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4000027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sridharan%20Sriram | Sridharan Sriram | Sridharan Sriram (; born 21 February 1976) is an Indian cricket coach and former cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm orthodox spin bowler. He played in the Indian Cricket League and the Indian Premier League. He was also appointed as a coach for the Indian cricket team during the 2021 ICC World Test Championship Final.
Playing career
Sriram started his cricketing career as a left-arm spinner and took 29 wickets on India's Under-19 tour of South Africa in the 1992–93 season. However, playing for Tamil Nadu, it was his batting which brought him wider recognition. His most prolific season was in 1999-2000 when he scored 1075 runs in the Ranji Trophy including 5 centuries, and was named as an Indian Cricket Cricketer of the Year. Sriram was selected in 2000 for the first intake of the National Cricket Academy in Bangalore.
His consistent domestic form resulted in a call-up to the India national cricket team, and he made his One Day International debut against South Africa at Nagpur on 19 March 2000. However, a string of low scores meant that he lost his place in the squad after 6 matches.
Sriram continued to score heavily in domestic cricket for Tamil Nadu, and he earned a second chance with the national team for the tour of Bangladesh in 2004-05. He played in the first 2 ODIs, taking 3 wickets in the first, and scoring 57 in a losing cause in the second. However, this was to be his last match for India.
He moved from Tamil Nadu to Maharashtra in 2006. Sriram has also played as an overseas player for the Scottish Saltires in English domestic cricket in 2004, and has been regularly selected for the South Zone cricket team in the Duleep Trophy. He currently plays for Goa.
In 2007, Sriram decided to sign with the Indian Cricket League.
Although he quit Indian Cricket League in 2009 and accepted amnesty offer from BCCI to be back into the reckoning for selection at international level.
Coaching career
He worked with the Australia A squad that toured India in 2015. He was also named as a coaching consultant for the Australian cricket team during the Test series in Bangladesh in 2015. He also accompanied the Australian cricket team during the 2019 Ashes.
In 2019, he was appointed as the batting and spin bowling coach of Royal Challengers Bangalore.
He also was a spin bowling coach for Australia which hosted India for 4 match test series in 2018
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
India One Day International cricketers
South Zone cricketers
Maharashtra cricketers
Tamil Nadu cricketers
Scotland cricketers
Himachal Pradesh cricketers
Goa cricketers
Assam cricketers
Delhi Capitals cricketers
Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers
Chennai Superstars cricketers
ICL India XI cricketers
Ahmedabad Rockets cricketers
Tamil sportspeople
Indian cricket coaches |
4000032 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Resurrection%20%28Theatre%20of%20Ice%20album%29 | The Resurrection (Theatre of Ice album) | The Resurrection is the fifth album by the American deathrock band, Theatre of Ice.
Background
With Dale Garrard, John and Brent Johnson all playing guitar as well as other instruments the album took on a very dark, heavy, near metal sound; this was not seen initially as a positive direction for the band by their label who wanted them to stick closer to the sound of their previous two albums, which had become the biggest commercial successes Demented Mind Mill Records had. The label soon changed its mind when promotional versions of "Gone With The Worms", and "Tomorrow Never Comes", the first two songs released for the new album, received very favorable responses from radio stations across Europe.
The Resurrection was the first album the band did not attempt to record entirely at some remote “haunted” location. No haunted houses, and with the exception of 2 songs, no cemeteries. It is not completely known chronologically which songs were recorded first – so it is not known whether the events that occurred when recording "She Sleeps" and "Holy Holy Cry" led to the decision to end the "haunted location recording sessions" or not. What is well documented is that the band chose a small unused and seldom cared for cemetery to record these two previously mentioned dark and moody pieces. During the play-back of "Holy Holy Cry" it is reported by all who were present that something could be heard rapidly moving through the grass, weeds, and bushes toward the grave where the band had set up to record. The sound was almost like that of galloping beast, it is said. Suddenly an invisible force burst out of the darkness and fell upon all who were there – and then left just as suddenly. It is widely held that this event led to John Johnson leaving the band upon completion of the album.
Recording completed just before Christmas 1985 and the album was set to be released in early 1986. Despite their commitment to never play live again, at the conclusion of the recording process the band played an impromptu concert in the isolated mountain town of Payson, Arizona. Live versions of the previously released "Funeral Games" and the newly penned "Santa Claws" (written 30 minutes before they took the stage) were included on The Resurrection in an attempt to end the rumors that the band had indeed committed suicide 6 months earlier in the "Mouse Blood Fire", a rumor that had continued to grow despite the announced release of a newly recorded album.
The Resurrection proved, however, to be the death knell for Demented Mind Mill Records. Although another critical success for the band it sold very poorly. It is debatable whether its poor sales led to the closing of the Demented Mind Mill or whether the impending bankruptcy of the Demented Mind Mill led to the albums poor sales. To this date it is unknown how many actual copies were pressed or sold, the album is almost impossible to find and rarely comes up for sale on any of the internet auction sites.
Musicians
Brent Johnson – Vocals, Guitars, Effects, Drums
John Johnson – Guitar, Synthesizer, Keyboards, Percussion
Dale Garrard – Guitars, Vocals, Ice
Track listing
Gone With The Worms
She Sleeps
Somewhere Anywhere
Livin in Fiction
Beneath the Stones
Relentless
Dark Haired Lady
Of Blood and Ice
You Don't Know What You're Doin
Funeral Games (live)
Tomorrow Never Comes
Resurrect
...and the Buzzards Shall Feast
In the Coming Years
Holy Holy Cry
Hungry For Ruin
Santa Claws (live)
Reviews
OPtion Magazine, Los Angeles – The experimental underground meets death rock and the results are, alternately, genuinely menacing, tongue in cheek, eerie, and oddball. The sound quality could be (much) better, but besides that, this is an engaging view of life – looking out from the crypt. –Bob Morris.
Sporadic Droolings – Shiver me timbers! They're branching out to say the least. "Gone With The Worms" glimpses at a surf or spy theme interplayed with Theatre of Ice's twisted imbalance. "Dark Haired Lady" slides into the scheme of things as a love song – no gloom but plenty of electricity nonetheless. They pull ot off alright. "You Don't Know What You're Doin" is about as funky as TOI ever have gotten. Who actually rendered themselves a fountain of disinformation by saying that TOI was a horror experimental band and nothing more? The live cut had me yearning to witness the full experience. Hopefully that won't be the last live performance for the band as was stated in the lyric booklet. The distortion-laden gitz that comprised only a minimal area of the style has now been bolstered, boosting the overall impact. It suits the acidic keyboards and tape manipulations just fine. Theatre of Ice are simply the last word in horror-leaning sounds. Nobody comes near their competence. And innovation is merely one facet of the TOI experience. Try this experience if you haven't already. Disappointment won't exist as far as the listener is concerned.
References
1986 albums
Demented Mind Mill Records albums
Theatre of Ice albums |
5393735 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Jos%C3%A9%20del%20Valle | San José del Valle | San José del Valle is a municipality located in the province of Cádiz, southern Spain.
References
External links
San José del Valle - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz |
5393740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violine | Violine | Violine is a French comic book series, as well as the name of its main character, created by Didier "Tronchet" Vasseur and Fabrice Tarrin, for the Spirou and Casterman magazines.
Synopsis
Violine is a young girl with a special power: a stare from her large violet eyes allows her to read one's thoughts and intentions. She lives in a mansion with her wealthy and domineering mother, who is somehow immune to this power. Her mother claims that Violine's father has died when she was three, but after finding evidence to the contrary, Violine embarks to Africa as a stowaway in search for him.
Published volumes
Les Yeux de la tête (2001) – story by Tronchet and Fabrice Tarrin, art and coloring by Fabrice Tarrin
Le Mauvais œil (2002) – story by Tronchet and Fabrice Tarrin, art by Fabrice Tarrin, coloring by Audre Jardel
Le bras de fer (2006) – story by Tronchet and Fabrice Tarrin, art by Fabrice Tarrin and Jean-Marc Krings, coloring by Cyril Lieron
La caverne de l'oubli (2006) – story by Tronchet, art by Jean-Marc Krings, coloring by Cyril Lieron
La Maison piège (2007) – story by Tronchet, art by Jean-Marc Krings, coloring by Cyril Lieron
External links
Official site
French comic strips
2001 comics debuts
French comics characters
Fictional French people
Child characters in comics
Comics about women
Dupuis titles
Comics characters introduced in 2001
Adventure comics |
5393751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acme%20Boots | Acme Boots | Acme Boots was the name of a company that produced boots. It eventually just became a brand name, and was last owned by H.H. Brown, until it was placed under their Double-H Boots brand label.
History
During the Great Depression, two Chicago shoe manufacturers, Jessel Cohn and his son, Sidney, decided to move their children's and infants' shoemaking plant from Chicago, Illinois to Clarksville, Tennessee. They set up their business in a two-story brick building on Crossland Avenue and called it the Acme Shoe Manufacturing Company. They hired 100 employees and began producing sandal-like footwear for children and infants under the name Just-Kids. The Cohns continued their children's business until 1935, when the senior Cohn returned home from a business trip to Texas. Shortly after, the Cohns dropped their children's footwear line in favor of making western boots and renamed the company Acme Boots. In the 1940s, Acme Boots became the largest maker of cowboy boots and remained the world's largest until the mid-1980s.
Acme Boots has since been held by various corporations, including Arena Brands of Dallas, Texas, which licensed the Acme Brand to the Texas Boot Company of Lebanon, Tennessee, in 2000. In 2002, Texas Boot put the Acme Boot brand up for sale, where it was purchased by H.H. Brown, a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway, and placed under the Double-H Boots brand label, where it remains today.
References
External links
H. H. Brown Corporate Division website
Shoe companies of the United States
Clothing companies established in 1929
Companies based in Chicago
Berkshire Hathaway |
4000034 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirotaka%20Yokoi | Hirotaka Yokoi | (born June 8, 1978) is a Japanese former mixed martial artist and professional wrestler. A professional MMA competitor from 2000 until 2007, Yokoi fought for PRIDE, Shooto, RINGS, and DEEP, while in professional wrestling he wrestled mainly for Pro Wrestling Zero1.
Mixed martial arts career
Yokoi originally started training in Judo in high school, but he was more interested in Universal Wrestling Federation and its offshoots. He participated at a Shooto mixed martial arts tournament during his stay at the Kinki University, and later moved to Fighting Network RINGS. Yokoi gained the nickname "Kaibutsu-kun" (meaning "Monster-kun") for his physical resemblance to the title character from the 1980s anime series Kaibutsu-kun.
Fighting Network RINGS
Yokoi made his professional debut in 2000 and won his first eight fights, mostly fighting in the RINGS organization before moving to compete in PRIDE. After RINGS's demise, he followed fellow judoka Tsuyoshi Kohsaka and joined his Alliance team.
PRIDE Fighting Championships
Yokoi made his debut for the organization on November 24, 2002 at Pride 23 against Dutch kickboxer Jerrel Venetiaan, winning in the third round via armbar submission.
After picking up a TKO win over Wilson Gouveia, the undefeated Yokoi fought former Pride Heavyweight Champion Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira in the opening round of the Pride Total Elimination 2004 tournament. Yokoi performed unexpectedly well, taking Nogueira down repeatedly with judo throws and pulling out reversals and occasional ground and pound on the Brazilian jiu-jitsu expert, but he ultimately fell to an anaconda choke in the second round for the first loss of his career.
At PRIDE 28, Yokoi faced Heath Herring, but he was soon overwhelmed with a right hook and multiple knees, including illegal strikes to the back to the head that granted Herring a warning. He eventually lost the fight by TKO in the same way. Yokoi looked to make up for his defeat at the next event by taking on Mario Sperry, Brazilian jiu-jitsu world champion and Nogueira's trainer, but after an uneventful round of clinch striking Yokoi was again downed and hit with knees and soccer kicks for the TKO.
Yokoi's final fight in PRIDE was at PRIDE 30, where he faced Quinton "Rampage" Jackson. Yokoi showed himself active again, gaining dominant position with an early omoplata sweep, but Jackson used his superior strength to reverse him and threw heavy punches and kicks until the referee stopped the match.
Post-PRIDE
Yokoi bounced back with a win via rear-naked choke submission win a year after last fight and then fought again a year later in Finland, losing via TKO. With a career record of 11-5, having won only one of his last six fights, Yokoi retired.
Professional wrestling career
Pro Wrestling Zero1 (2002–2007)
Yokoi joined Pro Wrestling Zero1 in May 2002. He started teaming up with other shoot-style wrestlers, namely Wataru Sakata, Yuki Ishikawa and Yoshiaki Fujiwara, and also enjoyed significant wins in the Fire Festival, beating Kohei Sato and Tetsuhiro Kuroda. He spent the rest of the year in random tag team matches, as well as losing efforts to Shinjiro Otani and Kazuhiko Ogasawara. Eventually, he formed a tag team with Kohei Sato in midst of the feud between the native wrestlers and Steve Corino's American faction, and they challenged Corino and CW Anderson for the NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship in two separate occasions, though coming short in both.
Around the same time, in which their team was named as Rowdy, they started appearing in All Japan Pro Wrestling as Zero-One representatives. Sato and Yokoi put their eyes in the All Asia Tag Team Championship, taking part in a special league for the vacated title. Rowdy was successful, winning the belts against Turmeric Storm (Kazushi Miyamoto and Tomoaki Honma) in July 2003. They retained the title against challengers like King Adamo and King Joe and Nobukazu Hirai and Shigeo Okumura, but ended up losing it in October to the Zero-One team of Kintaro Kanemura and Tetsuhiro Kuroda.
After the All Japan affair, Yokoi diversified to his singles career aside from Rowdy, and challenged The Predator for the Zero-One United States Heavyweight Championship and Masato Tanaka for the NWA United National Heavyweight Championship. He and Sato also challenged for the NWA tag team titles several times, but they failed. From 2004 to 2006, Yokoi competed sporadically in Hustle as a member of the babyface Hustle Army, teaming up with "Hustle K" Toshiaki Kawada, while trying luck in Zero-One's Fire Festival tournaments and keeping his team with Kohei Sato. He was released from Zero-One in February 2007, leaving pro wrestling altogether.
Championship and accomplishments
All Japan Pro Wrestling
All Asia Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Kohei Sato
All Asia Tag Team Title League (2003) - with Kohei Sato
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–5
| Mikko Rupponen
| TKO (strikes)
| Fight Festival 21
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:51
| Finland
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–4
| Andre Fyeet
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| World Pro Fighting Championships 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:11
| Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–4
| Quinton Jackson
| TKO (punches and stomps)
| PRIDE 30
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:05
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–3
| Mario Sperry
| TKO (knees)
| PRIDE 29
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 9:08
| Saitama, Japan
|Return to Light Heavyweight.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–2
| Heath Herring
| TKO (knees)
| PRIDE 28
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:55
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–1
| Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira
| Submission (anaconda choke)
| PRIDE Total Elimination 2004
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:25
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–0
| Wilson Gouveia
| TKO (punches)
| HOOKnSHOOT: Absolute Fighting Championships 2
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 2:26
| Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–0
| Jerrel Venetiaan
| Submission (armbar)
| PRIDE 23
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:29
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–0
| Bulldozer George
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UFO: Legend
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:47
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–0
| Memo Diaz
| Decision (unanimous)
| DEEP: 4th Impact
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–0
| Katsuhisa Fujii
| Decision (unanimous)
| RINGS: World Title Series Grand Final
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–0
| Kestutis Smirnovas
| Decision
| RINGS Lithuania: Bushido RINGS 3
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Lithuania
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–0
| Ken Orihashi
| TKO (lost points)
| RINGS: World Title Series 4
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:14
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Masaya Kojima
| Submission (armlock)
| RINGS: Battle Genesis Vol. 8
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:12
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Ricardo Fyeet
| Submission (armbar)
| RINGS: 10th Anniversary
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:34
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Masaya Inoue
| Decision (majority)
| Shooto: R.E.A.D. 8
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Osaka, Japan
|Light Heavyweight bout.
Submission grappling record
KO PUNCHES
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Method
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Event
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Time
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|-
|Draw|| Koshi Matsumoto || Draw || Quintet Fight Night 2 || February 3, 2019 || 1|| 10:00||
|-
References
External links
PRIDE profile
Official blog
ZERO1 USA English language website
ZERO1 Japanese language website
Living people
1978 births
Japanese male mixed martial artists
Heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Japanese male judoka
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Sportspeople from Hokkaido
People from Iwamizawa, Hokkaido |
5393755 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronverkskoye%20Municipal%20Okrug | Kronverkskoye Municipal Okrug | Kronverkskoye Municipal Okrug () is a municipal okrug of Petrogradsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia. Population:
The okrug borders Bolshoy Avenue in the north, Kamenny Island Avenue in the east, the Neva River in the south, and Vvdenskaya Street and Kronverksky Avenue in the west.
Places of interest include the Peter and Paul Fortress, Leningrad Zoo, and the Artillery Museum.
References
Petrogradsky District |
4000037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After%20Innocence | After Innocence | After Innocence is a 2005 American documentary film about men who were exonerated from death row by DNA evidence. Directed by Jessica Sanders, the film took the Special Jury Prize at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival.
The featured exonerees are Dennis Maher; Calvin Willis; Scott Hornoff; Wilton Dedge; Vincent Moto; Nick Yarris; Ronald Cotton; and Herman Atkins. Also featured are Barry Scheck and Peter Neufeld of the Innocence Project and Lola Vollen of the Life After Exoneration Program.
Awards
Sundance Film Festival—Special Jury Prize; Grand Jury Prize (nominated)
Seattle International Film Festival—Women in Cinema Lena Sharpe Award
Newport Beach Film Festival—Special Jury Prize
Independent Film Festival of Boston—Audience Award
Full Frame Documentary Film Festival—Content + Intent = Change Award
Nantucket Film Festival—Best Storytelling In A Documentary
See also
List of wrongful convictions in the United States
Innocence Project
List of miscarriage of justice cases
Race in the United States criminal justice system
Capital punishment in the United States
Innocent prisoner's dilemma
Miscarriage of justice
False confession
Overturned convictions in the United States
Capital punishment debate in the United States
List of exonerated death row inmates
References
External links
Homepage
After Innocence at Working Films
"For the Wrongly Convicted, New Trials Once the Cell Opens", The New York Times, January 25, 2005. (PDF link)
2005 films
American films
American documentary films
Films scored by Charles Bernstein
Sundance Film Festival award winners
Documentary films about capital punishment in the United States
2005 documentary films
Wrongful convictions |
5393765 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amvrosiivka | Amvrosiivka | Amvrosiivka or Amvrosievka (, ; ) is a city and the administrative center of the Amvrosiivka Raion in the de facto Donetsk People's Republic; de jure Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. Its population is approximately .
History
It was first founded in 1869 as a train station settlement on the Kursk-Kharkiv-Azov Railway, and it received city status in 1938. Since 1896, a cement factory is located within the city, and cement production has been the dominant industry of the city. Also located within the city is a history museum, industrial technical school, 6 schools, 11 libraries, 9 hospitals, a pharmacy, a movie theater, a club, and a sport stadium.
The city's population peaked at about 24,406 in 1979.
On July 15, 2014, two Ukrainian soldiers were killed and eight wounded when Amvrosiivka was hit by several "Grad" rockets.
Climate
Demographics
Native language as of the Ukrainian Census of 2001:
Russian 71.3%
Ukrainian 27.9%
Armenian 0.3%
References
External links
Cities in Donetsk Oblast
Amvrosiivka Raion
Donetsk People's Republic
Don Host Oblast
Populated places established in 1869
Cities of district significance in Ukraine
Populated places established in the Russian Empire
1869 establishments in the Russian Empire |
5393770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Zupcic | Bob Zupcic | Robert Zupcic (born August 18, 1966) is a former professional baseball outfielder. He played four seasons in Major League Baseball for the Boston Red Sox (1991–94) and Chicago White Sox (1994). He batted and threw right-handed.
In his career, Zupcic posted a .250 batting average with seven home run and 80 runs batted in in 319 games played. Despite only hitting seven home runs in his career, Zupcic's greatest accomplishment may have been hitting two grand slams during his rookie season of 1992. As of 2011, the only other Red Sox players to have accomplished this feat are Ellis Burks and Ryan Kalish (in 1987 and 2010 respectively).
Career
Pre-professional
Zupcic attended Bishop Egan (now Conwell-Egan) High School in Fairless Hills, Pennsylvania and Oral Roberts University. In 1985, Zupcic was awarded Baseball America's Summer Player of the Year Award after playing for the Liberal BeeJays in the Jayhawk League, a summer collegiate league in Kansas and Missouri.
Major League Baseball
The Boston Red Sox selected Zupcic in the first round of the 1987 amateur draft (32nd pick overall). Over the next few years, Zupcic slowly made his way up the ranks of the Red Sox farm system, with stops at Elmira, Lynchburg, New Britain, and Pawtucket.
In 1991, Zupcic was a late season callup for the Red Sox. He made his major league debut at Fenway Park on September 7, 1991, as a pinch runner and defensive replacement in a win against the Seattle Mariners. Two weeks later, he hit his first home run, against the New York Yankees. Zupcic wore #16 during this stint.
In 1992, under new Red Sox manager Butch Hobson, Zupcic made the team in spring training. For the rest of his Boston career he would wear #28. Injuries to starting outfielders Burks, Mike Greenwell, and other key players resulted in the Red Sox finishing in last place in the AL East. However, it did give Zupcic the opportunity to start regularly. He made the most of the chance, hitting .276, and started at all three outfield positions, collecting 11 outfield assists in 124 games.
Zupcic's defensive abilities caught the attention of longtime Boston Globe sportswriter Bob Ryan. On September 13, 1992, Zupcic climbed the bullpen railing in center field and robbed Detroit Tigers catcher Mickey Tettleton of a home run. Ryan called the play "as good a CF grab as I've seen in 41 years of Fenway watching."
In 1993, Zupcic continued to make starts at all the outfield spots. However, he proved not to be an offensive threat, and Zupcic shared playing time with a number of other players. He finished the year at .241 with only two home runs and 26 RBI.
The next season, Zupcic could not find a spot on the team. After making just four appearances in the first month, Zupcic was placed on waivers by the Red Sox. The Chicago White Sox claimed him on May 5, 1994. Zupcic made his White Sox debut on May 14 with a pinch-hit RBI single against the Texas Rangers. Over the next couple of months, Zupcic made occasional outfield starts in place of regulars Tim Raines and Darrin Jackson. He also made his first major league appearances at first base and third base. He wore #43 that season.
Zupcic played his final game on August 4, 1994, and the Major League Baseball strike resulted in the cancellation of the remainder of the season, the playoffs, and World Series.
Later years
In 1995, Zupcic was released by the White Sox. He started the 1995 season playing with the Independent Northern League's Duluth–Superior Dukes, then moved to Triple A affiliates of the Florida Marlins and White Sox, the Charlotte Knights and the Nashville Sounds. He hit a combined .291 for the three teams with 14 home runs. In 1996, Zupcic played in 44 games with the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons, the Triple A team for the Philadelphia Phillies before playing four games with the Kansas City Royals Triple A Omaha Royals. He hit .230 for the two teams in 48 combined games with two home runs. Zupcic attended spring training with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1997 but was released before opening day.
After a brief stint in the Mexican League with the Broncos de Reynosa, Zupcic moved to the independent Northeast League in 1997, playing for and coaching the Bangor Blue Ox. Zupcic played in only 25 of the team's 83 games, batting .195 and hitting three home runs. He retired after suffering a back injury.
Personal
Zupcic is married with four children and lives in North Carolina.
He is currently working as a General Manager of a wholesale car dealership in Fort Mill, South Carolina.
References
External links
Bob Zupcic at SoSH Wiki
phillyBurbs.com: Where are they now?
1966 births
Living people
American expatriate baseball players in Mexico
American people of Croatian descent
Bangor Blue Ox players
Baseball players from Pittsburgh
Broncos de Reynosa players
Boston Red Sox players
Charlotte Knights players
Chicago White Sox players
Duluth-Superior Dukes players
Elmira Pioneers players
Lynchburg Red Sox players
Major League Baseball outfielders
Nashville Sounds players
New Britain Red Sox players
Omaha Royals players
Oral Roberts Golden Eagles baseball players
Pawtucket Red Sox players
Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Red Barons players |
5393776 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Branch%20Ashuelot%20River | South Branch Ashuelot River | The South Branch of the Ashuelot River is a river located in southwestern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Ashuelot River, itself a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound.
The South Branch begins in the town of Troy, New Hampshire, at the confluence of Rockwood Brook and Quarry Brook. The river flows in a zigzag manner northwest, then southwest, then north to the Ashuelot River in Swanzey. On the river's northwest-flowing leg, it drops rapidly as it cuts a deep, narrow valley through the highlands of Troy and Marlborough. New Hampshire Route 12 and an abandoned railroad line follow the river along this section. When the river turns southwest, the valley widens, except for a brief section where the river passes the village of East Swanzey. The final, north-flowing leg of the river is through a broad, flat intervale, where the river makes numerous tight meanders.
See also
List of rivers of New Hampshire
References
Rivers of New Hampshire
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Cheshire County, New Hampshire |
5393782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delroy%20Facey | Delroy Facey | Delroy Michael Facey (born 22 April 1980) is a British-Grenadian former professional footballer who played as a striker. Facey played for Huddersfield Town, Bolton Wanderers, Bradford City, Burnley, West Bromwich Albion, Hull City, Oldham Athletic, Tranmere Rovers, Rotherham United, Gillingham, Wycombe Wanderers, Notts County, Lincoln City, Hereford United and Albion Sports. In April 2015, Facey was jailed for two-and-a-half years for match fixing.
Football career
Huddersfield Town
Born in Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England, Facey began his career at Huddersfield Town, joined as an apprentice in April 1996 and turning professional in May 1997. He went on to become a first team regular, playing over fifty league games and getting fifteen goals. Facey broke into the first team during the 1998–99 season after beginning his career as a trainee with his hometown club. He made most of his appearances from the bench for the first team until Lou Macari handed him his chance in December 2000. He earned an extended run in the side and scored 10 goals in 21 full starts and one as a substitute to finish the 2000–01 campaign as joint top-scorer alongside Kevin Gallen. Facey went on to make an extra 15 league appearances for Huddersfield in the 2001–02 season, before leaving the club to join Premier League side Bolton Wanderers.
Bolton Wanderers
On 19 June 2002, Facey agreed a two-year contract to join Bolton Wanderers. As Facey was under the age of 24, then, under the Bosman ruling, Huddersfield were entitled to compensation for him; a tribunal held on 15 August 2002 decided that Bolton Wanderers should pay an initial £100,000 for Facey plus £50,000 for every five games, up to a maximum of 25 games, that he played for the club with the club also receiving a sell on clause of 15% of any fee that Bolton could receive for him.
After playing him in ten matches in the Premier League for Bolton (scoring twice), Allardyce decided that the young centre-forward was not yet ready for first team football and so sent him out on loan to Bradford City (where he scored on his debut against Wimbledon) and then Burnley during the 2002–03 season. Whilst on loan at these two clubs he exhibited his strength and speed, grabbing six goals and managing to score a hat-trick in a 3–1 home win for Burnley against Walsall.
West Bromwich Albion
This was not enough to convince Bolton to play Facey regularly, and so he moved to West Bromwich Albion in January 2004. Again he made only a limited impact, with only two league starts, and was released at the end of his short-term contract.
Hull City
He then signed a twelve-month contract with Hull City.
On 26 February 2005 he joined Huddersfield Town on a one-month loan deal. After a short and unspectacular spell at the Galpharm Stadium he left the club.
Oldham Athletic
On 24 March 2005 he joined Oldham Athletic, signing an 18-month deal with the club.
Tranmere Rovers
On 31 August 2005 he moved to Tranmere Rovers, agreeing a deal until the end of the 2005–06 season. In his first season at Prenton Park, Facey secured a first team slot and managed to find the scoresheet fairly regularly, scoring eight league goals.
Rotherham United
Following his release from Prenton Park at the end of the 2005–06 season, Facey signed for League One club Rotherham United. He added considerable force to his new club's attack, scoring eleven goals in 36 league appearances. He hit an excellent run of form in March 2007, scoring four goals in three matches.
Gillingham
On 20 June 2007, chairman Paul Scally confirmed that Facey had signed for Gillingham. On 27 March 2008, Facey signed on loan for Wycombe Wanderers until the end of the season. He scored against former club Bradford in the last game of the season to help them qualify for the play-offs, where his goal against Stockport County in the semi final was not enough to put them through to the final. He was transfer listed by Gillingham on 5 June 2008. Two months later his contract was terminated by mutual consent. Later the same day he left the club.
Notts County
Facey signed for Notts County of Football League Two. He made his debut for County against Bradford City, a club where he played on loan, in their 2–1 defeat on the opening day of the 2008–09 season.
In November 2009, Facey signed a loan deal with Lincoln City, scoring his first and only goal for the club against Chesterfield. The loan lasted until 2 January 2010.
In March 2010, a group of Notts County fans attempted to make the 19 March "Delroy Facey Day". However, as no request was formally submitted to Nottingham City Council or Parliament, the day has no legal standing, and cannot be declared and was not formally recognised. In 2010, he was part of the Notts County team that won the Football League Two title.
On 10 May 2010 it was announced that he had been released by Notts County along with 7 other players.
Lincoln City
In July 2010 he signed a deal with Lincoln City.
In March, he dislocated his shoulder, an injury which kept him out for the rest of the season. This injury hit Lincoln especially hard as Facey was at the time club captain and been an inspiration to the team. He had been made captain on 15 January for a match against his former club Wycombe. Lincoln lost that match, after which they were bottom of the League Two table. Facey kept the captaincy though and Lincoln went on to win eight of their next fifteen matches, leading Lincoln up to fourteenth in the table. After dislocating his shoulder in the dying minutes of a draw against Macclesfield, however, and subsequently missing the rest of the season, Lincoln's form dropped severely, earning only one point from their remaining ten fixtures, seeing them relegated on the last day of the season.
In May 2011 he was not offered a new contract after a mass clear out of players following the club's relegation from the Football League.
Hereford United
Facey signed a one-year deal with Hereford United on 17 June 2011. After Hereford's relegation, Facey was not offered a new contract.
Albion Sports
During the 2013–14 season Facey joined Non-league side Albion Sports.
International career
In 2009, Facey received a call up to play for Grenada and train with them in preparation for the 2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup. He was in line to receive his first cap in a friendly against Panama, but after Grenada's pitch was found to be unsuitable the friendly was called off. He was later named in Grenada's squad for the Gold Cup and made his international debut on 8 July in Grenada's second group match against Honduras. Facey qualifies for Grenada through his mother, who was born on the island. He was also eligible to represent Jamaica (where his father was born) and Trinidad and Tobago (where one of his grandparents was born), even earning a call up to play for the Reggae Boyz, which he could not accept due to a broken ankle. Facey added to his caps during the 2010 Digicel Caribbean Cup, scoring twice for Grenada against St. Kitts and Nevis.
Personal life
He is the older brother of Ossett Town and fellow Grenadan International striker Danny Facey.
Port Vale and Montserrat international midfielder Anthony Griffith is a cousin of Facey's.
In March 2010 he was rumoured to be involved in a stabbing in Huddersfield. After being interviewed by the police no charges were brought against him and he was released uncharged. Notts County chairman Ray Trew said it was a case of 'wrong place at the wrong time'.
In November 2013 Facey was arrested, along with five others, on suspicion of match fixing. In April 2015, Facey, with Moses Swaibu, appeared at Birmingham Crown Court in connection with a match-fixing charge. On 29 April 2015, Facey was found guilty of match fixing and jailed for two-and-a-half years.
References
External links
Profile at Yahoo! Sport
1980 births
Living people
2009 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Albion Sports A.F.C. players
Association football forwards
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Bradford City A.F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
English criminals
English Football League players
English footballers
English sportspeople of Grenadian descent
Footballers from Huddersfield
Gillingham F.C. players
Grenada international footballers
Grenadian footballers
Hereford United F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Lincoln City F.C. players
Notts County F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Premier League players
Prisoners and detainees of England and Wales
Rotherham United F.C. players
Sportspeople involved in betting scandals
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
West Bromwich Albion F.C. players
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. players |
5393790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate%20tuna | Frigate tuna | The frigate tuna, frigate mackerel or alagaduwa (Auxis thazard) is a species of tuna, in the family Scombridae, found around the world in tropical oceans. The eastern Pacific population is now regarded as a separate species by some authorities, Auxis brachydorax.
References
Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982)
frigate tuna
Pantropical fauna
frigate tuna |
5393791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapniarka | Vapniarka | Vapniarka (), also known as Vapniarca, Vapnyarka, Wapnjarka or Wapniarka, is an urban-type settlement in Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine, known since 1870 as a railroad station. Its name from the Ukrainian language translates as a lime (gypsum) settlement. Population:
During World War II, following the start of Operation Barbarossa, Vapniarka was administered by Romania. From October 22, 1941, to March 1944, it was included in the region of Transnistria and became the site for a concentration camp for members of the Romanian Jewish community. This succession of events formed a part of the Holocaust in Romania.
Today, Vapniarka serves as the final train destination for visitors traveling to villages in Tomashpilskyi and Yampilskyi Raion of Vinnytsia Oblast. From here, buses or private transportation are used to get to villages like Busha, Dzyhivka, Olhopil, Tomashpil, and Sobolivka.
World War II camp
In October 1941, the Romanians established a detention camp in Vapniarka. One thousand Jews were brought to the site that month, mostly from the city of Odessa. Some 200 died in a typhus epidemic; the others were taken out of the camp in two batches, guarded by soldiers of the Romanian Gendarmerie, and shot to death.
References
External links
Nizkor Project Tesimony of a camp inmate
Shoah Resource Center - Yad Vashem Personal artifacts from camp inmates, including Vapniarka
Local site in Ukrainian about modern Vapniarka
Urban-type settlements in Vinnytsia Oblast
Holocaust locations in Ukraine |
5393799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Swords%20Trilogy | The Swords Trilogy | The Swords Trilogy is a series of fantasy novels by Michael Moorcock about Corum Jhaelen Irsei, an aspect of the Eternal Champion. It consists of three books published in 1971: The Knight of the Swords, The Queen of the Swords, and The King of the Swords. In the UK the trilogy has been published under the titles The Swords of Corum, Corum, and most recently Corum: The Prince in the Scarlet Robe (volume 30 of Orion's Fantasy Masterworks series). The Swords Trilogy is the original title in the US where it has more recently been published as Corum: The Coming of Chaos. It is followed by a second trilogy about Corum, The Prince with the Silver Hand (US title: The Chronicles of Corum).
Plot summary
The Knight of the Swords
The Knight of the Swords is the first appearance of Corum, last survivor of the Vadhagh race. After his family is butchered by a group of Mabden (men) led by the savage Earl Glandyth-a-Krae, Corum tries to take revenge, but is captured instead; his hand is cut off and his eye put out before he escapes. He goes to Moidel's Castle, where he is taken in by a very different sort of Mabden, the Margravine Rhalina. Corum and Rhalina fall in love, but their romance is interrupted when Glandyth leads an assault on the castle. Rhalina uses sorcery (which Corum had never believed in) to summon a ship of the dead which drives off the barbarians. However the bargain required means that she must go with the ship's captain. Corum joins them and the ship takes them to the island of Shool, a near immortal and mad sorcerer who takes Rhalina hostage.
Shool trades Corum two artifacts to replace his lost hand and eye, the Hand of Kwll and the Eye of Rhynn. The Eye allows Corum to see into an undead netherworld; the Hand serves to summon the last beings killed by Corum, to fight for him. Shool explains that Corum's ill fortune has been caused by a Greater God, Arioch, one of the Sword Rulers. When Arioch and his fellow Chaos Lords conquered the Fifteen Planes, the balance between the forces of Law and Chaos tipped in favor of Chaos. Corum is sent to steal the Heart of Arioch, which will give the sorcerer power to become a great god himself. After an adventurous journey which teaches him more about the metaphysics of Chaos, Corum reaches Arioch's palace. There he finds the Heart, at which point Shool's unknowing role as an agent of Arioch is revealed. The Hand of Kwll crushes the heart, killing Arioch. Corum returns to the island to rescue Rhalina. As it turns out, Shool's powers were entirely of Arioch's gift, so he can no longer threaten Rhalina or Corum. The couple return to their home on Moidel's Mount.
The Queen of the Swords
In the planes over which she rules, Xiombarg—a Greater God and one of the Lords of Chaos, known as the "Queen of the Swords"—is winning the battle against the humanoid inhabitants. She continues the fight in Corum's plane, sending Prince Gaynor the Damned to direct the barbarian armies.
Corum, with Jhary-a-Conel and Rhalina, crosses the planes and find a world claimed by Chaos with plains of dried blood and other outlandish geography. They meet the King Without A Country, the last of his people who is seeking the City in the Pyramid. They find the city which turns out to be a floating one that originated in Corums own world - and the inhabitants are his kin. The city is under intermittent attack and for the moment its superior technology defends it. It could return to Corum's world but needs special minerals to provide sufficient energy. They are able to send Corum and his companions back to seek the minerals in his own world. There he finds the last human city under threat from a monstrous army of barbarians and chaos allies. He seeks out Gaynor and defeats him in single combat. With Gaynor banished the barbarian armies are largely leaderless but still a terrible threat. Arkyn, a lord of law, supplies the materials needed and they are sent back to Xiombarg's worlds. At the same time the barbarian armies crash against the last city standing. At the last moment the Sky city comes between the planes to help the defenders. Driven by anger Xiombarg follows the Floating city through the rift between the planes. This is in violation of the Cosmic Balance and the balance sends her back and restores Donblas, Arkyn's brother lord of law. The sky ships of the City destroy the barbarian armies with their wondrous weapons.
The King of the Swords
Corum's peace is destroyed by a great spell - the cloud of contention - that sets everyone against each other. The inhabitants of the Sky city turn on each other. The forces of Law are broken again.
Corum and his companions travel in a sky boat across the planes. Rhalina is taken by the King of Swords. In trying to get back to his own planes and time he meets two other aspects of the eternal Champion Elric and Erekose all three seeking Tanelorn. Corum and Jhary arrive at their version of Tanelorn and find one of the "Lost Gods", Kwll, imprisoned there. Corum offers Kwll back his hand, which will free him, in return for help against Mabelode. Freed, Kwll disowns any bargain - he and his brother are above all including the law of the balance - but is persuaded to help. Taking them directly to Mabelode, Kwll destroys the King of Swords and his Dukes. In the end, Kwll is reunited with Rhynn, who was the wading god all this time. Together, they have also destroyed the Lords of Law, leaving humanity to shape its own destinies.
Reception
Dave Langford reviewed The Swords Trilogy for White Dwarf #81, and stated that "Michael Moorcock's peculiar brand of sword-and-sorcery is also lightweight, but with above-normal inventiveness, a touch of surrealism, and a good line in doomed Byronic heroes".
Reviews
Review by Terry Broome (1986) in Vector 134
Review by Chris Hart (1993) in Vector 172
Review by uncredited (2002) in Vector 225
References
1971 novels
American fantasy novel series
British fantasy novel series
Fantasy novel trilogies
Michael Moorcock's Multiverse
Novels by Michael Moorcock |
5393802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Ahrens%20%28ice%20hockey%29 | Chris Ahrens (ice hockey) | Christopher Alfred Ahrens (born July 31, 1952) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman who played six seasons in the National Hockey League for the Minnesota North Stars, and four games in the WHA with the Edmonton Oilers.
Ahrens was born in San Bernardino, California, and grew up in Freeport, New York.
Playing career
Ahrens was drafted in the fifth round, 76th overall in the 1972 NHL Entry Draft by the Minnesota North Stars. Chris played the majority of his professional career in the minor leagues (AHL, CHL), interspersed with 53 games, over 6 seasons, with the North Stars, as well as 4 games with the Edmonton Oilers in the World Hockey Association.
Career statistics
External links
Ahrens at Hockeydraftcentral.com
1952 births
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Cleveland Barons (1937–1973) players
Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players
Fort Worth Texans players
Ice hockey players from California
Jacksonville Barons players
Kitchener Rangers players
Living people
Minnesota North Stars draft picks
Minnesota North Stars players
New Haven Nighthawks players
Rhode Island Reds players
Sportspeople from San Bernardino, California |
5393808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBVB | KBVB | KBVB (95.1 FM, "Bob 95 FM") is a radio station broadcasting a country format. Licensed to Barnesville, Minnesota, it serves the Fargo-Moorhead metropolitan area. It first began broadcasting in 1980 under the call sign KDLM-FM on 95.3 Detroit Lakes, Minnesota. The station is currently owned by James and Brooke Ingstad, through licensee Radio Fargo-Moorhead, Inc. All the offices and studios are located at 2720 7th Ave. South in Fargo, while its transmitter is located on U.S. Route 75 just south of Moorhead.
History
95.1 began its life around 1980 as KDLM-FM on the 95.3 frequency licensed to Detroit Lakes, Minnesota. The station was purchased from Leighton Broadcasting in 1995 by MidStates Broadcasting, a division of OtterTail Power Company. At that time the studio was moved in with new sister-stations KFGO/KFGO-FM and KVOX/KVOX-FM. KDLM moved to the 95.1 frequency and underwent a format flip to alternative rock as "95X" under the call letter KFGX. This format was relatively short lived as the station transitioned to Adult Contemporary in 1997, then mainstream rock as "Rock 95" in 1998. MidStates Broadcasting was later bought out by James Ingstad in 1999.
Clear Channel Communications bought Ingstad's Fargo stations in 2000, and debuted River 95.1 debuted with an adult contemporary format. KRVI tweaked to its current AAA format in 2003, similar to that of co-owned KTCZ "Cities 97" in Minneapolis, Minnesota. After success with the AAA format on Cities 97 in Minneapolis, Clear Channel recreated the format in Fargo and several other markets. These stations tend to draw in a large middle aged, well-educated audience which made them appealing to advertisers and profitable, despite the fact that they may not have had large overall audiences. River 95.1 also annually aired Christmas music after Thanksgiving until Christmas Day.
On September 28, 2006, KRVI and the other Clear Channel stations in Fargo were sold back to James Ingstad, who lives in Fargo. (He previously did not own KDAM, as didn't sign on until 2002.) The sale was approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on January 19, 2007.
Starting at Midnight on March 8, 2007, KRVI began stunting by repeating Tie Me Kangaroo Down, Sport by Rolf Harris continuously. On March 12, 2007, the station became KBVB "Bob 95 FM".
Bob 95 FM became an instant favorite, partially due to their early TV commercials, that often parody a popular song, such as adding words to the Chicken Dance, and at Christmas, re-writing "Jingle Bells". Their commercials also often featured the "Bob Puppets" that include a cowboy and two bobbers. There was also a "Wheels On The Bus" parody commercial for BOB 95 that had several different versions that feature groups of people from the Fargo-Moorhead area singing the jingle, including the West Fargo Fire Department. In recent years, KBVB hasn't run any local TV spots. However, the cowboy puppet (that starred in most of the ads) still serves as the station's mascot at parades and events, and also appears on one of the station vehicles.
The Spring 2010 Arbitron ratings gave KBVB an 8.4 share, making them the 3rd place radio station in the market based on AQH share behind KFGO and KQWB-FM, who had a 12.1 and a 9.6 respectively. This marks the first time BOB95 surpassed competitor Froggy 99.9 who registered a 7.9 share. Arbitron Ratings. Since then, the ratings battle between the two stations has remained competitive- with the stations often trading the crown.
In 2012, it was announced that KBVB, along with Ingstad's other Fargo stations would be sold to Midwest Communications for $25 million in a deal that took effect on May 1. A day later, Ingstad purchased crosstown rival Go Radio Fargo, including stations KVOX-FM, KPFX, KLTA, KBMW, KQWB-FM and KQWB-AM for $9.5 million. The following day, Ingstad and Midwest Communications announced that they would be trading country stations KBVB and KVOX in an even trade. That trade took effect on August 5, 2013, sending KVOX to Midwest, and KBVB back into the hands of Jim Ingstad. Despite reports that listeners would not notice changes, KVOX's morning show "Jesse, Amanda and Pike" was cancelled, along with KBVB's Lucy Black and Collin Taylor (who stayed with Midwest and went to KRWK and KVOX, respectively). "Jesse, Amanda and Pike" reappeared a few weeks later at KBVB sister station KLTA.
Over the 4th of July weekend, 2015, KBVB and parent company Radio FM Media had finished their acquisition of KSKK-FM from De La Hunt Broadcasting. The KSKK signal was moved to Frazee, Minnesota, renamed KDLB, and began simulcasting KBVB. This replaced listenership lost when 95.1 moved their signal closer to the Fargo metro when they flipped to "BOB 95". The KDLB signal competes primarily with KRCQ-FM.
On November 4, 2015, it was announced that KBVB would become the official radio station of WE Fest, which is advertised to be the "largest country and camping festival in America". The three-year deal would begin with the 2016 festival. This ended a long run of the station being "banned" from the festival and the airstaff referring to it on air as "bleep fest".
KBVB is the market affiliate for The American Country Countdown with Kix Brooks on Sunday mornings, and The Country Fried Mix on Saturday nights produced by DJ Sinister and hosted by Ian from BOB95 Nights.
HD radio
On October 15, 2014, KBVB began broadcasting in HD, making them the first commercial station in the Fargo-Moorhead market utilizing HD Radio technology. A week later on October 22, KBVB launched a Triple-A formatted HD2 sub-channel called "The Loft" with a translator on K233CY 94.5 operated from the STL relay tower outside the KBVB studio in Fargo. On October 30, the sub channel rebranded as "The City" due to a trademark claim from SiriusXM. The HD3 sub-channel simulcasted KQWB-AM, a classic country station known as "Willie @ 1660", which later became a Fox Sports Radio affiliate. The HD3 signal moved to sister station KPFX-HD3 in July 2016.
Station Staff
Chris, John, & Cori (Weekday Mornings 6am-9am)
Chris Hanson(Sat 6am-9am)
John Austin (Sun 12pm-4pm)
Natalie Nash (Mon-Sat 9am-2pm)
Jay Farley (Mon-Sat 2pm-7pm)
Ian (Mon-Fri 7pm-10pm, Sun 4pm-8pm)
Former Station Staff
Collin Taylor
Steve Bakken
Jane Alexander
Laura Kremers
Lucy Black
Blake
Mandy
Alek (Now at KASE-FM)
Megan (Now at KLTA-FM)
References
External links
Bob 95 FM
BOB 95 photos on Flickr
"Chicken Dance"
"Jingle Bob" Nov-Dec 2007
original "Wheels On The Bus" parody commercial
current "Wheels On The Bus" parody commercial
Country radio stations in the United States
Bob FM stations
Radio stations in Moorhead, Minnesota
Radio stations established in 1980
1980 establishments in Minnesota |
5393824 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taymouth%20Castle | Taymouth Castle | Taymouth Castle is situated to the north-east of the village of Kenmore, Perth and Kinross, in the Highlands of Scotland, in an estate which encompasses 450 acres. It lies on the south bank of the River Tay, about a mile from Loch Tay, in the heartland of the Grampian Mountains. Taymouth is bordered on two sides by mountain ranges, by Loch Tay on the third and by the confluence of the rivers Lyon and Tay on the fourth.
Taymouth Castle stands on the site of the much older Balloch Castle, which was built in 1552, as the seat of the Campbell clan. In the early 19th century, Balloch Castle was demolished by the Campbells of Breadalbane, so that the new, much larger castle could be rebuilt on the site. The new castle's blue-grey stone was taken from the quarry at Bolfracks.
Built in a neo-Gothic style and on a lavish scale, Taymouth Castle is regarded as the most important Scottish castle in private ownership. Its public rooms are outstanding examples of the workmanship of the finest craftsmen of the 19th century. No expense was spared on the castle's interior, which was decorated with extravagant carvings, plasterwork and murals. Panels of medieval stained glass and Renaissance woodwork were incorporated into the scheme. Much of this decor still survives.
Francis Bernasconi, acknowledged as the greatest designer of fine plasterwork of the era, created the magnificent central staircase, that connects all four storeys of the central tower. Many of the ceilings were painted by Cornelius Dixon.
The castle is a Category A listed building, and the grounds, which include parklands and woodlands, are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes, the national listing of significant gardens. Historic Environment Scotland have graded the castle as 'outstanding' in all of the following categories; 'Work of Art', 'Historical', 'Architectural' and 'Scenic'. They also acknowledged that due to the remnants of its pinetum and the outstanding size of its remaining trees, it also has horticultural value. It is said that some of the first larches brought to Scotland from the Tyrol were planted on the estate.
Twelve of Taymouth Castle's buildings/structures are currently recorded on the Buildings at Risk Register for Scotland. Due to its severely deteriorating condition, Taymouth Castle has been empty since approximately 1982. However, its new owners are currently restoring and redeveloping the castle, as a luxury hotel resort.
The castle and golf course are currently closed until further notice, whilst it is being restored and re-modelled.
Features
Estate landmarks
Among the landmarks that still survive on the 450 acre estate are:
A ruined 19th-century circular tower, known as the Rock Lodge. This is a single-storey building, built around 1830, with a two-stage circular Gothic folly. It was originally habitable, despite being built to appear as a ruin.
A derelict temple, known as Apollo's Temple. There is some evidence that this small circular building, which perhaps dates back to the 1770s, may have once housed a sculpture.
A semi-circular folly, known as The Fort.
Another temple, known as Maxwell's Temple. This temple, of an Eleanor cross type construction, was built in 1830 as a tribute to Mary, Countess of Breadalbane.
A historic dairy, standing on Tom Mor in the castle's grounds and described as the 'House that Sparkles'. It glistens 'white' due to the quartz from which it is made, taken from the spur of Ben Lawers. When Queen Victoria visited the dairy in 1842, she turned the handle of a churn, sipped a glass of milk and ate an oatmeal bannock. She described the dairy as a kind of Swiss Cottage.
A historic urn, known as The Monument.
A ruined tower.
All of the above structures are listed with Historic Environment Scotland.
Taymouth Castle Golf Club
Taymouth Castle has its own 18-hole golf course, operated by the Taymouth Castle Golf Club. The course was laid over the castle's former deer park and designed by the renowned golfer, James Braid in 1925. , the course is closed whilst it is being extended and re-modelled. At 6,066 yards, it was regarded as too small for modern championship golf courses and so is being increased to 7,039 yards. Also, much of Braid's original features disappeared over the last 90 years. These are being restored, with views of the River Tay also being introduced into the course.
In 1839, the deer park was said to contain 700 fallow deer, 100 red deer, some black deer and some moose deer. There were also some wild Indian buffaloes, taken from the 'rocky mountains of the New World'.
Fly fishing
The castle offers some of Scotland's finest fishing, with two and a half miles of salmon fishing through the estate, on the River Tay. The Tay is the longest river in Scotland and is one of the best rivers in the United Kingdom and Europe for Atlantic Salmon. The estate also has fishing rights on Loch Tay, which contains pike, perch, roach and trout.
Additional Information
The Campbells of Breadalbane and Glenorchy
The first twelve owners of the Balloch/Taymouth Castle estate, who held the lands throughout its period of private ownership between 1550 and 1922, were all Campbells of the Clan Campbell and members of the Peerage of Scotland. In the usual way, the ownership of the estate (and the various titles) were generally passed from father to son, excepting when there were no male heirs. This particular branch of the Campbell family were given the titles of Breadalbane, an area in the Highlands of Scotland; and Glenorchy, a glen in Argyll and Bute.
A number of the Campbells were Earls of Breadalbane and Holland. The family were given the lands of Breadalbane and Lawers in the 15th century by King James III, for Sir Colin Campbell's help in capturing Thomas Chalmer, one of the assassins of King James I. The title of Holland refers to an area of Lincolnshire, England. The 1st Earl of Breadalbane and Holland married the 1st Earl of Holland's daughter, Lady Mary Rich. He therefore acquired the English title of Holland, through his wife. The 1st Earl of Holland was executed in London in 1649 for treason. He was beheaded.
Sir Colin Campbell of Glenorchy, who built Balloch Castle in 1552, was a knight, the lowest rank of all of the owners of Balloch and Taymouth Castle. As time went on, his descendants' rank gradually increased, until the last Campbell listed, Sir Gavin Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane until 1922, achieved the high rank of Marquess.
The Campbells of Breadalbane were incredibly powerful and influential, due to the vast amounts of land that they owned in Scotland. They were also involved in many of the violent events and battles during Scotland's historical clan feuds. They were thus, highly feared by the other clans, for their determination to both increase their power and influence and to defend their estates at all costs, throughout this bloody period in Scotland's history. There was also a long-running feud between the Campbells and the Gregors, who later went on to become known as the MacGregors, for whom the famous Rob Roy MacGregor belonged. More information about these events are detailed in the history sections below.
The Black Book of Taymouth
In 1855, the 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane allowed historical papers from the Breadlabane Charter Room to be published in printed form in a book called The Black Book of Taymouth. This book had in fact largely been written and compiled between 1598 and 1648 by William Bowie, although Cosmo Innes also contributed to the 1855 publication, which includes entries up to 1703. The book concentrates more on the history of the Central Highlands than that of the Breadalbane family, although this is referred to in the book.
The book is written in Scots, with William Bowie dedicating his version of the book to Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy, 1st Baronet Campbell, otherwise known as 'Black Duncan'. Bowie was both the tutor to Duncan's children and the family scribe. The book has been reprinted a number of times, including in 2015.
Taymouth Castle ships
There have been at least three ships with the name Taymouth Castle. The first was a sailing vessel, built in 1851 by Scott & Sons. The second was a three-masted 'fully rigged' sailing vessel, built in 1865, by Charles Connell & Company. This was wrecked two years later, with the loss of all 19 crew and passengers on board, off the coast of Torr Head, Antrim, Northern Ireland in 1867. There was also the Royal Mail steam ship Taymouth Castle, built in 1877 by Messrs Barclay Curle & Co. Despite having steam engines and a screw propeller, it also had two masts, giving it an early hybrid power source.
Witches and Ghosts
There is an old tale surrounding a blue sapphire stone which is set into a ring belonging to the Grahams of Inchbrakie, Perthshire. Some time in the 17th century, the Laird of Inchbrakie witnessed a large crowd, headed by one of the Campbells of Glenorchy, who were preparing to drown a witch. The Laird recognised the victim as being Katherine Niven, his old nurse and subsequently did his best to try and save her. He was unsuccessful, but she was still grateful enough to throw him a blue sapphire stone for his efforts. She said that whilst the stone remained with him, he would always have good fortune and that the Campbells would not have a male heir. Both prophecies were said to have come true. If there is any element of truth in this tale, then it would seem that the Campbell who was leading the witch-hunt may have been Sir Colin Campbell, 2nd Baronet, who died childless in 1640.
Taymouth Castle is said to be haunted.
Taymouth Castle History
The landowners of Taymouth Castle, together with dates of ownership and significant events are shown here. Details of Balloch Castle and its ancestral owners, which was demolished in 1806 and replaced by Taymouth Castle are shown further down.
John Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane (1782 – 1834)
John Campbell inherited the title of 4th Earl of Breadalbane and Holland at the age of 19, from his third cousin, who was John Campbell, 3rd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland. In 1789, he called upon Robert Mylne to prepare plans for a new "chateau", although these plans were never carried out. It is said that he wanted to demolish Balloch Castle and build a new grander castle in its place, in order to overshadow the Duke of Argyll's castle at Inveraray.
However, ten years later, he did completely transform the castle, using many architects, including Alexander Nasmyth. The main block of the old house was demolished, to be replaced from 1806, by a Gothic building, to the designs of the brothers James and Archibald Elliot. The English-Italian Francis Bernasconi carried out the ornate plasterwork of the staircase and drawing rooms between 1809 and 1812. In 1818, the old east wing was pulled down and replaced by a two-storey wing designed by William Atkinson.
In 1793, John Campbell formed three regiments of fencibles, known as the Breadalbane Fencibles to help defend the land in time of need. He managed to raise 2,300 men, of whom 1,600 were from his own estate. At one time, the castle also had its own fire brigade.
In 1819, Prince Leopold, the future king of Belgium visited the castle and was welcomed by more than 2,000 Highlanders. A royal salute was fired from the battery and the pipers were playing 'Phaill Phranse', the Prince's Welcome. During his stay, the Marquess assembled 1,400 of his tenants and held a grand gala, with entertainment and 'copious libations of porter and whiskey'.
In 1823, J.C. Loudon described Taymouth as the 'most magnificent residence in the country ... The mountain, lawn and banks of the waters, are richly clothed with wood, through which are led magnificent walks. Of trees, the lime and larches have attained to a great size, and there is an avenue of the former 450 yards in length, scarcely equalled anywhere.'
The 4th Earl, was created 1st Marquess of Breadalbane in 1831, but died in 1834. He was described as having unostentatious habits, devoting much of his time to the improvement of his 'princely' estates.
John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane (1834 – 1862)
John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane inherited the estate, on the death of his father in 1834. During his lifetime he was Lord Glenorchy, Earl of Ormerlie and an MP for both Okehampton and Perthshire. He also became a Knight of the Thistle, a Knight of the Black Eagle of Prussia, Lord Lieutenant of Argyllshire, and President of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. Records show that as well as his estates in Scotland, he owned Breadalbane House in Park Lane, London.
The 2nd Marquess continued with the improvements to the castle by the remodelling of William Adam's West Wing, which was enlarged and refaced to match the main block. This time, the architect was James Gillespie Graham, with interiors designed by A. W. N. Pugin. The ceilings of the West Wing are described by Historic Scotland as the "finest of their period in the UK". It took an Italian painter nearly ten years to paint the ceilings with the various coats of arms of the Breadalbane family and their flags. He painted them lying on his back in rope slings. Ore smelting equipment was also installed into the West Wing, to smelt the specimens of ore that were occasionally found on the Breadalbane estates. The Marquess was hoping to find enough valuable minerals to pay for the huge cost of rebuilding the castle.
Records show that the Marquess was paid £6,630 in compensation by the British government in 1833, upon the abolition of slavery, in regard to his Hope Estate in Jamaica. Records also show that he is responsible for re-introducing the capercaillie to Great Britain at Taymouth Castle, after the original stock became extinct in this country in around 1785. Our present population is descended from the 28 birds that he introduced from Sweden in 1837–38. These in turn were descended from earlier Scottish birds.
In 1839, the Marquess entertained a succession of noblemen at the castle. They included Lord and Lady Seymour, the Earl of Ashburnham, Lord Stuart de Rothesay and Lord and Lady Hatherton.
In 1840, more noble guests stayed at the castle, including the Duke and Duchess of St Albans, the Earl and Countess of Camperdown, Lady Elizabeth Duncan, future Prime Minister Lord Haddo, the Earl and Countess of Cadogan and the Ladies Augusta and Honoria Cadogan.
The works to the castle were complete by 1842, just in time for the first visit to Scotland by the 'youthful' Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, when they stayed at Taymouth for three days. On their arrival, the castle's heavy guns fired off a royal salute, with over 200 traditionally-armed highlanders there to receive them. They were duly entertained with 'lavish pomp' and it was remarked that the scene would need the pen of a poet to give any justice to the splendour. In the evening, 50,000 lamps were lit on a slope outside the castle, arranged in such a fashion as they formed the words "Welcome Victoria and Albert". Apparently, their stay cost Campbell £60,000, whilst at the time, he was said to have an annual rental income of £45,000.
Later during their stay, the Queen was rowed up Loch Tay from Killin, whilst Prince Albert rode out on a stag hunt over the estate. Even then, the estate extended for 100 miles from Aberfeldy to Oban. The Prince's personal tally that morning was 19 roe deer, 4 1/2 brace of black game, 3 brace of grouse, 1 brace of the newly re-introduced capercaillie, 1 wood pigeon and 12 hares. Prince Albert was the first to be allowed to shoot the capercaillies, which were being so strictly preserved.
Before leaving the castle, the Queen and Prince Albert planted four ceremonial trees, on a spot just to the east of the castle. They were two Scotch Firs and two oak trees. Twenty four years later, the Queen who was by then a widow, stopped by anonymously. She wrote in her journal, "Here, unknown and quite in private, I gazed, not without deep inward emotion, on the scene of our reception, twenty-four years ago".
John Campbell died childless in Lausanne, Switzerland in 1862 and all of his titles died with him. The estate then passed to his distant cousin (fourth cousin twice removed), John Campbell, who became the 6th Earl of Breadalbane and Holland.
John Alexander Gavin Campbell, 6th Earl of Breadalbane and Holland (1862 – 1871)
Upon the death of the 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane, there were two claimants to the estates and remaining titles. Both were only distantly related to the 2nd Marquess and could never have imagined that they could ultimately inherit. John Alexander Gavin Campbell of Glenfalloch's claim was disputed by Lieutenant Charles William Campbell of Borland. The dispute ultimately hinged on whether J A G Campbell's grandparents were legally married, and therefore the legitimacy of his father. There was apparently very little evidence on this fact, other than a letter written by his grandmother stating that they were married in 1782. However, it was ultimately decided that the marriage must have taken place, as J A G Campbell's claim was eventually ratified by the Scottish Court of Session. On appeal, this ruling was confirmed by a vote of two-to-one in the House of Lords.
John Campbell had four children from his marriage to Mary Theresa Edwards. He gained the rank of captain in the service of the 1st Royals.
He died at the age of 46 at The Albany, Piccadilly, London.
Sir Gavin Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane (1871 – 1922)
Gavin Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane served as a lieutenant in the 4th Battalion, Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders. He also served in the House of Lords as a liberal politician. During his lifetime he amassed a number of titles and honours including; Knight of St John of Jerusalem, Knight of the Garter, Baronet of Nova Scotia, Baron Breadalbane, Lord of Glenorchy, Benederloch, Ormelie and Weick, Viscount Tay and Paintland, Earl of Ormelie and Marquess of Breadalbane. He was also a County Councillor in both Perth and Argyll, a Deputy Lieutenant of Argyll, a Privy Councillor, Keeper of the Privy Seal of Scotland, Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, Lord-in-waiting to Queen Victoria, Treasurer and Lord Steward of the Royal Household and an ADC to His Majesty.
In 1872, he married Lady Alma Imogene Graham, daughter of the 4th Duke of Montrose.
In 1877, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn visited the castle. In the same year, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, who was the youngest son of Queen Victoria, also visited.
In December 1879, the former prime minister William Gladstone stayed at Taymouth Castle for three days, whilst on a speech-making tour of Scotland. The tour was said to be an unusual event, as in those days it was pretty unheard of for a leading politician to 'stump' the country in this way. It was described as 'an American-style election campaign'. In the same year, Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden also visited the castle.
Sir Gavin started the Lock Tay Steamboat Company, to enable his tenants to travel more easily to the nearest railway station, on a vessel known as the Queen of the Lake. Later, the enterprise was transformed into a popular attraction, operating pleasure cruises between Kenmore and Killin. Eventually, the ship was taken over by British Railways.
In 1881, the castle had another royal visitor, being Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Later in 1884, King Oscar II of Sweden visited and in the following year, the Prince Frederick of Hanover visited the castle.
In 1888, Sir Gavin was awarded the Medal of the Royal Humane Society, for saving the life of a servant, whilst at the imminent risk to his own life. The servant, by the name of McLean, had fallen out of a boat and into the River Tay. At the time, the river was flooded and McLean was caught in a deep whirlpool, with eddies and rocks creating even more difficulties. Sir Gavin, who was out shooting at the time, stripped off his gunbelt and dived into the river to rescue him. The medal he earned for this, along with five more of his medals, were sold at auction in 2009 for £2,700.
Sir Gavin was also awarded the Swedish Order of the Seraphim, conferred upon him by King Oscar, for his hospitality to the then Prince Gustavus Adolphus, when he came to the UK to marry Princess Margaret of Connaught in 1905.
When he inherited his titles in 1871, his estate was still nearly half a million acres in size. It contained 'The Heart of Scotland', a thick wood of fir trees in the shape of a heart. Unfortunately, throughout Sir Gavin's tenure at Taymouth, he managed to lose most of this land. His worsening financial problems, were said to be due to an extravagant lifestyle, "bad management and his gambling addiction". His mountainous debts finally forced him to put the castle and its remaining 60,000 acres up for sale in 1920. Included in the sale were a number of farms, hotels, private houses and shooting and fishing rights. The sale was achieved in 1921, when the castle was sold for £20,000 to a syndicate, who intended to turn the estate into a hotel complex. However, the completion date was set for May 1922 and the Campbells continued to reside in the castle for the time being.
The father of the Scottish writer Fred Urquhart was chauffeur to the Marquess in the early twentieth century, and Urquhart's novel Palace of Green Days (1979) draws on his childhood memories of this.
In March 1922, the Marquess and Marchioness duly said farewell to the castle forever, after fifty years of occupation, and moved out to their other home in Craig, Dalmally.
Sir Gavin died childless, very shortly afterwards, in October 1922 and most of his titles died with him. However, even though every last acre of the original half a million acre estate had been sold off, there were still three more Earls of Breadalbane and Holland. The 10th and last Earl was John Romer Boreland Campbell, who died childless in 1995. Following his death, the title has remained dormant.
Taymouth Castle Hotel Company LTD (1922 – 1940)
At the time of their purchase, the hotel company from Glasgow, which included the MacTaggart family, also bought 520 acres of adjoining land, which brought the estate back to around 2,000 acres. It was declared by the company that they intended to convert the castle into a hydropathic hotel, along with opening a brand new golf course on its lands. The company also acquired fishing rights on Loch Tay and part of the River Tay and shooting rights on Drumhill. At the same time, there was a huge auction at the castle, in which all of its furniture and effects were sold. The newspaper article reporting the event, said that 'the things that gave the castle its life and history, will be scattered to the four winds of heaven'. The auction realised total sales of £24,000, with half of that amount being paid by the new hotel owners, to retain furniture in the castle.
The hydro hotel opened on 30 June 1923, boasting around 100 bedrooms. Since buying the castle, its facilities had been greatly improved, including central heating and electricity being installed throughout. The hotel also offered music and dancing, a grass riding track and had four en tout cas tennis courts and a covered badminton court. They possessed a fleet of motor vehicles, offering drives to places of interest and steamer excursions on Loch Tay. The golf course had been finished and there was of course fly fishing. At the time of opening, they hadn't quite managed to offer shooting, but they had the shooting rights for Drummond Hill, on which 30 stags had been killed in the previous year.
Despite good patronage, the Taymouth Castle Hotel Company LTD were forced into voluntary liquidation in March 1926. The blame was put on the high cost of all the alterations necessary to convert the castle. It was disclosed that as there were good Easter bookings, the hotel would remain open for the time being. The hotel eventually closed for the winter on 30 September 1926, with the liquidators having already sold off portions of the lands, dramatically reducing the size of the estate.
The hotel reopened on 1 June 1927, for the summer season. The advertised rate was 18s to 25s per person per day. In September 1927, the Prince and Princess Gin Ri of Korea visited the castle. Whilst at that time a colony of Japan, the prince was the son of the late Emperor of Korea and the princess was a cousin of the Empress of Japan.
The following year the hotel reopened for the 1928 season and its long-term future was secured, when the castle was bought by a 'well known London combine'. The new owners declared that the castle would continue as a 'hydro'.
Taymouth Castle Hospital (1940 – 1948)
After the outbreak of the Second World War, use of the castle was requisitioned by the War Office, to help with the war effort. From 1940, it became known as the No. 1 Polish General Hospital, or otherwise as the Taymouth Castle Hospital. It was the chief Polish hospital in the country and boasted some of the finest and most up-to-date equipment, with its operating theatres and X-Ray machines.
Also, in April 1940, the castle advertised that the golf course and Policy Parks were available for let, for sheep and cattle grazing. It was later noted that despite having its own golf course, the wounded Polish servicemen showed no interest in golf, although they were enthusiastic footballers.
Over the eight years of its use as a hospital, thousands of Polish patients were treated there, with its biggest influx after the battle of Cassino, when over 200 Polish casualties arrived. At its height, it had 1200 beds and 200 staff. Despite still being under the control of the War Office, its use as a hospital came to an end in December 1947, with the remaining Polish patients being disbursed to hospitals in England.
The chairman of the owning hotel company said that he thought that it would be a year or two before the castle could be re-opened as a hotel. He said that the lack of tradesmen would be a big obstacle to its redecoration and renovation. Severe damage to one of the west towers, from a fire in 1946, would also have to be repaired. However, during its time as a hospital, care had been taken to protect the castle's magnificent carved oak walls and doors. These had been boarded up, using cardboard and plywood. Similar precautions had been taken to protect the marble mantelpieces and stained glass windows.
Seventy-five Nissen huts were removed from the castle grounds. However, their foundations can still be seen today.
Civil Defence Corps Training School (1949 – 1968)
In February 1949, the government formed the Civil Defence Corps, which was a civilian volunteer organisation, which could take control of areas of the country in times of national emergency, such as after a nuclear attack. In a joint announcement by the Home Office and the Scottish Office, it was declared that Taymouth Castle was to be used as one of three training centres in Scotland, which would teach instructors in how to train a much bigger volunteer force. Alterations were made to the castle, which was designed to train between 100 and 150 men and women at a time. The cost of these alterations was finally put at £126,000, way past its original budget of £75,700.
When it was opened in December 1950 by the Scottish Secretary Hector McNeil, it was described as the most up-to-date in the world. The centre also included a mock 'blitzed village', for trainees to practice in. The village was built and then partially demolished, to provide defense volunteers with practical rescue training. Roofs were said to lie at 'drunken angles', walls gaped open, timber beams were scorched with fire; and all laid out to conform with Scottish types of architecture. The village was so realistic that the visiting Sir James Henderson-Stewart, Under-Secretary of State for Scotland said that there was a staggering contrast between the beauty of the castle and the scenes of ruin, bringing home more forcibly the devastation of war and the need to be ready for any emergency.
As part of their training, the volunteers were given advanced instruction in atomic, chemical and biological warfare.
By 1956, the Corps had grown to 330,000 personnel. However, the Corps was eventually disbanded in 1968, after a change of thinking in how to deal with nuclear attacks.
However, its role in national defence didn't end there. From 1968, it was also one of the designated locations for plan PYTHON, the plan for continuity of government in the event of nuclear war. The plan, which was classified as TOP SECRET, was that in the event of a nuclear attack, the government and other essential personnel could be dispersed around the country, to secret and protected locations. Taymouth Castle was chosen as one of these sites.
It is not known when Taymouth Castle ceased to be considered as one of these secret locations, but the three associated CalMac support ships, which were capable of acting as floating nuclear bunkers, were sold by CalMac in the 1980s. These ships operated from day-to-day as normal commercial car ferries, but had been designed and built in such a way that if needed, they could be used as radiation resistant transport and decontamination chambers.
Boarding School (1970 – 1974)
After it ceased to be a Civil Defence Corps training centre in 1968, Taymouth Castle was turned into a boarding school for high-school aged students. It first opened in this guise in 1970, and followed a US (New York) curriculum—all the students being from the US. The castle was leased for this purpose by a Mr McCormick who also operated Herringswell Manor School in Suffolk. At its opening, Taymouth Castle School had only 17 students—some were the children of American workers on North Sea oil rigs, but most came from families resident in the continental US. For these students, there were 7 teaching staff. The original Headmaster was Mr Griggs who was replaced by the Texan, Miss Bomhoff, shortly after the school opened. Subjects taught at the school were English, US History, British History, Geography, Algebra, Geometry, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, General Science, French, and German—with two 'study halls' and a PE class every weekday. Activities via a number of 'clubs' were also offered, and at weekends, trips were arranged to various locations in the region.
The boys' dormitory was on the second floor, east of the main entrance, with the girls' dormitory to the west. In some ways, rules were quite liberal when compared to British private schools of the time. For example, 11th-grade students were (reluctantly) allowed to smoke in certain areas if they had written permission from their parents. On the other hand, boys were required to have a "businessman's haircut", and that girls "dress neatly, are polite, well-mannered and ladylike", (they were also asked to "remember to wear soft slippers on the Third Floor.") There was no uniform, but there was the expectation for "all students to rise when any adult enters a room".
All students were boarders (no 'day students'), and were provided with wholesome meals: breakfast at 8:00 am, lunch at 1:15 pm, and dinner at 6:30 pm. Two staff would supervise the student eating hall, while the rest of the staff dined in the famous 'Banner Hall' of the castle (the ceiling being emblazed with the coats of arms of dignitaries who had visited the castle throughout its history).
It was expected that student enrollment in the school would grow substantially in the year following its opening—as had happened at the 'sister' school, Herringswell Manor in Suffolk—but this did not happen, and the school closed within a few years of its opening. A website commemorating this unique but short-lived educational facility was set up in 2001, with original documents and photos collected from teacher and student alumni being displayed.
Speech and Drama School (1982)
In September 1981, it was advertised that the Taymouth Castle Residential School of Speech and Drama was starting classes in January 1982. Auditions were being held for three courses, which were a One-year Stage course, a Two-year Diploma and Stage course and a One-year course in puppetry.
At this time, nothing further is known about those courses, but the castle is known to have been closed and empty since around that time.
The golf course continued to be operated separately, but this too is currently closed, whilst alterations are being made to the course.
Restoration plans (1982 – date)
Despite its many changes of use and its requisitioning by the government, through the war years and beyond, legal ownership of the castle was still retained by the MacTaggart family, who had first turned the castle into a hotel in 1922. However, they had been unable to make any real commercial use of the castle since the boarding school for children of American servicemen closed in 1979. Throughout the 1990s, the family had been unsuccessfully trying to sell the estate, with Madonna and Cher both being initially interested. In 1995, the castle and estate were on the market for £5.5m.
By the year 2000, the castle was suffering badly from leaks and rot. It was eventually sold to a building consortium in 2005 for £12m. At the time of purchase, plans to redevelop the castle as a "six-star" hotel with 150 rooms had already been approved by Perth and Kinross Council.
However, since then, due to the huge costs involved and the need to find suitable investment, progress has been slow, with work starting and stalling. Millions of pounds have already been spent in preventing further deterioration of the castle and upon its ongoing conversion. By May 2006, the main buildings were stabilised, with further restoration continuing in the following years. These included new windows, extensive refurbishment to the state rooms and a new roof.
Despite the difficulties in completing the project, one of the developers said in 2008 that "We have spent millions of pounds saving one of Scotland's finest, most beautiful properties and we are proud of that. The east wing and the west wing were totally derelict and the seven principal rooms have been saved, all under the watchful eye of Historic Scotland."
By 2015, work began on hotel suites under the banner of Taymouth Castle Estate. By 2016, enough work had been completed at the castle for it to operate as an events centre, hosting a number of weddings, corporate events and banquets. In October 2016, an Open Day was held at the castle, to promote it further as a wedding venue for 2017.
By 2018, previously-proposed plans for the restoration of the castle had foundered due to concerns about ownership and a possible connection to money-laundering The castle's ownership has passed through a number of unclear entities, including offshore accounts, but was believed to reside in the hands of Ali Ibrahim Dabaiba, the former chief of development for former Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi. The post-Gaddafi Libyan government requested the help of the UK authorities over what they described as Dahaiba's theft of government funds invested in multiple properties in Scotland, including Taymouth Castle. The company that had been the prime contractor had stopped work on the project by April, 2018, after a tax probe by HM Revenue and Customs and Companies House began the process to remove the company's listing and force it into dissolution. Further complicating development attempts, Scottish attorney Stephen Jones was convicted of diverting money the Scottsdale, Arizona-based upscale residential community developer Discovery Land Company (DLC) had sent to purchase the property. DLC was later able to finalize a deal to assume ownership, although specific development plans have not yet been disclosed.
Early history of Balloch Castle
The landowners of Balloch Castle, together with dates of ownership and significant events are shown below:-
Sir Colin Campbell of Glenorchy (1550 – 1583)
Sir Colin Campbell of Glenorchy, otherwise known as 'Grey Colin', because of his white hair and long flowing beard, became laird of Glenorchy upon the death of his older brother John, in 1550. One of his first actions as laird, was to evict the Clan Gregor from Balloch (now Kenmore), at the east end of Loch Tay. In 1552, he consolidated his position and built a tower house there, known as Balloch Castle. Balloch means 'the house at the narrow pass'. Sir Colin is said to have chosen the site of the castle in a novel manner. He was apparently instructed in a dream to found the castle on the spot where he first heard a blackbird sing, whilst making his way down the strath of the Tay.
Later, in 1787, Robert Burns described the beauty of Balloch Castle and its surrounding lands in verse, as follows:-
The Tay meandering sweet in infant pride,
The Palace rising on its verdant side,
The lawns, wood fringed, in Nature's native taste,
The hillocks dropped in Nature's native haste...
The castle was the seat of Clan Campbell whose lands, at the height of their powers, extended over 100 miles from Taymouth to the west coast of Scotland. Another source quotes their estate as encompassing 437,696 acres. Sir Colin rapidly expanded his territory during his lifetime, also building or enlarging several castles.
There was a long-running feud between the Campbells and the Gregor clan, over the lands said to have been seized by the Campbells from them. This bitter and violent feud ran from 1562 until 1569, when their clan chief Gregor Roy, 10th Chief MacGregor, was captured by Sir Colin whilst visiting his wife. On 7 April 1570, after securing the consent of the Regent Morton, Sir Colin personally beheaded Gregor at Balloch Castle, in the presence of the Earl of Atholl, the Justice Clerk. Gregor's wife, Marion Campbell, who also witnessed her husband's execution, wrote a bitter lament about the affair, called 'Griogal Cridhe'. This has been described as 'Surely one of the greatest poems ever made in Britain'. The fighting continued on until 1570, even more bloody than before, with the Gregor Clan determined to avenge their chief's death. However, a settlement was finally reached between the two clans in the winter of 1570.
Sir Colin claimed to have 'the power of pit and gallows', which was the right to imprison and execute. In the Black Book of Taymouth, Sir Colin was described as a great 'justiciar' of his time, who sustained the deadly feud with the Gregor clan and executed many notable lymmars (rogues).
James VI visited Balloch Castle in August 1582, tipping the gardener 40 shillings. However, only a few days later, the king was seized at the Ruthven Raid.
Sir Colin had ten children from two marriages, dying in April 1583.
Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy, 1st Baronet Campbell (1583 – 1631)
Duncan Campbell was knighted in 1590, was declared MP for Argyllshire in 1593 and held the office of Hereditary Sheriff of Perthshire for life. He was also created 1st Baronet Campbell of Nova Scotia, in 1625. Sir Duncan had 23 children from three marriages, dying in 1631. It is said that he married a low-born lady as his second wife, but quickly regretted it. The traditional tale is that he had her locked in an underground vault, whilst he courted Elizabeth Sinclair, the daughter of the 5th Lord Sinclair. Wary that he might already be married, Elizabeth made him swear that he had no other wife and he solemnly swore on the cross of his sword that he 'had no wife above ground'. She did not realise the deception and they were indeed married. His other wife was ultimately released from the vault, after she had made a declaration that she was not his wife.
He had several nicknames, the first being 'Duncan of the (seven) Castles', as he was renowned for building them. His other nickname was 'Black Duncan'. He had been appointed by the King to keep the peace between the feuding clans in Argyll and Perthshire and was accordingly allowed to maintain a large force of armed soldiers to support him. However, he had a reputation for causing trouble, rather than stopping it and was said to be more interested in using his power to acquire extra land for himself. During his lifetime, he therefore managed to significantly enlarge the family's estate, by 'fair means or foul'. He also extended Balloch Castle.
On 1 August 1598 Glenorchy wrote to the English politician Sir Robert Cecil with thanks to Queen Elizabeth after his audience with the diplomat George Nicholson. Glenorchy sent his secretary John Archibald to London. It was hoped Glenorchy would help the English in Ireland.
In April 1603, King James VI and I outlawed the Clan Gregor, following the Battle of Glen Fruin, in which the Gregors killed between 200 and 300 men of the Clan Colquhoun. The name Gregor or MacGregor was abolished and it became entirely legal to kill anyone of that name and seize his property. Over the next ten years, over 100 Gregors were slain and their lands given to the Campbells. It was said that Sir Duncan was instrumental in this and got most of their leaders killed or hanged.
One of Sir Duncan's castles was Finlarig Castle, built in 1629. There is a pit in the courtyard, which can still be seen, where nobles were taken from the castle dungeons, through an underground passage, to be beheaded under the watchful gaze of Sir Duncan's men. Commoners were hanged from a nearby oak tree. The beheading axe was later put on display at Taymouth Castle, until it was finally turned into a hotel in 1922.
Sir Duncan was also said to be an astute manager of his estate. Not only did he build and repair castles, he also introduced livestock and planted woodlands. He ordered Drummond Hill to be planted with oak, birch and pine, creating Scotland's first managed forest.
Sir Colin Campbell of Glenorchy, 2nd Baronet Campbell (1631 – 1640)
In comparison with his father, Sir Colin Campbell, 2nd Baronet Campbell, also the 8th Laird of Glenorchy, was a much more peaceful character and was known as a patron of the arts. As well as repairing and extending the family castles, including Balloch Castle, he also employed several famous artists to paint portraits for them, including George Jamesone. He also travelled extensively and was a collector of fine furniture and paintings. He employed a silk weaver from Antwerp, Nicolas Herman, who had set up his workshop in Perth, to make silk fringes and passementerie for his furnishings and clothes.
Sir Colin was married for many years, but died childless, in 1640. He did however, foster Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll. Archibald Campbell was ultimately executed in 1685, like his father, on the Maiden in Edinburgh. He faced his execution with calmness and good humour, joking on the scaffold that the guillotine, as his "inlet to glory" was "the sweetest maiden he had ever kissed".
Sir Robert Campbell of Glenorchy, 3rd Baronet Campbell (1640 – 1657)
Brother of the 2nd Baronet, he was also known as Robert Campbell of Glenfalloch. He was MP for Argyllshire between 1639 and 1641 and from 1643 to 1649.
Sir Robert lived through one of the stormiest and most trying periods in Highland history, during which time his estates were laid waste during the Scottish Civil War, by the 1st Marquess of Montrose and his Royalist forces. The Black Book of Taymouth states that in 1644 and 1645, his whole lands and estates, between the Ford of Lyon and the Point of Lesmore were burned and destroyed. These actions left Campbell with huge debts.
One of the key battles was the Battle of Inverlochy in 1645, which came shortly after Montrose had raided through the Taymouth area. Montrose had decided to attack the Covenanter forces which were under the command of Sir Duncan Campbell of Auchinbreck. The Campbell army were routed and of its 2,000 men, about 1,500 were killed during a running battle over 14 miles of countryside. Their commander, Auchinbreck, was captured and beheaded by Alasdair Mac Colla, who commanded part of the Royalist forces. Although they won this battle, Montrose suffered a heavy defeat seven months later at the Battle of Philiphaugh and his forces were ultimately crushed five years later, at the Battle of Carbisdale.
Sir Robert had 16 children from his marriage with Isabel MacIntosh, dying in 1657.
Sir John Campbell of Glenorchy, 4th Baronet Campbell (1657 – 1677)
Sir John Campbell was Commissioner of Supply and Excise for Argyll and Perth and succeeded to the title of 4th Baronet Campbell, of Glenorchy. He gained the rank of Colonel in the service of the Perthshire of Foot and was MP for Argyllshire between 1661 and 1663.
He had 31 children from three wives and died in 1677.
John Campbell, 1st Earl of Breadalbane and Holland (1677 – 1717)
John Campbell, known as 'Slippery John', was created 1st Earl of Breadalbane and Holland in 1681. In 1692, he played a key role in the Massacre of Glencoe, by instructing a relative, Robert Campbell of Glenlyon, to carry it out. Thirty Eight McDonalds from the Clan McDonald of Glencoe were killed by their own guests and another 40 women and children died of exposure, after their homes were burned.
Campbell also took part in the abortive royalist uprising under John Campbell, 1st Earl of Loudoun in 1654 and was also implicated in the Montgomery Plot, a Jocobite scheme to restore King James II and VII to the thrones of England and Scotland. In 1692, he was imprisoned for a time in Edinburgh Castle for his involvement in negotiations between Jacobite chiefs. However, he was released after it was discovered that he was acting with the knowledge of King William III.
In 1672, Campbell acquired as payment of debts, the estates and titles of George Sinclair, 6th Earl of Caithness, which included the parish of Wick and the castles of Girnigoe, Ackergill and Keiss. He assumed the title of Earl of Caithness, although his right to these titles and lands were disputed by George Sinclair of Keiss, first cousin to the 6th Earl of Caithness. Sinclair lay siege to Girnigoe Castle, damaging it so badly that it has never been inhabited since. In a counter-attack, Campbell took his army and marched on Sinclair, to fight what was to become known as the Battle of Altimarlach. Campbell's force easily routed Sinclair's army, whose men fled across the River Wick. But, a large number were killed and it is said that so many lay slain, that Campbell's soldiers were able to cross the river over their bodies, without getting their feet wet. Despite this strategic victory, George Sinclair later won his argument in court in 1681 and claimed the title of Earl of Caithness and the lands. However, Campbell was compensated for the loss of these, by King Charles II and the Privy Council of Scotland elevating him to Lord of Glenorchy, Benederaloch, Ormelie and Wick, Viscount of Tay and Paintland, and 1st Earl of Breadalbane and Holland.
It was here that Campbell's piper composed the clan's famous pibroch, 'Bodach na Briogais', which ridicules the Sinclairs. The event is also commemorated in the famous song 'The Campbells are Coming'. Many people refer to the Battle of Altimarlach as the last clan battle in Scotland and it would seem that it was the last true clan battle. However, in 1689 there was a later fierce battle at Mullroy, Kilmonivaig, when the Macdonalds of Keppoch fought and defeated the MacIntoshes, over ownership of Glen Roy. However, the MacIntoshes had government support and part of their army was made up of government troops, making it more of a government action than a true clan battle.
It is said that the people of Wick, hated Campbell so much that they caused him no end of trouble. Wearied by these incessant vexations, he divided Wick into 62 portions in 1690 and sold them all.
At one time, King William III entrusted Campbell with £20,000, a huge sum of money, to use it to achieve peace between some warring Highland Chiefs. However, rather than spend the money, he managed to negotiate a deal between them. When asked to account for the £20,000, he replied "Gentlemen - the money is spent, the Highlands are at peace, and that is the only way of accounting among friends".
An early fan of golf, Slippery John is recorded as buying a pair of golf clubs for his children in 1672 and having one club repaired at a cost of four shillings.
The Black Book of Taymouth, the history of the Breadalbanes, published by the 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane states that in 1681, Gilleasba, chief of the MacDonalds of Keppoch, gave a bond of manrent to Sir John, promising that none of his clan or his people would commit robbery on his lands. In 1715, Campbell sent 500 of his men to join the Earl of Mar in his Jacobite uprising against the new king, George I.
Campbell had four children from three marriages, dying in 1717. Shortly before his death, he was described by a Government agent by the name of Mackay in this way; "He has the gravity of a Spaniard, is as cunning as a fox, wise as a serpent, and is as slippery as an eel".
John Campbell, 2nd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland (1717 – 1752)
In 1720, John Campbell, 2nd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland commissioned William Adam to remodel the castle and lay out extensive formal gardens. Adam's design included six radiating avenues, each over a mile long, which converged on the castle. Elaborate gardens and orchards were also planted on both sides of the Castle. To the south, Adam planted an avenue of trees in the shape of a D. On the banks of the river, he planted two long avenues of lime trees. These are known as the North and South Terraces.
In 1739, Jan Griffer was brought in to make further changes to the gardens. The long radiating avenues were removed and some new pavilions were built. Griffer also planted a lot more individual trees, which made the overall design of the castle less formal. Further changes that John Campbell made during his lifetime were the removal of the formal gardens, the remaining avenue and part of the terrace. He also moved the orchard to the west of the ridge where the Dairy now stands and moved the walled-garden to the north-east of the castle. He also planted woodland on Drummond Hill and Craig Hill.
John Campbell was Lord Lieutenant of Perthshire. During the Jacobite rising of 1745, it was said that he sent a thousand men into the field to fight. He had three children from his marriage to Henrietta Villiers, dying in 1752.
John Campbell, 3rd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland (1752 – 1782)
Later, John Campbell, 3rd Earl of Breadalbane and Holland oversaw further changes in the 1750s, including building a handsome bridge over the River Tay and also Kenmore's church, which dates from 1760, replacing the earlier church of 1579. By the 1780s, the formal gardens had been replaced with a picturesque landscape in the manner of Stourhead and Painshill Park. The main road had been moved to halfway up Taymouth Hill and the entrance drive re-aligned.
John was Lord of the Admiralty and an ambassador to the Danish and Russian courts. He had four children from his two marriages, dying in 1782. However, he had no surviving male heir and so his direct line ended, with the title 4th Earl of Breadalbane and Holland going to his third cousin, John Campbell, 1st Marquess of Breadalbane. The 1st Marquess went on to demolish Balloch Castle and build Taymouth Castle in its place.
Gallery
References
External links
Taymouth Castle Estate
Taymouth Castle, Breadalbane community website
Castles in Perth and Kinross
Category A listed buildings in Perth and Kinross
Listed castles in Scotland
Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes
James Gillespie Graham buildings
Country houses in Perth and Kinross |
5393826 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managra | Managra | Managra is an original novel written by Stephen Marley and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. The novel features the Fourth Doctor and Sarah.
The title is an anagram of the word "anagram".
Plot
The Doctor and Sarah Jane arrive in Europa, a reconstructed amalgamation of 16th, 17th and 18th century Europe a thousand years in the future. Here, all sorts of historical personalities collide: for example, Lord Byron battles Torquemada's Inquisition while Mary Shelley is writing a sequel to Frankenstein. The newcomers are then accused of murdering the Pope, and to clear their innocence, helped only by a young vampire hunter and Byron, they must face the terrifying Theatre of Transmogrification.
References
External links
1995 British novels
1995 science fiction novels
Virgin Missing Adventures
Fourth Doctor novels
Vampire novels
Novels by Stephen Marley
Fiction set in the 1610s
Fiction set in the 4th millennium |
5393840 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E2fsprogs | E2fsprogs | e2fsprogs (sometimes called the e2fs programs) is a set of utilities for maintaining the ext2, ext3 and ext4 file systems. Since those file systems are often the default for Linux distributions, it is commonly considered to be essential software.
List of utilities
Included with e2fsprogs, ordered by ASCIIbetical order, are:
badblocks search a device for bad blocks
blkid locate/print block device attributes
chattr change file attributes on a Linux file system
debugfs used to manually view or modify internal structures of the file system
dumpe2fs which prints superblock and block group information.
e2freefrag report free space fragmentation information
e2fsck an fsck program that checks for and corrects inconsistencies
e2image save critical ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem metadata to a file
e2label change the label on an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem
e2undo replay an undo log for an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem
e4defrag online defragmenter for ext4 filesystem
filefrag report on file fragmentation
findfs find a filesystem by label or UUID
findsuper quick hacked up program to find ext2 superblocks
logsave save the output of a command in a logfile
lsattr list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system
mke2fs used for creating ext2, ext3 and ext4 file systems
resize2fs which can expand and shrink ext2, ext3 and ext4 file systems. On-line support was added in 2006.
tune2fs used to modify file system parameters
Many of these utilities are based on the libext2fs library.
Usage
Despite what its name might suggest, e2fsprogs works not only with ext2, but also with ext3 and ext4. Although ext3's journaling capability can reduce the need to use e2fsck, it is sometimes still necessary to help protect against kernel bugs or bad hardware.
With ext4 the e2fsck runtime should come down considerably, as can be seen from the graph.
As the userspace companion for the ext2, ext3, and ext4 drivers in the Linux kernel, the e2fsprogs are most commonly used with Linux. However, they have been ported to other systems, such as FreeBSD and Darwin.
See also
mkfs
dd — convert and copy a file
fdisk — examine and write partition table
fsck — file system check
mkisofs — make an iso file system
mount — mount a file system
parted — partition manager
References
External links
e2fsprogs git repository
Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem
Free software programmed in C
Linux file system-related software
Unix file system-related software |
5393850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandikota | Gandikota | Gandikota is a village and historical fort on the right bank of the Penna river, 15 km from Jammalamadugu in Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The fort was the centre of power for various dynasties, such as the Kalyani Chalukyas, Pemmasani Nayakas, and the Golconda Sultanate. Gandikota was the capital of Pemmasani Nayakas for more than 300 years. Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu constructed the huge fort at Gandikota with 101 towers replacing the previous sand fort constructed by Kaka Raja, Vassals of Kalyani Chalukya rulers. Various additions of Islamic architecture were made during subsequent Muslim rule.
Etymology
The fort of Gandikota acquired its name due to the 'gorge', formed between the Erramala range of hills, also known as Gandikota hills and the river Penna (Pennar) that flows at its foot, reducing its width to a mere 100 m (look for the river image in the montage/main image).
History
Early history
Gandikota is a village on the right bank of the river Penna, 15 km from Jammalamudugu in Kadapa district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Gandikota area was first identified and made Sand fort in 1123 by Kakatiya Raja of nearby Bommanapalle village and a subordinate of Ahavamalla Someswara I, Kalyani Chalukya ruler. Gandikota came under the rule of Kakatiya dynasty from 1239 A.D to 1304 A.D and ruled by their various subordinates.
The village transformed into major fort after the emergence of Pemmasani Nayakas.
Recently, Tavva Obul Reddy, a Mydukur-based historian, discovered a copper plate inscription on the history of Gandikonda Fort. The inscription dates back to 16th century.
Vemana poet, native of Kadapa district and believed to have lived in Gandikota area for a short period.
Jean Baptiste Tavernier visited the fort during his travel to Golconda sultanate.
Efforts are being put forth to give Gandikota a world heritage status.
Major structures
In the fort are two ancient temples, dedicated to Madhava and Ranganatha. They are in ruins and the fort area is full of the debris of ages and many ancient structures in varying stages of decay. The large granary, with a vaulted roof, is now used as watchman's quarters. The Jamia Masjid has two adjacent minarets. A heritage festival is held every year in the fort area.
The other structures in the fort, include another large granary (used for storing food and grains late back), a magazine, a graceful 'pigeon tower' with fretted windows and an extensive palace built by bricks with some plastered decorations and some wells. There is an old cannon lying in the fort. There is the 'Rayalacheruvu' with its perennial springs irrigating some lime and plantain gardens. It is said that this 'Cheruvu' was connected to a fountain in Jamia Masjid by pipes, traces of which can still be seen.
There were other gardens and springs. There is an undated inscription on a boulder, near the 'Nagajhari' outside the fort, recording the gift of two gardens at the place to the temple. There was a garden called 'Parebagh' with a waterfall at the foot of the hills, on the bank of the Penneru.
There are multiple camping areas outside the Fort and on the banks of the Penna (Pennar) river.
The other main attractions at the fort includes House of the Drum (drums were used to alert the army in case of invasion), Charminar, Jail (where in the prisoners were held captive) and Red Koneru (Also known as pond of Swords, The huge lake in front of the mosque, where the warriors used to dip their swords in this lake and the waters used to turn blood red after the war).
Access and transportation
The nearest railway stations are Muddanuru which is 26 km (railway code: MOO) and Jammalamadugu (JMDG) in Kadapa District. There are number of trains from Gooty Junction. Recently the town of Jammalamadugu which is closest to Gandikota fort also got railway connectivity due to the completion of Nandyal–Yerraguntla section railway line. However frequency of trains on this line is very low.
There are buses available from Jammalamadugu Old Bus Stand (Gandhi Statue Junction) to Gandikota.
Inside the fort there is no means of transportation except to walk by foot. It is ideal to engage a guide as the fort area is huge. There is a good downhill trek through the canyon that leads to the riverbed. There is a dam upstream (Gandikota Dam) and a dam downstream (Mylavaram Dam).
There is a Haritha hotel run by Andhra Pradesh Tourism department which has lodging facilities. However the facilities are limited during the weekdays as the visitors during weekdays are low
Developments
In November 2015, Andhra Pradesh government cited a plan to develop Gandikota as next major tourist hub of Andhra Pradesh.
References
Further reading
Article about this visiting Gandikota: Grand Canyon at Gandikota, Deccan Chronicle newspaper (Hyderabad edition), 6 April 2012, Wanderlust Page: 21
External links
GandiKota Travel Guide to Plan Your Trip by Nature inFocus/
Imperial Gazetteer of India: About Gandikota
Water color paintings by Thomas Fraser and Sir Thomas Anburey-- in 1799 & 1802
French Traveller Tavernier's experience about Gandikota Fort & about Nawab of Gandikota while he was in India
Gandikota Fort Canyon - A Complete guide with Pictures!/
Villages in Kadapa district
Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh
Canyons and gorges of India
Tourist attractions in Kadapa district
1123 establishments in Asia
Populated places established in the 12th century
12th-century establishments in India |
5393853 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film%20grain | Film grain | Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons. While film grain is a function of such particles (or dye clouds) it is not the same thing as such. It is an optical effect, the magnitude of which (amount of grain) depends on both the film stock and the definition at which it is observed. It can be objectionably noticeable in an over-enlarged film photograph.
RMS granularity
Granularity, or RMS granularity, is a numerical quantification of density non-uniformity, equal to the root-mean-square (rms) fluctuations in optical density, measured with a microdensitometer with a 0.048 mm (48-micrometre) diameter circular aperture, on a film area that has been exposed and normally developed to a mean density of 1.0 D (that is, it transmits 10% of light incident on it).
Granularity is sometimes quoted as "diffuse RMS granularity times 1000", so that a film with granularity 10 means an rms density fluctuation of 0.010 in the standard aperture area.
When the particles of silver are small, the standard aperture area measures an average of many particles, so the granularity is small. When the particles are large, fewer are averaged in the standard area, so there is a larger random fluctuation, and a higher granularity number.
The standard 0.048 mm aperture size derives from a drill bit used by an employee of Kodak.
Selwyn granularity
Film grain is also sometimes quantified in a way that is relative independent of size of the aperture through which the microdensitometer measures it, using R. Selwyn's observation (known as Selwyn's law) that, for a not too small aperture, the product of RMS granularity and the square root of aperture area tends to be independent of the aperture size. The Selwyn granularity is defined as:
where σ is the RMS granularity and a is the aperture area.
Grain effect with film and digital
The images below show an example of extreme film grain:
Digital photography does not exhibit film grain, since there is no film for any grain to exist within. In digital cameras, the closest physical equivalents of film grains are the individual elements of the image sensor (e.g. CCD cell), the pixels; just as small-grain film has better resolution but less sensitivity than large-grain film, so will an image sensor with more elements result in an image with better resolution but less light per pixel. Thus, like film grain, physical pixel size represents the compromise between resolution and sensitivity. However, while film grains are randomly distributed and have size variation, image sensor cells are of same size and are arranged in a grid, so direct comparison of film and digital resolutions is not straightforward. Instead, the ISO setting on a digital camera controls the gain of the electronic amplifier on the readout circuitry of the chip. Ultimately, high ISO settings on a digital camera operating in low light conditions does result in a noisy image, but the visual appearance is somewhat different from traditional photographic film.
The visual and artistic effect of film grain can be simulated in some digital photo manipulation programs by adding grain to a digital image after it is taken. Various raw image processing software packages (such as RawTherapee and DxO PhotoLab) feature "film simulation" effects that apply the characteristics of various film brands, including the graininess. Plugins for the same purpose also exist for various image editors such as Photoshop (e.g. in Nik Collection's Color/Silver Efex).
In digital photography, image noise sometimes appears as a "grain-like" effect.
Film grain overlay
Film grain overlay, sometimes referred to as "FGO", is a process in which film emulsion characteristics are overlaid using different levels of opacity onto a digital file. This process adds film grain characteristics, and in instances with moving images, subtle flicker to the more sterile looking digital medium.
As opposed to computer plug-ins, FGO is typically derived from actual film grain samples taken from film, shot against a gray card.
Because film grain is difficult to encode because of its random nature, some video codecs, notably AV1, include film grain synthesis, where the film grain is removed during encoding and replaced with parameters that describe the shape and density of the particles, and during playback the decoder uses these parameters to resynthesize the film grain.
See also
Film speed
References
Further reading
External links
Film Grain discussed at FLIP Animation blog Retrieved March 2013
Science of photography |
5393869 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20of%20Brittany%2C%20Earl%20of%20Richmond | John of Brittany, Earl of Richmond | John of Brittany (; c. 1266 – 17 January 1334), 4th Earl of Richmond, was an English nobleman and a member of the Ducal house of Brittany, the House of Dreux. He entered royal service in England under his uncle Edward I, and also served Edward II. On 15 October 1306 he received his father's title of Earl of Richmond. He was named Guardian of Scotland in the midst of England's conflicts with Scotland and in 1311 Lord Ordainer during the baronial rebellion against Edward II.
John of Brittany served England as a soldier and as a diplomat but was otherwise politically inactive in comparison to other earls of his time. He was a capable diplomat, valued by both Edward I and Edward II for his negotiating skills. John was never married, and upon his death his title and estates fell to his nephew, John III, Duke of Brittany. Although he was generally loyal to his first cousin Edward II during the times of baronial rebellion, he eventually supported the coup of Isabella and Mortimer. After Edward II abdicated in favour of his son Edward III of England, John retired to his estates in France and died in his native Brittany in 1334 with no known issue.
Early life
John was the second surviving son of John II, Duke of Brittany, and his wife Beatrice, who together had three sons and three daughters who survived to adulthood. Beatrice was the daughter of Henry III of England, which made John the nephew of Henry's son and heir Edward I. His father held the title of Earl of Richmond, but was little involved in English political affairs. John was raised at the English court together with Edward I's son Henry, who died in 1274. He participated in tournaments in his youth, but never distinguished himself in his early roles as a soldier.
Service to Edward I
When in 1294 the French king confiscated King Edward's Duchy of Aquitaine, John travelled to France as the lieutenant of the Duchy, but failed to take Bordeaux. During Easter of 1295 he had to flee the town of Rions. In January 1297 he shared defeat at the Siege of Bellegarde with Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln. After this defeat, he returned to England.
Despite his poor results in France he remained highly regarded by his uncle King Edward I, who treated him almost as a son. After his return to England John became involved in the Scottish Wars. He was probably at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298. He was certainly at the Siege of Caerlaverock in 1300. The nobles who joined Edward I at the Siege of Caerlaverock, including John of Brittany, were commemorated in the Roll of Caerlaverock which named each noble and described their banner. In this roll, the banner and description of John of Brittany immediately follows that of his uncle King Edward I.
His father, the Duke of Brittany, died in 1305, and was succeeded as duke by John's elder brother, Arthur. The following year Edward I invested John with his father's other title, Earl of Richmond. In addition Edward I appointed him Guardian of Scotland, a position which was confirmed upon the accession of Edward II in 1307.
Service to Edward II
The English court viewed John of Brittany as a trusted diplomat. He was a skilled negotiator, and his French connections were a useful asset. By 1307 he was also one of the kingdom's oldest earls. As the relationship between Edward II and his nobility deteriorated, Richmond remained loyal to the king; in 1309 he went on an embassy to Pope Clement V on behalf of Edward's favourite Piers Gaveston. John was allegedly Gaveston's close personal friend, and did not share the antagonistic attitudes held by certain other earls.
Lord Ordainers
By 1310 the relationship between Edward II and his earls had deteriorated to the point where a committee of earls took control of government from the king. The earls disobeyed a royal order not to carry arms to parliament, and in full military attire presented a demand to the king for the appointment of a commission of reform. At the heart of the deteriorating situation was the peers' opinion of Edward II's relationship with Piers Gaveston, and his reputedly outrageous behaviour. On 16 March 1310, the king agreed to the appointment of Ordainers, who were to be in charge of the reform of the royal household. John of Brittany was one of eight earls appointed to this committee of 21, referred to as the Lords Ordainers. He was among the Ordainers considered loyal to Edward II and was also by this time one of the older remaining earls.
John then travelled to France for diplomatic negotiations, before returning to England. Gaveston was exiled by the Ordainers but later made an irregular return. Gaveston was killed in June 1312 by Thomas of Lancaster and other nobles. It fell upon John, together with Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester, to reconcile the two parties after this event. In 1313 he followed Edward II on a state visit to France, and thereafter generally remained a trusted subject. In 1318 he witnessed the Treaty of Leake, which restored Edward to full power.
War with Scotland
In 1320 he again accompanied Edward II to France, and the next year he carried out peace negotiations with the Scots. When in 1322 Thomas of Lancaster rebelled and was defeated at the Battle of Boroughbridge, Richmond was present at his trial, and when Lancaster was sentenced to death. After this, the English invaded Scotland only to have their army starved when Robert the Bruce burned the country before them. The Bruce brought his army into England and crossed the Solway Firth in the west, making his way in a south-easterly direction towards Yorkshire; he brought many troops recruited in Argyll and the Isles. The boldness and speed of the attack soon exposed Edward II to danger, even in his own land. On his return from Scotland, the king had taken up residence at Rievaulx Abbey with Queen Isabella. His peace was interrupted when the Scots made a sudden and unexpected approach in mid-October. All that stood between them and a royal prize was a large English force under the command of John of Brittany. John had taken up a position on Scawton Moor, between Rievaulx and Byland Abbey. To dislodge John from his strong position on the high ground, Bruce used the same tactics that brought victory at the earlier Battle of the Pass of Brander. As Moray and Douglas charged uphill a party of Highlanders scaled the cliffs on the English flanks and charged downhill into John of Brittany's rearguard. Resistance crumbled, and the Battle of Old Byland turned into a rout. John himself was taken prisoner and given a tongue lashing by King Robert the Bruce for his treatment of the Scottish Queen while she was an English prisoner. John remained in captivity until 1324, when he was released for a ransom of 14,000 marks.
After his release, he continued his diplomatic activities in Scotland and France.
Final years
In March 1325 John of Brittany made a final return to France, where for the first time he made himself a clear opponent of Edward II. His lands in England were confiscated by the Crown. In France, John aligned himself with Queen Isabella, Edward II's wife, who had been sent on a diplomatic mission to France, and had disobeyed her husband's orders to return to England. Later when Edward II was forced to abdicate and his son Edward III ascended to the English throne, John of Brittany's English lands were restored. He spent his last years on his French estates, and he remained largely cut off from English political affairs. He died on 17 January 1334, and was buried in the church of the Franciscans in Nantes.
John of Brittany never married and as far as is known had no issue. He was succeeded as Earl of Richmond by his nephew John (Arthur's son).
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
Earls of Richmond (1268 creation)
1266 births
1334 deaths
Guardians of Scotland
House of Dreux
13th-century Breton people
English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence
13th-century English people
14th-century English people |
5393873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Bradley%20%28English%20actor%29 | Paul Bradley (English actor) | Paul Bradley (born 28 May 1955) is an English television actor. He is best known for playing Nigel Bates in the BBC1 soap opera EastEnders from 1992 to 1998, and also as Elliot Hope in the BBC medical drama series Holby City, a role he played for ten years from 2005 to 2015 and again in 2019.
Education
Bradley was born in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, one of six siblings (five brothers and one sister) born to Irish parents. Bradley was educated at St Benedict's School and the University of Manchester before joining the Royal Exchange Manchester repertory theatre company in the early 1980s.
Career
Bradley has appeared in a number television series including the roles above, The Young Ones, The Bill, Red Dwarf, Bottom, My Family and Alas Smith and Jones. He had a minor role in the multi-award-winning 2002 film The Pianist.
As a guitarist and vocalist, he co-leads the group The hKippers (the 'h' is silent) with Stephen Warbeck, Academy Award-winning composer of Shakespeare in Love.
In the summer of 2021, Bradley played Major Metcalfe in the long running West End play The Mousetrap.
Selected filmography
Holby City (2005–2015, 2019, 2022), Elliot Hope
Twisted Tales (2005), Mr. Pandemic
My Family (2002, 2004), Mr. Griffin
Doctors (2004, 2018), Patient with OCD / Billy Bourke
The Pianist (2002), Yehuda
C.U. Burn (1997), Doctor (one episode, Hata sa Leaba)
EastEnders (1992–1998), Nigel Bates
Alas Smith & Jones (1992)
Bottom (1992), Burglar
Murder Most Horrid (1991), Sergeant
Boon (1990), Clerk
Red Dwarf (1988, 1999), Chen
The Bill (1988), Henshaw
The Comic Strip Presents (1986), Jerry
References
1955 births
Living people
English male soap opera actors
English male film actors
English people of Irish descent
People educated at St Benedict's School
Alumni of the University of Manchester
People from Nuneaton
Male actors from Warwickshire |
4000053 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemalan%20Civil%20War | Guatemalan Civil War | The Guatemalan Civil War was a civil war in Guatemala fought from 1960 to 1996 between the government of Guatemala and various leftist rebel groups. The government forces have been condemned for committing genocide against the Maya population of Guatemala during the civil war and for widespread human rights violations against civilians. The context of the struggle was based on longstanding issues of unfair land distribution; European-descended residents and foreign companies, such as the American United Fruit Company, had dominated control over much of the land, leading to conflicts with the rural poor.
Democratic elections during the Guatemalan Revolution in 1944 and 1951 had brought popular leftist governments to power. A United States-backed coup d'état in 1954 installed the military regime of Carlos Castillo Armas, who was followed by a series of right-wing military dictators.
The Civil War started on 13 November 1960, when a group of left-wing junior military officers led a failed revolt against the government of General Ydigoras Fuentes. The surviving officers created a rebel movement known as MR-13. In 1970, Colonel Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio became the first of a series of military dictators representing the Institutional Democratic Party or PID. The PID dominated Guatemalan politics for twelve years through electoral frauds favoring two of Col. Carlos Arana's protégés (Gen. Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García in 1974 and Gen. Romeo Lucas García in 1978). The PID lost its grip on Guatemalan politics when General Efraín Ríos Montt, together with a group of junior army officers, seized power in a military coup on 23 March 1982. In the 1970s social discontent continued among the large populations of indigenous people and peasants. Many organized into insurgent groups and began to resist the government forces.
During the 1980s, the Guatemalan military assured almost absolute government power for five years; it had successfully infiltrated and eliminated enemies in every socio-political institution of the nation, including the political, social, and intellectual classes. In the final stage of the civil war, the military developed a parallel, semi-visible, low profile but high-effect, control of Guatemala's national life.
It is estimated that 140,000 to 200,000 people were killed or forcefully "disappeared" during the conflict, including 40,000 to 50,000 disappearances. While fighting took place between government forces and rebel groups, much of the violence was a large coordinated campaign of one-sided violence by the Guatemalan state against the civilian population from the mid-1960s onward. The military intelligence services coordinated killings and "disappearances" of opponents of the state.
In rural areas, where the insurgency maintained its strongholds, the government repression led to large massacres of the peasantry, including entire villages. These took place first in the departments of Izabal and Zacapa (1966–68), and in the predominantly Mayan western highlands from 1978 onward. In the early 1980s, the widespread killing of the Mayan people was considered a genocide. Other victims of the repression included activists, suspected government opponents, returning refugees, critical academics, students, left-leaning politicians, trade unionists, religious workers, journalists, and street children. The "Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico" has estimated that government forces committed 93% of human right abuses in the conflict, with 3% committed by the guerrillas.
In 2009, Guatemalan courts sentenced former military commissioner Felipe Cusanero, the first person to be convicted of the crime of ordering forced disappearances. In 2013, the government conducted a trial of former president Efraín Ríos Montt on charges of genocide for the killing and disappearances of more than 1,700 indigenous Ixil Maya during his 1982–83 rule. The charges of genocide were based on the "Memoria del Silencio" report – prepared by the UN-appointed Commission for Historical Clarification. The Commission concluded that the government could have committed genocide in Quiché between 1981 and 1983. Montt was the first former head of state to be tried for genocide by his own country's judicial system; he was found guilty and sentenced to 80 years in prison. A few days later, however, the sentence was reversed by the country's high court. They called for a renewed trial because of alleged judicial anomalies. The trial began again on 23 July 2015, but the jury had not reached a verdict before Montt died in custody on 1 April 2018.
Background
After the 1871 revolution, the Liberal government of Justo Rufino Barrios escalated coffee production in Guatemala, which required much land and many workers. Barrios established the Settler Rule Book, which forced the native population to work for low wages for the landowners, who were Criollos and later German settlers. Barrios also confiscated the common native land, which had been protected during the Spanish Colony and during the Conservative government of Rafael Carrera. He distributed it to his Liberal friends, who became major landowners.
In the 1890s, the United States began to implement the Monroe Doctrine, pushing out European colonial powers in Latin America. Its commercial interests established U.S. hegemony over resources and labor in the region. The dictators that ruled Guatemala during the late 19th and early 20th centuries were very accommodating to U.S. business and political interests, because they personally benefitted. Unlike in such nations as Haiti, Nicaragua, and Cuba, the U.S. did not have to use overt military force to maintain dominance in Guatemala. The Guatemalan military/police worked closely with the U.S. military and State Department to secure U.S. interests. The Guatemalan government exempted several U.S. corporations from paying taxes, especially the United Fruit Company. It also privatized and sold off publicly owned utilities, and gave away huge swaths of public land.
Societal structure
In 1920, the prince Wilhelm of Sweden visited Guatemala and described Guatemalan society and Estrada Cabrera government in his book Between Two Continents, notes from a journey in Central America, 1920. He analyzed Guatemalan society at the time, pointing out that even though it called itself a "Republic", Guatemala had three sharply defined classes:
Criollos: a minority made up of descendants of the Spaniards who conquered Central America; by 1920, the Criollos made up much of the members of both political parties and the elite in the country. For centuries they had intermarried with Indians and other people of European ancestry. The great majority had some indigenous ancestry but largely identified with European culture. They led the country both politically and intellectually, partly because their education was far superior to that of most of the rest of the residents. Only criollos were admitted to the main political parties, and their families largely controlled and, for the most part, owned the cultivated parts of the country.
Ladinos: middle class. Descendants of peoples of indigenous, African, and criollo ancestry, they held almost no political power in 1920. They made up the bulk of artisans, storekeepers, tradesmen, and minor officials. In the eastern part of the country, they worked as agricultural laborers.
Indians: The majority of the population was composed of native or indigenous Guatemalans, most of whom were Mayan peoples. Many had little to no formal education. Many natives served as soldiers for the Army, and they were often raised to positions of considerable trust. They made up most of the agricultural workers.
The prince classified them into three categories:
"Mozos colonos": settled on the plantations. Were given a small piece of land to cultivate on their own account, in return for work in the plantations a certain number of months a year, similar to sharecroppers or tenant farmers in the US.
"Mozos jornaleros": day-laborers who were contracted to work for certain periods of time. They were paid a daily wage. In theory, each "mozo" was free to dispose of his labor as he or she pleased, but they were bound to the property by economic ties. They could not leave until they had paid off their debt to the owner. They were often victimized by owners, who encouraged them to get into debt by granting credit or lending cash. The owners recorded the accounts and the mozos were usually illiterate and at a disadvantage. If the mozos ran away, the owner could have them pursued and imprisoned by the authorities. Associated costs would be added to the ever-increasing debt of the mozo. If one of them refused to work, he or she was put in prison on the spot. The wages were also extremely low. The work was done by contract, but since every "mozo" starts with a large debt, the usual advance on engagement, they effectively became servants indentured to the landowner.
"Independent tillers": Living in the most remote provinces, some people, often Mayan, survived by growing crops of maize, wheat or beans. They tried to cultivate some excess to sell in the market places of the towns. They often carried their goods on their back for up to a day to reach such markets.
Jorge Ubico regime
In 1931, the dictator General Jorge Ubico came to power, backed by the United States. While an efficient administrator, he initiated one of the most brutally repressive military regimes in Central American history. Just as Estrada Cabrera had done during his government, Ubico created a widespread network of spies and informants and had political opponents tortured and put to death. A wealthy aristocrat (with an estimated income of $215,000 per year in 1930s dollars) and a staunch anti-communist, he consistently sided with the United Fruit Company, Guatemalan landowners and urban elites in disputes with peasants. After the crash of the New York Stock Exchange in 1929, the peasant system established by Barrios in 1875 to jump start coffee production in the country faltered, and Ubico was forced to implement a system of debt slavery and forced labor to make sure that there was enough labor available for the coffee plantations and that the UFCO workers were readily available. Allegedly, he passed laws allowing landowners to execute workers as a "disciplinary" measure. He also identified as a fascist; he admired Mussolini, Franco, and Hitler, saying at one point: "I am like Hitler. I execute first and ask questions later." Ubico was disdainful of the indigenous population, calling them "animal-like", and stated that to become "civilized" they needed mandatory military training, comparing it to "domesticating donkeys". He gave away hundreds of thousands of hectares to the United Fruit Company (UFCO), exempted them from taxes in Tiquisate, and allowed the U.S. military to establish bases in Guatemala. Ubico considered himself to be "another Napoleon". He dressed ostentatiously and surrounded himself with statues and paintings of the emperor, regularly commenting on the similarities between their appearances. He militarized numerous political and social institutions—including the post office, schools, and even symphony orchestras—and placed military officers in charge of many government posts. He frequently travelled around the country performing "inspections" in dress uniform, followed by a military escort, a mobile radio station, an official biographer, and cabinet members.
After 14 years, Ubico's repressive policies and arrogant demeanor finally led to pacific disobedience by urban middle-class intellectuals, professionals, and junior army officers in 1944. On 1 July 1944 Ubico resigned from office amidst a general strike and nationwide protests. He had planned to hand over power to the former director of policy, General Roderico Anzueto, whom he felt he could control. But his advisors noted that Anzueto's pro-Nazi sympathies had made him unpopular and that he would not be able to control the military. So Ubico instead chose to select a triumvirate of Major General Buenaventura Piñeda, Major General Eduardo Villagrán Ariza, and General Federico Ponce Vaides. The three generals promised to convene the national assembly to hold an election for a provisional president, but when the congress met on 3 July, soldiers held everyone at gunpoint and forced them to vote for General Ponce rather than the popular civilian candidate, Dr. Ramón Calderón. Ponce, who had previously retired from military service due to alcoholism, took orders from Ubico and kept many of the officials who had worked in the Ubico administration. The repressive policies of the Ubico administration were continued.
Opposition groups began organizing again, this time joined by many prominent political and military leaders, who deemed the Ponce regime unconstitutional. Among the military officers in the opposition were Jacobo Árbenz and Major Francisco Javier Arana. Ubico had fired Árbenz from his teaching post at the Escuela Politécnica, and since then Árbenz had been living in El Salvador, organizing a band of revolutionary exiles. On 19 October 1944, a small group of soldiers and students led by Árbenz and Arana attacked the National Palace in what later became known as the "October Revolution". Ponce was defeated and driven into exile; Árbenz, Arana, and a lawyer named Jorge Toriello established a junta. They declared that democratic elections would be held before the end of the year.
The winner of the 1944 elections was a teaching major named Juan José Arévalo, Ph.D., who had earned a scholarship in Argentina during the government of general Lázaro Chacón due to his superb professor skills. Arévalo remained in South America for a few years, working as a University professor in several countries. Back in Guatemala during the early years of the Jorge Ubico regime, his colleagues asked him to present a project to the president to create the Faculty of Humanism at the National University, to which Ubico was strongly opposed. Realizing the dictatorial nature of Ubico, Arévalo left Guatemala and went back to Argentina. He went back to Guatemala after the 1944 Revolution and ran under a coalition of leftist parties known as the Partido Acción Revolucionaria ("Revolutionary Action Party", PAR), and won 85 percent of the vote in elections that are widely considered to have been fair and open. Arévalo implemented social reforms, including minimum wage laws, increased educational funding, near-universal suffrage (excluding illiterate women), and labor reforms. But many of these changes only benefited the upper-middle classes and did little for the peasant agricultural laborers who made up the majority of the population. Although his reforms were relatively moderate, he was widely disliked by the United States government, the Catholic Church, large landowners, employers such as the United Fruit Company, and Guatemalan military officers, who viewed his government as inefficient, corrupt, and heavily influenced by Communists. At least 25 coup attempts took place during his presidency, mostly led by wealthy liberal military officers.
In 1944, the "October Revolutionaries" took control of the government. They instituted liberal economic reform, benefiting and politically strengthening the civil and labor rights of the urban working class and the peasants. Elsewhere, a group of leftist students, professionals, and liberal-democratic government coalitions developed, led by Juan José Arévalo and Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán. Decree 900, passed in 1952, ordered the redistribution of fallow land on large estates, threatening the interests of the landowning elite and, mainly, the United Fruit Company.
Given the strong ties of the UFCO with high Eisenhower administration officers such as the brothers John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles, who were Secretary of State and CIA director respectively and were both in the company Board, the U.S. government ordered the Central Intelligence Agency to launch Operation PBFortune (1952–54) and halt Guatemala's "communist revolt", as perceived by the corporate fruit company United Fruit and the U.S. State Department. The CIA chose right-wing Guatemalan Army Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas to lead an "insurrection" in the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état. Upon deposing the Árbenz Guzmán government, Castillo Armas began to dissolve a decade of social and economic reform and legislative progress, and banned labor unions and left-wing political parties, a disfranchisement of left-wing Guatemalans. He also returned all the confiscated land to the United Fruit and the elite landlords.
A series of military coups d'état followed, featuring fraudulent elections in which only military personnel were the winner candidates. Aggravating the general poverty and political repression motivating the civil war was the widespread socio economic discrimination and racism practiced against the Guatemala's indigenous peoples, such as the Maya; many later fought in the civil war. Although the indigenous Guatemalans constitute more than half of the national populace, they were landless, having been dispossessed of their lands since the Justo Rufino Barrios times. The landlord upper classes of the oligarchy, generally descendants of Spanish and other Europe immigrants to Guatemala, although often with some mestizo ancestry as well, controlled most of the land after the Liberal Reform of 1871.
Initial phase of the civil war: 1960s and early 1970s
On 13 November 1960, a group of left-wing junior military officers of the Escuela Politécnica national military academy led a failed revolt against the autocratic government (1958–63) of General Ydigoras Fuentes, who had usurped power in 1958, after the assassination of the incumbent Colonel Castillo Armas. The young officers' were outraged by the staggering corruption of the Ydígoras regime, the government's showing of favoritism in giving military promotions and other rewards to officers who supported Ydígoras, and what they perceived as incompetence in running the country. The immediate trigger for their revolt, however, was Ydígoras' decision to allow the United States to train an invasion force in Guatemala to prepare for the planned Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba without consulting the Guatemalan military and without sharing with the military the payoff he received in exchange from the US government. The military was concerned about the infringement on the sovereignty of their country as unmarked US warplanes piloted by US-based Cuban exiles flew in large numbers over their country and the US established a secret airstrip and training camp at Retalhuleu to prepare for its invasion of Cuba. The rebellion was not ideological in its origins.
The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) flew B-26 bombers disguised as Guatemalan military jets to bomb the rebel bases because the coup threatened US plans for the invasion of Cuba as well as the Guatemalan regime it supported. The rebels fled to the hills of eastern Guatemala and neighboring Honduras and formed the kernel of what became known as MR-13 (Movimiento Revolucionario 13 Noviembre). The surviving officers fled into the hills of eastern Guatemala, and later established communication with the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. By 1962, those surviving officers had established an insurgent movement known as the MR-13, named after the date of the officers' revolt.
MR-13 attacks United Fruit Company office
They returned in early 1962, and on 6 February 1962 in Bananera they attacked the offices of the United Fruit Company (present-day Chiquita Brands), an American corporation that controlled vast territories in Guatemala as well as in other Central American countries. The attack sparked sympathetic strikes and university student walkouts throughout the country, to which the Ydígoras regime responded with a violent crackdown. This violent crackdown sparked the civil war.
Through the early phase of the conflict, the MR-13 was a principal component of the insurgent movement in Guatemala. The MR-13 later initiated contact with the outlawed PGT (Guatemalan Labour Party, composed and led by middle-class intellectuals and students) and a student organization called the Movimiento 12 de Abril (12 April Movement) and merged into a coalition guerilla organization called the Rebel Armed Forces (FAR) in December 1962. Also affiliated with the FAR was the FGEI (Edgar Ibarra Guerrilla Front). The MR-13, PGT and the FGEI each operated in different parts of the country as three separate "frentes" (fronts); the MR-13 established itself in the mostly Ladino departments of Izabal and Zacapa, the FGEI established itself in Sierra de las Minas and the PGT operated as an urban guerrilla front. Each of these three "frentes" (comprising no more than 500 combatants) were led by former members of the 1960 army revolt, who had previously been trained in counterinsurgency warfare by the United States.
US intelligence and counterinsurgency assistance to government
In 1964 and 1965, the Guatemalan Armed Forces began engaging in counterinsurgency operations against the MR-13 in eastern Guatemala. In February and March 1964, the Guatemalan Air Force began a selective bombing campaign against MR-13 bases in Izabal, which was followed by a counterinsurgency sweep in the neighboring province of Zacapa under the code-name "Operation Falcon" in September and October of the following year.
It was at this phase in the conflict that the U.S. government sent Green Berets and CIA advisers to instruct the Guatemalan military in counterinsurgency (anti-guerrilla warfare). In addition, U.S. police and "Public Safety" advisers were sent to reorganize the Guatemalan police forces. In response to increased insurgent activity in the capital, a specialty squad of the National Police was organized in June 1965 called Comando Seis ('Commando Six') to deal with urban guerilla assaults. 'Commando Six' received special training from the US Public Safety Program and money and weapons from US Public Safety Advisors.
In November 1965, US Public Safety Advisor John Longan arrived in Guatemala on temporary loan from his post in Venezuela to assist senior military and police officials in establishing an urban counterinsurgency program. With the assistance of Longan, the Guatemalan Military launched "Operation Limpieza" (Operation Cleanup) an urban counterinsurgency program under the command of Colonel Rafael Arriaga Bosque. This program coordinated the activities of all of the country's main security agencies (including the Army, the Judicial Police and the National Police) in both covert and overt anti-guerrilla operations. Under Arriaga's direction, the security forces began to abduct, torture and kill the PGT's key constituents.
With money and support from US advisors, President Enrique Peralta Azurdia established a Presidential Intelligence Agency in the National Palace, under which a telecommunications database is known as the Regional Telecommunications Center or La Regional existed, linking the National Police, the Treasury Guard, the Judicial Police, the Presidential House and the Military Communications Center via a VHF-FM intracity frequency. La Regional also served as a depository for the names of suspected "subversives" and had its own intelligence and operational unit attached to it known as the Policía Regional. This network was built on the 'Committees against Communism' created by the Central Intelligence Agency after the coup in 1954.
Escalation of state terror
On 3 and 5 March 1966, the G-2 (military intelligence) and the Judicial Police raided three houses in Guatemala City, capturing twenty-eight trade unionists and members of the PGT. Those captured included most of the PGT's central committee and peasant federation leader Leonardo Castillo Flores. All subsequently "disappeared" while in the custody of the security force and became known in subsequent months by the Guatemalan press as "the 28". This incident was followed by a wave of unexplained "disappearances" and killings in Guatemala City and in the countryside which were reported by the Guatemala City press. When press censorship was lifted for a period, relatives of "the 28" and of others who had "disappeared" in the Zacapa-Izabal military zone went to the press or to the Association of University Students (AEU). Using its legal department, the AEU subsequently pressed for habeas corpus on behalf of the "disappeared" persons. The government denied any involvement in the killings and disappearances. On 16 July 1966, the AEU published a detailed report on abuses in the last months of the Peralta regime in which it named thirty-five individuals as involved in killings and disappearances, including military commissioners and members of the Ambulant Military Police (PMA) in coordination with the G-2. After the publication of this report, "death-squad" attacks on the AEU and on the University of San Carlos began to intensify. Many law students and members of the AEU were assassinated.
The use of such tactics increased dramatically after the inauguration of President Julio César Méndez Montenegro, who – in a bid to placate and secure the support of the military establishment – gave it carte blanche to engage in "any means necessary" to pacify the country. The military subsequently ran the counterinsurgency program autonomously from the Presidential House and appointed Vice-Defense Minister, Col. Manuel Francisco Sosa Avila as the main "counterinsurgency coordinator". In addition, the Army General Staff and the Ministry of Defense took control of the Presidential Intelligence Agency – which controlled the La Regional annex – and renamed it the Guatemalan National Security Service (Servicio de Seguridad Nacional de Guatemala – SSNG).
In the city and in the countryside, persons suspected of leftist sympathies began to disappear or turn up dead at an unprecedented rate. In the countryside most "disappearances" and killings were carried out by uniformed army patrols and by locally known PMA or military commissioners, while in the cities the abductions and "disappearances" were usually carried out by heavily armed men in plainclothes, operating out of the army and police installations. The army and police denied responsibility, pointing the finger at right-wing paramilitary death squads autonomous from the government.
One of the most notorious death squads operating during this period was the MANO, also known as the Mano Blanca ("White Hand"); initially formed by the MLN as a paramilitary front in June 1966 to prevent President Méndez Montenegro from taking office, the MANO was quickly taken over by the military and incorporated into the state's counter-terror apparatus. The MANO – while being the only death squad formed autonomously from the government – had a largely military membership, and received substantial funding from wealthy landowners. The MANO also received information from military intelligence through La Regional, with which it was linked to the Army General Staff and all of the main security forces.
The first leaflets by the MANO appeared on 3 June 1966 in Guatemala City, announcing the impending creation of the "White Hand" or "the hand that will eradicate National Renegades and traitors to the fatherland." In August 1966, MANO leaflets were distributed over Guatemala City by way of light aircraft openly landing in the Air Force section of La Aurora airbase. Their main message was that all patriotic citizen must fully support the army's counterinsurgency initiative and that the army was "the institution of the greatest importance at any latitude, representative of Authority, of Order, and of Respect" and that to "attack it, divide it, or to wish its destruction is indisputedly treason to the fatherland."
Counterinsurgency in Zacapa
With increased military aid from the United States, the 5,000-man Guatemalan Army mounted a larger pacification effort in the departments of Zacapa and Izabal in October 1966 dubbed "Operation Guatemala." Colonel Arana Osorio was appointed commander of the Zacapa-Izabal Military Zone and took charge of the counter-terror program with guidance and training from 1,000 US Green Berets. Under Colonel Arana's jurisdiction, military strategists armed and fielded various paramilitary death squads to supplement regular army and police units in clandestine terror operations against the FAR's civilian support base. Personnel, weapons, funds and operational instructions were supplied to these organizations by the armed forces. The death squads operated with impunity – permitted by the government to kill any civilians deemed to be either insurgents or insurgent collaborators. The civilian membership of the army's paramilitary units consisted largely of right-wing fanatics with ties to the MLN, founded and led by Mario Sandoval Alarcón, a former participant in the 1954 coup. By 1967, the Guatemalan army claimed to have 1,800 civilian paramilitaries under its direct control.
Blacklists were compiled of suspected guerilla's collaborators and those with communist leanings, as troops and paramilitaries moved through Zacapa systematically arresting suspected insurgents and collaborators; prisoners were either killed on the spot or "disappeared" after being taken to clandestine detention camps for interrogation. In villages which the Army suspected were pro-guerrilla, the Army rounded up all of the peasant leaders and publicly executed them, threatening to kill additional civilians if the villagers did not cooperate with the authorities. In a 1976 report, Amnesty International cited estimates that between 3,000 and 8,000 peasants were killed by the army and paramilitary organizations in Zacapa and Izabal between October 1966 and March 1968. Other estimates put the death toll at 15,000 in Zacapa during the Mendez period. As a result, Colonel Arana Osorio subsequently earned the nickname "The Butcher of Zacapa" for his brutality.
State of Siege
On 2 November 1966 a nationwide 'state of siege' was declared in Guatemala in which civil rights – including the right to habeas corpus – were suspended. The entire security apparatus – including local police and private security guards – was subsequently placed under then Minister of Defense, Col. Rafael Arriaga Bosque. Press censorship was imposed alongside these security measures, including measures designed to keep the Zacapa campaign entirely shrouded in secrecy. These controls ensured that the only reports made public on the counter-terror program in Zacapa were those handed out by the army's public relations office. Also on the day of the 'state of siege,' a directive was published banning publication of reports on arrests until authorization by military authorities.
At the time of the Zacapa campaign, the government launched a parallel counter-terror program in the cities. Part of this new initiative was the increased militarization of the police forces and the activation of several new counter-terror units of the army and the National Police for performing urban counter-terror functions, particularly extralegal activities against opponents of the state. The National Police were subsequently transformed into an adjunct of the military and became a frontline force in the government's urban pacification program against the left.
In January 1967, the Guatemalan Army formed the 'Special Commando Unit of the Guatemalan Army' – SCUGA – a thirty-five man commando unit composed of anti-communist army officers and right-wing civilians, which was placed under the command of Colonel Máximo Zepeda. The SCUGA – which the CIA referred to as a "government-sponsored terrorist organization...used primarily for assassinations and political abductions" – carried out abductions, bombings, street assassinations, torture, "disappearances" and summary executions of both real and suspected communists. The SCUGA also worked with the Mano Blanca for a period before inter-agency rivalry took over. In March 1967, after Vice-Defense Minister and counterinsurgency coordinator Col. Francisco Sosa Avila was named director-general of the National Police, a special counterinsurgency unit of the National Police known as the Fourth Corps was created to carry out extralegal operations alongside the SCUGA. The Fourth Corps was an illegal fifty-man assassination squad which operated in secrecy from other members of the National Police, taking orders from Col. Sosa and Col. Arriaga.
Operations carried out under by the SCUGA and the Fourth Corps were usually carried out under the guise of paramilitary fronts, such as RAYO, NOA, CADEG and others. By 1967, at least twenty such death squads operated in Guatemala City which posted blacklists of suspected "communists" who were then targeted for murder. These lists were often published with police mugshots and passport photographs which were only accessible to the Ministry of the Interior. In January 1968, a booklet containing 85 names was distributed throughout the country entitled People of Guatemala, Know the Traitors, the Guerillas of the FAR. Many of those named in the booklet were killed or forced to flee. Death threats and warnings were sent to both individuals and organizations; for example, a CADEG leaflet addressed to the leadership of the labor federation FECETRAG read: "Your hour has come. Communists at the service of Fidel Castro, Russia, and Communist China. You have until the last day of March to leave the country." Victims of government repression in the capital included guerrilla sympathizers, labor union leaders, intellectuals, students, and other vaguely defined "enemies of the government." Some observers referred to the policy of the Guatemalan government as "White Terror" -a term previously used to describe similar periods of anti-communist mass killings in countries such as Taiwan and Spain.
By the end of 1967, the counterinsurgency program had resulted in the virtual defeat of the FAR insurgency in Zacapa and Izabal and the retreat of many of its members to Guatemala City. President Mendez Montenegro suggested in his annual message to congress in 1967 that the insurgents had been defeated. Despite the defeat of the insurgency, the government's killings continued. In December 1967, 26-year-old Rogelia Cruz Martinez, former "Miss Guatemala" of 1959, who was known for her left-wing sympathies, was picked up and found dead. Her body showed signs of torture, rape and mutilation. Amidst the outcry over the murder, the FAR opened fire on a carload of American military advisors on 16 January 1968. Colonel John D. Webber (chief of the US military mission in Guatemala) and Naval Attache Lieutenant Commander Ernest A. Munro were killed instantly; two others were wounded. The FAR subsequently issued a statement claiming that the killings were a reprisal against the Americans for creating "genocidal forces" which had "resulted in the death of nearly 4,000 Guatemalans" during the previous two years.
The kidnapping of Archbishop Casariego
On 16 March 1968, kidnappers apprehended Roman Catholic Archbishop Mario Casariego y Acevedo within 100 yards of the National Palace in the presence of heavily armed troops and police. The kidnappers (possible members of the security forces on orders from the army high command) intended to stage a false flag incident by implicating guerilla forces in the kidnapping; the Archbishop was well known for his extremely conservative views and it was considered that he might have organized a "self-kidnapping" to harm the reputation of the guerillas. However, he refused to go along with the scheme and his kidnappers plan to "create a national crisis by appealing to the anti-communism of the Catholic population." The Archbishop was released unharmed after four days in captivity. In the aftermath of the incident, two civilians involved in the operation – Raul Estuardo Lorenzana and Ines Mufio Padilla – were arrested and taken away in a police patrol car. In transit, the car stopped and the police officers exited the vehicle as gunmen sprayed it with submachine gunfire. One press report said Lorenzana's body had 27 bullet wounds and Padilla's 22. The police escorts were unharmed in the assassination. Raul Lorenzana was a known "front man" for the MANO death squad and had operated out of the headquarters of the Guatemalan Army's Cuartel de Matamoros and a government safe house at La Aurora airbase.
The army was not left unscathed by the scandal and its three primary leaders of the counterinsurgency program were replaced and sent abroad. Defense Minister Rafael Arriaga Bosque was sent to Miami, Florida to become Consul General; Vice-Defense Minister and Director-General of the National Police, Col. Francisco Sosa Avila was dispatched as a military attache to Spain and Col. Arana Osorio was sent as Ambassador to Nicaragua, which was under the rule of Anastasio Somoza Debayle at the time. Political murders by "death squads" declined in subsequent months and the "state of siege" was reduced to a "state of alarm" on 24 June 1968.
The assassinations of Ambassador John Gordon Mein and Count Karl Von Sprite
The lull in political violence in the aftermath of the "kidnapping" of Archbishop Casariego ended after several months. On 28 August 1968, US Ambassador John Gordon Mein was assassinated by FAR rebels one block from the US consulate on Avenida Reforma in Guatemala City. US officials believed that FAR intended to kidnap him in order to negotiate an exchange, but instead, they shot him when he attempted to escape. Some sources suggested that the high command of the Guatemalan Army was involved in the assassination of Ambassador Mein. This was alleged years later to US investigators by a reputed former bodyguard of Col. Arana Osorio named Jorge Zimeri Saffie, who had fled to the US in 1976 and had been arrested on firearms charges in 1977. The Guatemalan police claimed to have "solved" the crime almost immediately, announcing that they had located a suspect on the same day. The suspect "Michele Firk, a French socialist who had rented the car used to kidnap Mein" shot herself as police came to interrogate her. In her notebook Michele had written:
The assassination of Ambassador Mein led to public calls for tougher counterinsurgency measures by the military and an increase in US security assistance. This was followed by a renewed wave of "death squad" killings of members of the opposition, under the guise of new Defense Minister Col. Rolando Chinchilla Aguilar and Army chief of staff Col. Doroteo Reyes, who were both subsequently promoted to the rank of "General" in September 1968.
On 31 March 1970 West German Ambassador Count Karl Von Sprite was kidnapped when his car was intercepted by armed men belonging to the FAR. The FAR subsequently put out a ransom note in which they demanded $700,000 ransom and the release of 17 political prisoners (which was eventually brought up to 25). The Mendez government refused to cooperate with the FAR, causing outrage among the diplomatic community and the German government. Ten days later on 9 April 1970, Von Sprite was found dead after an anonymous phone call was made disclosing the whereabouts of his remains.
Domination by military rulers
In July 1970, Colonel Carlos Arana Osorio assumed the presidency. Arana, backed by the army, represented an alliance of the MLN – the originators of the MANO death squad – and the Institutional Democratic Party (MLN-PID). Arana was the first of a string of military rulers allied with the Institutional Democratic Party who dominated Guatemalan politics in the 1970s and 1980s (his predecessor, Julio César Méndez, while dominated by the army, was a civilian). Colonel Arana, who had been in charge of the terror campaign in Zacapa, was an anti-communist hardliner who once stated, "If it is necessary to turn the country into a cemetery in order to pacify it, I will not hesitate to do so."
Despite minimal armed insurgent activity at the time, Arana announced another "state of siege" on 13 November 1970 and imposed a curfew from 9:00 PM to 5:00 AM, during which time all vehicle and pedestrian traffic — including ambulances, fire engines, nurses, and physicians—were forbidden throughout the national territory. The siege was accompanied by a series of house to house searches by the police, which reportedly led to 1,600 detentions in the capital in the first fifteen days of the "State of Siege." Arana also imposed dress codes, banning miniskirts for women and long hair for men. High government sources were cited at the time by foreign journalists as acknowledging 700 executions by security forces or paramilitary death squads in the first two months of the "State of Siege". This is corroborated by a January 1971 secret bulletin of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency detailing the elimination of hundreds of suspected "terrorists and bandits" in the Guatemalan countryside by the security forces.
While government repression continued in the countryside, the majority of victims of government repression under Arana were residents of the capital. "Special commandos" of the military and the Fourth Corps of the National Police acting "under government control but outside the judicial processes", abducted, tortured and killed thousands of leftists, students, labor union leaders and common criminals in Guatemala City. In November 1970, the 'Judicial Police' were formally disbanded and a new semi-autonomous intelligence agency of the National Police was activated known as the 'Detectives Corps' – with members operating in plainclothes – which eventually became notorious for repression. One method of torture commonly used by the National Police at the time consisted of placing a rubber "hood" filled with insecticide over the victim's head to the point of suffocation.
Some of the first victims of Arana's state of the siege were his critics in the press and in the University. In Guatemala City on 26 November 1970, security forces captured and disappeared journalists Enrique Salazar Solorzano and Luis Perez Diaz in an apparent reprisal for newspaper stories condemning the repression. On 27 November, National University law professor and government critic Julio Camey Herrera was found murdered. On the following day, radio station owner Humberto Gonzalez Juarez, his business associate Armando Bran Valle and a secretary disappeared, their bodies were subsequently found in a ravine. Later in 1975, a former member of the Detective Corps of the National Police – jailed for a non-political murder – took credit for the killing.
In October 1971, over 12,000 students at the University of San Carlos of Guatemala went on a general strike to protest the killing of students by the security forces; they called for an end to the "state of siege." On 27 November 1971, the Guatemalan military responded with an extensive raid on the main campus of the university, seeking cached weapons. It mobilized 800 army personnel, as well as tanks, helicopters and armored cars, for the raid. They conducted a room-to-room search of the entire campus but found no evidence or supplies.
A number of death squads – run by the police and intelligence services – emerged in the capital during this period. In one incident on 13 October 1972, ten people were knifed to death in the name of a death squad known as the "Avenging Vulture." Guatemalan government sources confirmed to the U.S. Department of State that the "Avenging Vulture" and other similar death squads operating during the time period were a "smokescreen" for extralegal tactics being employed by the National Police against non-political delinquents. Another infamous death squad active during this time was the 'Ojo por Ojo' (Eye for an Eye), described in a US State Department intelligence cable as "a largely military membership with some civilian cooperation". The 'Ojo por Ojo' tortured, killed and mutilated scores of civilians linked to the PGT or suspected of collaborating with the FAR in the first half of the 1970s.
According to Amnesty International and domestic human rights organizations such as 'Committee of Relatives of Disappeared Persons', over 7,000 civilian opponents of the security forces were 'disappeared' or found dead in 1970 and 1971, followed by an additional 8,000 in 1972 and 1973. In the period between January and September 1973, the Guatemalan Human Rights Commission documented the deaths and forced disappearances of 1,314 individuals by death squads. The Guatemalan Human Rights Commission estimated 20,000 people killed or "disappeared" between 1970 and 1974.
Amnesty International mentioned Guatemala as one of several countries under a human rights state of emergency, while citing "the high incidence of disappearances of Guatemalan citizens" as a major and continuing problem in its 1972–1973 annual report. Overall, as many as 42,000 Guatemalan civilians were killed or "disappeared" between 1966 and 1973.
Franja Transversal del Norte
The first settler project in the FTN was in Sebol-Chinajá in Alta Verapaz. Sebol, then regarded as a strategic point and route through Cancuén river, which communicated with Petén through the Usumacinta River on the border with Mexico and the only road that existed was a dirt one built by President Lázaro Chacón in 1928. In 1958, during the government of General Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) financed infrastructure projects in Sebol. In 1960, then Army captain Fernando Romeo Lucas García inherited Saquixquib and Punta de Boloncó farms in northeastern Sebol. In 1963 he bought the farm "San Fernando" El Palmar de Sejux and finally bought the "Sepur" farm near San Fernando. During those years, Lucas was in the Guatemalan legislature and lobbied in Congress to boost investment in that area of the country.
In those years, the importance of the region was in livestock, exploitation of precious export wood, and archaeological wealth. Timber contracts were granted to multinational companies such as Murphy Pacific Corporation from California, which invested US$30 million for the colonization of southern Petén and Alta Verapaz, and formed the North Impulsadora Company. Colonization of the area was made through a process by which inhospitable areas of the FTN were granted to native peasants.
In 1962, the DGAA became the National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INTA), by Decree 1551 which created the law of Agrarian Transformation. In 1964, INTA defined the geography of the FTN as the northern part of the departments of Huehuetenango, Quiché, Alta Verapaz and Izabal and that same year priests of the Maryknoll order and the Order of the Sacred Heart began the first process of colonization, along with INTA, carrying settlers from Huehuetenango to the Ixcán sector in Quiché.
The Northern Transversal Strip was officially created during the government of General Carlos Arana Osorio in 1970, by Legislative Decree 60–70, for agricultural development.
Guerrilla Army of the Poor
On 19 January 1972, members of a new Guatemalan guerrilla movement entered Ixcán, from Mexico, and were accepted by many farmers; in 1973, after an exploratory foray into the municipal seat of Cotzal, the insurgent group decided to set up camp underground in the mountains of Xolchiché, municipality of Chajul.
In 1974 the insurgent guerrilla group held its first conference, where it defined its strategy of action for the coming months and called itself Guerrilla Army of the Poor (-Ejército Guerrillero de Los Pobres -EGP-). In 1975 the organization had spread around the area of the mountains of northern municipalities of Nebaj and Chajul. As part of its strategy, EGP decided to perpetrate notorious acts which also symbolized the establishment of a "social justice" against the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of the judicial and administrative State institutions. They also wanted that with these actions the indigenous rural population of the region identified with the insurgency, thus motivating them to join their ranks. As part of this plan it was agreed to do the so-called "executions"; in order to determine who would be subject to "execution", the EGP gathered complaints received from local communities. For example, they selected two victims: Guillermo Monzón, who was a military Commissioner in Ixcán and José Luis Arenas, the largest landowner in the area, and who had been reported to the EGP for allegedly having land conflicts with neighboring settlements and abusing their workers.
Mass movement for social reforms: 1974–1976
For several years after the "state of siege," the insurgency was largely inactive, having been defeated and demoralized on all fronts. Massive economic inequality persisted, compounded by external factors such the 1973 oil crisis, which led to rising food prices, fuel shortages, and decreased agricultural output due to the lack of imported goods and petrol-based fertilizers. A blatant electoral fraud during the 1974 presidential elections favored Arana's Defense Minister, General Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García, who was also a veteran of the 1966–68 Zacapa campaign. Laugerud, like his predecessor, represented the right-wing alliance between the MLN and the Institutional Democratic Party (MLN-PID), this time against a center-left alliance promoting the ticket of Christian Democrat General José Efraín Ríos Montt (later president from 1982–83) and leftist economist Alberto Fuentes Mohr. Inflation, imbalance, public outrage at the electoral fraud, and discontent with human rights violations generated widespread protest and civil disobedience. A mass social movement emerged that persisted throughout much of the decade.
Coinciding with the election of Kjell Laugerud was the rise to prominence of labor organizations in rural Guatemala, such as the CUC. When the CUC (Committee for Peasant Unity) first began organizing in the countryside in the early 1970s more than 300,000 rural peasants left the Guatemalan altiplano every year to work on plantations on the Pacific coast to supplement their minuscule earnings. The CUC was the first Indian-led national labor organization and the first to unite Ladino workers and Indian farmers in a struggle for better working conditions. The growth of cooperatives could be attributed to the fact that the new military government – at least on the surface – appeared to support the establishment of cooperatives and unions to improve working conditions.
Unlike his predecessor, General Laugerud did not begin his term with the use of military repression to consolidate power and seemed to favor negotiation between unions and industries over than silencing the workers through violence. The public support given to cooperatives under General Laugerud prompted the US Agency for International Development (AID) to grant Guatemala $4,500,000 to finance the purchase of fertilizers and other supplies, while the Inter-American Development Bank granted an additional $15,000,000 for "cooperative development" in early 1976.
On Saturday, 7 June 1975 landowner José Luis Arenas was assassinated on the premises of his farm "La Perla." In front of his office there were approximately two to three hundred peasant workers to receive payment. Hidden among the workers were four members of the EGP, who destroyed the communication radio of the farm and executed Arenas. Following the assassination, the guerrillas spoke in Ixil language to the farmers, informing them that they were members of the Guerrilla Army of the Poor and had killed the "Ixcán Tiger" due to his alleged multiple crimes against community members. The attackers then fled towards Chajul, while José Luis Arenas' son, who was in San Luis Ixcán at the time, took refuge in a nearby mountain and awaited the arrival of a plane to take him directly to Guatemala City to the presidential palace. There he immediately reported the matter to Minister of Defense, General Fernando Romeo Lucas García. Romeo Lucas replied, "You are mistaken, there are no guerrillas in the area".
Despite the Defense Minister's denial of the presence of guerrillas in Ixcán, the government responded to these new guerrilla actions by systematically eliminating many cooperative leaders in the Guatemalan highlands. While the new government appeared to support cooperative development on the surface, previous statements had been made by General Laugerud in which he had condemned cooperatives as a facade for Soviet Communism. Due to the fact that cooperatives had largely been drawn out into the open, it was relatively easy for the intelligence services to collate the names of cooperative members in order to designate targets for an extermination program, which seems to have begun shortly thereafter.
On 7 July 1975, one month to the date after the assassination of Arenas, a contingent of army paratroopers arrived in the marketplace of Ixcán Grande. There they seized 30 men who were members of the Xalbal cooperative and took them away in helicopters; all were subsequently "disappeared". The case of the thirty men seized on 7 July, as well as seven other cases of "disappearances" among the same cooperative were named in a sworn statement to General Kjell Laugerud in November 1975. The Ministry of the Interior responded by denying that the "disappeared" persons had been taken by the government. That same month, a disturbing mimeographed letter sent to Guatemala City cooperatives in the name of the MANO "death squad" was reported in the press:
A total of 60 cooperative leaders were murdered or "disappeared" in Ixcan between June and December 1975. An additional 163 cooperative and village leaders were assassinated by death squads between 1976 and 1978. Believing that the Catholic Church constituted a major part of the social base of the EGP, the regime also began singling out targets among the catechists. Between November 1976 and December 1977, death squads murdered 143 Catholic Action catechists of the 'Diocese of El Quiche.' Documented cases of killings and forced disappearances during this time represent a small fraction of the true number of killings by government forces, especially in the indigenous highlands, as many killings of persons went unreported.
On 4 February 1976, a devastating 7.5 Mw earthquake shook Guatemala. Over 23,000 Guatemalans perished in the disaster and close to a million were left without adequate housing. The earthquake had a political effect as well: the visible incapacity and corruption of the government to deal with the effects of the catastrophe led to a rise in independent organizing and left many survivors deeply critical of the government. The political system was ineffective to ensure the welfare of the populace. In the aftermath of the earthquake, more citizens wanted infrastructural reforms, and many saw it as the government's responsibility to invest in these improvements. In the poor barrios disproportionately affected by the quake, due to poor infrastructure, neighborhood groups helped to rescue victims or dig out the dead, distribute water, food and reconstruction materials, and prevent looting by criminals. The political pressures generated in the aftermath of the earthquake put greater pressure on the military government of Guatemala to induce reforms. The security forces subsequently took advantage of the disorder to engage in a wave of political assassinations in Guatemala City, of which 200 cases were documented by Amnesty International. A period of increased militarization began in the Indian highlands after the earthquake, accompanied by additional counterinsurgency operations.
At the same time, the Guatemalan government was becoming increasing isolated internationally. In 1977, the administration of US-president Jimmy Carter targeted Guatemala and several other Latin American regimes for a reduction in military assistance in pursuance with Section 502B of the Foreign Assistance Act, which stated that no assistance will be provided to a government "engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations of internationally recognized human rights."
Transition between Laugerud and Lucas Garcia regimes
Due to his seniority in both the military and economic elites in Guatemala, as well as the fact that he spoke q’ekchi perfectly, one of the Guatemalan indigenous languages, Lucas García became the ideal candidate for the 1978 elections; and to further enhance his image, he was paired with the leftist doctor Francisco Villagrán Kramer as his running mate. Villagrán Kramer was a man of recognized democratic trajectory, having participated in the Revolution of 1944, and was linked to the interests of transnational corporations and elites, as he was one of the main advisers of agricultural, industrial and financial chambers of Guatemala. Despite the democratic facade, the electoral victory was not easy and the establishment had to impose Lucas García, causing further discredit the electoral system -which had already suffered a fraud when General Laugerud was imposed in the 1974 elections.
In 1976 student group called "FRENTE" emerged in the University of San Carlos, which completely swept all student body positions that were up for election that year. FRENTE leaders were mostly members of the Patriotic Workers' Youth, the youth wing of the Guatemalan Labor Party -Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo- (PGT), the Guatemalan communist party who had worked in the shadows since it was illegalized in 1954. Unlike other Marxist organizations in Guatemala at the time, PGT leaders trusted the mass movement to gain power through elections.
FRENTE used its power within the student associations to launch a political campaign for the 1978 university general elections, allied with leftist Faculty members grouped in "University Vanguard". The alliance was effective and Oliverio Castañeda de León was elected as President of the Student Body and Saúl Osorio Paz as President of the University; plus they had ties with the University workers union (STUSC) through their PGT connections. Osorio Paz gave space and support to the student movement and instead of having a conflictive relationship with students, different representations combined to build a higher education institution of higher social projection. In 1978 the University of San Carlos became one of the sectors with more political weight in Guatemala; that year the student movement, faculty and University Governing Board -Consejo Superior Universitario- united against the government and were in favor of opening spaces for the neediest sectors. In order to expand its university extension, the Student Body (AEU) rehabilitated the "Student House" in downtown Guatemala City; there, they welcomed and supported families of villagers and peasant already sensitized politically. They also organized groups of workers in the informal trade.
At the beginning of his tenure as president, Saúl Osorio founded the weekly Siete Días en la USAC (Seven Days in USAC), which besides reporting on the activities of the University, constantly denounced the violation of human rights, especially the repression against the popular movement. It also told what was happening with revolutionary movements in both Nicaragua and El Salvador. For a few months, the state university was a united and progressive institution, preparing to confront the State head on.
Now, FRENTE had to face the radical left, represented then by the Student Revolutionary Front "Robin García" (FERG), which emerged during the Labor Day march of 1 May 1978. FERG coordinated several student associations on different colleges within University of San Carlos and public secondary education institutions. This coordination between legal groups came from the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), a guerrilla group that had appeared in 1972 and had its headquarters in the oil rich region of northern Quiché department -i.e., the Ixil Triangle of Ixcán, Nebaj and Chajul in Franja Transversal del Norte. Although not strictly an armed group, FERG sought confrontation with government forces all the time, giving prominence to measures that could actually degenerate into mass violence and paramilitary activity. Its members were not interested in working within an institutional framework and never asked permission for their public demonstrations or actions.
Lucas García presidency
Romeo Lucas García escalated state terror under guise of repressing leftist rebels but in practice was used to murder civilians. This caused an uprising in the city.
Civil war in the city
In response to the increasing number of disappearances and killings, the insurgency began targeting members of the security forces, beginning with the assassination of Juan Antonio "El Chino" Lima López – a notorious torturer and second in command of the Commando Six unit of the National Police – on 15 January 1980. On the day of his death, Lima López was sporting a US Army signet ring. The National Police said López, 32, had driven away from his house in downtown Guatemala City when gunmen in another vehicle pulled up next to him and opened fire with automatic rifles, killing him instantly. None of the insurgent groups operating in the Guatemala immediately took responsibility.
On 31 January 1980, a group of displaced K'iche' and Ixil peasant farmers occupied the Spanish Embassy in Guatemala City to protest the kidnapping and murder of peasants in Uspantán by elements of the Guatemalan Army. Guatemalan government officials, including the National Police Detective Corps Chief, branded them as guerilleros, collaborators, and subversives, warning people on radio and television not to be fooled by the campesinos' appearance. A special meeting was held in the National Palace by President Romeo Lucas, Col. Germán Chupina Barahona, and Minister of the Interior Donaldo Álvarez Ruiz. Despite pleas by Spanish Ambassador Máximo Cajal y López to negotiate, a decision was made among Gen. Lucas Garcia's cabinet to forcibly expel the group occupying the embassy. Shortly before noon, about 300 heavily armed state agents cordoned off the area to vehicular traffic and cut the electricity, water and telephone lines. Under the orders from Lt. Colonel Pedro Garcia Arredondo, the Commando Six unit of the National Police proceeded to occupy the first and third floors of the building over the shouts of Ambassador Cajal that they were violating international law in doing so. The peasants barricaded themselves, along with the captive embassy staff and the visiting Guatemalan officials, in the ambassador's office on the second floor. A fire ensued as "Commando Six" prevented those inside of the embassy from exiting the building. In all, 36 people were killed in the fire. The funeral of the victims (including the father of Rigoberta Menchú, Vicente Menchú) attracted hundreds of thousands of mourners, and a new guerrilla group was formed commemorating the date, the Frente patriotico 31 de enero (Patriotic Front of 31 January or FP-31). The incident has been called "the defining event" of the Guatemalan Civil War. The Guatemalan government issued a statement claiming that its forces had entered the embassy at the request of the Spanish Ambassador, and that the occupiers of the embassy, whom they referred to as "terrorists," had "sacrificed the hostages and immolated themselves afterward." Ambassador Cajal denied the claims of the Guatemalan government and Spain immediately terminated diplomatic relations with Guatemala, calling the action a violation of "the most elementary norms of international law." Relations between Spain and Guatemala were not normalized until 22 September 1984.
The climate of fear maintained by the Lucas government in Guatemala City persisted through 1980 and 1981. Political killings and disappearances of residents were common-place and ordinary residents lived in terror of the death squads. A coordinated campaign against trade unionists was undertaken by the National Police under Col. German Chupina, who had close ties with the American Chamber of Commerce and with numerous business leaders. The manager of the Coca-Cola franchise in Guatemala City, John C. Trotter from Texas, was apparently a personal friend of Col. Chupina. Trotter would allegedly contact Col. Chupina via telephone regarding the activities of the union at the plant, and many unionists subsequently disappeared or were found dead later. The insurgents had attempted unsuccessfully to assassinate Col. Chupina, as well as Interior Minister Donaldo Álvarez, in February and March 1980.
In one incident on 21 June 1980, 60 non-uniformed agents – likely from the Detectives Corps – seized and detained 27 members of the National Workers Union (CNT) during an attack on its headquarters, in which uniformed police blocked off the streets surrounding the building. The trade unionists were taken away in unmarked Toyota jeeps or forced into their own cars and taken away. All 27 members of the CNT seized on that day disappeared while in the custody of the police. Among those abducted were members of the union representing the workers of the Coca-Cola plant under John Trotter.
On 7 July 1980, Col. Miguel Angel Natareno Salazar, head of the infamous Fourth Corps of the National Police, was assassinated along with his driver and two bodyguards while on his way to work. This was followed by the assassinations of three police agents, two special agents of the Army G-2 and a security guard of the Ministry of the Interior in the following week.
On 24 August 1980, plainclothes National Police and Army soldiers under the direction of Alfonso Ortiz, the Deputy Chief of the Detectives Corps, abducted 17 union leaders and a Catholic administrator from a seminar at the "Emaus Medio Monte" estate belonging to the diocese of Escuintla, on the southern coast of Guatemala. The detainees were taken to the garages of National Police in Zone 6 of Guatemala City where they were tortured under the direction of the former head of Commando Six, Col. Pedro Garcia Arredondo, who had been promoted to Chief of the Detectives Corps. All 17 unionists subsequently disappeared after being tortured under Col. Arredondo.
On 5 September 1980 the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP) carried out a terrorist attack right in front of the Guatemalan National Palace, then the headquarters of the Guatemalan government. The intention was to prevent a huge demonstration that the government had prepared for Sunday, 7 September 1980. In the attack, six adults and a little boy died after two bombs inside a vehicle went off. There was an undetermined number of wounded and heavy material losses, not only from art pieces from the National Palace, but from all the surrounding buildings, particularly in the Lucky Building, which is right across the Presidential Office.
As killings by government security forces and death squads increased, so did terrorist attacks against private financial, commercial and agricultural targets by the insurgents, who saw those institutions as "reactionaries" and "millionaire exploiters" that were collaborating with the genocidal government. The following is a non-exhaustive list of the terrorist attacks that occurred in Guatemala city and are presented in the UN Commission report:
Despite advances by the insurgency, the insurgency made a series of fatal strategic errors. The successes made by the revolutionary forces in Nicaragua against the Somoza regime combined with the insurgency's own successes against the Lucas government led rebel leaders to falsely conclude that a military equilibrium was being reached in Guatemala, thus the insurgency underestimated the military strength of the government. The insurgency subsequently found itself overwhelmed on both urban and countryside fronts.
On the urban front, the armed forces began to utilize more sophisticated technology to combat the insurgency. With help of advisors from Israel, a computer system was installed in the annex of the EMP behind the presidential palace in 1980. This computer used a data analysis system used to monitor electrical and water usage as a means of pinpointing the coordinates of potential guerrilla safe-houses. In the July 1981, tanks and shock troops were mobilized for a massive series of raids to shut down the guerrilla bases operating in the city. Thirty ORPA safe-houses were raided in Guatemala City in the summer of 1981 according to G-2 sources. Large caches of small arms were located in these raids, including 17 American-made M-16s which had previously been issued to American units in Vietnam in the late 1960s and early 1970s
Insurgent mobilization in the countryside
The daily number of killings by official and unofficial security forces increased from an average of 20 to 30 in 1979 to a conservative estimate of 30 to 40 daily in 1980. Human rights sources estimated 5,000 Guatemalans were killed by the government for "political reasons" in 1980 alone, making Guatemala the worst human rights violator in the hemisphere after El Salvador. In a report titled Guatemala: A Government Program of Political Murder, Amnesty International stated, "Between January and November of 1980, some 3,000 people described by government representatives as "subversives" and "criminals" were either shot on the spot in political assassinations or seized and murdered later; at least 364 others seized in this period have not yet been accounted for."
With the mass movement being ravaged by covertly sanctioned terror in the cities and brutal army repression in the countryside, its constituents saw no other option than to take up arms against the regime, which led to the growth of the insurgent movement. At the same time the EGP was expanding its presence in the Highlands, a new insurgent movement called the ORPA (Revolutionary Organization of Armed People) made itself known. Composed of local youths and university intellectuals, the ORPA developed out of a movement called the Regional de Occidente, which split from the FAR-PGT in 1971. The ORPA's leader, Rodrigo Asturias (a former activist with the PGT and first-born son of Nobel Prize-winning author Miguel Ángel Asturias), formed the organization after returning from exile in Mexico. The ORPA established an operational base in the mountains and forests above the coffee plantations of southwestern Guatemala and in the Atitlán where it enjoyed considerable popular support. On 18 September 1979, the ORPA made its existence publicly known when it occupied the Mujulia coffee farm in the coffee-growing region of the Quezaltenango province to hold a political education meeting with the workers.
In 1979 the EGP controlled a large amount of territory in the Ixil Triangle and held many demonstrations in Nebaj, Chajul and Cotzal. That year, the owners of "La Perla" established links with the army and for the first time a military detachment was installed within the property; in this same building the first civil patrol of the area was established. The Army high command, meanwhile, was very pleased with the initial results of the operation and was convinced it had succeeded in destroying most of the social basis of EGP, which had to be expelled from the "Ixil Triangle". Army repression in the region became more intense and less selective then it had been under Laugerud Garcia; the officers who executed the plan were instructed to destroy all towns suspected of cooperating with EGP and eliminate all sources of resistance. Army units operating in the "Ixil Triangle" belonged to the Mariscal Zavala Brigade, stationed in Guatemala City. Moreover, although the EGP did not intervene directly when the army attacked the civilian population – allegedly due to a lack of supplies and ammunition – it did support some survival strategies. It streamlined, for example, "survival plans" designed to give evacuation instructions in assumption that military incursions took place. Most of the population began to participate in the schemes finding that they represented their only alternative to military repression.
In December 1979, the Guatemalan Army staged a false flag incident in Chajul – ostensibly to justify repressive measures against the city. On 6 December 1979, the Guatemalan Army abducted nine peasants from Uspantán and transported them to Chajul in a helicopter. Two of the peasants captured by the army managed to escape, while those remaining were dressed in olive drab by the army. After being put in uniform, the peasants were equipped with shotguns and instructed by soldiers to march down a road outside of Chajul. The soldiers then opened fire on the peasants, killing all seven. The army announced that the campesinos were guerillas, who had attempted to assault the detachment at Chajul. The bodies were later burned and buried. Within three weeks the army presence in Chajul grew and repression escalated.
The repression and excessive force used by the government against the opposition was such that it became source of contention within Lucas Garcia's administration itself. This contention within the government caused Lucas Garcia's Vice President Francisco Villagrán Kramer to resign from his position on 1 September 1980. In his resignation, Kramer cited his disapproval of the government's human rights record as one of the primary reasons for his resignation. He then went into voluntary exile in the United States, taking a position in the Legal Department of the Inter-American Development Bank.
In 1980, armed insurgents assassinated prominent Ixil landowner Enrique Brol, and president of the CACIF (Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations) Alberto Habie. In October 1980, a tripartite alliance was formalized between the EGP, the FAR and the ORPA as a precondition for Cuban-backing.
In early 1981, the insurgency mounted the largest offensive in the country's history. This was followed by an additional offensive towards the end of the year, in which many civilians were forced to participate by the insurgents. Villagers worked with the insurgency to sabotage roads and army establishments, and destroy anything of strategic value to the armed forces. By 1981, an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 members of Guatemala's indigenous community actively supported the insurgency. Guatemalan Army Intelligence (G-2) estimated a minimum 360,000 indigenous supporters of the EGP alone.
List of massacres perpetrated by the EGP in FTN
According to a report by the rightist magazine "Crónica", there were 1258 guerrilla actions against civilians and infrastructure in Guatemala, including more than two hundred murders, sixty eight kidnappings, eleven bombs against embassies and three hundred twenty-nine attacks against civilians. Almost all guerrilla massacres occurred in 1982 when further militarization reigned and there was widespread presence of PAC in communities; many of them were victims of non-cooperation with the guerrillas and in some cases they came after a previous attack by the PAC. In the massacres perpetrated by the guerrillas there is no use of informants, or concentration of population, or separation of groups; also, there are no recounts of rape or repetitive slaughter. There are cases of razed villages and less tendency to mass flight, even though it occurred in some cases. The use of lists was also more frequent.
In a publication of the Army of Guatemala, sixty massacres perpetrated by the EGP were reported, arguing that they were mostly ignored by REHMI and the Historical Clarification Commission reports. It is also reported that in mid-1982, 32 members of "Star Guerilla Front " were shot for not raising the EGP flag.
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'Operation Ceniza' 1981
Relying on continued material support from the United States and US-allied third parties, the armed forces under Army Chief of Staff, Benedicto Lucas Garcia (the president's brother, known as "General Benny") initiated a strategy of "scorched earth" to "separate and isolate the insurgents from the civilian population", under the code-name "Operación Ceniza" ("Operation Ash"). In a strategy developed jointly by Benedicto Lucas Garcia and Lieutenant Col. George Maynes (U.S. Defense Attache and Chief of the U.S. MilGroup in Guatemala), some 15,000 troops were deployed on a gradual sweep through the highlands.
By way of a policy of forced recruitment, Gen. Benedicto Lucas began organizing a "task-force" model for fighting the insurgency, by which strategic mobile forces of 3,000 to 5,000 troops were drawn from larger military brigades for search and destroy missions in the highlands. These operations led to massive civilian casualties, numbering in the tens of thousands. The use of genocidal scorched-earth tactics radicalized the population, creating antipathy towards the government and causing the ranks of the insurgents to swell to unprecedented levels.
Meanwhile, relations between the Guatemalan military establishment and the Lucas Garcia regime worsened. Professionals within the Guatemalan military considered the Lucas approach counterproductive, on grounds that the Lucas government's strategy of military action and systematic terror overlooked the social and ideological causes of the insurgency while radicalizing the civilian population. Additionally, Lucas went against the military's interests by endorsing his defense minister, Ángel Aníbal Guevara, as a candidate in the March 1982 presidential elections.
1982 coup d'état and Ríos Montt regime
On 23 March 1982, junior officers under the command of General Efraín Ríos Montt staged a coup d'état and deposed General Romeo Lucas Garcia. The coup was not supported by any entities within the Lucas government aside from the junior officers involved in engineering the coup. At the time of the coup, the majority of Lucas Garcia's senior officers were reportedly unaware of any previous coup plotting on the part of the junior officers or any other entity. General Lucas was reportedly prepared to resist the coup, and could have easily opposed the coup with his own contingent of troops stationed at the presidential palace, but was coerced into surrendering by being shown his mother and sister held with rifles to their heads. After the overthrow of Lucas Garcia, the home of Lucas's Interior Minister Donaldo Álvarez Ruiz was raided, uncovering a printing press, clandestine jail cells and property taken from police torture victims, including fifty stolen vehicles and scores of gold graduation rings.
Within two months after seizing power, Ríos Montt worked to strengthen his personal power and began eliminating those officers which he believed to be involved in counter-coup plotting. One particularly cohesive group of officers opposed to Ríos was the Guatemalan Military Academy promotion class number 73. To intimidate these officers and stifle plans for a counter-coup, Ríos Montt ordered the arrest and investigation of three of its most prominent members: Captains Mario López Serrano, Roberto Enrique Letona Hora and Otto Pérez Molina. He threatened to expose evidence of their corruption if they continued to oppose him. On 9 July 1982, Ríos Montt forced two members of the junta to resign, leaving him in complete control of the government, as both the de facto head of the armed forces and Minister of Defense.
'Victoria 82' and 'Operation Sofia'
The architects of the counterinsurgency program under Rios Montt were aware of the social problems generated by the counterinsurgency under Lucas Garcia; the most counterproductive was the widespread antipathy generated amongst towards the State through indiscriminate mass murder. A compromise was reached between the army's drive to eradicate the insurgency and the desire to "win the hearts and minds" of the civilian population and new counterinsurgency program known as "Victoria 82" was implemented on 6 June 1982. The authors of the plan emphasized that "The population's mentality is the principal objective". The program combined the brutal scorched-earth tactics developed and executed under Benedicto Lucas Garcia with social welfare programs and government assistance, both to incentivize civilian cooperation with the army and mitigate the negative effects of army massacres. Ríos Montt also expanded on the "civic action" strategy, which began under Benedicto Lucas. The civilian paramilitary bands fielded by Lucas were renamed "civilian self-defense patrols" (PACs), and the army began conscripting large portions of the rural civilian population into the militias. At the start of the Rios Montt period there were approximately 25,000 civilians in the PACs. In the subsequent eighteen months, this number grew to 700,000, due to a policy of forced conscription. Dissenters to the establishment of civil patrols in their villages were often marked for death or other violent reprisal by the army.
Despite the implementation of social welfare and civil action programs, "Victoria 82" still sought first and foremost to destroy the guerrilla forces and their base through operations of annihilation and the scorched earth tactics. As stated in the plan's "Purpose" (II/A/1-3), the army's job was to:
Defend the population.
Recover members of the Irregular Local Forces (Fuerzas Irregulares Locales-FIL) when possible while eliminating subversives who refuse to lay down their weapons.
Annihilate the Clandestine Local Committees (Comités Clandestinos Locales-CCL) and the Permanent Military Units (Unidades Militares Permanentes-UMP) of the enemy.
Although the plan distinguished between the army's objectives regarding the FIL and the CCL, both groups were local unarmed campesinos living and working in the targeted areas of operation. The FIL were civilians whose routine labors continued – tending their crops in the field or their domestic responsibilities – while they contributed to self-defense actions to hinder the Army's activities. The CCL were local leaders, often communitarian authorities, who served as political representatives for the guerrilla. The death of these leaders was a priority for the Army because it signified the end of the political connection between the guerrilla units and their bases of social support.
Urban Reforms
While wholesale killings of indigenous peasants escalated to unprecedented levels in the countryside, "death squad" killings in the cities decreased. A U.S. defense attaché report informed Washington in April 1982 that "The army intended to act with two sets of rules, one to protect and respect the rights of average citizens who lived in secure areas (mostly in the cities) and had nothing to do with subversion. The second set of rules would be applied to the areas where subversion was prevalent. In these areas ('war zones') the rules of unconventional warfare would apply. Guerrillas would be destroyed by fire and their infrastructure eradicated by social welfare programs."
Pursuant with the army's new "set of rules", Rios Montt began to make changes in the intelligence apparatus and disbanded – or renamed – some of the security structures which had become infamous for repression in the capital under previous regimes. In March 1982, shortly after the coup, Rios Montt disbanded the 'Detectives Corps' of the National Police and replaced it with the 'Department of Technical Investigations' (DIT). Additionally, Col. Germán Chupina Barahona – who was responsible for much of the repression in the capital under Lucas – was forced to resign and Col. Hernán Ponce Nitsch, a former instructor at the US Army School of the Americas, was appointed as director-general of the National Police. Col. Hector Ismael Montalván Batres was retained for a period as the chief of the EMP after the coup, due to his experience.
Since the insurgency operated in remote rural areas, the application of "unconventional warfare" became less prevalent in the capital. According to some observers, the decline in extralegal tactics by the National Police and intelligence services and the passing of press censorship laws offered the regime some degree of plausible deniability and fostered the misconception on the outside and among city dwellers that political repression was on a downward trend in Guatemala.
However, in February 1983, a then-confidential CIA cable noted a rise in "suspect right-wing violence" in the capital, with an increasing number of kidnappings (particularly of educators and students) and a concomitant increase in the number of corpses recovered from ditches and gullies, previously a characteristic of state-terror under the Lucas Garcia regime. The cable traced the wave of death squad repression to an October 1982 meeting by General Ríos Montt with the "Archivos" intelligence unit in which he gave agents full authorization to "apprehend, hold, interrogate and dispose of suspected guerrillas as they saw fit." This marked the beginning of a gradual return to the conditions which prevailed in Guatemala City under Rios Montt's predecessors.
Mejia Victores regime and democratic transition: 1983–1986
Ríos Montt was deposed on 8 August 1983 by his own Minister of Defense, General Óscar Humberto Mejía Víctores. Mejía became de facto president and justified the coup, saying that "religious fanatics" were abusing their positions in the government and also because of "official corruption." Ríos Montt remained in politics, founding the Guatemalan Republican Front party in 1989. Elected to Congress, he was elected President of Congress in 1995 and 2000.
By the time Oscar Humberto Mejia Victores assumed power, the counterinsurgency under Lucas Garcia and Ríos Montt had largely succeeded in its objective of detaching the insurgency from its civilian support base. Additionally, Guatemalan military intelligence (G-2) had succeeded in infiltrating most of the political institutions. It eradicated opponents in the government through terror and selective assassinations. The counterinsurgency program had militarized Guatemalan society, creating a fearful atmosphere of terror that suppressed most public agitation and insurgency. The military had consolidated its power in virtually all sectors of society.
In 1983, indigenous activist Rigoberta Menchú published a memoir of her life during that period, I, Rigoberta Menchú, An Indian Woman in Guatemala, which gained worldwide attention. She is the daughter of one of the peasant leaders that died in the Spanish Embassy massacre on 31 January 1980. She was later awarded the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize -on the year of the Fifth Centennial celebration of America Discovery- for her work in favor of broader social justice. Her memoir drew international attention to Guatemala and the nature of its institutional terrorism.
Due to international pressure, as well as pressure from other Latin American nations, General Mejía Victores allowed a gradual return to democracy in Guatemala. On 1 July 1984 an election was held for representatives to a Constituent Assembly to draft a democratic constitution. On 30 May 1985, the Constituent Assembly finished drafting a new constitution, which took effect immediately. General elections were scheduled, and civilian candidate Vinicio Cerezo was elected as president. The gradual revival of "democracy" did not end the "disappearances" and death squad killings, as extrajudicial state violence had become an integral part of the political culture.
The Mutual Support Group (GAM)
On 18 February 1984, student leader Edgar Fernando Garcia "disappeared" after being seized and dragged into a van on the outskirts of a market near his home in Guatemala City. Fernando Garcia was a trade unionist and member of the outlawed PGT who was studying Engineering at the University of San Carlos. The kidnappers were uniformed policemen with the BROE and the Fourth Corps of the National Police who were conducting stop-and-search patrols in the area. Those identified in his kidnapping were policemen Ramírez Ríos, Lancerio Gómez, Hugo Rolando Gómez Osorio and Alfonso Guillermo de León Marroquín.
In the wake of García's kidnapping, his wife, Nineth Montenegro – now a member of Congress – launched the Mutual Support Group (Grupo de Apoyo Mutuo—GAM), a new human rights organization that pressed the government for information about missing relatives. Co-founded with other families of the disappeared, GAM took shape in June 1984, holding demonstrations, meeting with government officials and leading a domestic and international advocacy campaign over the years to find the truth behind the thousands of Guatemala's disappeared. The organization was quickly joined by hundreds of additional family members of victims of government-sponsored violence, including Mayan Indians affected by the Army's genocidal counterinsurgency sweeps in the late-1970s and early-1980s.
In November 1984, the GAM boldly organized a "symbolic journey" to the constituent assembly where they met with the assembly president to demand information on the whereabouts of their "disappeared" relatives. After several days, they were received by General Mejia personally. There they repeated their demands for the whereabouts of their missing. A second meeting on 30 November 1984 led to the formation of a government commission to investigate the reports of the GAM's charges. The following month, the GAM met with the commission. The subsequent inaction of the commission in the following months led to protest.
Repression against the GAM
The military government of General Mejia Victores evinced no real desire to make concessions with the GAM and treated the organization as a front for leftist subversion. This was especially true when the GAM's actions began to attract international attention to the human rights situation in the Republic. On 1 March 1985 the office of the Guatemalan Attorney General was occupied by 100 members of the GAM in protest over the lack of action by the government investigative commission. In the subsequent period the government began to issue warnings to the GAM regarding illegal public protests, starting with a warning from the Interior Minister Gustavo Adolfo Lopez Sandoval to the GAM to cease and desist any protests which blocked public traffic. Gen. Mejia subsequently stated in interviews that he believed the group was being manipulated by leftist forces.
On Easter "Holy Week" in March 1985, the government's liquidation units began targeting the GAM's leadership. On 30 March 1985, senior GAM member Héctor Gómez Calito was abducted. US Embassy sources reported that Calito had been under surveillance by the Department of Technical Investigations (DIT) for some time. His body later appeared bearing signs of torture. Following his murder, GAM co-founder and widow of missing student leader Carlos Ernesto Cuevas Molina, Rosario Godoy de Cuevas, who had delivered the eulogy at Gómez Calito's funeral, was found dead at the bottom of a ditch outside Guatemala City, along with her 2-year-old son and 21-year-old brother. All of the three victims bodies bore signs of extreme torture prior to death. Human rights monitors who had seen the bodies reported that Godoy's 2-year-old son's fingernails had been ripped out. While the government claimed their deaths was an accident, Embassy sources discounted the official version of the events, and claimed that Godoy was targeted and her death was a premeditated homicide.
Transition to elections
In 1985 the United States encouraged civilian rule and elections in Guatemala. When these emerged, Washington proclaimed the birth of "democracy" in one of its client states. The elections themselves were internationally acclaimed procedurally fair but were also considered deficient in terms of instituting substantive democratic reforms:
The elections in Guatemala in 1985 and 1990 as well as those in El Salvador in 1982, 1984, 1988, 1989, and 1991 were held against a background of state-sponsored terror that had taken tens of thousands of lives and had disarticulated most mass-based civic and political organizations. Candidates perforce came mainly from center to far-right parties, and independent or critical media outlets were nonexistent. Repression confined most citizen participation in formal national politics to voting. Only a tiny minority of center and right-wing party activists engaged in campaigns, and repression kept turnout low.
Historian Susanne Jonas writes that "for the most part from 1986 through 1995, civilian presidents allowed the army to rule from behind the scenes." After an initial decline, death squad violence and other abuses by the army had actually increased significantly in the late 1980s.
Cerezo Administration
Vinicio Cerezo, a civilian politician and the presidential candidate of the Guatemalan Christian Democracy, won the first election held under the new constitution with almost 70 percent of the vote, and took office on 14 January 1986.
Upon its inauguration in January 1986, President Cerezo's civilian government announced that its top priorities would be to end the political violence and establish the rule of law. Reforms included new laws of habeas corpus and amparo (court-ordered protection), the creation of a legislative human rights committee, and the establishment in 1987 of the Office of Human Rights Ombudsman. The Supreme Court also embarked on a series of reforms to fight corruption and improve legal system efficiency.
With Cerezo's election, the military moved away from governing and returned to the more traditional role of providing internal security, specifically by fighting armed insurgents. The first two years of Cerezo's administration were characterized by a stable economy and a marked decrease in political violence. Dissatisfied military personnel made two coup attempts in May 1988 and May 1989, but military leadership supported the constitutional order. The government was heavily criticized for its unwillingness to investigate or prosecute cases of human rights violations.
The final two years of Cerezo's government also were marked by a failing economy, strikes, protest marches, and allegations of widespread corruption. The government's inability to deal with many of the nation's problems – such as infant mortality, illiteracy, deficient health and social services, and rising levels of violence – contributed to popular discontent.
Presidential and congressional elections were held on 11 November 1990. After the second-round ballot, Jorge Antonio Serrano Elías was inaugurated on 14 January 1991, thus completing the first transition from one democratically elected civilian government to another. Because his Movement of Solidarity Action (MAS) Party gained only 18 of 116 seats in Congress, Serrano entered into a tenuous alliance with the Christian Democrats and the National Union of the Center (UCN).
The Serrano administration's record was mixed. It had some success in consolidating civilian control over the army, replacing a number of senior officers and persuading the military to participate in peace talks with the URNG. He took the politically unpopular step of recognizing the sovereignty of Belize, which until then had been officially, though fruitlessly, claimed by Guatemala. The Serrano government reversed the economic slide it inherited, reducing inflation and boosting real growth.
Serrano government dissolution and recovery
On 25 May 1993, Serrano illegally dissolved Congress and the Supreme Court and tried to restrict civil freedoms, allegedly to fight corruption. The autogolpe (or autocoup) failed due to unified, strong protests by most elements of Guatemalan society, international pressure, and the army's enforcement of the decisions of the Court of Constitutionality, which ruled against the attempted takeover. Serrano fled the country. An Intelligence Oversight Board report (secret at the time) states that the CIA helped in stopping this autocoup.
Pursuant to the 1985 constitution, the Guatemalan Congress on 5 June 1993 elected de León, the Human Rights Ombudsman, to complete Serrano's presidential term. He was not a member of any political party; lacking a political base but with strong popular support, he launched an ambitious anti-corruption campaign to "purify" Congress and the Supreme Court, demanding the resignations of all members of the two bodies. Shortly after he took office, his cousin, leader of the liberal party and two-time presidential candidate, was assassinated.
Despite considerable congressional resistance, presidential and popular pressure led to a November 1993 agreement brokered by the Catholic Church between the administration and Congress. This package of constitutional reforms was approved by popular referendum on 30 January 1995. In August 1994, a new Congress was elected to complete the unexpired term. Controlled by the anti-corruption parties: the populist Guatemalan Republican Front (FRG) headed by Ríos Montt, and the center-right National Advancement Party (PAN), the new Congress began to move away from the corruption that characterized its predecessors.
Renewed peace process (1994 to 1996)
Under de León, the peace process, now brokered by the United Nations, took on new life. The government and the URNG signed agreements on human rights (March 1994), resettlement of displaced persons (June 1994), historical clarification (June 1994), and indigenous rights (March 1995). They also made significant progress on a socio-economic and agrarian agreement.
National elections for president, Congress, and municipal offices were held in November 1995. With almost 20 parties competing in the first round, the presidential election came down to a 7 January 1996 run-off in which PAN candidate Álvaro Arzú Irigoyen defeated Alfonso Portillo Cabrera of the FRG by just over 2 percent of the vote. Arzú won because of his strength in Guatemala City, where he had previously served as mayor, and in the surrounding urban area. Portillo won all of the rural departments except Petén.
Under the Arzú administration, peace negotiations were concluded, and the government and the guerrilla umbrella organization URNG, which became a legal party, signed peace accords ending the 36-year internal conflict on 29 December 1996. The General Secretary of the URNG, Comandante Rolando Morán, and President Álvaro Arzú jointly received the UNESCO Peace Prize for their efforts to end the civil war and attaining the peace agreement. The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1094 on 20 January 1997 deploying military observers to Guatemala to monitor the implementation of the peace agreements.
Casualties
By the end of the war, it is estimated that 140,000–200,000 people had been killed or had disappeared. The overwhelming majority of those killed in human rights abuses were victims of official-sanctioned terror by government forces. The internal conflict is described in the report of the Archbishop's Office for Human Rights (ODHAG). ODHAG attributed almost 90.0 percent of the atrocities and over 400 massacres to the Guatemalan army (and paramilitary), and less than 5 percent of the atrocities to the guerrillas (including 16 massacres).
In a report in 1999, the UN-sponsored Historical Clarification Commission (CEH) stated that the state was responsible for 93 percent of the human rights violations committed during the war, the guerrillas for 3 percent. They peaked in 1982. 83 percent of the victims were Maya. Both sides used terror as a deliberate policy.
Foreign support and involvement
United States Involvement
Declassified CIA documents report that the U.S. Government organized, funded, and equipped the 1954 coup d'état, deposing the elected Guatemalan presidential government of Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán. Analysts Kate Doyle and Peter Kornbluh report that "after a small insurgency developed, in the wake of the coup, Guatemala's military leaders developed and refined, with U.S. assistance, a massive counter-insurgency campaign that left tens of thousands of massacred, maimed or missing [people]." Historian Stephen G. Rabe, reports that "in destroying the popularly elected government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman (1950–1954), the United States initiated a nearly four-decade-long cycle of terror and repression." The coup d'état installed lead usurper Colonel Castillo Armas as head of government, and then he and "the United States began to militarize Guatemala almost immediately, financing and reorganizing the police and military."
US changes approach
The report by the Historical Clarification Commission (CEH) shows that the United States institutionalized its "National Security Doctrine" in nearly every country in Latin America. In Guatemala, this strategy was first implemented "as anti-reformist, then anti-democratic policies, culminating in criminal counterinsurgency." In 1962, the Kennedy administration shifted the mission of the armies in Latin America, including Guatemala, from "hemispheric defense" to "internal security". Charles Meachling Jr., who led U.S. counterinsurgency and internal defense planning from 1961–1966, explains the results of this new initiative as a shift from toleration of "the rapacity and cruelty of the Latin American military", to "direct complicity" in their crimes, to U.S. support for "the methods of Heinrich Himmler's extermination squads."
US training
Also in 1962, Guatemalan specialist Susanne Jonas has alleged that U.S. Special Forces set up a secret military training base. After a successful (U.S. backed) coup against president Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes in 1963, U.S. advisors began to work with Colonel Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio to defeat the guerrillas, borrowing "extensively from current counterinsurgency strategies and technology being employed in Vietnam." In subsequent years, Arana earned the nickname "Butcher of Zacapa". Amnesty International cited estimates that 3,000 to 8,000 peasants were killed by the army and paramilitary organizations in Zacapa and Izabal under Colonel Arana between October 1966 and March 1968. Other estimates are that 15,000 peasants were killed to eliminate 300 suspected rebels. After July 1966, when President Julio César Méndez Montenegro signed a pact permitting the army to pursue a more aggressive counterinsurgency program, there was an influx of American military and security advisors in Guatemala. Up to 1,000 U.S. Green Berets were estimated to be operating in Zacapa during the 1966–68 period, providing training and support for Guatemalan counterinsurgency operations. Jonas claims that the ratio of military advisers to local military officials in Guatemala was the highest of any Latin American country in the late 1960s and 70s, and moreover that "there is substantial evidence of the direct role of U.S. military advisers in the formation of death squads: U.S. Embassy personnel were allegedly involved in writing an August 1966 memorandum outlining the creation of paramilitary groups, and the U.S. military attaché during this period publicly claimed credit for instigating their formation as part of "counterterror" operations."
A retrospective analysis of US government Biographic Register and Foreign Service Lists revealed that many of the same U.S. personnel operating in Guatemala during the 1960s and 70s also served in South Vietnam, particularly in Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support (CORDS).
Carter Administration
In 1977, the Carter administration published a report citing the Guatemalan government as a "gross and consistent human rights violator" while noting that the situation was improving under the administration of president Kjell Eugenio Laugerud García. Angered by this report, the Laugerud government renounced all US military assistance on 11 March 1977. Congress then reduced military aid to Guatemala for that year and prohibited military aid after 1978. Despite the prohibition, covert and overt US support for the Guatemalan army continued as the administration continued to send equipment to Guatemala through the CIA or reclassified military items as non-military. In fiscal years 1978, 1979 and 1980 (the three years for which the Carter administration can be held responsible), the US delivered approximately $8.5 million in direct military assistance to Guatemala, mostly Foreign Military Sales credits, as well as export licensing for commercial arms sales worth $1.8 million, a rate which differs very little from that of the Nixon-Ford Administrations. According to Elias Barahona, former Press Secretary for the Ministry of Home Affairs in Guatemala from 1976 to 1980, the United States also worked closely with the government of Gen. Romeo Lucas Garcia on the development of anti-guerilla strategies through the "Programme for the Elimination of Communism". This was also confirmed by several other senior civil servants who worked under Lucas Garcia.
Additionally, the reaction of U.S. policymakers in multilateral lending institutions was at best ambiguous during the Carter administration and economic and financial aid continued to reach Guatemala. The U.S. only voted against 2 of 7 multilateral development bank loans for Guatemala between October 1979 and May 1980. In August 1980, it was reported that the U.S. had reversed its position entirely on multilateral development assistance to Guatemala. At that time, the U.S. refused to veto a $51 million loan from the IDB that was earmarked for government use in the turbulent Quiché area of northern Guatemala.
Reagan increases military assistance and cooperation
After the election of Ronald Reagan, the U.S. undertook more active measures to ensure close relations with the Guatemalan government. In April 1981, President Reagan's national security team agreed to supply military aid to the Guatemalan regime in order to exterminate leftist guerrillas and their "civilian support mechanisms," according to a document from the National Archives.
The US provided military logistical support to the Guatemalan Army, which was reclassified as non-military "regional stability controls" to circumvent the Congressional Embargo. Such aid included a $3.2 million shipment of 150 jeeps and trucks and shipments of three Bell-212 and six Bell-412 helicopters – worth $10.5 million – which were reportedly indispensable to the Guatemalan Army's capacity to transport its troops into the highlands for counterinsurgency sweeps. Lieutenant Col. George Maynes – former U.S. Defense Attache and Chief of the U.S. MilGroup in Guatemala – also worked with Guatemalan Army Chief-of-Staff Benedicto Lucas Garcia in the planning and development of the counterinsurgency program which was implemented by the Lucas Garcia regime in the highlands in late-1981 and early 1982. Maynes had close relations with Gen. Benedicto Lucas, functioning as an advisor in counterinsurgency matters. In an interview with investigative journalist Allen Nairn, Lt. Col. Maynes stated that Benedicto Lucas consulted with him on a regular basis. USAID assisted the army's "model village" or resettlement camp programs there as well.
When Gen. Efrain Rios Montt seized power in 1982, the administration saw an opportunity to justify additional aid for Guatemala, including a $4 million shipment of helicopter spare parts. In October 1982, it was discovered that the US Army Special Forces were instructing Guatemalan Army cadets in a wide range of counterinsurgency tactics at the Escuela Politecnica, the Guatemalan Army's main officer training school. Captain Jesse Garcia, a 32-year-old Green Beret interviewed by the New York Times during a training exercise in October 1982, described his work in Guatemala as "not much different" than that of US advisors in El Salvador. The US Special Forces had been operating in Guatemala since at least 1980 under the guise of the Personnel Exchange Program, and were officially classified as "English Instructors". The curriculum offered to Guatemalan cadets by the US Special Forces during this period included training in surveillance, small arms, artillery, demolitions, ambushes, "helicopter assault tactics" and how to destroy towns. Another US Green Beret interviewed by the New York Times – Major Larry Salmon – who had operated in Guatemala from 1980 to 1982, described how he had helped the Guatemalans plan their tactical training and had given course instructions to the Guatemalan Army Parachute Brigade. By 1983, it was also confirmed that Guatemalan military officers were once again being trained at the US School of the Americas in Panama.
In early 1982, with authorization from the State Department and The Pentagon, ten American-made M41 Walker Bulldog light tanks were illegally delivered to Guatemala by ASCO – a Belgian company – at a cost of US$34 million. The 10 tanks were part of a U.S. government authorized shipment of 22 tanks from Belgium to the Dominican Republic. Only twelve of the tanks were unloaded and the remainder were shipped to the Guatemalan military in Puerto Barrios on the Caribbean coast.
Reagan administration dismisses reports of human rights abuses
Human Rights Watch in 1984 criticized U.S. President Ronald Reagan for his December 1982 visit to Ríos Montt in Honduras, where Reagan dismissed reports of human rights abuses by prominent human rights organizations while insisting that Ríos Montt was receiving a "bum rap". Human Rights Watch reported that soon after, the Reagan administration announced that it was dropping a five-year prohibition on arms sales and moreover had "approved a sale of $6.36 million worth of military spare parts," to Rios Montt and his forces. Human Rights Watch described the degree of U.S. responsibility thus:
In January 1983, shortly after President Reagan's "bum rap" comment, Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights Elliott Abrams went on television to defend the announced resumption of military aid: The army massacres and the ensuing refugee flows should be blamed "on the guerrillas who are fighting the government", he said. Massacres and refugees are "the price of stability." As opposition to U.S. policy grew, the London Economist, three months later observed, "What liberal Americans can reasonably expect is that a condition of military help to Guatemala should be an easing of the political persecution of the center – which played into the hands of the extreme left in the first place."
Support for Army Intelligence
The CEH's coordinator, Christian Tomuschat, stated that until the mid-1980s the United States government and U.S.-based multinationals exerted strong pressures "to maintain the country's archaic and unjust socioeconomic structures." In addition, he said, U.S. intelligence agencies, including the CIA, provided direct and indirect support to "some illegal state operations". In the 1980s and 1990s, the CIA employed Guatemalan intelligence officials as informants and supplied them with intelligence for their war efforts against guerrillas, farmers, peasants, and other opponents.
Among them, Colonel Julio Roberto Alpirez, base commander of the Military Intelligence Section (G-2). Alpirez discussed in an interview how the CIA helped advise and to run G-2. He claimed that U.S. agents trained G-2 men. Alpirez described attending CIA sessions at G-2 bases on "contra-subversion" tactics and "how to manage factors of power" to "fortify democracy." He said the CIA officials were on call to respond to G-2 questions, and that the G-2 often consulted the agency on how to deal with "political problems."
The agency also helped to provide "technical assistance" including communications equipment, computers and special firearms, as well as collaborative use of CIA-owned helicopters that were flown out of a piper hangar at La Aurora civilian airport and from a separate U.S. Air facility. The CIA also supplied the Guatemalan army and G-2 with "civil material assistance," which included medical supplies, Vietnam-era metal jeep parts, compasses, and walkie-talkies. When asked to summarize the CIA's relations with the Army Intelligence Directorate (D-2), one D-2 commander stated, "It's quite simple and I won't deny it: between the 1960s and 1990s, we had a structure from the CIA. The money, the resources, the training, and the relations were all from and through the CIA. This was the case because our intelligence, in the end, has had to serve the interests of the U.S."
An Intelligence Oversight Board report from 1996 writes that military aid was stopped during the Carter administration but later resumed under the Reagan Administration. "After a civilian government under President Cerezo was elected in 1985, overt non-lethal US military aid to Guatemala resumed. In December 1990, however, largely as a result of the killing of US citizen Michael DeVine by members of the Guatemalan army, the Bush administration suspended almost all overt military aid." "The funds the CIA provided to the Guatemalan liaison services were vital to the D-2 and Archivos." The CIA "continued this aid after the termination of overt military assistance in 1990." "Overall CIA funding levels to the Guatemalan services dropped consistently from about $3.5 million in FY 1989 to about 1 million in 1995." The report writes that "the CIA's liaison relationship with the Guatemalan services also benefited US interests by enlisting the assistance of Guatemala's primary intelligence and security service – the army's directorate of intelligence (D-2) – in areas such as reversing the 'auto-coup" of 1993'" "In the face of strong protests by Guatemalan citizens and the international community (including the United States) and – most importantly – in the face of the Guatemalan army's refusal to support him, President Serrano's Fujimori-style 'auto-coup' failed."
U.S. role in torture
It is unknown to what extent American military and intelligence personnel participated directly in torture and human rights abuses in Guatemala. Few citizens who were taken and tortured by the military and intelligence services survived and most were "disappeared." However, a handful of those who did survive torture in Guatemala over the years have recounted that American agents were present during torture sessions or interrogated them after they had already been tortured.
One man known as "David" was abducted by plainclothes soldiers in Guatemala City in 1969. He was stripped, beaten, burned with cigarettes and hooded with a bag full of insecticide before being fondled and threatened with rape. He was then subjected to repeated electric shocks on the sensitive parts of his body under the supervision of a "gringo" (a man speaking in an American accent) and told repeatedly to confess to being a guerrilla. After days of torture, his blindfold was removed and he was confronted by two Americans claiming to be from the Red Cross who told him that if he confessed to being a guerrilla, they would protect him from further torture. When "David" did not confess, they left and he never saw them again.
In another testimony, a fourteen year old boy known as "Miguel" was abducted in Guatemala City with two of his friends in 1982. Members of his family and several other friends were also seized by security forces. Over the course of two days, "Miguel" and his friends where beaten, denied food and suffocated with hoods. They also witnessed a dying man lying on the floor, bleeding through bandaged eyes. They were then taken one-by-one to the headquarters of the feared DIT (Department of Technical Investigations) where they were interviewed by an American. The American was described as a short-haired caucasian man in his forties, with a military build who was flanked with two Guatemalan guards. It was noted that the "gringo" seemed to be an experienced interrogator, who knew many details about him and his family. One of his surviving friends (also interrogated by the "gringo") noted how he bragged about his experiences in Vietnam and Africa. At one point he threatened to "burn Miguel's ass" with hot coals if he didn't cooperate. Two of his friends who were captured later "disappeared."
Another man "Juan" was a URNG guerrilla who was captured by the army in 1988 and turned over to the G-2 for interrogation. He was beaten with a bat, shocked on the testicles and underarms with electrodes and suffocated with a rubber hood full of insecticide (a very common torture technique in Guatemala). The army also seized his children from their church and threatened to drag them to death behind a car if he did not give better information. During one session, he was ushered into a room with two men, one of whom was notably taller than the other man and spoke in a heavy North American accent. The American promised Juan better treatment under the condition that he answer his questions, most of which pertained to the URNG's ties with Cuba and whether or not they had received training or medical treatment from the Cubans.
Perhaps the best known and most highly publicized case is that of Sister Dianna Ortiz, an American Roman Catholic nun who later founded a human rights advocacy group, the Torture Abolition and Survivors Support Coalition International (TASSC). In 1989, while working as a missionary in Guatemala, Ortiz was kidnapped, tortured, and gang raped by state security agents, receiving 111 second-degree cigarette burns. She identified the leader of the unit as a North American with the U.S. embassy and said that several members of the George H. W. Bush administration "slandered" her by denying her story. On a trip to Guatemala in 1999 after the publication of the Truth Commission report, U.S. President Bill Clinton issued an apology declaring that "support for military forces or intelligence units which engaged in violent and widespread repression of the kind described in the report was wrong."
Israeli support
During the Central American crisis, the Israeli government cooperated closely with the United States in providing supplementary military and intelligence support for US-backed regimes in the region. This was especially true in Guatemala after 1977, when U.S. support became subject to constraints stemming from the rising tensions between Guatemala and Belize and Congressional opposition to the Guatemalan government's human rights practices. While the CIA and the US Green Berets continued to function covertly in Guatemala – providing training and counterinsurgency advice – a critical aspect of American support involved outsourcing operations to proxies such as Israel and Argentina. In a declassified National Security Council memo dated 1 August 1983, NSC aids Oliver North and Alfonso Sapia-Bosch reported to National Security Advisor William P. Clark that his deputy Robert McFarlane was planning to exploit Israeli intelligence networks to secretly arrange for the loan of 10 UH-1H "Huey" helicopters to Guatemala, which lacked the FMS (Foreign Military Sales) credits to obtain the helicopters. The memo reads, "With regard to the loan of ten helicopters, it is [our] understanding that Bud [Robert McFarlane] will take this up with the Israelis. There are expectations that they would be forthcoming."
By 1983, the New York Times reported that Israel was not only acting as a surrogate for the United States (in a similar fashion to its actions in Nicaragua), but also working to oppose the Soviet Union and grow the market for Israeli arms. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) calculates that 39 percent of Guatemala's weapons imports between 1975 and 1979 were from Israel. These shipments included Galil automatic rifles, IMI Uzi submachine guns, FN MAG general purpose machine guns, IAI Arava STOL aircraft, RBY MK 1 armored cars, patrol boats, field kitchens, and large quantities of ammunition.
Numerous sources – including the Israeli press – estimated that up to 300 Israeli advisors were operating in Guatemala. The nature of Israel's advisory role in Guatemala included training in intelligence and surveillance and courses in urban counterinsurgency. With funding from USAID, Israeli specialists – acting as subcontractors for the United States – held torture workshops with the Contras in Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras. High-ranking officers from Guatemala also attended courses in interrogation in Tel-Aviv – also with funds from USAID.
Though primarily a proxy for the United States, impact of Israeli training and the role of Israeli advisors in prosecuting the war during this period was publicly emphasized numerous times by top-ranking Guatemalan military officials during the 1980s. In 1981, Guatemalan Army Chief-of-Staff Gen. Benedicto Lucas Garcia – the architect of the Guatemalan army's "scorched-earth" policy – proclaimed that the "Israeli soldier is the model for our soldiers". In a 1982 interview with ABC News, Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt attributed the success of his coup to the fact that his soldiers "were trained by Israelis". General Rodolfo Lobos Zamora, a leading military official during the conflict, mentioned the United States, Israel, and Argentina as countries that "spontaneously" offered military aid Guatemala. Despite some public praise for Israel, some Guatemalan officials were nonetheless critical of Israel's role. General Héctor Gramajo stated in an interview, "Maybe some Israeli's taught us intelligence but for reasons of business...The hawks (Israeli arms merchants) took advantage of us, selling us equipment at triple the price."
Argentine support
Military regimes in the South American Southern Cone provided material support and training to the Guatemalan government. Argentina
in particular was a prominent source of both material aid and inspiration to the Guatemalan military. Many of the tactics used by the Guatemalan security forces were similar to those used by Argentina during the Dirty War. Argentina's involvement with the Guatemalan government fit within the broader context of Operation Charly, a covert operation (backed by the CIA) aimed at providing intelligence training and counterinsurgency assistance to the governments in El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala as a supplement to U.S. operations in the region.
Argentine involvement in Guatemala is believed to have begun in 1980 and consisted of training in counterinsurgency methods, many of which were employed by the Videla regime during its own "dirty war" against leftist "subversives" and suspected guerillas. Argentine military advisors sent to Guatemala (as well as El Salvador and Honduras) were veterans of the "dirty war" who were familiar with the techniques employed by the military and security forces and were experienced in the use of torture and political assassination. A squadron of the notorious Batallón de Inteligencia 601 (Argentina's elite special forces battalion) worked directly with the death squads. Through its connections in the Guatemalan security forces, the Argentines were involved with the 'Secret Anticommunist Army' (ESA) carried out thousands of assassinations of leftist political activists, students, unionists and others in Guatemala City during the Lucas Garcia regime as part of its "pacification campaign." Argentine military advisors also participated in the Guatemalan army's rural counteroffensive in 1981 during "Operation Ash 81". Argentina's collaboration with the governments in Central America came to an end during the Falklands War in 1982.
One Argentine intelligence officer who is known to have been active in Guatemala during this time is Alfredo Mario Mingolla, who participated in the 1980 'Cocaine Coup' in Bolivia which put General Luis García Meza in power. With the help of former SS officer and Nazi German war criminal Klaus Barbie and Argentine advisors such as Mingolla, the Bolivian regime violently repressed its opposition. Mingolla was also one of the Argentine advisors known to have been involved in training Battalion 3–16 in Honduras with the CIA, which was responsible for hundreds of disappearances. In Guatemala, Mingolla worked with the military intelligence services (G-2), which was responsible for coordinating many of the assassinations and disappearances in Guatemala.
In addition to training officers in Guatemala, Argentine advisors are alleged to have trained Guatemalan officers in Honduras. Argentine training of Guatemalans in Honduras has been attested to by a defector from Battalion 3–16, Jose Federico Valle, who described his training in intelligence in 1980. Valle was one of 120 trainees from several Central American countries who attended courses offered by American, Argentine, Chilean and Panamanian advisors. Valle claims that among these trainees were 60 to 70 officers from El Salvador and Guatemala. Guatemalans were also trained in Argentina as well. In October 1981, the Guatemalan government and the Argentine military junta formalized secret accords which augmented Argentine participation in government counterinsurgency operations. As part of the agreement, two hundred Guatemalan officers were dispatched to Buenos Aires to undergo advanced military intelligence training, which included instruction in interrogation.
Argentina also provided shipments of military hardware to the Guatemalan regime in the late-1970s and early-1980s, though the scale of these shipments is unknown. The government of Argentina is known to have supplied quantities of Israeli-made weapons and hardware to the Guatemalan military on several occasions.
South African support
During the 1980s, the Guatemalan intelligence services had covert ties with South Africa. It is known that South Africa provided the Guatemalan government with military advice and training in counterinsurgency tactics based on those the SADF and paramilitary forces (such as the Koevoet) employed in Namibia and elsewhere. Of particular interest to the G-2 was the experience that the South Africans had in fighting Cuban forces in Angola. This cooperation coincided with a time when South Africa enjoyed warm relations with the United States and Israel, both of which were key allies of the Guatemalan regime. At the time, the CIA was actively supporting the apartheid regime's efforts to undermine the MPLA government in Angola, mainly through its support of UNITA. Israel had also helped South Africa develop its own arms industry at a time when it was becoming increasingly internationally isolated.
While the full extent of this cooperation is unknown, it is reported that a number of Guatemalan officers traveled to South Africa and Namibia in early 1983 to study South African techniques being employed against the SWAPO independence movement. South Africa is also alleged to have offered to deploy counterinsurgency troops to Guatemala, though what was made of this offer by their Guatemalan counterparts is unknown. It was also reported in November of the following year, that high ranking South African Generals L.B. Erasmus and Alexander Potgeiter headed an SADF delegation to Guatemala which toured Guatemalan military bases and installations and held talks with high-ranking officials of the Mejia Victores government to discuss military aid.
See also
Salvadoran Civil War
Blessed Archbishop Oscar Romero
Colombian Armed Conflict
List of civil wars
MINUGUA: United Nations verification/peacekeeping mission in Guatemala, 1994–2004
Guatemala National Police Archives
Assassinated Catholic priests in Guatemala
Blessed Rev. Fr. Stanley Rother
Latin America–United States relations
2005 Guatemalan protests
Notes
References
Bibliography
*
Further reading
Jonas, Susanne. The Battle for Guatemala: Rebels, Death Squads, and U.S. Power, 1991.
, Guatemala at page 25
External links
Guatemala After the War – Photographs by Jorge Uzon
Key agreements in the Guatemalan peace process
Guatemala Memory of Silence report by the Historical Clarification Commission (Truth Commission)
"State Violence in Guatemala, 1960–1996: A Quantitative Reflection"
Guatemala Documentation Project of the National Security Archives
Digital Archive of the Guatemalan National Police Historical Archive, hosted by the University of Texas at Austin
18 Guatemalan Ex-Military Leaders Arrested for Crimes Against Humanity During U.S.-Backed Dirty War. Democracy Now! 8 January 2016
The Secrets in Guatemala's Bones. The New York Times, 30 June 2016.
Civil wars involving the states and peoples of North America
Communism-based civil wars
Coup-based civil wars
Ethnic cleansing in North America
Revolution-based civil wars
Genocide of indigenous peoples of North America
CIA activities in the Americas
Proxy wars
Genocide |
5393880 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Rachubka | Paul Rachubka | Paul Stephen Rachubka (; born 21 May 1981) is an English professional footballer who last played for Indian club Kerala Blasters FC as a goalkeeper in the Indian Super League. He now works as an accountant in Manchester.
Born in San Luis Obispo, California, to an English mother and an American father, Rachubka possesses dual nationality, having moved to England with his family when he was seven years old. He has represented England at under-16, under-18 and under-20 levels.
Club career
Early career at Manchester United and Charlton Athletic
Born in the United States, Rachubka grew up in England from the age of seven. He started playing football for a Stockport club called Norbury Moor Rangers. At the age of nine, after three months there, he was invited to join Manchester United by youth coach Brian Kidd. He signed a trainee contract in 1997 before turning professional in July 1999. He was included in the club's squad for the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship in Brazil and made his debut as a substitute in their final group match against South Melbourne on 11 January 2000. He made two more first-team appearances the following season, against Watford in the League Cup and Leicester City in the league. The 2001–02 season saw Rachubka go on a three-month loan to Manchester United's Belgian feeder club Royal Antwerp, followed by six months with Oldham Athletic. At the end of the season, Manchester United received a £200,000 bid for Rachubka from Charlton Athletic, and he left the club without having conceded a goal in any of his three appearances.
After failing to dislodge Dean Kiely in his two years at Charlton, Rachubka was loaned out five times, all in 2004; firstly to Burnley in February, then from March to the end of the 2003–04 season he was at Huddersfield Town. On 6 August, at the start of the 2004–05, he was loaned out to Milton Keynes Dons for one month. He then spent October and November with Northampton Town before returning again to Huddersfield Town, for a further month, on 5 December.
Huddersfield Town
Rachubka earned promotion with Huddersfield on loan during the 2003–04 season when they won the Division Three playoffs. After his contract expired with Charlton Athletic in 2004, Rachubka took the option to re-sign for Huddersfield Town. He was the first-choice goalkeeper at the Galpharm Stadium until Matt Glennon was signed during the summer of 2006.
Rachubka was sent on loan to Peterborough United as cover for Mark Tyler and played four League Two matches over the Christmas and New Year period of 2006–07.
Blackpool
On 31 January 2007, he went on loan to Blackpool as back-up for Rhys Evans, the ninth loan move of his career. He made his debut for the Seasiders on 27 February and kept a clean sheet in a 1–0 win at his former club Oldham Athletic. On 2 April he was named in the Press Association's League One "Team of the Week", alongside Blackpool teammate Wes Hoolahan, for his performance in the 2–1 win over Crewe Alexandra.
Also in April, Rachubka picked up an injury that kept him out of the team for six weeks. Blackpool's other 'keepers, Rhys Evans and Lewis Edge, also picked up concurrent injuries, which led to Seasiders boss Simon Grayson bringing in Manchester City's Joe Hart on loan as an emergency stand-in.
When Hart returned to Manchester City, Rachubka returned to the Blackpool first team on 13 May 2007, for the first leg of the League One play-off semi-final against Oldham Athletic. Blackpool won both legs, and Rachubka played in the final on 27 May at the newly renovated Wembley Stadium. Blackpool won 2–0 against Yeovil Town, gaining promotion to The Championship.
On 5 June 2007, five days after his contract at Huddersfield expired, Blackpool signed Rachubka on a permanent two-year deal. On 13 August 2007 he was named in The Championship "Team of the Week" for his performance on the opening day of the 2007–08 season, two days before, in the Seasiders single-goal victory over Leicester City at the Walkers Stadium.
Rachubka was one of two ever-present players during Blackpool's 2007–08 League season, the other being Shaun Barker. Rachubka won the 2007–08 Blackpool Player Of The Year.
He made his 100th appearance for the Legendary Seasiders early in the 2009–10 season, in a 2–2 draw with Watford at Vicarage Road. In April 2009 Rachubka signed a new two-year deal at Blackpool.
Following his performance in Blackpool's 2–0 win over Peterborough United on 26 September 2009 at Bloomfield Road, Rachubka was named in The Championship "Team of the Week". On 8 December, Rachubka made his 100th League appearance for Blackpool since making the permanent switch, in a 3–0 win over Middlesbrough at the Riverside Stadium. Rachubka started the season as Blackpool's first choice goalkeeper, however after being sent off in a 4–1 loss against Crystal Palace, substitute goalkeeper Matt Gilks came into the side and managed to displace Rachubka who dropped to second choice due to the impressive form of Gilks. He made 20 league appearances for Blackpool that season as they earned promotion to the Premier League via the playoffs after beating Cardiff City.
After being promoted to the Premier League with Blackpool, Blackpool manager Ian Holloway confirmed that Rachubka would be out of action for some time following a knee operation. As such, he was not named in Blackpool's 24-man squad for the start of their Premier League campaign the following season. Blackpool signed Ghana goalkeeper Richard Kingson who became the club's number two during Rachubka's time out injured. Even after returning to fitness, he had to wait until January 2011 to be registered in the Blackpool 25 man squad, when squads to see clubs through until the end of the season were named. Manager Ian Holloway said it was an error not to have named Rachubka in his initial 25 man squad for the first half of the season.
On 8 January 2011, Rachubka made his first start for Blackpool in a year, against Southampton in the Third Round of the FA Cup. In February 2011, Rachubka suffered another knee injury which ruled him out for large parts of the second half of the season. He returned to light training for Blackpool in mid-March. After only making three appearances during the 2010–11 season, Rachubka was released by Blackpool after they decided not to take up the one-year contract extension they had on Rachubka.
Leeds United
On 23 June 2011, Rachubka put pen to paper and signed for Leeds United on a two-year contract as the backup goalkeeper, he linked up with Simon Grayson who was the manager that signed Rachubka for Blackpool. Rachubka revealed that despite being brought in as a number two he was looking to compete and win the number one shirt.
Rachubka made his debut for Leeds on 23 August against Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup. Rachubka made his league debut for Leeds against Doncaster Rovers on 14 October as a substitute replacing the injured Andy Lonergan.
On loan transfer deadline day, 24 November, Rachubka joined Tranmere Rovers on loan until January to help recapture some form. This was then extended by 2 months.
After returning to Leeds, Rachubka joined Leyton Orient on loan until 6 April.
On 1 December 2012, Rachubka joined Accrington Stanley initially on a week-long emergency loan basis due to an injury sustained to first choice goalkeeper Ian Dunbavin. He made his debut for Stanley the same day in their second round FA Cup tie against Oxford United and was named man-of-the-match. The loan was extended twice, on 6 December, and 14 December, and continued into 2013 after Dunbavin's injury ruling him out for most of the season.
On 3 May, it was announced that Rachubka would be released by Leeds upon the expiry of his two-year contract.
Oldham Athletic
On 7 September 2013, Rachubka joined Oldham Athletic for the second time in his career, signing a short-term deal until January 2014.
After establishing himself as the number one goalkeeper towards the end of the season ahead of Mark Oxley, and a string of excellent performances, Rachubka was rewarded with a new one-year contract extension. On 2 February 2015, Rachubka had his contract cancelled by the club after Kean was brought into the club as the new number one goalkeeper.
Crewe Alexandra
On 21 February 2015, Rachubka made his debut for Crewe as a substitute in their 2–0 defeat at Barnsley, scoring an own goal.
Bolton Wanderers
On 5 September 2015, Bolton Wanderers signed Rachubka on a one-year contract to provide cover for Ben Amos.
He made his debut for the Wanderers on 16 January 2016, when coming on as a 12th-minute substitute for midfielder Josh Vela in a 3–0 defeat against Nottingham Forest at The City Ground after Amos had been sent off for a foul on Jamie Ward. At the end of the 2015–16 season, the club confirmed that he would be leaving when his contract expired at the end of June.
Kerala Blasters
After spending a season with Bury following his release by Bolton, Rachubka signed for Indian Super League side Kerala Blasters in August 2017, linking up with former Manchester United teammate Wes Brown. He made his debut for the Kerala club in the opening match of the 2017–18 season against ATK in Kochi, where the match ended in a 0–0 draw.
International career
Rachubka has represented England at under-16, under-18 and under-20 levels. He was in the England under-20 squad that played at the 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship in Nigeria. He started the last game against Japan under-20s. Rachubka also witnessed the United States' 1–0 victory over England in the group opener in the same tournament.
Honours
Individual
Blackpool Player of the Year: 2007–08
References
External links
1981 births
People from San Luis Obispo, California
Living people
American emigrants to the United Kingdom
Association football goalkeepers
English footballers
English expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Manchester United F.C. players
Royal Antwerp F.C. players
Oldham Athletic A.F.C. players
Charlton Athletic F.C. players
Burnley F.C. players
Huddersfield Town A.F.C. players
Milton Keynes Dons F.C. players
Northampton Town F.C. players
Peterborough United F.C. players
Blackpool F.C. players
Leeds United F.C. players
Tranmere Rovers F.C. players
Leyton Orient F.C. players
Accrington Stanley F.C. players
Crewe Alexandra F.C. players
Bolton Wanderers F.C. players
Kerala Blasters FC players
Premier League players
Belgian First Division A players
English Football League players
England youth international footballers |
5393885 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew%20Morritt | Andrew Morritt | Sir Robert Andrew Morritt, CVO (born 5 February 1938), is a former British judge who served as Chancellor of the High Court of England and Wales.
Life and career
Morritt was educated at Eton College and Magdalene College, Cambridge, and was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1962. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1977 and was Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales from 1978 to 1988.
On 15 April 1988, he was appointed a Justice of the High Court, receiving the customary knighthood, and assigned to the Chancery Division. He served from 1991 to 1994 as Vice-Chancellor of the County Palatine of Lancaster, the judge responsible for Chancery Division business in the North and North East of England. On 3 October 1994, he was appointed to the Court of Appeal, and received the customary appointment to the Privy Council.
He was appointed Vice-Chancellor of the Supreme Court (in effect the head of the Chancery Division of the High Court) on 17 July 2000. On 1 October 2005, his title was changed to Chancellor of the High Court under the provisions of the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Morritt retired as Chancellor of the High Court on 10 January 2013.
Morritt was Treasurer of Lincoln's Inn in 2005. His family owns Rokeby Park in County Durham.
References
External links
Senior judiciary biographies - The Chancellor of the High Court
1938 births
Living people
People educated at Eton College
Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Chancery Division judges
Members of Lincoln's Inn
Attorneys-General of the Duchy of Cornwall
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Knights Bachelor |
5393897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setenil%20de%20las%20Bodegas | Setenil de las Bodegas | Setenil de las Bodegas is a town (pueblo) and municipality in the province of Cádiz, Spain, famous for its dwellings built into rock overhangs above the Río Guadalporcún. According to the 2005 census, the city has a population of 3,016 inhabitants.
This small town is located northeast of Cádiz. It has a distinctive setting along a narrow river gorge. The town extends along the course of the Rio Trejo with some houses being built into the rock walls of the gorge itself, created by enlarging natural caves or overhangs and adding an external wall.
Setenil has a reputation for its meat products, particularly chorizo sausage and cerdo (pork) from pigs bred in the surrounding hills. As well as meat, it has a reputation for producing fine pasteles (pastries), and its bars and restaurants are among the best in the region. Its outlying farms also provide Ronda and other local towns with much of their fruit and vegetables.
History
Modern Setenil evolved from a fortified Moorish town that occupied a bluff overlooking a sharp bend in the Rio Trejo northwest of Ronda. The castle dates from at least the Almohad period in the 12th century.
The site was certainly occupied during the Roman invasion of the region in the 1st century AD. Setenil was once believed to be the successor of the Roman town of Laccipo, but it was subsequently proved that Laccipo became the town of Casares in Malaga. Given the evidence of other nearby cave-dwelling societies, such as those at the Cueva de la Pileta west of Ronda, where habitation has been tracked back more than 25,000 years, it is possible that Setenil was occupied much much earlier. Most evidence of this would have been erased by continuous habitation.
Tradition holds that the town's Castilian name came from the Roman Latin phrase septem nihil ('seven times nothing'). This is said to refer to the Moorish town's resistance to Christian assault, allegedly being captured only after seven sieges. This took place in the final years of the Christian Reconquest. Besieged unsuccessfully in 1407, Setenil finally fell in 1484 when Christian forces expelled the Moorish occupants. Using gunpowder artillery, the Christians took fifteen days to capture the castle whose ruins dominate the town today.
Due to the strategic importance of Setenil, the victory was celebrated widely in Castile and was the source of several legends in local folklore. Isabella I of Castile is said to have miscarried during the siege with the ermita of San Sebastian being built as a tribute to the dead child, who was named Sebastian. However, there appears to be no historical basis to this story.
The full name of Setenil de las Bodegas dates from the 15th century, when new Christian settlers, in addition to maintaining the Arab olive and almond groves, introduced vineyards. The first two crops still flourish in the district but the once flourishing wineries—bodegas— were wiped out by the phylloxera insect infestation of the 1860s, which effectively destroyed most European vine stocks.
Demographics
Gallery
References
External links
Setenil de las Bodegas - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Setenil de las Bodegas at Unusual places website
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz |
5393917 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver%20%28EP%29 | Silver (EP) | Silver is the second EP by Jesu, their third release overall, released by Hydra Head Records on 11 April 2006. This album shows a more melodic and poppy side to the band than the previous two Jesu releases, drawing comparisons to shoegazing bands such as My Bloody Valentine and Ride. Pitchfork Media placed the title track at number 488 on their "The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s" list. Decibel ranked the EP the 6th best release of 2006 and the 26th best release of the decade.
The Japanese edition of this album contains two additional mixes of the songs "Silver" and "Wolves".
Track listing
"Silver" – 6:44
"Star" – 7:00
"Wolves" – 8:27
"Dead Eyes" – 6:26
"Silver (Original Beats)" – 6:57 †
"Wolves (Original Mix)" – 8:35 †
† indicates a track exclusive to the Japanese edition of the album.
Personnel
Justin Broadrick – guitar, vocals, programming
Diarmuid Dalton – bass
Ted Parsons – drums on "Silver"
References
Jesu (band) albums
Albums produced by Justin Broadrick
2006 EPs
Post-metal EPs
Albums with cover art by Aaron Turner
Hydra Head Records EPs
pl:Silver |
4000056 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Draug%20%281908%29 | HNoMS Draug (1908) | HNoMS Draug was the lead ship of the three-ship of destroyers built for the Royal Norwegian Navy in the years 1908–1913. The four-stacked destroyer was kept in service long after she was obsolete, and took part in the defence of Norway during the German invasion in 1940.
In the early hours of 9 April 1940, Draug intercepted and captured the clandestine German transport . After deciding that the outdated Draug could do little to oppose the invading German forces, the ship's captain decided to sail to the United Kingdom, bringing the captured German ship with him. After being subjected to a German bombing attack, Main was sunk and Draug proceeded to the United Kingdom with the German crew as prisoners. In exile in the United Kingdom Draug served as a guard ship, convoy escort, MTB mother ship and depot ship. Decommissioned in late 1943, Draug was sold for scrapping in 1944.
Construction
Draug was built at the Royal Norwegian Navy's shipyard at Karljohansvern in Horten with yard number 103. Her steam engine required high quality anthracite coal imported from the United Kingdom.
First World War
During the First World War, Draug was employed on neutrality protection duties. She formed part the Royal Norwegian Navy's Western Norway squadron, being based in Haugesund.
Second World War
When the Second World War broke out Draug had, as had her sister ships and , been mothballed for a number of years as part of pre–war savings on the Norwegian military budget. Draug had been anchored at Marineholmen in Bergen, the two other vessels at Horten. With the outbreak of war the three Draug-class vessels were reactivated on 5 September 1939 in order to take part in guarding Norwegian neutrality. When the reactivation order came, it took well over a month for workers to find and repair all the cracks and leaks in the ship's steam boilers and make her seaworthy again. In early October 1939 Draug was ready for action. The small destroyers of the Draug class were not considered fit for potential combat operations and were only meant to perform escort and guard duties.
One of the main weaknesses of the Draug-class ships was their lack of effective anti-aircraft armament, Draug herself being equipped with a single 12.7 mm Colt anti-aircraft machine gun. She also carried a Madsen machine gun that was rendered inoperable by the absence of a vital part. Draug's anti-submarine weapons were equally primitive, with four depth charges located on the stern. The depth charges had no throwing mechanism and had to be dropped overboard manually. The ship also had no radar or asdic to help in locating targets.
German invasion of Norway
The beginning of April 1940 saw Draug part of the 2nd Naval District's 1st destroyer division, covering an area roughly the same as the Vestlandet and Trøndelag regions. She was based in the small south-western port town of Haugesund and carrying out escort missions along the western coast. The day before the invasion, on 8 April Draug escorted the 7,369 ton German merchant vessel , a ship that would be sunk outside Kristiansand the next day, when she was caught in the crossfire between the German invasion fleet and Norwegian coastal artillery at Odderøya Fort. The crew of Seattle was captured by Norwegian troops and held as PoWs until freed by the advancing invasion forces on 10 April. As she was finishing her escort mission, Draug received orders from the Norwegian Naval Command to return at full speed to Haugesund and refuel her coal stores. When Draug arrived at Haugesund at about 15:00, the ships' commander, Captain (later Vice Admiral) Thore Horve, was told of the German naval advance through Danish waters and of the sinking of the clandestine German troop transport by the Polish submarine outside the southern port of Lillesand. In the same time period reports started coming in over the radio of British mining operations off the Norwegian coast.
After receiving this information, Captain Horve had several personal telephone conversation with Rear admiral Carsten Tank-Nielsen, the Commander of the 2nd Naval District, who told him that he had ordered the navy's ships in Bergen to open fire at any and all foreign warships that might try to force their way into that port. The rear admiral gave him permission to use his own judgement in the coming hours. The conversation left Horve in no doubt that war was coming and he therefore ordered his ship to be made ready for war, guards to be posted, all leaves to be cancelled and the lights on the ship and in the harbour area to be blacked out.
During the night of 9 April, Draug was patrolling and watching shipping in the Karmsund. At about 02:00, Horve was notified that Oslofjord Fortress was engaging an unknown enemy force in the Oslofjord, leading to the crew being ordered to full combat stations. At 04:00, an unknown ship, flying no national flag, was observed sailing northwards through the Karmsund. The ship refused to stop after both flares and warning shots had been fired and Draug had to give chase and capture the vessel. After leading the unknown ship into Haugesund, its identity was found to be the 7,624 ton German vessel , with papers claiming she was carrying a cargo of 7,000 tons of coke to Bergen. When Draugs second-in-command, Lieutenant Østervold, tried to inspect the cargo, however, he was refused by the German captain, all entrances to the cargo hold also being blocked off to make a proper search impossible. In response, the inspecting officer decided to take the ship under arrest and sealed the radio room. The cargo hidden on board Main later turned out to have consisted of provisions and matériel for the invading German forces at Trondheim, chiefly some 2,000 naval mines
While Østervold was attempting to inspect Mains cargo, Captain Horve had a telephone conversation with Captain Aarstad at the Navy Command at Marineholmen in Bergen. Aarstad informed him that he had been taken prisoner and could not give Horve any orders. Soon after the conversation, a Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service M.F.11 patrol bomber seaplane landed in the harbour and its pilot reported that German ships, U-boats and aircraft were in the area and that the city of Stavanger had most likely been occupied.
Horve decided to take the enemy ship as a prize and bring it to a British port. Since Draug had almost no anti-aircraft weapons to speak of, and the skies were full of enemy aircraft, the destroyer could do little good by remaining where she was. He ignored an order from Naval Command to go to the Hardangerfjord and block German naval forces from gaining access to that fjord. As Horve knew that the Naval Command headquarters in Bergen had been captured by the German invaders, he assumed that the order was false, although it later turned out it was not. When ordered to steer his ship towards Britain, the captain of Main refused, only yielding after the Norwegian warship fired several warning shots and threatened to torpedo him.
After the two ships had left Haugesund at about 09:00 on 9 April, they soon came under attack from a Luftwaffe bomber around off the Norwegian coast. The bombs, aimed at Main, missed but the German captain immediately scuttled his vessel and ordered his crew to abandon ship. As the order came very suddenly the evacuation was carried out with some panic, the boatswain drowning in the process. After the German sailors had boarded and lowered their life boat Draug fired eight to ten rounds into the waterline of the scuttled merchantman to ensure that she would sink.
Now carrying sixty-seven German sailors along as PoWs in addition to her own crew of seventy-two, Draug sped away towards Sullom Voe in the Shetland Islands. The prisoners were kept on the open deck during the crossing. By the next morning she was met by three of the Royal Navy's destroyers. Two of the British ships, and , followed Draug into Sullom Voe, arriving at 17:00 local time on 10 April, where the German PoWs were handed over to British authorities. Thereafter Draug sailed to Scapa Flow, escorted by the French destroyer , arriving at 10:00 on 11 April. The German prisoners from Main departed Sullom Voe for Kirkwall at 20:00 on 10 April on the French destroyer before the French ship proceeded to Scapa Flow.
After arriving in the United Kingdom, many members of Draugs crew were transferred to Royal Navy ships and would serve aboard them during the remainder of the Norwegian Campaign. Draugs second-in-command, Lieutenant Østervold served as a liaison officer aboard the British light cruiser during the April–May 1940 Namsos landings in Mid-Norway. The Chief Engineer on board, Kapteinløytnant (Lieutenant) B. M. Frimannslund, was left in command of the ship with 10-20 technical staff remaining to do maintenance work. At 18:00 on 7 May 1940 Draug departed Scapa Flow for Portsmouth.
Service in the United Kingdom
For the rest of her war service, Draug escorted coastal convoys and provided local defence in the south of England. After arrival in the United Kingdom Draugs aft 76 mm gun was removed and replaced with a 3" anti-aircraft cannon, and two .303 Lewis anti-aircraft machine guns were installed, one on each of the on the bridge wings. A degaussing cable was placed on the hull to demagnetize the ship and counter magnetic mines.
The first role of Draug in the United Kingdom was to serve as mother ship in Portsmouth for the newest additions to the Royal Norwegian Navy, the two motor torpedo boats MTB 5 and MTB 6, until 5 August 1940. These two boats had been ordered before the invasion of Norway, but were only handed over in May 1940, well after the German landings.
During the critical autumn of 1940, when a German invasion of Britain seemed inevitable, the antiquated destroyer was deployed as a Guard Destroyer to Lowestoft from 6 August to 27 October 1940 (Pennant No. H.28). In this role, she relatively often used her newly installed anti-aircraft weapons during air raids. Draug was repeatedly the direct target of German bombers during this time, but escaped damage.
Between November 1940 and early 1941, Draug was rearmed, rebuilt and modernized at the shipyard in Grimsby. Amongst the changes made, her bridge was reconstructed and the fore funnel removed, probably to reduce the weight on the deck. During her time in Grimsby she also escorted coastal convoys and patrolled the Humber estuary. While patrolling the Humber she was on one occasion attacked by a German Heinkel He 111 bomber, first by strafing, then with bombs. The bombs missed their target by some 400 metres, and only one sailor had been slightly wounded during the strafing attacks. Draug had returned fire with her anti-aircraft weaponry, although the 3" gun had jammed after the first few rounds and the anti-aircraft machine guns had failed to inflict serious damage on the attacking aircraft.
After the initial invasion scare had passed, Draug spent most of her time up until April 1942 escorting coastal convoys off the coast of Southern England.
In addition to her coastal duties, Draug also carried out more unconventional operations, such as towing Norwegian motor torpedo boats to and from the coast of southern Norway. This greatly increased the range of the small MTBs, thus allowing them to carry out attacks on German-controlled convoys in the occupied homeland. The first attack made by a Norwegian MTB in Norwegian waters happened on 3 October 1941, when MTB 56 was towed into position by Draug and proceeded to torpedo and sink off Kyrholmen the escorted 3,015 ton Norwegian tanker MT Borgny of Oslo, which had been requisitioned by the Germans and was carrying 3,500 tons of aviation fuel for the Luftwaffe in Norway. After the successful attack MTB 56 dodged shells from both the escorts and a coastal battery at Korsneset and met Draug the next morning to be towed back to Lerwick in Shetland. Fourteen Norwegian sailors died on Borgny, which was escorted by two German naval vessels at the time of the attack.
From April 1942 until her decommissioning 5 February 1943, Draug was used as a depot ship in Port Edgar for personnel of the Royal Norwegian Navy.
Even though officially decommissioned from the Royal Norwegian Navy, Draug continued serving the allied cause. From 5 February to 2 September, she was on loan to the Royal Navy for special exercises and trials. The final decommissioning came on 19 November 1943 and she was sold for scrapping in 1944.
Three of the 7.6 cm guns from Draug were sent to the Norwegian Arctic archipelago Svalbard in mid-1944. The three guns were landed at Longyearbyen on 20 June 1944 and formed the main defence weapons of the coal mining town. Installed in overbuilt protected positions, the guns from Draug replaced three 10 cm Bofors guns originally from the destroyer . The 10 cm guns had been destroyed in the successful German attack on Svalbard on 8 September 1943.
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
Naval History via Flix: KNM Draug, retrieved 29 January 2006
Draug KNM Torpedojager, retrieved 10 February 2008
1908 ships
Ships built in Horten
Draug-class destroyers
World War II destroyers of Norway |
4000057 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20national%20parks%20of%20the%20Dominican%20Republic | List of national parks of the Dominican Republic | This list is for national parks in the Dominican Republic. For national parks in the similarly named country of Dominica, see List of national parks of Dominica.
List of the National parks of the Dominican Republic, located on and near the island of Hispaniola, in the Caribbean region.
Dominican national park system
The Dominican national park system includes:
urban parks and recreational areas.
nature reserves — protecting the country's natural habitats, flora, and fauna.
zoological & botanical gardens — protecting the country's flora and fauna.
The Ministry of the Environment is the institution in charge of the development, administration, organization, and maintenance of all the country's natural and recreational areas. Its principal objective is to conserve the nation's natural resources and unique ecological heritage, for the perennial enjoyment of present and future generations.
National park listings
A partial listing of Dominican national parks includes:
Cueva de las Maravillas National Park (Cave of Miracles National Park)Close to San Pedro de Macorís at the south coast. Taino paintings.
Parque Nacional Del Este (Del Este National Park)In the south-east of the country/island, between La Romana and the mouth of the Yuma River. It includes the coastal Isla Saona (island) in the Caribbean Sea. 110 different species of birds and dolphins have been identified within the park. Also known as Cotubanamá National Park.
El Choco National Park (Parque Nacional El Choco)With the caves of Cabarete (Las cuevas de Cabarete) at the shore, where one can swim in them. El Choco can be explored on horses. Native orchids live in the park's habitats.
Isabel De Torres National Park (Parque Nacional Isabel De Torres)In San Felipe de Puerto Plata
Isla Cabritos National Park (Parque Nacional Isla Cabritos)On Cabritos Island of Enriquillo Lake, in the southwestern Dominican Republic near the border with Haiti.
Jaragua National Park (Parque Nacional Jaragua)In the southwestern Dominican Republic, with 130 different bird species, and 4,500-year-old Taino pictographs.
José Armando Bermúdez National Park (Parque Nacional Armando Bermúdez)In the Cordillera Central mountain range. Contains some of the highest mountains in the Caribbean region, including: Pico Duarte, La Pelona, Loma La Rucilla, and Yaque.
José del Carmen Ramírez National Park (Parque Nacional José Del Carmen Ramírez)In the center of the island, near San Juan de la Maguana and Loma De La Viuda (mountain).
La Caleta Underwater National Park
Los Haitises National Park (Parque Nacional Los Haitises)On Samaná Bay, with 700 different plants, and 110 different birds.
Monte Cristi National Park (Parque Nacional Monte Cristi)In the northwestern Dominican Republic, near the border with Haiti.
Sierra De Baoruco National Park (Parque Nacional Sierra De Baoruco) In the high Sierra De Baoruco mountain range, of the southwestern Dominican Republic towards the border with Haiti. The town of Barahona and Enriquillo Lake are in the vicinity.
The Three Eyes National Park (Parque Nacional Los Tres Ojos)Near Santo Domingo, this nature area features a series of caverns and underground lagoons.
Valle Nuevo National Park (Parque Nacional Valle Nuevo)Also known as Juan Bautista Perez Rancier National Park (Parque Nacional Juan Bautista Pérez Rancier), it’s located in a high plateau averaging 7500 ft above sea level in Azua Province, La Vega Province, and San José de Ocoa Province. The park features include Las Pirámides de Valle Nuevo, Monument to Caamaño, Salto de Aguas Blancas (Aguas Blancas falls) which is the highest waterfall in the Antilles, Villa Pajon Ecolodge, Alto de la Bandera the fourth highest peak in the Antilles, a military base, Valle Encantado, and other features.
Reserva Científica Ébano VerdeScientific and nature reserve near the town of Constanza.
Pueblo Viejo National Park Includes the old city of Concepción de la Vega, and the Pueblo Viejo gold mine.
See also
— Dominican Republic & Haiti.
List of national parks — global.
References
Dominican Republic
National parks
National parks |
4000062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20at%20the%202006%20Winter%20Olympics | Georgia at the 2006 Winter Olympics | Georgia competed at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Alpine skiing
Note: In the men's combined, run 1 is the downhill, and runs 2 and 3 are the slalom. In the women's combined, run 1 and 2 are the slalom, and run 3 the downhill.
Figure skating
Key: CD = Compulsory Dance, FD = Free Dance, FS = Free Skate, OD = Original Dance, SP = Short Program
References
Nations at the 2006 Winter Olympics
2006
Winter Olympics |
4000065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminescent%20bacteria | Luminescent bacteria | Luminescent bacteria emit light as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy. Luminescent bacteria exist as symbiotic organisms carried within a larger organism, such as many deep sea organisms, including the Lantern Fish, the Angler fish, certain jellyfish, certain clams and the Gulper eel. The light is generated by an enzyme-catalyzed chemoluminescence reaction, wherein the pigment luciferin is oxidised by the enzyme luciferase. The expression of genes related to bioluminescence is controlled by an operon called the lux operon.
Some species of luminescent bacteria possess quorum sensing, the ability to determine local population by the concentration of chemical messengers. Species which have quorum sensing can turn on and off certain chemical pathways, commonly luminescence; in this way, once population levels reach a certain point the bacteria switch on light-production
Characteristics of the phenomenon
Bioluminescence is a form of luminescence, or "cold light" emission; less than 20% of the light generates thermal radiation. It should not be confused with fluorescence, phosphorescence or refraction of light. Most forms of bioluminescence are brighter (or only exist) at night, following a circadian rhythm.
See also
Dinoflagellates
Vibrionaceae (e.g. Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio phosphoreum)
References
External links
Bioluminescence Lecture Notes
Bioluminescence Webpage
Isolation of Vibrio phosphoreum
Luminescent Bacteria
Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Bioluminescence
'
Bacteria
Bioluminescent bacteria |
4000070 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira%20Shoji | Akira Shoji | Akira Shoji (小路晃) (born January 31, 1974) is a retired Japanese mixed martial artist and professional wrestler. He is most known as being a regular in almost all the beginning Pride Fighting Championship Shoji was in Pride 1 to Pride 7, and was part of the first Pride open weight Grand Prix in 2000. Shoji was consistently a regular in Pride, and moved from Heavyweight to Light Heavyweight (Middleweight in Pride) due to his smaller stature.
Despite his losing record, Shoji was a constant favourite of the audience, and was nicknamed "Mr. Pride" for his popularity and adherence to the mixed martial arts promotion. He was known for his mic performance, die hard spirit, stellar submission escapes, razor sharp armbar and a fighting spirit demonstrated by his willingness to take on all comers. According to fight commentator Stephen Quadros and John Hyams, director of the documentary "The Smashing Machine", Shoji cleaned his house and prepared his will before every competition in case he is killed during the fight.
He also worked as a judge for the Dream organization.
Mixed martial arts career
A national-ranked judoka since highschool, Shoji firstly dreamed with being a professional wrestler, but he developed an interest in mixed martial arts due to his schoolmate Kazunari Murakami, who convinced him to try on the Wajyutsu Keishukai gym. After graduating from Chukyo University, Shoji joined the dojo full-time and became a professional fighter. He represented WK at the Lumax Cup tournament, but he was eliminated at the first round.
Pride
Shoji had his worldwide debut taking on Renzo Gracie from the Gracie family at the first event of Pride in 1997. Though clearly outclassed, Shoji held his own and escaped from numerous submission attempts through the match, including an armbar and an omoplata which were almost fully locked, while regularly landing low kicks and some knees to the head. After thirty minutes, the match was ruled a draw due to the absence of judges. Nonetheless, Shoji got acclaimed by the crowd for his performance, which included grabbing the mic after the match and yelling "What do you say now, Gracies? Who said the Japanese were the weakest?" (Nani ga Gracie jā! Nani ga Nippon sai jaku jā?)
He returned at the next two events of Pride, submitting Juan Mott via rear naked choke and drawing with Takada Dojo understudy and fellow underdog Daijiro Matsui. However, his biggest victory came at Pride 4, where Shoji faced another unbeaten Brazilian jiu-jitsu exponent, Wallid Ismail. The Brazilian was aggressive and held Akira mounted for the first round, with Shoji reversing him every time. At the second round, however, the Japanese got the upper hand over a tired Ismail and landed multiple answered punches, which prompted the referee to stop the match for a win for Shoji.
Akira next faced Ukrainian Igor Vovchanchyn, who would become one of Pride's top strikers. Knowing the strengths of his adversary, Shoji played conservatively and avoided the KO for a decision loss. Shortly after, Shoji bounced back with another shocking victory in a match against Ultimate Fighting Championship champion and former King of Pancrase Guy Mezger. The fight was slow and strategic, with long battles on the clinch, with Mezger landing several strikes, but Shoji eventually found opportunities to take Mezger down and perform ground and pound. The judges gave the split decision to the Japanese, which was met with controversy in the United States.
At the Pride Grand Prix 2000 tournament, Shoji was first pitted against luta livre practitioner Ebenezer Fontes Braga, getting a unanimous decision victory. He advanced round, but he was then eliminated by the eventual winner Mark Coleman.
Shoji's last match in Pride would be in its very last event in 2007, fighting Gilbert Yvel and losing by TKO after a brief grappling exchange.
Retirement
While working as a fighting referee in Dream, Shoji considered a final retirement match. He got his will at DEEP 53 in a match against Kazuo Misaki, which he lost by TKO in the second round. Both Misaki and Shoji broke out in tears after the fight, overwhelmed by emotions, knowing it was Shoji's final match.
Professional wrestling career
Hustle (2008-2009)
In 2008, Shoji began working in professional wrestling company Hustle, hosted by Dream Stage Entertainment along with Pride, and became a regular roster of the promotion. He debuted as a participant the Hustle Grand Prix tournament, being invited by famous idol Yuko Ogura and granted the ring name of "Ko♥Ri♥Ta♥N", but he was defeated by Osaka Pro Wrestling representative Zeus after getting hit with a frying pan.
Shoji then joined Generalissimo Takada's villainous faction Takada Monster Army, invited by Yuji Shimada, and he changed his name to "Private Shimada". In 2009, after losing a match to Wataru Sakata and Kurodaman, he was put on a trial by Shimada and threatened with expulsion if he lost a next singles match against Sakata, which eventually became a 3-way match with fellow Monster Army member Commander An Jo. Shoji have his best, but Shimada and An Jo crashed the match and made him lose. Kicked out of Takada's faction, Akira joined Sakata and got his revenge over Anjo, defeating him and Rey Ohara in a tag team match. remained as his ally until the end of the promotion.
Smash (2010-2011)
After Hustle's closure, Shoji joined Smash, a new promotion founded by Yoshihiro Tajiri and several former officials and wrestlers of Hustle. On January 30, 2011, Shoji lost to Yusuke Kodama in his final match before retiring from professional wrestling.
Mixed martial arts record
| Loss
| align=center| 14–17–5
| Kazuo Misaki
| TKO (punches)
| DEEP: 53 Impact
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:13
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 14–16–5
| Gilbert Yvel
| TKO (punches)
| PRIDE 34
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:04
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14–15–5
| Carlos Toyota
| Decision (majority)
| DEEP: clubDEEP Toyama: Barbarian Festival 5
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Toyama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 13–15–5
| Kyacey Uscola
| KO (punches)
| KOTC: All Stars
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:23
| Reno, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–14–5
| Todd Medina
| Decision (unanimous)
| KOTC: Rapid Fire
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| San Jacinto, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–14–5
| Kazuo Misaki
| Technical Submission (guillotine choke)
| DEEP: 23 Impact
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:32
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–13–5
| Mark Weir
| KO (head kick)
| Cage Rage 14
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:17
| London, England
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–12–5
| Dean Lister
| Technical Submission (triangle choke)
| PRIDE Bushido 6
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:13
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–11–5
| Paulo Filho
| Decision (split)
| PRIDE Bushido 4
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–10–5
| Yukio Kawabe
| TKO (punches)
| PRIDE Bushido 3
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:18
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–10–5
| Murilo Rua
| KO (flying knee)
| PRIDE Shockwave 2003
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:24
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–9–5
| Maurício Rua
| KO (punches)
| PRIDE Bushido 1
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:47
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–8–5
| Dustin Denes
| Decision (unanimous)
| Absolute Fighting Championships 4
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–8–5
| Alex Stiebling
| Decision (split)
| PRIDE 25
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–8–5
| Paulo Filho
| Submission (armbar)
| PRIDE 22
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:48
| Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–7–5
| David Roberts
| Submission (armbar)
| KOTC 13: Revolution
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:46
| Reno, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–7–5
| Jeremy Horn
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE 18
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Fukuoka, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–6–5
| Semmy Schilt
| KO (knee and punches)
| PRIDE 16
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 8:19
| Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–5–5
| Dan Henderson
| TKO (punches and knees)
| PRIDE 14
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:18
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–4–5
| Ricardo Almeida
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE 12
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–3–5
| Herman Renting
| Submission (armbar)
| PRIDE 10
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:48
| Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–3–5
| John Renken
| Submission (armbar)
| PRIDE 9
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 6:44
| Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 6–3–5
| Mark Coleman
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE Grand Prix 2000 Finals
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 15:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–2–5
| Ebenezer Fontes Braga
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE Grand Prix 2000 Opening Round
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 15:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 5–2–5
| Ryushi Yanagisawa
| Draw
| Pancrase: 1999 Anniversary Show
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 15:00
| Urayasu, Chiba, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–2–4
| Larry Parker
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE 7
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–2–4
| Guy Mezger
| Decision (split)
| PRIDE 6
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 3–2–4
| Igor Vovchanchyn
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE 5
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 10:00
| Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–1–4
| Wallid Ismail
| TKO (punches)
| PRIDE 4
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:26
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 2–1–4
| Adriano de Souza
| Draw
| GCM: Vale Tudo
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Japan
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 2–1–3
| Daijiro Matsui
| Draw
| PRIDE 3
|
| align=center| 4
| align=center| 10:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–1–2
| Juan Mott
| Submission (rear naked choke)
| PRIDE 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:47
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 1–1–2
| Renzo Gracie
| Draw
| PRIDE 1
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 10:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 1–1–1
| Kaichi Tsuji
| Decision (unanimous)
| Lumax Cup: Tournament of J '97 Heavyweight Tournament
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:00
| Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0–1
| Vidal Serradilla
| TKO (submission to punches)
| JECVTO: Japan Extreme Challenge Vale Tudo Open
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:16
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 0–0–1
| Manabu Ohara
| Draw
| KP X WK: Koppo vs. Keisyukai
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 20:00
| Japan
|
Submission grappling record
KO PUNCHES
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Method
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Event
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Time
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|-
|Loss|| Fabrício Werdum || Armbar || ADCC 2003 Absolute|| 2003|| 1|| ||
|-
|Win|| Mitsuhiro Ishida || Points || ADCC 2003 Absolute|| 2003|| 1|| ||
|-
|Loss|| David Terrel || Points || ADCC 2003 +88 kg|| 2003|| 1|| ||
|-
|Loss|| Amaury Bitteti || Points || ADCC 1999 –88 kg|| 1999|| 1|| 10:00||
|-
|Win|| Masutatsu Yano || Decision || The CONTENDERS 1|| 1999|| 3|| 5:00||
|-
See also
List of male mixed martial artists
References
External links
Pride Official Site
1974 births
Living people
Japanese male mixed martial artists
Middleweight mixed martial artists
Light heavyweight mixed martial artists
Heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Sportspeople from Toyama Prefecture
People from Uozu, Toyama
Mixed martial arts referees |
4000071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen%20Polytechnic | Shenzhen Polytechnic | Shenzhen Polytechnic (SZPT) is an educational institute located in Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. It was founded in 1993. It has four campuses (namely East, West, North and OCT). It has 21,000 full-time and 6,000 part-time students enrolled.
Overview
Shenzhen Polytechnic is a senior academy offering full-time courses, focusing on production, construction, management and services. It has four campuses - East Campus, West Campus, North Campus, and the Overseas Chinese Town Campus - which together occupy an area of 168 hectares, 49 hectares of which are buildings. These buildings house libraries with 1.34 million books, laboratory complexes, and other facilities. Shenzhen Polytechnic’s Industrial Training Center, for example, includes 28 training laboratories and 116 branch laboratories. In addition, the Polytechnic operates 330 off-campus practice bases.
In 2001 the polytechnic received the First Prize of National Educational Achievement. In January 2003, the polytechnic was designated a key national vocational and technical college. In September 2003 it was the sole recipient of an “A+” in each of 15 indexes of education in a nationwide evaluation of vocational and technical colleges and, for this achievement, was granted the title of “ Fine College ”.
In 2005 it received the First Prize of National Educational Achievement, for the second time, for which the Polytechnic was selected a National Model Vocational College by the Ministry of Education, and was recognized, nationwide, as a pioneer college.
Shenzhen Polytechnic employs 1,775 staff. These staff includes 1047 teachers, of whom more than 80% are "dual-skilled”. There are over 20,000 full-time students and about 5,000 part-time students. These students follow a range of training courses and are granted technical certificates upon graduation. In recent years, the employment ‘take-up’ rate has also been above 95%. In addition, 53 students and staff members have been awarded the CCIE (Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert) certificate, one of the world’s leading awards in the area of internet studies.
Within Shenzhen Polytechnic, there are 13 schools which cater to 92 specialties. These are: The School of Electronics and Information Engineering; The School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering; The School of Media and Communication; The School of Economics and Management; The School of Art and Design; The School of Animation; The School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology; The School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering; The School of Construction and Environmental Engineering; The School of Applied Foreign Languages; The School of Nursing and Medical Technology; The School of Further Education; and, finally, The School of Training.
With the support of the Ministry of Education, the Computer-Aided Design course, the Electronics and Information Engineering course, and the Intelligent Building Engineering Technology course are 4-year programs. Each specialty has three or more off-campus practice bases and is overseen by a Specialty Management Committee. The total of 80 Specialty Management Committees have established close relations with 1000 or more enterprises and companies in Shenzhen.
The School of Training provides training bases at the national, regional and local level. At the national level it provides China’s National Highly Skilled Professionals Training Base, China’s National Teacher Training Base for Higher Vocational Education, and China’s National Occupational Skill Testing Organization. At the regional level the School of Training provides Guangdong Province with its Highly Skilled Professionals Training Base. And at the local level, the school provides the Municipality of Shenzhen with its Highly Skilled Professionals Training Base and its Reemployment Training Base for the Unemployed.
In total, the School of Training offers more than 290 vocational skill training and vocational qualification certification training programs. It is authorized to test more than 100 different types of work at technician, primary, intermediate, and advanced levels as well as vocational skills.
The polytechnic has six programs of natural science research registered and funded at the national level, and in the Tenth Five Year, Plan is ranked 15th for research amongst colleges in Guangdong Province. In recent years, it has published 2200 academic papers on natural sciences, more than 3400 papers on social sciences and 400 textbooks on higher vocational and technical education. The polytechnic was ranked first among China’s vocational colleges in 2004 and 2005.
The polytechnic has cooperative relationships with 40 universities and educational organizations outside of mainland China. These include universities and academic institutes in Brazil, Britain, Germany, France, Australia, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Seven foreign languages, including English, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Russian and Spanish, are taught on campus. And since 1998, for purposes of educational and cultural exchange and cooperation, it has received 30,000 visitors from other universities and educational organizations at home and abroad.
The polytechnic enjoys the attention and support of leaders, not only of Guangdong Province and Shenzhen Municipal Government but also of the Chinese central government. On September 12, 2005, Premier Wen Jiabao paid a visit. In 1997 and 1998, the former Vice Premier Li Lanqing toured the campus and left written words of encouragement and appreciation. Other leaders visiting campus have included Ms. Chen Zhili, Member of the State Committee, Zhang Dejiang, Secretary of Guangdong Province CPC, and Zhou Ji, Minister of the Ministry of Education.
Faculty departmental structure
International Office and International Education Department (IO & IED)
School of Electronic and Communication Engineering (SECE)
School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (SMEE)
School of Computer Engineering (SCE)
School of Economics (SE)
School of Management (SM)
School of Media and Communication (SMC)
School of Art and Design (SAD)
School of Applied Foreign Languages (SAFL)
School of Applied Chemistry and Biological Technology (SACBT)
School of Construction and Environment Engineering (SCEE)
School of Animation (SA)
School of Automotive and Transportation Engineering (SATE)
School of Medical Technology and Nursing (SMTN)
School of Continuing Education and Training (SCET)
School of Humanities (SH)
Department of Physical Education (DPE)
Branch School of OCT Campus (BS OCTC)
Schools and departments
The International Office & the International Education Department; The School of Electronics & Information Engineering; The School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering; The School of Economics & Management; The School of Media & Communication; The School of Art & Design; The School of Applied Foreign Languages; The School of Applied Chemistry & Biological Technology; The School of Construction & Environment Engineering; The School of Animation; The School of Automotive & Transportation Engineering; The School of Medical Technology & Nursing; The School of Continuing Education & Training; The School of Humanities; The Department of Physical Education; The Branch School of the OCT Campus
Chinese language programs
Elementary Chinese Program is designed for beginning learners with no or little Chinese learning experience. The program provides training in Chinese pronunciation and intonation, a volume of 2500-3000 Chinese words, and a set of basic Chinese phrases and grammatical structures. The training enables the learners to have a mastery of basic communicative ability to live in Chinese speaking environments, with a Chinese linguistic level equivalent to HSK Elementary level.
Intermediate Chinese Program (1)(2) are designed for those wishing to improve mandarin Chinese with certain Chinese learning experiences and limited speaking competence. The program provides training in pronunciation and intonation improvement, a volume of 4000-5000 Chinese words, and a set of complicated Chinese phrases and grammatical structures. The training enables the learners to have a mastery of Chinese discourse interpretation ability to live and study in Chinese speaking environments, with an intermediate Chinese language level equivalent to HSK Intermediate level.
Advanced Chinese Program is designed for those wishing to enlarge the Chinese characters volume and enrich their linguistic ability in order to communicate fluently and appropriately in a Chinese-speaking environment. The program provides training in pronunciation and intonation improvement, a volume of 6000-8000 Chinese words, a set of more complicated Chinese phrases and grammatical structures. The training enables the learners to express fluently and appropriately in academic or professional areas at normal speed, with a Chinese linguistic level equivalent to HSK Intermediate level.
Vocational skill training
The training is designed for career preparation by Shenzhen Polytechnic Vocational Training Center.
Diploma course studies
Shenzhen Polytechnic offers over 90 specialties in career preparation.
References
External links
Official site (English)
Official site
Universities and colleges in Shenzhen
Educational institutions established in 1993
1993 establishments in China |
4000074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20della%20Valle | Andrea della Valle | Cardinal Andrea della Valle (29 November 1463, in Rome – 3 August 1534) was an Italian clergyman and art collector.
Life
Andrea belonged to an ancient family of Roman nobles. He was the son of Filippo della Valle, a Roman patrician; the family tomb is in Santa Maria in Aracoeli, where an inscription to their father was placed by Andrea and his brother Bartolomeo. Andrea also had a sister, Sigismonda.
Andrea was elected bishop of Crotone in 1496. In 1503-05 he directed the Apostolic Chancery, and served as Apostolic secretary during the pontificate of Pope Julius II. He was transferred to the titular diocese of Miletus in 1508, which he resigned in favor of his nephew Quinzio Rustici on 26 November 1523. He participated in the Fifth Lateran Council, 1512, and was created cardinal priest in the consistory of 1 July 1517. He participated in the conclaves of 1521-22 and 1523. As archpriest of the patriarchal Liberian basilica (1520) he ceremonially opened and closed the Holy Door in the Jubilee Year of 1525.
Art collector
Cardinal della Valle is best remembered, however, as the collector of one of the first collections of Roman antiquities that marked the High Renaissance. He inherited some antiquities, which had been collected by the della Valle in the previous century, according to Vasari. and eagerly acquired more. Inspired by the Cortile del Belvedere, in 1520 he commissioned the Rafaellesque sculptor architect Lorenzetto Lotti to create a suitable setting for the sculptures and inscriptions and other antiquities that he had amassed, the result of a generation of rediscoveries at the turn of the 16th century. On the main floor of the palazzo's new second inner courtyard the sculptures were displayed in a sort of loggia, described by Giorgio Vasari as a hortus pensilis or hanging garden (giardino di sopra) that included planted raised boxes and an aviary, which "blurred the distinction between garden and courtyard," with inscriptions inviting peace, relaxation and thought, an invocation of rus in urbe. The architectural framing and the great care with which the ensemble was presented— as decorative as it was scholarly, evoking Classical harmony, symmetry and equilibrium, was a model for other Roman collections. Many visitors left written impressions during the 16th century, and more than one artist made sketches.
Maarten van Heemskerck's early drawing of the loggia, showing the two famous armless satyrs supporting baskets on their heads, set against the piers of the arches, was etched by Hieronymus Cock in 1558 and circulated among connoisseurs of the Antique. Here, in the serene and ordered presentation that was eventually developed in the 1520s and 30s by Lorenzetto— Heemskerck's drawing still shows a picturesque disorder— were undertaken the first systematic restorations and completions of Roman sculptural fragments, work that, according to Vasari's anecdotes, had occasionally been undertaken piecemeal for the Medici by Donatello and Verrocchio, but which became common practice and developed into a Roman industry during the sixteenth century; Vasari, following his description of della Valle's antiquities, remarks, "And to tell the truth, these antiquities restored in this manner have much more grace than those mutilated trunks, members without heads or figures defective and incomplete in any other way".
At his death the Palazzo Valle passed to his nephew, Camillo Capranica, of another antiquities-collecting family and gained the name Palazzo Valle-Capranica, while the collection was housed separately, in the palazzo of bishop Bruto Della Valle; there it was inspected by Gabriele Simeoni in 1557, who left descriptions in French and Italian. In 1584 the collection was purchased en bloc by Cardinal Ferdinand de' Medici and dispersed among various Medici dwellings. Most of the collection is at the Villa de Medici in Rome, but part was transferred to Florence, where della Valle sculptures can be seen today in the Palazzo Pitti and the Boboli Gardens, in the Uffizi, and at the Medici villa at Poggio Imperiale.
A theatre was built in the Cardinal's courtyard, which gave its name to the via Teatro Valle.
References
Bibliothèque nationale de France: "Dessins de la Renaissance" Two drawings of the collection at Palazzo Valle, one by Martin Heemskerck (1498-1574), who was in Rome ca 1532– 1536, the other attributed to Hendrick van Cleve, ca 1550. Illustrated. (in French). Among identifiable pieces, the Marsyas of the Uffizi, the Apollo with Lyre of Poggio Imperiale, the Minerva of Palazzo Pitti and others.
1463 births
1534 deaths
Clergy from Rome
16th-century Italian cardinals
Cardinal-bishops of Albano
Cardinal-bishops of Palestrina
16th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops |
4000079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puddle%20%28disambiguation%29 | Puddle (disambiguation) | A puddle is a small accumulation of liquid on a surface.
Puddle may also refer to:
Puddle clay, a type of waterproof cement
Puddle (M. C. Escher), a woodcut by M.C. Escher
Weld puddle, a crucial part of the welding process
Puddle of Mudd, an American post-grunge band
In rowing, an oval patch of disturbed water indicative of rowing skill
Puddle (video game)
The Puddle, the New Zealand music group
Puddletag, a metadata editor for many audio file formats
Puddles the Clown, the stage name of Mike Geier, and the associated band Puddles Pity Party
Puddling may refer to:
Puddling (metallurgy), an obsolete method for purifying pig iron
Puddling furnace, a metalmaking technology to create wrought iron from the pig iron produced in a blast furnace
Puddling (civil engineering), a method for producing waterproof puddle or lining an existing area with puddle clay
Puddling (biology), the process by which butterflies extract nutrients from damp surfaces
Puddling (agriculture), wet tillage of rice paddies to prepare them for rice planting |
5393954 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck%20Arnason | Chuck Arnason | Ernest Charles Arnason (born July 15, 1951) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right wing who played 401 games over eight seasons in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens, Atlanta Flames, Pittsburgh Penguins, Kansas City Scouts, Cleveland Barons, Colorado Rockies, Minnesota North Stars and Washington Capitals.
He was the first player in NHL history to play for five defunct teams.
Personal life
Arnason was born in Dauphin, Manitoba and raised in Ashern, Manitoba.
Arnason and his wife Leanne have two children, a son, Tyler who played in the NHL from 2001 to 2009 and a daughter, Aubrey who is an actress and screenwriter.
Awards and achievements
MJHL Goal Scoring Leader (1969)
WCHL Scoring Champion (1971)
WCHL Goals Leader (1971)
WCHL All-Star Team (1971)
Honoured Member of the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
Transactions
On June 10, 1971 the Montreal Canadiens selected Chuck Arnason in the first-round (#7 overall) of the 1971 NHL draft.
On May 29, 1973 the Montreal Canadiens traded Chuck Arnason to the Atlanta Flames in exchange for a 1974 first-round pick (#10-Rick Chartraw).
On January 4, 1974 the Atlanta Flames traded Chuck Arnason and Bob Paradise to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Al McDonough.
On January 9, 1976 the Pittsburgh Penguins traded Chuck Arnason, Steve Durbano and a 1976 first-round pick (#11-Paul Gardner) to the Kansas City Scouts in exchange for Simon Nolet, Ed Gilbert and a 1976 first-round pick (#2-Blair Chapman).
On July 15, 1976 the Kansas City Scouts moved to Colorado and renamed Colorado Rockies.
On January 9, 1978 the Colorado Rockies traded Chuck Arnason and Rick Jodzio to the Cleveland Barons in exchange for Ralph Klassen and Fred Ahern.
On June 15, 1978 Chuck Arnason was placed on the Minnesota North Stars reserve list following Cleveland Barons/Minnesota North Stars merger.
On March 12, 1979 the Minnesota North Stars traded Chuck Arnason to the Washington Capitals for future considerations.
On April 24, 1979 the Washington Capitals traded Chuck Arnason to the Minnesota North Stars for future considerations.
On July 19, 1979 the Minnesota North Stars traded Chuck Arnason to the Vancouver Canucks for cash.
References
External links
Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com
1951 births
Living people
Atlanta Flames players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Cleveland Barons (NHL) players
Colorado Rockies (NHL) players
Flin Flon Bombers players
Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Kansas City Scouts players
Minnesota North Stars players
Montreal Canadiens draft picks
Montreal Canadiens players
National Hockey League first round draft picks
Sportspeople from Dauphin, Manitoba
People from Interlake Region, Manitoba
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Washington Capitals players |
5393956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%20Hall%20Pass | Universal Hall Pass | Universal Hall Pass is a one-person band formed in 2001 by Melissa R. Kaplan, formerly of Splashdown.
Universal Hall Pass's only full-length album, Mercury, was released in 2004, featuring eleven songs. In December, 2006, UHP released a six-song EP entitled Subtle Things, on which Kaplan worked with ex-bandmate Kasson Crooker. Since then, UHP has released a small number of self-produced individual tracks online.
Discography
Mercury (LP, 2004)
Tutelary Genius
Dragonfly
Misdirected
No One
Katrinah Josephina
Six-Step Dragon
Avatar
Solar/Lunar
Special Agent
Quiet Use Of Charm
Outro
Subtle Things (EP, 2006)
Sally's Song
Cave Radio
Forms of Imprisonment
Avatar (Tragic Chorus Remix)
Dragonfly (Scarce Chaser Remix)
No One (CIFR Remix)
Self-released single tracks
Ring of Fire
The Crickets Sing For Anamaria
Lyra
Sin Eater
de-Orbit Burn Equation
External links
UHP on MySpace
UHP on Facebook
Melissa Kaplan on IMDb
UHP on Bandcamp
UHP on SoundCloud
Musical groups established in 2001 |
5393959 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirey%20Brook | Mirey Brook | Mirey Brook is a stream in northern Massachusetts and southwestern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Ashuelot River, itself a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound.
Mirey Brook begins in the town of Warwick, Massachusetts, at the outlet of a wetland at the northern base of Mount Grace. It flows north to the head of Sunny Valley, where it receives Mountain Brook and Kidder Brook from the southeast. Continuing north, the brook enters the town limits of Winchester, New Hampshire, just as the valley changes from steep and narrow to flat and wide. The brook reaches the Ashuelot River at the village of Winchester.
State Route 78 follows Mirey Brook from its confluence with Mountain Brook to its mouth at the Ashuelot.
A major tributary of Mirey Brook is Roaring Brook, which enters from the east near the village of Scotland, New Hampshire.
See also
List of rivers of Massachusetts
List of rivers of New Hampshire
References
Rivers of New Hampshire
Rivers of Franklin County, Massachusetts
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Massachusetts
Rivers of Cheshire County, New Hampshire |
5393960 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuben%20Moon | Reuben Moon | Reuben Osborne Moon (July 22, 1847 – October 26, 1919) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania.
Moon was born in Jobstown, New Jersey. He graduated from the National School of Oratory, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1874. He became a professor in the National School of Oratory, and engaged in lecturing and studied law. He was admitted to the bar in 1884 and commenced practice in Philadelphia. He was one of the founders and president of the Columbia Club.
He was elected in 1903 as a Republican to the 58th Congress, by special election, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of United States Representative Robert H. Foerderer. He served as Chairman, Committee on Revision of the Laws in the 59th through 61st Congresses. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1912.
He died in Philadelphia on October 26, 1919. He is interred at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, PA.
References
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
1847 births
1919 deaths
Pennsylvania Republicans
People from Springfield Township, Burlington County, New Jersey
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians |
4000083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir%20Khadir | Amir Khadir | Amir Khadir (; born June 12, 1961) is a Canadian politician in the National Assembly of Quebec (MNA), Canada for the electoral district of Mercier, and the first male spokesperson for Québec solidaire, a sovereigntist and left-wing political party which was created by the merger of the Union des Forces Progressistes and Option Citoyenne, a feminist political movement, in February 2006.
On December 8, 2008, Khadir became the first, and at that time, only elected representative for Québec Solidaire in the general election in Quebec. In 2012, Françoise David was elected in Gouin, making her the second elected representative for Québec solidaire.
Khadir served alongside David as Quebec solidaire's spokespersons and de facto leaders from the party's founding until November 2012, when he stepped down to allow the party to choose a new male co-spokesperson from outside the legislature in accordance with party statutes. "It's the logical next step. First, for a party that considers itself feminist, it would be fairly contradictory to finally have a female deputy of Françoise's quality in the National Assembly and not have her be the spokesperson," Khadir said.
Biography
He was born in Tehran, Iran in 1961 and emigrated to Canada at the age of ten. He was involved in many humanitarian organizations such as Médecins du Monde.
He studied physics at the undergraduate level at Université de Montréal and subsequently at the graduate level at McGill University. He then studied medicine at Université Laval.
A medical specialist in infectious microbiology, he practiced at the Centre hospitalier Pierre-Le-Gardeur in Lachenaie, a section of the city of Terrebonne. Khadir is a member of the Coalition des Médecins pour la Justice Sociale (Coalition of Doctors for Social Justice), which opposes the privatization of the Quebec health care system. He has led missions to Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Palestinian territories for Médecins du Monde, and until 2004 he presided over the administrative council of SUCO, which stands for Solidarité-Union-Coopération.
Khadir is married to Nimâ Machouf. They have three children named Daria, Yalda, and Leyli. During the 2012 Quebec student protests, Yalda, along with several other demonstrators, was arrested for blocking the Champlain Bridge on March 12 and the Jacques Cartier Bridge on May 15.
Activism
Khadir worked with the Yes side in the 1980 sovereignty referendum.
Khadir was a member of the Rassemblement pour une alternative politique (RAP) from its inception in 1997 and took part in the founding of the Union des Forces Progressistes in June 2002 and at one point was the spokesperson for the party.
In the fall of 2005, Khadir signed the Manifesto for a Québec based on solidarity.
In August 2010, Khadir was a signatory of an open letter to French President Nicolas Sarkozy urging that France pay almost $23-billion in slavery reparations to help Haiti rebuild following the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
Boycott of Le Marcheur
In December 2010, Khadir participated in protests organized by the Palestinian and Jewish Unity (PAJU) that were held outside the Boutique Le Marcheur, a shoe store in Montreal, because the store sells shoes made in Israel. The protesters stated that they would continue to demonstrate outside the store until it stops selling shoes made in Israel. The store's owners, Yves Archambault and Ginette Auger, dismissed the protest, stating that "No one no one is going to dictate to me what to sell." Archambault sharply criticized Khadir, stating that he found it "horrible" that his MNA representative was verbally inciting customers not to enter his store. Archambault responded that Israeli products constitute only 2% of his store's goods, but announced that he would not give in to the protesters' demands.
On February 9, 2011, a motion was brought forward in the Quebec National Assembly to condemn the boycott of Le Marcheur. Khadir was the sole MNA to vote against it and prevent its being debated (unanimity is required for such a motion to go to debate). Several members of the National Assembly's other three parties: François Bonnardel of the Action Démocratique du Québec, Parti Québécois MNA Martin Lemay and Liberal party member Lawrence Bergman subsequently visited the store to show their support and demonstrate their opposition to the boycott.
Khadir later defended his support for boycotts of Israeli products but insisted there had been a "terrible misunderstanding" between himself and Archambault. Khadir denied that he asked people not to enter the store but stated that he only informed customers about the boycott. Khadir subsequently claimed that he misunderstood the nature of the protest, despite the clear message on the pamphlet he held while taking part (the pamphlet said "Boycott Le Marcheur" and vowed to continue the campaign until the store stopped selling Israeli products). Khadir also stated that he now regrets taking part and that he wants people to boycott the products, not the merchant. In an email release, Khadir stated that "I would have hoped the owner would be sensitive to the ethical issues of business and would join the boycott, but that is not the case, which is his right."
Provincial politics
Along with fellow QS spokesperson Françoise David, Khadir is currently one of the two most prominent members of Québec solidaire, a left-wing party whose province-wide support was 6.03 percent in the 2012 Quebec election.
He ran for a seat in the National Assembly of Quebec in the Montreal-based district of Mercier against Daniel Turp of the Parti Québécois in the 2003, 2007 and 2008 elections.
On his first attempt, he finished third with 18% of the vote under the Union des forces progressistes party line. During Khadir's second bid, the first as part of the newly formed Québec Solidaire, he placed second, with 29% of the vote.
In 2008, Khadir won the seat and became the first Québec Solidaire candidate elected. He garnered 39% of the vote. During that campaign, Khadir received the endorsement of Robert Perreault, a former PQ cabinet member who represented the district from 1994 to 2000.
A poll conducted for the newspapers Le Devoir and The Montreal Gazette in early December 2010, established that Khadir was the most popular politician in Québec, with an approval rating of 45%.
Khadir retired from his seat effective as of the provincial general election on 1 October 2018.
Controversy and activism
CSIS Canadian Security Intelligence Service Investigation
The Canadian Security Intelligence Service investigated Khadir and his family because of their support for the People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI), an organization that opposed the government of Ayatollah Khomeini and which faced fierce repression by the Iranian government.
Former People's Mujahedin of Iran Facilitator
Khadir declared in an interview that he was very involved in People's Mujahedin of Iran, saying that "I was the main facilitator of the opponents of the mullah's regime," but that in the mid-1980s he took his distance from this organization because he disagreed with their "autocratic turn" and their support for violence against the Iranian government. The United States in 1997, The Council of the European Union in 2002, Canada in 2005, Iraq, and Iran have designated the PMOI a terrorist organization. On January 26, 2009, the Council of the European Union removed the PMOI from the EU terror list. The group said it was the outcome of a "seven-year-long legal and political battle".
Opposition to 2011 Royal tour
In a 2011 interview, Khadir expressed his opposition towards the use of tax dollars for an upcoming royal tour through Montreal and Quebec City by the newlywed Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, referring to them as "parasites".
Criticism of the United States
Khadir has also expressed criticism of the Bush administration's policies, throwing his shoes at a picture of the president outside the U.S. Consulate at a protest in Montreal in December 2008. The event was supposed to symbolically replicate Muntadhar al-Zaidi's shoe throwing attempt at the President in Iraq. He and other protesters then headed to the Canadian Forces recruitment centre on Sainte Catherine Street and threw shoes at a photograph of American president George W. Bush. Khadir was accused of betraying the "dignity and responsibilities of a[n] MNA," though Khadir himself says his constituents expected nothing less.
Electoral record
* Result compared to Action démocratique
Earlier, in the federal election of 2000, Khadir ran as a Bloc Québécois candidate in the riding of Outremont. He received 28% of the vote and finished second against Liberal incumbent Martin Cauchon.
References
External links
Québec Solidaire – Mercier riding website
Québec Solidaire
Francophone Quebec people
Quebec political party leaders
Canadian socialists
Anti-globalization activists
Male feminists
Canadian microbiologists
Physicians from Quebec
Iranian emigrants to Canada
Université Laval alumni
McGill University Faculty of Science alumni
1961 births
Living people
Politicians from Tehran
Québec solidaire MNAs
Union des forces progressistes (Canada) politicians
Canadian politicians of Iranian descent
21st-century Canadian politicians |
4000089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Troll%20%281910%29 | HNoMS Troll (1910) | The destroyer HNoMS Troll, known locally as Torpedojager Troll (litt.: torpedo hunter), was the second destroyer built for the Royal Norwegian Navy, as the second ship of the Draug-class destroyers. She was built at the naval shipyard in Horten, with yard number 104. She was kept in service long after she was obsolete, and took part in the defence of Norway after the German invasion in 1940.
Norwegian Campaign
On 9 April Troll was stationed at Måløy, as part of the 2nd Naval District's 1st destroyer division. Commanded by Captain J. Dahl the vessel operated in the Sognefjord after the German invasion.
As the forces in the Sognefjord naval district started surrendering 1 May Troll was ordered to sail to the UK, but due to a lack of coal the ship was unable to do so. Hence, she struck her flag in Florø on 4 May 1940. Her crew joined the Norwegian land forces. The abandoned ship was found and seized in Florø by the Germans on 18 May.
German service
After capture Troll, retaining its original name, was rebuilt by the Germans as a distillation vessel and steam supply ship, having her whole superstructure removed. She was used as such at the Laksevåg shipyard near Bergen from 1941 until she was returned to the Royal Norwegian Navy in 1945.
Post-war
Although Troll survived the war years and was returned to her proper owners, she was by then too worn down to see further service and was sold for scrapping in 1949.
References
Literature
External links
Naval History via Flix: KNM Draug, retrieved 29 January 2006
Draug-class destroyers
Naval ships of Norway captured by Germany during World War II
Ships built in Horten
World War II destroyers of Norway
World War II distilling ships
1910 ships |
4000093 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikaribetsu%20Volcanic%20Group | Shikaribetsu Volcanic Group | is a volcanic group of lava domes surrounding Lake Shikaribetsu in Hokkaidō, Japan. The Shikaribetsu volcanic group is located in Daisetsuzan National Park. The volcanic group lies on the Kurile arc of the Pacific ring of fire.
The volcanic group includes the following peaks:
Mount Higashi Nupukaushi
Mount Nishi Nupukaushi
Mount Tenbo
Mount Hakuun
See also
List of volcanoes in Japan
References
Shikaribetsu Volcanic Group, Quaternary Volcanoes of Japan, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST., 2006
Volcanoes of Hokkaido
Pleistocene lava domes
Volcanic groups
Volcanism of Japan |
4000102 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OAJ | OAJ | OAJ may refer to:
OAJ, the IATA and FAA LID code for Albert J. Ellis Airport, Jacksonville, North Carolina
Odd-Arne Jacobsen (born 1947), Norwegian guitarist and songwriter
United Nations Office of Administration of Justice, an organization established by the United Nations |
4000104 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicles%20as%20food | Testicles as food | The testicles of calves, lambs, roosters, turkeys, and other animals are eaten in many parts of the world, often under euphemistic culinary names. Testicles are a by-product of the castration of young animals raised for meat, so they were probably a late-spring seasonal specialty, though nowadays they are generally frozen and available year-round.
Cookery
Testicles are cooked in a variety of ways: sautéed and sauced, fricasseed, deep-fried with breading or batter, in pies, poached, roasted, and so on. Before cooking, they are generally scalded, skinned, and soaked in cold water.
Names
In English, testicles are known by a wide variety of euphemisms, including "stones", "Rocky Mountain oysters",and "prairie oysters". Lamb testicles are often called 'lamb fries' or simply fries (though that may also refer to other organ meats).
Euphemisms are used in many other languages. In Arabic countries such as Lebanon and Syria or Iraq they are known as "baid ghanam" and in Turkey they are known as koç yumurtası which in both languages means sheep eggs.
In some Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, they are known as criadillas, huevos de toro, "bull eggs"; in Chinese, as Simplified Chinese: 牛宝; Traditional Chinese: 牛寶; Pinyin: niú bǎo, "ox treasures"; in Greek, as αμελέτητα, "unmentionables"; in Hindi, as "Kapura".
The French animelles (lit. 'innards'), the Italian granelli (lit. 'granules'), and the Spanish and Latin American criadillas (lit. 'little maids') began as euphemisms, but have become standard culinary names.
World variants
Canada
Known as 'prairie oysters' in Canada, they are normally served deep-fried and breaded, with a demi-glace.
The dish is especially popular in parts of Canada, where cattle ranching is prevalent and castration of young male animals is common.
Middle East (Levant)
In Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, baid ghanam or sheep testicles are grilled in lemon juice and garnished in parsley.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, goat testicles and kidneys are mashed up and cooked on a Tava. The dish is called Gurda-Kapoora. In Lahore, the dish is called Kata-kat.
United States
In the United States, bull testicles are usually served breaded and deep-fried as an appetizer, under the name "Rocky Mountain oysters".
Spain
Buffalo, boar or bulls testicles known as criadillas are breaded and fried; In tortilla Sacromonte, a speciality from Granada, lambs brains and testicles are cooked in an omelette.
Vietnam
Bulls testicles is commonly called "Ngầu pín". It is a very common food as it is believed to increase men's sexual ability.
Mongolia
After gelding a colt, the testicles are used for ritual purposes. One of the amputated testicles is punctured with a knife so as to permit the insertion of a rope; the rope is then fastened to the new gelding's tail with the assumption that once the testicle has dried, the wound will have finished healing. The remaining testicle is cooked in the hearth ashes and eaten by the head of the household to acquire the strength of the stallion.
United Kingdom
Lamb testicles were historically eaten in England where they were referred to as 'fries' or 'stones'. As the name suggests, they were usually fried in butter after being coated in breadcrumbs. However, they are no longer widely eaten and are not available in supermarkets, although they are sold in some Asian butchers and other shops catering to British Muslims.
Iran
Lamb testicles in Iran are called Donbalan, originally the name of a white, fleshy mushroom, which is a euphemism to avoid using the word testicles. Lamb testicles are consumed mostly as home-cooked meals rather than in restaurants as they are considered Haram (forbidden) according to Islamic laws, but there are restaurants where lamb testicles are available. In Iran, lamb testicles are mainly skewered and grilled, however in some areas they are shallow fried and served with bread.
See also
Faggot (food)
Milt
Offal
Rocky Mountain oysters
Testicle Festival
Hasma
References
External links
Offal
Testicle |
5393965 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD%20Guadalajara%20%28Spain%29 | CD Guadalajara (Spain) | Club Deportivo Guadalajara, S.A.D. is a Spanish football club based in Guadalajara, in the autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. Founded in 1947 it currently plays in Segunda División B – Group 2, holding home matches at Estadio Pedro Escartín, with a capacity for 8,000 seats.
History
Guadalajara was founded on 10 January 1947, playing its first match in the amateur league against Real Ávila CF, a 2–1 win. In 1970 its grounds, Pedro Escartín (in honour of a former referee), were inaugurated.
On 18 July 1985, on the day of the club hymn's official presentation, the club first appeared in the Copa del Rey, against Rayo Vallecano. It would spend the first sixty years of its existence in the fourth division and the regional leagues.
Guadalajara first reached the third level at the end of 2006–07, after a 3–2 aggregate win against UD Las Palmas Atlético in the playoffs. After four seasons in the category, the club climbed to division two: after finishing second in the regular season, promotion was achieved after a comeback against CD Mirandés in the playoffs (2–1 away success after a 0–1 home loss).
On 4 June 2013, shortly before the second division season was over, Guadalajara was dropped back to the third category after a two-year spell even though it eventually finished above the relegation zone, due to alleged financial irregularities.
Season to season
2 seasons in Segunda División
7 seasons in Segunda División B
50 seasons in Tercera División
1 season in Tercera División RFEF
Current squad
References
External links
Futbolme team profile
BDFutbol team profile
Football clubs in Castilla–La Mancha
Association football clubs established in 1947
1947 establishments in Spain
Sport in Guadalajara, Spain
Segunda División clubs |
5393980 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylliidae | Phylliidae | The family Phylliidae (often misspelled Phyllidae) contains the extant true leaf insects or walking leaves, which include some of the most remarkably camouflaged leaf mimics (mimesis) in the entire animal kingdom. They occur from South Asia through Southeast Asia to Australia. Earlier sources treat Phylliidae as a much larger taxon, containing genera in what are presently considered to be several different families.
Characteristics
Leaf insects are camouflaged taking on the appearance of leaves. They do this so accurately that predators often are not able to distinguish them from real leaves. In some species, the edge of the leaf insect's body even has the appearance of bite marks. To further confuse predators, when the leaf insect walks, it rocks back and forth, to mimic a real leaf being blown by the wind.
The scholar Antonio Pigafetta probably was the first Western person to document the creature, though it was known to people in the tropics since a long time. Sailing with Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigational expedition, he studied and chronicled the fauna on the island of Cimbonbon as the fleet hauled ashore for repairs. During this time he documented the Phyllium species with the following passage:
Tribes, genera and species
The Phasmida Species File (V. 5.0) lists the following in two tribes:
Phylliini
Auth.
Chitoniscus (Pacific)
Chitoniscus feejeeanus
Chitoniscus lobipes
Chitoniscus lobiventris - type species (as Phyllium lobiventre )
Comptaphyllium (Australasia)
Comptaphyllium caudatum - type species (as Phyllium caudatum )
Comptaphyllium regina
Comptaphyllium riedeli
Cryptophyllium (SE Asia).Selected species:
Cryptophyllium athanysus
Cryptophyllium celebicum - type species (as Phyllium celebicum )
Cryptophyllium westwoodii
Microphyllium (Northern Philippine Islands)
Microphyllium haskelli
Microphyllium spinithorax - type species
Phyllium (Sundaland, Philippine Islands, Wallacea, Australasia).Selected species:
Phyllium bilobatum
Phyllium hausleithneri
Phyllium jacobsoni
Phyllium letiranti
Phyllium siccifolium - type species (as Gryllus siccifolius )
Pseudomicrophyllium (Northern Philippine Islands)
Pseudomicrophyllium geryon
Pseudomicrophyllium pusillulum - type species (as Pseudomicrophyllium faulkneri )
Pulchriphyllium (Sundaland, continental Asia)Selected species:
Pulchriphyllium bioculatum (
Pulchriphyllium giganteum (
Pulchriphyllium pulchrifolium - type species (as Phyllium pulchrifolium )
Trolicaphyllium (Pacific)
Trolicaphyllium brachysoma - type species (as Phyllium brachysoma )
Trolicaphyllium erosus
Trolicaphyllium sarrameaense
Walaphyllium (Australasia)
Walaphyllium lelantos
Walaphyllium monteithi
Walaphyllium zomproi - type species (as Phyllium zomproi )
Nanophylliini
Distribution: Australasia, New Guinea; auth.
Nanophyllium
Nanophyllium adisi
Nanophyllium asekiense
Nanophyllium australianum
Nanophyllium brevipenne
Nanophyllium chitoniscoides
Nanophyllium daphne
Nanophyllium frondosum
Nanophyllium hasenpuschi
Nanophyllium keyicum
Nanophyllium larssoni
Nanophyllium miyashitai
Nanophyllium pygmaeum – type species
Nanophyllium rentzi
Nanophyllium stellae
Nanophyllium suzukii
Captivity
Several species have gained in popularity as pets including Cryptophyllium celebicum, Cryptophyllium westwoodii, Phyllium jacobsoni, Phyllium ericoriai, Phyllium siccifolium, Phyllium letiranti, Phyllium monteithi, Phyllium philippinicum , Phyllium rubrum, Phyllium tobeloense, Pulchriphyllium bioculatum and Pulchriphyllium giganteum .
Extinct species
A 47-million-year-old fossil of Eophyllium messelensis, a prehistoric ancestor of Phylliidae, displays many of the same characteristics of modern leaf insects, indicating that this family has changed little over time.
References
External links
Phasmid Study Group: Phylliidae
Phasmatodea families
Taxa named by Ludwig Redtenbacher
pl:Liściec |
5393984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre%20Alh%C3%A1quime | Torre Alháquime | Torre Alháquime is a village located in the province of Cádiz, southern Spain. It is home to a Moorish castle and cemetery (13th-14th centuries).
References
External links
Torre Alháquime - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz |
5393987 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister%20of%20State%20at%20the%20Department%20of%20Defence | Minister of State at the Department of Defence | The Minister of State at the Department of Defence () is a junior ministerial post in the Department of Defence of the Government of Ireland who performs duties and functions delegated by the Minister for Defence. Although the position has often been held jointly with that of the post of Minister of State at the Department of the Taoiseach with responsibility as Government Chief Whip, which entitles the office-holder to regularly attend meetings of cabinet, the position of Minister of State does not itself hold cabinet rank. The title was first used on 1 January 1978, replacing the position of Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Defence. The Minister of State at the Department of Defence is a member of the Council of Defence.
The current Minister of State is Jack Chambers, TD, who was appointed in November 2020. Chambers is also Government Chief Whip and Minister of State at the Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media.
List of Parliamentary Secretaries to the Minister for Defence 1924–1978
List of Ministers of State at the Department of Defence 1978–present
References
Defence
Department of Defence (Ireland) |
5393990 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light%20%26%20Wonder | Light & Wonder | Light & Wonder, Inc., formerly Scientific Games Corporation (SG), is an American corporation that provides gambling products and services. The company is headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada, with lottery headquarters and production plant in Alpharetta, Georgia.
Light & Wonder's gaming division provides products such as slot machines, table games, shuffling machines, and casino management systems. Its brands include Bally, WMS, and Shuffle Master.
History
The company traces its history to Autotote, a manufacturer of totalizator systems for parimutuel wagering at racetracks. The history of Autotote dates to 1917, when George Julius founded Automatic Totalisators Limited in Australia to build the totalizator system he had invented.
Automatic Totalisators opened its U.S. office in New York City in 1953, and then moved it to Wilmington, Delaware in 1956. It moved again to Newark, Delaware in 1972. In 1978, the U.S. division was renamed as Autotote Ltd., to reflects its diversification into businesses other than totalizators, such as lottery systems, off-track betting, and slot machine accounting.
In 1979, Autotote Ltd. was acquired for $17 million by a group led by Thomas H. Lee Co.
In 1989, United Tote, another leading totalizator company, purchased Autotote for $85 million. Before the companies' operations could be integrated, the merger was challenged by federal antitrust regulators. A 1991 court ruling forced the company to split back up. The former United Tote assets were sold back to that company's founders, the Shelhamer family, and what remained of the company was renamed as Autotote Corporation, now a publicly traded company.
In 2000, Autotote bought Scientific Games Holdings Corp., a maker of instant lottery equipment, for $308 million. Scientific Games was founded in 1973, and introduced the first secure instant lottery ticket in 1974. The combined company changed its name from Autotote to Scientific Games Corporation in 2001.
By 2002, two-thirds of the $20 billion wagered annually on racing in North America was tracked by Autotote computers. Autotote supplied parimutuel wagering systems worldwide. These were automated, computerized off-track and on-track systems for betting on horse races and grayhound racing. It was an integrated system for off-track betting, keeping track of race results and winning tickets, and race simulcasting. The security of Autotote software for the racing industry garnered media attention in 2002 when one of their software developers attempted to steal $3 million through a hole in their software and processes described as "an example of a very simple exploitation of a rather stupid design flaw."
The role of Autotote's software in the 2002 Breeders' Cup betting scandal caused the National Thoroughbred Racing Association to take swift action in the face of a growing outcry once the nature of the scam emerged. It required all tote companies to modify their software to transmit betting information immediately after the bet has closed. It also pressured its member tracks into not doing business with parlors that did not have the ability to record wagers taken over the phone.
In 2007, the New York Times credited Scientific Games and Gtech for transforming what was known "historically [as] an underground operation run by mobsters" into "a lucrative, state-sponsored corporate enterprise." The Autotote racing division was sold to Sportech in 2010.
In March 2017, Scientific Games acquired rights to use the James Bond franchise through a deal with Eon Productions and MGM Interactive.
SG launched its social gaming division, SciPlay, as a publicly traded company in 2019, selling a minority share in the business through an initial public offering.
In 2020, SG began a strategic review with the aim of deleveraging its balance sheet, as it struggled under $9.2 billion of debt. The company ultimately decided to sell its lottery and sports betting businesses, to focus on the gaming business. In 2021, SG agreed to sell its sports betting division to Endeavor Group Holdings for $1.2 billion, and to sell its lottery division to Brookfield Business Partners for $6.1 billion.
In April 2022, SG changed its name to Light & Wonder, Inc., to reflect its new focus on gaming.
Subsidiaries
Wholly owned subsidiaries of Light & Wonder include The Global Draw, Barcrest, Bally Technologies, WMS Industries, MDI Entertainment, LLC, and NYX Gaming Group Limited.
In 2006, the company acquired the lottery operations of the Swedish firm EssNet, as well as The Global Draw which provides server-based gambling machines to betting shops in the UK. Another UK-based gaming company Barcrest was acquired from IGT in 2010. Barcrest is the owner of Deal Games and a producer of betting and gambling terminals. Scientific Games later acquired the slot machine maker Bally Technologies, in November 2014, for $3.3 billion plus $1.8 billion in assumed debt. In October 2013, the company bought WMS Industries, the third largest manufacturer of slot machines, for $1.5 billion.
In 2016, the company acquired DEQ Systems, a Canadian table-game maker. The mobile bingo app maker Spicerack Media Inc. was acquired in April 2017 to expand the Scientific Games social gaming division. Scientific Games also announced the $631 million acquisition of NYX Gaming Group Limited in September 2017. When NYX acquisition was completed, the company gained the sports-betting platform OpenBet which handles about 80% of all sports betting in the UK as of 2018. In Nov. 3, 2021, Scientific Games ventures into the live dealer casino industry by acquiring Authentic Gaming.
In May 2022, Light and Wonder announced the acquisition of London-based dynamic open game development platform and content provider, Playzido. The acquisition includes Playzidos proprietary Remote Gaming Server (RGS) platform and is aimed at increasing the scope of Light and Wonders custom iGaming content capabilities.
Along with its own operations and wholly owned subsidiaries, Light & Wonder owns significant stakes in the following companies: Lotterie Nazionali (20%, Italy), Guard Libang (50%, China), Northstar Lottery Group (20%, Illinois State Lottery), Sportech (20%, United Kingdom), and the Robert Communications Network (29.4%).
References
External links
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
Gambling companies of the United States
Companies based in Las Vegas
Slot machine manufacturers |
4000106 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio%20Rog%C3%A9rio%20Nogueira | Antônio Rogério Nogueira | Antônio Rogério Nogueira (; born 2 June 1976), also known as Lil Nog or Minotouro, is a retired Brazilian mixed martial artist currently signed with the UFC. He is the twin brother of Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira, the "Minotauro" (lit. Minotaur), earning Rogério the nickname "Minotouro" (lit. mini bull). A proficient amateur boxer, he was the 2006 and 2007 Brazilian Super Heavyweight Champion. He also won a bronze medal in the 2007 Pan American Games.
Background
Antônio Rogério Nogueira hails from the town of Vitória da Conquista, Brazil and trains in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Ricardo de la Riva. Nogueira says that it is not usual for Brazilian twins to have the same first name and that the twins' mother named them both after their father, Antônio Amielto. Along with his brother, Nogueira trains with Black House.
Although they are identical twins, Nogueira can be distinguished from his brother by his lighter weight and shorter height, and by the presence of a scar on his brother's lower back. He is an instructor in San Diego, California along with his brother, Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira, former interim UFC Heavyweight Champion and former PRIDE Heavyweight Champion.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
Before becoming a big star in PRIDE, Nogueira would compete in DEEP and HooknShoot events and would gain a record of 2-0, finishing both opponents in the very first round via armbar. Nogueira started training with the same team as his brother, Brazilian Top Team.
Pride Fighting Championships
Nogueira would make his PRIDE Fighting Championships debut on 28 April 2002 at PRIDE 20 against Japanese pro wrestler/MMA fighter Yusuke Imamura and he was very successful, ending the fight in the first round with a guillotine choke in just 35 seconds.
Nogueira would lose his next fight to Vladimir Matyushenko by decision but would bounce back with a victory over Tsuyoshi Kohsaka.
Nogueira would fight again for PRIDE at PRIDE 24 against Guy Mezger. Neither man would push the action a whole lot as they both seemed a little tentative in the stand up. The fight would go to the judges scorecards and Nogueira would pick up the majority decision. Nogueira next fought at PRIDE 25 against Kazuhiro Nakamura, who was making his pro MMA debut. Nakamura fought very valiantly and even escaped multiple submissions but in the end the experience and skill of Nogueira proved to be too much and he would finish with an armbar in the second round.
In his next fight with PRIDE Nogueira would see a huge step up in competition for him as he was pitted against legendary fighter and crowd favourite Kazushi Sakuraba in the main event of PRIDE Shockwave 2003. The fight would prove to be an excellent back-and-forth battle which would see Nogueira utilise his excellent ground game and also get the better of Sakuraba standing and in the clinch. Late in the third, he would even bloody up Sakuraba with kicks. Nogueira would go on to take the unanimous decision and by beating such a huge star, he was now seen as a serious force to be reckoned with at 205 lbs.
Nogueira would beat Alex Stiebling in Korea, before returning to Japan to rematch Nakamura in the main event of PRIDE Bushido 4. Nogueira fought a very smart fight and took home the split decision victory. Nogueira won a unanimous decision victory at PRIDE 29 against Alistair Overeem in what was for the most part an even fight. Overeem would escape many of Nogueira's submission attempts but looked tired late in the fight and Nogueira would start to really take it to Overeem, even coming close to finishing him in the third round.
Nogueira would enter PRIDE's 2005 Middleweight Grand Prix next and was not given an easy first round opponent as he was slated to fight Dan Henderson in the opening round. Henderson fought Nogueira's twin brother Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira earlier in his career, and lost by armbar. Henderson would have the same luck against Nogueira and was submitted late in the first round by an armbar, as Nogueira continued on in the tournament. Nogueira was matched up in the quarter-finals against top Chute Boxe prospect Maurício Rua in a Brazilian Top Team/Chute Boxe clash. The first round of this fight is widely considered to be one of the better opening rounds in MMA history, with Nogueira dropping the rarely knocked down Shogun and rocking him later in the round while Shogun mounted some nice offense of his own, connecting with some diving punches to Nogueira and taking him down. The second and third rounds would belong to Rua however, as he would continue to land diving punches and knocked Nogueira down in the third. Rua would go on to take the decision and eventually would go on to win the tournament. This fight snapped Nogueira's eight fight winning streak and would be the first fight he lost in three years.
After this fight Nogueira took some time off to heal some old injuries of his and would not fight again until July 2006, where he rematched Overeem and would win a second-round TKO decision, when Overeem's corner threw in the towel after Nogueira staggered him and was continuing to land combos.
Nogueira fought in the United States for only the second time in his career at PRIDE 33 against relatively unknown Sokoudjou. However the fight would be Sokoudjou's arrival into the mainstream MMA audience, as he would land a high kick/left hook combo that knocked Nogueira out cleanly in what is considered to be one of the biggest upsets in all of MMA. PRIDE would close its doors soon after this and Nogueira would defeat Todd Gouwenberg at an HCF show before signing a contract to compete with Affliction Entertainment on their Affliction branded shows. Nogueira would fight Edwin Dewees next, knocking him out in the first round at Affliction: Banned, before defeating Moise Rimbon at a Sengoku show. Next, Nogueira was given a chance to avenge an earlier loss and would fight Vladimir Matyushenko at Affliction: Day of Reckoning and would indeed avenge it, knocking Matyushenko out late in the second round. After this Nogueira would submit Dion Staring in an MMA fight that took place in Brazil.
After Affliction closed its doors in July 2009, Nogueira would sign on to compete with the Ultimate Fighting Championship.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
On 28 August 2009, Dana White had confirmed that Nogueira had signed a contract with the UFC. Nogueira made his debut at UFC 106 against Luiz Cané. Nogueira made quick work of the Brazilian and dropped him with a sweeping left hook before finishing him off with punches on the mat at 1:56 of the first round.
Nogueira was scheduled to face Brandon Vera at UFC 109. However, Nogueira was forced off the card with a fractured ankle sustained while training.
His next fight was scheduled to be against former UFC Light-Heavyweight Champion Forrest Griffin at UFC 114; however, Griffin pulled out of the fight due to a shoulder injury. Nogueira instead fought Jason Brilz on short notice. In a controversial split decision, in which Brilz seemed to control the duration of the fight, Nogueira was declared the winner.
Nogueira faced undefeated, TUF 8 winner Ryan Bader on 25 September 2010 at UFC 119. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.
Nogueira was expected to face Tito Ortiz on 26 March 2011 at UFC Fight Night 24. However, Ortiz received a cut whilst training for his match with Nogueira and was forced to withdraw from the match. Ortiz was replaced by Phil Davis on short-notice, with just 6 weeks remaining until the fight. Nogueira lost via unanimous decision (30-27, 30-27, 30-27).
Nogueira was originally scheduled to face Rich Franklin at UFC 133 on 6 August 2011, in Philadelphia. However, Nogueira pulled out of the fight, citing a shoulder injury.
Nogueira defeated former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Tito Ortiz on 10 December 2011 at UFC 140 via TKO (punches and elbows to the body) in the first round. In 3:15, he landed 54 significant strikes, the most of his UFC career.
Nogueira was expected to face Alexander Gustafsson on 14 April 2012 at UFC on Fuel TV 2. However, on 6 March, it was announced that Nogueira had pulled out of the bout, citing a knee injury.
Nogueira faced former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Rashad Evans on 2 February 2013 at UFC 156. The bout remained on the feet for a majority of its duration in a largely uneventful fight where neither fighter was able to deliver any significant offense. Nogueira won the fight via unanimous decision.
Nogueira was expected to face Maurício Rua in a rematch on 15 June 2013 at UFC 161. However, Nogueira pulled out of the bout in the days leading up to the event citing a back injury. Chael Sonnen was briefly linked as a replacement for Nogueira. Though an alleged visa issue created a problem for Sonnen to get into Canada, resulting in Rua being pulled from the event altogether.
At a post-fight press conference in Manchester, Dana White said that Nogueira would be facing Alexander Gustafsson on 8 March 2014 at a UFC event in London. However just 5 days later Nogueira was forced out of the bout due to a lingering back injury. Later, reports came that said that Nogueira had never agreed to take the fight against Gustafsson at all.
Nogueira next faced Anthony Johnson on 26 July 2014 at UFC on Fox 12. He lost the fight via KO in the first round.
Ten years after their first fight, Nogueira had a rematch with Maurício Rua on 1 August 2015 at UFC 190. He lost the fight again by unanimous decision. Both participants were awarded Fight of the Night honors.
Nogueira next faced Patrick Cummins on 14 May 2016 at UFC 198. He won the fight via TKO in the first round.
A pairing with Alexander Gustafsson was scheduled for a third time and was expected to take place on 19 November 2016 at UFC Fight Night 100. However just days after the fight was announced, Gustafsson pulled out of the bout citing an injury. In turn, he was replaced by Ryan Bader. Nogueira lost the one-sided fight via TKO in the third round.
Nogueira was expected to face Ilir Latifi on 25 June 2017 at UFC Fight Night 112. However Nogueira pulled out of the fight on 17 May citing a neck injury.
Nogueira was to face Jared Cannonier on 16 December 2017 at UFC on Fox 26. However he was pulled from the bout on 19 October 2017 after being flagged by USADA for a potential violation. On 24 April 2018 Nogueira was cleared of intentionally using of Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) by USADA, as Nogueira had allegedly taken a tainted supplement which contained hydrochlorothiazide from the compounding pharmacies in Brazil.
In his first fight since returning from injury and suspension, Nogueira faced Sam Alvey on 22 September 2018 at UFC Fight Night 137. He won the fight via knockout in the second round. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award.
Nogueira faced Ryan Spann on 11 May 2019 at UFC 237. He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.
Nogueira was expected to face Trevor Smith on 16 November 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 22. However, Nogueira was forced to pull out of the event due to injury, resulting in the cancellation of the bout.
As the final fight of his prevailing contract, the trilogy bout with Maurício Rua was expected to take place on May 9, 2020 at then UFC 250. Due to the event being relocated to the United States, Nogueira was unable to compete due to visa issues. On April 9, Dana White, the president of UFC announced that the event was postponed to a future date The bout eventually took place on July 26, 2020 at UFC on ESPN 14. He lost the fight via split decision and retired from professional mma competition after the fight.
Personal life
Nogueira and his wife welcomed their first daughter on 25 January 2010. Her name is unknown.
Championships and accomplishments
Boxing
Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Knockout of the Night (One time) vs. Luiz Cané
Fight of the Night (Two times) vs. Jason Brilz and Maurício Rua
Performance of the Night (One time) vs. Sam Alvey
Sherdog
Fight of the Year (2005) vs. Maurício Rua on 26 June 2005
Mixed martial arts record
|-
|Loss
|align=center|23–10
|Maurício Rua
|Decision (split)
|UFC on ESPN: Whittaker vs. Till
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|23–9
|Ryan Spann
|KO (punches)
|UFC 237
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:07
|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
| align=center| 23–8
| Sam Alvey
| TKO (punches)
| UFC Fight Night: Santos vs. Anders
|
| align=center|2
| align=center|1:00
| São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 22–8
| Ryan Bader
| TKO (punches)
| UFC Fight Night: Bader vs. Nogueira 2
|
| align=center|3
| align=center|3:51
| São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|22–7
|Patrick Cummins
|TKO (punches)
|UFC 198
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:52
|Curitiba, Brazil
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|21–7
|Maurício Rua
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 190
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 21–6
| Anthony Johnson
| KO (punches)
| UFC on Fox: Lawler vs. Brown
|
| align=center|1
| align=center|0:44
| San Jose, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 21–5
| Rashad Evans
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 156
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 20–5
| Tito Ortiz
| TKO (elbows and body punches)
| UFC 140
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:15
| Toronto, Ontario, Canada
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 19–5
| Phil Davis
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC Fight Night: Nogueira vs. Davis
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Seattle, Washington, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 19–4
| Ryan Bader
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFC 119
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 19–3
| Jason Brilz
| Decision (split)
| UFC 114
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 18–3
| Luiz Cané
| KO (punches)
| UFC 106
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:56
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 17–3
| Dion Staring
| Submission (triangle choke)
| Jungle Fight 14: Ceará
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 3:30
| Fortaleza, Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 16–3
| Vladimir Matyushenko
| KO (knee)
| Affliction: Day of Reckoning
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:26
| Anaheim, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 15–3
| Moise Rimbon
| Decision (unanimous)
| World Victory Road Presents: Sengoku 6
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14–3
| Edwin Dewees
| TKO (punches)
| Affliction: Banned
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:06
| Anaheim, California, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–3
| Todd Gouwenberg
| TKO (knees and punches)
| HCF: Destiny
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:34
| Calgary, Alberta, Canada
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–3
| Rameau Thierry Sokoudjou
| KO (punch)
| Pride 33
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:23
| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–2
| Alistair Overeem
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| Pride FC: Critical Countdown Absolute
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:13
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–2
| Maurício Rua
| Decision (unanimous)
| Pride Critical Countdown 2005
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–1
| Dan Henderson
| Submission (armbar)
| Pride Total Elimination 2005
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 8:05
| Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–1
| Alistair Overeem
| Decision (unanimous)
| Pride 29
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–1
| Kazuhiro Nakamura
| Decision (split)
| Pride Bushido 4
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Nagoya, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–1
| Alex Stiebling
| Decision (unanimous)
| Gladiator FC Day 1
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Seoul, South Korea
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–1
| Kazushi Sakuraba
| Decision (unanimous)
| Pride Shockwave 2003
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–1
| Kazuhiro Nakamura
| Submission (armbar)
| Pride 25
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 3:49
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–1
| Guy Mezger
| Decision (split)
| Pride 24
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Fukuoka, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–1
| Tsuyoshi Kohsaka
| Decision (unanimous)
| Deep - 6th Impact
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 3–1
| Vladimir Matyushenko
| Decision (unanimous)
| UFO Legend
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0
| Yusuke Imamura
| Technical Submission (guillotine choke)
| Pride 20
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:35
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Jim Theobald
| Submission (armbar)
| HooknShoot Overdrive
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:59
| Evansville, Indiana, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Katsuhisa Fujii
| Technical Submission (armbar)
| Deep - 2nd Impact
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:59
| Yokohama, Japan
|
Professional boxing record
See also
List of current UFC fighters
List of male mixed martial artists
References
External links
1976 births
Living people
Brazilian male mixed martial artists
Light heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing boxing
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Brazilian male judoka
People from Vitória da Conquista
Identical twins
Twin sportspeople
Twin people from Brazil
Brazilian male boxers
Pan American Games bronze medalists for Brazil
Pan American Games medalists in boxing
South American Games gold medalists for Brazil
South American Games medalists in boxing
Boxers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Competitors at the 2006 South American Games
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
Super-heavyweight boxers
Medalists at the 2007 Pan American Games
Sportspeople from Bahia |
4000116 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNoMS%20Garm%20%281913%29 | HNoMS Garm (1913) | HNoMS Garm was the third destroyer built for the Royal Norwegian Navy, and was a Draug class destroyer. Garm was constructed several years after her two sister ships, but to the same plans. She was built at the naval shipyard in Horten, with yard number 107.
Reactivation at the outbreak of the Second World War
Garm was mothballed after she became obsolete, but was recommissioned 28 August 1939 and took part in the defence of Norway after the German invasion in 1940. She was deployed to the 2nd Naval District's 1st destroyer division, a district covering an area roughly the same as the Vestlandet and Trøndelag regions.
Neutrality duties and the Altmark Incident
On 15 February 1940 Garm was the third and final Royal Norwegian Navy warship to search the German tanker and POW ship after she entered Norwegian territorial waters up until the Altmark Incident. Garm transported the commanding admiral of the 2nd Naval District, Admiral Carsten Tank-Nielsen, to the German vessel, then in the Hjeltefjord, so could personally approve the decision to let the ship proceed. After this final cursory inspection Garm let the German ship continue southwards.
Norwegian Campaign service
On 9 April 1940 Garm was stationed at Norway's second largest city, Bergen, and the vessel operated in the Sognefjord after the Germans had occupied Bergen.
Defence of Bergen
During the German attack on Bergen Garm intercepted the last ship of the enemy flotilla, the cruiser , and tried to carry out a torpedo attack. This failed due to the distance between the two ships being to great for a quick surprise attack by the tiny Norwegian destroyer. As Garms commander, Captain Sigurd Skjolden, attempted to close to torpedo range of the cruiser (the distance between the ships was about and the torpedoes were pre-set for range) Königsberg opened fire and straddled the Norwegian ship with 15 cm shells. After a number of near misses from the German guns Garm broke off her attack and fled to the north, pursued by Luftwaffe bombers.
Sinking in the Sognefjord
She was sunk by a direct hit from Luftwaffe bombers while anchored near her sister ship at their Sognefjord base of Bjordal on 26 April.
Five German bombers attacked the two destroyers and one of the around thirty bombs dropped hit Garm right behind the front funnel, detonating two of her torpedoes and some other ammunition. The ship was almost broken in half by the explosion and burned for hours before sinking. All members of the crew had abandoned ship when the attack came as she had no effective anti-aircraft weapons to defend herself with, hence no casualties were endured during Garms sinking.
References
Sources
External links
Naval History via Flix: KNM Draug, retrieved 29 January 2006
Draug-class destroyers
Maritime incidents in April 1940
Ships built in Horten
World War II destroyers of Norway
World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea
1913 ships
Destroyers sunk by aircraft
Ships sunk with no fatalities
Ships sunk by German aircraft
Naval magazine explosions |
4000130 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrone%20Robotics | Perrone Robotics | Perrone Robotics is a robotics software company based out of Crozet, Virginia and formed in 2001. The company formed Team Jefferson as a low budget side project in 2004 to build an autonomous robotic dune buggy for participation in the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. The company was at the 2006 JavaOne conference with their robotic dune buggy 'Tommy' and received a Duke Award in the emerging technology category for Tommy & MAX.
The company has reformed Team Jefferson to participate in the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge with partners such as Fair-Isaac Corporation, Sun Microsystems, and the University of Virginia.
The CEO spoke at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES) 2007 in Las Vegas describing the emerging consumer robotics market and how to 'roboticize' consumer products .
References
External links
www.perronerobotics.com
Robotics companies of the United States |
4000136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LWB | LWB | LWB may refer to:
Greenbrier Valley Airport (IATA code: LWB), near Lewisburg, West Virginia
Libraries without Borders (Bibliothèques Sans Frontières), a French-based educational non-profit
Life without Barriers, part of the Australian Council of Social Service
Longwing Blucher (aka Longwing Brogue), see Brogue shoe
Long-Wheel-Base, see wheelbase
Labor and Welfare Bureau, a bureau of the government of HKSAR
Long Win Bus, a bus company in Hong Kong
Wide-body aircraft or Large Wide Body Aircraft
Left wing-back, a position in association football |
5393994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara%20Sharma | Tara Sharma | Tara Sharma (born 11 January 1977) is a British actress, entrepreneur, creator, co-producer and host of The Tara Sharma Show. She is the daughter of authors Partap Sharma and Susan Sharma. She made her bollywood debut in Anupam Kher directorial debut Om Jai Jagadish in 2002. Then she went onto star in various commercially and critically hit films like Masti (2004), Page 3 (2005), Khosla Ka Ghosla (2006), Maharathi (2008), Mumbai Cutting (2009), Dulha Mil Gaya (2010) and Kadakh (2019). Apart from Hindi films, she has appeared in english television shows and english films like Raven: The Secret Temple (2007) and The Other End of the Line (2008).
Early life and education
Tara was born to an Indian author and playwright Partap Sharma and British artist and author Susan Sharma. She studied at the Bombay International School and the United World College of the Adriatic, Italy. Thereafter, she completed her B.Sc in Management at the London School of Economics.
Career
After graduating from LSE, Sharma was a financial consultant at Citibank and Accenture. She appeared in advertisements for Lakme, Garnier, Liril, and Pepsi, the latter included a commercial with Shah Rukh Khan which proved to be a stepping stone into movies.
She debuted in Anupam Kher's Om Jai Jagadish, followed by Khosla Ka Ghosla, Page 3, Saaya, and Masti.
Sharma creates, co-produces and hosts The Tara Sharma Show, a multi-platform show to discuss topical family, parenting, women's and children's issues, with a view to bringing about positive change. The show has completed five seasons having aired on Pogo, NDTV Imagine, Colors, Nickelodeon and Star World. The show is also available to view on her social media platforms YouTube, Facebook and Instagram.
Personal life
She married media entrepreneur Roopak Saluja in November 2007. They have two children, Zen and Kai.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
The Tara Sharma Show
Tara Sharma interview with impactmania
Living people
1977 births
Actresses from London
British emigrants to India
Actresses from Mumbai
British film actresses
British voice actresses
British people of Indian descent
British actresses of Indian descent
Actresses in Hindi cinema
British expatriate actresses in India
European actresses in India
European actresses in Bollywood
Actresses of European descent in Indian films
Actresses of European descent in Bollywood films
Alumni of the London School of Economics
People educated at a United World College
21st-century British actresses |
5393997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary%20amenable%20group | Elementary amenable group | In mathematics, a group is called elementary amenable if it can be built up from finite groups and abelian groups by a sequence of simple operations that result in amenable groups when applied to amenable groups. Since finite groups and abelian groups are amenable, every elementary amenable group is amenable - however, the converse is not true.
Formally, the class of elementary amenable groups is the smallest subclass of the class of all groups that satisfies the following conditions:
it contains all finite and all abelian groups
if G is in the subclass and H is isomorphic to G, then H is in the subclass
it is closed under the operations of taking subgroups, forming quotients, and forming extensions
it is closed under directed unions.
The Tits alternative implies that any amenable linear group is locally virtually solvable; hence, for linear groups, amenability and elementary amenability coincide.
References
Infinite group theory
Properties of groups |
4000141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiz%20Azeredo | Luiz Azeredo | Luiz Azeredo (born 10 June 1976) is a Brazilian retired mixed martial artist. He fought in the PRIDE Fighting Championships and Cage Rage.
Mixed martial arts career
On 22 November 2008 he participated in Shoot Boxing World Tournament 2008, where he reached the semi-finals and was defeated by defending champion Kenichi Ogata. He is most notable for being the first person to defeat Anderson Silva in an MMA bout.
Bellator
Azeredo made his Bellator debut at Bellator 33 winning against formerly undefeated, Edward Guedes. He won the fight after dominating all three rounds, as he got the unanimous decision win. With the win, Azeredo was offered a spot in the Season 4 lightweight tournament and lost to Renê Nazare.
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 15–10
| Renê Nazare
| TKO (arm injury)
| Bellator 39
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 15–9
| Edward Guedes
| Decision (unanimous)
| Bellator 33
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14–9
| Niko Puhakka
| Decision (unanimous)
| Fight Festival 28
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 13–9
| Mikhail Malyutin
| Decision (unanimous)
| Ring of Combat 31
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–8
| Brandon Adamson
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| UCC 3: Urban Conflict Championship Fights
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:06
|
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–8
| Ronys Torres
| Submission (kimura)
| Jungle Fight 10
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 4:34
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–7
| Milton Vieira
| Decision (unanimous)
| The One: VIP Fighting
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| N/A
|
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–7
| Tatsuya Kawajiri
| Decision (unanimous)
| Yarennoka!
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–6
| Paul Daley
| Decision (unanimous)
| Cage Rage 19
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–6
| Joachim Hansen
| KO (knee)
| Pride - Bushido 10
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 7:09
|
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–5
| Takanori Gomi
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE Bushido 9
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–4
| Naoyuki Kotani
| KO (punches)
| PRIDE Bushido 9
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:11
|
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–4
| Takanori Gomi
| KO (punches)
| PRIDE Bushido 7
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:46
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–3
| Luiz Firmino
| Decision (split)
| PRIDE Bushido 6
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–3
| Regiclaudio Macedo
| TKO (punches)
| SS 5: Storm Samurai 5
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:23
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–3
| Eduardo Simões
| TKO (punches and stomp)
| SS 4: Storm Samurai 4
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:36
|
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 6–3
| Tony DeSouza
| Decision (unanimous)
| Meca 11: Meca World Vale Tudo 11
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–2
| Rodrigo Ruas
| TKO (punches)
| BSF: Brazil Super Fight
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:26
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–2
| Cristiano Marcello
| TKO (knees)
| Meca 6: Meca World Vale Tudo 6
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 8:30
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–2
| Fabrício Camões
| TKO (punches)
| Meca: World Vale Tudo 3
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 1:36
|
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 3–2
| Hayato Sakurai
| Decision (unanimous)
| Shooto: R.E.A.D. 8
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–1
| Anderson Silva
| Decision (unanimous)
| Meca 1: Meca World Vale Tudo 1
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 10:00
|
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 2–1
| Antonio Antonio
| Decision
| Brazil Free Style: The Best Fighters
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 10:00
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Allen Clanton
| TKO (punches)
| Free Style: The Best Fighters
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:18
|
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Alexandre Alexandre
| TKO (punches)
| Brazil Free Style: The Best Fighters
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:52
|
|
See also
List of male mixed martial artists
List of Pride Fighting events
References
External links
Chute boxe official site
1976 births
Living people
Brazilian male mixed martial artists
Brazilian male kickboxers
Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Lightweight mixed martial artists
Welterweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Sportspeople from São Paulo |
5394007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan%20Thorne | Ryan Thorne | Ryan Thorne (born 1971 in Montreal, Quebec) is the current head basketball coach of the McGill Redbirds basketball team, in Montreal, since the 2021-2022 season. Prior to that he was the head coach of the McGill Martlets basketball team from 2002 to 2021.
He grew up in LaSalle, Quebec, where he learned to play basketball and polish his game at Ouellette Park, a basketball court that was a hotbed for basketball talent coming out of, not only the city of LaSalle but of Montréal as well. He was a basketball star while attending high school at Argyle Academy, in Verdun, Quebec. After high school, he went on to star, and become an All-Canadian basketball stand out at John Abbott College in Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, on Montréal's West Island. At John Abbott College, he was also the team captain and team MVP. He was heavily recruited by all the major universities in Québec, including some Division II NCAA colleges in the United States, particularly in Florida. He opted to attend Bishops University, in Lennoxville, Qu3bec, where again he achieved All-Canadian honours and won a National CIAU (now CIS) Championship, as well as team MVP, and was team captain. His brother Adrian played football at the University of Waterloo, in Waterloo, Ontario.
External links
http://www.athletics.mcgill.ca/varsity_sports_home.ch2?varsitysport_id=23
See also
List of people from Montreal
1971 births
Living people
Anglophone Quebec people
Bishops Gaiters basketball players
Canadian basketball coaches
U Sports coaches
Canadian men's basketball players
People from LaSalle, Quebec
Basketball players from Montreal |
4000155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Jantzen | Christian Jantzen | Christian Harley Jantzen (born 7 November 1977) is an Australian sports, journalist, reporter and radio host. Jantzen was born in Sydney and attended Newington College. (1986–1995)
Career
He is a graduate of the Max Rowley Media School, and his final two years of high school were spent learning the trade of a sports journalist/reporter in the Sydney newsroom at Channel 9 before producing and hosting programs on Sydney radio station 2UE. He joined Fox Sports News in 2007. As a journalist Jantzen won "Best Sports Story" (Television) at the Queensland Media Awards in 2004 following his story on a 16-year-old Australian rules footballer who came back to play after being struck down with cancer and his brother donating some bone marrow for a life-saving transplant. His in-depth knowledge of sport is his best ATTRIBUTE as a reporter and his specialist sports are AFL, rugby league and cricket. After gaining experience at channels 7, 9 and the ABC in Sydney, he spent a year working with Channel 7 in Cairns before moving to Melbourne. Despite the fact that he has been able to report on just about every big sporting event, Jantzen lists his greatest event to cover was the Sydney 2000 Olympics, where he was a reporter/producer for Channel 7, but he thinks it doesn't get any better than a State of Origin rugby league match. He lists his favourite sport as rugby league, with a disturbing passion for Benji Marshall and the Wests Tigers. Jantzen also has a keen interest in tennis, golf, AFL and cricket.
References
1977 births
Living people
People educated at Newington College
Australian television presenters
Australian sports broadcasters
Australian journalists
Australian sports journalists |
4000156 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felt%20Bicycles | Felt Bicycles | Felt Racing is an American bicycle brand based in Irvine, California. Felt produces road, track, cyclocross, electric bicycles, and cruiser bikes. All design is completed in the United States and the majority of production comes from Asia. The company also has a strong reputation in the time trial/triathlon bike area and for several years provided bicycles to UCI teams in the Tour de France. Felt still supports several professional level race teams including Hincapie Racing and Team Twenty 16.
History
Felt was founded by Jim Felt in early 1994 when Felt products were distributed by Answer Products. Felt nearly disappeared from the domestic market following a fallout with Answer after a seven-year relationship. The brand was relaunched in 2001 as an independent company.
On February 3, 2017, Rossignol Group announced the acquisition of Felt Bicycles. The announcement noted that Felt had grown to $60 million in revenue at the time of sale, though terms of the acquisition were not disclosed.
Rossignol announced in March 2022 that it is selling Felt Bicycles to Pierer Mobility.
Technology
Felt has developed several unique bicycle technologies. For its time trial/triathlon bikes, Felt has developed the Bayonet Fork, which utilizes an external steerer in front of the head tube for additional stiffness and aerodynamic efficiency. Felt has also developed the Equilink suspension system for its full-suspension mountain bikes.
Felt extensively utilizes wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamics modeling in its frame design process.
Recall
Felt has issued a recall of 2009 Felt model B12, B16 and S32 road bicycles because the fork steer tube can break, causing the rider to lose control, fall and suffer injuries.
Sponsorships
In 2007 Felt sponsored the bicycle team. In 2009, Felt signed a three-year agreement to supply frames to the team. On August 28, 2010, announced it was switching working agreements from Felt Bicycles to Cervelo bikes and change its name to for the 2011 season. Felt chose not to exercise its option with the Boulder-based cycling team after a four-year working agreement. The folded and some riders moved to . From 2012 to 2013 Felt Bicycles was the bicycle sponsor for with team rider Marcel Kittel winning four stages of the 2013 Tour de France. In 2014 Felt became the bike sponsor to the US Continental team, .
The US Women's track cycling team won a silver medal riding Felt bicycles at the 2016 Olympics in Rio.
Athletes sponsored by Felt
Daniela Ryf
Mirinda Carfrae
Sarah Hammer
Tim DeBoom
Gallery
References
External links
Felt Racing
Felt Bicycles - USA web site
Felt Bicycles - Canada web site
Felt Bicycles - European web site
Felt Bicycles - International web site
Cycle manufacturers of the United States
Mountain bike manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Greater Los Angeles
Companies based in Irvine, California |
4000161 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omakau | Omakau | Omakau is a settlement in Central Otago, New Zealand, located between Alexandra and Ranfurly on the northwest bank of the Manuherikia River. The smaller settlement of Ophir, New Zealand is located on the opposite bank, three kilometres to the southeast.
The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "belonging to husband and wife" for Ōmakau.
Omakau grew when the Otago Central Railway was opened in 1904. Today Omakau has a population of about 250, and is a stopover on both State Highway 85 and the Otago Rail Trail.
Omakau is the site of many historic buildings, including the local hotel built in 1898 and the Catholic Church. Omakau also hosts the Central Otago A&P Show at the local domain, which attracts people from all over the country in February.
Demographics
Omakau is described as a rural settlement by Statistics New Zealand. The urban area of Omakau covers and had a population of 141 in the 2018 New Zealand census. The Statistics New Zealand description relates to a larger area including Ophir which covers . It is part of the much larger Manuherikia-Ida Valleys statistical area.
Omakau and its surrounds had a population of 336 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 39 people (13.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 39 people (13.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 138 households. There were 171 males and 165 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.04 males per female, with 57 people (17.0%) aged under 15 years, 33 (9.8%) aged 15 to 29, 147 (43.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 99 (29.5%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 91.1% European/Pākehā, 8.9% Māori, 0.9% Pacific peoples, 2.7% Asian, and 0.9% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).
Although some people objected to giving their religion, 46.4% had no religion, 47.3% were Christian, 0.9% were Hindu and 0.9% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 30 (10.8%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 72 (25.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 132 (47.3%) people were employed full-time, 69 (24.7%) were part-time, and 3 (1.1%) were unemployed.
Manuherikia-Ida Valleys
The Manuherikia-Ida Valleys statistical area includes Omakau and covers . It had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2.
Manuherikia-Ida Valleys had a population of 1,119 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 99 people (9.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 159 people (16.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 441 households. There were 594 males and 519 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.14 males per female. The median age was 43.9 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 219 people (19.6%) aged under 15 years, 132 (11.8%) aged 15 to 29, 564 (50.4%) aged 30 to 64, and 204 (18.2%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 93.3% European/Pākehā, 8.0% Māori, 0.5% Pacific peoples, 1.6% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).
The proportion of people born overseas was 10.5%, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people objected to giving their religion, 54.7% had no religion, 37.3% were Christian, 0.3% were Hindu, 0.3% were Buddhist and 0.3% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 162 (18.0%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 171 (19.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $33,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 90 people (10.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 519 (57.7%) people were employed full-time, 180 (20.0%) were part-time, and 9 (1.0%) were unemployed.
Education
Omakau School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 8 students, with a roll of as of . The school opened in 1935, and is the only remaining one of 13 schools which at one point served the Manuherikia Valley area.
References
Populated places in Otago
Central Otago District |
5394014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa%20Public%20Schools | Mesa Public Schools | Mesa Public Schools (incorporated as Mesa Unified School District #4) is the largest public school district in the state of Arizona. Its approximately 64,000 students enjoy opportunities such as Montessori, International Baccalaureate, dual-language immersion, honors and Advanced Placement courses and Franklin traditional schools.
MPS serves most of the city of Mesa, plus small portions of Tempe and Chandler.
The district has 82 schools, which includes 55 elementary schools, 9 junior high schools, six comprehensive high schools, and several alternative schools.
The educator Jack Taylor served on the school board for eight years. He was also the mayor of Mesa from 1966 to 1972; thereafter a member, consecutively, of both houses of the Arizona State Legislature; a native of Sonora, Texas, he is interred at Mesa City Cemetery.
Schools
High schools
High schools (9-12) as listed by Mesa Public Schools:
Junior high schools
Junior high schools (7-8) as listed by Mesa Public Schools:
Mesa Public Schools operated two other junior high schools until 2009-2010 school year.
Hendrix Junior High School consolidated with the adjoining Frost Elementary School as the K-8 Summit Academy with an International Baccalaureate Program. Hendrix had the husky as its mascot and used the colors red and gray.
Powell Junior High School (colors red, white, and blue, mascot the Patriots) closed in May 2010. The former campus serves as the Mesa Educational Center, home to the district's Community Education Department, East Valley Academy and Crossroads.
Mesa Jr closed at the end of the 2011-2012 school year and was demolished in January 2014 - Plans for new park in 2014 are upcoming.
Brimhall Jr High closed at the end of the 2011-2012 school year - converted to Franklin school
Name notes
Fremont — John C. Fremont
Kino — Eusebio Kino
Poston-Charles D. Poston
Shepherd — Rulon T. Shepherd, a 30-year Mesa superintendent who built the first junior high in Mesa
Stapley — Orley S. Stapley, at one time the largest International Harvester farm equipment dealer in the United States, as well as the owner of the largest mercantile business in Arizona during the 1940s and 1950s; also the namesake of Stapley Drive
Taylor — Harvey L. Taylor
Elementary schools
Elementary schools (K-6) as listed by Mesa Public Schools:
Adams
Anne M. Lindbergh
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin Elementary - West Campus
Barbara Bush
Crismon Elementary
Dilworth Brinton
Edison
Eisenhower Center For Innovation
Entz
Falcon Hill
Field
Franklin at Alma
Franklin at Brimhall
Franklin East
Franklin West
Pedro Guerrero Elementary
Hermosa Vista
Highland Arts
Holmes
Hughes
Irving
James Madison
Jefferson
John K. Kerr, M. D.
John Philip Sousa
Keller
Las Sendas
Lehi
Lincoln
Longfellow
Lowell
MacArthur
Nathan Hale
Patterson
Pedro Guerrero
Pomeroy
Porter
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Ramón S. Mendoza
Red Mountain Ranch
Redbird
Robson
Roosevelt
Salk
Sandra Day O’Connor
Sirrine
Stevenson
Taft
Veora E. Johnson
Washington
Webster
Whitman
Whittier
Wilson
Zaharis
Zedo Ishikawa
Frost Elementary consolidated with the adjoining Hendrix Junior High in 2010-11 to become the K-8 Summit Academy.
Alternative school
Alternative schools (named "Focus Schools" by the district) as listed by Mesa Public Schools:
See also
Chandler Unified School District
Gilbert Public Schools
Tempe Elementary School District
Tempe Union High School District
Mesa Distance Learning Program
References
External links
Mesa Public Schools
Mesa Public Schools Finance
Arizona Department of Education district report card for 2006-2007
School districts in Maricopa County, Arizona
School districts established in 1946
1946 establishments in Arizona |
5394016 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20One%20account | The One account | The One account is a secured personal bank account with The Royal Bank of Scotland plc offering offset and flexible mortgages in the UK.
History
The company pioneered the offset mortgage in the UK and; was conceived as a joint venture between Virgin Direct (Virgin's financial services company) and The Royal Bank of Scotland in 1997.
Initially, the company was known as the 'Virgin One account' and promoted to Virgin Direct's 200,000 strong UK customer base. The launch was very successful and was extended to the entire British public in May 1998.
From January 2003, the company relaunched as 'The One account' when The Royal Bank of Scotland took a majority shareholding, becoming an RBS mortgage brand along with NatWest and First Active.
The One account is operated directly by phone, internet and post, with the customer service originally being provided on a 24/365 basis, but now reduced to a weekday and Saturday peak hour service.
Distribution
As well as being sold directly by phone, internet and post, One Account products were distributed through intermediaries - mortgage brokers and independent financial advisers. The account is no longer available to new customers.
Current account mortgages
The type of offset products offered by The One account are called current account mortgages (CAM). As the name suggests, customers consolidate the balances of their mortgage, traditional current accounts, personal loans and, if desired, their saving accounts into one account.
A low, mortgage-style interest rate is charged on the net balance of the account on a daily basis. Since customers pay their salary into the account this money has the effect of reducing the average balance and, therefore the interest paid when compared with a traditional mortgage. The interest rate used to vary with the Bank of England base rate, however in recent months the One Account interest rate has not decreased along with the bank rate. In June 2008, customers were informed that their mortgage rates would increase by 0.25% to reflect 'current market conditions' although the Bank of England rate had not increased.
References
External links
Royal Bank of Scotland
Banks of the United Kingdom
Banks established in 1997 |
4000166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Commission%20for%20the%20Protection%20of%20the%20Danube%20River | International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River | The International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR) is an international organisation with its permanent secretariat in Vienna. It was established by the Danube River Protection Convention, signed by the Danube countries in Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1994.
The TransNational Monitoring Network (TNMN) began in 1996, and the Accident Emergency Warning System (AEWS) first came into operation in 1997 – both continue today as key transnational measures under the ICPDR. Although the ICPDR contracting parties are a mix of EU Member States and Non-Member States, all have committed themselves to meeting the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive. This commitment was augmented by the EU Floods Directive in 2007. The ICPDR celebrated 25 years of the Danube River Protection Convention in 2019.
Legal basis
The ICPDR’ legal basis is the “Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable use of the Danube River (Danube River Protection Convention)”, generally referred to as the “Danube River Protection Convention” or “DRPC”. It commits the contracting parties to join their efforts in sustainable water management, including conservation of surface and ground water, pollution reduction, and the prevention and control of floods, accidents and ice hazards. The convention was signed in Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1994 and came into force in October 1998.
Objectives
The ICPDR was created to implement the Danube River Protection Convention (DRPC). It is both a forum to allow its contracting parties to coordinate the implementation of the convention and a platform to review the progress they make. The key objectives of the ICPDR include the following:
Ensure sustainable water management
Control pollution and reduce inputs of nutrients and hazardous substances
Control floods and ice hazards
The ICPDR facilitates cooperation between the Danube countries and the Black Sea region in issues requiring coordination. It cooperates with other international organisations where appropriate to address new challenges related to water management as they emerge. As of its adoption in 2000, a commitment to implementing the EU’s Water Framework Directive (WFD, formally Directive 2000/60/EC) is also central to the activities of all ICPDR members, including non-EU members.
When the Water Framework Directive was adopted in October 2000, all countries cooperating under the DRPC (which includes at present 9 EU and 5 non EU member states) nominated the ICPDR as the platform for the Implementation of all transboundary aspects of the EU Water Framework Directive. They decided to make all efforts to implement the Directive throughout the whole basin. The Non EU Member States also committed themselves to implement the WFD within the frame of the DRPC. In addition, the ICPDR serves as a coordination platform for the basin-wide implementation of the EU Floods directive (EFD, formally Directive 2007/60/EC).
Structure and decision making
The ICPDR is an international organisation. It meets twice a year: The Ordinary Meeting is held in Vienna in December, another meeting of Heads of Delegations, the Standing Working Group, is held in June in the country of the Presidency. The meetings consist of delegations of contracting parties and observer organisations. Every contracting party has one Head of Delegation representing the country. For all decisions the achievement of consensus is sought. The meetings are chaired by the ICPDR President; ICPDR Presidency is passed on from one country to another in an alphabetical order every year.
Much of the work of the ICPDR is done by Expert Groups (EGs), which are panels of specialists from the ICPDR contracting parties and observers – usually civil servants of the relevant ministries, in some cases employees of NGOs or contracted agencies. There are seven permanent Expert Groups and one ad hoc Expert Group as of 2020:
Pressures and Measures
Monitoring and Assessment
Flood Protection
River Basin Management
Information Management and GIS
Public Participation and Communication
Accident Prevention and Control
Strategic Expert Group (ad hoc)
The expert groups all have Terms of Reference and mandates adopted by the Commission. They usually meet twice to three times a year. Time- and target-limited task groups may also be established for specific tasks which not necessarily all countries are represented in. The expert groups discuss issues related to their Terms of Reference and prepare reports and recommendations for coordinated action.
The ICPDR has a Permanent Secretariat to support its work, supervised by an Executive Secretary, as of 2013, Ivan Zavadsky. The secretariat has its headquarters in Vienna, from where it administers, manages and supports the work of the ICPDR. The total staff of the secretariat is 9 permanent staff members and additional short-term project staff. If all national experts, delegates from observers and consultants are considered, there are more than 300 people working with and for the ICPDR.
Regular activities
On 29 June each year, the 14 countries of the Danube River Basin jointly acknowledge Danube Day, a day celebrating their shared river system with a series of live events at schools and other public buildings. Largely targeting youth and education, the day includes challenges, quizzes, teaching events, folk dancing, traditional music, and similar activities shared throughout the region. The first Danube Day was held on the 10th anniversary of the signing of the Danube River Protection Convention in 2004.
Also held since 2004, the ICPDR also co-runs Danube Art Master with the Global Water Partnership Central and Eastern Europe (GWP CEE). An art competition involving thousands of school pupils throughout the Danube River Basin, DAM invites pupils to create original artworks, with winners chosen every year by a panel of judges.
Dispute prevention and resolution
The ICPDR serves as a platform for cooperation and coordination . The signing of the Convention, however, commits the countries under international law to some specific actions and to uphold certain principles. In some past disputes, the ICPDR was able to contribute towards the harmonisation of efforts by providing a platform for discussion.
The Convention provides a dispute settlement mechanism, but in practice this has not been necessary thus far, as the countries concerned have worked to ensure dialogue and developed consensus on issues of conflict. The work of the ICPDR is less prone to disputes than outsiders might imagine. The atmosphere at meetings is focused on facts and characterised by mutual respect and a common acknowledgement of the ICPDR’s objectives and tasks.
Members
The ICPDR has fifteen contracting parties:
Observers
The ICPDR has 24 official observers with rights to attend meetings and participate in decision-making:
Black Sea Commission
Carpathian Convention
Central Dredging Association
Danube Environmental Forum
Danube Commission
Danube Civil Society Forum
Danube Competence Center
Danube Parks
Danube Sturgeon Task Force
Danube Tourist Commission
European Anglers Alliance
European Barge Union
European Water Association
Friends of Nature International
Global Water Partnership
International Association for Danube Research
International Association of Water Supply Companies in the Danube River Catchment Area
International Hydrological Programme
International Sava River Basin Commission
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe
via donau
World Wide Fund for Nature — Central Eastern Europe
Funding
The ICPDR budget comes from the contributions of the Contracting Parties. According to the Danube River Protection Convention, the Contracting Parties (except for the EU) shall contribute an equal share, unless unanimously decided otherwise by the ICPDR. Some exceptions are currently applied for a transitional period. The total annual budget of the ICPDR is a little more than one million Euros. Much of the ICPDR's work is done directly by Member Countries. Such contributions in staff and material are therefore also considerable, even though this does not show in the ICPDR budget. Costs of participation in the Commission's and Expert bodies’ work are also covered by the parties themselves.
In some cases, the ICPDR engages in projects that have separate sources of funding. These include projects funded by the European Union, the United Nations Development Program, GEF, and individual countries.
Danube River variety
See also
Internationalization of the Danube River, for events from earliest times to the Treaty of Paris in 1856
Commissions of the Danube River, for the international bodies governing the waterway from 1856 to 1940
Danube River Conference of 1948
Danube Commission, for the international agency charged with transportation oversight of the river
External links
Danube River Protection Convention
From Convention to Action: 25 Years of the ICPDR
Implementation of the EU Strategy for the Danube Region, European Union, 17 February 2011
Danube
Environmental agencies
Environmental protection
Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty
Environmental organizations established in 1994
1994 establishments in Europe
1994 establishments in the European Union
de:VGB PowerTech |
5394020 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebujena | Trebujena | Trebujena is a city and municipality located in the province of Cádiz, part of Andalusia in southern Spain. The area is known for its labor movement and its vineyards.
Population and geography
As at 1 January 2015 it had 7,072 inhabitants. Its surface area is 70 km² and has a density of 101.27 people / km². It is located at an altitude of 69 meters and 57 kilometers from the provincial capital, Cadiz. The neighboring towns are Jerez de la Frontera and Sanlúcar de Barrameda in the province of Cadiz and Lebrija in the province of Seville. The environment is countryside with hilly land and marshy land within six kilometers of the river Guadalquivir.
Politics
The town is known for its strong labor movement. Farm workers revolted against landowners in the 19th century In the 1930s, according to Joe Foweraker, the vineyard workers had a close relationship with their work, and a humanist tradition. The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and Communist Party both featured in the area at this time.
In 1979, Félix Bayón noted that two thirds of the population voted for the Communist Party of Spain.
Election 2015
References
External links
Trebujena - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Trebujena.net - Trebujena.net, The forum, the pictures and the news of Trebujena.
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz |
5394029 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uebeschi | Uebeschi | Uebeschi is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
History
Uebeschi is first mentioned in 1233 as Ibisshe.
The oldest traces of settlements in the area come from scattered neolithic and Bronze Age artifacts. Part of a wall, ceramic floor tiles, a stone path and coins have been found from the Roman era, indicating that there was a small settlement in the area.
During the Middle Ages the village was part of the court and parish of Thierachern in the Strättligen Herrschaft. While there is a Ministerialis (unfree knights in the service of a feudal overlord) family von Uebeschi, there are no records that connect them to the village. In 1417 the village was donated to the mendicant Franciscan friars in Bern. In 1528 Bern adopted the new faith of the Protestant Reformation and secularized all the property of the friars. Under Bernese rule, Uebeschi became part of the low court of Amsoldingen in the district of Thun.
Traditionally the village economy relied on farming and raising cattle. Today, agriculture remains important but about half of the working population commutes to jobs in Bern, Thun or other nearby towns.
Geography
Uebeschi has an area of . As of the 2004 survey, a total of or 89.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 2.5% is forested. Of rest of the municipality or 7.3% is settled (buildings or roads), or 0.2% is either rivers or lakes and or 0.5% is unproductive land. Between the 1981 and 2004 surveys the settled area increased from to , an increase of 39.13%.
From the same survey, housing and buildings made up 4.5% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.3%. A total of 1.1% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.4% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 43.0% is used for growing crops and 43.0% is pasturage, while 3.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. All the water in the municipality is in lakes.
It lies some to the southwest of the district capital Thun. It is located in the drumlin landscape between the Stocken valley and Aare valley.
It consists of the village of Uebeschi, the hamlet of Kärselen and scattered farmhouses. Lake Uebeschi after which the village is named lies several hundred meters to the south, however a greater part of it belongs to the neighboring municipalities of Amsoldingen and Höfen.
On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Thun, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Thun.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure three Mullets Argent.
Demographics
Uebeschi has a population () of . , 1.3% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Between the last 2 years (2010-2012) the population changed at a rate of -3.9%. Migration accounted for -3.7%, while births and deaths accounted for 0.0%.
Most of the population () speaks German (660 or 97.3%) as their first language, French is the second most common (8 or 1.2%) and Albanian is the third (6 or 0.9%).
, the population was 51.3% male and 48.7% female. The population was made up of 336 Swiss men (50.7% of the population) and 4 (0.6%) non-Swiss men. There were 319 Swiss women (48.1%) and 4 (0.6%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 208 or about 30.7% were born in Uebeschi and lived there in 2000. There were 351 or 51.8% who were born in the same canton, while 68 or 10.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 20 or 2.9% were born outside of Switzerland.
, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 26.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 54.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 18.6%.
, there were 295 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 329 married individuals, 32 widows or widowers and 22 individuals who are divorced.
, there were 70 households that consist of only one person and 35 households with five or more people. , a total of 221 apartments (89.1% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 20 apartments (8.1%) were seasonally occupied and 7 apartments (2.8%) were empty. The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0.3%. In 2012, single family homes made up 43.3% of the total housing in the municipality.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Economy
, Uebeschi had an unemployment rate of 0.69%. , there were a total of 162 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 90 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 35 businesses involved in this sector. The secondary sector employs 28 people and there were 13 businesses in this sector. The tertiary sector employs 44 people, with 20 businesses in this sector. There were 344 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.6% of the workforce.
there were a total of 93 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 56, all in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 17 of which 9 or (52.9%) were in manufacturing and 8 (47.1%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 20. In the tertiary sector; 1 was in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 2 or 10.0% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 25.0% were in the information industry, 1 was a technical professional or scientist, 7 or 35.0% were in education and 1 was in health care.
, there were 28 workers who commuted into the municipality and 244 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 8.7 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. A total of 100 workers (78.1% of the 128 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Uebeschi. Of the working population, 13.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 57% used a private car.
The local and cantonal tax rate in Uebeschi is one of the lowest in the canton. In 2012 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Uebeschi making 150,000 CHF was 12.5%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.8%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in 2011, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively.
In 2010 there were a total of 267 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 71 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 3 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The greatest number of workers, 83, made between 50,000 and 75,000 CHF per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Uebeschi was 104,541 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 131,244 CHF.
In 2011 a total of 5.5% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government.
Politics
In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 43.6% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland (EDU) (14.3%), the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (13.2%) and the Social Democratic Party (SP) (8.1%). In the federal election, a total of 290 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 56.8%.
Religion
From the , 490 or 72.3% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 33 or 4.9% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there was 1 member of an Orthodox church, and there were 85 individuals (or about 12.54% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 7 (or about 1.03% of the population) who were Muslim. 34 (or about 5.01% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 28 individuals (or about 4.13% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Uebeschi about 59.2% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 13.3% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 56 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 78.6% were Swiss men, 19.6% were Swiss women.
The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship.
During the 2012-13 school year, there were a total of 79 students attending classes in Uebeschi. There were a total of 11 students in the German language kindergarten classes and 68 students in German language primary classes. The secondary students go to Thierachern for their schooling.
, there were a total of 57 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 49 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 8 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 50 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Official website
Municipalities of the canton of Bern |
5394043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpa%20de%20Allende | Talpa de Allende | Talpa de Allende is a city and municipality in Jalisco, Mexico. Surrounded by pine-covered mountains, Talpa de Allende is a silver mining town founded by the Spanish in 1599. The name "Allende" is in honor of General Ignacio Allende.
Talpa is the destination of a popular pilgrimage route. In the center of Talpa is the church of Nuestra Señora del Rosario, which is the location of the tiny Virgen del Rosario statue, also called "La Chaparrita", meaning the short one, who they believe does miracles. Her birthday is celebrated October 7, where millions of people walk to Talpa every year. Another date she is visited is during Easter Week. Approximately 3 million people attended to the celebrations of "La Chaparrita" yearly. The walk can be anywhere from a few kilometers to a hundred or more depending on the starting point. The most famous walk is the called "Ruta del Peregrino" (Pilgrim's Route). The Route is 117 km long, starting in the city of Ameca and ending in Nuestra Señora del Rosario church. It includes several climbs of hundreds of meters. During Easter week, there are stands selling food and drinks all along to route.
History
It was the capital of the Tlallipan (Tlalipan) cacicazgo. The site was inhabited by a tribe of origin Nahuatl. Towards 1532 Nuño de Guzmán he began to send explorers to these lands from the Holy Spirit Village of Greater Spain, today Tepic, Nayarit, and that was when the inhabitants were subject to the Spanish crown. When Nuño de Guzmán left Nueva Galicia, he divided the domains among his most striving captains Juan de Oñate Juan and Cristóbal de Oñate, Juan Fernández de Hijar, touching the latter Tlallipan. He entered the village peacefully towards 1540. At the arrival of the peninsulars, Talpa was in what is now known as the Bairro Alto, southeast of the current town.
In 1599, when Aranjuez's rich minerals were established, the first Spanish families settled. Thus, by a decree of the Real Audiencia of Guadalajara saw the first light the town that received the title of Santiago de Talpa. The Constitution of 1857 was not well received. Prominent conservative Remigio Tovar rose up in arms, joining the conservative party in the Reform War. He was defeated by general Juan Nepomuceno Rocha at Cerro de los Ocotes, in which Tovar's forces suffered 7 casualties. Talpa was a welcoming haven for influential politicians when Guadalajara fell to the conservatives. It was also a kind of headquarters of the government troops that entered and went without encountering any resistance, during this time when encounters and scuffles were staged between the two sides and of political instability, the arises in these directions the Colonel Antonio Rojas, who was commissioned to pacify the region and to fight Remigio Tovar, who had as its center of operations the square of Mascota. Rojas, for his pyromania instincts and his great cruelty soon received the nickname "El Nero de Jalisco".
On 1871 Porfirio Díaz proclaimed the Plan de la Noria and rose up against the government of Benito Juárez, being defeated by General Alatorre. After leaving Mexico City, he spent a few weeks in Talpa disguised as a bell smelter. During the Mexican Revolution the village was fortified from the attacks from supporters of Venustiano Carranza by forming a general meeting of neighbors and forming a local defense corps that guarded the square; but on June 23, 1913, chief carrancist Santos Arreola came to ask for surrender, but bad weather forced them to flee.
1844 establishes town hall; 30 April 1871 a department is formed comprising the municipalities of Talpa and Tomatlán, with Talpa being the head. From 1825 to 1844 it belonged to the 6th canton of Autlán de Navarro. On 18 September 1885 by decree number 155 the village was elevated to the category of village under the name of Talpa de Allende in honor of the insurgent chief Ignatius Allende.
In 2015, the city was designated part of the "Pueblos Mágicos" national program.
Geography
Talpa de Allende is located in the west of the state of Jalisco, within the extreme coordinates 20° 05′ 00″ at 20° 30′ 55″ of north latitude and of the 104° 42′ 30″ to the 105° 13′ 25″ west longitude; at a height of 1,134 meters above sea level.
The municipality adjoins to the north with the municipalities of Puerto Vallarta and Mascota; to the east with Mascota, Atenguillo, Cuautla and Tomatlán (Jalisco)' Tomatlán; to the south with the municipality of Tomatlán; to the west with the municipality of Cabo Corrientes.
Physical Geography
Orography
In general its surface is made up of rugged areas (77%) heights ranging from 2,100 to 2,500 meters above sea level. Semi-flat zones (13%) they are located in the south of the municipal headwaters, with heights ranging from 600 to 1,300 msnm. Flat areas (10%) located in the northwest of the municipal headland, are formed by heights of 1,200 meters above sea level.
Soil
The territory consists of land from the tertiary period. The composition of the soils is predominantly chestnut Chesnut, as well as lateritic yellows, prainearose and reddish soil, and reddish forest brown. The municipality has a territorial area of 227,952 ha-hectares, of which 15,375 are used for agricultural purposes, 31,128 in livestock activity, 176,987 are for forest use, 283 are urban land and 2,078 hectares have other use, not specified 2,101. As far as the property is concerned, an area of 169,637 hectares is private and another is 56,214 ejidal; there is no communal property. Please note that 2,101 hectares do not specify property type.
Hydrography
Its hydrological resources are provided by the rivers: Talpa, San Nicolás, Cuals, San José and Bramador; by the streams: Crumbled, La Quebrada, Las Palomas, El Corazón, Toledo, Camacho, Gran Juez and Los Lobos, among the most representative. It also has springs that supply water to some localities.
Climate
Talpa de Allende has a humid subtropical climate, with dry winter and spring, and with no well-defined winter thermal change. The average annual temperature is 21.3 C, with a maximum of 29.5 C and a minimum of 13.2 -C. The rainfall regime is recorded between the months of June and July, with an average rainfall of 1,002.9 mm. The annual average of frost days is 27.5. The prevailing winds are in a southerly direction.
Flora & Wildlife
Its vegetation is basically composed of Pinus-pine, oyamel, roble (es), Fraxinus-fresno and walnut; in the semitropical lower parts there is havillo, capomo, parota, spring, purple rose and Spanish cedar. There is also a maple protected area; whose existence is originating in Canada and is only found in that country.
In the municipality is located a mesophilic forest with maple (Acer binzayedii). Binzayedii refers to the founding of Qatar MBZ which sponsored scientific research that determined that the species in Talpa is unique in the world, which makes this maple forest very special.
On January 30, 2016, the Government of the State of Jalisco through the Secretariat of Environment and Territorial Development announced the creation of a Natural Protected Area Arce Forest State Park published in Section V of the Official Newspaper The State of Jalisco. date" - "publication" - "Official"- "The"-date-access-" ('doi')
Government and politics
Its form of government is democracy, it depends on the Jalisco state government and federal Mexico; elections are held every 3 years, where the municipal president and his cabinet are elected. The Municipal President is C. Martín Eduardo Guzmán Peña, Institutional Revolutionary Party PRI.
The municipality has 178 towns, the most important being: Talpa (municipal head), Ocotes, La Cuesta, Cabos, La Cañada, Desmoronado and El Cuale.
Infrastructure and economy
Housing
It has 3,266 homes, which are usually private. The 89.71% have electricity service, 68.74% have drainage and drinking water service. Its construction is usually based on brick, concrete and partition.
Services
The municipality has services of drinking water, sewerage, street lighting, markets, trail, cemeteries, road, public toilet, public safety, transit, parks, gardens and sports centers.
79.4% of the population has drinking water; in sewer coverage is 71.5% and in electricity service 85.4%.
Education
The population's 90.88% is alpha-alphabetism-alfabeta, of which 29.56% has ended primary education. The municipality has 19 preschool, 43 primary-primary education, 10 secondarys and two bachilleratos.
Healthcare
Health care is attended by the health center, which is advised by the Ministry of Health and depends on health jurisdiction No.8 based in Puerto Vallarta. In addition, the [Mexican Social Security Institute] and private doctors provide their services. The System for Integral Family Development (DIF) is responsible for social welfare.
Transportation and communication
It has fax service, telegraph, telephone, radio, television, Internet and radio telephony service. Transportation takes place via the Guadalajara-Puerto Vallarta highway. It has a network of rural roads that connect the villages. Public buses are available. It has a small airport that has flights to Puerto Vallarta, San Sebastián del Oeste and Guadalajara. The main airlines that operate are: Aerotaxis de la Bahía and Transportes Aéreos de Nayarit.
Demographics
According to the II population and housing count, the municipality has 13,612 inhabitants, of which 6,703 are men and 6,909 are women; 0.36% of the population are indigenous. By 2010 the population is expected to be 4,786.
Religion
90.60% profess Catholic religion,7.36% are believers in [Jehovah's Witnesses], there are also Protestant and believers of other religions. 0.28% of the inhabitants held no religion.
For religious worship it has the Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary, the Parish of Lord San José and chapels in the localities.
Culture
Painting stand out the mural "The Miracle of the Renewal of the Image of the Virgin of the Rosary" and the mural of the Holy Trinity.
Craft: chicle handcrafts, with which they make baskets, furniture, pots, pots, jars, jars, vases, pots. Leather huaraches, belts and saddles are also made.
Typical Costumes charro costume for men and China for women.
Sites of interest
The Shrine of the Virgen de Talpa: in style Romanesque Architecture and Neoclassical-Neoclassical Architecture, dates from 1782
The Parish of Lord San José: in colonial style, built in the year 1600.
The Chapel of the Ore of El Cuale: in colonial style, built in 1870.
The Chapel of Concepción del Bramador: in colonial style.
The Chapel of the Resurrection.
Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary.
The municipal palace.
The waterfalls of Aranjuez.
Places to visit
Welcome arch dedicated to pilgrims and visitors in the entrance.
Calzada de las Reynas: opened on November 18, 2004, and created for he community of pilgrims that visit Talpa de Allende and in honor of all the queens of Mexico. A pathway of statues of the virgins.
Cruz de Romero
Museum of the Talpa Virgin where her story is told as well as the history of Talpa de Allende.
Maple forest of Talpa de Allende with more than of maple and pine trees.
Sports
It has sports centers, where it is practiced: football, frontenis and volleyball. It also has a cultural center, theater, charro canvas, square, parks, gardens and library.
Gastronomy
Birria, pozole, tamales, rotisserie chicken, rabbit, meat with tomatillo and chilaquiles; guava fruit leather, sancocho, figs, and various milk confectioneries; rompope and ponche of fruits such as peach, nance, capulín, pineapple, guava and pomegranate
Holidays and celebrations
Virgen de la Candelaria from 25 January to 2 February.
Romería de Tecomán: first Sunday in March.
Romería in honor of Lord St. Joseph: from 11 to 19 March.
Anniversary pilgrimage of the Coronation of the Virgen del Rosario de Talpa: from 4 to 12 May.
Feast of the Renewal:September 10 "Bath of the Virgin" (It consists of cleaning all the jewels and changing the clothes of Ntra.Sra.del Rosario de Talpa) and from September 11 to 19 the ninth Renewal.
Independence day: 15 and 16 September.
Liturgical Party in Honor of Our Lady of the Rosary of Talpa: 7 October
Feast of the Virgen de Guadalupe: 9–12 December
In popular culture
In Juan Rulfo novel, 'El llano en llamas' refers to Talpa: "[...][...] Although I knew that Talpa was far away and that we would have to walk a lot under the sun of the days and the cold, of the nights of March [...] ".
The film "Talpa" was filmed here, based on a short story by Juan Rulfo, .
Notable people
José María Cuéllar, governor of Jalisco.
Manuel Ceballos, professor.
Ernesto Ramo Meza, writer.
Juan Valdéz Verdía, Doctor.
Daniel Acosta Izquierdo, writer.
José Francisco T. Agraz Gil, writer.
Manuel de San Martín, clergyman.
Baudelio Bernal, doctor
Gustavo "Halcón" Peña Velazco, footballer
Sister City
Talpa de Allende has one sister city.:
- Lynwood, California, USA
References
External links
http://talpadeallende.com
Municipalities of Jalisco
Pueblos Mágicos |
5394069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20the%20Queen%27s%20Bench%20Division | President of the Queen's Bench Division | The President of the Queen's Bench Division is the head of the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. The current president is Dame Victoria Sharp.
Until 2005, the Lord Chief Justice among many other roles presided over the Queen's Bench (or King's; as the monarch). The role was separated under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. Sir Igor Judge became the first president.
List of presidents of the Queen's Bench Division
3 October 2005: standalone role inaugurated
3 October 2005: Sir Igor Judge
1 October 2008: Sir Anthony May
3 October 2011: Sir John Thomas
1 October 2013: Sir Brian Leveson
23 June 2019: Dame Victoria Sharp
Vice-President
The office of Vice-President of the Queen's Bench Division predates the separation of the division's presidency from the office of Lord Chief Justice. In 1988, the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Lane, made arrangements for Sir Tasker Watkins, a Lord Justice of Appeal, to be Deputy Chief Justice, deputising across the range of Lane's responsibilities. The arrangement continued under Lane's successor, but when Watkins retired in 1993, Lord Taylor of Gosford appointed Sir Paul Kennedy of the Court of Appeal to oversee the Queen's Bench Division. Lord Bingham of Cornhill, who took over as Lord Chief Justice in 1996, made arrangements with Lord Mackay of Clashfern (Lord Chancellor under John Major) whereby Lord Justice Kennedy would become Vice-President of the Queen's Bench Division with the understanding that it would be made a statutory office at an early date. Lord Bingham made the appointment in 1997, and Lord Mackay's Labour successor, Lord Irvine of Lairg, honoured the commitment in the Access to Justice Act 1999.
1997: Sir Paul Kennedy
February 2002: Sir Anthony May
October 2008: Sir John Thomas
3 October 2011: Dame Heather Hallett
4 March 2014: Sir Nigel Davis
1 January 2016 Dame Victoria Sharp
5 February 2020 Sir James Dingemans
See also
Lord Chief Justice
Master of the Rolls
President of the Family Division
Chancellor of the High Court
References
External links
Judicial Profiles - The President of the Queen's Bench Division
High Court of Justice |
5394089 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric%20Hexapolis | Doric Hexapolis | The Doric or Dorian Hexapolis () was a federation of six cities of Dorian foundation in southwest Asia Minor and adjacent islands, largely coextensive with the region known as Doris or Doris in Asia (), and included:
Cos, on the island of Cos
Cnidus in Caria;
Halicarnassus in Caria;
Lindus, on the island of Rhodes;
Ialysus on Rhodes; and
Camirus on Rhodes.
The members of this hexapolis celebrated a festival, with games, on the Triopian promontory near Cnidus, in honour of the Triopian Apollo; the prizes in those games were brazen tripods, which the victors had to dedicate in the temple of Apollo; and Halicarnassus was struck out of the league, because one of her citizens carried the tripod to his own house before dedicating it in the temple of Apollo. The hexapolis thus became the Doric Pentapolis. (Herod. i. 144.)
Pliny (v. 28) says, Caria mediae Doridi circumfunditur ad mare utroque latere ambiens, by which he means that Doris is surrounded by Caria on all sides, except where it is bordered by the sea. He makes Doris begin at Cnidus. In the bay of Doris he places Leucopolis, Hamaxitus, etc. An attempt has been made among scholars to ascertain which of two bays Pliny calls Doridis Sinus, the more probable being the Ceramic Gulf. This Doris of Pliny is the country occupied by the Dorians, which Thucydides (ii. 9) indicates, not by the name of the country, but of the people: Dorians, neighbours of the Carians. Ptolemy (v. 2) makes Doris a division of his Asia, and places in it Halicarnassus, Ceramus, and Cnidus. The term Doris, applied to a part of Asia, does not appear to occur in other writers.
In the Digesta seu Pandectae (533), the second volume of the codification of laws ordered by Justinian I (527–565) of the Eastern Roman Empire, a legal opinion written by the Roman jurist Paulus at the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century in 235 AD was included about the Lex Rhodia ("Rhodian law") that articulates the general average principle of marine insurance established on the island of Rhodes in approximately 1000 to 800 BC as a member of the Doric Hexapolis, plausibly by the Phoenicians during the proposed Dorian invasion and emergence of the purported Sea Peoples during the Greek Dark Ages (c. 1100–c. 750) that led to the proliferation of the Doric Greek dialect. The law of general average constitutes the fundamental principle that underlies all insurance.
References
States and territories established in the 12th century BC
States and territories disestablished in the 6th century BC
Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
Historical regions of Anatolia
Caria
Ancient Greek geography
Ancient Greeks in Caria
Greek Anatolia
Greek city-state federations |
4000168 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated%2024-cells | Truncated 24-cells | In geometry, a truncated 24-cell is a uniform 4-polytope (4-dimensional uniform polytope) formed as the truncation of the regular 24-cell.
There are two degrees of truncations, including a bitruncation.
Truncated 24-cell
The truncated 24-cell or truncated icositetrachoron is a uniform 4-dimensional polytope (or uniform 4-polytope), which is bounded by 48 cells: 24 cubes, and 24 truncated octahedra. Each vertex joins three truncated octahedra and one cube, in an equilateral triangular pyramid vertex figure.
Construction
The truncated 24-cell can be constructed from polytopes with three symmetry groups:
F4 [3,4,3]: A truncation of the 24-cell.
B4 [3,3,4]: A cantitruncation of the 16-cell, with two families of truncated octahedral cells.
D4 [31,1,1]: An omnitruncation of the demitesseract, with three families of truncated octahedral cells.
Zonotope
It is also a zonotope: it can be formed as the Minkowski sum of the six line segments connecting opposite pairs among the twelve permutations of the vector (+1,−1,0,0).
Cartesian coordinates
The Cartesian coordinates of the vertices of a truncated 24-cell having edge length sqrt(2) are all coordinate permutations and sign combinations of:
(0,1,2,3) [4!×23 = 192 vertices]
The dual configuration has coordinates at all coordinate permutation and signs of
(1,1,1,5) [4×24 = 64 vertices]
(1,3,3,3) [4×24 = 64 vertices]
(2,2,2,4) [4×24 = 64 vertices]
Structure
The 24 cubical cells are joined via their square faces to the truncated octahedra; and the 24 truncated octahedra are joined to each other via their hexagonal faces.
Projections
The parallel projection of the truncated 24-cell into 3-dimensional space, truncated octahedron first, has the following layout:
The projection envelope is a truncated cuboctahedron.
Two of the truncated octahedra project onto a truncated octahedron lying in the center of the envelope.
Six cuboidal volumes join the square faces of this central truncated octahedron to the center of the octagonal faces of the great rhombicuboctahedron. These are the images of 12 of the cubical cells, a pair of cells to each image.
The 12 square faces of the great rhombicuboctahedron are the images of the remaining 12 cubes.
The 6 octagonal faces of the great rhombicuboctahedron are the images of 6 of the truncated octahedra.
The 8 (non-uniform) truncated octahedral volumes lying between the hexagonal faces of the projection envelope and the central truncated octahedron are the images of the remaining 16 truncated octahedra, a pair of cells to each image.
Images
Related polytopes
The convex hull of the truncated 24-cell and its dual (assuming that they are congruent) is a nonuniform polychoron composed of 480 cells: 48 cubes, 144 square antiprisms, 288 tetrahedra (as tetragonal disphenoids), and 384 vertices. Its vertex figure is a hexakis triangular cupola.
Vertex figure Bitruncated 24-cell
The bitruncated 24-cell. 48-cell, or tetracontoctachoron is a 4-dimensional uniform polytope (or uniform 4-polytope) derived from the 24-cell.
E. L. Elte identified it in 1912 as a semiregular polytope.
It is constructed by bitruncating the 24-cell (truncating at halfway to the depth which would yield the dual 24-cell).
Being a uniform 4-polytope, it is vertex-transitive. In addition, it is cell-transitive, consisting of 48 truncated cubes, and also edge-transitive, with 3 truncated cubes cells per edge and with one triangle and two octagons around each edge.
The 48 cells of the bitruncated 24-cell correspond with the 24 cells and 24 vertices of the 24-cell. As such, the centers of the 48 cells form the root system of type F4.
Its vertex figure is a tetragonal disphenoid, a tetrahedron with 2 opposite edges length 1 and all 4 lateral edges length √(2+√2).
Alternative names
Bitruncated 24-cell (Norman W. Johnson)
48-cell as a cell-transitive 4-polytope
Bitruncated icositetrachoron
Bitruncated polyoctahedron
Tetracontaoctachoron (Cont) (Jonathan Bowers)
Structure
The truncated cubes are joined to each other via their octagonal faces in anti orientation; i. e., two adjoining truncated cubes are rotated 45 degrees relative to each other so that no two triangular faces share an edge.
The sequence of truncated cubes joined to each other via opposite octagonal faces form a cycle of 8. Each truncated cube belongs to 3 such cycles. On the other hand, the sequence of truncated cubes joined to each other via opposite triangular faces form a cycle of 6. Each truncated cube belongs to 4 such cycles.
Seen in a configuration matrix, all incidence counts between elements are shown. The diagonal f-vector numbers are derived through the Wythoff construction, dividing the full group order of a subgroup order by removing one mirror at a time. Edges exist at 4 symmetry positions. Squares exist at 3 positions, hexagons 2 positions, and octagons one. Finally the 4 types of cells exist centered on the 4 corners of the fundamental simplex.
Coordinates
The Cartesian coordinates of a bitruncated 24-cell having edge length 2 are all permutations of coordinates and sign of:
(0, 2+√2, 2+√2, 2+2√2)
(1, 1+√2, 1+√2, 3+2√2)
Projections
Projection to 2 dimensions
Projection to 3 dimensions
Related regular skew polyhedron
The regular skew polyhedron, {8,4|3}, exists in 4-space with 4 octagonal around each vertex, in a zig-zagging nonplanar vertex figure. These octagonal faces can be seen on the bitruncated 24-cell, using all 576 edges and 288 vertices. The 192 triangular faces of the bitruncated 24-cell can be seen as removed. The dual regular skew polyhedron, {4,8|3}, is similarly related to the square faces of the runcinated 24-cell.
Disphenoidal 288-cell
The disphenoidal 288-cell is the dual of the bitruncated 24-cell. It is a 4-dimensional polytope (or polychoron) derived from the 24-cell. It is constructed by doubling and rotating the 24-cell, then constructing the convex hull.
Being the dual of a uniform polychoron, it is cell-transitive, consisting of 288 congruent tetragonal disphenoids. In addition, it is vertex-transitive under the group Aut(F4).
Images
Geometry
The vertices of the 288-cell are precisely the 24 Hurwitz unit quaternions with norm squared 1, united with the 24 vertices of the dual 24-cell with norm squared 2, projected to the unit 3-sphere. These 48 vertices correspond to the binary octahedral group 2O or <2,3,4>, order 48.
Thus, the 288-cell is the only non-regular 4-polytope which is the convex hull of a quaternionic group, disregarding the infinitely many dicyclic (same as binary dihedral) groups; the regular ones are the 24-cell (≘ 2T or <2,3,3>, order 24) and the 600-cell (≘ 2I or <2,3,5>, order 120). (The 16-cell corresponds to the binary dihedral group 2D2 or <2,2,2>, order 16.)
The inscribed 3-sphere has radius 1/2+/4 ≈ 0.853553 and touches the 288-cell at the centers of the 288 tetrahedra which are the vertices of the dual bitruncated 24-cell.
The vertices can be coloured in 2 colours, say red and yellow, with the 24 Hurwitz units in red and the 24 duals in yellow, the yellow 24-cell being congruent to the red one. Thus the product of 2 equally coloured quaternions is red and the product of 2 in mixed colours is yellow.
Placing a fixed red vertex at the north pole (1,0,0,0), there are 6 yellow vertices in the next deeper “latitude” at (/2,x,y,z), followed by 8 red vertices in the latitude at (1/2,x,y,z). The complete coordinates are given as linear combinations of the quaternionic units which at the same time can be taken as the elements of the group The next deeper latitude is the equator hyperplane intersecting the 3-sphere in a 2-sphere which is populated by 6 red and 12 yellow vertices.
Layer 2 is a 2-sphere circumscribing a regular octahedron whose edges have length 1. A tetrahedron with vertex north pole has 1 of these edges as long edge whose 2 vertices are connected by short edges to the north pole. Another long edge runs from the north pole into layer 1 and 2 short edges from there into layer 2.
There are 192 long edges with length 1 connecting equal colours and 144 short edges with length ≈ 0.765367 connecting mixed colours. 192*2/48 = 8 long and 144*2/48 = 6 short, that is together 14 edges meet at any vertex.
The 576 faces are isosceles with 1 long and 2 short edges, all congruent. The angles at the base are arccos(/4) ≈ 49.210°. 576*3/48 = 36 faces meet at a vertex, 576*1/192 = 3 at a long edge, and 576*2/144 = 8 at a short one.
The 288 cells are tetrahedra with 4 short edges and 2 antipodal and perpendicular long edges, one of which connects 2 red and the other 2 yellow vertices. All the cells are congruent. 288*4/48 = 24 cells meet at a vertex. 288*2/192 = 3 cells meet at a long edge, 288*4/144 = 8 at a short one. 288*4/576 = 2 cells meet at a triangle.
Related polytopesB4 family of uniform polytopes:F4 family of uniform polytopes: References
H.S.M. Coxeter:
Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter', edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995,
(Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10]
(Paper 23) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes II, [Math. Zeit. 188 (1985) 559-591]
(Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45]
Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs'', Ph.D. (1966)
x3x4o3o=x3x3x4o - tico, o3x4x3o - cont
4-polytopes |
5394098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio%20Locatelli | Giorgio Locatelli | Giorgio Locatelli (born 6 April 1963) is an Italian Michelin starred chef and restaurateur working and living in the United Kingdom.
Early life
Locatelli was brought up in Corgeno in the comune of Vergiate on the banks of Lake Comabbio, northern Italy. His uncle ran a restaurant, giving him an appreciation and understanding of food from an early age. After working for a short spell in local restaurants in Italy and Switzerland, Locatelli went to England in 1986 to join the kitchens of Anton Edelmann at The Savoy. In 1990, Locatelli moved to Paris and worked at Restaurant Laurent and La Tour d'Argent. Locatelli was in the army in his youth.
Career
On his return to London a couple of years later, Locatelli opened Olivo Restaurant, Eccleston Street, before opening Zafferano in February 1995.
They won "Best Italian Restaurant" at the London Carlton Restaurant Awards for two consecutive years and their first Michelin star in 1999.
In February 2002, Locatelli and his wife Plaxy opened their first independent restaurant, Locanda Locatelli, on Seymour Street. The restaurant, which serves traditional Italian dishes, was awarded a Michelin star in 2003, which has been retained every year since.
Locatelli has been featured in several TV series: Pure Italian, 2002, aired on the UK Food channel; Tony and Giorgio, filmed with entrepreneur Tony Allan, shown on BBC2; and Sicily Unpacked Italy Unpacked with art historian Andrew Graham-Dixon.
The Big Family Cooking Showdown was also on the BBC with Locatelli as a judge with Rosemary Shrager. The hosts were Zoe Ball and Nadiya Hussain.
He has written three cookery books. Made in Italy, was published in September 2006. Made in Italy has received the Best Food Book award at the Glenfiddich Food and Drink Awards 2007. A second book, Made in Sicily, was published in September 2011. Made at Home was published by 4th Estate in 2017.
In January 2019, he became a judge of MasterChef Italia. In May of the same year he was guest in the Italian talk show EPCC (E poi c'è Cattelan) hosted by Alessandro Cattelan. There he announced he would be coming back as judge also for the ninth season of MasterChef Italia. He also revealed he feels more British than Italian, having spent so many years in London.
Personal life
Locatelli lives with his English wife Plaxy and their two children, Margherita and Jack, in Camden, London.
References
External links
Homepage for the Locanda Locatelli restaurant
Articles by Giorgio on his publisher's blog, 5th Estate
Giorgio Locatelli, The Guardian
1963 births
Living people
Italian chefs
People from the Province of Varese
Italian expatriates in England
Italian television chefs |
4000199 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Erikson | Tom Erikson | Tom Erikson (born July 6, 1964) is an American former amateur wrestler and mixed martial artist who competed in the super heavyweight division. Weighing between and throughout his career, "The Big Cat" began wrestling at an early age and was twice National Junior College Athletic Association (NJCAA) Junior Collegiate Champion at Triton College before achieving National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I honors twice at Oklahoma State University–Stillwater. *Erikson was the 1997 U.S. National Champion, and a member of the 1997 U.S. Senior Freestyle World Team, placing fourth in the World Championships at 130 kg.
He embarked on his career in MMA in 1996 and went on to fight in the Pride Fighting Championships, being a founding member of the prestigious RAW team.
Erikson was a long time assistant wrestling coach at Purdue University, where he has been coaching since 1997. In 2015 Tom accepted the head wrestling coach position at Lyon College in Batesville, Arkansas. In 2020 he stepped down from his position at Lyon College, to become an assistant coach at Duke University.
Background
Erikson was a graduate of Bloom High School in Chicago Heights, Illinois. Wrestling for Triton College, he was a two-time NJCAA National Champion in 1984 and 1985, winning the Outstanding Wrestler Award at the 1985 tournament. He was also a two-time NCAA Division I Collegiate wrestling All-American, in 1986 and 1987, while competing for Oklahoma State University. Erikson made the switch to the emerging sport of mixed martial arts almost ten years later.
College and International
Erikson had a good wrestling career - He was not a state qualifier at Bloom, but grew into a two-time national champion in 1984 and 1985 at Triton Junior College under the late Art Kraft. He then became a two-time All-American at Oklahoma State, placing 4th in 1986, and 3rd in 1987.
After college, Erikson found early success by winning a freestyle gold medal at the 1988 Canada Cup, beating future Greco-Roman Olympic silver medalist Matt Ghaffari 5–4 in the gold medal match.
Erikson was highly successful in freestyle - The only problem was, so was Bruce Baumgartner.
"He was No. 2 in the world, behind Bruce, for a long time," said Olympic coach Greg Strobel. "He beat all the world champions but Bruce. He could have been a gold medal winner."
Erikson was a 3-time Olympic Alternate in 1988, 1992, and 1996, losing all three times to Bruce Baumgartner in the finals to make the Olympic Team.
In those three Olympic Games, Baumgartner went on to take silver in the 1988 Seoul Olympics, 1992 Olympic gold in Barcelona, and a bronze medal in the 1996 Olympic Games, held in Atlanta, Ga.
"It's an emotional roller coaster," says the 6-foot-4-inch, 286-pound wrestler. "It's hard for someone to feel sympathy for me. It's like, 'Are you stupid?' But I still have a dream to be the best at it, and I try and keep a sense of humor." But the joke wears thin at times, especially because Mr. Erikson is no slouch himself. He was finally able to capture first place in the 1992 World Cup, the only year Mr. Baumgartner had sat out.
"He'd have been a three-time gold medalist if it wasn't for Bruce," says Mitch Hull, national teams director for USA Wrestling and himself an alternate in the 1984 Games.
Erikson was known as the 'Ultimate Never Give Up Warrior'. After 8 finals losses to Baumgartner, Erikson finally got to raise the long-awaited coveted USA Wrestling 'Stop Sign' over his head, by defeating future 2-time Olympian Kerry McCoy 7–4, to become the 1997 U.S. National Champion. After the victory, Erikson fell to his hands and knees overwhelmed with emotion. Many in the USA Wrestling community thought that an award should have been made after Erikson's retirement called the 'Tom Erikson Never Give Up Perseverance Award'.
Erikson finished his career as a 15-time U.S. national medalist - winning 1 gold, 10 silver, and 4 bronze medals in the USA Wrestling national championship era, never placing below third place at any US Open.
Erikson represented Team USA at the World Cup, becoming the 1992 World Cup Champion with a 5-2 signature win over Georgi Kaisimov (RUS). He was also a member of the 1997 U.S. Senior Freestyle World Team, placing fourth in the World Championships at 130 kg.
Mixed martial arts career
In 1996, Erikson was originally scouted by Richard Hamilton to fight in Ultimate Fighting Championship's UFC 10 event, but he was passed over for Mark Coleman. Erikson then joined his friend Rico Chiapparelli, who would go to found the Real American Wrestling team with other successful wrestlers. Tom would debut before the existence of the team, being managed by Chiapparelli personally.
Martial Arts Reality Superfighting
Erikson debuted on November 22, 1996, at the Martial Arts Reality Superfighting eight-man openweight tournament in Birmingham, Alabama. In the quarter finals, Erikson defeated sambo fighter Aleksander Khramstovskly via KO by elbows and punches, and then submitted Willie Peeters with a neck crank just thirty-one seconds into the semis; he went to meet Murilo Bustamante in the final, in what would be considered a classic match.
Erikson outweighed the Brazilian jiu-jitsu stylist by around 45 kg/100 lb and got the takedown immediately, which Murilo tried to counter with upkicks and a heel hook attempt. Not much happened, however, as while Erikson was effectively shutting off Bustamante's offense, he was unable to pass his guard, and the men had to return to their feet eighteen minutes later. The remainder of the bout saw some striking exchanges and Bustamante attempting to pull guard.
An extra ten minutes overtime was added onto the match after the regulation thirty minutes finished without a winner, and they returned to their respective positions, with Murilo lying on the ground waiting for Tom to grapple and Erikson standing unwilling to enter the grappler's field. However, this time Erikson devised a special strategy: he would dive into Bustamante's guard to score punches before disengaging and standing back up to avoid danger, and then repeat the process over and over. After several minutes of this tactic, Murilo's face was visibly damaged while Erikson was tired yet unscathed. As he still couldn't finish Bustamante, the bout ended in a draw.
In his second outing, Erikson TKO'd Davin Wright in under a minute at the World Fighting Federation in Birmingham, Alabama on February 24, 1997.
Vale tudo
Following this, Erikson took part in the Brazil Open '97 heavyweight tournament on June 15, 1997, again representing WAR. After beating native fighter Silvio "Pantera Negra" Vieira, Erikson was pitted against Team Hammer House exponent and fellow American wrestler Kevin Randleman in the final. Randleman attempted to push Erikson into the fence, but he was caught with a right hook, and then Erikson unloaded a series of big shots for the knock out. The Hammer House fighter had to be stretchered out, and Erikson gained the approval of the crowd by helping him out.
Erikson made his return to wrestling to compete at the 1997 World Wrestling Championships in Krasnoyarsk, Russia in August 1997, finishing in fourth place in the 130 kg/286 lb freestyle division. He also beat Tsuyoshi Kohsaka in a submission grappling match on October 11, 1997, in which Erikson controlled him positionally for most of the match, besieging his half guard and avoiding a tight inverted leglock attempt to win the decision. Finally, he got another quick TKO of Ed de Kruijf at Vale Tudo Japan 1997 in Chiba, Japan on November 29, 1997, in what would be his last MMA fight for almost two years.
Pride Fighting Championships
In his Pride Fighting Championships debut, Erikson beat Gary Goodridge by unanimous decision at Pride 8 in Tokyo, Japan on November 21, 1999. At Pride 11 - Battle of the Rising Sun, Erikson faced Heath Herring, getting the takedown early and unloading ground and pound as usual. However, after a stand-up by the referee, Herring rocked Erikson with two kicks as he tried to wrestle again, knocking him to the ground before finishing him with a rear naked choke at 6:17 of round one.
Erikson submitted Matt Skelton, a kickboxer making his first MMA appearance, at Pride 17 in Tokyo on November 3, 2001. After the event Pride FC amended their rules so that the type of choke he used, which involved grabbing Skelton's throat with his hand in what was termed a "front strangle choke", would no longer be allowed. In his last bout before departing the promotion, Erikson secured a first round rear naked choke submission of Tim Catalfo at Pride 19 in Saitama, Japan on February 24, 2002.
Tom Erikson made his return to MMA and Pride on February 20, 2005, at Pride 29 in Saitama, submitting to Fabrício Werdum rear naked choke in round one. This was his last fight in Pride.
Last fights
Erikson fought for Hero's at Hero's 5 in Tokyo on May 3, 2006, where he was TKO'd with ground-and-pound from Antônio Silva in the first round.
Erikson was knocked out during the first round of his match with Alexandru Lungu at Strike FC 2 in Mamaia, Romania on August 1, 2008.
Kickboxing career
Despite having no kickboxing background to speak of and only showing rudimentary striking ability in his MMA bouts, Erikson was recruited by premier kickboxing organization K-1 later in 2002. Matched with Mike Bernardo at the K-1 Andy Spirits Japan GP 2002 Final on September 22, 2002, Erikson suffered a first-round knockout defeat. He was able to survive into the fourth round with Hiromi Amada at K-1 Beast 2003 on April 6, 2003, but again lost by KO in a slug-fest.
He faced off with boxing champion Shannon Briggs at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 in Saitama on March 27, 2004, and, as one might suspect, the wrestler stood no chance and was KO'd little over a minute into the fight. Erikson recorded his first and only win as a professional kickboxer against Jan Nortje at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 in Nagoya on June 6, 2004, flooring Nortje three times in fifty-five seconds to win by TKO.
In his last fight before retirement, he rematched Jan Nortje in a kickboxing match at Deep: Glaiator in Okayama, Japan two weeks later and looked to repeat his performance in the first match as he dropped the South African giant early. After Nortje beat the referee's count, Erikson moved in to finish him only to be knocked down by a left hook from Nortje. Erikson in turn beat the count only to be sent to the canvas again soon after, forcing the referee to stop the fight and sending him into retirement on the back of a stoppage defeat.
Controversy
In 2010, Erikson stated in an interview that he believed he was not invited to the Pride Grand Prix tournament because Mark Kerr forced Pride to leave him out in order to avoid fighting him. Kerr denied this claim and replied by saying that Erikson didn't want to be in the tournament in the first place. However, according to fellow Pride veteran Gary Goodridge, both Kerr and Ricco Rodriguez had it put specifically in their contracts with the promotion that they would not fight Erikson.
Championships and awards
Amateur wrestling
National Collegiate Athletic Association
NCAA Division I All-American out of Oklahoma State University–Stillwater (1986)
NCAA Division I All-American out of Oklahoma State University–Stillwater (1987)
National Junior College Athletic Association
NJCAA Junior Collegiate Championship out of Triton College (1984)
NJCAA Junior Collegiate Championship out of Triton College (1985)
Mixed martial arts
Brazil Open
Brazil Open '97 Heavyweight Tournament Championship
Martial Arts Reality Superfighting
MARS Tournament Runner-up
Kickboxing record
|-
|- bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2008-08-16 || Loss ||align=left| Jan Nortje || Deep: Gladiator || Okayama, Japan || KO (left hook) || 1 || 1:05 || 1–4
|-
|- bgcolor="#CCFFCC"
| 2004-06-06 || Win ||align=left| Jan Nortje || K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 in Nagoya || Nagoya, Japan || TKO (punches) || 1 || 0:55 || 1–3
|-
|- bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2004-03-27 || Loss ||align=left| Shannon Briggs || K-1 World Grand Prix 2004 in Saitama || Saitama, Japan || KO (right cross) || 1 || 1:02 || 0–3
|-
|- bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2003-04-06 || Loss ||align=left| Hiromi Amada || K-1 Beast 2003 || Yamagata, Japan || KO (right hook) || 4 || 1:14 || 0–2
|-
|- bgcolor="#FFBBBB"
| 2002-09-22 || Loss ||align=left| Mike Bernardo || K-1 Andy Spirits Japan GP 2002 Final || Osaka, Japan || KO (right hook) || 1 || 2:30 || 0–1
|-
|-
| colspan=9 | Legend:
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–4–1
| Alexandru Lungu
| KO (punches)
| Strike FC 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:21
| Mamaia, Romania
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–3–1
| Antônio Silva
| TKO (punches)
| Hero's 5
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:49
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–2–1
| Fabrício Werdum
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Pride 29
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:11
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–1–1
| Tim Catalfo
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Pride 19
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:35
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–1–1
| Matt Skelton
| Submission (front strangle choke)
| Pride 17
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:51
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 7–1–1
| Heath Herring
| Submission (rear-naked choke)
| Pride 11 - Battle of the Rising Sun
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 6:17
| Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–0–1
| Gary Goodridge
| Decision (unanimous)
| Pride 8
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 10:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–0–1
| Ed de Kruijf
| TKO (punches)
| Vale Tudo Japan 1997
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:37
| Chiba, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–0–1
| Kevin Randleman
| KO (punch)
| Brazil Open '97
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:11
| Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–0–1
| Pantera Negra
| TKO (punches)
| Brazil Open '97
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:21
| Brazil
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–0–1
| Davin Wright
| TKO (corner stoppage)
| World Fighting Federation
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:42
| Birmingham, Alabama, United States
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 2–0–1
| Murilo Bustamante
| Draw
| Martial Arts Reality Superfighting
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 40:00
| Birmingham, Alabama, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–0
| Willie Peeters
| Submission (neck crank)
| Martial Arts Reality Superfighting
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:31
| Birmingham, Alabama, United States
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–0
| Aleksander Khramstovskly
| TKO (punches)
| Martial Arts Reality Superfighting
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 8:55
| Birmingham, Alabama, United States
|
Submission grappling record
KO PUNCHES
|- style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;"
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Result
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Opponent
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Method
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Event
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Date
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Round
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Time
| style="border-style:none none solid solid; "|Notes
|-
|Loss|| Jannie Pietilainen || N/A|| ADCC 2009 +99 kg|| 2001|| 1|| N/A||
|-
|Loss|| Jeff Monson || N/A|| ADCC 2001 +99 kg|| 2001|| 1|| N/A||
|-
|Win|| Roberto Traven || Points || ADCC 2001 +99 kg|| 2001|| 2|| N/A||
|-
|Win|| Tsuyoshi Kohsaka || Decision || The Contenders|| 1997|| 5|| 5:00||
|-
External links
National Wrestling Hall of Fame profile
Official K-1 profile
K-1Sport profile
References
Living people
1964 births
American male sport wrestlers
Oklahoma State Cowboys wrestlers
Purdue Boilermakers wrestling coaches
American male mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists from Illinois
Super heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing collegiate wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing freestyle wrestling
American male kickboxers
Kickboxers from Illinois
Heavyweight kickboxers
People from Chicago Heights, Illinois
Triton College alumni |
4000201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daijiro%20Matsui | Daijiro Matsui | is a Japanese mixed martial artist and professional wrestler. A professional MMA competitor since 1998, he has competed for the PRIDE Fighting Championships, Cage Rage, DEEP, Pancrase, and King of the Cage.
Professional wrestling career
After training in judo and amateur wrestling at the International Budo University, Matsui joined shoot-style organization Union of Wrestling Forces International, where he trained under the legendary Nobuhiko Takada. He debuted in September 1996 as "Shunsuke Matsui" against Tatsunori Kamiyama, but he couldn't advance up the card as UWFi folded the same year. Matsui then followed the company's members to the new promotion Kingdom, having matches against Kazushi Sakuraba, Yoshihiro Takayama and Hiromitsu Kanehara, until Kingdom fell in 1998. He then transitioned to MMA.
In December 2000, Matsui made a return to pro wrestling at the Inoki Bom-Ba-Ye event, teaming with The Great Sasuke to defeat Akira Shoji and Caol Uno. He also competed in Battlarts, beating Ikuto Hidaka, and in New Japan Pro-Wrestling, wrestling Kendo Kashin in a losing effort for the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship. The same year, he faced Kashin again in All Japan Pro Wrestling, wrestling under the name of "Mr. Problem" and wearing modified Kendo Kashin attire and mask. Matsui had also stints in Pro Wrestling Zero1 and in Inoki Genome Federation.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
Matsui transitioned to mixed martial arts from pro wrestling and trained at the Takada Dojo for much of his career along with Kazushi Sakuraba. Matsui made himself known for a surprising technical ability and his unorthodox striking, including the use of the shoulder strike from the guard, as well as forward rolls and cartwheel kicks in an attempt to draw his opponents to the ground.
PRIDE
Matsui made his professional mixed martial arts debut in 1998 at PRIDE 3 against Akira "Mr. Pride" Shoji and the bout ended in a draw. In his next bout at PRIDE 4, he faced future Pancrase Light Heavyweight Champion Sanae Kikuta. This bout also ended in a draw because of the time-limit on bouts in the organization at that time.
At PRIDE 6, Matsui fought against future UFC Welterweight Champion and fan-favorite, Carlos Newton. In an entertaining fight, Matsui fended off increasingly difficult submission attempts from the Brazilian jiu-jitsu specialist and struck when possible, including a notable haymaker exchange at the end of the bout. However, Newton's superior control lost the fight by decision, handing the Japanese fighter his first professional loss via unanimous decision. Matsui fought again at PRIDE 7 against Dutch kickboxer "Dirty" Bob Schrijber, in a fight in which he performed impressively, holding his own against the striker and taking advantage of his superior wrestling skills. Controversy ensued when Matsui was punched in his face while being attended to by the referee because of a problem with his gloves. The two fighters exchanged heated words had to be prevented from brawling before the fight was continued. Matsui continued with renovated aggressivity, performing a takedown attempt which made Schrijber fall through the ropes and brutally land on a table ringside. Well after the bell marking the end of the first round sounded, Schrijber landed a powerful kick to the back of Matsui, who was still down on the ground. The foul immediately resulted in a disqualification win for Matsui, and the first win of his career.
Matsui's next appearance for the organization was at PRIDE 8 where he faced future Pride Middleweight Champion and future PRIDE 2003 Middleweight Grand Prix Tournament Champion, Wanderlei Silva. Outweighed and outmatched from the beginning of the fight, Matsui was rocked with a series of knees from the clinch and punches from Silva, but he demonstrated his heart and continued to battle despite bleeding profusely. He ultimately lost in a unanimous decision, but he passed to history as one of the few opponents Silva wasn't able to finish, including Matsui's own partner Kazushi Sakuraba. However, Matsui then fought against Ukrainian kickboxer Igor Vovchanchyn at PRIDE 9, and he was finished the first time in his career after the referee called a stop to the bout at 5:03 into the first round by an eye cut. Matsui's next bout for the organization was at PRIDE 10 against former UFC 12 Heavyweight Tournament Champion and future UFC Light Heavyweight Champion, Vitor "The Phenom" Belfort. Matsui was handed his third consecutive loss, via unanimous decision.
Matsui returned to PRIDE at PRIDE 14 to fight Brazilian Vale Tudo legend Jose "Pele" Landi-Jons, Matsui being a heavy underdog heading into the fight with a 2-6-2 record. Daijiro started the fight countering a flying knee by catching Pelé mid-air with a front kick, but then he was almost rendered unconscious by another knee strike when he was shooting for a takedown. The Japanese had his back taken with a body triangle, but he recovered from the knee and started countering Pele's submission attempts through sheer heart, driving the Brazilian against the turnbuckle in full runs to fend off rear-naked chokes and dropping him on his head to escape from armbars. Frustrated by his opponent's resistance, Pele landed a series of illegal elbows to the back of Matsui, resulting in a yellow card from the referee which attracted heated words. After the fight was restarted, Matsui took Pelé down and proceeded to attack his guard with ground and pound, throwing shoulder strikes and knees to the tailbone whenever he couldn't throw punches, and also holding Landi-Jons's head and slamming it against the canvas. Through the fight, Matsui's superior wrestling and unorthodox strikes paid off, and he kept control over Pelé while landing consistent punishment from his guard; he also got pops by throwing pro wrestling dropkicks every time the fight went standing. After the match, the judges ruled it a unanimous decision for Matsui, who pulled off one of the biggest upsets in the sport at the time.
Although Daijiro had challenged Wanderlei Silva to a rematch, his next opponent ended up being Ebenezer Fontes Braga at PRIDE 15 and Matsui lost via unanimous decision. In his next bout at PRIDE 16, Matsui faced the future EliteXC Middleweight Champion, Murilo "Ninja" Rua. Matsui was rocked with many stomps and soccer kicks throughout the bout, and the fight was eventually stopped in the beginning of the third round.
Matsui then fought against future UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Quinton "Rampage" Jackson at Pride 18 and Matsui won via disqualification after he was hit in the groin in the beginning of the fight. Matsui then fought Rodrigo Gracie at PRIDE 19 and lost via guillotine choke submission in the third round. The submission was controversial as Gracie held onto the choke for a significantly long time after Matsui had tapped out. Matsui's next appearance was at PRIDE Shockwave against Dutch kickboxer Jerrel Venetiaan. Matsui lost the bout via split decision after Venetiaan was able to utilize superior striking, especially with powerful kicks. Matsui then fought Rory Singer at Pride The Best Vol. 3|PRIDE The Best Vol. 3 and won via unanimous decision, and then followed this up with another unanimous decision win over Kazuki Okubo at PRIDE 24, which would be Matsui's last appearance for the organization.
In March 2006, Matsui left Takada Dojo along with Kazushi Sakuraba, though Matsui remained in the team as a trainer.
Post-PRIDE
Matsui's next bout was two years later against Ryo Chonan in the DEEP organization and lost in a majority decision before going 0-2-1 in his next three bouts against the likes of Paulo Filho, Brian Foster, and Elvis Sinosic, respectively. In the Pancrase 2005 Neo-Blood Tournament Finals, Matsui picked up his first win in three years with a TKO over Daisuke Watanbe. To date, this is the only TKO/KO win of his career.
Cage Rage
Matsui made his debut for the England-based Cage Rage organization a year later against former Alex Reid and fought to a draw. In his next bout, Matsui faced former UFC veteran Curtis Stout and won via majority decision. Matsui then lost three consecutive bouts before defeating future BAMMA Middleweight Champion and current UFC veteran, Tom "Kong" Watson with an armbar submission, the only submission win of Matsui's career to date. Matsui lost his last fight for the organization against Mark Weir.
Other ventures
Since the demise of the Cage Rage organization, Matsui has exclusively fought in Japan, mostly for the DEEP organization. However, he has struggled, going 3-11-2 in his last 16 fights.
Mixed martial arts record
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 14–31–7
| Hiroki Tanaka
| Decision (unanimous)
| DXFC: Demolition Xtreme Fighting Championship
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 14–30–7
| Dae Hwan Kim
| KO (punch)
| Wardog Cage Fight 15
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:51
| Osaka, Japan
|For the vacant WCF Middleweight Championship.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 14-29-7
| Gensan Agonashi
| Decision (unanimous)
| WCF: War Dog Cage Fight
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 13–29-7
| Tetuso Kondo
| N/A
| ACF 23: Kakutogi no Omochabako
|
| align=center| N/A
| align=center| N/A
| Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 13-28-7
| Tomoya Suzuki
| Draw
| Wardog Cage Fight 10
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 13–28–6
| Hideaki Sumi
| TKO (punches)
| Wardog Cage Fight 9
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:30
| Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–28–6
| Toshikazu Suzuki
| Decision (unanimous)
| Grabaka: Grabaka Live! 3
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–27–6
| Kazuhiro Nakamura
| KO (knee & punches)
| DEEP: King Kaz Fight in Fukuyama
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 1:30
| Fukuyama, Japan
|90 kg bout.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–26–6
| Keiichiro Yamamiya
| Decision (points)
| U-Spirits: U-Spirits Again
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 15:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 12–25–6
| Eiji Ishikawa
| Decision (unanimous)
| Grabaka: Grabaka Live! 2
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 12–24–6
| Hiromitsu Kanehara
| Draw (majority)
| DEEP: 57 Impact
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|Light Heavyweight bout.
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 12–24–5
| Hiroki Ozaki
| Draw
| DEEP: Tokyo Impact 2
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 12–24–4
| Tomoaki Hata
| Decision (unanimous)
| DEEP: Cage Impact 2010 in Hamamatsu
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Hamamatsu, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 11–24–4
| Dool Hee Lee
| Decision (split)
| Gladiator FC 6
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 11–23–4
| Il Chul Park
| Decision (split)
| Gladiator FC: Japan-Korea International Friendship Rally
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Okayama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–23–4
| Daniel Madrid
| Submission (inverted triangle choke)
| Art of War 14
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:19
| Macau, SAR, China
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–22–4
| Min Suk Heo
| TKO (punches)
| DEEP: Grachan 2
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 3:08
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–21–4
| Ichiro Kanai
| Technical Submission (arm-triangle choke)
| Pancrase: Shining 10
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:25
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–20–4
| Lee Eun-Soo
| Decision (unanimous)
| DEEP: Gladiator
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Okayama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 10–19–4
| Yuichi Nakanishi
| Decision (unanimous)
| DEEP: 35 Impact
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 10–18–4
| Young Choi
| Decision (split)
| DEEP: 34 Impact
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|Middleweight debut.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–18–4
| Carlos Toyota
| TKO (punches)
| DEEP: clubDEEP Kanazawa
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 2:22
| Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 9–17–4
| Mark Weir
| Decision (unanimous)
| Cage Rage 21
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| London, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 9–16–4
| Tom Watson
| Submission (armbar)
| Cage Rage 20
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:59
| London, England
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–16–4
| Flavio Luiz Moura
| Decision (unanimous)
| DEEP: 26 Impact
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|85 kg bout.
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–15–4
| Yuki Kondo
| Decision (unanimous)
| Pancrase: Blow 6
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 8–14–4
| Pierre Guillet
| TKO (cut)
| Cage Rage 17
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 4:08
| London, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 8–13–4
| Curtis Stout
| Decision (majority)
| Cage Rage 15
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| London, England
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 7–13–4
| Alex Reid
| Draw
| Cage Rage 14
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| London, England
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 7–13–3
| Daisuke Watanabe
| TKO (doctor stoppage)
| Pancrase: 2005 Neo-Blood Tournament Finals
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 6–13–3
| Elvis Sinosic
| Draw
| Pancrase: Spiral 5
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Yokohama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 6–13–2
| Brian Foster
| KO (knee)
| Shoot Boxing: Ground Zero Fukuoka
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 2:28
| Fukuoka, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 6–12–2
| Paulo Filho
| Decision (unanimous)
| Gladiator FC: Day 2
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| South Korea
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 6–11–2
| Ryo Chonan
| Decision (majority)
| DEEP: 13th Impact
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|90 kg bout.
|-
| Win
| align=center| 6–10–2
| Kazuki Okubo
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE 24
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Fukuoka, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 5–10–2
| Rory Singer
| Decision (unanimous)
| Pride FC: The Best, Vol. 3|PRIDE FC: The Best, Vol. 3
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 4–10–2
| Jerrel Venetiaan
| Decision (split)
| PRIDE Shockwave
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 4–9–2
| Rodrigo Gracie
| Submission (guillotine choke)
| PRIDE 19
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 0:28
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 4–8–2
| Quinton Jackson
| DQ (knee to groin)
| PRIDE 18
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 0:14
| Fukuoka, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 3–8–2
| Murilo Rua
| TKO (soccer kicks and stomps)
| PRIDE 16
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 0:51
| Osaka, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 3–7–2
| Ebenezer Fontes Braga
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE 15
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 3–6–2
| Jose Landi-Jons
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE 14: Clash of the Titans
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 2–6–2
| Rick Kerns
| Decision (unanimous)
| KOTC 8: Bombs Away
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| Williams, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 1–6–2
| Amir Rahnavardi
| Decision (unanimous)
| KOTC 5: Cage Wars
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| San Jacinto, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 1–5–2
| Vitor Belfort
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE 10: Return of the Warriors
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 10:00
| Saitama, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 1–4–2
| Todd Medina
| Decision (unanimous)
| KOTC 4: Gladiators
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 5:00
| San Jacinto, California, United States
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 1–3–2
| Igor Vovchanchyn
| TKO (doctor stoppage)
| PRIDE 9
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 5:03
| Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 1–2–2
| Wanderlei Silva
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE 8
|
| align=center| 2
| align=center| 10:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Win
| align=center| 1–1–2
| Bob Schrijber
| DQ (kicked after bell)
| PRIDE 7
|
| align=center| 1
| align=center| 10:00
| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
|
|-
| Loss
| align=center| 0–1–2
| Carlos Newton
| Decision (unanimous)
| PRIDE 6
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 5:00
| Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 0–0–2
| Sanae Kikuta
| Draw (time limit)
| PRIDE 4
|
| align=center| 3
| align=center| 10:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
| Draw
| align=center| 0–0–1
| Akira Shoji
| Draw (time limit)
| PRIDE 3
|
| align=center| 4
| align=center| 10:00
| Tokyo, Japan
|
See also
List of male mixed martial artists
References
External links
Official PRIDE site
Living people
1972 births
Japanese male mixed martial artists
Light heavyweight mixed martial artists
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Japanese male judoka
People from Kurashiki |
4000237 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20R.%20Bennett%20Bridge | William R. Bennett Bridge | The William R. Bennett Bridge is a pontoon bridge in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada. Completed on May 25, 2008, the bridge replaced the older Okanagan Lake Bridge built in 1958 to link Downtown Kelowna to West Kelowna across Okanagan Lake as part of Highway 97.
On April 21, 2005, Premier Gordon Campbell officially renamed the bridge from the Okanagan Lake Bridge to William R. Bennett Bridge in honour of former Premier William Richards Bennett, a native of Kelowna.
Construction budget
The first press release from the BC Ministry of Transportation to include budget information was in 2003. At that time, the project was estimated to cost $100 million CAD for the bridge and another $20 million CAD for the two interchange upgrades on the west side of the lake.
By June 29, 2005, the cost of the bridge was increased from the previous estimate of $100 million CAD to $144 million CAD "due to dramatic increases in the cost of construction materials and labour", which includes significant increases in the cost of concrete, steel, and fuel. Over the next 30 years, the province of British Columbia expects to pay SNC-Lavalin a total of $179 million CAD "to design, build, finance, operate, maintain and rehabilitate the bridge".
Construction schedule
April 2005: Arthon Construction Ltd. begins bridge end preloads from rock on Westside Road
May 2005: Arthon completes east side preload
June 2005: SNC-Lavalin Inc. is chosen to design, build, finance and operate the new bridge
July 2005: Construction begins on a dry dock near Bear Creek Provincial Park, where the bridge pontoons will be built
Q3 2005: Arthon completes preloads on west side of Lake Okanagan
Q3 2005: Graving dock ready
Q3 2006: Roadwork on both approaches begins
Q4 2006: First four pontoons in place
Q1 2007: Bridge deck construction begins
Q4 2007: All pontoons in place
Q4 2007: Roadwork on both approaches is completed
Q1 2008: Bridge deck construction is completed
Q2 2008: Test and commission
Q2 2008: Bridge officially opens
Official opening scheduled for May 25, 2008
Q2 2009: Decommission of the old bridge
Q2 2009: Shoreline restoration
Bridge facts
Extending long in total, the bridge includes a string of long poles holding pontoons supporting an elevated deck.
At the deepest point near the middle of the bridge, the lake is approximately deep
There are a total of 9 concrete pontoons
The pontoons are wide and long
The navigation span on the west side of the bridge is long and provides of clearance between the bridge and the lake
Three lanes are for westbound traffic
Two lanes are for eastbound traffic
An additional wide pedestrian and cyclist pathway exists on the south (eastbound) side of the bridge
The west side of the bridge has a pedestrian/cyclist and vehicle underpass at Campbell Road and another interchange at Westside Road
The Kelowna side of the bridge retains the existing pedestrian/cyclist underpass between City Park and Lake Avenue
The new bridge is designed to handle up to 80,000 vehicles daily; the old Okanagan Lake Bridge was designed to handle 38,000 vehicles daily but in 2005 handled approximately 50,000 vehicles daily
Gallery
See also
List of bridges in Canada
References
Ministry of Transportation press release 2003TRAN0063-000931 October 28, 2003
Ministry of Transportation press release 2005TRAN0032-000628 June 29, 2005
Ministry of Transportation: Profile of the elevated portion of the William R. Bennett Bridge
Westside Weekly, February 8, 2006, "Public hates billboards -- report" by Anne-Rachelle McHugh
Canadian Consulting Engineer
External links
Ministry of Transportation: William R. Bennett Bridge
Partnerships BC project page for William R. Bennett Bridge
SNC-Lavalin Inc.
Westmar Consultants Inc. (created the initial base design for the bridge)
Bridges completed in 2008
Buildings and structures in Kelowna
Pontoon bridges
Road bridges in British Columbia
Transport in Kelowna |
5394112 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GE%20E60 | GE E60 | The GE E60 is a family of six-axle C-C electric locomotives made by GE Transportation Systems (GE) between 1972 and 1983. The E60s were produced in several variants for both freight and passenger use in the United States and Mexico. GE designed the locomotive for use on the Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad (BM&LP), a dedicated coal-hauling route in Arizona, which began operation in 1973. That same year GE adapted the design for high-speed passenger service on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor. The largest customer was Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (NdeM), the state-owned railroad in Mexico, which bought 39 for a new electrification project in the early 1980s.
The E60s were successful in the coal-hauling role. They ran on the BM&LP for decades and remain in use on several mining railroads in the Western United States. The passenger variants failed in their intended role. Problems with the truck design caused derailments above , rendering the locomotives unusable for high-speed service. By the end of the 1970s Amtrak abandoned the E60 in favor of EMD AEM-7 locomotives manufactured by Electro-Motive Division. In Mexico, the NdeM's project was delayed into the 1990s, then scrapped after three years of use. Most of the NdeM's electric locomotives never ran and were traded back to GE for diesels. Some were sold to various mining railroads.
Design
The Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad (BM&LP) was a new railroad built to transport coal from the Black Mesa Mine near Kayenta, Arizona to the Navajo Generating Station power plant at Page, Arizona. It was long and isolated from the national railroad network. The BM&LP was electrified at 50 kV 60 Hz AC, and was the first such electrification to use this voltage in the world. The railroad was intended to run as a conveyor belt, with trains cycling between the coal mine and the plant. To operate this conveyor belt, GE Transportation Systems (GE) designed the E60C, though it was suitable for general mainline freight operation.
The heavy loads of coal on BM&LP drove GE's design choices on the E60C. GE chose a six-axle (C-C) design, with wheels instead of the standard wheels. This was necessary because of the locomotive's 85:21 gearing. With this gearing a maximum speed of was possible, although the standard operating speed on the BM&LP was . Thyristor rectifiers step down the high-voltage AC to provide DC power at a much lower voltage to six GE780 traction motors, one per axle. The locomotive is rated at , with a starting tractive effort of and a continuous tractive effort of . Physically the locomotive is long and weighs , including some of ballast.
GE made a number of changes when it redesigned the E60C for passenger use. The new design was lighter, at , and longer, at . A gearing of 68:38 permitted a maximum design speed of . The starting tractive effort was considerably lower at , with a continuous rating of . Unlike freight locomotives, passenger locomotives have to supply heat to passenger cars. In the 1970s Amtrak operated both old-style steam-heated cars and new Amfleet cars with head-end power (HEP). GE designed two variants to handle these use cases: the E60CP had steam generators, while the E60CH had HEP generators. Both models had a cab and pantograph at each end. Reflecting the varied electrification schemes on the Northeast Corridor the Amtrak units could operate at three different voltages: 11 kV 25 Hz AC, 12.5 kV 60 Hz AC, and 25 kV 60 Hz. The wheels had a more standard diameter of .
GE revised the design in the early 1980s for use by Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (NdeM) on its new electrification project. The E60C-2, like the passenger variants, had double cabs and double pantographs. They were geared at 83:20, for a maximum speed of . Although geared differently from the E60CP/CH it also used wheels. The locomotives are long and weigh . They employ six GE 752AF traction motors. The tractive effort was similar to the original E60C: starting and continuous. NdeM adopted 25 kV 60 Hz electrification. A later buyer, the Deseret-Western Railway, like the Black Mesa and Lake Powell, adopted 50 kV 60 Hz AC.
History
Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad
The planned weight of a loaded coal train at the Black Mesa and Lake Powell (BM&LP) was . GE intended that the E60Cs work in multiple, three per train, to handle this load. The BM&LP ordered a total of six locomotives between 1972–1976, allowing it to operate two trains at once. The BM&LP acquired six former Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México E60C-2s after the latter discontinued electric operations in the late 1990s. These displaced the original E60Cs. The Arizona State Railroad Museum of Williams, Arizona took possession of ex-BM&LP E60C 6001 in 2010.
Amtrak and New Jersey Transit
Amtrak assumed control of almost all private sector intercity passenger rail service in the United States on May 1, 1971, with a mandate to reverse decades of decline. It retained approximately 184 of the 440 trains which had run the day before. To operate these trains, Amtrak inherited a fleet of 300 locomotives (electric and diesel) and 1190 passenger cars, most of which dated from the 1940s–1950s.
Operation on the electrified portion of the Northeast Corridor was split between the Budd Metroliner electric multiple units and PRR GG1 locomotives. The latter were over 35 years old and restricted to . Amtrak faced a choice with the GG1s: completely rebuild the fleet, or replace them with a new locomotive. While no United States manufacturer had a dedicated electric passenger locomotive in its catalog, GE was proposing a passenger version of the E60C before the BM&LP locomotives even entered service. Importing and adapting a European locomotive would require a three-year lead time; GE promised delivery within a year. With few other options, Amtrak turned to GE to adapt the E60C for passenger service.
Amtrak ordered 26 E60s in 1973; 15 on March 26, 1973, and a further 11 on October 12. The total cost of the order was $18.4 million. The initial order was for 15 locomotives with steam generators and 11 with head-end power, but 9 of the first type were switched to using head-end power as Amtrak ramped up acquisition of Amfleet cars. Amtrak anticipated that E60-hauled Amfleet trains could displace both the GG1s and the mechanically-unreliable Metroliners.
The E60s began arriving in November 1974; they were the first locomotives to carry Amtrak's new Phase II livery. Problems soon developed, as the locomotives yawed sideways when accelerating, stressing the rails. The National Transportation Safety Board investigation after a derailment at Elkton, Maryland on February 24, 1975, revealed problems with the truck and bolster design. The Federal Railroad Administration restricted the maximum speed of the E60s to . While Amtrak accepted the locomotives and publicly expressed "confidence" that they would be cleared for operation, it also arranged for a trial of the Swedish-built four-axle Rc4 electric locomotive. The problems with the E60 persisted into 1977, at which point Amtrak developed the specification for a locomotive based on the Rc4 design. In 1977–78 Amtrak ordered the first of 53 EMD AEM-7s, a twin-cab B-B electric locomotive produced by Electro-Motive Division.
As the AEM-7s arrived Amtrak began disposing of its E60s. It sold two E60CHs to the Navajo Mine Railroad in 1982. A grant from the Urban Mass Transit Administration enabled New Jersey Transit to buy ten of the E60CHs in 1984 for use on the North Jersey Coast Line. Between 1986 and 1988, those E60s that remained with Amtrak were rebuilt, reclassified and renumbered. All E60CPs had their steam generators removed and four of these had HEP fitted. Those with HEP, both the E60CHs and the converted E60CPs, were rebuilt and renumbered as E60MA in the 600 series. The locomotives were regeared for a maximum speed of . When the E60s returned to service, they were used on heavy, long-distance trains, such as the New York–New Orleans Crescent, the New York–Florida Silver Service, and the Washington, D.C.–Montreal Montrealer. They could also be found in push–pull service on the Keystone Service trains in the late 1980s.
New Jersey Transit began buying ABB ALP-44s, an improved version of the EMD AEM-7 from Asea Brown Boveri, in 1990. It would acquire 32 altogether by the end of 1996. The E60 was off the New Jersey Transit roster by 1998. No. 958 was preserved by the United Railroad Historical Society of New Jersey. All Amtrak E60s were retired in 2003. In April 2004, the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania acquired No. 603 for preservation.
Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México
The single largest order of E60Cs was by Ferrocarriles Nacionales de México (NdeM), the national railroad of Mexico. NdeM ordered 39 E60C-2 locomotives, built between 1982 and 1983. NdeM intended to use the locomotives on a new railway line between Mexico City and Querétaro. The line operated from 1994 to 1997; many locomotives never ran in revenue service. After privatization in 1997, Transportación Ferroviaria Mexicana (TFM) dismantled the electrification. The locomotives were made available for sale; eight were still owned by GE and, never delivered, stored in Brownsville, Texas. The availability of several dozen lightly used electric locomotives sparked interest from several commuter operators, including Caltrain in the San Francisco Bay Area and GO Transit in Toronto.
TFM traded 22 of the E60C-2s to GE for GE AC4400CW diesel locomotives. Three were sold to Texas Utilities to serve the company's Martin Lake Line, displacing GE E25Bs. They lasted in service until the end of electrified operations in 2011. EMD SD50 diesel locomotives replaced them. The E25Bs, smaller versions of the E60, had been in use since 1976. Another six went to the Black Mesa and Lake Powell, replacing its aging E60Cs. Five went to the Deseret Power Railroad. Texas Utilities discontinued electric operation in January 2011.
Deseret-Western Railway
In addition to the 39 locomotives delivered to NdeM, GE built two E60C-2s for the Deseret-Western Railway. The Deseret-Western, like the Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad, is a dedicated line hauling coal between a mine and a power station. The line opened in 1984. The Deseret-Western, now called the Deseret Power Railroad, supplemented its fleet with two ex-NdeM locomotives in the late 1990s, and another three in the 2000s.
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
NdeM E60C-2 Photo Gallery by Jorge Luna Helú
Amtrak locomotives
E60
C-C locomotives
11 kV AC locomotives
25 kV AC locomotives
50 kV AC locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Electric locomotives of the United States
Preserved electric locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1972 |
4000241 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie-Jill%20Laflin | Bonnie-Jill Laflin | Bonnie-Jill Laflin (born March 15, 1976) is an American actress, model, television personality and sportscaster. Laflin has also worked as an actress and most notably as a scout for the Los Angeles Lakers, making her the league's first female scout. She was also assistant general manager of the Lakers NBA Development League team.
Biography
Laflin grew up in San Francisco, California, the daughter of a law enforcement officer and began modeling as a child with her mother. She started dancing at age 2 and studied with the San Francisco Ballet. She first gained public attention as a cheerleader with the Golden State Warriors of the NBA and is a former San Francisco 49ers and Dallas Cowboys Cheerleader in the National Football League, earning a Super Bowl ring with the 49ers
Laflin's work as a cheerleader and model helped her into television with recurring roles on Baywatch in the 1998–1999 season and Ally McBeal in 2000. She then became a TV personality, hosting Spike TV's Hotlines and ESPN's United Rockcrawling & Off-Road Challenge Series. Laflin was also a correspondent for Prime 9 News with KCAL-TV in Los Angeles, California, (2003), and a correspondent for ESPN's Cold Pizza. Her accolades in the sports industry also include broadcasting jobs for CBS, Fox, BBC and NFL Network. She is the creator and host of a basketball TV show for China, Muho TV (spoken in English with Chinese subtitles). Laflin played Dierks Bentley's love interest in CMT's 2005 Sexiest Video of the Year, "Come a Little Closer". In 2005, she appeared as one of the suitcase-holding models during the airing of the opening week of Deal or No Deal on NBC. Laflin was ranked #89 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2005. She has also worked as a model for Frederick's of Hollywood and Venus Swimwear, and her print campaigns include Coors Light, Bacardi, Wrangler, FedEx, McDonald's Doritos, Carl's Jr and Nike And currently an ambassador and host for Air Jordan, Laflin has been featured in several magazines including FHM, Maxim, GQ, Sports Illustrated, ESPN the Magazine, Women's Health, Fitness RX, Origin and New Beauty. She was named among the Top Hooters Girls as part of the restaurant chain's 25th anniversary in 2008. Laflin was a cast member on season 6 of VH1's Basketball Wives.
Laflin has worked with the Los Angeles Lakers as a professional basketball scout, making her the league's first female scout, and as one of the two assistant general managers of the Lakers' developmental team, the Los Angeles D-Fenders. She received 5 NBA Championship rings during her time with the Lakers. On March 7, 2012, she announced that she and Kareem Rush would pair up in a fantasy basketball sports radio program on SiriusXM named The Rush Hour. The show launched on October 23, 2012; the show was renewed for 2013. Laflin's other radio shows include Playboy Fantasy Football on Sirius/XM and University of Texas pre- and post-football game shows for ESPN Austin. Laflin has appeared on the ABC game show To Tell The Truth "and was a guest on Larry King Now
Laflin currently hosts "Bonnie-Jill Laflin's The Weekly Pass" on Afterbuzz TV, the first ever sports show on the network. Since September 2018 she is now a regular host on KNBR's Murph and Mac show. As of March 2019 she is concurrently also a television on air host and reporter for NBC Sports Bay Area.
Charity work
In 2010, Laflin founded the charity Hounds and Heroes, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit dedicated to raising funds for military veterans, first responders and animals. She has traveled all over the world on 18 United Service Organizations and Goodwill Tours, including 8 to Iraq and Afghanistan, supporting the United States Armed Forces.
Clothing line
Laflin has a clothing line, DoublePlay Sportswear, a women's sports apparel company.
Personal life
Laflin has rescued many domestic and farm animals that live on her parents' ranch.
She is a competitive barrel racer.
References
External links
Interview with AskMen.com
"Former NFL Players Join Troops in Iraq" By Pfc. Cassandra Groce, USA / Special to American Forces Press Service, AmericaSupportsYou.mil, Tikrit, Iraq, February 7, 2006.
1975 births
Living people
American television actresses
Television personalities from San Francisco
American women television personalities
American basketball scouts
Female models from California
National Football League cheerleaders
Actresses from San Francisco
American cheerleaders
American film actresses
National Basketball Association cheerleaders
Los Angeles Lakers scouts
University of Texas at Austin alumni
20th-century American actresses
21st-century American actresses |
5394157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyip | Minyip | Minyip is a town in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia, north west of Melbourne. It is in the Shire of Yarriambiack local government area. At the , Minyip had a population of 524.
The name "Minyip" is derived from an Aboriginal word for "ashes" or "camping place".
The town is known as the "Heart of the Wheat Belt". Dryland agriculture especially grain production and handling is one of the region's major industries.
History
The area was first settled by European selectors in about 1872. The town became a rail-head when the railway arrived from Murtoa in 1886. A grain shed was used to store local wheat until silos were built in 1939–40.
The town's courthouse dates from 1886 and the old office of the local newspaper The Guardian (1885) has been converted into an historical research centre by the local historical society. The Club Hotel (1907) and the Commercial Hotel (1908) are Edwardian buildings with wrought-iron lacework and leadlight windows. Violet's General Store dates from 1897.
Minyip Post Office opened on 1 May 1875.
There was a branch of the Commercial Bank of Australia in Minyip by 1891. The Colonial Bank of Australasia had a branch in the town by 1902.
Scots-born Aboriginal rights activist and medical doctor Charles Duguid and his first wife, Irene, lived in Minyip for about 2 years after their marriage in 1912. He practised as a general practitioner during this time.
The Minyip Magistrates' Court closed on 1 January 1983.
An agricultural show was held in Minyip between 1887 and 2018, but was ceased due to an inability to gather a committee to run it.
St John's Lutheran Church
The German Lutherans, fleeing religious persecution, came to the area around Minyip in the mid-to-late nineteenth century. One group formed at the tiny village of Kirchheim, south-west of Minyip. They built a weatherboard church there in 1875 but it was destroyed by a violent storm in 1889. This led to the construction, in that same year, of the present timber building. In 1935 this building, which had an estimated weight of 50 tons, was moved by steam traction engine to its present site on the corner of Church and Carrol Streets. It took three days to move the structure the from its original foundations. On the way it very nearly toppled over when it reached a rabbit warren and the weight caused the warren to collapse.
St John's is a Gothic design which retains its fine octagonal steeple with belfry, 19th-century pipe organ, stained-glass lancet windows and pews, although the men no longer sit on the opposite side of the aisle to the women.
Today
Minyip was the filming location for exterior scenes in the television series The Flying Doctors, representing the fictional outback town of Coopers Crossing. The Flying Doctors' headquarters, Cooper's Crossing Garage, and Majestic Hotel are all located on the main street of the town and still visit-able. However, they now have alternative uses as the Minyip Senior Citizen's Centre, Emma's Cafe and The Club Hotel respectively and a Men's Shed. As of 2021, the Club Hotel no longer operates as a hotel, and is instead home to Shammy's Cafe. In the Club Hotel, there is a room filled with Flying Doctors' memorabilia including signed scripts and props from the shows.
The town has an Australian rules football team, The Minyip/Murtoa Kookaburras, competing in the Wimmera Football League.
Main Street currently boasts an IGA supermarket, post office/pharmacy, cafe & takeaway, butcher, a second hand/op shop, Plants Artz, a caravan park, art and craft groups and one operating hotel – the Commercial Hotel, now known as the Minyip Hotel. The Club Hotel is currently closed.
The children of Minyip attend a local kindergarten and primary school. There is a branch of WWHS on Church Street with a doctor from Tristar in attendance once a week and a nurse on full-time. Minyip is also the home of the Dunmunkle Lodge Retirement Village.
Golfers play at the course of the Minyip Golf Club on Ubergangs Road each Sunday & Wednesday. There is also a bowling green, and an outdoor swimming pool.
The Minyip Lions Club is very active, as is the Historical Society. There are numerous plaques displaying the history of the town, with the biggest concentration being in the town square and outside the Senior Citizen's Centre.
Minyip hosts an annual car and motorcycle show, the Minyip Show and Shine, which has been held in the town since 2018.
Gallery
References
External links
Towns in Victoria (Australia)
Wimmera |
5394159 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Kines | Joe Kines | Joe Kines (born July 13, 1944) is a former American football player and coach. He spent most of his coaching career as an assistant in college football ranks, and twice serving as an interim head coach: in 1992 at the University of Arkansas after the firing of Jack Crowe after Arkansas's first game, and in 2006 at the University of Alabama after the dismissal of Mike Shula where he also made his memorable halftime interview at the Independence Bowl.
Early life
Kines was born on July 13, 1944 in a train car that was en route from Cedartown, Georgia to Piedmont, Alabama. He holds both bachelor's and master's degree's from Jacksonville State University. Kines is married to the former Rubye Bell and they have one daughter, Susan Kines Langston, who was killed in a car crash on June 28, 2010 and two grandsons that survived the crash.
Coaching career
Kines began his coaching career at his alma mater, where he served as assistant coach and defensive coordinator through the 1976 season. In 1977, he received an offer to coach linebackers at Clemson University, where he coached for the next two seasons. In 1979, Kines became linebackers coach at the University of Florida under Charley Pell. There he spent two years as the linebackers coach, and was promoted to defensive coordinator in 1981. In 1985 and 1986, Kines was the defensive coordinator and inside linebackers coach at the University of Alabama before leaving with Ray Perkins to the NFL’s Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He served as the Buccaneers' linebacker coach from 1987 to 1990. Kines returned to college coaching in 1991 as the defensive coordinator at the University of Arkansas and was promoted to interim head coach of the Razorbacks in 1992 when Jack Crowe was fired following a season-opening loss to The Citadel. He guided the Razorbacks to a 45–7 victory over South Carolina in his first game after taking over for Crowe, and closed the season with a 30–6 rout of arch-rival LSU in the first game between the schools since the Cotton Bowl Classic following the 1965 season.
Kines was Arkansas’ assistant head coach and defensive coordinator from 1993 to 1994 under Danny Ford before moving on to the University of Georgia, where he served as the Bulldogs’ defensive coordinator from 1995 to 1998 and as assistant head coach in 1999. He also coached the defensive ends while at Georgia. In 2000, Kines left Georgia to become linebackers coach at Florida State University under head coach Bobby Bowden.
Kines returned as defensive coordinator at the University of Alabama in 2003 and remained in that position until head coach Mike Shula was fired on November 27, 2006. In 2005, he was named a finalist for the Broyles Award, given annually to the nation's top college football assistant coach. Kines was named interim head coach and guided Alabama in the Independence Bowl where they lost to Oklahoma State, 34–31. New Alabama head coach Nick Saban did not retain any of Shula's staff; however, Kines was hired as an officer with Tide Pride, which is responsible for helping to fund scholarships, generating revenue for capital improvements, and supporting the "Million Dollar Band", among other activities.
On February 13, 2008, Texas A&M head coach Mike Sherman hired Kines to be his defensive coordinator and assistant head coach. Kines initially did not show interest to the position, but after he exchanged words with Sherman in an interview, he accepted. Kines has called the Aggie defensive squad "awful, and that's being real polite" in the 2008 preseason. Aggie safeties coach Van Malone praised him as being a great communicator: "He's one of the greatest communicators I've ever been around, and if you can communicate with them, that's all these kids want." He won't say a cuss word, but when you're not doing it the way he wants it, you feel like you've been cursed out." Kines retired at the conclusion of the Aggies' 2009 season.
Head coaching record
*Jack Crowe coached the first game of the season.
**Mike Shula coached the first 12 games of the season.
References
1944 births
Living people
Alabama Crimson Tide football coaches
Arkansas Razorbacks football coaches
Clemson Tigers football coaches
Florida Gators football coaches
Florida State Seminoles football coaches
Georgia Bulldogs football coaches
Jacksonville State Gamecocks football coaches
Jacksonville State Gamecocks football players
People from the Anniston–Oxford metropolitan area
Tampa Bay Buccaneers coaches
Texas A&M Aggies football coaches |
4000254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%20Highway%20163 | Iowa Highway 163 | Iowa Highway 163 (Iowa 163) is a state highway that travels from U.S. Highway 69 in Des Moines to US 63 near Oskaloosa. The Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT) has signed Iowa 163 from Oskaloosa to Burlington along US 63 and US 34, but it does not officially recognize those sections of road as part of the route.
Iowa 163 is a divided highway with some freeway sections for most of its length and serves as a connector between Des Moines with Burlington.
Route description
Iowa Highway 163 begins at the corner of E. 14th Street, which carries U.S. Highway 69 (US 69), and E. University Avenue in Des Moines. It heads east along E. University traveling to Interstate 235 (I-235). There is no direct access to eastbound I-235 from eastbound Iowa 163. Traffic must take E. 21st Street to Easton Boulevard to access eastbound I-235. Highway 163 continues east past the Iowa State Fairgrounds on its way to Pleasant Hill where it meets U.S. Highway 65 at a diamond interchange.
It continues east and meets Iowa Highway 117 near Prairie City. It turns southeast and meets Iowa Highway 14 near Monroe. It continues southeast, passes Pella, then continues southeast, meeting Iowa Highway 92 west of Oskaloosa before intersecting U.S. Highway 63 south of that city.
The Iowa 163 designation is then extended along U.S. Highway 63 between Oskaloosa and Ottumwa, and U.S. Highway 34 between Ottumwa and Burlington.
History
In 1926, when U.S. Highway 63 was formed, it followed the route of what became Iowa Highway 163. After U.S. 63 was extended north into Minnesota and Wisconsin in 1934, the route then became U.S. Highway 163. In 1937, US 163 was deleted and was replaced by Iowa Highway 163. In 1970, the US 163 designation was reused for an unrelated highway in Utah and Arizona.
Iowa Highway 163 was originally a two-lane road. In the 1970s the highway was divided through Polk County east of Pleasant Hill. During the 1990s, the highway began to emerge from a two-lane highway to a four-lane highway as part of an ongoing project to create a continuous four-lane highway from Des Moines to Burlington. The segments of 163 in rural areas were converted to four lanes, but the main highway still went through the city centers. That would soon change as bypasses were constructed around the towns along the route. The first freeway bypass, with three interchanges, opened around Pella on October 17, 1994. Bypasses of Monroe, Iowa (with two interchanges), Prairie City, Iowa (with one interchange and one turnoff), Otley, Iowa (with two turnoffs), and Oskaloosa, Iowa (with two interchanges) were later constructed. The last four-lane segment opened between Pella and Oskaloosa on September 30, 1999. Today 163 is divided its entire length, except for short stretches of undivided highway in the Des Moines area.
In October 2009, Iowa 163 was extended along the completed freeway from Oskaloosa to Burlington, overlapping both U.S. Highway 63 and U.S. Highway 34.
Exit list
Related route
Iowa Highway 163 Business serves Pella, following the old alignment of Iowa 163 through Pella.
References
External links
The Iowa Highways Page
163
Transportation in Des Moines, Iowa
Transportation in Polk County, Iowa
Transportation in Jasper County, Iowa
Transportation in Wapello County, Iowa
Transportation in Jefferson County, Iowa
Transportation in Henry County, Iowa
Transportation in Des Moines County, Iowa
U.S. Route 63 |
4000292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Seely%20Brown | John Seely Brown | John Seely Brown (born 1940), also known as "JSB", is an American researcher who specializes in organizational studies with a particular bend towards the organizational implications of computer-supported activities. Brown served as Director of Xerox PARC from 1990 to 2000 and as Chief Scientist at Xerox from 1992 to 2002; during this time the company played a leading role in the development of numerous influential computer technologies. Brown is the co-author of The Social Life of Information, a 2000 book which analyzes the adoption of information technologies.
Early life
John Seely Brown was born in 1940 in Utica, New York.
Brown graduated from Brown University in 1962 with degrees in physics and mathematics. He received a Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in computer and communication sciences in 1970.
Career
His research interests include the management of radical innovation, digital culture, ubiquitous computing, autonomous computing and organizational learning. JSB is also the namesake of John Seely Brown Symposium on Technology and Society, held at the University of Michigan School of Information. The first JSB symposium in 2000 featured a lecture by Stanford Professor of Law Lawrence Lessig, titled "Architecting Innovation," and a panel discussion, "The Implications of Open Source Software," featuring Brown, Lessig and the William D. Hamilton Collegiate Professor of Complex Systems at SI, Michael D. Cohen. Subsequent events were held in 2002, 2006 and 2008.
He has held several positions and roles, including:
Independent co-chair of the Deloitte Center for Edge Innovation (present)
Senior fellow, Annenberg Center for Communication at USC (present)
Chief scientist of Xerox Corporation (1992 – April 2002)
Director of the Xerox PARC research center (1990 – June 2000)
Cofounder of the Institute for Research on Learning
Board member of multiple companies, including Amazon, Corning, MacArthur Foundation and Polycom
Advisory board member of several private companies, including Innovation Exchange and H5
Former board member of In-Q-Tel
Honors
IRI Medal from the Industrial Research Institute, 1999
Design Futures Council Senior Fellow
Honorary degrees
Publications
John Seely Brown, Douglas Thomas, A New Culture of Learning: Cultivating the Imagination for a World of Constant Change, CreateSpace 2011. .
John Seely Brown, Foreword, in: Toru Iiyoshi M.S. Vijay Kumar, Opening Up Education: The Collective Advancement of Education through Open Technology, Open Content, and Open Knowledge, The MIT Press 2010. .
John Seely Brown, John Hagel III, Lang Davison, The Power of Pull: How Small Moves, Smartly Made, Can Set Big Things In Motion, Basic Books 2010. .
John Seely Brown, John Hagel III, How World Of Warcraft Promotes Innovation; in: Willms Buhse/Ulrike Reinhard: Wenn Anzugträger auf Kapuzenpullis treffen (When Suits meet Hoodies), whois-Verlag 2009. .
John Seely Brown, John Hagel III, The Only Sustainable Edge: Why Business Strategy Depends On Productive Friction And Dynamic Specialization, Harvard Business Review Press 2005. .
John Seely Brown, Stephen Denning, Katalina Groh, Laurence Prusak, Storytelling in Organizations: Why Storytelling Is Transforming 21st Century Organizations and Management, Butterworth-Heinemann 2004. .
John Seely Brown, John Hagel III, Out of The Box: Strategies for Achieving Profits Today and Growth Tomorrow Through Web Services, Harvard Business Press 2002.
John Seely Brown, Paul Duguid, The Social Life of Information, Harvard Business Review Press 2000. .
John Seely Brown (Ed.), Seeing Differently: Insights on Innovation, Harvard Business Press 1997.
John Seely Brown, Research that Reinvents the Corporation, Harvard Business Review 1991.
John Seely Brown, D. Sleemann (Eds.), Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Academic Press 1982.
More than 100 papers in academic journals
Translated work
John Seely Brown, Douglas Thomas, Yeni nesil öğrenme kültürü: Sürekli değişen bir dünya için hayal gücü yetiştirmek (H. Uysal, Ed. & Trans.; A. Sığın, İ. Çelik, H. Çakmakcı, M. Özdemir, S. Bilgin, & A. Güven, Trans.), Pegem Akademi 2016 (Original work published 2011).
References
External links
John Seely Brown's website
Living people
21st-century American engineers
Ubiquitous computing researchers
Human–computer interaction researchers
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Amazon (company) people
1940 births
Scientists at PARC (company)
Brown University alumni |
5394169 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Sussex%20County%20Council%20elections | West Sussex County Council elections | West Sussex County Council in England is elected every four years.
Political control
Since 1973 political control of the council has been held by the following parties:
Council elections
1997 West Sussex County Council election
2001 West Sussex County Council election
2005 West Sussex County Council election (boundary changes reduced the number of seats by 1)
2009 West Sussex County Council election
2013 West Sussex County Council election
2017 West Sussex County Council election
2021 West Sussex County Council election
By-election results
1993-1997
1997-2001
2001-2005
2005-2009
2009-2013
2013-2017
2017-2021
References
By-election results
External links
West Sussex County Council
Politics of West Sussex
Council elections in West Sussex
County council elections in England |
5394171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandhya%20Mridul | Sandhya Mridul | Sandhya Mridul (born 28 March 1975) is an Indian actress who appears in Bollywood films and television. She is most known for her roles in films like Saathiya (2002) and Page 3 (2005) and was first runner up on the reality dance show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (Season 2) (2007).
Early life
Sandhya, also called 'Sandy', was born in Mumbai to P. R. Mridul and his wife. Later, the family moved to New Delhi. At age ten, she left home to attend school at Maharani Gayatri Devi Girls' Public School in Jaipur. She later attended Mater Dei Convent School in New Delhi. At age 14, her father, a lawyer and later a judge of the high court, died and she was brought up by her elder brother Siddharth Mridul who is a sitting judge of Delhi High Court. She has another elder brother named Pankaj.
She attended Lady Sriram College, Delhi. She graduated in Mathematics, did her post graduation in marketing and went on to do a corporate job with KLM in Mumbai.
Career
Mridul first arrived back in Mumbai to be a marketing executive. She first started her career with the popular TV serial Swabhimaan. After that, additional roles followed in serials like Banegi Apni Baat, Koshish and Hu Ba Hu.
She made her breakthrough in movies with Yash Raj Films, in Saathiya in 2002. It was critically and commercially successful and critics appreciated her performance. Her character Dina was an important supporting role that got her noticed.
She also appeared in Extraa Innings, the programme during the Cricket World Cup 2003.
In 2004, she acted in Pratap Sharma's Zen Katha, a play based on the life of Buddha in Mumbai opposite Rajeev Gopalkrishnan.
Mridul's show Koshish Ek Asha in which she played the role of the female protagonist has been dubbed in Chinese; in 2005, it was telecast in China. Through this show, Sandhya became a household name in China.
She decided to walk away from television soap operas because the roles felt repetitive. Of her decision, she remarked, "If you want to play the protagonist these days, you have to be the bahu. I'm not ready to do that again. I can't be wearing heavy saris with dark pink lipstick all my life."
In 2005 she starred in Page 3 with Konkona Sen Sharma and Tara Sharma. She played an air hostess. Her performance was again praised by the critics and the film was a hit at the box office.
Since 2006, she has focused exclusively on film roles. She played Maya, a restless soul who keeps on moving in and out of things in an off-beat film called Strings. She acted in 13th Floor, an interesting story of two people stuck in lift on the 13th floor. As a trained Bharatnatyam dancer, Sandhya's desire to show her dancing skills is being fulfilled in Chowki. In Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd., she plays a wife stuck in a marriage with a gay man. In the thriller Deadline: Sirf 24 Ghante by Tanvir Khan, she acts with Irfan Khan. In The Great Indian Butterfly, she shows her talent in how a young Indian couple climbing the ladder of the corporate rat race.
Her versatility and her penchant for taking non-conformist roles have made her a darling of cross-over films. She proved her talent again in another off-beat film called Via Darjeeling in which she plays an alcoholic. "I would like to step into the shoes that Smita Patil left behind", says Mridul about where she sees herself in the Bollywood acting space.
She was judged the runner-up at the popular dance show Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (Season 2). This decision did court some controversy since judge Urmila Matondkar declared that Mridul should have won. There were allegations of rigging and interference on the decision to declare Prachi Desai the winner of the show. Mridul said of the decision, "Don't tell me that I lost. Like I have said before, you lose only when you lose heart, and I haven't. I may have only lost out on a trophy and cash but I have won many hearts."
In 2008, she served as a member of the jury in the 14th Television Festival held in Shanghai. She was youngest and lone Indian in the festival. In 2014, Sandhya worked in Ragini MMS 2, in which she kissed Sunny Leone.
In 2016, she is portraying the role of Nazneen Khan in POW Bandhi Yudh Ki, mother of two children who single-handedly brings them up while her husband Imaan Khan (played by Satyadeep Misra) is missing in action since the Kargil War.
Filmography
Unreleased films
Awards
References
External links
Official Site
Unconventionally yours, Sandhya Mridul The Times of India
Indian film actresses
Indian television actresses
Living people
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses from New Delhi
1975 births
Actresses from Mumbai
20th-century Indian actresses
21st-century Indian actresses |
5394190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villaluenga%20del%20Rosario | Villaluenga del Rosario | Villaluenga del Rosario is a village located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city has a population of 481 inhabitants. It is located down Navazo Alto mountain, within the Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park. The village is famous for its payoyo cheese, first produced in 1996 from the milk of the local, endangered Payoya goat.
Demographics
Gallery
References
External links
Villaluenga del Rosario - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz |
4000307 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Stabile | Nick Stabile | Nick Stabile (born March 4, 1971) is a British-American television and film actor. He is most known for playing Richard in Pinocchio's Revenge, Jesse Miller in Bride of Chucky, Mr. Garrison with the performing voice in South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, and Private Murphy in 28 Days Later
Career
Stabile played Gabe Capshaw on the show, Saints and Sinners. He is well known for playing the role of Richard in the slasher film Pinocchio's Revenge and the role of Jesse (Katherine Heigl's on-screen boyfriend) in the slasher film Bride of Chucky. He also played the performing voice of the school teacher Mr. Garrison from the 1999 adult animated comedy film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut and Private Murphy from the 2003 horror film 28 Days Later and Mark Wolper on the now-defunct NBC soap Sunset Beach from the show's premiere in January 1997 until January 1998 when his character was killed off. In 2000, Stabile took on the role of Dennis Wilson in The Beach Boys: An American Family. He played the lead role in Santa, Jr., a film released in 2002. Stabile also portrayed the role of Nicholas Foxworth "Fox" Crane on another NBC soap, Passions on a temporary basis from August to September 2004. During this time, Justin Hartley (the original Fox) was on paternity leave with wife Lindsay Hartley.
He then played Dean Hartman on Days of Our Lives from June 2009 to September 2009. As of 2010, he has made appearances on The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, notably with Camille Grammer, ex-wife of Kelsey Grammer.
On June 17, 2016, Stabile began portraying Nikolas Cassadine on General Hospital, temporarily filling in for Tyler Christopher, the other films such as Ben Schwartz, Macaulay Culkin, Jacob Tremblay, Dick Beals, Sonia Manzano, Gwen Stefani, John Murphy, Miko Hughes, Monica Keena, Cillian Murphy, Helena Bonham Carter, Robert Zemeckis, Jackie Earle Haley, and Christopher Thomas.
Personal life
In 2006, Stabile married actress Tricia Small. They have a daughter, Ella Grace, born in 2008.
Filmography
Film
Television
References
External links
Living people
American male film actors
American male television actors
1971 births |
4000316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apex%20Mountain%20Resort | Apex Mountain Resort | Apex Mountain Resort is a ski resort in southwestern Canada, located in the Okanagan region on Beaconsfield Mountain, just west of Penticton, British Columbia. Its first Pomalift was installed in 1961, with a vertical rise of .
Beaconsfield Mountain has a summit elevation of above sea level and receives an average of of snow a year. It has of groomed, skiable terrain, of backcountry skiing terrain, and of groomed cross-country terrain. There are 79 named trails accessed by four chairlifts, including one high-speed quad. The resort also offers four terrain parks and a tube park. Apex currently operates twelve snow guns that provide top-to-bottom snowmaking capability.
The mountain's main accommodation providers include Stay at Apex, Apex Lodge, and Apex Mountain Inn. Other activities that the resort provides include a skating loop and a hockey rink. Nearby, Nickel Plate Nordic Centre also offers snowshoeing and cross-country skiing.
Runs (by lift and difficulty):
Stocks Triple Chair:
Beginner: Whipsaw, Finger, Dude-Ney Trail, Village Traverse, Easy Out, Greenhorn's Traverse, Stock's Traverse
Intermediate: Maverick, Stagecoach, Lucky Strike, Sluice Box, Gambit, Lower Gambit, Motherlode, Little Joe, Sweet Louise
Advanced: Window
Quickdraw Express Quad:
Beginner: Grandfather's Trail
Intermediate: Ben's Run, Wild Bill, Ridge Run, Juniper, 97C, Dawdler 1, Dawdler 2, Wildly Easy (Wildside), Easy Out (Wildside)
Advanced: Sun Bowl, West Bank, The Pit, The Great Wall, Toilet Bowl, Essendale, Grouse Gulch, Tongue, Hanks, Showboat, Highway 97, Face, Poma, Chute, K, K2, Magnum, Buckshot, Winchester, Golden Eagle, Shootout (Wildside), Gun Slinger (Wildside), Grandmother's Trail (Wildside), Hang’em High (Wildside), Lower Hang’em High (Wildside), Jackpot (Wildside), Showdown (Wildside), Bob's Run (Wildside), Glades (Wildside)
Expert: Tooth Tusk, Sweet Sue, Gromit, Gunbarrel, 22, Pea Shooter, Make My Day, Dirty Harry
T-Bar:
Beginner: Rookies Trail, Chicken Finger
Intermediate: Adrian's Alley, Spruce Hollow, Old Mill, Okanagan Run, Wishbone, Okanagan Night Park
Advanced: Andi's Alley, Kristi's
Terrain Parks: Skier/Boarder Cross, Claim Jumper, Prospector, Terrain Park
Magic Carpet (conveyor lift):
Beginner: Easy Rider
Tube Runs: Tube Park
See also
List of ski areas and resorts in Canada
References
External links
www.stayatapex.com - Apex Accommodations - Apex Mountain Resort's primary accommodation provider
www.apexmountaininn.com - Apex Mountain only Full Service Hotel
Apex Mountain Resort - Official site
Apex Ski Area Information on SnowGuide.org
Ski areas and resorts in the Okanagan
Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen |
4000323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Tomalaris | Mike Tomalaris | Michael Tomalaris is an Australian television reporter and presenter. He has previously been host of SBS Television's programs including the Tour de France coverage.
He has also previously been a member of the presentation team at the network's flagship SBS World News.
Tomalaris is one of the longest-serving members of the team behind SBS Sports and is the anchor fronting the Australian public television broadcaster's cycling programs. After working on such events as the 1992 and 1996 UEFA European Football Championship and the 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006 and 2010 FIFA World Cup tournaments as reporter and host, he has since focused on developing the network's Tour de France coverage. He was recognised by the Australian Sports Commission for "Most Outstanding Contribution to a Sport by an Individual" at the 2011 annual awards.
Career
His break into television was in 1987 when Les Murray asked him to provide commentary for a National Soccer League match and, after working initially in print journalism, Tomalaris returned to SBS full-time in 1992 and became recognised as a commentator for NSL games, Socceroos and Olyroos international broadcasts.
Through SBS he has raised cycling's profile by initially covering the now defunct Commonwealth Bank Cycle Classic from 1992 and, in 1996, the start of the Tour de France in the Netherlands. He has covered the race for SBS ever since, and is the network's main anchor of its international cycling portfolio which includes events such as the Tour Down Under, the Giro d'Italia, the Vuelta a España the Tour of California and Paris–Roubaix. SBS covered the Tour of Flanders live for the first time in 2011. On Sunday afternoons, he hosts the network's Cycling Central series – the only such program dedicated to the sport.
SBS has received three Logie nominations for "Best Sport Coverage", for its production of the Tour de France.
Tomalaris was a part of the World Sport team – before its demise in 2006 – as a reporter and presenter and combined football commentary with reporting and hosting cycling events. He also covered the 2006 FIFA World Cup and was part of the presentation team for SBS complementary coverage of the Athens Olympic Games in 2004 and Beijing Olympics in 2008. He has been a member of the nightly World News team for several years sharing the duties with Craig Foster. He was one of the hosts for the network's coverage of the 2010 FIFA World Cup and has covered every FIFA World Cup for the network either as a reporter or presenter, since 1994.
In July 2011, SBS enjoyed record viewing numbers as a result of Cadel Evans becoming the first Australian to win the Tour de France.
In 2014, SBS was one of four free-to-air television networks in the world to broadcast every stage of the Giro d'Italia.
Tomolaris instigated and has supported an annual charity bicycle ride, The Johnny Warren Jamberoo Classic, in honour of his former colleague and Socceroos captain Johnny Warren (1943–2004) to raise funds for Chris O'Brien's Lifehouse at Sydney's Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. Tomalaris is a keen cyclist and is patron and member of the Sydney Uni Velo Club.
References
Australian television presenters
Australian sports broadcasters
Australian people of Greek descent
Association football commentators
Cycling journalists
People educated at Sydney Technical High School
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
5394192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinosternon | Kinosternon | Kinosternon is a genus of small aquatic turtles from the Americas known commonly as mud turtles.
Geographic range
They are found in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. The greatest species richness is in Mexico, and only three species (K. dunni, K. leucostomum, and K. scorpioides) are found in South America.
Description
They are very similar to the musk turtles, but generally smaller in size, and their carapaces are not as highly domed.
Diet
All mud turtles are carnivorous, consuming various aquatic invertebrates, fish, and even carrion.
Species
Extant
Central Chiapas mud turtle - K. abaxillare (Baur, 1925)
Tabasco mud turtle - K. acutum Gray, 1831
Alamos mud turtle - K. alamosae Berry & Legler, 1980
Central American mud turtle - K. angustipons Legler, 1965
Striped mud turtle - K. baurii (Garman, 1891)
Jalisco mud turtle - K. chimalhuaca Berry, Seidel, & Iverson, 1996
Cora mud turtle - K. cora Loc-Barragán et al., 2020
Creaser's mud turtle - K. creaseri Hartweg, 1934
Dunn's mud turtle - K. dunni Schmidt, 1947
Durango mud turtle - K. durangoense Iverson, 1979
Yellow mud turtle - K. flavescens (Agassiz, 1857)
Herrera's mud turtle - K. herrerai Stejneger, 1925
Rough-footed mud turtle - K. hirtipes (Wagler, 1830)
Valley of Mexico mud turtle - K. h. hirtipes (Wagler, 1830)
Lake Chapala mud turtle - K. h. chapalaense Iverson, 1981
San Juanico mud turtle - K. h. magdalense Iverson, 1981
Viesca mud turtle - K. h. megacephalum Iverson, 1981 (extinct)
Mexican plateau mud turtle - K. h. murrayi Glass and Hartweg, 1951
Patzcuarco mud turtle - K. h. tarascense Iverson, 1981
Mexican mud turtle - K. integrum (LeConte, 1954)
White-lipped mud turtle - K. leucostomum A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851
Northern white-lipped mud turtle - K. l. leucostomum A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851
Southern white-lipped mud turtle - K. l. postinguinale (Cope, 1887)
Oaxaca mud turtle - K. oaxacae Berry & Iverson, 1980
Scorpion mud turtle - K. scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)
Scorpion mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766)
White-throated mud turtle - K. s. albogulare (A.H.A. Duméril and Bocourt, 1870)
Red-cheeked mud turtle - K. s. cruentatum (A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron & A.H.A. Duméril, 1851)
Sonora mud turtle - K. sonoriense (Le Conte, 1854)
Sonora mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. sonoriense (Le Conte, 1854)
Sonoyta mud turtle - K. s. longifemorale (Iverson, 1981)
Florida mud turtle - K. steindachneri (Siebenrock, 1906)
Arizona mud turtle - K. stejnegeri Gilmore, 1923
Eastern mud turtle - K. subrubrum (Bonnaterre, 1789)
Eastern mud turtle (subspecies) - K. s. subrubrum (Bonnaterre, 1789)
Mississippi mud turtle - K. s. hippocrepis (Bonnaterre, 1789)
Vallarta mud turtle - K. vogti López-Luna et al., 2018
Extinct
†Kinosternon arizonense Gilmore, 1923 (known from Plio-Pleistocene fossil remains, formerly considered conspecific with K. stejnegeri)
References
Bibliography
Turtle genera
Taxa named by Johann Baptist von Spix |
5394198 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village%20cricket | Village cricket | Village cricket is a term, sometimes pejorative, given to the playing of cricket in rural villages in England and Wales. Many villages have their own teams that play at varying levels in local or regional club cricket leagues.
When organised cricket first began in the 17th century, matches were played between rival parishes or villages and this form of competition endured. In representative cricket a team includes players from more than one parish (e.g., a team that represents a county or a country).
Village cricket teams are often made up of local residents only, although some teams' first XI can include players with connections to minor counties cricket clubs and members of the academies of the county cricket club of the county in which the team lies.
Cricket in this form is often played on a village green or other public space instead of a dedicated ground, and the public may spectate.
In many non-professional cricket leagues, the adjective "village" is a descriptor used humorously, self-deprecatingly, or, sometimes, pejoratively to convey a sense of amateurishness of some aspect of the team's (or an individual's) preparation, dress, conduct or play.
Village Cup
The annual National Village Cup competition began in 1972 and each year's competition is covered in detail (particularly the final) in the following Wisden Cricketers' Almanack. The Cricketer magazine is responsible for organising the competition.
It is open to qualifying teams (ie those from villages (not towns) up to a set maximum population - originally 2,500 but has risen to 10,000 - and surrounded by open countryside) from across England, Wales and Scotland. The final is played at Lord's Cricket Ground in London. The competition's headline sponsor has changed often in recent years; the 2017 competition was chiefly sponsored by British milk producers, Watsons.
In popular media
The Midsomer Murders episode "Dead Man's Eleven" has a sub-plot about two village teams playing against each other.
Outside Edge, a 1979 play by Richard Harris about a village cricket team; two TV adaptations were made.
"When an Old Cricketer Leaves the Crease" is a 1975 song by Roy Harper that captures the atmosphere of a village cricket match.
See also
List of English and Welsh cricket league clubs
Cricket in England
Cricket in Wales
Twicket
References
External links
National Village Cup Home
Cricket terminology
Club cricket
Forms of cricket |
5394210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon%20Fishbowl | Amazon Fishbowl | Amazon Fishbowl was a short-lived online talk show on Amazon.com hosted by Bill Maher that featured information and interviews related to recently released books, music, and movies. Amazon Fishbowl debuted on June 1, 2006 and was discontinued in late 2007 after 12 episodes.
An Amazon spokesman said the show was created to eliminate the "separation between the artist discovery experience and the follow-up purchase opportunity".
Format
Amazon Fishbowl followed a traditional talk-show format, with a short comedy monologue, short interview segments and a musical performance, interspersed with Amazon-related promotions. Notable guests Maher interviewed included Rob Thomas, Soul Asylum, Dixie Chicks, Stephen King, and Dashboard Confessional.
References
External links
Internet Archive cache of the Amazon Fishbowl home page
Fishbowl
American non-fiction web series
2006 web series debuts
2007 web series endings |
5394221 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelynack | Kelynack | Kelynack (from , meaning "abundant with holly") is a settlement in west Cornwall, England, UK.
Geography
Kelynack is on the Penwith peninsula approximately four miles (6 km) north north-east of Land's End and one mile (1.6 km) south of St Just. It lies along the B3306 road which connects St Ives to the A30 road, and is the last settlement before the road joins the A30. Kelynack lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Almost a third of Cornwall has AONB designation, with the same status and protection as a National Park. Kelynack is also the name of one of the three school houses at Cape Cornwall School.
History
Kelynack was mentioned in the Domesday Book where it was listed as Chelenoc, and as the Tithing of Kelynack in the Assize Rolls of 1284.
Kelynack Board School () was opened on 2 June 1880 with accommodation for one hundred children. In November 1882 a government inspector reported that the ″scholars are very neat and well-conducted; they are, of course, very backward; but a good beginning has been made.″
Pronounced (KEY – LIE – NACK) or pronounced (KELY (As in rely) – NACK)
Toponymy
First recorded in the Domesday Book as Chelenoc, then Kelkennek (1284), Kellenyek (1286), Kellenek (1300), Kelleynek (1302), Kellenick (1346), Kalynack (1589 and 1732), Killenick (1842). The name means holly grove.
References
External links
Hamlets in Cornwall
St Just in Penwith |
5394236 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Branch | The Branch | The Branch is a river located entirely in the city of Keene, in southwestern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of the Ashuelot River, itself a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound.
While itself a very short river, The Branch is formed by the confluence of the much-longer Otter Brook and Minnewawa Brook and was sometimes considered in the past to be part of Otter Brook. A 1982 decision by the federal Board on Geographic Names established the name "The Branch". Variant names cited by the Board include "Branch of Ashuelot", "Otter Branch", and "Otter Brook".
The Branch is paralleled for its entire length by New Hampshire Route 101.
See also
Stone Arch Bridge (Keene, New Hampshire)
List of rivers of New Hampshire
References
Rivers of New Hampshire
Tributaries of the Connecticut River
Rivers of Cheshire County, New Hampshire |
5394240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villamart%C3%ADn | Villamartín | Villamartín is a city located in the province of Cádiz, Spain. According to the 2005 census, the city has a population of 12,145 inhabitants. It is location of Castle of Matrera.
Demographics
External links
Villamartín - Sistema de Información Multiterritorial de Andalucía
Panorámicas de Villamartín - Panorámicas de Villamartín
Municipalities of the Province of Cádiz |
5394245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%20in%20Wales | 1963 in Wales | This article is about the particular significance of the year 1963 to Wales and its people.
Incumbents
Archbishop of Wales – Edwin Morris, Bishop of Monmouth
Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales – Cynan
Events
February
2 February – Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg holds its historic first protest in Aberystwyth, in the form of a sit-down at Trefechan Bridge.
9 February – The paramilitary Welsh nationalist organisation Mudiad Amddiffyn Cymru plants a bomb at the construction site of the Tryweryn reservoir.
date unknown – A record snowfall of nearly 5 ft (1.5m) occurs at Tredegar in Monmouthshire.
March
6 March – After record freezing weather throughout the winter, it is the first day of the year when there is no frost in Wales.
28 March – Labour Party candidate Neil McBride wins the Swansea East by-election caused by the death of Labour Member of Parliament (MP) David Mort.
June
28 June – Caerphilly railway works closes.
August
August – Mandy Rice-Davies gives evidence at the trial of Stephen Ward, including the famous phrase, "Well, he would, wouldn't he?"
September
16 September – The Western Mail launches a fund-raising campaign to replace a stained glass window to replace the one shattered in the bombing of a church in Birmingham, Alabama, United States, by the Ku Klux Klan on the previous day; the £500 target is reached within days.
Date unknown
Dunraven Castle is demolished.
Arts and literature
The home and cultural centre of Gregynog Hall at Tregynon in Montgomeryshire is given to the University of Wales by owners and art-collectors, Margaret and Gwendoline Davies, granddaughters of Victorian industrialist David Davies.
A scientific journal in the Welsh language, Y Gwyddonydd, is launched.
The Beatles play at Mold 24 January; Cardiff 27 May; Abergavenny 22 June; Rhyl 19–20 July; and Llandudno 12–17 August.
Awards
National Eisteddfod of Wales (held in Llandudno)
National Eisteddfod of Wales: Chair – withheld
National Eisteddfod of Wales: Crown – Tom Parri Jones
National Eisteddfod of Wales: Prose Medal – William Llywelyn Jones
New books
Kenneth O. Morgan – David Lloyd George, Welsh Radical as World Statesman
Bertrand Russell – Essays in Skepticism
R. S. Thomas – The Bread of Truth
Clough Williams-Ellis – Portmeirion, the Place and its Meaning
Music
Arwel Hughes – Pantycelyn (oratorio)
Daniel Jones – The Knife (opera)
Grace Williams – Trumpet Concerto
Film
Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor star in Cleopatra.
Desmond Llewelyn makes his first appearance as "Q" in the James Bond series of films.
Rachel Roberts stars in This Sporting Life
Jack Howells wins the Academy Award for Dylan Thomas at the 35th Academy Awards in the category of Best Documentary Short. As of 2011 it is the only Welsh film to have won an Oscar.
Broadcasting
The ITV franchise Wales (West and North) Television (WWN) (also called "Teledu Cymru") becomes the only company in Independent Television history to go bankrupt, and is taken over by TWW.
Welsh-language television
Heno
English-language television
23 November – The first episode of BBC's new science fiction series Doctor Who, devised by Welshman Terry Nation, is broadcast.
Sport
BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year – Howard Winstone
Births
22 January – Huw Irranca-Davies, politician
27 April – Russell T Davies, television screenwriter
14 May – Andrew Lewis, composer
8 June – Louise Jones, cyclist
15 June – Nigel Walker, athlete and rugby player
28 June – Peter Baynham, comedian
10 July – Ian Lougher, motorcycle racer
August – Rebecca Evans, operatic soprano
15 August (in Wolverhampton) – Simon Hart, politician, Secretary of State for Wales
12 September – Julie Roberts (artist), painter
19 October – Phil Davies, rugby union player
1 November – Mark Hughes, footballer and football manager
28 November – Charles Dale, television actor
7 December – Mark Bowen, footballer
16 December – Hugh Morris, cricketer
19 December – Paul Rhys, actor
28 December – Simon Thomas, politician
Deaths
1 January – David Mort, Labour MP for Swansea East, 74
11 January – Philippa Powys, novelist, 76
13 March – Margaret Davies, philanthropist, 78
15 January – Morgan Phillips, politician, 60
15 March – William Cove, politician, 74
28 March – Alec Templeton, composer, pianist and satirist, 52
15 April – Edward V. Robertson, US senator, 81
25 May – William Lewis, chemist
17 June – John Cowper Powys, novelist, 90
6 July – John Osborn Williams, politician in Newfoundland, 77
29 July – Frank Moody, British boxing champion, 62
11 September – William Richard Williams, civil servant and politician, 68
26 September
Goronwy Owen, politician, 82
Olive Wheeler, educationalist, 77
1 October – Tal Harris, Wales international rugby player, 61
11 October – Emlyn Garner Evans, lawyer and politician, 53
26 October – Horace Evans, royal physician, 60
16 December – Llewellyn Evans, Olympic hockey player, 84
20 December – Reg Skrimshire, Wales and British Lions rugby union player, 85
26 December – Gwynn Parry Jones, singer, 72
30 December – Rees Williams, footballer, 63
See also
1963 in Northern Ireland
Notes
Wales |
5394269 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafi | Jafi | Jafi or JAFI may refer to:
Jewish Agency for Israel
Banawá or Jafí, an indigenous group in Brazil
Jafi language, a language of Brazil
Jafi dialect, a variety of the Sorani language of Iran |
5394271 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrebinsky | Pogrebinsky | Pogrebinsky (also spelled Pogrebinski, Pogrebinskii, and Pogrebinskiy) is a surname of Slavic language origin. The earliest record of "Pogrebinsky" comes from Ukraine. The surname may derive from a place of origin or refer to someone who worked at a graveyard or was involved in burials. In Slavic languages, the prefix "po" indicates "by" or "near" while "grob" may refer to a grave, casket, or cellar.
People with the surname
Alexander Pogrebinsky, American painter
Elliana Pogrebinsky, American ice dancer
Matvei Pogrebinsky, Russian revolutionary
Ukrainian-language surnames |
5394287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Block | Josef Block | Josef Block (27 November 1863 – 20 December 1943) was a German painter.
Life and career
Block was born in Bernstadt an der Weide (Bierutów) in Prussian Silesia. He was a scholar of the Breslau (Wrocław) Art Academy, where his lifelong friendship with German dramatist Gerhart Hauptmann was established. He continued his studies at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts; in the studio of his tutor Professor Bruno Piglhein, Block was involved in painting Piglhein's Jerusalem Panorama. On 29 February 1892, the Society of Visual Artists of Munich was founded in his studio at Munich's Theresienstrasse, which was to be the basis of the Munich Secession, a movement of artists who felt that art was not sufficiently contemporary and open. This happened in preparation for the World Columbian Exposition 1893 in Chicago, where Block won a medal for his painting 'Twilight'.
In 1895 Block married Else Oppenheim, the daughter of banker and councilor of commerce Hugo Otto Oppenheim and a descendant of banker Joseph Mendelssohn. After living in Munich until 1896 he moved to Berlin. He continued painting biblical histories, realistic genre paintings, portraits and still lifes, selling paintings in Germany and the United States. Further expositions include the Grand Berlin Art Exposition and Paul Cassirer's parlor. Block was also a co-founder of the Berlin Secession, a movement similar to the Munich Secession. Other members of the Berlin Secession include Lovis Corinth, Max Liebermann, and Edvard Munch. Block liked traveling and was a passionate photographer. Block was persecuted by the Nazis in 1933, due to his Jewish ancestry, and forced to sell paintings from his collection. His apartment at Derfflinger Str. 16 in Berlin was seized by the Generalbauinspektor under Albert Speer. He died in Berlin in 1943.
Selected works
Christ and the Samaritan (1887)
The last ray of sun (1888)
Bathseba (1889)
The lost son (1890 in Munich, 1891 golden medal in Berlin)
Twilight (realistic interieur, 1893 medal in Chicago)
The new master (Munich Secession 1894)
Adulteress (1897)
Saul and David (1899)
Pietà (1902)
Judith (1904-1905)
South Italian Scene (around 1930)
The scientist (1942)
See also
List of German painters
Notes
Sources
Lorenz, Detlef: Zur Biographie des schlesischen Malers Josef Block. In: Jahrbuch der Schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau 42-44 (2001-2003) [2003], 709-714.
Tschörtner, Heinz Dieter: Gerhart Hauptmanns letzter Jugendfreund Josef Block aus Bernstadt (1863-1943). In: Jahrbuch der Schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau 38/39 (1997/1998) [1998], 773-781.
19th-century German painters
19th-century German male artists
20th-century German painters
20th-century German male artists
People from Bierutów
People from the Province of Silesia
19th-century German Jews
German male painters
Jewish painters
1863 births
1943 deaths
Mendelssohn family
Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni |
5394314 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper%20Lane | Juniper Lane | Juniper Lane is a five-piece rock band from the Washington, DC area. The Washington Post has referred to Juniper Lane as "the total package," playing "polished, radio-ready rock." Washington, D.C.'s entertainment magazine, OnTap, described Juniper Lane's music as being "ready to kick radio and live ass."
The band was founded by vocalist/pianist, Vivion, and guitarist, Chris, who met in college at the University of Virginia and started writing music together after graduating and moving to Washington, D.C. Soon after, the band grew to include drummer Eddie, and bassist Freddy. In 2008, John joined the band. Their debut album, Counting, was released in 1999 and was followed up with Tightrope and Sirens From a Mile Back. Following the release of Sirens, Vivion was involved in a nearly fatal rock-climbing accident. After her recovery, Juniper Lane returned to the studio to record Wake From Yourself, which was released at a sold-out CD release show at the 9:30 Club in 2007.
In July 2008, Coldplay chose Juniper Lane to open for them at the Verizon Center in Washington, DC on August 3, 2008. In 2011, Juniper Lane released an EP of the opening set, showcasing the band's powerful live performance. The EP includes several stand out tracks from "Wake From Yourself," as well as a newly released B-Side, "Static," mixed by Paul David Hager.
As a result of the opportunity to open for Coldplay, famed mixer Michael Brauer (Coldplay, Paul McCartney, John Mayer, The Fray) mixed four new songs Juniper Lane recorded for their fifth album, "Standing on the White Line," with the final six songs of the record being mixed by Paul David Hager (Goo Goo Dolls, Jonas Brothers, Miley Cyrus) and Mitch Easter (R.E.M., Wilco, Suzanne Vega).. The band released the much anticipated "Standing on the White Line" on October 8, 2011.
Juniper Lane's music has been featured on MTV's The Hills, ESPN's Baseball Tonight and NCAA Women's Final Four Coverage. Their songs have also been added to Sirius XM Radio's Flight 26 and XMU channels and spun on commercial and college stations nationwide.
Juniper Lane has toured extensively on the East Coast, including shows at colleges, clubs, and venues such as the 9:30 Club, Recher Theatre, and DC's 99.1 HFStival, as well as performing in-studio for commercial radio and on live television. The band's song-writing has afforded them the opportunity to work with such industry professionals as mixer Michael Brauer, producer Ted Comerford (Zox, Army of Me), Joe Zook (Modest Mouse, Remy Zero, Liz Phair, Anna Nalick), Paul David Hager, and Mitch Easter (R.E.M., Wilco, Suzanne Vega).
References
External links
Official website
American folk rock groups
Indie rock musical groups from Washington, D.C.
Musical groups established in 1998 |
5394326 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Helbig | Don Helbig | Don Helbig (born in Cincinnati, Ohio) is best known as a Kings Island enthusiast who holds several riding records at the park, including a Guinness world record for the most nonconsecutive rides on a roller coaster. He later became the public relations manager for Kings Island in 2007.
, Helbig has taken over 12,000 rides on The Racer, generally recognized as a world record. Helbig was hired as the Kings Island public relations manager in 2007. He has also been a broadcaster and media relations director working in professional ice hockey, winning the American Hockey League's Ken McKenzie Award in 2003. During his years in pro hockey, Helbig worked for the Cincinnati Tigers, Cincinnati Cyclones, Carolina Monarchs, Cincinnati Mighty Ducks and the Albany River Rats. He also spent one season as the broadcaster for the Albany Conquest of the af2.
Helbig began his pursuit of setting records on the Racer on June 15, 1981. Employed at the time as a novelty vendor for the Cincinnati Reds, he found free time during a Major League Baseball strike that lasted nearly two months. Initially, Helbig wanted to attain the single day park record for rides on the Racer, which was previously 96 set in 1976. On August 9, 1981, he broke the record finishing the day with 97 rides. On September 1, 1982, he broke his own record with 111 rides. Years later on September 2, 1987, he established the current record of 112. In addition to the single-day riding record, Helbig also pursued the goal of reaching 10,000 nonconsecutive rides – a feat he accomplished by 1990.
The endeavor brought attention from the national news media on his milestone rides (1,000, 2,000, etc.). Helbig continued to ride the Racer almost daily throughout the 1980s, accruing a single-season high of 2,211 rides in 1982, while mixing in more than 3,000 rides on the legendary Beast roller coaster and enjoying Kings Island's live shows. He is a member of American Coaster Enthusiasts and wrote reviews of amusement park books for the club's quarterly newsletter.
In 2004, Kings Island held a "Don Helbig Day" in honor of his 1,000th visit to the park. Helbig has appeared live on Good Morning America, been on Entertainment Tonight, and has been featured in the pages of numerous newspapers and media outlets including Star Magazine and USA Today.
References
1962 births
Living people
People from Cincinnati
Kings Island |
5394327 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph%20Keyes | Ralph Keyes | Ralph Keyes (born March 1, 1961 in Cork, Ireland) is a retired rugby union player who won eight caps playing at fly-half for the Irish rugby union side.
He made his international test debut at the age of 24 on 1 March 1986 against England in the 1986 Five Nations Championship. It was his last match until selection for the 1991 Rugby World Cup during which he played 4 matches and scored 68 points, the highest of any player during that tournament. He then played three matches in the following years Five Nations Championship before losing his place in the starting line-up.
External links
Ralph Keyes on Sporting Heroes
1961 births
Irish rugby union players
Living people
Rugby union fly-halves
Ireland international rugby union players
RTÉ Sports Person of the Year winners |
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