (1950) as student
She Loves You (1956) as Anatoly Pylnikov
And Quiet Flows the Don (1957–1958) as Evgeny Listnitsky
In the Days of October (1958) as Alexander Blok
Under the Knock of the Wheels (1958) as Vasily Kovalsky
Virgin Soil Upturned (1960) as Lyatyevsky
Black Gull (1962) as wounded
Kain XVIII (1963) as General
Hamlet (Гамлет, 1964) as Rosencrantz
Speckle (1965) as Igor Borisovich
Green Coach (1967) as Nikolai Osipovich Dyur
Nikolay Bauman (1967) as Vasily Kachalov
No Password Needed (1967) as lieutenant Mordvinov
An Old, Old Tale (1968) as prince
Lyubov Yarovaya (1970) as Elysatov
Franz Liszt. Dreams of love (1970) as prince Nikolay Petrovich Wittgenstein
Dauria (1971) as esaul Solomonov
Goya or the Hard Way to Enlightenment (1972) as Duke of Alba
Farewell to St. Petersburg (1972) as Grand Duke Konstantin
The Captivating Star of Happiness (1975) as Ludwig Lebsteltern
Trust (1976) as Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich
The Blue Bird (1976) as Pleasure to Beloved Himself
Golden Mine (1977) as Dr. Podneix
The Dog in the Manger (1978) as Count Federico
A Glass of Water (1979) as Marquis de Torcy
Die Fledermaus (1979) as Frank, director of the prison
Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson (1979) as Inspector Gregson
The Suicide Club, or the Adventures of a Titled Person (1981) as Colonel Geraldine
The Pokrovsky Gate (1982) as Gleb Orlovich
Return from Orbit (1983) as Kuznetsov's fellow traveler on the train
Crazy Day of Engineer Barkasov (1983) as Krutetsky
Anna Pavlova (1983-1986) as Léon Bakst
The Hobbit (1985) as Gollum
The Mountains are Smoking (1988) as Baron von Steinberg
A Bright Personality (1989) as Bernardov
Cyrano de Bergerac (1989) as Monflery
Musketeers Twenty Years After (1992) as François de Vendôme, Duc de Beaufort
Beautiful Stranger (1992) as retired military
Tartuffe (1992) as Cleanthes
Streets of Broken Lights (1999) as director
Give Me Moonlight (2001) as Eduard Sorokin
External links
Biography
Biography
Obituary
Dmitriev, Igor Borisovich
Dmitriev, Igor Borisovich
Dmitriev, Igor Borisovich
Dmitriev, Igor Borisovich
Dmitriev, Igor Borisovich
Male actors from Saint Petersburg
Dmitriev, Igor Borisovich
Dmitriev, Igor Borisovich
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
Recipients of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 4th class
Moscow Art Theatre School alumni
Burials at Serafimovskoe Cemetery |
5394696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Zanussi | Ron Zanussi | Ronald Kenneth Zanussi (born August 31, 1956) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger who played five seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Minnesota North Stars and Toronto Maple Leafs between 1977 and 1982.
Playing career
Zanussi was born in Toronto, Ontario, and played minor hockey in West Hill. As a youth, he played in the 1969 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Dorset Park. He later played with the London Knights of the OHA. He was selected in the third round, 51st overall, by the Minnesota North Stars in the 1976 NHL Amateur Draft and in the eighth round, 87th overall by the Cleveland Crusaders in the 1976 WHA Amateur Draft. He played his first pro year with the Fort Wayne Komets of the International Hockey League (IHL) in 1976–77, scoring 53 goals and was named the co-winner of the IHL's Rookie of the Year award. He joined the North Stars the following season, playing the majority of the next four years in Minnesota before moving onto the Maple Leafs for two. Zanussi retired in 1984 having played 299 NHL games and scoring 52 goals.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
External links
1956 births
Living people
Canadian people of Italian descent
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Cincinnati Tigers players
Cleveland Crusaders draft picks
Fort Wayne Komets players
Fort Worth Texans players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
London Knights players
Minnesota North Stars draft picks
Minnesota North Stars players
Oklahoma City Stars players
St. Catharines Saints players
Sherbrooke Jets players
Sportspeople from Toronto
Toronto Maple Leafs players |
4000468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction%20%28military%29 | Extraction (military) | In military tactics, extraction (also exfiltration or exfil) is the process of removing personnel when it is considered imperative that they be immediately relocated out of a hostile environment and taken to an area either occupied or controlled by friendly personnel. Extraction is not always used during hostile environments, but can be used or referred to during training environments as well.
There are primarily two kinds of extraction:
Friendly: The subject involved is willing and is expected to cooperate with the personnel implementing the operation, when referring to enemy prisoners of war or being taken to captivity.
Hostile: The subject involved is unwilling and is being transferred by forceful coercion with the possibility/likelihood of engaging enemy personnel in any area either in and/or around the extraction zone.
An example of a hostile extraction was the capture and transportation to Israel for trial of the German Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann by Israel's Mossad agents on May 11, 1960. An example of a friendly extraction was the joint U.S. Central Intelligence Agency-Canadian government operation to smuggle six fugitive American diplomatic personnel out of revolutionary Iran in 1980 in an operation later known as the Canadian Caper. Both of these examples have been used as plots for major motion pictures in the US.
In most cases, extraction or exfiltration (exfil) are the most commonly known term used when referring to the leaving of an area. Exfiltration is also used when referring data in a military manner.
See also
Infiltration tactics
Landing zone
Maneuver tactics |
5394710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hordein | Hordein | Hordein is a prolamin glycoprotein, present in barley and some other cereals, together with gliadin and other glycoproteins (such as glutelins) coming under the general name of gluten. Horedeins are found in the endosperm where one of their functions is to act as a storage unit.
In comparison to other proteins, horedeins are less soluble when compared to proteins such as albumin and globulins.
In relation to amino acids, horedeins have a substantial amount of proline and glutamine but lack charged amino acids such as lysine.
Some people are sensitive to hordein due to disorders such as celiac disease or gluten intolerance.
Along with gliadin (the prolamin gluten found in wheat), hordein is present in many foods and also may be found in beer. Hordein is usually the main problem for coeliacs wishing to drink beer.
Coeliacs are able to find specialist breads that are low in hordein, gliadin and other problematic glycoproteins, just as they can find gluten free beer which either uses ingredients that do not contain gluten, or otherwise has the amounts of gliadin or hordein present controlled to stated limits.
References
Gluten
Seed storage proteins
Glycoproteins
de:Gliadin |
5394740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Librarians%20%28band%29 | The Librarians (band) | The Librarians were a power pop band from Berkeley, California who formed in 1999 by Damon Larson and Ryan Gan. They released one album, The Pathetic Aesthetic, in 2002, which received 4 out of 5 stars from Allmusic.
The group was famous mostly for their raucous live act:
But (Ryan) Gan, the anti-frontperson frontperson of the Librarians, isn't even fazed. Though on the record, Gan's job is limited to backup vocals and tambourine for vocalist-guitarist Damon Larson, he explodes into his full potential onstage with spastic tambourine beating and poster-worthy one-hand-on-the-hip-the-other-thrust-skyward poses. His performance is truly horrifying in its cheesiness, and yet it's unnervingly mesmerizing. It's a kind of innocence-lost scenario: everyone reaches the same guilty conclusion, "Christ, why don't more bands do this?"
Ryan Gan received his Master's in Library and Information Science in 2006 and is now employed as a librarian and professor in Torrance, California. Prior to this and the formation of the band, Gan played the euphonium at Magnolia High School in Anaheim, California between 1990 and 1994. Gan has since picked up the euphonium again and is playing in a community band. Since leaving the Librarians, Damon Larson has continued his musical career. His newest band, the Paranoids, is a fixture on the San Francisco music scene.
References
External links
Music Video for The Librarians song "You and this Bottle" on Youtube.com
AMG's entry for the band
"Storming the Stacks - When was last time you saw a Librarian shake his ass?" at Metroactive.com.
Musical groups established in 1999
1999 establishments in California |
4000472 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newmarket%20Line | Newmarket Line | The Newmarket Line is a railway line in Auckland, New Zealand, that runs between Quay Park Junction, near Britomart Transport Centre, and Newmarket Train Station. It is 2.64 km long. It connects the North Island Main Trunk (NIMT), which runs from the east into Britomart via the waterfront, and the North Auckland Line (NAL), which runs between Westfield Junction and Otiria via Newmarket and Whangarei. It has been named the Newmarket Line since 2011. From 1996 to 2011, it was named the Auckland–Newmarket Line, as it ran from Auckland Railway Station until the station closed in 2003. From 1977 to 1996, it was named the Newmarket Branch Railway.
Southern Line, Western Line and Onehunga Line services of the Auckland rail network travel on this line.
The Newmarket Line was originally opened in 1873 as the northern portion of Auckland's first railway to Onehunga via Penrose. It was part of the North Island Main Trunk Railway until the Westfield Deviation opened in 1930.
Since 1915, it has been fully double tracked after an upgrade of Parnell Tunnel north of Newmarket. Previous to that, it led as a single track section through a previous Parnell Tunnel.
In 2007, the major junction that connects the Newmarket Line with the North Auckland Line was rebuilt into a 'wye junction', removing the time-consuming reversing backshunt needed to access the NAL to the north from the Newmarket Line, thus giving the line better access to Britomart Station. This was part of a big upgrade of rail infrastructure in Auckland, and the Newmarket Station and Junction was included in the stage one electrification of the network.
A new station, Parnell, began operation on the line at the suburb of the same name on 12 March 2017 to serve the Western and Southern Lines of the city's train network, with an official opening on 13 March.
References
Bibliography
Railway lines in New Zealand
Public transport in Auckland
Rail transport in Auckland |
4000475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside%20Outside%20%28Sophie%20Monk%20song%29 | Inside Outside (Sophie Monk song) | "Inside Outside" is a song by Australian singer Sophie Monk. It was the first single released from her debut album. Calendar Girl (2003), on 28 October 2002. It was written and produced by Steve Mac and Rob Davis.
The single debuted and peaked at number five on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and was certified gold for selling over 35,000 units. The music video features Monk in a number of different settings including Las Vegas, Hollywood, Paris, and Hawaii.
Track listing
"Inside Outside" — 4:10
"Inside Outside" (stadium mix radio edit) — 4:16
"Luv Me" — 3:21
"Inside Outside" (wok institute remix) — 8:21
"Inside Outside" (slow trance mix) — 3:31
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
2002 debut singles
Song recordings produced by Steve Mac
Songs written by Rob Davis (musician)
Songs written by Steve Mac |
5394762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever%20Kingdom | Forever Kingdom | Forever Kingdom, known in Japan as , is an action role-playing game released for the PlayStation 2 by FromSoftware. It is the prequel to Evergrace.
Story
Forever Kingdom takes place directly before the events of Evergrace. Darius lived a somewhat sheltered life with his parents in the small village of Solta. Though not having any siblings, Darius was very close to his friend Sharline, whom he cared for like a sister. However, Darius' simple home life in Solta would come to a tragic end when assassins hired by the secluded village of Morea murdered Darius' parents for unknown reasons. In addition to facing the loss of his family, Sharline was nowhere to be found, leaving Darius with the conclusion that she was also killed.
Shortly after the tragedy, Darius sought refuge with his childhood friend, Ruyan, from the village of Seclue. Ruyan's father agreed to take Darius under his wing, as well as training him in swordplay so that he might one day take vengeance against his adversaries. As time passed, Darius and Ruyan tirelessly trained together, eventually forming "The Four Swordsmen of Solta" with two other mentionable warriors, Drumhort and Saris.
Once prepared for his journey, Darius left Seclue in search of some answers into his parents' murder, as well as the disappearance of Sharline. Ruyan, being close to Darius, also decided to come along in hopes of aiding Darius in realizing his revenge. Though they travelled far abroad the continent of Edinbury, Darius and Ruyan's efforts had proven daunting. Just when they were about to give up all hope, however, the two suddenly stumbled upon an unconscious girl, who later claimed to suffer from amnesia. She could only recall her name—Faeana. Having nowhere else to go, Faeana decided to tag along with Darius and Ruyan, hoping that she might recognize someone or something along their journey.
The Eve of Disaster
A year or so ago, as Darius and Ruyan were on their journey, a great 'cataclysm' had taken place, believed to be a war between Rieubane and another political power. The war generally affected much of Edinbury and its people, causing somewhat of a great depression. Though the political affairs of Rieubane—as well as the cause of the war—yet remain unknown, Faeana is believed to have some strange involvement in the Eve of Disaster. However, she herself cannot recall the events.
Solca, Darsul, and the Soul Bind
Along their travels, Darius and co. happen upon a mysterious girl named Solca. Before any acquaintances can be made, however, a dark wizard named Darsul and his clad guardian appear to abduct the girl, making quick work of Darius and his party. Before vanishing into thin-air with Solca, however, Darsul places a curse known as the 'Soul Bind' on Darius and his friends. It is later discovered that the 'Soul Bind' is a powerful spell which links the lifeforce of those afflicted, causing them to share the same experiences through a form of empathy. Baring this in mind, the three have no choice but to temporarily set aside their affairs and seek a cure, lest they otherwise perish together.
Characters
Darius -
A young swordsman from the village of Solta. His parents were murdered as a child, and his childhood friend Sharline was abducted, as well. He spent the rest of his childhood with his friend Ruyan, training to become one of "The Four Swordsmen of Solta."
He has somewhat of a reserve about him, which often intimidates others. However, Darius has a genuine heart, and ultimately wishes to help those in need of his abilities.
Ruyan -
A close childhood friend of Darius. Having much sympathy toward Darius' tragic past, Ruyan trains himself as a skilled swordsman so that he may fight by Darius' side and bring an end to the Eve of Disaster.
Ruyan is a very warm-hearted young man whose kind ethos prevents him from intently harming another. However, no cost—whether it be bloodshed or otherwise—is too great to achieve peace.
Faeana -
An amnesiac young girl who was discovered unconscious by Darius and Ruyan on their travels. Having felt a warm presence about them, she travels at their side, hoping that she might recognize something along the way, or perhaps otherwise recall her memory.
Darsul -
A rather shady wizard who has some interest in a girl named Solca. Upon running into Darius and his party, Darsul inflicts them with the Soul Bind, and abducts Sulca without much revealing much of his reasoning.
Drumhort -
A clad swordsman currently travelling with Darsul for unknown reasons. He also aids in the abduction of Solca.
Solca -
A mysterious young girl who was being pursued by Darsul and Drumhort. Before her abduction, Darius and co. had shortly run into Solca, causing Faeana to experience strange feelings. Perhaps she and Faeana have some connection, though details are yet unknown.
Karmyla -
A dark woman with a very gothic-appearance who later accompanies Darsul, aiding him with much great wisdom. However, her intentions with Darsul otherwise remain shadowed from Darius and his party.
Felk -
Currently leading the Solta army, Felk spends most of his time searching for his lost half-brother. He is usually accompanied by a swordsman named Saris.
Saris -
A nomadic mercenary foreign to Edinbury. He often accompanies Felk, serving as his right-hand man.
Gameplay
The Soul Bind
The Soul Bind is a curse placed on Darius and his party which causes them to share the same lifeforce. Thus, if a member of Darius' party is attacked, then they all endure damage. Consequently, healing one character also heals the other two, as well.
Generally, a 'Soul' gauge measures the overall lifeforce of the party, which is displayed at the bottom-left corner of the screen. When damage is taken by any of the three player-characters, the gauge decreases. If the gauge is completely depleted, then the entire party perishes simultaneously. While proving to be somewhat frustrating, the game features an option which allows Life Extracts (healing potions) to be used at the press of the button, removing some of the challenge of managing three characters who share one life gauge.
Character Growth
Rather than implementing a level-up system like most RPGs, Forever Kingdom utilizes character growth through equipment upgrading. Each item either raises or lowers attributes respectively, and may be tampered with at shops to increase this effectivity. Though very cost-heavy, character growth is seen to be more customizable with this method.
Battle Mechanics
Real-Time Combat: Forever Kingdom focuses on real-time combat environments between the player, two character allies controlled by AI, and real-time enemies. Since the player may only control one party member at any given time, the other two characters will engage enemies based on a strict AI script. Although, there is no way to customize this based on preference or character build. However, the player may switch between the three characters at any given time, allowing the computer to control the other.
Palmira Actions: Palmira actions are special skills associated with various equipment found in the game, each having its own set of Palmira. The available actions to a particular character are determined entirely by what that character is currently equipped with. Once the equipment is replaced with something else, the character's Palmira actions are replaced with new ones. Each character has a specific button associated with Palmira usage -- triangle, square and circle. The order may change depending on which character is currently under control of the player.
Combos: Forever Kingdom also implements a combo system, allowing the player to execute Palmira actions in large multitudes based on timing. When a Palmira action is used by one character, an icon will appear to indicate which button should be pressed to start the combo, though the icon will disappear shortly if the player does not react quickly enough. Once a combo is stringed, two or more characters will simultaneously bombard foes with their equipped actions, resulting in damage bonuses.
Reception
The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of 28 out of 40.
References
External links
Forever Kingdom at Agetec
Forever Kingdom at From Software
Role-playing video games
Action role-playing video games
FromSoftware games
PlayStation 2 games
PlayStation 2-only games
Video game prequels
2001 video games
Video games about amnesia
Video games developed in Japan
Video games scored by Kota Hoshino |
4000478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamini%20Roy | Jamini Roy | Jamini Roy (Bengali: যামিনী রায়) (11 April 1887 – 24 April 1972) was an Indian painter. Roy was honored with the State award of Padma Bhushan in 1954. Roy remains one of the most famous pupils of Abanindranath Tagore, another praised Indian artist and instructor.
Early life and background
Jamini Roy was born on 11 April 1887 into a moderately prosperous Kayastha family of land-owners in Beliatore village of the Bankura district, West Bengal. He was raised in an average middle-class, art loving household which ultimately influenced his future decisions.
When he was sixteen he was sent to study at the Government College of Art, Kolkata. Abanindranath Tagore, the founder of Bengal school was vice-principal at the institution. He was taught to paint in the prevailing academic tradition drawing Classical nudes and painting in oils and in 1908 he received his Diploma in Fine Art.
However, he soon realized that he needed to draw inspiration, not from Western traditions, but from his own culture, and so he looked to the living folk and tribal art for inspiration. He was most influenced by the Kalighat Pat (Kalighat painting), which was a style of art with bold sweeping brush-strokes. He moved away from his earlier impressionist landscapes and portraits and between 1921 and 1924 began his first period of experimentation with the Santhal dance as his starting point. Jamini Roy had 4 sons and 1 daughter.
Style
Roy began his career as a commissioned portrait painter. Somewhat abruptly in the early 1920s, he gave up commissioned portrait painting in an effort to discover his own.
Roy changed style from his academic Western training and featured a new style based on Bengali folk traditions.
Roy is also described as an art machine because he produced 20,000 paintings in his lifetime which is about 10 paintings daily but made sure his artistic aims remained the same. He always targeted to the ordinary middle class as the upholder of art however he was thronged by the rich. Keeping his respect to the middle class reflected on his critical views; he believed that ordinary people were more important than governments because they were the voice of his art.
His underlying quest was threefold: to capture the essence of simplicity embodied in the life of the folk people; to make art accessible to a wider section of people; and to give Indian art its own identity. Jamini Roy's paintings were put on exhibition for the first time in the British India Street of Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1938. During the 1940s, his popularity touched new highs, with the Bengali middle class and the European community becoming his main clientele. In 1946, his work was exhibited in London and in 1953, in New York. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1954. His work has been exhibited extensively in international exhibitions and can be found in many private and public collections such as the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. He spent most of his life living and working in Calcutta. Initially he experimented with Kalighat paintings but found that it has ceased to be strictly a "patua" and went to learn from village patuas. Consequently, his techniques as well as subject matter was influenced by traditional art of Bengal.
He preferred himself to be called a patua. Jamini Roy died in 1972. He was survived by four sons and a daughter. Currently his successors (daughters-in-law and grand children and their children) stay at the home he had built in Ballygunge Place, Kolkata. His works can be found in various museums and galleries across the globe.
Awards
In 1934, he received a Viceroy's gold medal in an all India exhibition for one of his work. In 1954 he was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the Government of India, the third highest award a civilian can be given. In 1955, he was made the first Fellow of the Lalit Kala Akademi, the highest honour in the fine arts conferred by the Lalit Kala Akademi, India's National Academy of Art, Government of India.
Critical views
In 1929 while inaugurating Roy's exhibition sponsored by Mukul Dey at Calcutta, the then Statesman Editor Sir Alfred Watson said:
Key works
"Ramayana", 1946, Spread across 17 canvases (106 × 76 cm, each) Roy's Ramayana is considered to be his magnum opus. Patronized by Sarada Charan Das, Roy created this masterpiece series in Kalighat pata style with natural colors, using earth, chalk powder and vegetable colors instead of dyes. Later Roy also created individual replicas capturing various moments from the entire series. Some of these paintings have been preserved in the National Art Gallery of India and are also in display in the Victoria Memorial Hall. His story of Ramayana begins with sage Valmiki and completes the circle back to his hermitage after Sita's aagnipariksha. All his 17 canvases are frequently characterized by decorative flowers, landscape, birds and animals typical of the Bengal School of Art. His lines are simple, bold and roundish initially derived from clay images but they lead to complex moments rendering subtle yet powerful emotions. Jamini Roy's complete “Ramayana” is on display today at Sarada Charan Das' residence "Rossogolla Bhavan" in Kolkata along with 8 other large-scale originals. The Das residence today harbors the largest private collection of Jamini Roy paintings with 25 of the master's originals.
"Bride and two Companions", 1952, tempera on card, 75 x 39 cm. Coates described the painting: "Note the magnificent indigo of Bengal, and how the palms of the bride's hands are smeared with red sandalpaste. Jamini Roy's choice of colours looks at first sight purely decorative. In fact, nearly every thing in his pictures has a reason and a meaning." It is very flat and heavily outlined. Roy portrays a traditional woman without the artificial beauty and the mythological background portraying the folk-art inspiration that has always been present since his beginnings.
"Dual Cats with one Crayfish", 1968, tempera on card, 55.5 x 44 cm. Coates wrote: "Yet another new style, colours reduced in number and very restrained, an almost overwhelming sense of formality."
Death and legacy
Jamini Roy died on 24 April 1972. In 1976, the Archaeological Survey of India, Ministry of Culture, Govt. of India declared his works among the "Nine Masters" whose work, to be henceforth considered "to be art treasures, having regard to their artistic and aesthetic value".
On 11 April 2017, Google India dedicated a Google Doodle to celebrate Roy on his 130th birthday.
References
Bibliography
External links
Profile on Google Arts & Culture
Documentary by Films Division of India – Portrait of a Painter
Documentary by Virasat Art – The Art of Jamini Roy
Documentary by National Gallery of Modern Art – The Four Pioneers
20th-century Indian painters
Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi
1887 births
1972 deaths
People from Bankura district
Bengali male artists
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Government College of Art & Craft alumni
University of Calcutta alumni
Modern painters
Indian portrait painters
Indian male painters
Painters from West Bengal
20th-century Indian male artists |
4000482 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox%20of%20the%20Court | Paradox of the Court | The Paradox of the Court, also known as the counterdilemma of Euathlus or Protagoras' paradox, is a paradox originating in ancient Greece.
The case
It is said that the famous sophist Protagoras took on a promising pupil, Euathlus, on the understanding that the student pay Protagoras for his instruction after he wins his first court case. After instruction, Euathlus decided to not enter the profession of law, but to enter politics instead, and so Protagoras decided to sue Euathlus for the amount he is owed.
Arguments
Protagoras argued that if he won the case, he would be paid his money. If Euathlus won the case, Protagoras would still be paid according to the original contract, because Euathlus would have won his first case. Euathlus, however, claimed that if he won, then by the court's decision he would not have to pay Protagoras. If, on the other hand, Protagoras won, then Euathlus would still not have won a case and would therefore not be obliged to pay. The question is then, which of the two men is in the right?
Origins
The story is related by the Latin author Aulus Gellius in Attic Nights.
Legacy
The paradox is often cited for humorous purposes to signal the ever-present "race of speciosity" between forensic and political categories.
See also
List of paradoxes
References
Self-referential paradoxes |
4000508 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomal%20River | Gomal River | Gomal River (, ) is a river in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
The river lends its name to the Gomal University in Dera Ismail Khan and the like-named Gomal District in Paktika Province of Afghanistan.
Etymology
The name Gomal is thought to have derived from the river Gomati, which is mentioned in the Rigveda.
Course
Gomal River's headwaters are located south-east of Ghazni. The springs which form the headwaters of the Gomal's main branch emerge above the fort at Babakarkol in Katawaz, a district inhabited by Ghilji Pashtuns from the Kharoti and Sulaimankhel clans, in Paktika Province. The Gomal's other branch, the "Second Gomal", joins the main channel about 14 miles below its source. The Gomal flows southeast through eastern Ghilji country before entering Pakistan.
Within Pakistan, the Gomal River forms the boundary between Balochistan and the South Waziristan Agency (formerly part of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, but now part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa). After approximately 110 miles from its source, it merges with the Zhob River, its major tributary, near Khajuri Kach.
It is about 100 miles from the Zhob River to the Indus River. From South Waziristan, the river enters the Gomal Valley in the district of Tank, Pakistan at a place known as Girdavi, Murtuza which is inhabited by the Miani Pashtuns. It is mainly here that the water of Gomal is used to cultivate the lands in Gomal Valley through Zam System (Rod Kohi). The river passes then through the Damaan plain in Kulachi Tehsil and later on through Dera Ismail Khan Tehsil, It then joins the Indus River 20 miles south of Dera Ismail Khan.
Gomal Zam Dam
The daming of this river at Khajuri Kachh was envisaged as back as 1898, even after its administrative approval by the Government of Pakistan in 1963. Work on the Gomal Zam Dam was stopped in 1965; not to restart till 2001 during the rule of Pervez Musharraf. while it was opened in 2013.
There is also a street in E-7, Islamabad called the "Gomal Road".
See also
Gomal Zam Dam
Gomal Pass
Gomal District
Gomal University
Zhob River
South Waziristan
Paktika Province
Notes
Further reading
External links
Gomal River marked on the OpenStreetMap
https://web.archive.org/web/20071026033718/http://www.khyber.org/places/2005/TheGomalRiver.shtml
Rivers of Afghanistan
Rivers of Balochistan (Pakistan)
Rivers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Tributaries of the Indus River
International rivers of Asia
Rigvedic rivers
Landforms of Ghazni Province
Landforms of Paktika Province
Rivers of Pakistan |
4000509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomal | Gomal | Gomal may refer to:
Gomal, Tank, a union district in Pakistan
Gomal River, flowing from Afghanistan to Pakistan
Gomal Dam, located on the Gomal River in South Waziristan, Pakistan
Gomal District, a district of Paktika Province, Afghanistan
Gomal University, located in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Gomal Medical College, a public college in Pakistan |
4000511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murong%20Chui | Murong Chui | Murong Chui (; 326–396), courtesy name Daoming (道明), Xianbei name Altun (阿六敦), formally Emperor Chengwu of (Later) Yan ((後)燕成武帝) was a great general of the Xianbei-led Chinese Former Yan dynasty who later became the founding emperor of the Later Yan dynasty. He was a controversial figure in Chinese history, as his military abilities were outstanding, but as he was forced to flee Former Yan due to the jealousies of the regent Murong Ping, he was taken in and trusted by the Former Qin emperor Fu Jiān, but later betrayed him and established Later Yan, leading to a reputation of him as a traitor. Further, his reputation was damaged in that soon after his death, the Later Yan state suffered great defeats at the hands of Northern Wei dynasty's founder Emperor Daowu (Tuoba Gui), leading to the general sense that Murong Chui contributed to the defeats by not building a sound foundation for the empire and by choosing the wrong successor. However he continues to be regarded as a general without parallel during his lifetime for having suffered no defeats throughout his career. Murong Chui's biography in the Book of Jin described him as seven chi and seven cun tall (approximately 188.65cm) and having long arms.
During Former Yan
During Murong Hui's and Huang's reigns
The future Murong Chui was born in 326, while his father Murong Huang was still the heir apparent to Murong Hui the Duke of Liaodong, a vassal of Jin Dynasty (266–420). He was Murong Huang's fifth son. His mother was Consort Lan, a concubine of Murong Huang. In his youth, he greatly impressed his father with his talent, and his father, sometime after succeeding his grandfather as the Duke of Liaodong in 333, wanted to make him the heir apparent. The officials advised against the action (since the general rules of succession requires that the heir apparent be the oldest son of the wife—in this case, his older brother Murong Jun, the oldest son of Duchess Duan), and Murong Huang agreed and made Murong Jun heir apparent, but still favored him greatly and officially named him Murong Ba (慕容霸, Ba meaning hegemon). Because of this, Murong Jun was very jealous of his younger brother.
Murong Ba became a general for his father early, after his father claimed the title of Prince of Yan and established Former Yan, although nominally still being a Jin vassal. In 344, for his contribution in the conquest of the Yuwen tribe, Murong Ba was created the Marquess of Duxiang. Later, Murong Ba was posted to the border with the powerful rival Later Zhao, whose general Deng Heng (鄧恆) was charged with looking for opportunities to conquer Former Yan, and Murong Ba resisted Deng successfully, causing Deng to be unable to launch a campaign. It was during these years that once, on a hunt, he fell off a horse and lost one of his teeth. After Murong Jun succeeded Murong Huang in 348, because he was still jealous of Murong Ba, he renamed Murong Ba—to Murong Que (慕容𡙇, Que means "missing"), but soon found out that Que is a character signifying fortune in prophecies, and therefore again renamed him to Murong Chui, the name that he would be known later by.
During Murong Jun's reign
Soon after Murong Jun succeeded Murong Huang, the powerful rival to the south, Later Zhao, collapsed after the death of Shi Hu, as Shi Hu's sons and adoptive grandson Shi Min (who later changed his family name back to his father's original "Ran") engaged in an internecine struggle. Despite the turmoil, Murong Jun was initially hesitant to march south to take over Later Zhao territory, but Murong Chui persuaded him that the opportunity was ripe. With Murong Chui as one of the major generals, Murong Jun advanced south and, after capturing and executing Ran Min in 352, took over the eastern half of former Later Zhao territory. During the next few years, Murong Chui participated in subduing many former Later Zhao generals who were still remaining semi-independent. In winter 352, Murong Jun formally declared himself independent from Jin, as emperor, and in 354, when creating many of his sons, brothers, and uncles princes, he created Murong Chui the Prince of Wu.
However, Murong Jun continued to be jealous of Murong Chui's talents. He briefly made Murong Chui the defender of the important city and former capital Longcheng (龍城, in modern Jinzhou, Liaoning), but after it became clear that Murong Chui was ruling the region successfully and garnered the support of the people, Murong Jun became fearful and recalled him to the new capital Yecheng (鄴城, in modern Handan, Hebei).
In 358, Murong Chui would lose his wife Princess Duan to political intrigue. Princess Duan, being the daughter of Duan Mopei (段末柸) and therefore derived from the royal family of Duan tribe, was proud of her bloodline and disrespectful to Murong Jun's wife Empress Kezuhun. Perhaps at Empress Kezuhun's instigation, the eunuch Nie Hao (涅浩) falsely accused Princess Duan of witchcraft. Murong Jun had her and her alleged coconspirator, Murong Chui's assistant Gao Bi (高弼), arrested.
Princess Duan and Gao were tortured, but they refused to admit the charges of witchcraft, and because of this the torture was intensified. Murong Chui was saddened by his wife's suffering, and he sent her a message trying to persuade her to end her suffering by admitting to the charge (and thus end the torture but be sentenced to death). Princess Duan remarked:
I am not fearful of death. However, if I falsely implicate myself, I admit to treason. I would be betraying my ancestors and dragging Your Royal Highness into this disaster. The results are dire, and I will not do this.
As she was interrogated, Princess Duan replied logically and openly, and Murong Chui was able to avoid being dragged into the case, but she still died in prison, either from the torture or a secret execution.
Murong Chui then married her sister as his new princess. However, after a brief time, Empress Kezuhun ordered that the new Princess Duan be deposed, and she married her sister, the Lady of Chang'an, to Murong Chui as his new princess. Murong Chui did not dare to refuse, but he was displeased, and Empress Kezuhun became even more resentful of him. Because of this, Murong Chui was briefly effectively exiled to be the governor of remote Ping Province (平州, modern eastern Liaoning). He was only recalled when Murong Jun became ill in 359.
In 360, Murong Jun died. He was succeeded by his son and crown prince Murong Wei, with Murong Jun's younger brother and Murong Chui's older brother Murong Ke the Prince of Taiyuan as regent.
During Murong Wei's reign
During Murong Ke's regency
Unlike Murong Jun, Murong Ke greatly trusted Murong Chui and consulted him on many decisions—including what to do with Muyu Gen when Muyu Gen conspired against him in 360. Later that year, he also sent Murong Chui to pacify southern provinces which became disturbant in light of Murong Jun's death. In 365, he assisted Murong Ke in capturing the important Jin city of Luoyang, and after doing so became the commander of the southern armies, defending against possible Jin counterattacks.
In 367, Murong Ke grew ill, and on his deathbed he advised Murong Wei to let Murong Chui succeed him. He also tried to convince Murong Wei's older brother Murong Zang (慕容臧) the Prince of Le'an and his own uncle and co-regent Murong Ping (慕容評) the Prince of Shangyong of the wisdom of giving at least the post of commander of the armies to Murong Chui. However, after Murong Ke's death later that year, Murong Ping and Empress Dowager Kezuhun disagreed with his advice, and Murong Ping became regent while the commander of the armies post was given to Murong Wei's brother Murong Chong the Prince of Zhongshan.
During Murong Ping's regency
Neither Murong Ping nor Empress Dowager Kezuhun trusted Murong Chui, and he was not given important responsibilities. In 368, when four dukes of the rival Former Qin rebelled against its emperor Fu Jiān, Murong Chui was one of the advocates for assisting the four dukes, who sought Former Yan assistance, and further taking the opportunity to conquer Former Qin. However, Murong Ping declined to do so, and Former Qin was able to capture and execute the four dukes.
In 369, the Jin general Huan Wen launched a major attack against Former Yan, defeating each Former Yan army sent against him and advancing all the way to Fangtou (枋頭, in modern Hebi, Henan), near Yecheng. Murong Wei and Murong Ping panicked and considered fleeing to the former capital Longcheng. However, Murong Chui volunteered to make one last stand against Huan Wen, and he and his brother Murong De were able to deal Huan a major defeat. Relief forces from Former Qin (which Former Yan requested) then arrived, and together they dealt Huan another major defeat, ending Huan's hopes of destroying Former Yan.
However, both Murong Ping and Empress Kezuhun grew even more jealous of Murong Chui after his victory and denied his soldiers the rewards that he requested. Murong Ping and Empress Kezuhun further considered executing him. Murong Ke's son Murong Kai (慕容楷) and Murong Chui's uncle Lan Jian (蘭建) suggested that he start a coup, but Murong Chui declined. Instead, he accepted his heir apparent Murong Ling (慕容令)'s suggestion, seeking to flee and take over Longcheng in order to try to force reconciliation with the imperial government.
Murong Chui put his plan in motion in winter 369. However, once he left Yecheng, his son Murong Lin, whom he had not favored, fled back to Yecheng to report on him, and Murong Ping sent an army to chase after him. Murong Chui then changed his plan and sought to flee to Former Qin instead. He then scattered his followers and fled back south. On the way, another son Murong Manu (慕容馬奴) wanted to flee back to Yecheng and was killed by him. When he was stopped at the Yellow River, he killed the commander of the guards stopping him, forcing his way to Luoyang, and then fled to Former Qin with the younger Princess Duan, his sons Murong Ling, Murong Bao, Murong Nong, Murong Long, Murong Kai, Lan Jian, and Gao Bi. Princess Kezuhun remained at Yecheng.
During Former Qin
Upon Murong Chui's arrival in Former Qin territory, Fu Jiān, who had long considered conquering Former Yan but feared Murong Chui's military ability, was greatly pleased and exited the capital Chang'an to personally welcome Murong Chui. He created Murong Chui the Marquess of Bintu and greatly honored him, despite misgivings by his prime minister Wang Meng. He also made Murong Chui one of his generals.
Later in 369, after Murong Ping refused to cede the Luoyang region to Former Qin, as Former Yan had promised when seeking Former Qin's aid against Jin, Fu Jiān sent Wang to attack Former Yan. Wang requested that Murong Chui's heir apparent Murong Ling accompany him as a guide. After capturing Luoyang in early 370, Wang bribed Murong Chui's attendant Jin Xi (金熙) to give Murong Ling a false message that Murong Chui had heard that Empress Dowager Kezuhun had regretted her actions and that, therefore, he was defecting back to Former Yan. Murong Ling, unable to verify either the truth or the falsehood of the message, decided to defect back to Former Yan. Wang immediately accused Murong Ling of treason, and Murong Chui, in fear, fled, but was captured, although Fu Jiān believed that Murong Ling was acting independently and therefore pardoned Murong Chui. Former Yan did not trust Murong Ling and exiled him, and later that year, after he tried to start a rebellion, he was killed in battle after being betrayed by his brother Murong Lin.
Late in 370, after Wang defeated Murong Ping and conquered Former Yan, Murong Chui accompanied Fu Jiān to visit the Former Yan capital Yecheng. Initially, he did not hide his disgust to those officials who failed to support him during the struggle with Murong Ping and Empress Dowager Kezuhun, but at Gao Bi's suggestion, he started to treat them with kindness, with the rebuilding of Yan in mind. Still, in 372, he accused Murong Ping of being the root of Former Yan's destruction and requested that Fu Jiān avenge Former Yan by executing Murong Ping; Fu Jiān did not do so, but effectively exiled Murong Ping by making him the governor of a distant commandery.
In 378, Murong Chui participated in the campaign commanded by Fu Jiān's son Fu Pi against Jin's key city of Xiangyang. In 382, when Fu Jiān wanted to launch a major campaign to destroy Jin and unite China, most officials, including Fu Jiān's brother Fu Rong, who succeeded Wang as prime minister after Wang's death in 375, opposed, but Murong Chui and Yao Chang urged the campaign, and Fu Jiān launched his campaign in fall 383. However, Former Qin forces, commanded by Fu Rong, was defeated by Jin forces at the Battle of Fei River despite great numerical superiority; Fu Rong was killed, and almost the entire army collapsed—although the forces under Murong Chui's command remained intact, and Fu Jiān, who suffered an arrow wound during the defeat, fled to Murong Chui. Murong Chui's son Murong Bao and brother Murong De both tried to persuade Murong Chui to kill Fu Jiān while he had the power to, but Murong Chui instead returned his forces to Fu Jiān's command and returned to Luoyang with Fu Jiān. However, under suggestion by his son Murong Nong, he planned a rebellion to rebuild Yan.
Murong Chui told Fu Jiān that he was fearful that the people over the Former Yan territory would rebel, and that it would be best if he led a force to pacify the region. Fu Jiān agreed, despite opposition by Quan Yi (權翼). Murong Chui took the army and arrived at Yecheng, which was being defended by Fu Pi. They suspected each other, but each ruled out ambushing the other. When the Dingling chief Zhai Bin (翟斌) rebelled and attacked Luoyang, guarded by Fu Pi's younger brother Fu Hui (苻暉), Fu Pi ordered Murong Chui to put down Zhai's rebellion, and Fu Pi sent his assistant Fu Feilong (苻飛龍) to serve as Murong Chui's assistant. On the way to Luoyang, however, Murong Chui killed Fu Feilong and his Di soldiers and prepared to openly rebel. Meanwhile, despite his suspicions of Murong Chui, Fu Pi did not put Murong Chui's son Murong Nong and nephews Murong Kai and Murong Shao (慕容紹) under surveillance, and the three fled out of Yecheng and started a rebellion of their own.
In spring 384, Murong Chui, not yet in open rebellion against Former Qin, arrived at Luoyang, but Fu Hui, hearing of Fu Feilong's death, refused to welcome him. Murong Chui then entered into an alliance with Zhai Bin, who urged him to take imperial title. Murong Chui refused at this point (reasoning that he should welcome Murong Wei back as emperor) but accepted the title of Prince of Yan, formally breaking away from Former Qin and establishing Later Yan.
Reign as Later Yan's emperor
Early reign: rebellion from Former Qin
Immediately, the struggle was on for Murong Chui to capture the territory that was formerly Former Yan's. Both he and Murong Nong quickly captured many cities. Luoyang and Yecheng were isolated. Fu Pi tried to persuade him to stop his rebellion, but he refused, and instead tried to persuade Fu Pi to leave Yecheng with his forces intact; Fu Pi refused, and Murong Chui put Yecheng under siege. With Former Qin now facing further rebellion by Murong Chui's nephews Murong Hong and Murong Chong, and Yao Chang, in the west, Yecheng was not able to receive any reinforcements, but Murong Chui was still unable to capture it quickly. When Zhai Bin, in disappointment over not given a prime ministerial title, considered switching sides again to Former Qin, Murong Chui killed him. Zhai Bin's nephew Zhai Zhen (翟真) rebelled against Later Yan, and for the next several years, while battling Former Qin remnants, Murong Chui also had to battle Dingling forces under Zhai Zhen and later his cousins Zhai Cheng (翟成) and Zhai Liao. Briefly during early 385, he also had to battle Jin forces, which had taken most of the territory south of the Yellow River and was in a temporary alliance with Fu Pi. The future of his Later Yan state did not appear particularly bright at this point. However, after moving north to pacify most of modern Hebei, Murong Chui was eventually able to take Yecheng late in 385 when Fu Pi abandoned it and moved west. (Fu Pi, upon hearing that Fu Jiān had died earlier that year at Yao's hand, then declared himself emperor, but did not pose a further threat to Later Yan.) While isolated pockets of Former Qin resistance remained, by the end of 385 Former Yan was largely in control of the territory north of the Yellow River and east of Taihang Mountains.
Middle reign: entrenchment of Later Yan
Around the new year 386, Murong Chui decided to make Zhongshan (中山, in modern Baoding, Hebei), which his nephew Murong Wen (慕容溫) the Prince of Lelang had managed to rebuild despite the warfare, his capital. He also claimed the title of emperor.
In 386, Tuoba Gui, the descendant of the Dai royal house, who had reestablished Dai earlier that year but subsequently claimed the title Prince of Wei (thus establishing Northern Wei) but faced internal rebellions and turmoil, submitted to Murong Chui as a vassal and sought Former Yan aid. Murong Chui sent Murong Lin to help him, and Northern Wei was preserved.
In 387, Murong Chui's youngest son Murong Rou (慕容柔), and Murong Bao's sons Murong Sheng and Murong Hui (慕容會, note different character than Murong Chui's grandfather) fled back from Western Yan, which had been entrenched in modern Shanxi and whose emperor Murong Yong was a distant relative of Murong Chui's and who thus greatly suspected Murong Rou and his nephews. Later that year, all descendants of Murong Chui and Murong Jun remaining in Western Yan were massacred by Murong Yong.
Later in 387, Murong Chui personally attacked Zhai Liao, who was then occupying Liyang Commandery (黎陽, roughly modern Hebi, Henan), and Zhai Liao submitted to him. However, later that year, Zhai Liao rebelled again, and when Zhai Liao made another overture to submit in 388, Murong Chui refused, and Zhai Liao declared himself the "Heavenly Prince" (Tian Wang) of Wei.
In 388, Murong Chui, at age 62, transferred much of his day-to-day authority to Murong Bao, now his crown prince, only deciding the most important matters personally. He created his now-wife Duan Yuanfei—the niece of two of his deceased wives—empress.
Late reign: deterioration of the state
In 391, an incident that would have terrible consequences occurred to lead to the break of relations between Later Yan and Northern Wei. That year, Tuoba Gui sent his brother Tuoba Gu (拓拔觚) to Later Yan to offer tribute, and Murong Chui's sons detained Tuoba Gu and ordered Tuoba Gui to offer horses to trade for Tuoba Gu's freedom. Tuoba Gui refused and broke off relations with Later Yan, instead entering into an alliance with Western Yan.
In 392, after Zhai Liao's son and successor Zhai Zhao attacked Later Yan's border region, Murong Chui personally led an army against Zhai Zhao's capital Huatai (滑台, in modern Anyang, Henan). Zhai sought aid from Western Yan, but Murong Yong declined to send a relief force, and Murong Chui quickly crossed the Yellow River and captured Huatai, conquering Zhai's Wei state.
In winter 393, Murong Chui turned his attention to Western Yan. After leading Murong Yong to believe that he would attack Western Yan's capital Zhangzi (長子, in modern Changzhi, Shanxi) through Taihang Pass (太行, in modern Jiaozuo, Henan), he instead surprised Western Yan by attacking through Tianjing Pass (天井關, in modern Handan, Henan), quickly advancing on Zhangzi and began besieging it. Murong Yong sought aid from Jin and Northern Wei, but before Jin and Northern Wei forces could arrive, Murong Chui captured Zhangzi, killing Murong Yong and annexing Western Yan territory into Later Yan.
In 395, in response to Northern Wei's continuous pillaging of the border region, Murong Chui sent Murong Bao, Murong Nong, Murong Lin, Murong De, and Murong Shao to lead a 90,000+-men army in a punitive expedition against Northern Wei, with Murong Bao in command. Tuoba Gui withdrew his forces out of his capital Shengle (盛樂, in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) to the west of the Yellow River. Murong Bao's forces gave chase and eventually became worn out, and Tuoba Gui announced false rumors that Murong Chui had died, causing the soldiers to become worried. Meanwhile, some of Murong Lin's supporters considered a coup to support Murong Lin as emperor, and while Murong Lin himself was not involved, mutual suspicions emerged. Murong Bao therefore decided to retreat, not realizing that Tuoba Gui was shadowing his army in the dark winter cold. In deep winter 395, Northern Wei forces ambushed the unsuspecting Later Yan forces at the Battle of Canhe Slope, killing many soldiers but capturing the most. Murong Bao and a number of his generals were able to flee. Initially, Tuoba Gui was going to release the Later Yan soldiers to show generosity, but at Kepin Jian (可頻建)'s warning that this would permit Later Yan to rebuild its army quickly, slaughtered the captured Later Yan soldiers.
Murong Bao was humiliated and urged Murong Chui to launch another campaign against Northern Wei, and Murong De also urged Murong Chui to do so. He therefore summoned his son Murong Long the Prince of Gaoyang and grandson Murong Sheng back to the capital Zhongshan with reinforcements from the northern part of the empire, ready to launch another attack against Northern Wei in 396. Murong Chui then launched the attack, quickly capturing Northern Wei's important city Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong, Shanxi) and aimed for Shengle, and Tuoba Gui, in panic, considered abandoning Shengle again. When Murong Chui led his army through the Canhe Slope, however, the soldiers saw the bodies of the dead soldiers and began to cry bitterly, and Murong Chui became so enraged and embarrassed that he grew extremely ill. In response, the Later Yan forces began to withdraw, and on the way back to Zhongshan, Murong Chui died at Shanggu (上谷, in modern Zhangjiakou, Hebei). His death was not announced until the army reached Zhongshan, however, and he was buried with imperial honors. Murong Bao succeeded him, but in less than a year most of Later Yan would fall into Northern Wei's hands.
Era names
Yanwang ("Prince of Yan") (燕王 yàn wáng) 384–386
Jianxing (建興 jiàn xīng) 386–396
Personal information
Father
Murong Huang (Prince Wenming of Former Yan)
Mother
Consort Lan, posthumously honored as Empress Wenzhao
Wives
Princess Duan (died in prison 358), daughter of Duan Mopei (段末柸), posthumously honored as Empress Chengzhao, mother of Heir Apparent Ling and Crown Prince Bao
Princess Kezuhun (married 358, effectively divorced 369), sister of Empress Kezuhun, wife of Murong Jun (Emperor Jingzhao of Former Yan)
Princess Duan (initially married and forced to be deposed 358, became wife again 369), the sister of the first Princess Duan
Empress Duan Yuanfei (created 388, committed suicide 396), niece of Princesses Duan, mother of Princes Lang and Jian
Major Concubines
Consort Duan, mother of Prince Xi
Children
Murong Ling (慕容令) or Murong Quan (慕容全), the heir apparent (killed in battle 370), posthumously honored the Emperor Xianzhuang by his nephew Murong Sheng (Emperor Zhaowu)
Murong Bao (慕容寶), the Crown Prince (created 384), later Emperor Huimin
Murong Manu (慕容馬奴) (executed 369)
Murong Nong (慕容農), Prince Huanlie of Liaoxi (created 386, killed by rebels in 398)
Murong Long (慕容隆), Prince Kang of Gaoyang (created 386, killed by Murong Hui 397)
Murong Lin (慕容麟), the Prince of Zhao (created 386, killed by Murong De 398)
Murong Rou (慕容柔), the Prince of Yangping (created 387)
Murong Xi (慕容熙), the Prince of Hejian (created 393), later Emperor Zhaowen
Murong Lang (慕容朗), the Prince of Bohai (created 393, killed by rebels of Duan Sugu 397)
Murong Jian (慕容鑒), the Prince of Boling (created 393, killed by rebels of Duan Sugu 397)
Murong Wonu (慕容倭奴), the Prince of Luyang (captured by Northern Wei 395 and presumptively killed)
Popular culture
Portrayed by Kim Dong-hyun in the 2011-2012 KBS1 TV series Gwanggaeto, The Great Conqueror.
References
Later Yan emperors
326 births
396 deaths
Former Yan generals
Former Yan imperial princes
Former Qin generals
Witch hunting
4th-century Chinese monarchs
People from Chaoyang, Liaoning
Generals from Liaoning
Witchcraft in China
Founding monarchs |
5394770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Somerset%20Council%20elections | North Somerset Council elections | North Somerset Council is the local authority for the unitary authority of North Somerset, England. Until 1 April 1996 it was a non-metropolitan district called Woodspring, in the county of Avon.
Political control
Since the first election to the council in 1973 political control of the council has been held by the following parties:
Woodspring Non-metropolitan district
North Somerset Unitary authority
Leadership
The leaders of the council since 2005 have been:
Council elections
Non-metropolitan district elections
1973 Woodspring District Council election
1976 Woodspring District Council election
1979 Woodspring District Council election (New ward boundaries)
1980 Woodspring District Council election
1982 Woodspring District Council election
1983 Woodspring District Council election (District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
1984 Woodspring District Council election (District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
1986 Woodspring District Council election
1987 Woodspring District Council election
1991 Woodspring District Council election (District boundary changes took place but the number of seats remained the same)
Unitary authority elections
1995 North Somerset Council election
1999 North Somerset Council election (New ward boundaries increased the number of seats by 2)
2003 North Somerset Council election
2007 North Somerset Council election
2011 North Somerset Council election (New ward boundaries)
2015 North Somerset Council election (New ward boundaries)
2019 North Somerset Council election
District result maps
By-election results
1995–1999
1999–2003
2003–2007
2007–2011
2011–2015
2015–2019
References
External links
North Somerset Council
By-election results
Council elections in Somerset
Politics of North Somerset
North Somerset
Council elections in Avon |
5394780 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie%20Keeley | Leslie Keeley | Leslie Enraught Keeley (June 10, 1836 – February 21, 1900) was an American physician, originator of the Keeley Cure.
Biography
He was born in Potsdam, New York on June 10, 1836.
Keeley graduated at the Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1863, and later entered the Union Army as a surgeon. At the end of the war he moved to Dwight, Illinois, where he began his private medical practice. There, in 1880, he opened a sanatorium for persons addicted to the immoderate use of alcohol and opium. He asserted that "Alcoholism is a disease and I can cure it." His treatment, referred to as "Double Chloride of Gold", centered on a secret preparation that he said contained bichloride of gold. However, chemical analysis revealed that the proprietary tonic contained 27.55% alcohol plus ammonium chloride, aloin and tincture of cinchona but no gold. His hypodermic injections contained sulfate of strychnine, atropine and boracic acid.
In 1890, Keeley began selling franchises and by 1893 there were 92 Keeley Institutes in the US, Canada, and Mexico and that number grew to over 200 and expanded to Europe.
In 1939, Time magazine reported that "Unvarying is the traditional Keeley routine. An incoming inebriate pays $160, plus room and board, must stay for 31 days. His weekly whiskey ration is gradually tapered off: eight ounces the first day, six ounces the second, four ounces the third, none from there on. Four times a day he gets gold chloride injections; every two hours he takes a tonic." At its height, the clinic in Dwight treated 700 patients per day.
Keeley claimed that when his medicine was administered according to his directions, it had no injurious effects and that 95 per cent of the patients were permanently cured. If they did return to drinking, he insisted that they were cured but that they drank because they choose to do so, not because they were still addicted. However, it was later noted that a "high percentage of those "cured" had relapsed."
Keeley published numerous articles in the popular press in addition to pamphlets promoting his therapy, and wrote The Morphine Eater, or From Bondage to Freedom (1881) and the Non-Heredity of Inebriety (1896).
He died on February 21, 1900 in Los Angeles, California.
Legacy
The Keeley Institute in Dwight, Illinois was the last to close, doing so in 1966. Despite his therapy being described by medical experts as an example of quackery, Keeley is remembered as one of the first to treat alcoholism as a medical problem. The Keeley cure is defined in the American Illustrated Medical Dictionary in the 1938 edition as "a proprietary method of treatment for the alcohol and opium habits by means of gold chloride."
Keeley was widely cited as a quack. A 1908 article in the Illinois Medical Journal stated that "Leslie Keeley was a common, ordinary quack with a useless remedy which made good by advertising and catching suckers."
Publications
Opium: Its Use, Abuse and Cure (1892)
The Keeley Treatment (1892)
The Non-Heredity Of Inebriety (1896)
References
External links
1836 births
1900 deaths
Physicians from Illinois
American science writers
Alcohol abuse counselors
People from Potsdam, New York
People from Dwight, Illinois
People of Illinois in the American Civil War
Rush Medical College alumni
Union Army surgeons
Writers from Illinois
Writers from New York (state) |
4000512 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Foley%20%28footballer%2C%20born%201953%29 | Steve Foley (footballer, born 1953) | Steven Paul Foley (born 21 June 1953 in Clacton-on-Sea, Essex) is an English former professional footballer who made nearly 300 appearances in the Football League playing as a midfielder for Colchester United. He spent ten years on the coaching staff of Norwich City before moving to rivals Ipswich Town.
Foley began his football career as a trainee with Colchester United. He played for Colchester for ten years, scoring 54 goals from 283 games in the Football League, and then played for Braintree Town. He joined the coaching staff at Colchester, working with the young players, and spent several spells as caretaker manager during the 1980s. He also spent time as a youth team coach at Watford.
He joined Norwich City in 1996, appointed by manager Mike Walker, who had worked with Foley at Colchester, and had spent ten years with the club in various roles when his coaching contract was terminated with immediate effect in May 2006. Chairman Roger Munby said that, although Foley's input had been "invaluable", it was time to "freshen up the coaching set-up", though the press suggested that Foley was being made the scapegoat for the team's poor performance during the 2005–06 season. Foley then joined the coaching staff at Norwich City's arch rivals Ipswich Town.
In February 2019, Foley was inducted into the Colchester United Hall of Fame.
Managerial statistics
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
People from Clacton-on-Sea
English footballers
Association football midfielders
Colchester United F.C. players
Braintree Town F.C. players
English Football League players
English football managers
Colchester United F.C. managers
Watford F.C. non-playing staff
Norwich City F.C. non-playing staff
Ipswich Town F.C. non-playing staff
Association football coaches |
5394783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Union%20of%20Mineworkers%20%28South%20Africa%29 | National Union of Mineworkers (South Africa) | The National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) is a trade union in South Africa. With a membership of 300,000 it is the largest affiliate of the Congress of South African Trade Unions.
History
The union was founded in 1982 as a black mine workers union, on the initiative of the Council of Unions of South Africa. Its first leader was Cyril Ramaphosa, under whom it grew rapidly, winning bargaining recognition from the Chamber of Mines in 1983.
NUM campaigned successfully in the 1980s for the end of the job reservation system, a system which ensured that the best-paid jobs were allocated to whites. The union was a founding affiliate of the Congress of South African Trade Unions in 1985. In 2001, it absorbed the Construction and Allied Workers' Union, while in 2019 it was announced that it would soon absorb the Liberated Metalworkers' Union of South Africa.
NUM was affiliated internationally with the International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions.
2007 strike
On 4 December 2007, the Union went on strike to protest working conditions in South Africa's mines. The strike was spurred on by a rise in worker fatalities from 2006 to 2007, despite a government plan in October to reduce fatalities. Less than 5% of mineworkers came to work on that day.
2012 wildcat strikes
On 10 August 2012, thousands of NUM members began a series of wildcat strikes at Lonmin's Marikana mines linked to demands for increased pay. The following day, NUM leaders allegedly opened fire on striking NUM members who were marching to their offices to demand support from their union - an incident now acknowledge as the first violent incident during the strikes. It is said in the media that the killing of two striking miners was a central reason for the breakdown in trust within the union amongst workers. In a submission to the Farlam Commission, NUM has said that lethal force on this day was justified.
It is estimated that between 12 and 14 August about nine people (at least four miners, two police officers and two security guards) were killed in the area around Marikana - though there is conflicting reports on who killed whom during these dates.
On 16 August, police opened fire on a group of miners who had gathered on a hill near Nkaneng, at least 34 people were killed at Marikana, 78 were injured and 259 were arrested. The miners were carrying machetes and had refused a request to disarm. According to the Congress of South African Trade Unions, police had first used tear gas, water cannons and then used "live ammunition". The killings have been labelled a massacre throughout the media with police, Lonmin and NUM itself being blamed.
Revelations on the incident starting with academic investigations and then followed up by reporting by Greg Marinovich has shown that most of the killings happened off camera many minutes after some of the murders were recorded on television.
According to the New York Times, "Frans Baleni, general secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers, defended the police in an interview with Kaya FM, a radio station" saying that "The police were patient, but these people were extremely armed with dangerous weapons."
The shooting was one of the worst by the South African authorities since the end of the apartheid era in South Africa. Baleni and other NUM officials have also accused 'third forces' of being behind the Marikana strikes.
Loss of support
It has been argued that there has been an exodus from NUM. According to Justice Malala, writing in The Guardian, "The NUM has lost all credibility and is bleeding members. Its already well-paid secretary, Baleni, was awarded a salary increase of more than 40% last year and his total salary package is just more than R105 000 a month. NUM leaders have refused to get out of police armoured vehicles to address workers." Others have also argued that NUM's membership numbers are inflated and, now, as a result of the strikes in the North West, its membership likely stands at around 150,000.
Others praised the organisation. An editorial in Business Day said "The NUM is the thoughtful, considered heart of the union movement here... It appreciates and values private capital and strong companies."
The rival union the Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (AMCU) has increased in membership since the Marikana shootings and now represents over 40% of employees at Amplats and 70% at Lonmin.
Leadership
General Secretaries
1982: Cyril Ramaphosa
1991: Kgalema Motlanthe
1998: Gwede Mantashe
2006: Frans Baleni
2015: David Sipunzi
Presidents
1982: James Motlatsi
2000: Senzeni Zokwana
2014: Piet Matosa
2018: Joseph Montisetse
Further reading
References
External links
NUM official site.
Congress of South African Trade Unions
International Federation of Chemical, Energy, Mine and General Workers' Unions
Mining trade unions
Organisations based in Johannesburg
Trade unions established in 1982
Trade unions in South Africa
1982 establishments in South Africa |
4000527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drayton%2C%20Vale%20of%20White%20Horse | Drayton, Vale of White Horse | Drayton is a village and civil parish about south of Abingdon, Oxfordshire. It was part of Berkshire until the 1974 boundary changes transferred it to Oxfordshire. The parish includes the hamlet of Sutton Wick. The 2011 Census recorded the parish population as 2,353.
Archaeology
Two sites of former settlements in the parish are scheduled monuments. One is about north of the village at Sutton Wick, overlapping the parish boundary with Abingdon. The other is around Brook Farm, about southeast of the village. An episode of the Channel 4 television series Time Team called "In the Halls of a Saxon King", first transmitted on 5 September 2010, investigated archaeological sites from various periods between Drayton and its eastern neighbour Sutton Courtenay. They included a Neolithic site called the Drayton Cursus. In 1965 a late Saxon sword was found during ploughing on a field beside Barrow Lane. It is similar to swords found at Windsor, Berkshire and Gooderstone, Suffolk.
Toponym
The earliest known forms of Drayton's toponym are the Old English Drægtune and Draigtun from the 10th century. It evolved through Draitune in the 10th and 11th centuries, Draitun from the 11th to the 13th century and Drettun in the 12th century. The current spelling of the name has been used since the 13th century.
Manor
In 955 King Eadred granted 10 hides of land at Drayton to a thegn called Eadwold. Eadred's successors confirmed the grant. Eadwold left the estate to Abingdon Abbey but King Æthelred II, who was crowned in 978, seems to have held the manor, as in 983 he granted three hides of it to his butler, Wulfgar. In 1000 Æthelred granted the same three hides plus a watermill at Drayton to Abingdon Abbey. In the 11th century the land seems to have been divided into two manors: West and East Drayton. The oldest parts of Drayton's current Manor House are 15th century. A wing was added in the 18th century and the front is early 20th century. The house is a Grade II* listed building.
Churches
Church of England
The oldest parts of the Church of England parish church of Saint Peter are Norman, built about 1200. The Perpendicular Gothic west tower and four-bay north aisle were added in the 15th century. The south transept was rebuilt about 1855 and the chancel was rebuilt in 1872. In 1879 the church was restored and the south porch was added, both to designs by the Gothic Revival architect Edwin Dolby. St Peter's was restored again in 1959 after it was damaged by a fire. It is a Grade II* listed building. The tower has a ring of eight bells. Mears and Stainbank of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry cast a ring of six for the tower in 1871. The same founders added the present treble and tenor bells in 1880, increasing the ring to eight. There is also a sanctus bell that one of the Wells family of bellfounders of Aldbourne, Wiltshire, cast in about 1780.
Chapels
A Baptist chapel was built in 1834 and is now Drayton Baptist Church. A Wesleyan chapel was built in 1870 but is no longer used for worship.
Economic and social history
Drayton had a watermill by 1000, when Wulfgar granted it in fee to Abingdon Abbey. From 1652 to 1823 Drayton had three watermills. One survives on Mill Brook, southeast of the village. Drayton is said to have had five dovecotes between 1793 and 1823. In 1517 an inquiry found that enclosure of arable land at Drayton had put 16 labourers and their families out of work. In 1810–11 Parliament passed an inclosure act for the remaining common land in the parish. The inclosure award was made in 1815. 69 High Street is a 15th-century cruck cottage. In 1780 an extensive fire destroyed a number of homes in the village. In 1924 Drayton still held traditional celebrations on May Day and performed a Mummers play at Christmas.
The route of the abandoned Wilts & Berks Canal passes through the northwest of Drayton parish, about northwest of the village. Building had begun in 1796 at Semington Junction in Wiltshire and reached West Challow in 1807. The final section, from West Challow through Drayton to Abingdon, was completed in 1810. The canal made a long descent from its summit pound near Swindon to the River Thames at Abingdon. Drayton Lock, in the parish is west of the village, was the final lock in the descent, bringing the canal down to the River Ock floodplain. Traffic on the canal had virtually ceased by 1901 and the route was formally abandoned in 1914. The Wilts & Berks Canal Trust is currently restoring the canal.
Drayton is on what used to be the main road between Oxford, Abingdon and Newbury. The section from Oxford and Abingdon through Drayton to Chilton Pond was turnpiked in 1755. From the 1920s it was classified as the A34 road. In the 1970s the A34 was re-routed as a dual carriageway bypassing Abingdon, Drayton and Steventon, and the section between Steventon Hill and Abingdon was detrunked and reclassified as the B4017. In June 1840 the Great Western Railway reached Steventon, south of Drayton. Steventon station was the nearest station to Drayton until British Railways closed it in 1964. The nearest main line station is now , about southeast of Drayton.
Amenities
Drayton has two pubs, the Red Lion (controlled by Greene King Brewery) and the Wheatsheaf. Morland Brewery of Abingdon, which Greene King took over and closed down in 2000, used to control both pubs. Drayton has a community primary school.
Twinning
Since 2000 Drayton has been twinned with Lesparre-Médoc, a commune in the French département of Gironde.
Gallery
References
Sources
External links
Drayton Village
Civil parishes in Oxfordshire
Villages in Oxfordshire |
4000554 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Masri | Al-Masri | Masri, Masry or Al-Masri (, commonly spelled by Egyptians, ) is an Arabic surname meaning the Egyptian and may refer to:
Al-Masri
Sama El Masri, Egyptian belly dancer
Hadi Al Masri (born 1986), Syrian footballer
Hamdi Al Masri (born 1986), Syrian footballer
Abu Ayyub al-Masri, Egyptian Islamic Jihad and al-Qaeda member
Abu Hamza al-Masri, Muslim extremist cleric in prison in the United Kingdom
Abu Khayr al-Masri, Egyptian al-Qaeda leader
Abu Osama al-Masri, Egyptian Muslim cleric and leader of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL or ISIS) branch in the Sinai Peninsula
Abu Ubaidah al-Masri (died 2007), an al-Qaeda operative in Pakistan
Abu Zubair al-Masri, an al-Qaeda operative originally from Egypt
Khalid al-Masri, suspected al-Qaeda member
Khalid El-Masri, German citizen of Lebanese origin formerly detained by the United States after extraordinary rendition
Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim, alias Abu Jihad al-Masri, the propaganda chief of al-Qaeda
Munib al-Masri (born 1934), Palestinian industrialist, statesman, and patriarch of the al-Masri family, serving as chairman of the Edgo Group
Hisham Al-Masri, Syrian former swimmer who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics
Majida Al-Masri, Palestinian politician
Mutaher al-Masri, Yemeni politician and minister
Nader al-Masri (born 1980), Palestinian Olympic athlete
Saeed al-Masri, Egyptian who was alleged to have acted as the financial chief for al-Qaeda
Saif al-Islam el-Masry, senior al-Qaeda member
Taher al-Masri, former Prime Minister of Jordan
Yasmine Al Masri, Lebanese actress
Yasser Al-Masri (died 2018), Jordanian actor
Zafer al-Masri (1940-1986), Palestinian businessman and head of the Nablus Chamber of Commerce, and for a brief period of 2 months, mayor of Nablus. Assassinated in 1986
Samer al-Masry, Syrian actor
El-Masri
Abdalla El-Masri, Lebanese-Russian composer
Hazem El Masri (born 1976), Lebanese-Australian professional rugby league footballer
Jaled el Masri, Syrian citizen subjected to the American program of extraordinary rendition and held in extrajudicial detention
Samer El Masri, Lebanese-Australian rugby league player
Rafed El-Masri, German swimmer of Syrian origin
Sherif El-Masri (born 1990), Canadian football of Tunisian origin (soccer) player
See also
Masri (disambiguation), persons section, for people named Masri (without al- or el-)
Arabic-language surnames |
5394795 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20E.%20Donart | George E. Donart | George E. Donart (February 27, 1889 – October 1, 1961) was an American attorney and politician who served as a member of the Idaho Senate from 1933 to 1941 and again from 1943 to 1947. He was the Democratic nominee in a 1946 special election for the United States Senate seat to finish the term of John W. Thomas, a Republican who died in November 1945.
Early life and education
Born in Idaho Territory near present-day Cambridge, Donart graduated from the prep school of the University of Idaho in Moscow in 1909, then earned a Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws degree.
Career
Donart practiced law in Weiser for decades and as a member of the Idaho Senate from 1933 to 1941 and from 1943 to 1947.
1946 Senate race
After Senator John W. Thomas's death in 1945, Governor Charles Gossett, a Democrat, resigned and allowed his successor Arnold Williams to appoint him to the Senate vacancy, which in turn allowed him to enter the special election race as the incumbent. During the 1946 primary race, Donart was endorsed by Idaho's other U. S. Senator, Glen Taylor, who had defeated him in the 1940 primary.
Donart defeated Gossett in the Democratic primary, but was defeated in the general election by Republican congressman Henry Dworshak.
Personal life
Donart died at age 72 in 1961, and is buried at Hillcrest Cemetery in Weiser.
References
External links
1889 births
1961 deaths
Idaho state senators
People from Weiser, Idaho
University of Idaho alumni
Idaho lawyers
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American lawyers |
5394822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassler | Hassler | Hassler (also Haßler, Häßler, Hässler, Hasler, ...) is a toponymic surname derived from a number of places called Hasel or Hassel in German-speaking parts of Europe.
Notable people with this name include:
Musicians
A musical dynasty in Nuremberg
Isaak Hassler (c.1530 – 1591), organist and father of three brothers:
Kasper Hassler (1562–1618), minor composer and publisher
Hans Leo Hassler (1564–1612), an important German composer and organist
Jakob Hassler (1569–1622), composer most noted for his keyboard works
Johann Wilhelm Hässler (1747–1822), German organist and composer
Athletes
Nicole Hassler (1941–1996), French figure skater
Des Hasler (b. 1961), Australian rugby league footballer and coach
Thomas Häßler (b. 1966), former German football player and 1990 World Cup winner
Dominic Hassler (b. 1981), Austrian football player
Other professions
Johann Hasler (b. 1548, died after 1602), Swiss theologian and physician
Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler (1770–1845), first US Coast Survey superintendent
Friday Hassler (1935–1972), American NASCAR driver
Hassler Whitney (1907–1989), American mathematician
Herbert "Blondie" Hasler (1914–1987), British Marines officer and later a noted single-handed sailor
Rolf Hassler (1914–1984), German neurobiologist
Eveline Hasler (b. 1933), Swiss writer
Jon Hassler (1933–2008) American novelist for whom is named the Jon Hassler Theater in Plainview, Minnesota
Marie Hasler (b. 1948), New Zealand politician
Harry Hasler, fictional alter ego of Viktor Giacobbo, one of his most popular satirical figures
Otmar Hasler (b. 1953), Prime Minister of Liechtenstein
Uwe Hassler(de) (b. 1963), German professor of statistics and econometrics
German-language surnames |
5394859 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastigiidae | Mastigiidae | Mastigiidae is a family of true jellyfish. The family is native to the Indo-Pacific, but a species of Mastigias has been introduced to the West Atlantic, and Phyllorhiza punctata has been introduced to the West Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea.
Genera
According to the World Register of Marine Species, this family includes 4 genera:
Mastigias
Mastigietta
Phyllorhiza
Versuriga – probably belongs in a separate monotypic family, Versurigidae.
References
Kolpophorae
Cnidarian families |
4000561 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majors%20Airport | Majors Airport | Majors Airport is a city-owned airport southeast of the central business district of Greenville, in Hunt County, Texas.
Originally named Majors Field, it is home to L3 Technologies Mission Integration Division (MID), which performs aircraft modification.
History
Majors Airport, named for Lieutenant Truett Majors, the first Hunt County native to perish in World War II, began operations on June 26, 1942, as a training center for the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Lt Majors was killed in the 1942 Battle of the Philippines in January 1942. Greenville was chosen as a site for the USAAF basic flight-training center due to the efforts of the influential politician Sam Rayburn. The base was dedicated and named on 5 January 1943.
Majors Army Airfield (AAF) was assigned initially to the Gulf Coast Training Center (later Central Flying Command). The airport was at one point the home to approximately 5,000 pilots, support personnel, and civilian employees. Majors also was a major training base for Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)s. Flying training was performed with Fairchild PT-19s as the primary trainer. Also had several PT-17 Stearmans and a few P-40 Warhawks assigned.
In addition to training USAAF pilots, the airfield was the training site for Escuadrón 201 of the Mexican Air Force. The training center was reassigned to Second Air Force on 30 November 1944 as a group training center, primary for the assignment of replacement personnel to combat squadrons in Overseas theaters.
Majors AAF was inactivated on 18 July 1945 after the defeat of Germany; the city of Greenville then took ownership, then leased the site to TEMCO (which, after a series of acquisitions, became L-3 Mission Integration Division).
The airport had airline flights (Central DC-3s) for a year or two around 1952.
On 5 March 2014, a regional American Eagle jet heading from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport made an emergency landing after the pilot reported smoke in the cockpit. Flight 3400 was bound for Moline, Il., when it was diverted about 9 p.m. to Majors Airport in Greenville. Jim Hogan, a passenger from Iowa City, Iowa, seated in the exit row, opened the door and led the way for the other passengers to disembark.
Facilities
Majors Airport covers at an elevation of 535 feet (163 m). Its one runway, 17/35, is 8,030 by 150 feet (2,448 x 46 m) asphalt.
In the year ending 23 June 2016, the airport had 19,135 aircraft operations, averaging 52 per day: 99% general aviation and 1% military. 42 aircraft were then based at the airport: 86% single-engine, 5% multi-engine, 7% jets, and 2% helicopters.
Accidents and incidents
14 July 1994: A Cessna 310Q, registration number N310AE, crashed after an uncontrolled left-hand descent during a practice single-engine go-around, destroying the aircraft and killing the student pilot and certified flight instructor (CFI) aboard. The landing gear was found to have been extended on impact, contrary to the manufacturer's recommended procedure to retract the gear during a go-around. The accident was attributed to "the CFI's failure to maintain minimum airspeed above VMC, resulting in a loss of control during the single engine go-around. Factors were not attaining runway alignment and the CFI's failure to retract the landing gear for the go-around procedure."
See also
Texas World War II Army Airfields
32d Flying Training Wing (World War II)
References
Other sources
Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas
Shaw, Frederick J. (2004), Locating Air Force Base Sites, History’s Legacy, Air Force History and Museums Program, United States Air Force, Washington DC.
Thole, Lou (1999), Forgotten Fields of America : World War II Bases and Training, Then and Now – Vol. 2. Publisher: Pictorial Histories Pub,
External links
Airport Homepage
1942 establishments in Texas
Airports established in 1942
Airfields of the United States Army Air Forces in Texas
Airports in Texas
Airports in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex
Transportation in Hunt County, Texas
USAAF Central Flying Training Command
American Theater of World War II |
5394878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin%20Hill | Kremlin Hill | Kremlin Hill (Russian: Кремлёвский холм [Kremlyovskiy kholm]; former name Borovitsky Hill - Боровицкий холм [Borovitskiy kholm]; also known as Borovitskiy Cape - Боровицкий мыс [Borovitskiy mys]) is one of the seven hills of Moscow. Altitude up to 145 m. The hill is situated in the city centre, at the confluence of the Moscow River and Neglinnaya River. The Red Square and the upland part of the Kitai-gorod are located on the hill.
History
The Borovitskiy Hill derives its name from the Russian word "бор" (bor) - "pinery". The hill was named so because in ancient times the left bank of the Moscow River was covered with pine forest. Archeologists date the first data on stay of a human being on the Borovitsky hill by the end of the 2nd millennium BC. The following archeologically investigated stage is dated by the 8th-3rd centuries BC. A settlement established here in 11th century became the core of Moscow. In 1156 the first kremlin was built on the hill and it became known as Kremlin Hill. Several gardens have been laid out, some of which belonged to Metropolitan Alexius and Ivan the Terrible.
See also
Borovitskaya Tower
Borovitskaya Square
Hills of Moscow
History of Moscow
Moscow Kremlin |
4000575 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill%20Krop | Jill Krop | Jill Krop is a Canadian journalist and broadcaster. Krop was News Director and Station Manager for Global BC, Global BC anchor and local radio personality.
Biography
She was born in Edmonton, Alberta in 1963 and raised in British Columbia, where she studied journalism at The British Columbia Institute of Technology, and graduated with her BCIT Diploma of Technology in Broadcast Communications in 1986. She started her career at CKPG in Prince George, followed by a challenging year at CFRE in Regina. Next was the move east to Atlantic Satellite Network in Halifax where she worked for six years, hosting everything from major newscasts to becoming one of the original anchors of the popular Breakfast Television. ASN awarded her a GOLD CANPRO* for her work. In 1995, she returned to her home in British Columbia where she joined British Columbia Television as a junior news anchor beginning with the Weekend Morning and Noon News. In September 2001, she took over the reins of News Hour Final, weeknights on Global BC, from Ted Chernecki who returned to reporting. Occasionally, she sub hosts for Global BC News Hour and Global National. Most recently, Krop was the host of Unfiltered on BC1, and had quite regularly anchored the Early News following Deborra Hope's retirement.
Besides television, Krop works in radio as a relief talk show host on CKNW AM-980.
On April 10, 2015, Shaw Media announced that Krop had been appointed News Director and Station Manager for Global BC, effective immediately. Her new role means she is leaving as host of the BC1 show, Unfiltered.
Krop has donated her time over the years as master of ceremonies for various fundraising events. She has hosted such events for BC Sports Hall of Fame and Museum, Influential Women in Business Awards, Gold Georgie Award Winners 2003, 2005 BC Export Awards Gala, and most notably co-hosting both Variety Club Show of Hearts and The Children's Miracle Network Telethon, aired on Global BC.
Krop has played small roles in television and film, usually as a TV reporter or news anchor (late 1990s to current).
Personal life
She was previously married to Nancy Regan's colleague Paul Mennier until 1994. That same year, Liz Rigney replaced her for Atlantic Satellite Network's version of Breakfast Television following her divorce.
Krop and her partner, Burnaby firefighter Dave Samson, had their first child, a son, in 2008.
References
External links
Jill Krop, Global BC
1963 births
Living people
British Columbia Institute of Technology alumni
Canadian television news anchors
People from Edmonton
Journalists from Alberta
Journalists from British Columbia
Canadian women television journalists
Global Television Network people
People from Vancouver
CTV Television Network people
Canadian Screen Award winning journalists |
4000578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Mendoza | Christian Mendoza | Christian Mendoza (born 1987 in the Philippines, now living in Copenhagen, Denmark) is a singer who rose to popularity as the winner of Idols Denmark, the Danish version of Pop Idol. Christian won with 57% of the total vote against Mirza Radonjica.
Idols Denmark Performances
Top 30:
Top 10: When A Man Loves A Woman by Percy Sledge
Top 9: She's A Bad Mama Jama by Carl Carlton
Top 8: Take On Me by A-Ha
Top 7: Smuk Som Et Stjerneskud by the Olsen Brothers
Top 6: You Are The Sunshine Of My Life by Stevie Wonder
Top 5: For Once In My Life by Frank Sinatra
Top 4: White Christmas by Bing Crosby
Top 4: Yesterday by The Beatles
Top 3: The Greatest Love Of All by Whitney Houston
Top 3: Rise & Fall by Sting & Craig David
Grand Final: Mystery To Me
Grand Final: She's A Bad Mama Jama by Carl Carlton
Grand Final: Babygirl by B2K
Discography
Album
Can't Break Me... (2004)
Singles
Mystery To Me (2003)
It's All About You (2004)
External links
1987 births
21st-century Filipino male singers
21st-century Danish male singers
Idols (TV series) winners
Living people
People from Copenhagen
English-language singers from the Philippines
English-language singers from Denmark
Filipino emigrants to Denmark |
4000584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Trade%20Center%20Guadalajara | World Trade Center Guadalajara | The World Trade Center Guadalajara is a building complex in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. It consists of two 13-story towers joined at the top by an arc. It was founded in 1988 and was redesigned as a tech hub in the 2000s.
References
External links
– official website
Guadalajara
Buildings and structures in Guadalajara, Jalisco |
4000592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographe%20Bay | Geographe Bay | Geographe Bay is in the south-west of Western Australia around 220 km southwest of Perth.
The bay was named in May 1801 by French explorer Nicolas Baudin, after his ship, Géographe. The bay is a wide curve of coastline extending from Cape Naturaliste past the towns of Dunsborough and Busselton, ending near the city of Bunbury. The bay is protected from the rough seas of the Indian Ocean by Cape Naturaliste (named after Naturaliste), which makes it a popular destination for recreational boaters. The bay is extremely shallow, limiting the entrance of large ships. To alleviate this problem the two-kilometre-long Busselton Jetty, the longest in the southern hemisphere, was built.
The Royal Australian Navy frigate was sunk in the bay off the town of Dunsborough on 14 December 1997, for use as a dive wreck.
The bay attracts whale watchers, who see it as an alternative to Flinders Bay.
The north west part of the bay is the location of a number of surf breaks.
The environment of the drainage systems into the bay, and the bay itself have attracted research and studies.
Notes
Further reading
Edward Duyker François Péron: An Impetuous Life: Naturalist and Voyager, Miegunyah/MUP, Melb., 2006, ,
Fornasiero, Jean; Monteath, Peter and West-Sooby, John. Encountering Terra Australis: the Australian voyages of Nicholas Baudin and Matthew Flinders, Kent Town, South Australia, Wakefield Press, 2004.
Frank Horner, The French Reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia 1801–1803, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1987 .
Marchant, Leslie R. French Napoleonic Placenames of the South West Coast, Greenwood, WA. R.I.C. Publications, 2004.
External links
Bays of Western Australia
Capes region of South West Western Australia |
4000598 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycyclic%20group | Polycyclic group | In mathematics, a polycyclic group is a solvable group that satisfies the maximal condition on subgroups (that is, every subgroup is finitely generated). Polycyclic groups are finitely presented, which makes them interesting from a computational point of view.
Terminology
Equivalently, a group G is polycyclic if and only if it admits a subnormal series with cyclic factors, that is a finite set of subgroups, let's say G0, ..., Gn such that
Gn coincides with G
G0 is the trivial subgroup
Gi is a normal subgroup of Gi+1 (for every i between 0 and n - 1)
and the quotient group Gi+1 / Gi is a cyclic group (for every i between 0 and n - 1)
A metacyclic group is a polycyclic group with n ≤ 2, or in other words an extension of a cyclic group by a cyclic group.
Examples
Examples of polycyclic groups include finitely generated abelian groups, finitely generated nilpotent groups, and finite solvable groups. Anatoly Maltsev proved that solvable subgroups of the integer general linear group are polycyclic; and later Louis Auslander (1967) and Swan proved the converse, that any polycyclic group is up to isomorphism a group of integer matrices. The holomorph of a polycyclic group is also such a group of integer matrices.
Strongly polycyclic groups
A polycyclic group G is said to be strongly polycyclic if each quotient Gi+1 / Gi is infinite. Any subgroup of a strongly polycyclic group is strongly polycyclic.
Polycyclic-by-finite groups
A virtually polycyclic group is a group that has a polycyclic subgroup of finite index, an example of a virtual property. Such a group necessarily has a normal polycyclic subgroup of finite index, and therefore such groups are also called polycyclic-by-finite groups. Although polycyclic-by-finite groups need not be solvable, they still have many of the finiteness properties of polycyclic groups; for example, they satisfy the maximal condition, and they are finitely presented and residually finite.
In the textbook and some papers, an M-group refers to what is now called a polycyclic-by-finite group, which by Hirsch's theorem can also be expressed as a group which has a finite length subnormal series with each factor a finite group or an infinite cyclic group.
These groups are particularly interesting because they are the only known examples of Noetherian group rings , or group rings of finite injective dimension.
Hirsch length
The Hirsch length or Hirsch number of a polycyclic group G is the number of infinite factors in its subnormal series.
If G is a polycyclic-by-finite group, then the Hirsch length of G is the Hirsch length of a polycyclic normal subgroup H of G, where H has finite index in G. This is independent of choice of subgroup, as all such subgroups will have the same Hirsch length.
See also
Group theory
Supersolvable group
References
Notes
Properties of groups
Solvable groups |
4000608 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughton%2C%20Lincolnshire | Roughton, Lincolnshire | Roughton ( ) is a village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The parish population was 644 in 2011.
The village lies approximately south from Horncastle and near the hamlets of Thornton and Kirkby-on-Bain. Since 1936 the hamlets of Dalderby and Martin have been part of Roughton civil parish.
In the 1086 Domesday Book, Roughton is noted with 11 households, with Lord of the Manor as King William I.
The parish church dates from the 13th century, and is dedicated to Saint Margaret. Built of a "patchwork" of greenstone, limestone and red brick, its construction includes elements from 12th-century Norman to 17th-century brick. It is a Grade II* listed building. The base of a medieval stone cross is in the churchyard; it is both Grade II listed and designated as an ancient scheduled monument.
Roughton Hall is a Grade II* listed building dating from the mid-18th century. Until his death in 2018, it was home to Louth and Horncastle MP, and Father of the House, Sir Peter Tapsell.
A primary school in Roughton served the village and the nearby hamlets of Haltham, Dalderby and Martin. It closed in December 1946 following a decline of population.
Roughton Moor Wood on the outskirts of nearby Woodhall Spa is a conservation area consisting of semi-natural woodland; it is managed by the Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust.
Governance
An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north to Baumber with a total population taken at the 2011 Census of 2,270.
References
External links
Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
East Lindsey District |
4000609 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streak-throated%20woodpecker | Streak-throated woodpecker | The streak-throated woodpecker (Picus xanthopygaeus) is a species of woodpecker found in the Indian subcontinent.
Description
A medium-sized, green woodpecker with streaked throat and scaly whitish underparts. Green above with yellowish rump, white supercilia and white and black moustache. Crown red in male, blackish in female. Tail dark and plain. Small, dark bill.
References
Images
External links
streak-throated woodpecker
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Southeast Asia
streak-throated woodpecker
streak-throated woodpecker
streak-throated woodpecker |
4000633 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufous%20woodpecker | Rufous woodpecker | The rufous woodpecker (Micropternus brachyurus) is a medium-sized brown woodpecker native to South and Southeast Asia. It is short-billed, foraging in pairs on small insects, particularly ants and termites, in scrub, evergreen , and deciduous forests and is noted for building its nest within the carton nests of arboreal ants in the genus Crematogaster. It was for sometime placed in the otherwise Neotropical genus Celeus but this has been shown to be a case of evolutionary convergence and molecular phylogenetic studies support its placement in the monotypic genus Micropternus.
Taxonomy
This species was formerly placed in the South American genus Celeus due to external resemblance but its disjunct distribution placed it in doubt. Studied in 2006 based on DNA sequence comparisons have confirmed that the rufous woodpecker is not closely related to Celeus and is a sister of the genus Meiglyptes and best placed within the monotypic genus Micropternus. The genus Micropternus was erected by Edward Blyth who separated it from Meiglyptes based on the short first toe with reduced claw. Other genus characters are the short bill lacking a nasal ridge. The nostrils are round and the outer tail feathers are short and about as long as the tail-coverts.
Within the wide distribution range of the species, several plumage and size differences are noted among the populations which have been designed as subspecies of which about ten are widely recognized with the nominate population being from Java.
M. b. brachyurus – Java.
M. b. humei – along the western Himalayas has a streaked throat, greyish head and a pale face.
M. b. jerdonii [includes kanarae from the northern western ghats noted as larger by Koelz] – peninsular India and Sri Lanka
M. b. phaioceps – eastern Himalayas from central Nepal to Myanmar, Yunnan and southern Thailand.
M. b. fokiensis – (has a sooty abdomen) southeast China and northern Vietnam.
M. b. holroydi – Hainan.
M. b. williamsoni – southern Thailand. Sometimes included within badius
M. b. annamensis – Laos, Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
M. b. badius – [includes celaenephis of Nias Island] Malay Peninsula south to Sumatra
M. b. badiosus – (has a very dark tail) Borneo and north Natuna Islands
Description
The rufous woodpecker is about 25 cm long, overall dark brown with dark bands on the feathers of the wing and tail giving it a black-barred appearance. The head appears paler and underparts are of a darker shade. The bill is short and black with a slight curvature of the culmen. At the nostrils the bill is narrow. The tail is short and rufous with narrow black bars but in subspecies badiosus the tail is dark with narrow rufous bars. Feather margins are pale in squamigularis and annamensis. Feathers on the neck, ears and lore are unmarked. Males have red-tipped feathers under eyes, between eye and ear coverts and on malar region sometimes forming a patch. Females and young lack the red feather tips. A weak but erectile crest is present. Juveniles appear streaked on the throat but some subspecies also have streaked throat feathers. In the field, birds can appear soiled and smell of ant secretions (Crematogaster ants are unique in having a spatulate tip to the sting that is used merely to spray fluid forward at intruders from a raised gaster) due to their foraging or nesting activities.
Behaviour and ecology
Rufous woodpeckers forage in pairs on ant nests on trees, fallen logs, dung heaps, ant, and termite hills. They have been noted to feed on ants of the genera Crematogaster and Oecophylla. Apart from insects, it has been seen taking nectar from flowers of Bombax and Erythrina and taking sap from the bases of banana fronds. The most common call is a sharp nasal, three-note, keenk-keenk-keenk but they have other calls including a long wicka and a series of wick-wick notes. They also have a distinctive drumming note which starts rapidly and then slows down in tempo. Drumming occurs through the year but increases in frequency in winter in southern India and peaking around March–April in Nepal. A display of unknown function between two birds facing each other involved swaying the head with bill held high and tail splayed. The breeding season is in the pre-Monsoon dry period from February to June. The rufous woodpecker is most well known for building its nest within the nest of acrobat ants (Crematogaster). Both the male and female take part in the excavation of the nest. Their feathers, particularly when nesting are said to be covered in a dark and smelly sticky fluid on which dead ants are often found sticking. Two white, matt, thin-shelled, translucent eggs are laid. The incubation period is 12 to 14 days. Both parents feed the young at nest although a 19th-century observer reported that his Indian field assistants who called the bird "lal sutar", meaning red carpenter, believed that the adults left the young to obtain ants to feed themselves. The moult occurs mainly from September to November. Bird lice of the species Penenirmus auritus have been recorded from this species in Thailand. The species has a wide habitat range and in Malaysia they have been found to persist even in places where swamp forests have been removed and replaced by oil palm plantations. Their habitat is mainly in the plains and lower hills mostly below 3000 m. This bird is not considered threatened on the IUCN Red List.
See also
References
rufous woodpecker
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Southeast Asia
Birds of South China
rufous woodpecker
rufous woodpecker |
5394880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s%20museum | Children's museum | Children's museums are institutions that provide exhibits and programs to stimulate informal learning experiences for children. In contrast with traditional museums that typically have a hands-off policy regarding exhibits, children's museums feature interactive exhibits that are designed to be manipulated by children. The theory behind such exhibits is that activity can be as educational as instruction, especially in early childhood. Most children's museums are nonprofit organizations, and many are run by volunteers or by very small professional staffs.
International professional organizations of children's museums include the Association of Children's Museums (ACM), which was formed in 1962 as the American Association of Youth Museums (AAYM) and in 2007 counted 341 member institutions in 23 countries, and The Hands On! Europe Association of Children's Museum (HO!E), established in 1994, with member institutions in 34 countries as of 2007. Many museums that are members of ACM offer reciprocal memberships, allowing members of one museum to visit all the others for free or for a discounted fee.
History
The Brooklyn Children's Museum was established in 1899 by the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. It is often regarded as the first children's museum in the United States. The idea behind the Brooklyn Children's Museum implicitly acknowledged that existing American museums were not designed with children in mind. Although museums at the turn of the century viewed themselves as institutions of public education, their exhibits were often not made accessible for children, who may have struggled with simple design features like the height of exhibit cases, or the language of interpretive labels. Furthermore, touching objects was often prohibited, limiting visitors' ability to interact with museum objects.
The founders of the Brooklyn Children's Museum were concerned with education and realized that no other institution had attempted to establish "a Museum that will be of especial value and interest to young people between the ages of six and twenty years". Their goal was to gain children's interest and "to stimulate their powers of observation and reflection" as well as to "illustrate by collections of pictures, cartoons, charts, models, maps and so on, each of the important branches of knowledge which is taught in elementary schools".
Anna Billings Gallup, the museum's curator from 1904 to 1937, encouraged a learning technique that allowed children to "discover" information by themselves through touching and examining objects. Visitors to the museum were able to compare the composition, weight, and hardness of minerals, learn to use a microscope to examine natural objects, and build their own collections of natural objects to be displayed in a special room of the museum. In addition to emphasis on allowing interaction with objects, Gallup also encouraged learning through play. She believed learning at the Brooklyn Children's Museum should be "pure fun", and to this end developed nature clubs, held field trips, brought live animals into the museum, and hired gallery instructors to lead children in classification games about animals, shells, and minerals. Other children's museums of the early twentieth century used similar techniques that emphasized learning through experience.
Children's museums often emphasize experiential learning through museum interactives, sometimes leading them to have very few or no physical collection items. The Brooklyn Children's Museum and other early children's museums grew out of the tradition of natural history museums, object-centered institutions. Over the course of the twentieth century, the children's museums slowly began to discard their objects in favor of more interactive exhibits. While children's museums are a more extreme case, it is important to note that during the twentieth century, more and more museums have elected to display fewer objects and offer more interpretation than museums of the nineteenth century. Some scholars argue that objects, while once critical to the definition of a museum, are no longer considered vital to many institutions because they are no longer necessary to fulfill the roles we expect museums to serve as museums focus more on programs, education, and their visitors.
After the Brooklyn Children's Museum opened in 1899, other American museums followed suit by opening small children's sections of their institutions designed with children in mind and equipped with interactive activities, such as the Smithsonian's children's room opened in 1901. The Brooklyn Children's Museum also inspired other children's museums either housed separately or even developed completely independently of parent museums, like the Boston Children's Museum (1913), The Children's Museum of Detroit Public Schools (1915), and the Children's Museum of Indianapolis (1925). The number of children's museums in the United States continued to grow over the course of the twentieth century, with over 40 museums opened by the 1960s and more than 70 children's museums opened to the public between 1990 and 1997.
The next earliest children's museums were:
Boston Children's Museum (1913)
The Detroit Children's Museum (1917)
The Children's Museum of Indianapolis (1925) – according to the ACM, this is the world's largest children's museum.
The Children's Museum (West Hartford, CT) (1927)
Duluth Children's Museum (1930)
By 1975, there were approximately 38 children's museums in the United States. An additional 80 institutions opened between 1976 and 1990, and more than 130 opened between 1990 and 2007. As of 2007, ACM estimated that there were approximately 80 children's museums in the planning phase.
The children's museum concept has spread worldwide from the United States. Le Musée des Enfants in Brussels was started in 1978, inspired by Boston Children's Museum. The Boston museum also inspired the Museo Pambata in Manila, which opened in 1994. The Children's Museum of Caracas, Venezuela, became Latin America's first museum for children when it opened in 1982. The Children's Museum of Bogotá, Colombia, followed it in 1986. Eureka! The National Children's Museum in Halifax, England, established in 1992, claims the title of the United Kingdom's first hands-on children's museum. Austria's first museum for children was ZOOM Children’s Museum in Vienna, established in 1994. Korea's first children's museum is the Samsung Children's Museum in Seoul, which opened in 1995 under the sponsorship of the Samsung Culture Foundation. India has seen rise in children's museums in recent years. The first children’s museum in Japan is KIDS PLAZA OSAKA which was established in 1997. There is a children’s Museum in the Canadian Museum of History. The Early Start Discovery Space in Wollongong, Australia opened in 2015 and was modelled on the US-styled children's museums.
See also
List of children's museums in the United States
Museum of Childhood (disambiguation page)
Toy museum
References
Types of museums |
5394886 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson%20City%20%28disambiguation%29 | Carson City (disambiguation) | Carson City may refer to:
Places in the United States
Carson City, Nevada, the capital of the state
Carson City, Michigan
Carson, California
Carson City and Indian Village, a defunct amusement park in Catskill, New York
Other uses
Carson City (1952 film)
USS Carson City, two ships of the U.S. Navy
See also |
5394896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dkaid%C5%8Dch%C5%AB%20Hizakurige | Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige | , abbreviated as Hizakurige and known in translation as Shank's Mare, is a comic picaresque novel (kokkeibon) written by Jippensha Ikku (十返舎一九, 1765–1831) about the misadventures of two travelers on the Tōkaidō, the main road between Kyoto and Edo during the Edo period. The book was published in twelve parts between 1802 and 1822.
The two main characters, traveling from Edo to Kyoto on their pilgrimage to Ise Grand Shrine, are called Yajirobē (彌次郎兵衛) and Kitahachi (喜多八). The book, while written in a comical style, was written as a traveler's guide to the Tōkaidō Road. It details famous landmarks at each of the 53 post towns along the road, where the characters, often called Yaji and Kita, frequently find themselves in hilarious situations. They travel from station to station, predominantly interested in food, sake, and women. As Edo men, they view the world through an Edo lens, deeming themselves more cultured and savvy in comparison to the countrymen they meet.
Hizakurige is comic novel that also provides information and anecdotes regarding various regions along the Tōkaidō. Tourism was booming during the Edo Period, when this was written. This work is one of many guidebooks that proliferated, to whet the public's appetite for sight-seeing.
A second book was also written, called Zoku Hizakurige, which includes material on the Kiso Valley, Konpira, and Miyajima.
Some of the episodes from this novel have been illustrated by famous ukiyo-e artists, such as Hiroshige in his One Hundred Views of Edo.
Yaji and Kita's travels
As they make their way, they leave behind a trail of crude jokes and plentiful puns. They make fun of a daimyō procession, cheat shopkeepers out of money, and get cheated in turn. At one inn, they make fools of themselves because they do not know how to use the bathtub; they burn themselves on the bottom, rather than asking for help.
In Ueno, one of them pretends to be Ikku himself, before he is found to be an impostor. On that occasion, they burn themselves and debate how to eat the hot stones that they have been served by the innkeeper. They are soon revealed as fools: The stones are for drying out the konjac to improve the flavor, not for eating.
Comic events often ensue when Yaji or Kita try to sneak into bed with women, which happens at various inns along the road.
Film versions
Yaji and Kita: Yasuda's Rescue, 1927 film version
Yaji and Kita: The Battle of Toba Fushimi, 1928 film version
Travel Chronicles of Yaji and Kita, 1956 film version
Yaji and Kita: The Midnight Pilgrims (2005)
Yaji Kita dōchū Teresuko ("Three for the Road") (2007) starring Akira Emoto, Kyōko Koizumi, Nakamura Kanzaburō XVIII and a Japanese raccoon dog.
Sources
Jippensha Ikku, Hizakurige or Shanks' Mare, trans. Thomas Satchell (Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc., 1960). ASIN: B0007J7ITK.
Jippensha Ikku, Travels on the Eastern Seaboard (Tōkaidōchū Hizakurige), in Haruo Shirane, ed., Early Modern Japanese Literature: An Anthology, 1600–1900 (Columbia University Press, 2002), pp. 732–747. .
External links
Dōchū hizakurige, selections, with print illustrations by Tamenobu Fujikawa
Tokaidochu hizakurige, 1907 edition published by Yohodo
1802 novels
Kokkeibon
Japanese serial novels
Edo-period works
Picaresque novels
Travel books
Novels set in Japan |
4000637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.%20J.%20K.%20Setright | L. J. K. Setright | Leonard John Kensell Setright (10 August 1931 – 7 September 2005) was an English motoring journalist and author.
Early life and education
Setright was born in London to Australian parents; his father, Henry Roy Setright, was an engineer who invented the Setright ticket machine used on buses and trams. He died when Setright was 11 years old. Setright attended Palmers Green Grammar school before studying law at the University of London which he practised for a time but hated the profession. His National Service was served in the Royal Air Force as an air traffic controller.
Writing career
After writing for the engineering magazine Machine Age in the early 1960s, Setright became a motoring journalist and author, contributing to Car Magazine for more than 30 years and writing several books on cars and automotive engineering.
Setright's writing style polarised readers as some considered it to be pompous and excessively esoteric, while others found his erudite style and engineering knowledge a welcome change from the usual lightweight and largely non-technical journalistic style. He had a strong enthusiasm for Bristol Cars and for Japanese engineering, in particular Honda.
Setright also wrote about music, motorcycles and high-fidelity sound systems, and contributed to, among others, Punch, The Independent, Bike, Cycle Guide/USA, Motorcycle Sport under the initials LJKS, Back Street Heroes and Car and Driver.
Personal life
Setright was also known for his love of smoking tobacco, in particular Sobranie Black Russian cigarettes, and for his elegant sartorial style. He was described as resembling "a gaunt Old Testament prophet in Savile Row clothes". He was an accomplished clarinet player.
Setright was a practising Jew and a scholar of Judaism. He was married twice; his first wife, Christina, committed suicide in 1980. After this he spent some time in a Lubavitch community in Texas, later returning to the UK, and he settled in Surbiton, near London, where he died of cancer in 2005.
List of works
Author
Coauthor
Editor
References
1931 births
2005 deaths
People educated at Southgate School
Alumni of University College London
People from Surbiton
Deaths from lung cancer
English Jews
British motoring journalists
Motorcycling writers
Historians of motorsport
Air traffic controllers |
5394903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torenia | Torenia | Torenia is a genus of plants now classified in the family Linderniaceae. Torenia has also been classified in the figwort family Scrophulariaceae. Often called wishbone flowers, bluewings; in Hawaii nanioola'a or ola'a beauty, some species are grown as garden plants. Many F1 and F2 Torenia hybrids have been hybridized in the last 30 years. Colors can range from white with yellow throats to violet, blue, cobalt, lavender and purple.
Species
Torenia fournieri
Torenia asiatica
Torenia crustacea
References
Lamiales genera
Linderniaceae |
4000645 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-crowned%20woodpecker | Yellow-crowned woodpecker | The yellow-crowned woodpecker (Leiopicus mahrattensis) or Mahratta woodpecker is a species of small pied woodpecker found in the Indian subcontinent. It is the only species placed in the genus Leiopicus.
Taxonomy
The yellow-crowned woodpecker was originally described by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 under the binomial name Picus mahrattensis. It is now the only species placed in the genus Leiopicus that was introduced by the French ornithologist Charles Lucien Bonaparte in 1854. The specific epithet mahrattensis is from Marhatta, a historical region in the modern Indian state of Maharashtra. The genus name Leiopicus combines the Classical Greek leios meaning "smooth" or "beardless" and pikos meaning "woodpecker". The yellow-crowned woodpecker is closely related to the woodpeckers in the genus Dendrocoptes.
Description
A medium-small (17.5 cm, 6.9 inches, 28-46 grams, 1–1.6 ounces), pale-headed, pied woodpecker. Upper-parts black, heavily spotted and barred white. Underparts dark, streaked dingy white with red belly patch. Irregular brown cheek and neck patches. Female has yellowish crown and nape. In male nape scarlet and fore-crown yellow.
References
yellow-crowned woodpecker
Birds of South Asia
Birds of Cambodia
Birds of Laos
Birds of Myanmar
yellow-crowned woodpecker |
5394916 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeing%20Double%20%282003%20film%29 | Seeing Double (2003 film) | Seeing Double is a 2003 British musical-comedy film starring British pop-group, S Club. Written by Kim Fuller and Paul Alexander, and directed by Nigel Dick, the film mostly features songs from the group's album of the same name, as well as prior hits including "Don't Stop Movin'" and "Never Had a Dream Come True".
Plot
The film opens with a creepy castle in Hollywood, where evil scientist Victor Gaghan is creating his S Club clones. Meanwhile, the real S Club arrive in Barcelona, Spain for their last show of their whirlwind tour. After spending the day promoting and performing, the group get excited about having some time off, until their manager Alistair informs them that they will be leaving for Los Angeles, California at 7:00 A.M. the next day. After the stressed-out group enter their hotel rooms, Alistair is abducted by Gaghan's assistant Susan Sealove.
The next morning, the members of S Club awaken to find Alistair gone having been left with his bill. Instead of using a credit card that Rachel finds to pay the bill, they use it on pampering themselves and after going bankrupt, they see the cloned S Club performing live on TV at a nearby cafe. After the others become disturbed to discover that Alistair is managing their uncanny lookalikes, they all decide to quickly leave the hotel and fly to L.A., only to get arrested by the police for trying to run out on the hotel bill and allegedly impersonating S Club. In jail, they learn that the warden likes to dance and to escape, they sing "Don't Stop Movin'" and get to their friend Natalie. She helps them get to L.A. by disguising them as English World Cup football fans so that they can avoid getting arrested again by the Spanish police.
After failing to get close to their doubles during a live concert, they decide to switch out their Hannah, Rachel and Jon for their copies during a music video shoot. Hannah, Rachel and Jon see that the Bradley, Tina and Jo clones have no belly buttons, and are exposed to their rituals of showering together, constant rehearsals, eating strange synthetic food and being brainwashed during bedtime. During a CD signing session, Rachel attempts to warn a fan to call the police, only for Alistair to confiscate the signed CD and contact Gaghan, who sends his goons to capture them and take them to his lair.
Meanwhile, Bradley, Tina and Jo learn that the other members' clones are unaware of being clones themselves, and are surprised when these clones shed their ritualistic routine and enjoy simple pleasures of life for the first time, such as boomerang games, real food, drinks and sightseeing. Determined to find out who created the clones, Jo researches the internet and discovers that Gaghan, a former genetics professor who was fired for illegal cloning experiments, recently purchased S Club memorabilia online, including their underwear. When their friends fail to show up as planned after being captured by Gaghan's goons, Bradley, Tina and Jo realise that something is wrong and reveal to the other members' clones that they are copies, and urge them to overcome their programmed memories to figure out Gaghan's location. The clones make a breakthrough and remember their birthplace and Gaghan's location: Eagle Peak.
Formulating a plan to enact revenge on Gaghan for the cloning, Bradley, Tina and Jo arrive at Eagle Peak with their friends' clones and run into the real Hannah, Rachel and Jon, only to be caught by Alistair while trying to escape. While the Hannah, Rachel and Jon clones run into their bandmates outside and tell them the truth of their origins, Gaghan tells the originals that he is going to take over the world through music because celebrities attract more attention than politicians, before leaving Alistair to kill the band. The clones save the band by revealing that Alistair is a clone due to his own lack of belly button and rebelling against him.
In the dining area, S Club are alarmed at the clones Gaghan has created including clones of AC/DC's Angus Young, King of Rock & Roll Elvis Presley, Will Smith as Men In Black's Agent J, Victoria Beckham (as Posh Spice), Robbie Williams, Eminem, King of Pop Michael Jackson, Elton John, Madonna, George Michael, Pop Idol star Gareth Gates, and Groucho Marx (of the Marx Brothers), and encourage them to rebel against Gaghan for their own free will. Enraged at this, Gaghan initiates a self-destruct sequence of Eagle Peak, which threatens to kill S Club and the clones. Both S Clubs band together to save the clones and sing "Who Do You Think You Are?" whilst the Jackson clone stops Gaghan and Sealove from escaping in their helicopter, and the original group is able to stop the place from self-destructing as the clones escape. While they are alarmed by the fact that they have released a new batch of cloned pop acts into the world, clone Alistair suddenly appears and tries to kill them when suddenly the real Alistair knocks him out. Gaghan and Sealove are later arrested and the group wonder what to do with their clones when Alistair and Natalie remind them of their very busy schedules.
At the end, the real S Club are seen at the beach and the clones are taking their place. They have decided that the clones will take their place when they want a holiday, and the same vice versa (it is also mentioned that the clones are getting paid in boomerangs). Nearby, the Gates clone they rescued is seen flirting with Rachel.
Cast
Tina Barrett as Tina
Jon Lee as Jon
Bradley McIntosh as Bradley
Jo O'Meara as Jo
Hannah Spearritt as Hannah
Rachel Stevens as Rachel
David Gant as Victor Gaghan
Joseph Adams as Alistair
Cristina Piaget as Susan Sealove
Meritxell Santamaria as Natalie
Gareth Gates as Gareth Gates clone
Hans Juergen Richter as Carlos
Domingo Calvo as Desk sergeant
Nigel Dick as Director
Reg Wilson as Marcus
Production
The film had 3 months to be filmed in. Jo O'Meara was suffering from intense back pains at the time, meaning she was unable to be fully active during film, with several running shots of her having to be performed by a body double. O'Meara also sits out during several dance routines, most noticeably during "Dance" where the scene had to be re-written after she was unable to perform the routine due to the back pains. During all routines in the film, O'Meara is seen sitting out of the routines, with the other 5 members performing the routine as a five-piece. Due to O'Meara's back pains, she did a lot of voice over work, but her body double performed the active actions, such as the scene where O'Meara is being chased by Alsatians.
Box office
The film was released throughout the United Kingdom on 11 April 2003, after receiving its world premier in London's Leicester Square. The film received large publicity during a 2003 tour S Club did, alongside S Club 8. The film was also released worldwide, where it became a success mainly in the United Kingdom, where it opened at the box office at #4.
The film marks the final appearance that S Club did with 19 Management which involved them acting. It also marked the movie debut of Gareth Gates.
Critical reception
The film received mixed reviews. Reception was positive from Shannon Nutt of DVD Talk. Neil Smith of the BBC criticized it being a “cynical, cheaply assembled caper.”
Home media
The film was released on DVD in the United Kingdom and United States as well as in Latin America, Spain, France, Ireland, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Greece, and Japan. The DVD went to number one in Spain and France. It made Top 10 in the U.S., U.K. & Ireland in the Children's DVD/Video Sales category. The DVD was re-released on 3 March 2008 in the UK, five years after its theatrical release. The re-released DVD maintained the same format as the previous one. After re-release, Seeing Double made the Children's Top 10 DVD Chart.
The S Club Seeing Double album has received BPI Platinum Certification as of November 2010.
Television broadcasts
Seeing Double had its UK television premiere in 2005 when Channel Five screened it at 6:05pm. The film achieved 1.1 million viewers, making it Five's most-watched children-based film. Both Sky One and Disney Channel UK subsequently showed the film. Disney Channel omitting the bloopers included in the film credits. It also aired in the Republic of Ireland on RTÉ Two.
References
External links
S Club 7
2003 films
British fantasy comedy films
Columbia Pictures films
Films based on television series
Films about cloning
Films directed by Nigel Dick |
4000662 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasumi%20Shint%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB%20Kenjutsu | Kasumi Shintō-ryū Kenjutsu | , or (Shintō-ryū Kenjutsu), is one of the names used to describe the collection of sword-versus-sword training-forms (kata) for the long and short sword found exclusively in the Japanese martial arts system Shintō Musō-ryū (SMR).
The system comprises 12 standing forms, 8 of which are for the longsword (Odachi) and 4 with the short sword (kodachi).
History
The core of the Shinto Muso Ryu system has two elements, the jojutsu training forms and the twelve kenjutsu training forms. The origin of these kenjutsu forms are not clear other than it was a part of SMR from the beginning of the tradition, unlike the assimilated arts of Uchida-ryu, Ikkaku-ryu, Ittatsu-ryu and Isshin-ryu. Before creating the SMR, the founder, Muso Gonnosuke, had extensive training and experience in other martial arts. He received a Menkyo Kaiden, a license of complete transmission, in the Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto Ryu tradition and he was said to have mastered secret techniques derived from the Kashima lineage of martial arts tradition.
Up until the mid-19th century there seems to have been no known name for the tradition, it simply being referred to as "8 longsword and 4 short sword forms". The tradition came to be known as Shintō-ryū kenjutsu in the mid-19th century by research made into the history of SMR by the SMR-practitioner Umezaki Chukichi.
The discovery of the name "Kasumi" Shintō-ryū was made from recent research by the SMR-practitioner Kaminoda Tsunemori, a direct student of Shimizu Takaji and leader of the Nihon Jodokai-group. This research has not yet been verified by independent sources, but the Kasumi designation has been used within Kaminoda's own organization to label the 12 kenjutsu forms. The name Shintō-ryū and Kasumi Shintō-ryū is used interchangeably among the various SMR-Jodo organizations and no consensus has been made on which name is to be used.
The 12 forms of Kasumi Shintō-ryū Kenjutsu
The forms as given in Pascal Krieger's book Jodô - la voie du bâton / The way of the stick :
Ai sun (Yu) (相寸 右)
Ai sun (Sa) (相寸 左)
Jū (鷲)
Chi barai (乳拂)
Sarin (左輪)
Uke kaeshi (受返)
Nitō ai (二刀合)
Suri komi (摺込)
Inchū (咽中)
Uke nagashi (受流)
Miuke dome (三受留)
Tsuki dashi (突出)
Footnotes
The name "Kasumi" Shintō-ryū is not the universal way of naming the 12 sword kata. The discovery of the name "Kasumi" Shinto-ryu was made from recent research into the history of Shintō Musō-ryū but is yet to be confirmed. The most common and older way of naming the 12 sword kata in SMR is "Shintō-ryū".
The true origin of the 12 kenjutsu forms is still not fully explored. Most likely the originator of the forms was Muso Gonnosuke, the creator of the Shintō Musō-ryū tradition.
References
Shinto Muso-ryu
Ko-ryū bujutsu |
4000665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigors | Vigors | Vigors is a surname, and may refer to:
Bartholomew Vigors (1644–1721), Anglican priest in Ireland
Nicholas Aylward Vigors (1785–1840), Irish zoologist and politician
Tim Vigors (1922–2003), British fighter ace, founder of the Coolmore Stud
See also
Vigor (name) |
4000671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20House%20of%20Sixty%20Fathers | The House of Sixty Fathers | The House of Sixty Fathers is a 1956 children's novel by Meindert DeJong. Illustrations were provided by Maurice Sendak. The novel was based on the author's own experiences as a military flier in China during the second world war.
The book won the Josette Frank Award (then named the Children's Book Award of the Child Study Association) in 1956. It was also named a Newbery Honor Book, won the Hans Christian Andersen Award, and was named an ALA Notable Children's Book — all in 1957.
Plot summary
The story is set during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Japan has invaded China, and the Japanese attack the village where young Tien Pao and his family live. The family flees upriver in an abandoned sampan to the town of Hengyang. While the boy's parents go to a nearby American airfield to seek work with his younger sister, Tien Pao spends the day taking care of the sampan as well as three ducklings and the family pig, named Glory of the Republic. During a rainstorm, while Tien Pao is asleep, the sampan breaks loose from its moorings. Tien Pao is swept down the river. After a night in the raging waters, the storm abates, and Tien Pao finds himself floating in the area where his village used to be. He releases the ducklings in the river and heads for higher ground with his pig. He must travel over high mountains and through dangerous Japanese occupied territory to reach Hengyang.
As he journeys home, Tien Pao begins to starve and suffer from exhaustion. He witnesses terrifying scenes of violence. Once, he sees a plane strafe a Japanese military convoy, only to be shot down over the forest. Sitting on a big rock, Tien Pao watches the entire skirmish. He later comes upon the injured American pilot (whom he had met before during his stay at Hengyang river) and helps the man return to his unit. The American pilot is a member of the Flying Tigers, and the sixty men in the unit become the "sixty fathers" who care for Tien Pao. Tien Pao exhibits a strong will to continue to try to find his parents, an incredibly difficult task; with the help of the American pilot he finds an airfield similar to the one his parents once worked on. The pilot only wishes to show Tien Pao an airfield but Tien Pao finds his mother and is at last reunited with his family.
Awards
The novel won the annual Child Study Association of America's Children's Book Award for novels that realistically portray contemporary issues. It was also a Newbery Honor winner for 1957. Meindert DeJong was awarded the Hans Christian Andersen Award for his literary works, including The House of Sixty Fathers, in 1960.
References
1956 American novels
1956 children's books
American children's novels
Newbery Honor-winning works
Novels set in China
Novels set during World War II
Novels by Meindert DeJong
Books illustrated by Maurice Sendak
Harper & Brothers books |
5394932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllorhiza%20punctata | Phyllorhiza punctata | Phyllorhiza punctata is a species of jellyfish, also known as the floating bell, Australian spotted jellyfish, brown jellyfish or the white-spotted jellyfish. It is native to the western Pacific from Australia to Japan, but has been introduced widely elsewhere. It feeds primarily on zooplankton. P. punctata generally can reach up to in bell diameter, but in October 2007, one wide, perhaps the largest ever recorded, was found on Sunset Beach, North Carolina.
Description
True jellyfish go through a two-stage life cycle which consists of a medusa stage (adult) and a polyp stage (juvenile). In the medusa stage male jellyfish release sperm into the water column and the female jellyfish gathers the sperm into her mouth where she holds the eggs. Once fertilization occurs and larvae are formed they leave their mother and settle to the ocean floor. Once on the bottom a polyp form occurs and this form reproduces asexually by "cloning" or dividing itself into other polyps. Jellyfish can live for up to five years in the polyp stage and up to two years in the medusa stage(active).
When found in warm waters these jellyfish flourish. They are mostly euryhaline but low salinities may have a negative effect on the species. In times of low salinity these jellyfish exhibit loss of their zooxanthellae. Their dispersal patterns are locally patchy.
They have only a mild venom and are not considered a threat to humans. They have a mild or non-noticeable sting which can be cured with dilute acid. (Usually white or cider vinegar)
Ecology
The Phyllorhiza punctata is a part of the Rhizostomatidae Family and the genus Phyllorhiza.
Their venom is not potent enough to kill their prey which is why they are filter feeders.
Their main food source is zooplankton. Normally they travel in large groups, which tends to result in huge swaths of them consuming all of the zooplankton in the area. This leads to detrimental impacts for the local ecosystem in which they travel through. Since they eat all the zooplankton, there is a lack of food for the other species relying on the plankton as their food source.
Their native distribution is around Cairns, Queensland, Australia, and Thailand. Having its native habitat extend north from eastern Australia up to South East Asia. They have also been found in non-native regions such as Western Australia, United States, the Atlantic Basin, Brazil, Puerto Rico, the eastern Mediterranean, Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. The P. punctata prefer warm temperate seas and aggregate in waters near coastlines.
Their nutrition comes primarily from zooplankton. The process of consumption is by filtration. Fluid flows over clusters of mouthlets near the base of the oral arm disk in the centre of the cylinder. The feeding process is continuous since the jellyfish must be swimming in order to move the prey to different mouthlets so they can be digested.
Reproduction in P. punctata is unique. In the initial stage of life – the polyp stage – the polyp is asexual. It reproduces by multiplying itself various times; creating a larger hatch than the original the mother had created. The next stage – the medusa stage – is when the jellyfish becomes sexually reproductive. The male shoots his sperm into the water and the female collects the sperm in her mouthlets and filter them to her reproductive organs. There they grow into polyps where they are eventually dropped to the bottom of the ocean where they grow and begin to reproduce on their own.
Invasive species
The species has been found in the waters off the Hawaiian Islands since at least 1945, in the Mediterranean Sea since at least 1965, and in large numbers in the Gulf of Mexico since 2000. In the eastern Pacific, it has been sighted in the San Diego area and the Gulf of California as early as 1981. While it is not known how it was introduced to these regions, it has been theorized that budding polyps may have attached themselves to ships, or were carried in a ship's ballast tank which was subsequently dumped. As an invasive species, it has become a threat to several species of shrimp. In Gulf waters, the medusae grow to unusually large size, upwards of across.
In July 2007 smallish individuals were seen in Bogue Sound much further north along the North Carolina coast. However, their ability to consume plankton and the eggs and larvae of important fish species is cause for concern. Each jellyfish can filter as much as of seawater per day. While doing that, it ingests the plankton that native species need.
In North America and Hawaii its non-native locations are the following: Northern Gulf of Mexico, Southern California, Greater Antilles, Florida, and the Hawaiian Islands.
They are also threatening large fishing industries because of their consumption of eggs and the larvae of fish, crab and shrimp. Along with harming populations in the fisheries, they severely clog the fishnets, damage boat intakes, and ruin fishing gear. At times they cause the closure of productive areas for fishing.
References
External links
Species Profile - White Spotted Jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for White Spotted Jellyfish.
A Survey of the Relationship of the Australian Spotted Jellyfish, Phyllorhiza punctata, and OCS Platforms
White-Spotted Jellyfish, California Academy of Sciences
Mastigiidae
Articles containing video clips
Animals described in 1884 |
4000695 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikke%20Emma%20Niebuhr | Rikke Emma Niebuhr | Rikke Emma Niebuhr (born in Aarhus, Denmark) is a singer who rose to popularity as the winner of Idols Denmark 2, the Danish version of Pop Idol. Rikke won with 65% of the total vote against Louise Baltzer Jensen.
In late 2005, it was revealed that Rikke was not given the 500,000DK contract with BMG Denmark as promised with the Idols title, no official reason was ever given.
Idols Denmark 2 performances
Top 18: "There You'll Be" by Faith Hill
Top 8: "I Love You Baby"
Top 6: "Hit 'Em Up Style (Oops!)" by Blu Cantrell
Top 5: "Ain't It Funny" by Jennifer Lopez
Top 4: "Heaven" by Bryan Adams
Top 4: "What Becomes of the Broken Hearted?" by Jimmy Ruffin
Top 4: "Walking in Memphis" by Marc Cohn
Grand Final: "Get There"
Grand Final: "Holding Out for a Hero" by Bonnie Tyler
Grand Final: "There You'll Be" by Faith Hill
Discography
"Get There" – #2 Denmark
References
Idols (TV series) winners
Danish women singers
Living people
English-language singers from Denmark
Year of birth missing (living people) |
4000702 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayajirao%20Scindia | Jayajirao Scindia | Jayajirao Scindia GCB, GCSI, CIE (19 January 1834 – 20 June 1886) of the Scindia dynasty of the Marathas was the ruling Maharajah of Gwalior under the British rule.
Early life
Jayajirao was born as Bhagirath Shinde, son of Hanwant Rao on 19 January 1835. The erstwhile Maharaja of Gwalior, Jankojirao II, died in 1843 without leaving an heir leading his widow Tara Bai to adopt Bhagirath Rao. Bhagirath Shinde succeeded the Gwalior gaddi under the name of Jayajirao Sindhia on 22 February 1843. Mama Sahib, the maternal uncle of Jankojirao III, was chosen as regent.
Early reign and campaigns against the British
Dada Khasgiwale, the comptroller of the Shinde household overthrew Mama Sahib as the regent nearly leading to a civil war. The British East India Company decided to interfere by withdrawing their Resident Colonel Alexander Speirs and demanding the surrender of Dada Khasgiwale was demanded. A British force under Sir Hugh Gough moved on Gwalior, and crossed the Chambal in December 1843. On 29 December followed the simultaneous battles of Maharajpur and Panniar, in which the Gwalior army was annihilated. Khasgiwale was arrested by the British and was sent to Benares Jail where he died in 1845.
A treaty was then made, under which certain lands to the value of 1.8 million, including Chanderi District, were ceded for the upkeep of a contingent force, besides other lands for the liquidation of the expenses incurred in the war, the State army was reduced, and a Council of Regency was appointed during the minority, to act under the resident's advice.
When in 1857, the Indian rebellion against the British began, Jayajirao, whose ancestors had fought and been defeated by them, was known as a good friend of the British. However, his minister, Dinkar Rao, along with Major Chartres Macpherson, the British representative to Gwalior, convinced him to initially stay neutral and later to side with the British, despite unrest amongst his troops and his people who wanted to join the rebels.
On 1 June 1858, Jayajirao led his forces to Morar to fight a rebel army led by Tatya Tope, Rani Lakshmibai and Rao Sahib. This army had 7,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 12 guns while he had only 1,500 cavalry, his bodyguard of 600 men and 8 guns. He waited for their attack which came at 7 o'clock in the morning; in this attack the rebel cavalry took the guns and most of the Gwalior forces except the bodyguard went over to the rebels. Jayajirao and the remainder fled without stopping until they reached Agra.
Development work
In 1872, Jayajirao lent Rs. 7.5 million for the construction of the Agra-Gwalior portion of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, and a similar amount in 1873 for the Indore-Neemuch section of the Rajputana-Malwa railway. In 1882 land was ceded by the state for the Midland section of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway.
Jayaajirao constructed many new buildings like Moti Mahal, Jai Vilas Palace, Kampoo Kothi, Victoriya Building, Gorkhi Dwar Gate and Daffrine Sarai. He reconstructed the Koteshwar Mandir and constructed about 69 Shiva temples across his state. He gave Rs. 1.5 million for the reconstruction of Gwalior fort's boundary wall and the broken parts of Man Mandir, Gujri Mahal and Johar Kund. In 1886 Gwalior fort and Morar cantonment, with some other villages, which had been held by British troops since 1858, were exchanged for Jhansi city.
Honours
In 1861, Jayajirao was created a Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India. His photos appeared in the London press and was regarded as the friend of the British Empire. In 1877, he became a Counsellor of the Empress and later on a GCB and CIE.
Family
Jayajirao married Chimnabai Kadam in 1843 and Laxmibai Gujar in 1852. Balwantrao Shinde was his eldest son from Laxmibai. Jayajirao married his third wife Babuibai Sawant in 1873 and fourth wife Sakhyabai. Jayajirao and Sakhyabai had a son, his fourth but only surviving son, named Madho Rao (b. 1876) who succeeded him as ruler of Gwalior. One of his sons was Shrimant Ganpat Rao, who died in 1920.
Ganpat Rao was a famous musician who trained Jaddanbai, mother of actress Nargis.
Death
Jayajirao Scindia died in June 1886 at Jai Vilas Mahal, Gwalior.
Full name and titles
His official full name was also General His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jayaji Rao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior', GCB, GCSI, CIE
1835–1843: Shrimant Kumar Bhagirath Rao Scindia
1843–1845: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior
1845–1861: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior
1861–1866: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, KSI
1866–1877: His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, GCSI
1877–1878: General His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, GCB, GCSI
1878–1886: General His Highness Ali Jah, Umdat ul-Umara, Hisam us-Sultanat, Mukhtar ul-Mulk, Azim ul-Iqtidar, Rafi-us-Shan, Wala Shikoh, Muhtasham-i-Dauran, Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Shrimant Sir Jayajirao Scindia Bahadur, Shrinath, Mansur-i-Zaman, Fidvi-i-Hazrat-i-Malika-i-Mua'zzama-i-Rafi-ud-Darja-i-Inglistan Maharaja Scindia of Gwalior, GCB, GCSI, CIE
References
Further reading
External links
1835 births
1886 deaths
Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
Jayajirao
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
Indian knights
Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath |
5394959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LegalZoom | LegalZoom | LegalZoom.com, Inc. is an online legal technology company that helps its customers create legal documents without necessarily having to hire a lawyer. Available documents include wills and living trusts, business formation documents, copyright registrations, and trademark applications. The company also offers attorney referrals and registered agent services.
Cited as a disruption to traditional consumer legal services, the company asserts that this disruption benefits people who otherwise could not hire a lawyer by expanding their access to legal services.
History
LegalZoom was founded by Brian S. Lee, Brian Liu, Edward Hartman, and Robert Shapiro. The company began offering legal service products to the public on March 12, 2001.
LegalZoom was a nominee for the American Bar Association's 2005 Louis M. Brown Award. In 2011, Business Insider ranked LegalZoom 27th on its list of the world's most valuable startups, and in 2012, Fast Company ranked LegalZoom 26th on its list of the most innovative companies.
In September 2012, LegalZoom formed a partnership with the United Kingdom-based legal services provider QualitySolicitors, as part of which the companies jointly offer online legal services in the United Kingdom including company formations and divorce documents.
On January 6, 2014, European private capital firm Permira announced its intent to acquire $200 million in the outstanding equity of LegalZoom and become its largest shareholder pending regulatory approval. On February 14, 2014 Permira announced that the deal was complete.
In 2015, LegalZoom announced they were to make their first UK acquisition. The acquired firm was Beaumont Legal, a 200-year-old firm in Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England which describes itself as one of the largest conveyancers in the country.
In 2021, LegalZoom acquired Earth Class Mail.
Reception
Based on concerns that LegalZoom's services were a form of legal advice, the North Carolina State Bar issued a cease and desist order in 2008. After an investigation by a special referee, the court determined that LegalZoom's practices "do not constitute the unauthorized practice of law". Similar lawsuits in other states were settled or dismissed.
The September 2012 issue of Consumer Reports magazine gave mixed reviews to the computer-aided legal forms generated by LegalZoom and two of its competitors, Nolo (formerly Nolo Press) and Rocket Lawyer. The evaluation found that all three companies provided documents "for a fraction of what you'd pay a lawyer." The Consumer Reports review also said that "[u]sing any of the three services is generally better than drafting the documents yourself without legal training or not having them at all. But unless your needs are simple... none of the will-writing products is likely to entirely meet your needs." It also found in some cases, the other non-will documents weren't specific enough or contained language that could potentially lead to an unintended result.
A 2016 analysis posted on the e-commerce blogging site "Blogtrepreneur" examined some of the reviews given to LegalZoom by experts and by its customers. The analysis found that "not all of the LegalZoom reviews have been flattering," but noted that the company is accredited by the Better Business Bureau, that it has been in business since 2001, and called LegalZoom "a fairly noteworthy and respected business."
In 2015, LegalZoom and the North Carolina State Bar Association settled years of litigation by agreeing that companies like LegalZoom which offer automated legal document preparation will not violate North Carolina's prohibitions against the unauthorized practice of law if the companies register with the state and comply with certain consumer protection procedures. Following the settlement, the US Federal Trade Commission and the US Department of Justice jointly advised the North Carolina Legislature that the state should avoid placing overly broad restrictions on companies that offer computer-facilitated legal services. In discussing the potential benefits from such software and websites, the two agencies stated that "[i]nteractive software for generating legal forms may be more cost-effective for some consumers, may exert downward price pressure on licensed lawyer services, and may promote the more efficient and convenient provision of legal services. Such products may also help increase access to legal services."
References
External links
Companies based in Glendale, California
Law firms established in 2001
Internet properties established in 2001
2001 establishments in California
Online legal services
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
2021 initial public offerings
American companies established in 2001
Online companies of the United States
Legal organizations based in the United States |
5394967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllorhiza | Phyllorhiza | Phyllorhiza is a genus of jellyfish in the family Mastigiidae.
Species
The following species are recognized in the genus Phyllorhiza:
Phyllorhiza pacifica (Light, 1921)
Phyllorhiza peronlesueuri Goy, 1990
Phyllorhiza punctata Lendenfeld, 1884
References
Mastigiidae
Scyphozoan genera |
5394970 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucini%C8%99u | Bucinișu | Bucinișu (), composed of two villages, Bucinișu and Bucinișu Mic, is a small commune in Olt County in the region of southern Oltenia, Romania. It has mainly developed throughout the time on the practice of agriculture.
Its name draws its origin from a sound instrument used by the drovers that would tend their flocks of sheep in that region, an instrument called "bucium" or "bucin".
References
Communes in Olt County
Localities in Oltenia |
4000711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Marie-Esm%C3%A9ralda%20of%20Belgium | Princess Marie-Esméralda of Belgium | Princess Marie-Esméralda of Belgium, Lady Moncada (born 30 September 1956) is a member of the Belgian Royal Family. She is the half-aunt of King Philippe of Belgium and Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. Princess Marie-Esméralda is a journalist, author and documentary-maker. She is also an environmental activist and a campaigner for women’s rights and indigenous people’s rights.
Family
Princess Marie-Esméralda is the youngest child of the late Leopold III of Belgium and his second wife, Lilian Baels, Princess of Réthy. Her full siblings are the late Prince Alexandre of Belgium and Princess Marie-Christine of Belgium. Her half-siblings include the late King Baudouin of Belgium, former King Albert II of Belgium (who is also Marie-Esméralda's godfather), and the late Grand Duchess Joséphine-Charlotte of Luxembourg from her father's marriage to his first wife, Queen Astrid.
Princess Marie-Esméralda of Belgium married Sir Salvador Moncada, a Honduran-British pharmacologist, in London on 5 April 1998. They have a daughter, Alexandra Leopoldine Moncada (born in London on 4 August 1998), and a son, Leopoldo Daniel Moncada (born in London on 21 May 2001).
Career
Princess Marie-Esméralda is a journalist and author, writing under the name Esmeralda de Réthy. After studying law at the Université Saint-Louis - Bruxelles, she graduated in journalism at Université catholique de Louvain in Louvain-la-Neuve and then moved to Paris to pursue her career, working freelance for international magazines. Her book Christian Dior, the Early Years 1947-1957 focused on the career of Christian Dior and was published in 2001 by Vendome Press. Esmeralda then went on to write several books about her late father King Leopold III using archival material such as letters and photos. Her book Léopold III, mon père was published in 2001, followed in 2006 by Leopold III photographe both published by Racine. In these books she writes about her father’s expeditions, and his passion for nature, science and photography, rather than the Belgian royal family (Racine). One year later, her mother Lilian was the subject of "Lilian, une princesse entre ombres et lumière" which she co-wrote with Patrick Weber (Racine). In 2014, she wrote about her grandparents "Albert and Elisabeth" with Christophe Vachaudez. (Racine). In the same year, Esméralda published a book about female Nobel Peace Prize winners called "Femmes prix Nobel de la Paix" (Avant-Propos).
Documentaries
She has produced three documentary films directed by Nicolas Delvaulx and broadcast by the Belgian channel RTBF "Leopold III, my father", "In the footsteps of King Albert and Queen Elizabeth, my grandparents" (2014), and "Virunga" (2016).
Activism
Environmental issues
Princess Marie-Esméralda dedicates time to environmental issues. She has given many talks and written many articles as well as a book called "Terre, agissons pour la planete, il n’est pas trop tard" (Earth – Act Now to Save our Planet. It’s not too Late) which discussed the importance of protecting the environment. She has taken part in high-profile campaigns such as the Antarctica Greenpeace one in 2015. In her documentary "Virunga" with Nicolas Delvaulx in 2016, she highlights the significance of the park because of its exceptional diversity and sustainable development.
Marie-Esméralda is the President of King Leopold III Fund for Nature Exploration and Conservation since the death of her father in 1983.
Princess Marie-Esméralda was arrested in London, England on 10 October 2019 after joining an Extinction Rebellion (XR) sit-in protest at Trafalgar Square, but later released without charge. She had been demonstrating all the week, and had demonstrated with XR that April. She said "The more people from all sections of society protest, the greater the impact will be".
Women's rights
Marie-Esméralda takes part in many women's rights' conferences. In December 2013, she participated in a feminist play in Brussels called "Blessées à mort" ("Wounded to Death") written by Italian author Serena Dandini. She read a monologue on stage called "Fleur de Lotus" (Lotus Flower).
In March 2015, alongside Eve Ensler, she took part in a forum called "Jump" to promote gender equality internationally.
Indigenous people's rights
In 1989, she supported Chief Raoni’s campaign to protect the Amazonian forest with the help of internationally-renowned singer Sting. King Leopold had met Raoni in 1964.
In 2011, while Europalia Brasil was taking place, Marie-Esméralda met a delegation of Mehinako Indians.
The following year, the Mehinako Indians honoured the memory of the late King Leopold III in Xingu Park in a special ceremony. The only white people who have been recognised in the past along with their ancestors are the Vilas Boas brothers– founders of Xingu Park.
In December 2015 at the Cop21 in Paris, Marie-Esméralda met members of the Kichwa tribe from Sarayaku in Ecuador. The Leopold III Fund has financed one of their projects.
In July 2016, the princess visited the tribal group Xerente at Porteira in Brazil. She received a special welcome during a traditional ceremony.
In Brasilia, she officially opened an exhibition of her father's photographs. She gave a speech highlighting the importance of protecting and promoting indigenous rights in the presence of the famous Indian Chief Alvaro Tukano.
In December 2016, at the COP22 in Marrakesh, she took part in some events organised by the WECAN International Association. Their aim is to support indigenous women who are protecting the environment.
In September 2017, Marie-Esméralda became the Patron of the Campaign for the Amazonian Forest launched by the Association Movement Actions across the World.
Health-related issues
She is also a Patron of The Princess Lilian Foundation which was established in 1958 by her late mother. Its initial objective was to send Belgian children to the United States if they had a serious heart condition and needed surgery. In the seventies, the foundation focused on organising high-level scientific meetings. Since the death of Princess Lilian, the foundation has created a visiting Professorship.
In 2008, she spoke at a conference on mental health and well-being at the European community in Brussels.
Maria-Esmeralda is the Honorary President of Care Belgium. She was the Honorary President of Delphus until 2017, an association offering autistic children a week of assisted therapy with dolphins every year.
Author
Christian Dior, the early years 1947-1957. Vendome Press, New York, 2001.
Léopold III, mon père. Editions Racine, 2001.
Léopold III photographe. Editions Racine, 2006.
Terre. Editions Racine, 2011.
With Patrick Weber. Lilian, une princesse entre ombre et lumière. Editions Racine, 2012.
With Christophe Vachaudez. Albert et Elisabeth. Editions Racine, 2014.
Femmes prix Nobel de la Paix. Editions Avant-Propos, 2014.
Filmography
Léopold III mon père. 90 minute documentary by Nicolas Delvaulx for RTBF.
Sur les pas du roi Albert Ier et de la reine Elisabeth mes grands-parents (2014) 140 minute documentary by Nicolas Delvaulx for RTBF.
Virunga, de l’espoir pour tout un peuple by Nicolas Delvaulx.
Ancestry
References
Belgian princesses
1956 births
Living people
Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
House of Belgium
Writers from Brussels
People from Laeken
Belgian journalists
Belgian women journalists
Daughters of kings
Nobility from Brussels
Wives of knights |
4000726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Coleman | Elizabeth Coleman | Elizabeth Coleman (born 1937) was the ninth president of Bennington College from 1987 to 2013. Coleman also served as the founding Dean of College of Arts and Sciences at The New School for Social Research.
Education
Coleman graduated with honors from the University of Chicago, where she was a Ford Foundation Scholar, and completed her master's degree in English and American Literature at Cornell University, where she was a Woodrow Wilson Fellow. She received her Ph.D. with distinction at Columbia University, where she was a Woodbridge and President's Fellow.
Career
Coleman began her career as a professor at Stony Brook University. She then founded the College of Arts and Sciences at The New School for Social Research, where she served as dean. She was appointed president of Bennington College in 1987, and served until her retirement in 2013. She was succeeded by Mariko Silver, a former administrator at Arizona State University and United States Department of Homeland Security official.
Personal life
Coleman is the mother of David Coleman, a businessman and current president of the College Board.
References
External links
TED talk (video)
Columbia University alumni
Cornell University alumni
University of Chicago alumni
Living people
1931 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
Presidents of Bennington College |
4000738 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Chittering%2C%20Western%20Australia | Lower Chittering, Western Australia | Lower Chittering is a locality in the Shire of Chittering within part of the Chittering Valley. The Chittering Valley is well known for its abundance of wild flowers and beautiful green rolling hills. At the 2006 census, Lower Chittering had a population of 1,395.
Lower Chittering consists largely of rural and rural residential properties. A local developer is developing a parcel called Chittering Retreat into 45 rural residential lots. This development is mainly on cleared land although many mature trees exist on the gently undulating landform. Natural fresh water springs are not very common in the area however Chittering Retreat has a substantial fresh water spring.
Developments such as Chittering Retreat help provide important infrastructure to the area such as the upgrading of Morley Road, Lower Chittering and undergrounding of some power services.
There is also a Catholic school in Lower Chittering, called Immaculate Heart College.
References
Towns in Western Australia |
4000740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20%28disambiguation%29 | Timeline (disambiguation) | A timeline is a graphical representation of a chronological sequence of events.
Timeline or time line may also refer to:
Computing and technology
TimeLine, project management software marketed by Symantec
Timeline, a social media profile format
Arts and media
Films
Timeline (2003 film), a film based on Michael Crichton's eponymous 1999 novel
Timeline (2014 film), a romantic-comedy-drama Thai film
Games
Time Line (2002), a boardgame containing time travel elements, designed by Lloyd Krassner for Warp Spawn Games
Timeline (video game), a 2000 video game published by Eidos Interactive and based on the eponymous 1999 Michael Crichton novel
Timeline (1985), a two-player chess variant designed by George Marino for Geo Games
TimeLine (2003), 54-card boardgame designed by James Ernest for Cheapass Games
Music
Time Line (AD album), 1984
Time Lines, a 2005 album by Andrew Hill
Time-Line, a 1983 album by Renaissance
Timeline (Ayreon album), 2008
Timeline (Richard Marx album), 2000
Time Line (Ralph Towner album), 2005
Timeline (The Vision Bleak album), 2016
Timeline (Yellowjackets album), 2011
Timeline, a member of the electro funk music group, Underground Resistance
Television
Timeline (TV series), a 1989 educational PBS TV show
Timeline, a BBC Two Scotland TV programme, the successor to Scotland 2016
Timeline, a 2014 gameshow hosted by Brian Conley
The Timeline, a documentary series developed by NFL Films
Other uses in arts and media
Timeline (novel), a 1999 science fiction novel by Michael Crichton
Transformers: Timelines, a collectible set of toys and fiction by Hasbro
See also
Alternate history
Chronology
List of games containing time travel
List of timelines
Timecode
Timestream
Timetable (disambiguation) |
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