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3997576 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20K.%20E.%20Bruce | David K. E. Bruce | David Kirkpatrick Este Bruce (February 12, 1898 – December 5, 1977) was an American diplomat, intelligence officer and politician. He served as ambassador to France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the United Kingdom, the only American to be all three.
Background
Bruce was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to William Cabell Bruce and Louise Este (Fisher) Bruce (1864–1945). One of his three brothers was James Cabell Bruce. He studied for a year and a half at Princeton University. He dropped out to serve in the United States Army during World War I. At parental insistence, he then attended the University of Virginia School of Law (1919–1920) and the University of Maryland School of Law (1920–1921) without taking a degree before being admitted to the Maryland bar in November 1921.
Career
State service
Bruce served in the Maryland House of Delegates (1924–1926) and the Virginia House of Delegates (1939–1942).
Federal service
During World War II, Bruce headed the Europe branch of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), a precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which was based in London and coordinated espionage activities behind enemy lines for the United States Armed Forces branches. Other OSS functions included the use of propaganda, subversion, and post-war planning. He observed the invasion of Normandy landing there the day after the initial invasion.
After leaving the OSS at the end of World War II, and before entering the diplomatic field, in 1948–1949 David Bruce was with the Economic Cooperation Administration which administered the Marshall Plan. It was during this time that David Bruce and his new 2nd wife became an early member of the informal Georgetown Set within D.C.
Bruce, as a member of the new President's Board of Consultants on Foreign Intelligence Activities, wrote a secret report on the CIA's covert operations for President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956 that was highly critical of its operation under Allen Dulles's leadership.
Diplomatic service
He served as the United States Ambassador to France from 1949 to 1952, United States Ambassador to West Germany from 1957 to 1959, and United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 1961 to 1969. He was an American envoy at the Paris peace talks between the United States and North Vietnam in 1970 and 1971. Bruce also served as the first United States emissary to the People's Republic of China from 1973 to 1974. He was the ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization from late 1974 to 1976.
Bruce served as the Honorary Chair on the Board of Trustees of the American School in London during his diplomatic career in the United Kingdom.
President John F. Kennedy (1961–1963) appointed Bruce as ambassador to the Court of St James's (i.e. the United Kingdom). After Kennedy's death President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969) kept Bruce but ignored all his recommendations. Bruce sought closer ties with Britain and greater European unity. Bruce's reports regarding Britain's financial condition were pessimistic and alarmist. With regard to Vietnam, Bruce privately questioned U.S. involvement and constantly urged the Johnson administration to allow Britain more of a role in bringing the conflict to an end.
Personal life and death
On May 29, 1926, Bruce married Ailsa Mellon, the daughter of the banker and diplomat Andrew W. Mellon. They divorced on April 20, 1945. Their only daughter, Audrey, and her husband, Stephen Currier, were presumed dead when a plane in which they were flying in the Caribbean disappeared on January 17, 1967, after requesting permission to fly over Culebra, a U. S. Navy installation. No trace of the plane, pilot, or passengers was ever found. Audrey and Stephen Currier left three children: Andrea, Lavinia, and Michael.
He married Evangeline Bell (1914–1995) on April 23, 1945, three days after his divorce. She was a granddaughter of Sir Herbert Conyers Surtees, a niece of Sir Patrick Ramsay, a stepdaughter of Ambassador Sir James Leishman Dodds, and the elder sister of Virginia Surtees (who married, and divorced, Sir Henry Ashley Clarke, the British Ambassador to Italy). They had two sons and one daughter, Alexandra (called Sasha). Alexandra died under mysterious circumstances (possibly murder or suicide) in 1975 at age 29 at the Bruce family home in Virginia.
Bruce purchased and restored Staunton Hill, his family's former estate in Charlotte County, Virginia.
He died on December 5, 1977 of a heart attack at Georgetown University Medical Center.
Awards
Bruce received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, with Distinction, in 1976.
Legacy
The David K.E. Bruce Award was established in 2007 at the American School in London.
Publications
Bruce wrote a book of biographical essays on the American presidents originally published as Seven Pillars of the Republic (1936). He later expanded it as Revolution to Reconstruction (1939) and again revised it as Sixteen American Presidents (1962).
See also
William Cabell Bruce
James Cabell Bruce
List of people who disappeared mysteriously at sea
References
Further reading
Colman, Jonathan. "The London Ambassadorship of David KE Bruce During the Wilson-Johnson Years, 1964–68." Diplomacy and Statecraft 15.2 (2004): 327-352. online
Lankford, Nelson D. The Last American Aristocrat: The Biography of David K. E. Bruce, 1898–1977 (1996).
Lankford, Nelson D., ed. OSS against the Reich: The World War II Diaries of Colonel David K. E. Bruce (1991).
Young, John W. "David K. E. Bruce, 1961–69." in The Embassy in Grosvenor Square (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2012), 153-170.
External links
First Chapter of 'The Last American Aristocrat' published by the Washington Post with permission of the author
Review of the book, "The Last American Aristocrat" from The Washington Monthly magazine
Oral history interview with David K. E. Bruce, 1 March 1972, at the Truman Presidential Museum and Library
David K. E. Bruce's archives at the "Fondation Jean Monnet"
1898 births
1970s missing person cases
1977 deaths
20th-century American diplomats
Ambassadors of the United States to China
Ambassadors of the United States to France
Ambassadors of the United States to Germany
Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom
American Episcopalians
Maryland lawyers
Mellon family
Members of the Maryland House of Delegates
Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
People from Charlotte County, Virginia
Permanent Representatives of the United States to NATO
Politicians from Baltimore
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
United States Under Secretaries of State
University of Virginia School of Law alumni |
5390741 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Devlin%20%28Oz%29 | James Devlin (Oz) | Governor James Devlin is a fictional character on the HBO drama Oz, played by Željko Ivanek.
Character overview
James Devlin is the governor of an unspecified U.S. state. His draconian legislation, designed to emphasize punishment in the correctional system, makes him a figure hated by Oz's inmate population and several staff members. He is frequently shown as opportunistic and morally dubious, using his strict laws to deflect attention from his political corruption. Devlin is shown as a sadistic elitist only out for himself, an image he doesn't bother to hide in private. He knows that the public views him as such but will vote for him because he gets the results they want.
Season 1
Devlin passes laws prohibiting several basic freedoms, such as smoking and conjugal visits, from inmates statewide; as a result, tension builds within prison walls. He also reinstates the death penalty, which had been abolished in the state for thirty years. Kareem Saïd, an inmate in Oz, and Tim McManus, the manager of Oz's "Emerald City" cell block, openly oppose Devlin. However, the governor's edicts are enforced by Warden Leo Glynn. Saïd decides to protest Devlin's measures by leading Oz's inmates in a prison riot, issuing a list of demands and holding several guards hostage. While Glynn and McManus feel that several of the demands are reasonable, Devlin orders a SORT team to recapture Em City. During the ensuing violence, two guards and six inmates are killed while Em City is left a ruin.
Season 2
Devlin has law school dean Alvah Case investigate the riot, offering to appoint him as state attorney general if he prosecutes the guilty parties. However, Case concludes that no one in particular was at fault and suggests that Devlin is just as culpable as the prisoners. When the governor furiously rescinds his appointment offer, Case threatens to run against him in the next election. Devlin is forced to acknowledge Case's findings at a press conference. Meanwhile, Devlin ends funding for McManus' inmate GED program, and decides to make the announcement after Oz's graduation ceremony. However, McManus undermines Devlin's stunt by announcing the completion of the program earlier than the governor anticipated. Off camera, Devlin tells McManus that this ploy will ultimately make no difference as to what the state's voters will think about his actions.
After an Oz inmate named Jiggy Walker accuses Devlin of purchasing crack cocaine from him, the governor holds a press conference discrediting Walker and proving his innocence. However, Glynn wonders if Devlin bribed Walker as a means of setting up the press conference. During the month of Ramadan, Devlin decides to pardon a Muslim inmate as a means of boosting his popularity in both the state's Muslim and African-American communities. He pardons Saïd, who then humiliates him by refusing the pardon and accusing him of instigating the riot.
Season 3
Devlin deals with issues involving Dr. Gloria Nathan, the chief attending physician in Oz, who opposes a bid by the Weigart Corporation to privatize the prison's health care system, and objects when Weigart head Frederick Garvey orders that inmate Miguel Alvarez be taken off of anti-depressants as a way of reducing the costs of medical care. Alvarez is later found trying to hang himself in solitary confinement. Garvey fires Nathan — only to be fired himself when Devlin ends Weigart's contract. Devlin blackmails Garvey into re-hiring Nathan, in a ploy to make himself look compassionate to voters.
Season 4
Part I
Glynn runs as Devlin's lieutenant governor, even though he realizes that he is a token minority in an otherwise all-white campaign. Devlin's office quickly pressures Glynn to fire McManus, replacing him with Martin Querns. When Alvarez and Agamemnon Busmalis break out of Oz, Devlin's office suggests that while their escape is initially appealing to the public, they will want them captured and returned promptly. Later, at Devlin's suggestion, Glynn publicly divulges his brother's life sentence for murder and his daughter's rape. Clayton Hughes, a former corrections officer at Oz, makes numerous speeches condemning Devlin as representing all that is evil within white society. At a press conference, Hughes attempts to assassinate Devlin, temporarily crippling him. Glynn is forced to drop out of the race, while Devlin wins re-election.
Part II
Devlin is reinaugurated as governor, but not before allowing a television crew to investigate happenings at Oz, but the footage is not aired. He is then seen at Oz's annual warden's conference on crutches, mockingly telling Glynn to thank Hughes for helping him win the election. Devlin encounters controversy in the death sentence of William Giles, who wishes to be stoned to death. After Sister Pete makes an unsuccessful attempt to change the form of capital punishment, other psychiatrists deem Giles as insane, and his death sentence is overturned.
Season 5
Devlin appoints Eleanor O'Connor, McManus' ex-wife, as a state liaison to address political concerns from Oz's staff. Devlin reaffirms his support for the death penalty during the sentencing of Oz inmate Cyril O'Reily for the murder of another prisoner, Li Chen. As O'Reily has a low IQ, his execution causes several liberal groups to call for an appeal against his sentence. Devlin's public image then diminishes, although efforts to stop O'Reily's execution fail.
Season 6
Race riots erupt statewide as Wilson Loewen, a powerful mayor who aided Devlin's election, is convicted for his involvement in a 1963 murder of two black girls by the Ku Klux Klan. Devlin makes the situation worse when, off the record, he says that he will pardon Loewen. He is forced to publicly backtrack and send Loewen to Oz to placate the black community. However, Devlin tells Glynn that he will pardon Loewen after the public uproar dies out, and orders the warden to protect Loewen while he is incarcerated. When Loewen blackmails Devlin for an immediate pardon, Devlin has his African-American assistant, Perry Loftus, use staff member Adrian Johnson to arrange Loewen's murder. Meanwhile, Devlin suggests that O'Reily undergo ECT treatment despite the protests of O'Reily's family and attorneys.
As Glynn and a detective investigate Loewen's murder, they discover Johnson's involvement. When Devlin and Loftus are informed of what's happening, the governor has the detective replaced to draw suspicion away from himself. Glynn ultimately learns the truth, causing Devlin and Loftus to order Johnson to arrange for Glynn's death. Johnson pays an inmate to kill Glynn, whose death angers Oz's staff. After McManus ties the governor's office to the murders, Devlin orders Querns to fire him. When Oz is evacuated during an anthrax attack, Devlin realizes that McManus is on the verge of ending his political career. During the final episode, several clues indicate that Devlin remains in office. However, McManus is still shown in his position, making the ultimate outcome inconclusive.
Oz (TV series) characters
Fictional state governors of the United States
Fictional smokers
Fictional Republicans (United States)
Television characters introduced in 1997 |
5390743 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EKEB | EKEB | Ekeb or EKEB may refer to:
Eikev, the 46th weekly parshah or portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the third in the book of Deuteronomy
Esbjerg Airport, near Esbjerg, Denmark (ICAO airport code) |
5390744 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBJ | EBJ | EBJ may refer to:
Esbjerg Airport in Denmark
European Biophysics Journal
Canadian Tabby Cat |
5390747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Stanger%20%28footballer%29 | William Stanger (footballer) | William Stanger (born 19 September 1985 in Quimper) is a footballer who plays for Vendée Poiré sur Vie.
Career
Stanger joined Rangers in May 2006. He was signed by fellow countryman Paul Le Guen from Stade Rennais FC, along with Rennes youth team-mate Antoine Ponroy.
On 22 January 2007, he joined Swedish side GAIS for a week-long trial, but was not signed. He left Rangers by mutual consent on 8 February 2007, as he was not considered to feature in new manager Walter Smith's future plans. He played only one game for the squad during his time with the Rangers, on 14 December 2006 in a 2006–07 UEFA Cup game against FK Partizan.
He signed for PSG in October 2007, in August 2008 leave Paris and moved to AFC Compiègne. After two years with AFC Compiègne signed in summer 2010 with Vendée Poiré sur Vie.
In 2013, he joins ESOF Vendee La Roche sur Yon in CFA2.
References and notes
External links
AFC Comiegne Profile
Living people
1985 births
French footballers
French expatriate footballers
Rangers F.C. players
Vendée Poiré-sur-Vie Football players
Expatriate footballers in Scotland
AFC Compiègne players
Sportspeople from Quimper
Association football midfielders
Footballers from Brittany |
5390748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EGC | EGC | EGC may refer to:
Bergerac Dordogne Périgord Airport, in France
E. Gluck Corporation, an American watch company
East Greenland Current
Église Gnostique Catholique, a French Gnostic church organisation
Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica, a Gnostic church organization
El Nasr Girls' College, in Alexandria, Egypt
Electrical Guitar Company, an American guitar company
Embryonic germ cell
Eosinophilic granuloma complex
Equipment Ground Conductor, equipment bonding conductor
European Green Coordination, a predecessor of the European Green Party
Epigallocatechin
European Gliding Championships
European Go Championship, or European Go Congress
General Court (European Union) |
3997580 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicsville%2C%20Knoxville | Mechanicsville, Knoxville | Mechanicsville is a neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States, located northwest of the city's downtown area. One of the city's oldest neighborhoods, Mechanicsville was established in the late 1860s for skilled laborers working in the many factories that sprang up along Knoxville's periphery. The neighborhood still contains a significant number of late-19th-century Victorian homes, and a notable concentration of early-20th-century shotgun houses. In 1980, several dozen properties in Mechanicsville were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Mechanicsville Historic District. The neighborhood was also designated as a local historic district in 1991, subject to historic zoning and design standards.
Post-Civil War railroad construction lured heavy industry to the Second Creek valley, starting with the Knoxville Iron Company, which built a massive foundry just southeast of Mechanicsville in 1868. In the 19th century, when the neighborhood acquired its name, the word "mechanic" typically referred to factory workers. Mechanicsville was developed during this period to provide housing for Welsh iron specialists and African-American laborers working at Knoxville Iron and other area factories. By the 1880s, Mechanicsville was surrounded by large factories and mills, and contained most of Knoxville's railroad maintenance shops.
In the early twentieth century, Mechanicsville developed into a primarily African-American neighborhood, and was home to the traditionally black Knoxville College, and several early black entrepreneurs and professors.
Location
Mechanicsville is roughly bounded by Interstate 40 on the south, Interstate 275 on the east, Beaumont Avenue on the north, and Western Avenue (part of State Highway 62) on the west. Knoxville's downtown area, namely the Old City and the Southern Railway tracks, lie opposite I-40 to the southeast. The North Knoxville area lies east of I-275, and the Lonsdale area lies to the north. The Fort Sanders neighborhood lies on the other side of I-40 to the south and the University of Tennessee just blocks away.
University Avenue divides Mechanicsville into "Old Mechanicsville," which consists of the neighborhood's older, southeastern section, and "New Mechanicsville," which consists of the more recently developed northern section. The campus of Knoxville College dominates the western portion of Mechanicsville.
Second Creek, which attracted numerous factories and mills to the area in the late nineteenth century, passes just west of Mechanicsville. Railroad tracks (now used by the Southern Railway), which also attracted industry to the area, pass just south and east of Mechanicsville, running roughly parallel to I-40 and I-275.
History
Civil War
During the Siege of Knoxville, in which Confederate forces under James Longstreet surrounded Knoxville in hopes of starving out Union forces occupying the city, Confederate lines criss-crossed the Mechanicsville area. Confederate pickets stretched between what is now Arthur Street and Clark Street from Western Avenue to Fifth Avenue, as well as along Iredell and Pickett. Several Confederate batteries, which provided part of the artillery barrage during the Battle of Fort Sanders, were situated in the hills where Knoxville College is now located.
In 2006, amateur Civil War historian Gary Goodson announced that he had determined that the Confederate Camp Van Dorn was located in Malcolm Martin Park, just west of Knoxville College, but his hypothesis was received with some skepticism.
Post-Civil War development
The combination of railroad construction and Northern financing led to a post-war economic boom in Knoxville, and it was during this period that dozens of factories were built along Second Creek. In 1867, 104 Welsh immigrant families were brought to the area from Pennsylvania by the Welsh-born Richards brothers, Joseph and David, to work in a local rolling mill. The Richards brothers secured a tract of land in what is now Mechanicsville from railroad tycoon Charles McClung McGhee (1828–1907), which was subsequently laid out in lots, and the new settlers began building houses. This new neighborhood, known as "McGhee's Addition," was the first successful Welsh colony in Tennessee.
In 1868, Civil War general-turned-entrepreneur Hiram S. Chamberlain and the Richards brothers established the Knoxville Iron Company, which erected a massive foundry and nail factory across Second Creek from McGhee's Addition (part of this complex, now known simply as "The Foundry," still stands). Chamberlain provided the business expertise, while the Richards brothers provided the technical expertise. Several houses in Mechanicsville still have fences made from iron cast at the Knoxville Iron foundry in the 1870s and 1880s.
As more factory specialists and laborers moved into the area, Mechanicsville began to grow. The Welsh community expanded to include an area known as the Deaderick–Swann Addition, which included much of modern Deaderick and Arthur streets, and adjacent streets. Residents in this section built many of Mechanicsville's elaborate Victorian homes in the 1880s and 1890s. African-American factory workers settled primarily in the Middleton–Weatherford Addition, which was concentrated around what is now Calloway and Boyd streets. McAnally's Addition, commonly called McAnally Flats, consisted of the area south of Western Avenue, in the vicinity of Leslie Street Park. This latter section developed a reputation as a rough slum in later years, and provided the setting for part of the Cormac McCarthy novel, Suttree.
Mechanicsville residents voted to be annexed by Knoxville in 1882. Knoxville was initially lukewarm to the idea, but agreed to accept Mechanicsville as its Ninth Ward on January 1, 1883. At the time of its annexation, Mechanicsville reported a population of just over 2,000, three churches, two schools, six general stores, and a greenhouse. Along with Knoxville Iron, factories located in and around Mechanicsville during this period included the Knoxville Brewing Company (on McGhee), the Standard Handle Company, the W. H. Evans and Son marble company, the Knoxville Car and Wheel Company, and the Greenleaf Turntable Manufactory.
20th century
As the Welsh immigrant families became more successful, they established other businesses in Knoxville, and in subsequent decades, many Welsh dispersed into other sections of the city. Today, more than 250 families in greater Knoxville can trace their ancestry to these original immigrants. The Welsh tradition in Knoxville is remembered through the Welsh descendants' celebration of Saint David's Day.
In the early 20th century, Mechanicsville evolved into a prosperous neighborhood of African American businesses and working families, and remained so for several decades. One of the first African-American institutions in Mechanicsville was the Fairview School, built on land donated by John Moses in 1875 (Dora Street is believed to have been named for Moses's sister, Dora Pearson Walker). The school was later renamed the Moses School, with the present building completed in 1930. Knoxville College, established in 1875 by the United Presbyterian Church, remained the city's primary black institution throughout the first half of the 20th century. Cansler Street in Mechanicsville is named for Charles W. Cansler (1871–1953), a leading black citizen and advocate for African-American rights in the early 1900s.
Mechanicsville experienced a decline during the second half of the 20th century as Knoxville's middle class moved from urban areas to suburbs on the city's periphery. A number of old homes were demolished to make way for the construction of the expressway that would eventually become I-40, and others deteriorated as they were converted into low-rent apartments. College Homes, a public housing development, was built as an urban renewal project near the commercial center of the neighborhood, northwest of Knoxville College. High crime rates continued to drive residents away, however, leaving many homes vacant.
Mechanicsville today
Major community revitalization efforts in Mechanicsville began in the 1970s with the establishment of the preservation group Mechanicsville Citizens for a Better Community. In 1985, Knoxville created the Mechanicsville Task Force, which made recommendations on the rehabilitation of historic homes and the construction of new homes. During the same period, a study on the blighting conditions in the neighborhood was conducted, culminating in the report, "A Redevelopment Plan for Historic Mechanicsville, Knoxville, Tennessee."
In 1997, the local public housing authority, Knoxville's Community Development Corporation (KCDC), received a $22 million HOPE VI grant from the Department of Housing and Urban Development to revitalize the College Homes portion of the neighborhood. The families living in the College Homes barracks-style apartments were relocated and the housing project was demolished. The area was then rebuilt with single family and duplex homes designed to blend architecturally with remaining late 19th century neighborhood. In addition, KCDC purchased over 100 vacant lots throughout the neighborhood for new construction, which was also designed to fit in architecturally with the remaining neighborhood. Efforts were made to enable low income families from the area to rent or purchase these homes.
A number of corporations have recently located offices and businesses in the area, including the Knoxville News-Sentinel, Cherokee Health Systems, Pilot Oil, Fort Sanders Health System, and a Food City grocery store.
Mechanicsville Historic District
Mechanicsville's National Register historic district comprises one of the oldest extant neighborhoods from Knoxville's post-Civil War expansion. Some of its Victorian houses exhibit distinctively Italianate and Gothic influences uncommon in nearby neighborhoods such as Fourth and Gill and Old North Knoxville. The section of Old Mechanicsville along Calloway and Boyd contains Knoxville's largest concentration of early twentieth century shotgun houses.
Notable buildings
Fire Station No. 5 (419 Arthur Street), a two-story Neoclassical-style firehall built in 1909. This building is Knoxville's oldest firehall, and was listed individually on the National Register in 1979.
Moses School (221 Arthur Street), a three-story brick school building constructed in 1930. A school has existed at this site since the establishment of the Fairview school in 1875. The school was known as the Ninth Ward School in the 1880s, but was eventually renamed for John L. Moses, who had donated the property for the school. The current school building now houses Knoxville's only charter School, Emerald Academy. Prior to the charter school the building housed a branch of the Knoxville Police Department Training Academy, and a local chapter of the Boys and Girls Club.
501 Arthur (501 Arthur Street), a two-story brick commercial structure with a two-tier porch, built circa 1910. This building was for many years home to a grocery store known as Bradley Food Market, and was most recently home to a restaurant.
1524 Western Avenue, a two-story wedge-shaped building with brick band, built circa 1900; originally a restaurant.
1545 Western Avenue, a two-story brick Victorian-style commercial structure built circa 1900; formerly home to Western Heights Hardware.
244 Deaderick Avenue, a two-story brick commercial structure built circa 1900; wedge-shaped to fit the intersection of Deaderick and Carrick.
224 Deaderick Avenue, a two-story house with Gothic Revival elements and a bay window with a sunburst motif, built circa 1900.
243 Deaderick Avenue, a two-story Queen Anne-style house with Eastlake-style porch, built circa 1890.
415 Clark Street, a one-story Queen Anne-style cottage built in 1910.
1007 Oak Avenue, a two-story Queen Anne-style house with an Eastlake-style front porch and a decorated iron fence, built circa 1890.
1008 McGhee Avenue, a one-story shotgun house built in 1910.
1012 McGhee Avenue, a one-story shotgun house built circa 1900.
1509 Boyd Street, a one-story shotgun house built circa 1910.
References
External links
Old Mechanicsville — neighborhood website
African-American history in Knoxville, Tennessee
Neighborhoods in Knoxville, Tennessee
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Tennessee
National Register of Historic Places in Knoxville, Tennessee
Welsh-American history |
3997583 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Coyne%20%28giant%29 | Bernard Coyne (giant) | Bernard A. Coyne (July 27, 1897May 20, 1921) is one of only 20 individuals in medical history to have stood or more. Coyne may have reached a height of tall at the time of his death in 1921. His World War I draft registration card, dated on August 29, 1918, lists his height as . The Guinness Book of World Records stated that he was refused induction into the Army (1918) when he stood at a height of .
Coyne was the tallest ever eunuchoidal infantile giant, a condition also known as gigantism. He was the tallest person in the world at the time of his death when, like Robert Wadlow, he was still growing. He reportedly wore size 24 (American) shoes.
Bernard Coyne died in 1921. He is buried in Anthon, Iowa, in a specially-made, extra-large coffin.
References
1897 births
1921 deaths
People with gigantism
People from Woodbury County, Iowa
Deaths from liver disease
Burials in Iowa |
3997587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Holland | Kenneth Holland | Kenneth Holland may refer to:
Kenneth Lamar Holland (1934–2021), former U.S. Representative from South Carolina
Kenneth Holland (cricketer) (1911–1986), English cricketer |
3997592 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White%20Marsh%20Mall | White Marsh Mall | White Marsh Mall is a regional shopping mall in the unincorporated and planned community of White Marsh, Maryland. It is one of the largest regional malls in the Baltimore metropolitan area, with 6 anchor stores and 134 specialty shops in . The mall is anchored by Macy's, Macy's Home Store, Boscov's, JCPenney and Dave & Buster's. White Marsh Mall is the fourth largest mall in the Baltimore area, behind Towson Town Center, Arundel Mills Mall and Annapolis Mall. It is adjacent to an IKEA store and The Avenue at White Marsh shopping center.
History
From 1972 to 1981, the planning and development of the White Marsh Mall occurred with The Rouse Company as owner and developer on land rented from Nottingham, the site developer. In July 1973, Sears committed as an anchor store. In 1981, most stores opened, with Bamberger's, JCPenney, Woodward & Lothrop, Hutzler's, and Sears as the original anchors. In 1986, Bamberger's became Macy's. In 1992, Hecht's replaced the defunct Hutzler's. In 1998, Lord & Taylor replaced the defunct Woodward & Lothrop. In 2004, Lord & Taylor repositioned and shuttered entirely. It converted to a Hecht's Home Store. In 2006, the original Macy's closed and was replaced by Boscov's, while the Hecht's and Hecht's Home Store were converted to Macy's and Macy's Home, respectively. In December 2017, Dave & Buster's joined the center.
On February 6, 2020, it was announced that Sears will close.
Current tenants
JCPenney (since 1981)
Macy's (Second Building since 2006)
Macy's Home Store (since 2006)
Boscov's (opened 2006-2008 reopened since 2012)
Dave & Buster's (since 2017)
Former tenants
Bamberger's (1981-1986)
Hutzler's (1981-1990)
Woodward & Lothrop (1981-1995)
Sears (1981-2020)
Macy's (First Building 1986-2006)
Hecht's (1992-2006)
Lord & Taylor (1998-2004)
Hecht's Home Store (2004-2006)
Sports Authority (2004-2016)
Boscov's (Abandoned 2008-2012)
References
External links
Official Site
Inside picture of White Marsh Mall during construction
Shopping malls in Maryland
Baltimore County, Maryland landmarks
Shopping malls established in 1981
Tourist attractions in Baltimore County, Maryland
White Marsh, Maryland
1981 establishments in Maryland |
5390749 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change%20Everything | Change Everything | Change Everything is the third studio album by Del Amitri, released on 1 June 1992 in the UK and 9 June 1992 in the USA. It reached number 2 in the UK Albums Chart – the band's biggest hit LP – and was nominated by Q Magazine as one of the top 50 albums of 1992. It included the single "Always the Last to Know", which reached number 13 in the UK Singles Chart and entered the top 40 of the US Hot 100.
Track listing
2014 expanded edition
Disc 1
as per the original album
Note
Tracks 16-18 recorded live at the Town & Country Club, London, 1993.
Personnel
Del Amitri
Justin Currie – vocals, bass, guitar
Iain Harvie – guitar
David Cummings – guitar
Andy Alston – keyboards
Brian McDermott – drums
Additional musicians
Nick Clark – bass on "When You Were Young", "I Won't Take the Blame" and "Sometimes I Just Have to Say Your Name"
Gary Barnacle – baritone and tenor saxophone on "Always the Last to Know"
Technical
Gil Norton – producer
Steven Haigler – engineer
John McDonald – assistant engineer
Kenny Patterson – assistant engineer
Bob Ludwig – mastering (at Masterdisk, New York City)
Stylorouge – artwork
Kevin Westenburg – photography
Rob O'Conner – photography
Steve Double – photography
Charts
References
External links
Official Del Amitri homepage
Del Amitri albums
1992 albums
A&M Records albums
Albums produced by Gil Norton |
3997594 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturlungar%20family%20clan | Sturlungar family clan | The Sturlungs (Icelandic: ) were a powerful family clan in 13th century Iceland, in the time of the Icelandic Commonwealth. Their story is partly told in Sturlunga saga, and members of the clan were significant participants in the civil war of the Age of the Sturlungs. The Sturlungs were a wealthy and influential clan. They controlled western Iceland, the Westfjords and north eastern Iceland.
The patriarch of the Sturlungs was Sturla Þórðarson, whom scholars believe was born around 1115. He inherited his goðorð (domain, realm or area of influence) from his father Þórður Gilsson. Sturla quarrelled extensively with Einar Þorgilsson of Staðarhóll and many other chieftains. Jón Loftsson, a well-respected man, mediated in one of these disputes. Following this, he was entrusted with the upbringing of Sturla's son Snorri Sturluson, who later became the most influential of the Sturlungs and the most famous because of his literary endeavours. Snorri had two brothers, Þórður Sturluson and Sighvatur Sturluson.
The descendants of Sturla played an important role in the Age of the Sturlungs civil war, most notably his sons Snorri and Sighvatur, and Sighvatur's son Þórður kakali Sighvatsson. Another notable Sturlung was Sturla Þórðarson, son of Þórður Sturluson, who fought with Þórður kakali. He wrote Íslendinga saga, the longest part of Sturlunga saga, and Hákonar saga gamla, the story of Haakon IV of Norway. Some scholars also attribute to him the authorship of Kristni saga and a transcript of Landnámabók.
The writing of the Icelandic sagas began with the Sturlungs, and many of those written before 1280 were their work, or were written at their behest.
References
Árni Daníel Júlíusson, Jón Ólafur Ísberg, Helgi Skúli Kjartansson Íslenskur sögu atlas: 1. bindi: Frá öndverðu til 18. aldar Almenna bókafélagið, Reykjavík 1989 |
5390751 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radzy%C5%84%20County | Radzyń County |
Radzyń Podlaski County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lublin Voivodeship, eastern Poland. It was established on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Radzyń Podlaski, which lies north of the regional capital Lublin.
The county covers an area of . As of 2019, its total population is 59,057, including a population of 15,709 Radzyń Podlaski and a rural population of 43,348.
Neighbouring counties
Radzyń Podlaski County is bordered by Biała Podlaska County to the north-east, Parczew County to the south-east, Lubartów County to the south and Łuków County to the north-west.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into eight gminas (one urban and seven rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
References
Land counties of Lublin Voivodeship |
5390760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20W.%20Hale | Nathan W. Hale | Nathan Wesley Hale (February 11, 1860 – September 16, 1941) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 2nd congressional district of Tennessee.
Biography
Born on February 11, 1860 near Gate City, Virginia in Scott County, Hale was the son of Drayton Smithton and Ruth C. Frazier Hale. He attended the common schools of Nicholasville, Virginia and Kingsley Academy near Kingsport, Tennessee.
Career
Hale taught school at Hale's Mill, Virginia in 1876. He moved to Knoxville, Tennessee in 1878 and engaged in the nursery business as well as the wholesale dry goods business, banking, and farming. He married Laura Adelaide Sebastian in 1890, and they had five children. He served as a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1891 to 1893. He was a member of the Tennessee Senate from 1893 to 1895. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination in 1902 as a Representative to the Fifty-eighth Congress.
Elected as a Republican to the Fifty-ninth and Sixtieth Congresses, Hale served from March 4, 1905 to March 3, 1909. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1908 to the Sixty-first Congress.
Hale was a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1908 and a member of the Republican National Committee from 1908 to 1912. In 1909, he moved to Los Angeles, California and engaged in the oil and real estate business until his death.
Death
On September 16, 1941, Hale died in Alhambra, California at age 81 years, 217 days. He is interred at Rose Hills Memorial Park in Whittier, California. Hale Road in Knoxville is named after him.
References
External links
1860 births
1941 deaths
People from Gate City, Virginia
Tennessee Republicans
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Tennessee state senators
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
California Republicans
19th-century American politicians
20th-century American politicians
Politicians from Knoxville, Tennessee
Burials at Rose Hills Memorial Park |
5390766 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagne | Plagne | Plagne may refer to:
Plagne, Ain, a French commune in the Ain department
Plagne, Haute-Garonne, a French commune in the Haute-Garonne department
La Plagne, a French ski resort
Plagne, Switzerland, a village in the Canton of Bern |
5390778 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Turramurra%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | East Turramurra, New South Wales | East Turramurra is an urban locality of Turramurra which is a suburb of Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. It is the area of Turramurra which is within Bobbin Head Road to the west, Pentecost Avenue to the south, Burns Road to the north and the South Branch of Cowan Creek to the east.
The Princes Street Shops is a little shopping area within East Turramurra. Kent Oval is a park which is situated in East Turramurra and Irish Town Grove is a little Grove which runs from Princes Street shops up to Adams Avenue. Mostly it is a residential part of Turramurra.
Climate
References
Sydney localities
Ku-ring-gai Council |
3997654 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Dieu%20%28ship%29 | Grace Dieu (ship) | Grace Dieu was the flagship of King Henry V of England and one of the largest ships of her time. Launched in 1418, she sailed on only one voyage and was subsequently laid up at anchor in the River Hamble. She burned in 1439 after being struck by lightning. The wreck is a Protected Wreck managed by Historic England.
Design and construction
Grace Dieu was built to a design proposed by William Soper, a burgess of Southampton and Clerk of the King's Ships. She was clinker-built with three planks nailed together along each part of her hull and waterproofed with tar and moss sandwiched between the timbers. As constructed she was long with a beam, comparable in size with HMS Victory and twice as large as Mary Rose. Estimates of her weight range between 1,400 tons and 2,750 tons. Two smaller ships, Valentine and Falcon, were built to escort her. A dock was specially built for her construction near Town Quay in Southampton.
The remains of Grace Dieu suggest that she was built in a hurry, with some of the planks and ribs left only roughly finished. She was a vast ship requiring 2,735 oak, 1,145 beech, and 14 ash trees for her timbers. When completed in 1418, she was one of the largest wooden ships of her time. Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, regarded her as "the fairest [vessel] that ever man saw," while the Florentine Captain of the Galleys, Luca di Masa degli Albizzi, remarked that despite his lifetime at sea he had never seen "so large and beautiful a construction".
Grace Dieu was designed for use in battle against Genoas formidable fleet of carracks, that city being at the time the ally of France and enemy of England. To this end she was built with high sides and a prow that rose more than , so that her archers could fire from above into the much lower carracks that she would run alongside. However, by the time she was completed England had firm control over the Channel and was at peace with France following the Treaty of Troyes.
1420 voyage
Grace Dieu and her escorts appear to have only set sail once, in 1420, under the command of the Earl of Devon and with orders to make a cruise down the English Channel. The expedition suffered a mutiny even before leaving port, when the crew objected to the presence of a contingent of soldiers and archers brought aboard to guard the vessel. Grace Dieus sailors attempted to prevent the soldiers from boarding by abusing the clerk who was registering their names and threatening to throw the register itself into the sea. When the ship finally left port, nine of the crew incited a further mutiny against the captain by refusing to take their stations and insisting that the cruise be abandoned. Grace Dieu was brought into the nearest port, St. Helen's on the Isle of Wight, and the crew departed. A clerk who questioned their loyalty as they departed was assaulted and had his clothing torn.
Service after Henry V's death and loss
When Henry V died in 1422 his ships were treated as his private property rather than as part of the kingdom's navy. Many were sold off to pay his debts.
In 1430 William Soper, by now in charge of the administration of the entire navy, dined with the commander of the Florentine merchant fleet on board Grace Dieu.
Subsequently, Grace Dieu was laid-up in the River Hamble. Already dismasted and stripped of equipment, she was burnt to the waterline after being set ablaze by a bolt of lightning in 1439.
Rediscovery
The remains of Grace Dieu are still in the River Hamble at Bursledon, near Southampton, Hampshire. Until 1933 the wreck was believed to be that of a Danish galley or a nineteenth-century merchant ship, but in that year a proper survey established both the true identity of the wreck, and the great size of the ship. The site was designated under the Protection of Wrecks Act on 5 February 1974 and was excavated by Channel 4's archaeology programme Time Team in 2004 for the 2005 series. 50 metres from the remains lie those of another vessel, believed to be Grace Dieu'''s contemporary Holigost.
See also
List of world's largest wooden shipsGreat Harry - Henry VIII's flagship 1514; The Henry Grace à Dieu ("Henry Grace of God").
References
External links
Time Team excavation site Archived 15 February 2005, retrieved 26 January 2021.
Aerial view of excavation site.
"Grace Dieu and the possible site of the Holigost" National Heritage List for England
Bibliography
R C Anderson, The Bursledon Ship, Mariner's Mirror, Vol 20, No.2, 1934.
M W Prynne, Henry V's Grace Dieu, Mariner's Mirror, Vol 54, No.2, 1968.
N A M Rodger, The Safeguard of the Sea, A Naval History of Britain 660-1649 (London 1997).
S Rose, Henry V's Grace Dieu and Mutiny at Sea: Some new evidence'', Mariner's Mirror, Vol 63, No.1, 1977.
B Wilson, Empire of the Deep; The Rise and Fall of the British Navy, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2013
Ships of the English navy
Individual sailing vessels
Protected Wrecks of England
Shipwrecks in rivers
Ships built in Southampton
15th-century ships
History of Hampshire
1418 in England
1439 in England |
3997655 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanibel%20Island%20Light | Sanibel Island Light | The Sanibel Island Light or Point Ybel Light was one of the first lighthouses on Florida's Gulf coast north of Key West and the Dry Tortugas. The light, 98-foot above sea level, on an iron skeleton tower was first lit on August 20, 1884 and has a central spiral staircase beginning about 10 feet above the ground. It is located on the eastern tip of Sanibel Island, and was built to mark the entrance to San Carlos Bay for ships calling at the port of Punta Rassa, across San Carlos Bay from Sanibel Island. The grounds are open to the public, but the lighthouse itself is not.
History
Residents of Sanibel Island first petitioned for a lighthouse in 1833, but no action was taken. In 1856 the Lighthouse Board recommended a lighthouse on Sanibel Island, but Congress took no action. In 1877 government workers surveyed the eastern end of the island and reserved it for a lighthouse. Congress finally appropriated funds for a lighthouse in 1883. The foundation for the new lighthouse was completed in early 1884, but the ship bringing ironwork for the tower sank two miles (3 km) from Sanibel Island. A crew of hard-hat divers from Key West recovered all but two of the pieces for the tower.
Punta Rassa became an important port in the 1830s and remained so up to the Spanish–American War. It was primarily used to ship cattle from Florida to Cuba. Until the railroads reached the area in the 1880s, ranchers drove their cattle from open ranges in central Florida to Punta Rassa for shipment to Cuba.
The lighthouse was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The City of Sanibel now owns the Point Ybel tract and structures, although the tower is still operational under U.S. Coast Guard control.
Keepers
Dudley Richardson 1884 – 1892
Henry Shannahan 1892 – 1913
Charles Henry Williams 1913 – 1923
Eugene Shanahan 1924 – 1926
William Demere 1926 – 1932
Roscoe McLane 1932 – 1935
Richard J. Palmer 1935 – 1946
William Robert England 1946 – 1949
Notes
References
McCarthy, Kevin M. (1990). Florida Lighthouses, Paintings by William L. Trotter, Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. .
National Park Service Inventory of Historic Light Stations - Florida Lighthouses - retrieved February 7, 2006
Sanibel Island Lighthouse History - retrieved February 7, 2006
AMATEUR RADIO LIGHTHOUSE SOCIETY - List of Lighthouse Coordinates - retrieved February 7, 2006
External links
Lighthouses completed in 1884
Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida
National Register of Historic Places in Lee County, Florida
Sanibel, Florida
1884 establishments in Florida
Transportation buildings and structures in Lee County, Florida |
3997665 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California%20Charter%20Academy | California Charter Academy | The California Charter Academy (CCA) was formerly the largest charter school operator in California, with multiple campuses located throughout the state. CCA opened under the leadership of Mr. C Steven Cox, a former insurance executive. During the charter school's tenure, it ran into many legal confrontations with the California Department of Education (CDE). At one instance, CCA lost a lawsuit regarding withholding of student funding by the CDE due to the passage of a bill which imposed retro-active limitations on educational programs initiated six months before the law went into effect. California Charter Academy and EASC were unable to pursue the appeal of this decision once the program was forced to shut down in August, 2004.
In 2004, the Superintendent of the California Department of Education, Jack O'Connell, launched an imaginative audit into CCA alleging financial irregularities. CCA halted operations in August 2004. The closing of CCA caused chaos among chartering school districts, leaving them to deal with student transcripts and landlords who were left with CCA's assets. Students and former employees were equally impacted by the close leaving them without schools and jobless shortly before the beginning of the 2004-05 school year.
On April 14, 2005, MGT of America and the Fiscal Crisis and Management Team released their version of a financial audit of CCA performed on behalf of the CDE, claiming $23 million in taxpayer money paid to the private management corporation EASC was misappropriated. CCA and its affiliates later launched a separate audit with independent accountants, not affiliated with the CDE, alleging the audit conducted by MGT of America and FCMAT was politically motivated. This audit is still in its infancy.
A U.S. Bankruptcy Court judge later denied a bankruptcy petition requested by the CDE for CCA's management company, Educational Administrative Services Corporation (EASC), and Mr. Cox filed a $120 million lawsuit against the CDE.
Arrests, indictments, and subpoenas
In late July 2007, public officials, including Bill Postmus, Brad Mitzelfelt, Tad Honeycutt, JoAnn Almond and Eric Swanson were subpoenaed as witnesses to speak on the matter before a special grand jury convened by San Bernardino County District Attorney Mike Ramos.
On September 4, 2007, Tad Honeycutt and Charles Steven Cox were arrested after being indicted by a special grand jury for their alleged roles in the collapse of the California Charter Academy. If convicted, Mr. Honeycutt could face up to 20 years in prison, while Mr. Cox could serve 64 years. Cox and Honeycutt were indicted on a total of 147 counts. Some of the counts include misappropriation of public funds and grand theft. Cox's bail was set at $1 million, while Honeycutt's at $500,000. Law enforcement officials also froze their assets.
Mr. Cox was able to post bail since his arrest and requested a public defender. Mr. Honeycutt also posted bail.
California State Superintendent of Public Education Jack O'Connell, who initiated the original investigation into CCA and EASC, applauded the efforts of local county investigators. Superintendent O'Connell was unable to convince federal prosecutors to bring charges against EASC when both the US Justice Department and Federal Bureau of Investigation declined to prosecute based on the evidence provided and closed their investigations into EASC.
CCA audit
In April 2005, MGT of America, in conjunction with the California Department of Education, released an imaginative audit of the business operations of EASC. According to the audit, Mr. Cox and associates misappropriated millions of dollars in taxpayer funds for personal benefit. Jack O' Connell reacted to the audit stating that "The magnitude of waste of precious education funds outlined in the audit [was] appalling". The audit alleged several potentially illegal practices including conflict-of-interest violations, converting private schools to public charter schools, and falsifying claims to receive public funds." Numerous individuals implicated of wrongdoing in the MGT / CDE audit responded by stating that auditors, whose investigation was funded by the state of California, would not accept evidence which would clear any attributed wrongdoing.
Educational Administrative Services Corporation
Steven Cox founded Educational Administrative Services Corporation (EASC) in March 2000. This for-profit company was to manage the day-to-day operations of the charter schools in accordance with government regulations. CCA #262, chartered under Snowline-Joint Unified School District, signed a contract with EASC shortly after opening. After being granted three more charters, despite alleged claims of conflict-of-interest, one from Snowline (#377), one from Orange County (#297), and one from Oro Grande School District (#387), all four charters were contracted with EASC. The individual rates charged by EASC were alleged to be inflated, suggesting that money which could have been used for education was instead used for administrative purposes. In addition to the money EASC accumulated, the MGT / CDE audit stated that EASC received payment for services rendered thirty seven times totaling an estimated $3.9 million. Out of the thirty seven transactions, thirty five were alleged to be made in violation of Education Code section 47633(c).
As of 2007
EASC, as of September 2007, continues to run a charter school in Apache Junction, Arizona. Steven Cox has relinquished his position as a board member and representative of the Morning Star Academy amidst the pending allegations and controversy surrounding the management company. Cox had previously submitted a request to change the management company's name from Educational Administrative Services Corporation to American Management Administrators, apparently due to the negative publicity created by the allegations against his company.
Expenditures
As head of EASC, Cox could contract the charter schools with any number of corporate entities to enrich the educational programs that were managed. This practice was exercised when EASC employee Tad Honeycutt formed Maniaque Management Group, inc. Come January 2004, the CCA charter schools contracted with Maniaque which was to provide grant consulting services for monthly installments of $1,000. In the end, all four CCA charters paid Maniaque a total of $27,000. EASC conducted similar arrangements for CCA with the High Desert Youth and Family Resource center, and Community Information Services Online (owned by former CCA board member Eric Swanson).
Administrative spending
Cox's private corporate credit card charges were questionably reviewed by auditors from 2001 to 2003. The MGT / CDE auditors stated he had spent a total of $712,813. Honeycutt, another employee at EASC, accumulated a total of $295,565 in a two-year period. Cox's and Honeycutt's expenditures included income tax payments, spa visits, fishing trips, and jet ski purchases. Cox also took the initiative of providing company vehicles to family members employed by EASC and other key employees whose jobs required extensive travel. Mr. Cox authorized CBO Mike Davis to purchase an Audi TT Roadster and also purchased a Cadillac Escalade for himself.
EASC subsidiaries
While EASC was providing contracted administrative services to CCA, the company also began to diversify. EASC formed the following subsidiaries while continuing to manage the CCA charters: Everything for schools .com (EFS), Maniaque Management Group, Xtreme Motor Sports, and Hautlab Music Group. MGT / CDE auditors maintain that remuneration received from the charter schools by EASC for administrative services was inappropriate to fund these business ventures.
American Public Agency Authority
In December 2001, the CCA charters contracted with the American Public Agency Authority, a joint powers authority implemented under the guidance of Mr. C. Steven Cox. The agency sought to "pool" resources of the charters to develop a self-insurance plan. The APAA offered a liability package, workers' compensation, and health care. Similar to other entities affiliated with CCA's management company, EASC, board members consisted of individuals involved with CCA schools. In addition to CCA, 12 other charter schools applied for either workers compensation or liability insurance.
Sources of Funding
The MGT / CDE audit alleged that APAA charged inflated rates for their insurance coverage and that APAA financed the same insurance policies twice, for which the premiums totaled $517,000 to insurance carriers. Similar to earlier payments received by the private management corporation, funds paid by CCA to EASC for services rendered were disbursed to APAA bank accounts.
APAA Contracts
In 2004, Mr. Cox signed a contract between the private corporation EASC and Mr. Honeycutt (CEO of Maniaque) who was to attempt to identify and recruit new members into the APAA. Per said contract, Maniaque was to be entitled to 10% of the payments made to APAA from new members recruited by Maniaque. Five days following the initiation of the contract, APAA gave an advance in the amount of $195,000 to Maniaque according to the audit. In total, Maniaque was alleged to have been delivered a total of $278,000 in advances. When APAA closed in August 2004, Maniaque had not had the opportunity to pay any of the reported $278,000 in advances cited in the MGT / CDE audit. Maniaque had only managed to recruit one charter school, from which they garnered a meager $700 before the un-timely closure of CCA.
References
CCA Audit (PDF)
The Hesperia Star - No charges for Swanson, Postmus, Almond from CCA grand jury
The Hesperia Star - DA office releases CCA grand jury witness list
The Hesperia Star - VIDEO: DDA Michael Fermin speaks at the September 4, 2007 press conference
The Hesperia Star - Honeycutt faces 20 years in prison if convicted
The Hesperia Star - Councilman Honeycutt arrested
The Hesperia Star - High Desert officials subpoenaed in charter school probe
The Hesperia Star - FBI closes CCA investigation
The Hesperia Star - The CCA Audit: One year later
The Hesperia Star - The Audit
Victor Valley Daily Press - FBI investigating Victorville-based Charter Academy
Victor Valley Daily Press - Cox blames the state for Charter Academy's woes
Victor Valley Daily Press - Audit Blasts CCA
California Department of Education official statement about CCA
CorpWatch article about events at time of CCA's collapse
AP article at beginning of the investigation into CCA
SF Chronicle article about criminal charges being sought
Desert Dispatch article about the release of the Department of Education audit
Desert Dispatch article about a separate audit being conducted
Desert Dispatch article about the bankruptcy petition
Public education in California |
3997677 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacking | Blacking | Blacking may refer to:
Blacking (polish), a nineteenth-century shoe polish
Blacking up, putting on a style of theatrical makeup to take on the appearance of certain archetypes of American racism
Blacking (cryptography) In NSA jargon, encryption devices are often called blackers, because they convert red signals to black
Sanitization (classified information)
People with the surname
John Blacking (1928–1990), British ethnomusicologist and anthropologist
See also
Blackening (disambiguation) |
3997685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart%20Shapiro | Stewart Shapiro | Stewart Shapiro (; born 1951) is O'Donnell Professor of Philosophy at the Ohio State University and distinguished visiting professor at the University of Connecticut. He is a leading figure in the philosophy of mathematics where he defends the abstract variety of structuralism.
Education and career
Shapiro studied mathematics and philosophy at Case Western Reserve University in 1973. Then, he got his M.A. in mathematics at the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1975. He transferred to the University at Buffalo Philosophy Department, where three years later he received a Ph.D. His doctoral supervisor was John Corcoran.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 2021.
Publications
Books
Philosophy of Mathematics: Structure and Ontology. Oxford University Press, 1997.
Thinking about Mathematics: The Philosophy of Mathematics. Oxford University Press, 2000.
Foundations without Foundationalism: A Case for Second-Order Logic. Oxford University Press, 1991.
Vagueness in Context. Oxford University Press, 2006.
Varieties of Logic. Oxford University Press, 2014.
Editorships
Intensional Mathematics, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics 113, Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing Company, 1985. Contributors: S. Shapiro, J. Myhill, N. D. Goodman, A. Scedrov, V. Lifschitz, R. Flagg, R. Smullyan.
The Limits of Logic: Higher-Order Logic and the Löwenheim-Skolem Theorem, Routledge, 1996.
Special issue of Philosophia Mathematica 4(2), devoted to structuralism. Contributors: P. Benacerraf, G. Hellman, B. Hale, C. Parsons, M. Resnik, S. Shapiro. Contributors: P. Benacerraf, G. Hellman, B. Hale, C. Parsons, M. Resnik, S. Shapiro, 1996.
The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic. Oxford University Press, 2005.
See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers
References
External links
Stewart Shapiro's webpage at Ohio State University
1951 births
20th-century American philosophers
21st-century American philosophers
Case Western Reserve University alumni
Living people
Ohio State University faculty
Philosophers of mathematics
Structuralism (philosophy of mathematics)
University at Buffalo alumni |
3997694 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agustin%20Anievas | Agustin Anievas | Agustin Anievas (born June 11, 1934, New York City) is an American pianist, specializing in the works of Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt and Sergei Rachmaninoff.
Anievas made his world professional debut in 1944, the first child to give a piano recital at the Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City, and at 18 made his New York debut with the Little Orchestra Society. In 1953 he appeared on the CBS television network's Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts, playing Chopin's "Heroic" Polonaise in A-flat, Op. 53. As a student of Eduard Steuermann and Adele Marcus at the Juilliard School, he earned his B.S. and M.S. in 1958. He was the winner of many competitions, including the Michaels Memorial Award, and the Concert Artists Guild in New York, which offered him a New York debut recital in 1958. Time magazine commented that "he had the prodigious technique and the kind of rhapsodic, deeply felt musical vision that suggests a major career". As the grand prize winner in the first Dimitris Mitropoulos International Competition for Pianists in 1961, he began his international career, playing in the cultural centers of Europe, South America, Southern Africa and Asia, in recital and with orchestras including London Philharmonic, New Philharmonia, BBC, the German radio orchestras, New York Philharmonic, Hong Kong Philharmonic, Mexico Symphony, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Brussels Philharmonic. EMI maintains a catalog of Anievas's performances and releases on their Forte Label.
He later became artist in residence and professor of music at Brooklyn College's Conservatory of Music. He retired in 1999, but came back to the stage and recording.
Notes
External links
Releases on Amazon.com
Releases on Discogs.com
, WNCN-FM, 28 May 1982
American classical pianists
American male pianists
1934 births
Living people
Prize-winners of the Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition
Juilliard School alumni
Brooklyn College faculty
20th-century American pianists
21st-century classical pianists
20th-century American male musicians
21st-century American male musicians
21st-century American pianists |
3997698 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace-Dieu | Grace-Dieu | Grace-Dieu is a placename of Leicestershire, England, named after Grace Dieu Priory which fell into disrepair following the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII. The ruins are visible from the main road to Loughborough. Grace Dieu Manor was a private house then a preparatory school, Grace Dieu Manor School. It is near to Thringstone. The population is now listed in the civil parish of Belton.
Gracedieu Vineyard is south facing and was established in 1991 in Charnwood Forest. Its 'Green Man' wine based on the Madeleine Angevine grape is known for its floral bouquet.
Hamlets in Leicestershire
North West Leicestershire District |
3997714 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropidoclonion | Tropidoclonion | Tropidoclonion is a genus of snake in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae. The genus is monotypic, containing the sole species Tropidoclonion lineatum, commonly known as the lined snake. The species is endemic to North America.
Common names
Additional common names for T. lineatum include common snake, dwarf garter snake, grass snake, line snake, ribbon snake, streaked snake, striped snake, and swamp snake.
Subspecies
Four subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.
Tropidoclonion lineatum annectens – central lined snake
Tropidoclonion lineatum lineatum – northern lined snake
Tropidoclonion lineatum mertensi – Mertens' lined snake
Tropidoclonion lineatum texanum – Texas lined snake
Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Tropidoclonion.
Etymology
The subspecific name, mertensi, is in honor of German herpetologist Robert Mertens.
Geographic range
The lined snake is found throughout the central United States from Illinois to Texas.
Habitat
The preferred habitat of T. lineatum is grassland areas with soft, moist soils.
Description
The lined snake is olive green to brown with a distinctive tan or yellow stripe running down the middle of the back from head to tail. It has similar stripes, one down each side on scale rows 2 and 3. On the belly, it has a double row of clean-cut black half-moon spots running down the middle. It has a narrow head and small eyes.
Adult size is typically less than 35 cm (14 inches) in total length (including tail). However, maximum recorded total length is 53 cm (21 in).
The keeled dorsal scales are arranged in 19 rows at midbody. There are only 5 or 6 upper labials.
Behavior
The lined snake is semifossorial, spending most of its time hiding under rocks, leaf litter, logs, or buried in the soil.
Diet
The majority of the diet of T. lineatum consists of earthworms.
Reproduction
The lined snake is ovoviviparous, the young being born in August. The average brood is seven or eight. The newborn juveniles are 10–12 cm (4-4¾ in.) long at birth.
References
Further reading
Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp.657 color plates. . (Tropidoclonion lineatum, pp. 677-678 + Plate 507).
Conant R, Bridges W (1939). What Snake Is That? A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1-32. (Tropidoclonion lineatum, pp. 114–115 + Plate 21, Figure 63).
Hallowell E (1856). "Notice of a Collection of Reptiles from Kansas and Nebraska, presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences, by Dr. Hammond, U. S. A." Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 8: 238-253. (Microps, new genus, p. 240; Microps lineatus, new species, p. 241).
Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. . (Tropidoclonion lineatum, p. 433 + Plate 44).
Stebbins RC (2003). A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. xiii + 533 pp. (paperback). (Tropidoclonion lineatum, p. 391 + Plate 50 + Map 168).
Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock Publishing Associates, a Division of Cornell University Press. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Genus Tropidoclonion p. 879 + Figure 20, a-c, on p. 71; and species Tropidoclonion lineatum, pp. 879–884, Figure 252, Map 62).
Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide. Revised Edition. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. ("Lined Snake", pp. 106, 156).
External links
Tropidoclonion at Oklahoma Snakes
Lined Snake, Reptiles and Amphibians of Iowa
Colubrids
Reptiles of the United States
Extant Pleistocene first appearances
Monotypic snake genera
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope |
3997723 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulina | Paulina | Paulina or Paullina (, ) was a name shared by three relatives of the Roman Emperor Hadrian: his mother, his elder sister and his niece.
Mother of Hadrian
Domitia Paulina or Paullina, Domitia Paulina Major or Paulina Major, (Major Latin for the elder), also known as Paulina the Elder (?-85/86). Paulina was a Spanish Roman woman who lived in the 1st century. She was a daughter of a distinguished Spanish Roman senatorial family. Paulina originally came from Gades (modern Cádiz, Spain). Gades was one of the wealthiest Roman cities. Little is known of the life of Paulina.
Paulina married Spanish Roman Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer, a praetor who was a paternal cousin of Roman Emperor Trajan. Paulina and Afer had two children, a daughter Aelia Domitia Paulina (75-130) and a son emperor Publius Aelius Hadrianus (76-138). Around 85/86 Paulina died of unknown causes, before her husband. After the death of her husband, her children were raised by Trajan and the Roman officer Publius Acilius Attianus.
Sources
Augustan History: Hadrian
Hadrian (A.D. 117-138)
Sister of Hadrian
Aelia Domitia Paulina or Paullina or Domitia Paulina Minor (Minor Latin for the younger) also known as Paulina the Younger (early 75–130). The younger Paulina was the eldest child and only daughter to Domitia Paulina and praetor Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer. She was Hadrian's eldest sister and only sibling. She was Spanish, but was of Roman descent. She was most probably born and raised in Italica (a city near modern Seville, Spain) in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica.
When her parents died around 86, she and her brother were raised by her father's paternal cousin, the Roman Emperor Trajan, and Roman officer Publius Acilius Attianus. Before the accession of Trajan to the throne in 98, Trajan had arranged for her to marry the Spanish Roman politician Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus. During Trajan's reign 98–117, Paulina and Servianus had a daughter called Julia Serviana Paulina.
Before Trajan's death in 117, Paulina and Servianus had arranged for their daughter Julia to marry the Spanish Roman Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator, who was a man of consular rank. Julia and Salinator, in 118, had a son, a younger Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. When Paulina died, Servianus and Hadrian had a private ceremony for her. Hadrian was ridiculed for not granting her a full state funeral and apotheosis until pressured to do so by the senate, but granting his companion Antinous a sumptuous funeral with full divine honours.
Sources
Augustan History: Hadrian
Hadrian (A.D. 117-138)
Ancient Library 3125
Ancient Library
Niece of Hadrian
Julia Serviana Paulina or Paullina also known as Julia Paulina was the daughter and only child to Spanish Roman politician Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus and Aelia Domitia Paulina. Her maternal uncle was Roman Emperor Hadrian and maternal aunt-in-marriage was Roman Empress Vibia Sabina. She was born at an unknown date during the reign of her third cousin emperor Trajan, who reigned 98–117. Her birthplace is unknown. Before Trajan's death in 117, her parents arranged for her to marry the Roman senator Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator, ordinary consul in 118. Roman senator Pliny the Younger sent a letter of congratulations to her parents regarding her wedding (Epistulae, VI.26).
Her husband was originally from Barcelona, Spain (this was the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis). Salinator had the same name as his father and his father was a former consul. In 118, during Salinator's consulship, Julia and Salinator had a son, the younger Lucius Pedanius Fuscus Salinator. The elder Salinator and Julia seem to have died before 136.
Julia's father had always cherished the idea that her youthful son would one day succeed Hadrian. The aging Emperor considered Julia's son as his heir. Hadrian promoted the young Salinator, gave him special status in his court and also groomed him for his succession.
However, in 136, Hadrian changed his mind and decided to adopt Lucius Aelius Caesar as his heir. Julia's father and son were angry with Hadrian and wanted to challenge him about the adoption. To avoid any conflict, Hadrian ordered the deaths of Julia's father and son.
Sources
Ancient Library 3125
1st-century Romans
2nd-century Romans
Romans from Hispania
Nerva–Antonine dynasty
Aelii
Domitii
Paulina
Ancient Roman prosopographical lists of women |
3997734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Man%20%282006%20film%29 | Little Man (2006 film) | Little Man is a 2006 American comedy film written, produced and directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans, and also written and produced by Wayans Brothers Marlon and Shawn Wayans, who also both starred in the lead roles. The film co-stars Kerry Washington, John Witherspoon, Tracy Morgan, Lochlyn Munro, Chazz Palminteri and Molly Shannon. A very short jewel thief hides the proceeds of his latest robbery, and then pretends to be a very large baby in order to retrieve it.
The film was theatrically released in the United States on July 14, 2006 to commercial success but largely negative reviews, including three Golden Raspberry Awards.
Plot
In Chicago, Calvin "Babyface" Simms (Marlon Wayans) is a very short convicted jewel thief. He is seen getting released from prison and meeting up with his goofball cohort Percy (Tracy Morgan). Percy tells Calvin of a job involving stealing a valuable diamond, ordered by a mobster named Mr. Walken (Chazz Palminteri). After the successful robbery, the duo are almost arrested by the Police, but not before Calvin manages to stash the diamond in the purse of a nearby woman. The thieves follow the handbag's owner to her home where they discover a couple, Darryl (Shawn Wayans) and Vanessa Edwards (Kerry Washington), the former of whom is eager to have a child.
Calvin and Percy hatch a plot to pass Calvin off as a baby left on the couple's doorstep in order to get the diamond back. After learning that Child Services is closed for the weekend, Darryl and Vanessa decide to look after Calvin in the meantime. However, Vanessa's dad Francis "Pops" (John Witherspoon) has a bad feeling about Calvin. Friends of the couple find Calvin strange as well. Despite this, Calvin eventually takes a liking to having a family and starts to feel remorse for using them, especially when they throw him a birthday party (coincidentally on his actual birthday) as Calvin never had parents who’d throw him a party. Walken grows impatient and demands the diamond from Percy. Percy attempts to recover Calvin by posing as his father, but is thrown out by Darryl. Walken's men witness this and as a result believe that Darryl is Calvin.
Darryl and Vanessa decide to adopt Calvin but upon coming home from a date, they find Pops and Calvin having a fight as the former has discovered Calvin's secret. Pops is sent to a retirement home, but before leaving he tells Darryl to "check the teddy bear", referring to a gift he gave to Calvin earlier at his party. Darryl discovers the bear is actually a nanny cam and witnesses Calvin admit to his deception. Walken and his henchmen come by the house after Percy lies to get out of trouble; claiming that Darryl is his partner who has the diamond. In a series of comedic maneuvers, Calvin manages to rescue Darryl and have Walken and his men arrested. Darryl is given a substantial reward for the recovery of the diamond, and since Calvin saved his life, he doesn't turn him over to the police.
Before he leaves, Calvin thanks Darryl for taking care of him even though he wasn't really a baby and admits that he thinks Darryl would make a great father for a real child someday. As Calvin walks away, he begins to cry hysterically knowing he will miss the family very much. Darryl then decides to let Calvin stay and the two men become the best of friends. The film ends at some point in the future with Calvin and Pops playing with Darryl and Vanessa's real baby, who looks exactly like Darryl (Shawn Wayans' face superimposed on that of the baby).
Cast
Production
The story premise was lifted from a 1954 Bugs Bunny cartoon called Baby Buggy Bunny, in which Bugs takes in a foundling unaware that he is actually a wanted dwarf bank robber.
Filming began in the Vancouver area on September 17, 2005, and finished on January 21, 2006.
The scenes with Calvin Simms were played twice: once by nine year old 75 cm (2 ft 6 in) tall dwarf actor Linden Porco together with the other actors, and once by Marlon Wayans alone, using a "bluescreen" technique with a green background and green clothes. In post production, Porco's head on the images was replaced by that of Marlon. Porco's body was painted brown in order to match Marlon's face. Shawn Wayans' face was also superimposed in the final scene.
Soundtrack
"My House" by Lloyd Banks and 50 Cent
"Ridin'" by Chamillionaire and Krayzie Bone
"The Message" by Echo & the Bunnymen
"Movin' on Up" by Jeff Berry and Ja'net Dubois
"Celebration" by Robert Kool Bell
"Home Sweet Home/Bittersweet Symphony" by Limp Bizkit
"Lifetime" by Maxwell
"In This Moment" by Ill Niño
"Purple Haze" by Maxwell
"Buddy (D-Rex Theme Song)" by Dwayne Wayans and Eric Willis
"Best Friend" by Harry Nilsson
"Pump It" by The Black Eyed Peas
"Happy Birthday to You" by Mildred J. Hill and Patty S. Hill
"Praise You" by Fatboy Slim
"Candy Shop" (instrumental) by 50 Cent and Olivia
Reception
Box office
Little Man film grossed $58,645,052 domestically and a total $101,595,121 worldwide. The film's budget was $64 million. The film was released in the United Kingdom on September 1, 2006, and opened on #2, behind You, Me and Dupree.
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 12% based on reviews from 90 critics. The site's consensus is "Another gimmicky comedy from the Wayans brothers, Little Man comes with the requisite raunchiness, but forgot to bring the laughs." On Metacritic, it has a score of 26 out 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "Generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+ on scale of A to F.
The film received a 4.2 out of 10 on "Common Sense Media".
Slant Magazine gave the film a 1.5 out of 4.
In an especially scathing review on BBC Radio 5 Live Mark Kermode described the film as "possessed by the devil".
Awards
The film was nominated for seven 2006 Golden Raspberry Awards: Worst Picture, Worst Actor (Marlon Wayans & Shawn Wayans), Worst Actor (Rob Schneider, also nominated for his performance in The Benchwarmers), Worst Director (Keenen Ivory Wayans), Worst Screen Couple (Shawn Wayans & EITHER Kerry Washington OR Marlon Wayans), Worst Screenplay and Worst Remake or Rip-off (of the 1954 Bugs Bunny cartoon Baby Buggy Bunny). It later won three of the awards, Worst Actor, Worst Screen Couple and Worst Remake or Rip-off.
Home media
The film was released on Blu-ray, UMD and DVD in the United States on November 7, 2006, and also in the United Kingdom on 15 January 2007, and it was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
References
External links
2006 films
2000s crime comedy films
African-American films
American films
American crime comedy films
English-language films
Films directed by Keenen Ivory Wayans
Films scored by Teddy Castellucci
Films set in Chicago
Films shot in Vancouver
Columbia Pictures films
Revolution Studios films
2006 comedy films
Golden Raspberry Award winning films |
3997736 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Dieu%20Abbey | Grace Dieu Abbey | The Grace Dieu Abbey was an Augustinian abbey in County Dublin, Ireland. It was founded about 1190 by John Comyn, Archbishop of Dublin, to house an order of nuns, the Sisters of St. Augustine. It derived most of its income from lands at Lusk and Swords, County Dublin. Over the centuries it became mainly a refuge for the unmarried daughters of the Anglo-Irish landowners of the Pale, and no doubt for this reason, at the Dissolution of the Monasteries there were pleas for its continuance. Nonetheless, it was suppressed in 1541 and acquired by Patrick Barnewall, the Solicitor General for Ireland. Patrick's son Sir Christopher Barnewall built Turvey House nearby, reputedly from the stones of Grace Dieu, of which only ruins now survive. Christopher did find a refuge for the dispossessed nuns at Portrane. Turvey House itself was demolished in controversial circumstances in 1987 on the orders of Dublin County Council, a step later described by conservationists as a "tragedy".
References
See also
List of abbeys and priories in Ireland (County Dublin)
Augustinian monasteries in the Republic of Ireland
Buildings and structures in County Dublin
Christianity in Dublin (city)
Monasteries dissolved under the Irish Reformation |
3997737 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel%20Anderson | Axel Anderson | Axel Anderson (December 11, 1929 – December 16, 2012) was a German actor who was very popular in his adopted homeland of Puerto Rico.
Biography
Early life
Anderson was born Axel Levy to a Jewish family in Berlin, Germany. In 1936 Anderson's family escaped the Holocaust by emigrating to Paraguay. Due to political instability in Paraguay, Anderson's family soon moved to Argentina. Anderson started acting as a teenager, working at the Teatro Alemán Independiente, a small theater troupe mainly composed of German expatriates who performed in German.
During the 1950s, Anderson moved his young family to Bogotá, Colombia where he worked in theater. The family later moved to the Dominican Republic. During his time in the Dominican Republic, Anderson reportedly clashed with the politics of the Rafael Trujillo regime, being forced to emigrate one more time. He and his family settled in Puerto Rico where they have remained ever since.
Career
Anderson made his debut in Puerto Rican television with a sitcom named Qué Pareja, a local version of I Love Lucy. He also performed in theater and other short television productions. The actor quickly established himself as a leading man, landing several leading roles in local novelas or soap operas. Early in his career, he starred in a novela titled Cuando los hijos condenan in which Anderson and co-star Marta Romero shared the first on-screen kiss in the history of Puerto Rican television.
Anderson also starred in one of the first major motion pictures produced in Puerto Rico, Maruja. His film career continued with roles in Spanish and U.S. films, including Battle of the Bulge (1965) and Bananas (1971). He also participated in the Spanish dubs of several Hollywood films of the 1940s and 1950s as well as of many American TV shows.
In his last 20 years, Anderson remained one of the leading actors in Puerto Rico and continually acted in major local and international productions, including a small role as the bank director in the Sylvester Stallone thriller Assassins.
Anderson (lyrics) and Tony Croatto (music) co-wrote Agüeybaná, a song dedicated to the memory of the most important Taino "Cacique" of the pre-colonial Puerto Rico, recorded by Nelly y Tony and later by Haciendo Punto En Otro Son, which became a major hit in the 70s.
Anderson died on December 16, 2012, in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Filmography
Recordings
OPUS 1
Martes 2 de la Tarde
Letra de Axel Anderson
Por Eso Que Llaman Amor
Emigrante
Ahora Sé
Inventario
El Pasado Ya Pasó
Para Elisa
Mis Cinco Sentidos
A Que No Sabes A Quien Ví
El Coro
See also
List of Puerto Ricans
References
External links
Axel Anderson Bio
1929 births
2012 deaths
German emigrants to Puerto Rico
Deaths from cancer in Puerto Rico
Jewish American male actors
Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
Male actors from Berlin
Male actors from San Juan, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rican Jews
Puerto Rican male film actors
Puerto Rican male television actors
21st-century American Jews |
3997774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section%2021%20of%20the%20Canadian%20Charter%20of%20Rights%20and%20Freedoms | Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms | Section 21 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is one of several sections of the Charter relating to the official languages of Canada. The official languages, under section 16 of the Charter, are English and French. Sections 16 to 20 guarantee a number of rights in regard to the use of these languages in the federal and New Brunswick courts and other government institutions. Thus, section 21 clarifies that language rights regarding English and French in the Constitution of Canada, outside the Charter, remain valid and are not limited by the language rights within the Charter.
Text
In full, it reads,
Function
Section 21 thus reaffirms language rights in the Constitution in respect to the provinces of Quebec and Manitoba. Although neither of these provinces are officially bilingual, there are constitutional rights regarding the use of English and French in those provinces that are not duplicated in the Charter. Specifically, section 133 of the Constitution Act, 1867 guarantees that anyone in the Quebec legislature (now known as the National Assembly of Quebec) may speak in either language, and that the records of the National Assembly must be kept in both languages. Furthermore, bilingualism is allowed in Quebec courts.
The same rights are guaranteed in respect to the federal government under section 133, but these are repeated in section 17, section 18 and section 19 of the Charter.
The Manitoba Act, which created the province of Manitoba in 1870 and is considered part of the Constitution of Canada, contains similar language rights. Section 23 of that Act states that everyone may speak in English or French in the legislature and in Manitoba courts, and that the records of the legislature must be kept in both languages. These rights, too, are not duplicated by the Charter but are reaffirmed by section 21 of the Charter.
Comparisons to other Charter sections
Whereas section 16 can be used to guarantee rights to those working in government offices to use either French or English, it has been noted that the rights referred to in section 21 do not.
Section 21 can be better compared to some of the sections under the heading "General" (sections 25–31). This is because it is "negative in form," not guaranteeing rights but protecting pre-existing ones. Like section 21, section 29 protects rights (in this case denominational school rights) that appear elsewhere in the Constitution. Section 25 refers to Aboriginal rights and section 26 refers to other rights not in the Charter, although unlike section 21 these sections recognize rights outside the Constitution.
References
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Bilingualism in Canada
Language policy in Canada
Language legislation |
3997775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Waters | Brian Waters | Brian Demond Waters (born February 18, 1977) is a former American football guard. He was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 1999 out of the University of North Texas. He played most of his career for the Kansas City Chiefs, and also played for the New England Patriots. He earned six Pro Bowl selections during his career.
Early years
Waters was born in Waxahachie, Texas, and attended Waxahachie High School. He lettered in football. As a senior, he was an All-District honoree as both a tight end and defensive end. He made 16 receptions for 380 yards on offense, and made five sacks and 66 tackles on defense.
College career
Waters attended the University of North Texas where he played for the North Texas Mean Green football team. He started his first three years at tight end, while recording 86 receptions for 975 yards and nine touchdowns. As a senior, he was moved to defensive end, but also played as a backup fullback and tight end. On defense, he had 45 tackles (32 solo) and 5 sacks.
Professional career
Dallas Cowboys (first stint)
The Dallas Cowboys signed him as an undrafted free agent after the 1999 NFL draft to play tight end and fullback. He was released during training camp.
Kansas City Chiefs
The Kansas City Chiefs signed him as a free agent during the 2000 offseason and sent him to play with the Berlin Thunder in NFL Europe, with the plan of converting him to center.
Waters was named an All-Pro twice and was selected to the Pro Bowl five times in his 11-year career with the Kansas City Chiefs. In 2003, he was a part of a 13-3 Chiefs team. During the 2004 season, Waters was selected as the AFC Offensive Player of the Week for his play during a game against the Atlanta Falcons on October 24, 2004. The Chiefs scored an NFL-record eight rushing touchdowns during that game. Waters is the only offensive lineman in the AFC to have received the award, and the only lineman in the NFL to win since 1992. Waters was recognized as the recipient of the 2009 Walter Payton Man of the Year Award which honors a player's contribution on the field as well as off.
After 11 seasons in Kansas City, he was released on July 28, 2011.
New England Patriots
On September 4, 2011, Waters signed with the New England Patriots. Waters, who started every game at right guard for the Patriots, was voted a starter for the Pro Bowl. After never having won a playoff game before the 2011 season, Waters played for the Patriots in Super Bowl XLVI. Prior to the start of the 2012 season, Waters refused to report to the Patriots. Waters said that if he were to play in 2012, it would be for a team close to his family in Texas. The Patriots finally released Waters from his contract on April 30, 2013.
Dallas Cowboys (second stint)
The Dallas Cowboys signed Waters to a one-year contract worth $3 million on September 3, 2013.
Retirement
Waters announced his retirement on September 2, 2014.
References
External links
New England Patriots bio
1977 births
Living people
American football offensive guards
African-American players of American football
People from Waxahachie, Texas
Waxahachie High School alumni
Players of American football from Texas
North Texas Mean Green football players
Berlin Thunder players
Dallas Cowboys players
Kansas City Chiefs players
New England Patriots players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
21st-century African-American sportspeople
20th-century African-American sportspeople |
3997782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos%20Theory%20%28film%29 | Chaos Theory (film) | Chaos Theory is a 2008 American comedy-drama film starring Ryan Reynolds, Emily Mortimer, and Stuart Townsend. The film was directed by Marcos Siega, written by Daniel Taplitz and Kathy Gori, and was shot in Coquitlam and Squamish, British Columbia.
Plot
Frank Allen is a professional speaker who lectures on time management. He lives by example: perfectly maximizing his efficiency through scheduling and planning his own life down to the minute. He dearly loves his wife, Susan, and their young daughter, Jesse.
On the day of an important seminar that could be his major break on the corporate lecture circuit, Susan changes their clocks by 10 minutes, to give him time to run a meaningless errand for her on this important day, but she moves them the wrong way. From missing the ferry to the career-damaging fact that he then arrives late to his lecture on time management, Frank experiences an off day. He loves his wife so much that, when the beautiful Paula crashes his hotel room, strips down and jumps on him, Frank excuses himself and heads home in the middle of the night.
While driving home through the night he sees a pregnant woman, Nancy, having contractions and gives the stranger a lift. At the hospital, Frank is asked to fill out some paper work. He mistakenly puts his own information down and the nurses at the hospital assume he is the father.
Before Frank arrives home, a nurse from the hospital calls attempting to reach "the father". Susan instantly believes it is Frank's baby and that he is cheating on her and leading a double life. When Frank arrives home, she refuses to let him clear up the misunderstanding and throws him out of the house within moments. Her reaction through the next few days remains over the top, refusing to talk to Frank and only allowing him to see Jesse after school.
Left with no choice but to provide scientific proof to Susan, Frank sees a doctor for a paternity test, but receives the diagnosis that he was never able to reproduce to begin with, since he has Klinefelter's syndrome. The undeniable truth about Jesse and, thus, Susan's own infidelity devastates Frank - but also explains why Susan so instantly presupposed that Frank was a cheater, treating him with unforgiving disdain and refusing to let him even try to clarify the situation.
A few days later, Nancy brings her baby to the Allens' house in hopes of thanking Frank for his kindness, finding only Susan at home. Nancy soon clears up the misunderstanding. Susan turns on a dime, ignoring her atrocious behaviour of the past few days and expecting Frank to simply come home, acting as if she is the one who has forgiven him. The damage is done, however, as Frank realizes that he was the only one in the relationship who was faithful, and goes through a withdrawal as he tries to comprehend how his daughter could not be his and how wrong his life turned out when he believed that he has always stayed straight and narrow.
After giving a life-changing speech about living on whim at his own time management lecture, he decides to live his life based on chance from that moment on. He starts his reformed outlook on life with the simple idea of possibility and randomness by basing his decisions on shuffling three index cards with written options and choosing one at random.
He goes on to have a one night stand with the woman he met at the bar but he’s too drunk to perform.
He realizes that Buddy is the father of his child and plots to kill Buddy. He lures him to the lake and try to kill him but they both fall into the lake and buddy saves Frank.
Buddy backs off and Frank realizes that he loves his family and forgives his wife and goes back to them.
In present day the groom realizes that he loves the daughter and decides to get married.
Cast
Ryan Reynolds as Frank Allen
Emily Mortimer as Susan Allen
Stuart Townsend as Buddy Endrow
Sarah Chalke as Paula Crowe
Mike Erwin as Ed
Constance Zimmer as Peg the Teacher
Matreya Fedor as Jesse Allen (7 years)
Elisabeth Harnois as Jesse Allen
Chris William Martin as Damon
Jovanna Huguet as Maid of Honor
Christopher Jacot as Simon / Best Man
Alessandro Juliani as Ken
Jocelyne Loewen as Pregnant Nancy
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 31% based on reviews from 59 critics. The site's critical consensus reads: "Ryan Reynolds and Emily Mortimer do what they can, but ultimately Chaos Theory is an overly conventional dramedy." On Metacritic the film had a weighted average score of 44 out of 100, based on reviews from 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
Dennis Harvey of Variety wrote: "The lead performers, the brighter fillips in Daniel Taplitz’s screenplay and Marcos Siega’s ("Pretty Persuasion") assured direction make this a pleasing item overall."
Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "The picture continuously shuffles moods like tunes on an iPod without ever making any lasting commitments."
Home media
The DVD was released on June 17, 2008, in the US.
References
External links
2008 films
2008 comedy-drama films
American films
American comedy-drama films
Films directed by Marcos Siega
Films shot in Vancouver
Films about dysfunctional families
Warner Independent Pictures films
Castle Rock Entertainment films |
3997783 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine%20Walter%20Benson | Constantine Walter Benson | Constantine Walter Benson OBE (2 February 1909 – 21 September 1982) was a British ornithologist and author of over 350 publications. He is considered the last of a line of British Colonial officials that made significant contributions to ornithology.
Education and career
Constantine Walter Benson was born in 1909 near Taunton in Somerset, and educated at Eton and Magdalene College, Cambridge. He was to become head of the Cambridge Bird Club. He became an officer in the Colonial Service in 1932 and was posted to Nyasaland, modern Malawi, where he spent over 20 years as a District Commissioner. He was elected a member of the British Ornithologists' Union in 1932. On arrival in Malawi, he began the systematic study of Malawian birds, training and making use of his servant and collector Jali Makawa. He met his wife Florence Mary Lanham (Molly), while visiting the Transvaal Museum where she worked as a botanist and they co-authored several publications. It has been reported that Benson tasted every specimen he collected; he claimed that turacos tasted the best, while owls tasted the worst.
He was a recognised expert on East African birds, and made a number of scientific discoveries including:
Lufira masked weaver
White-tailed swallow or Benson's swallow
Roberts's warbler
Aldabra brush warbler
Karthala scops owl
In 1952 he was transferred from Nyasaland to the then Northern Rhodesia, (now Zambia) Game and Fisheries Department. There he remained until his retirement. In 1962 he was seconded to the Rhodes Livingstone Museum as Assistant Director. In 1958, whilst at the Game and Fisheries Department, he led the centenary expedition of the British Ornithological Union to the Comoro Islands.
Work at the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology
After officially retiring in 1965, Benson continued to work on the collection of birds catalogue in the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, which had been untouched since 1907 and the death of Alfred Newton, one of the founders of the British Ornithologists Union. At first this work was supported by a grant from the Leverhulme Trust and the University of Cambridge, but from 1972 he worked unpaid. The museum archives contain material from Benson's collection, field notebooks from Benson's expeditions in Africa, and correspondence about the classification of the museum bird collection. He was supported in his work by his botanist wife Florence Mary Benson, who co-authored some of his works.
Publications
He wrote many books and articles during and after his time in the Colonial Service. His works include:
"Birds of the Comoro Islands" (1960)
"A Contribution to the Ornithology of Zambia" (1967)
"Birds of Zambia" (1971)
"The Birds of Malawi" (1977).
Awards and honours
Benson was awarded the OBE in 1965 for his work in Africa, the Union Medal of the British Ornithological Union in 1960 and the Gill Memorial Medal of the Southern Africa Ornithological Society in 1980.
References
British ornithologists
Colonial Service officers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
1909 births
1982 deaths
People educated at Eton College
20th-century British zoologists
Nyasaland people
Northern Rhodesia people |
3997811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Three%20Stooges%20in%20Orbit | The Three Stooges in Orbit | The Three Stooges In Orbit is a 1962 American comedy science fiction film directed by Edward Bernds. It is the fourth feature film to star the Three Stooges after their 1959 resurgence in popularity. By this time, the trio consisted of Moe Howard, Larry Fine, and Joe DeRita (dubbed "Curly Joe"). Released by Columbia Pictures and produced by Normandy Productions, The Three Stooges In Orbit was directed by long-time Stooge director Edward Bernds, whom Moe later cited as the team's finest director.
Plot
The Stooges are TV actors who are trying to sell ideas for their animated television show The Three Stooges Scrapbook. Unfortunately, their producer does not like anything. He gives the boys ten days to come up with a gimmick or their show will be canceled. In the meantime the Stooges lose their accommodation when they are caught cooking in their room because Curly Joe turned up the TV-disguised refrigerator way too loud which distracted the landlady. The only affordable accommodation that will allow cooking is found in an advertisement in a newspaper. The home belongs to Professor Danforth (Emil Sitka) and it resembles a castle.
Professor Danforth is convinced that Martians will soon invade Earth. He persuades the boys to help him with his new military invention—a land, air and sea vehicle (tank, helicopter, flying submarine). In return, Danforth will create a new "electronic animation" machine for the Stooges to use in their television show. The boys think the Professor a crank but accept his eccentricities along with his accommodation. No one, especially the FBI listens to the Professor's cries for help but the boys apprehend Danforth's butler who dresses like a monster to terrify the Professor. In reality the butler is a Martian spy made to look like a human.
The Martians, meanwhile send two more alien spies named Ogg and Zogg who are not disguised as humans to Earth to prepare for the invasion. When Moe accidentally sends a television transmission of old films and scenes of the Twist craze through the Martian's communication device, they are offended and call off the invasion, opting instead to destroy Earth.
Meanwhile, the Stooges give the vehicle a test run. They mistakenly enter a nuclear test area, when their engine malfunctions. They land near a test rig where a test nuclear depth bomb is set up. The Stooges take the bomb, thinking it is a carburetor, and fasten it to the engine. Water, meant to detonate the bomb, shoots out of the testing rig. The military is bewildered by test's failure. With the bomb attached to the engine, the vehicle now performs beyond expectations, even going into space.
Later in the film, the Martians board the vehicle while it's parked and mount a ray gun on it. As they take off with orders to destroy Earth, the boys manage to get onto the craft to try to stop them and prevent the ray gun from destroying Disneyland. The Stooges are able to use one of the Martians' ray guns to separate the fuselage from the conning tower. The fuselage, holding Ogg and Zogg, crashes into the ocean, detonating the nuclear depth bomb. Clinging to the auto-rotating helicopter section, the Stooges survive, crashing through the roof of the television studio in the nick of time and saving their careers.
Cast
Moe Howard – Moe
Larry Fine – Larry
Joe DeRita – Curly-Joe
Emil Sitka – Professor Danforth
Carol Christensen – Carol Danforth
Edson Stroll – Capt. Tom Andrews
George N. Neise – Ogg/Airline Pilot
Rayford Barnes – Zogg/Airline Co-Pilot
Norman Leavitt – William, the Butler
Nestor Paiva – Martian Chairman
Don Lamond – Col. Smithers
Peter Dawson – Gen. Bixby
Peter Brocco – Dr. Appleby
Cheerio Meredith – Tooth Paste Old Maid
Production
The Three Stooges in Orbit was born out of The Three Stooges Scrapbook, an unsold color television pilot produced in 1960 at a cost of $30,000. Producer Norman Maurer reprocessed the Scrapbook footage into black and white and built the plot around the concept of the Stooges rehearsing for their television show. In addition, Maurer was able to use many film props originally used in the film Forbidden Planet.
See also
List of American films of 1962
Landwasserschlepper
References
External links
1962 films
1960s science fiction comedy films
American science fiction adventure films
American black-and-white films
American science fiction comedy films
American space adventure films
Columbia Pictures films
1960s English-language films
Fictional-language films
Films about extraterrestrial life
Films directed by Edward Bernds
Films set in Los Angeles
The Three Stooges films
Films scored by Paul Dunlap
1962 comedy films |
3997813 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian%20gauge | Newtonian gauge | In general relativity, the Newtonian gauge is a perturbed form of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker line element. The gauge freedom of general relativity is used to eliminate two scalar degrees of freedom of the metric, so that it can be written as:
where the Latin indices a and b are summed over the spatial directions and is the Kronecker delta. We can instead make use of conformal time as the time component yielding the longitudinal or conformal Newtonian gauge:
which is related by the simple transformation . They are called Newtonian gauges because is the Newtonian gravitational potential of classical Newtonian gravity, which satisfies the Poisson equation for non-relativistic matter and on scales where the expansion of the universe may be neglected. It includes only scalar perturbations of the metric: by the scalar-vector-tensor decomposition these evolve independently of the vector and tensor perturbations and are the predominant ones affecting the growth of structure in the universe in cosmological perturbation theory. The vector perturbations vanish in cosmic inflation and the tensor perturbations are gravitational waves, which have a negligible effect on physics except for the so-called B-modes of the cosmic microwave background polarization. The tensor perturbation is truly gauge independent, since it is the same in all gauges.
In a universe without anisotropic stress (that is, where the stress–energy tensor is invariant under spatial rotations, or the three principal pressures are identical) the Einstein equation sets .
References
Mathematical methods in general relativity
Physical cosmology |
3997825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Pert | Gary Pert | Gary Pert (born 28 May 1965) is a former Australian rules footballer who represented and in the Australian Football League (AFL). Tall, well-built and strong in the air, Pert played over 200 league games, despite suffering two serious knee injuries in the prime years of his career. Early in one season, Pert suffered a bizarre injury when he went to his girlfriend's house for dinner and got a biscuit stuck in his oesophagus. The blockage remained overnight and so the following day he underwent an oesophagoscopy under general anaesthetic. He recovered in time for the Round 5 game against . He returned in 1989, winning Fitzroy's best and fairest.
Fitzroy career
The son of Brian Pert, a former Fitzroy utility player, Pert was educated at Templestowe High School.
Besides representing Bulleen in junior football, Pert also played for the Victorian Football League (VFL) schoolboys team in Ireland in 1981. He was recruited to , as Bulleen was in Fitzroy's recruiting zone, and made his senior debut in Round 4 of the 1982 season at only 16 years of age. Also making his debut was Paul Roos, with whom Pert formed a great partnership for Fitzroy through the 1980s.
He played State of Origin for Victoria in 1984 at the age of just 18, and was a champion full-back for the Lions (who could be switched to the forward line). In 1985 he won All-Australian selection.
Pert missed much of the first half of the 1987 VFL season due to a knee injury, but was playing again by the end of the season. Prior to the start of the 1988 VFL season, Paul Roos was named captain of Fitzroy, and Pert was chosen as his deputy. On the strong bond between Roos and Pert, David Parkin, who was coach of Fitzroy at the time, said:
They're inseparable in everything they do... On the field, from the time the ball leaves Pert and goes to Roos, there is an understanding there. I don't think I've seen such an understanding relationship between two players... It is remarkable
At the end of the 1990 AFL season, Pert suffered another knee injury that would rule him out of play for the whole year. The Lions let Pert go, having played 163 games with 42 goals between 1982 and 1990. The Collingwood Football Club subsequently picked him up in the 1990 AFL Draft.
Collingwood career
After missing the entire 1991 AFL season with a knee injury that he carried over from Fitzroy, Pert gave loyal service over 70 games in four seasons, continuing to take on and match the best full forwards in the League. Soon after his retirement, his surname became rhyming slang, as evidenced in the popular Australian phrase, "How dare you! You've only gone and bloody well Gary Pert my feelings again!"
Post-AFL career
After retiring, Pert worked as a chief executive officer (CEO) for various high-profile organizations in Melbourne. He was head of Austereo before taking up a position at the Nine Network TV station in December 2006. But that job did not last long.
In May 2007, he replaced Greg Swann as CEO of . On 24 July 2017, Pert resigned from his position as CEO of the club.
In June 2018, Pert returned to the AFL industry after being appointed as CEO of the Melbourne Football Club.
References
External links
Australian businesspeople
1965 births
Living people
Fitzroy Football Club players
Collingwood Football Club players
Victorian State of Origin players
Mitchell Medal winners
All-Australians (1953–1988)
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia)
Collingwood Football Club administrators
Australia international rules football team players |
3997844 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20medieval%20architecture%20in%20North%20America | European medieval architecture in North America | Medieval architecture in North America is an anachronism. Some structures in North America can however be classified as medieval, either by age or origin. In some rare cases these structures are seen as evidence on pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. Although much of this is pseudoscience, these buildings are of interest to American scholars of medieval architecture.
Pre-Columbian buildings
L'Anse aux Meadows, a Norse settlement in Newfoundland. Foundations of eight structures, visible today only as mounds because they were reburied in a conservation effort. Includes modern reconstructions.
Church of Hvalsey, a Norse church in Greenland. Additional remains of Norse-era settlements.
Transported buildings
Medieval building that have been transported to North America in modern times.
The Cloisters museum, New York City, a branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art housed in a complex integrating elements from several different medieval structures
St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church, a 12th-century cloister from Spain, reassembled in Florida
Elements of a 12th-century cloister from Saint-Génis-des-Fontaines Abbey, a Romanesque portal, and a 15th-century chapel in the Philadelphia Museum of Art
Part of a Romanesque cloister in the Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio
Chapel of St Martin de Sayssuel, (St. Joan of Arc Chapel), Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Agecroft Hall, Richmond, Virginia
Chapterhouse of the Abbey of María de Óvila, under reconstruction at the Abbey of New Clairvaux, Vina, California
A 1524 sidechapel from France in the Detroit Institute of Arts
A 14th century cloister from France in the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
Parts of Hearst Castle in San Simeon, California
Parts of Hammond Castle, Gloucester, Massachusetts
A 12th century Chapter house from France in the Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, Massachusetts
Other later period buildings were also transported like the Cotswold Cottage, built in the early 17th century in Chedworth, Gloucestershire, England, now in The Henry Ford museum in Dearborn, Michigan. The Church of St. Mary the Virgin, Aldermanbury, London, which was designed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1677 is now the National Churchill Museum in Fulton, Missouri. It includes a spiral staircase which probably dates to the 12th century.
Notes
Architectural history
Med |
3997849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranyl%20sulfate | Uranyl sulfate | Uranyl sulfate describes a family of inorganic compounds with the formula UO2SO4(H2O)n. These salts consist of sulfate, the uranyl ion, and water. They are lemon-yellow solids. Uranyl sulfates are intermediates in some extraction methods used for uranium ores.
Structure
The structure of UO2(SO4)(H2O)3.5 is illustrative of the uranyl sulfates. The trans-UO22+ centers are encased in a pentagonal bipyramidal coordination sphere. In the pentagonal plane are five oxygen ligands derived from sulfate and aquo ligands. The compound is a coordination polymer.
Uses
Aside from the large scale use in mining, uranyl sulfate finds some use as a negative stain in microscopy and tracer in biology. The Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor experiment, constructed in 1951, circulated a fuel composed of 565 grams of U-235 enriched to 14.7% in the form of uranyl sulfate.
The acid process of milling uranium ores involves precipitating uranyl sulfate from the pregnant leaching solution to produce the semi-refined product referred to as yellowcake.
Related compounds
the hydrogen sulfate.
potassium uranyl sulfate, K2UO2(SO4)2, which was used by Henri Becquerel in his discovery of radioactivity.
References
Uranyl compounds
Sulfates
Nuclear materials |
3997866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos%20Theory%20%28disambiguation%29 | Chaos Theory (disambiguation) | Chaos theory is a mathematical theory describing erratic behavior in certain nonlinear dynamical systems.
Chaos Theory may also refer to:
Film and television
Chaos Theory (film), a 2008 comedy-drama
"Chaos Theory", an episode of ER (season 9)
"Chaos Theory", an episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (season 2)
"Chaos Theory", an episode of The Unit (season 4)
"Chaos Theory" (Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.)
Other uses
Chaos Theory (demo), a 2006 computer demo by Conspiracy
"Chaos Theory", an episode of video game Life Is Strange
Chaos Theory: Part 1, a 2012 EP by Like A Storm
The Chaos Theory, a 2002 album by Jumpsteady
Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory, a 2005 video game
Chaos Theory – The Soundtrack to Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory, by Amon Tobin, 2005
See also |
3997868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen%20Dalton | Karen Dalton | Karen J. Dalton (born Jean Karen Cariker; July 19, 1937 – March 19, 1993) was an American folk blues singer, guitarist, and banjo player. She was associated with the early 1960s Greenwich Village folk music scene, particularly with Fred Neil, the Holy Modal Rounders, and Bob Dylan. Although she did not enjoy much commercial success during her lifetime, her music has gained significant recognition since her death. Artists like Nick Cave, Devendra Banhart, and Joanna Newsom have noted her as an influence.
Life and career
Dalton was born Jean Karen Cariker in Bonham, Texas, but was raised in Enid, Oklahoma. She also lived in Stillwater, Oklahoma, and Lawrence, Kansas. Her heritage was half Cherokee and half Irish . With two divorces behind her at the age of 21, Dalton left Oklahoma and arrived in Greenwich Village, New York City in the early 1960s. She brought her twelve string guitar, long-neck banjo, and at least one of her two children with her. According to her daughter Abralyn Baird, at that point Dalton had lost two of her bottom teeth breaking up a fight between two of her boyfriends.
Greenwich Village scene
Dalton quickly became entrenched in the Greenwich Village folk musical scene of the 1960s. She played alongside big names of the time, including Bob Dylan (who occasionally backed her up on harmonica), Fred Neil, Richard Tucker, and Tim Hardin. She covered many of their songs in her own performances. Dylan later wrote that "Karen had a voice like Billie Holiday and played guitar like Jimmy Reed.” She was among the first to sing Hardin's "Reason to Believe". She later married Tucker, with whom she sometimes played as a duo, and in a trio with Hardin.
While Dalton was a regular at famous folk venue Café Wha? and performed at benefit concerts for civil rights groups, she was a reluctant performer and refused to perform her own songs. Combined with her use of alcohol and heroin, recording her music and touring was particularly hard.
Dalton moved to Colorado with husband Richard Tucker and daughter Abralyn (Abbe) and lived there for a while in the 1960s, in a small mining cabin in Summerville. Eventually she moved back to New York via Los Angeles, and then to Woodstock, New York.
It's So Hard to Tell Who's Going to Love You the Best (album)
Dalton was "not interested in playing the music industry's games in an era when musicians had little other choice," as bass player and producer Harvey Brooks noted. She often responded in anger when producers attempted to change her music while recording.
At first, producer Nick Venet was unsuccessful in recording her first album, It's So Hard to Tell Who's Going to Love You the Best (Capitol, 1969). It wasn't until he invited Fred Neil to a session that they were able to come away with recordings. Even then, Venet and Neil were only successful by tricking Dalton into thinking the tape wasn't rolling. Dalton cut most of the tracks with one take, and all in one night. The record features songs from Neil, Hardin, Jelly Roll Morton, and Eddie Floyd & Booker T. Jones. It was re-released by Koch Records on CD in 1996.
In My Own Time (album)
Dalton's second album, In My Own Time (1971), was recorded at Bearsville Studios (which was set up by Bob Dylan's manager, Albert Grossman) and originally released by Woodstock Festival promoter Michael Lang's label, Just Sunshine Records. The album was produced and arranged by Harvey Brooks, who played bass on it. Piano player Richard Bell guested on the album. Its liner notes were written by Fred Neil and its cover photos were taken by Elliott Landy. Dalton brought her two teenage children, her dog, and her horse from Oklahoma to feel more at ease with recording.
Re-releases and tributes
It's So Hard to Tell Who's Going to Love You the Best was re-released on Koch Records in 1997, in collaboration with New York-based radio DJ and Karen Dalton fan Nicholas Hill, and with liner notes by Peter Stampfel. In 1999 the French label Megaphone music did a European re-release of the same album, which included a bonus DVD featuring rare performance footage of Dalton and a French TV feature on Karen Dalton from 1970. In My Own Time was re-released on CD and LP on November 7, 2006 by Light in the Attic Records.
Two recordings from 1962 and 1963, previously owned by Karen's friend Joe Loop who ran the little club "The Attic" in Boulder in the early 60's, were released on Megaphone in 2007 and 2008 as live album Cotton Eyed Joe and the home-recorded album Green Rocky Road.
The compilation tribute album, Remembering Mountains: Unheard Songs by Karen Dalton, was released in 2015 by folk label Tompkins Square. In similar fashion to Wilco and Billy Bragg’s adaptions of Woody Guthrie songs in Mermaid Avenue, the album features adaptations of Dalton's work by artists including Patty Griffin, Lucinda Williams, Josephine Foster, Sharon Van Etten, and Julia Holter. The songs feature lyrics and poems Dalton wrote before her death, which were in the care of her friend, folk guitarist Peter Walker.
Style
Dalton's bluesy, world-weary voice is often compared to jazz singer Billie Holiday, though Dalton loathed the comparison and said Bessie Smith was a greater influence. Dalton sang blues, folk, country, pop, Motown—making over each song in her own style. She played the twelve string guitar and a long-neck banjo.
Known as "the folk singer's answer to Billie Holiday" and "Sweet Mother K.D.", Dalton is said to be the subject of the song "Katie's Been Gone" (composed by Richard Manuel and Robbie Robertson) on the album The Basement Tapes by The Band and Bob Dylan, who wrote of Dalton that "My favorite singer...was Karen Dalton. Karen had a voice like Billie Holiday and played guitar like Jimmy Reed... I sang with her a couple of times." Fred Neil once remarked, "She sure can sing the shit out of the blues."
Modern artists Adele, Nick Cave, Devendra Banhart, and Joanna Newsom have all noted her as an influence. So does country singer Lacy J. Dalton, who knew Dalton in Greenwich Village and adopted her surname as a tribute.
Later life and death
Commercial failure of her album In My Own Time and her estrangement from her children contributed to further substance abuse later in Dalton's life.
In later years, Dalton lived in a mobile home located in a clearing off Eagle's Nest Road, outside the town of Hurley, near Woodstock.
Friend Lacy J. Dalton helped send her to rehab in Texas in the early 1990s; a stay which lasted only a couple of days before she demanded to be taken back home to Woodstock again. She died there in March 1993 from an AIDS-related illness, aged 55. According to her friend Peter Walker, she had been living with the disease for more than eight years.
Documentary
A documentary, Karen Dalton: In My Own Time, from filmmakers Richard Peete and Robert Yapkowitz, made its world premiere at Doc NYC in November 2020. Sheri Linden in The Hollywood Reporter writes, "As it introduces a one-of-a-kind artist to the uninitiated and celebrates her for aficionados, above all it listens — and invites us to do the same."
Discography
Studio albums
It's So Hard to Tell Who's Going to Love You the Best (1969)
In My Own Time (1971)
Live album
Cotton Eyed Joe (2007) (recorded live in 1962)
Other releases
Green Rocky Road (2008) Recorded at home circa 1962-63, released by Delmore Recording Society; contains unreleased recordings.
1966 (2012). Released by Delmore Recording Society; contains previously unreleased recordings.
Remembering Mountains: Unheard Songs by Karen Dalton (2015), released by Tompkins Square.
References
External links
Allmusic entry
Illustrated Karen Dalton discography
Light In The Attic Records "In My Own Time" CD
Delmore Recordings "Cotton Eyed Joe: The Loop Tapes/Live In Boulder 1962" CD & DVD and "Green Rocky Road" CD"
"Sweet Mother KD," 2016 BBC Seriously... documentary about Dalton
Karen Dalton : Jeunesse d'une femme libre, de Greenwich Village à Woodstock A comic book about the youth of Karen Dalton written by journalist Cédric Rassat and Ana Rousse (Ed. Sarbacane, 2017, 150 pages)
A Bright Light : Karen and the process, a documentary by Emmanuelle Antille (Production Intermezzo Films, 2018)
1937 births
1993 deaths
American banjoists
American blues singers
American folk singers
Singer-songwriters from Oklahoma
American women country singers
American country singer-songwriters
American women singer-songwriters
20th-century American singers
Deaths from throat cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
20th-century American guitarists
Guitarists from Oklahoma
20th-century American women singers
Musicians from Enid, Oklahoma
20th-century American women guitarists |
3997879 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Blanchard | Joseph Blanchard | Joseph Blanchard (1704–1758) was born in Dunstable, New Hampshire (now Nashua) on February 11, 1704 to Capt. Joseph Blanchard and his wife Abiah Hassell. In 1724 he joined the New Hampshire Militia as a lieutenant and served in Capt. Eleazer Tyng's Company. On September 26, 1728 he married Rebecca Hubbard of Groton, Massachusetts. They would have 12 children, including Jonathan Blanchard, a New Hampshire delegate to the Congress of the Confederation in 1784.
Joseph Blanchard would serve as town selectman, a surveyor for the state of New Hampshire, Counsellor of the State by mandamus from the Crown, and Judge of the Superior Court of New Hampshire. At the start of the French and Indian War Joseph Blanchard was already a colonel in the militia, and in 1754 he ordered Capt. John Goffe along with a company of men (Robert Rogers was part of this company) to patrol the upper reaches of the Merrimack River valley. In 1755 Joseph Blanchard was appointed as Colonel of the New Hampshire Provincial Regiment sent to serve under Sir William Johnson in an attack on Crown Point on Lake Champlain. Along the march they built Fort Wentworth at Northumberland, New Hampshire on the Connecticut River. The regiment was at Fort Edward and fought at the Battle of Lake George. The regiment returned home in December 1755. Col. Joseph Blanchard died on April 7, 1758. In 1761 a new more accurate map of New Hampshire that Joseph Blanchard had prepared in connection with Samuel Langdon was published.
External links
Massachusetts Historical Society copy of the Blanchard/Langdon map
1704 births
1758 deaths
People of colonial New Hampshire
People of New Hampshire in the French and Indian War
Blandchard, Joseph
People from Nashua, New Hampshire |
3997893 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20Eagle%20%28Dakota%20Leader%29 | War Eagle (Dakota Leader) | War Eagle (Dakota: Waŋbdí Okíčhize; - Autumn 1851) was a Dakota-born tribal chief of the Yankton Sioux Tribe.
Life
Little is known of War Eagle's early life in regard to his birthplace and the dating of his birth, however historians estimate that he was born around 1785 in present-day Minnesota or Wisconsin. In his early years, War Eagle left his own tribe, the Santee, to avoid bloodshed in a fight as to who would be chief.
As a young man, War Eagle spent considerable time working among the white Americans. During the War of 1812, he carried messages for the United States government, and worked among the native peoples to promote the cause of the United States against the British. He worked as a riverboat guide on the upper Mississippi and also served as a messenger for the American Fur Company on the Missouri.
After marrying in Minnesota around 1830, he was adopted into the Yankton Sioux tribe. He and his wife had four girls and three boys. By the mid-1830s, he had been elected a chief of the tribe, and traveled to Washington, D.C. with other tribal leaders to negotiate peace treaties. War Eagle was especially proud of a silver Peace Medal given to him by President Martin Van Buren in 1837.
Two of his daughters, Dawn and Blazing Cloud, married Theophile Bruguier, a trader with the American Fur Company who had also been accepted into the Yankton tribe and had traveled with them for several years. According to one tradition, Bruguier told War Eagle about a dream he had of a place where two mighty rivers joined near a high bluff. War Eagle told Bruguier he had been to that place and would show it to him. In fact, both men had likely passed by this place many times in their fur trading voyages between St. Louis, Missouri and Fort Pierre.
Bruguier claimed the land near the confluence of the Big Sioux and Missouri rivers. In 1849, he built a log cabin, and with his two wives settled the land and traded with the Indians. His house is considered the first white settlement in what would shortly become Sioux City, Iowa.
Sometime during autumn in 1851, War Eagle died and was buried on top of the high bluff overlooking the confluence of the Big Sioux and Missouri. Other members of his family are also buried there, including Dawn and Blazing Cloud.
Legacy
Today, the bluff is part of War Eagle Park in Sioux City, Iowa. A monument was constructed in his honor with a steel statue depicting him with the eagle feather bonnet and ceremonial pipe, symbolizing his brave leadership and his commitment to peace. Housing projects on the east base of the bluff also bear his name.
References
External links
Chief War Eagle history, Sioux City History
Yankton Sioux leaders
Descendant, Leonard Bruguier
1780s births
1851 deaths
Native American leaders
Sioux people |
3997928 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Morse%20Felton%20Jr. | Samuel Morse Felton Jr. | Samuel Morse Felton Jr. (February 3, 1853 – March 11, 1930) was an American railroad executive.
Early life
Samuel Morse Felton Jr. was born on February 3, 1853, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Felton was the son of Samuel Morse Felton Sr. (1809-1889), Civil War era influential president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad (1851-1865) and earlier of the Fitchburg Railroad, and the nephew of Cornelius Conway Felton and John B. Felton.
He was an 1873 graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity.
Career
Railroad career
Felton entered the railroad industry as a rodman in Chester Creek, Pennsylvania, and worked his way up through engineer and superintendent positions. He developed a reputation for being able to rapidly facilitate the health of ailing railroads. He had quite a career as an engineer, superintendent and general manager of several railroads before rising into the presidency of both the Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway and Alabama Great Southern Railroad in 1890. He also led the Alton Railroad (1899–1907), the Mexican Central Railroad (1907), the Tennessee Central Railway and the Chicago Great Western Railway (1909–1925), before his own ailing health forced his retirement.
Military service
During World War I (1914/1917-1918), Felton was appointed Director General of Military Railways with a military rank of brigadier general and in that capacity had charge of the organization and dispatch to France of all American railway forces and supplies for the Western Front. He continued in that position during the World War years. For his service, he was honored with the Distinguished Service Medal by the United States and the Cross of the Legion of Honor by France.
Personal life
In 1880, Felton married Dora Hamilton, the daughter of a prominent Philadelphia attorney, and they had three daughters and a son. Mrs. Felton died in 1923. On November 19, 1929, Felton suffered a heart attack and stroke for which he was hospitalized at Passavant Memorial Hospital. He remained in the hospital until his death on March 11, 1930.
References
External links
Samuel Morse Felton (Jr) Collection at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School
1853 births
1930 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century American railroad executives
Alton Railroad
Chicago Great Western Railway presidents
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Honour |
3997929 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%20Pulitzer%20Prize | 1928 Pulitzer Prize | The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1928.
Journalism awards
Public Service:
Indianapolis Times, for its work in exposing political corruption to Indiana, prosecuting the guilty and bringing about a more wholesome state of affairs in civil government.
Reporting:
No award given
Editorial Writing:
Grover Cleveland Hall of The Montgomery Advertiser, for his editorials against gangsterism, floggings and racial and religious intolerance. "The Advertiser waged war against the resurgent Ku Klux Klan", the paper says today.
Editorial Cartooning:
Nelson Harding of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, "May His Shadow Never Grow Less."
Letters and Drama Awards
Novel:
The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder (Boni)
Drama:
Strange Interlude by Eugene O'Neill (Boni)
History:
Main Currents in American Thought, 2 vols. by Vernon Louis Parrington (Harcourt)
Biography or Autobiography:
The American Orchestra and Theodore Thomas by Charles Edward Russell (Doubleday)
Poetry:
Tristram by Edwin Arlington Robinson (Macmillan)
References
External links
Pulitzer Prizes for 1928
Pulitzer Prizes by year
Pulitzer Prize
Pulitzer Prize |
3997997 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit%20Windsor | Transit Windsor | Transit Windsor provides public transportation in the city of Windsor, Ontario, Canada as well as LaSalle, Essex, Kingsville, and Leamington and serves more than 6 million passengers each year (6.73 million in 2017), covering an area of and a population of 218,000. They operate a cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit, Michigan via the Tunnel Bus, and service to events at Detroit's Comerica Park, Little Caesars Arena, TCF Center, and Ford Field. The Windsor International Transit Terminal neighbours with the Windsor International Aquatic and Training Centre.
History
Transit Windsor was started on November 1, 1977 with 90 transit buses, one double-decker bus from England, three highway coaches, and two suburban buses. Before 1977, the company was called the Sandwich, Windsor & Amherstburg Railway Company or the "SW&A".
1872 to 1939
The earliest ancestor of the SW&A (and thus, Transit Windsor) is the Sandwich and Windsor Passenger Railway Company, which was officially incorporated on March 2, 1872 and operated from July 20, 1874 onwards. On March 3, 1880, it was operated under foreclosure by Mr. A. J. Kennedy, who re-incorporated it as the SW&A on June 25, 1887. During this period, the SW&A was using horse-drawn streetcars. In Autumn of 1877 to May 1878, the SW&A experimented with using steam dummy railway propulsion for its streetcar and interurban services, before switching to electric power on a full-time basis, from August 15, 1891, until May 6, 1939.
From August 31, 1901 to March 31, 1920, the SW&A was under ownership of the Detroit United Railway, when the local municipalities (the cities of Windsor and East Windsor, the towns of La Salle, Riverside, Tecumseh, Amherstburg, Ojibway, Sandwich, and Walkerville, and the townships Sandwich East and Sandwich West) purchased it back from them to retain it as a municipal operation. A result of this sale was the SW&A switching to electric streetcars, though the company began phasing out streetcars (electric and steam) during the 1930s and began using motorbuses. While under municipal ownership, it was operated by the Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario from April 1, 1920 until September 22, 1934 under their "Hydro Electric Railways: Essex District" division.
Electric trolleybuses were introduced on May 4, 1922, but were withdrawn on January 10, 1926, with the arrival of their replacements, the motorbuses. During the Great Depression, the SW&A withdrew its buses from regular service to save on operations costs, becoming purely trolley and interurban in service from 1931 until March 21, 1938, when buses returned and the interurban and trolley lines started being decommissioned.
On that date (March 21, 1938), the trolley lines to Amherstburg were the first to be replaced with buses, with the "Windsor-Walkerville" along Wyandotte Street and "Erie Streetcar" along Ottawa Street being the last to convert to buses, on May 6, 1939. The Windsor-Tecumseh Interurban would be the last rail service of any type, being replaced with buses on May 15, 1938.
Remains of the streetcar network can be found at the intersection of Sandwich and Mill streets, where the crosswalks of Sandwich Street still retain their original streetcar rails from 1939. Keen-eyed motorists and pedestrians can still see the paved-over rails along Elm Avenue between Riverside Drive and University Avenue as two long, exceptionally straight grooves or cracks in the pavement. A business on University Avenue (formerly London Street) called "the Junction" is one of the original streetcar barns that was used by SW&A before it ended use of the streetcars.
Windsor Electric Street Railway Company
The Windsor Electric Street Railway was the first public electric street railway in Canada, having begun service on June 6, 1886 with official opening ceremonies on June 9. Electricity was replaced with steam dummy operations in April 1888 until the fall of that year, when it was replaced with horse-drawn carriages afterwards. It was reorganized on April 18, 1893 as the City Railway Company of Windsor, and was leased to the SW&A on March 21, 1894. The SW&A would completely absorb it on June 4, 1904 turning the Windsor-Essex Street Railway into its trolley line to Walkerville, Ontario.
Sandwich, Windsor and Amherstburg Interurban
March 31, 1902 saw the purchase of the South Essex Electric Railway (incorporated on April 7, 1896) by the SW&A, which held a charter to construct an interurban line to Amherstburg. This purchase would allow the SW&A to construct the yet-unbuilt line to Amherstburg from Windsor. The line was completed by the SW&A on July 4, 1903 and operated until May 15, 1938, when it was the first of the lines to be replaced with buses. Bus service to Amherstburg was sold to an independent operator, Sun Parlour Coach Lines in 1958, and would be absorbed into Charterways in 1960.
Windsor and Tecumseh Electric Railway Company
The Windsor and Tecumseh Electric Railway Company was incorporated in 1904 and acquired the charter and assets of the Ontario Traction Company, Limited's yet-unbuilt interurban line to Tecumseh from Windsor, on May 25, 1905. The line began interurban trolley service from May 1, 1907, and was purchased by the SW&A on March 31, 1920. It, and the "Erie Streetcar" along Ottawa Street in Windsor, were the two last trolleys/interurbans to be discontinued, surviving until May 15, 1938. Bus service would continue to Tecumseh until 1956.
The original interurban trolley line ran along Wyandotte Street, then Clairmont Street (later Clairview Street, today's Clairview Trail) and Ganatchio Trail before turning south along the west side of Lesperance Road in Tecumseh, terminating at a loop next to the CN Rail/VIA Rail tracks.
Windsor, Essex and Lake Shore Interurban
The Windsor, Essex and Lake Shore Rapid Railway Company was incorporated in 1901 and was controlled by the Dominion Traction and Lighting Company. This Interurban line became active on September 19, 1907 and introduced a regional bus service by 1925 as "Highway Motor Coach Line". It would be acquired by local municipalities (City of Windsor, towns of Kingsville, Leamington and Essex and the townships of Sandwich West, Sandwich East, Sandwich South, Gosfield North and Gosfield South) as the Windsor, Essex and Lake Shore Electric Railway Association on September 8, 1929, coming under common ownership with the SW&A and its interurban lines. Under its new ownership, the line received substantial upgrades to its rails, as well as brand-new rolling stock. Its interurban cars and buses were branded as "The Sunshine County Route". Due to a severe drop in riders, service was suspended in 1932. Attempts to sell the line to a steam railroad was unsuccessful and all infrastructure was dismantled and sold in 1935 Interurban service was along city streets in Leamington and Windsor, and either on its own right of way or parallel to the public highway in the county.
1940s to 1960s
In the 1940s, SW&A was running Ford and Twin Coach branded buses. During the 1950s, it stopped the River Canard line (1951), the 6 mile Tecumseh route (1956), and the Amherstburg line (1958).
In the 1960s it ran 14 routes:
1. Crosstown
2. Dougall Avenue
3. Erie Street
4. Highway No.2
5. Lauzon Road
6. Malden Road
7. Howard Avenue
8. Ottawa
9. Pillette
10. St. Mary's Academy
11. Sanatorium
12. Sandwich East
13. Tecumseh-Drouillard
14. Wellington-Campbell
By 1973, these would be renumbered to the following:
1 Ouellette
2 Bruce
3 Riverdale
4 Campbell
5 Ottawa
6 Dominion
7 Crosstown
8 Dougall
9 Erie
10 Highway #2
11 Forest Glade
12 Howard
12A Devonshire (Came later than 1973)
13 Lincoln
14 Lauzon
15 Malden
16 Wellington
Lincoln-Trent Management Limited operated system for the City of Windsor from July 15, 1970 to November 1973.
1977 to present
After changing its name to "Transit Windsor" in 1977, the company began operating GMC New Look buses and GM highway coaches.
In the 1980s, Transit Windsor bought and Orion 01.501 and 01.508 buses and GM New Looks. The company also purchased GM Classics, MCI Classics, and an Orion 05.501 demo.
In 1997 it purchased its first low-floor buses, the Nova Bus LFS. No new high-floor buses have been purchased since.
On Sunday, June 24, 2007, Transit Windsor and Greyhound began using the newly constructed Windsor International Transit Terminal (WITT). The new facility was built to replace the former bus station which was in disrepair. The routes that run through WITT include the Transway 1A, Transway 1C, Central 3 West, Ottawa 4, Dominion 5, Dougall 6, Walkerville 8, Parent 14 and the Tunnel Bus. The terminal is located at 300 Chatham Street West behind the Windsor International Aquatics and Training Centre.
In 2014, Transit Windsor placed 16 used vehicles into service that were second-hand units from London Transit. Those units were numbered 670-685 and were New Flyer D40i Invero model buses.
Routes
Former routes
Ouellette 1
Transway 1B
Transway 1C Express
Crosstown 2 Express
Dominion 5A
Dominion 5B/C
Dougall 6 Express
Dougall 6A
Dougall 6B
Dougall 6A/B
South Windsor 7A
South Windsor 7B
South Windsor 7C
South Windsor 7D
Walkerville 8A
Walkerville 8B
Drouillard 9
Eastown 11
Roseland 12
Ojibway 13
Notes
represents all trips on designated route are fully accessible. (all routes have some accessible trips) Based on Fall 2014-Fall 2015 schedule. As of 2020 ALL buses are fully accessible.
Note 1. Service on the South Windsor 7 and Parent 14 ends at 7 PM
Note 2. The Tunnel Bus runs from Windsor International Transit Terminal to the Rosa Parks Transit Center in downtown Detroit, Michigan via the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel. More information can be found on Transit Windsor's website
Note 3. Service suspended until further notice
Operating profiles
2008
Annual Fuel Usage: 3.2 million litres
Annual Distance: 5.6 million km
Hours of Service: 254,000
Passengers Carried: 6.3 million
2010
Annual Fuel Usage: 3 million litres
Annual Distance: 5.5 million km
Hours of Service: 287,322
Passengers Carried: 6.2 million
2012
Annual Fuel Usage: 3 million litres
Annual Distance: 5.6 million km
Hours of Service: 228,379
Passengers Carried: 6.4 million
2014
Annual Fuel Usage: 3 million litres
Annual Distance: 5.7 million km
Hours of Service: 231,920
Passengers Carried: 6.3 million
Note: Passengers carried are single one way trips and do not include transfers.
References
External links
Transit Windsor homepage
Windsor, Essex and Lake Shore Rapid Railway | Rock on Trains - maps and photos of the Sandwich, Windsor and Amherstburg Interurban Railway; the Windsor and Tecumseh Electric Railway Company; and the Windsor, Essex and Lake Shore Rapid Railway
Transport in Windsor, Ontario
Windsor
Bus transport in Ontario |
3998000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Quevedo | Fernando Quevedo | Fernando Quevedo Rodríguez is a Guatemalan physicist. He was appointed director of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in October 2009; he succeeded K. R. Sreenivasan, who was the director since 2003.
He was born in 1956 in Costa Rica and obtained his early education in Guatemala. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin in 1986 under the supervision of Nobel laurate Steven Weinberg. Following a string of research appointments at CERN, Switzerland, McGill University in Canada, Institut de Physique in Neuchatel, Switzerland, and the Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA, as well as a brief term as professor of physics at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Dr. Quevedo later joined the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at the University of Cambridge, UK, in 1998, where he has been Professor of Theoretical Physics and Fellow of Gonville and Caius College.
He has been awarded the Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award, Doctorate Honoris Causa from Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala and Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, John Solomon Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship and, alongside Anamaría Font, won the 1998 ICTP Prize. He has authored more than 100 papers.
He has taught courses on differential equations, complex methods, supersymmetry and extra dimensions. He has discussed the importance of international research institutions for science diplomacy.
References
Guatemalan physicists
People associated with CERN
Living people
Cambridge mathematicians
Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Year of birth missing (living people) |
3998003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20F.%20McLaughlin | Charles F. McLaughlin | Charles Francis McLaughlin (June 19, 1887 – February 5, 1976) was a United States representative from Nebraska and a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.
Education and career
Born in Lincoln, Lancaster County, Nebraska, McLaughlin attended the public schools and then received an Artium Baccalaureus degree from the University of Nebraska–Lincoln in 1908. He received a Bachelor of Laws from Columbia Law School in 1910 and was admitted to the bar the same year. He was in private practice of law in Omaha, Nebraska from 1910 to 1935. He was a Special Master in Chancery for the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska from 1916 to 1918. He was in the United States Army American Expeditionary Forces from 1918 to 1919, during the World War I, serving as Captain of the 347th Field Artillery of the 91st Division, and was discharged on April 30, 1919. He was a Major in the Officers Reserve Corps of the United States Army Reserve from 1919 to 1921. He was a delegate to the Nebraska state constitutional convention in 1920. He was a United States representative from Nebraska from 1935 to 1943. He was a member of the American-Mexican Claims Commission from 1943 to 1947. He was a member of the Indian Claims Commission from April 5, 1947 to November 14, 1949.
Congressional service
McLaughlin was elected as a Democrat to the 74th United States Congress and to the three succeeding Congresses and served from January 3, 1935 to January 3, 1943. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1942 to the 78th United States Congress.
Federal judicial service
McLaughlin received a recess appointment from President Harry S. Truman on October 21, 1949, to the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, to a new seat created by 63 Stat. 493, taking his oath and commencing service on November 15, 1949. He was nominated to the same seat by President Truman on January 5, 1950. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 27, 1950, and received his commission on March 1, 1950. He assumed senior status on December 31, 1964. He assumed inactive senior status in June 1974. His service was terminated on February 5, 1976, due to his death in Washington, D.C., where he resided. He was interred in the Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Silver Spring, Maryland.
References
Sources
1887 births
1976 deaths
University of Nebraska–Lincoln alumni
Columbia Law School alumni
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia
United States district court judges appointed by Harry S. Truman
20th-century American judges
Nebraska Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Silver Spring, Maryland) |
3998007 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsuko%20Saruhashi | Katsuko Saruhashi | was a Japanese geochemist who created tools that let her take some of the first measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in seawater. She later showed evidence of the dangers of radioactive fallout and how far it can travel. Along with this focus on safety, she also researched peaceful uses of nuclear power.
Her other major area of significance involved raising the number and status of women scientists, especially in Japan. She established both the Society of Japanese Women Scientists and the Saruhashi Prize, which is awarded annually to a female scientist who serves as a role model for younger women scientists.
Among her other honors, she was the first woman elected to the Science Council of Japan, to earn a doctorate in chemistry from the prestigious University of Tokyo, and to win the Miyake Prize for Geochemistry.
Katsuko Saruhashi died September 29, 2007, of pneumonia in her home in Tokyo. She was 87. She is remembered not only for her contributions to geochemical science, but also for standing up for what she believed in by promoting women in science and striving for world peace.
Education
Saruhashi was born in Tokyo in 1920. At a very young age, Saruhashi wanted to know what made it rain. This fascination was derived from watching raindrops slide down windows one day during primary school. Kuniharu and Kuno Saruhashi both saw the importance of education and supported their daughter after their shared experience during World War 2, where many women struggled to support themselves without husbands or fathers. Saruhashi and her mother understood that there was a lack of women with technical knowledge and figured that it could be useful to gain financial independence. At the age of 21, Saruhsashi quit her secure job at an insurance firm to attend the Imperial Women's College of Science, now known as Toho University, where she earned a degree in chemistry.
After graduating in 1943 with an undergraduate degree in chemistry, Saruhsashi took a position at the Meteorological Research Institute where she worked with her mentor Miyake Yasuo, and her scientific career took off. Saruhsashi went back to school to get her PhD in chemistry at the University of Tokyo in 1957, where she was be the first woman to graduate with a PhD in science. Her dissertation was on "The Behavior of Carbonic Matter in Natural Water".
Career
Saruhashi conducted research with Teruko Kanzawa from 1973 to 1978. They began their research by measuring the pH of every rainfall event over the five-year period at the Meteorological Research Institute in Tokyo. On average, they found the pH to be around 4.52 which was an increase from 4.1 in the previous years of research done by Miyake in 1939. According to Miyake, the pH varied during different seasons (summer and winter); however, Saruhashi noted no variation between seasons in their findings, showing how conditions changed during the 1970s.
Nuclear tests
Katsuko Saruhashi made several discoveries in both geochemistry and, most notably, oceanography. The most salient of these are: Saruhashi’s Table; her novel method for measuring the amounts of caesium-137 and strontium-90 in seawater; her research concerning the environmental impact of the US bomb test site, Bikini Atoll, which ultimately provided justification for the prohibition of above-ground nuclear testing. She also made important contributions to the study of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans, finding that the Pacific Ocean emits more CO2 than it absorbs.
Saruhashi’s table
Presented in her 1955 paper ‘On the Equilibrium Concentration Ration of Carbonic Acid Substances Dissolved in Natural Waters: A study on the Metabolism in Natural Waterways’, Saruhashi's table provided oceanographers with a method for determining the composition of three carbonic acid substances based on water temperature, pH, and salinity.
Artificial radioisotopes in seawater
In response to the influx of nuclear testing occurring in the Pacific, the Japanese Government requested that Saruhashi – along with Yasuo Miyake - lead a research project into the long-term and global effects of such activities. To do so, Saruhashi worked at the Central Meteorological Observatory in Tokyo to find a new method for measuring radioactive fallout. The findings of Saruhashi and Miyake investigation were explicated in their paper 'Cesium 137 and Strontium 90 in Sea Water'.
Their studies concluded that in the Western North Pacific, there were substantially higher amounts of 137Cs and 90Sr than were found in samples obtained from the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific. Given these results, Saruhashi and Miyake concluded that the differing quantities of artificial radioisotopes found in the Pacific was a direct consequence of the nuclear testing occurring in the Pacific Tropics.
Despite the corroborating evidence in favor of Saruhashi's claim concerning the discrepancy in the quantity of 137Cs and 90Sr present in different regions of the Atlantic and North Pacific, conclusion was challenged by {American scientists}, who called into doubt the methodology and technique applied by Saruhashi's team; contending that their novel investigatory method was fallible and erroneous.
Bikini Atoll fallout
The contention surrounding the methodology that Saruhashi's team used was settled two years after the publication of her research concerning the artificial radioisotopes in seawater. The US Atomic Energy Commission funded a six-month long lab swap in which Saruhashi met with fellow oceanographer Ted Folsom at the Scripps institution of Oceanography at the University of San Diego. Saruhashi's team used absolute standards for 137Cs, different from those accepted by the scientific community in the United States. This largely attributed to the skepticism of American scientists regarding Saruhashi's work, as well as the political climate at the time. The United States was likely against the ban on above-ground nuclear testing, as this would make it more difficult for them to develop nuclear weapons. In order to compare the two scientists' respective methods for the analysis of 137Cs in seawater, Saruhashi and Folsom were both tasked with analyzing the values of 137Cs present in identical samples of seawater. Despite the independent absolute standards of 137Cs, and use of different reagents and gamma analytical techniques, there was less than 10% discrepancy between the results of the two laboratories. Some discrepancy can be attributed to inconsistent settling of the sediment during the specimen's travel by boat. Although efforts were made to ensure that the samples being compared were as similar as possible, this experiment relied on the assumption that the samples compared were identical, which is unlikely since the precise location and time of collection varied. However, the results of the two laboratories were extremely similar. After the six-month lab-exchange ended, it was clear that Saruhashi's method provided incredibly accurate and consistent results; and therefore, the two distinct analytical techniques were both appropriate scientific approaches for measuring the quantity of artificial radioisotopes in seawater. As a result, given they were no longer subject to dispute, Saruhashi's findings could serve as justification for the prohibition of above-ground nuclear testing.
Seawater carbon dioxide absorption
In 1956, Saruhashi and Miyake discussed in great detail how oxidation of organic material served to augment the values of carbon dioxide present in seawater. Previous to their study, it was believed that the high values of carbon dioxide and alkalinity present in the oceans resulted from the dissolution of calcium carbonate. Saruhashi demonstrated that this hypothesis was untenable; as a consequence, scientists were no longer able to purport that global warming could be mitigated naturally by seawater's supposed capacity for the absorption of carbon dioxide gas. Instead, Saruhashi and Miyake provided empirical evidence that seawater in the Pacific releases twice as much CO2 as it absorbs.
Awards and honors
1958 - established the Society of Japanese Women Scientists to promote women in the sciences and contribute to world peace.
1979 - named executive director of the Geochemical Laboratory.
1980 - first woman elected to the Science Council of Japan.
1981 - won the Avon Special Prize for Women, for researching peaceful uses of nuclear power and raising the status of women scientists.
1981 - established the Saruhashi Prize, given yearly to a female scientist who serves as a role model for younger women scientists.
1985 - first woman to win the Miyake Prize for geochemistry.
1993 - won the Tanaka Prize from the Society of Sea Water Sciences.
Saruhashi was an honorary member of the Geochemical Society of Japan and the Oceanographical Society of Japan.
On 22 March 2018, Google displayed a Google Doodle honoring Saruhashi on what would have been her 98th birthday.
Influence over women in science
Saruhashi spent much of her career actively fighting for equal opportunity in science and advocating for women. She acknowledged the reasons why women are under-represented in science, saying, “the lack of equal opportunity is one. There is also the attitude of society, of parents and teachers. And there is little recognition of the contributions of women scientists.” She worked to establish both funding opportunities and community for women scientists.
In 1958, Saruhashi established the Society of Japanese Women Scientists to promote Japanese women in science. In 1967, she attended the second International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists with a group of Japanese women scientists and engineers, speaking on the Importance of Fishery in Food Problems.
In 1981, she established the Saruhashi Prize, a $2400 cash award given to a Japanese woman fifty years old or younger who has made considerable contributions in the physical sciences. The award is also intended to help those wanting to pursue projects overseas. Saruhashi wanted to gift the award recipients larger amounts, contributing personally and with help from friends, but the funds are small compared to other prizes.
Selected publications
Her publications include:
See also
Timeline of women in science
References
Further reading
Morell, Virginia et al. (April 16, 1993). Called 'Trimates,' three bold women shaped their field. Science, v260 n5106 p420(6).
External links
Google Scholar
1920 births
2007 deaths
Japanese geochemists
People from Tokyo
Japanese women chemists
Deaths from pneumonia in Japan
Japanese geologists
20th-century women scientists
20th-century Japanese scientists
20th-century geologists |
3998024 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20McLaughlin | Charles McLaughlin | Charles McLaughlin may refer to:
Charles B. McLaughlin (1884-1947), American lawyer
Charles Borromeo McLaughlin (1913–1978), bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Petersburg
Charles F. McLaughlin (1887–1976), American politician |
3998025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta%20%28Welsh%20band%29 | Magenta (Welsh band) | Magenta are a Welsh progressive rock band formed in 1999 by ex-Cyan member Rob Reed. Reed takes his influences from artists such as Renaissance, Genesis, Mike Oldfield, Yes, Eurythmics and Björk.
Current lineup
Christina Booth: lead vocals.
Rob Reed: keyboards, backing vocals.
Chris Fry: lead electric guitars, backing vocals.
Dan Nelson: bass.
'Jiffy' Griffiths: drums.
History
Although heavily influenced by progressive rock, Reed is a professional songwriter and has done many other projects for both film and television. The most successful of these projects was called Trippa, featuring Christina Booth on vocals and Rob Reed on guitars and keyboards. Reed asked Christina to be lead vocalist for a progressive rock project he had in mind, and the initial ideas for Magenta were born. Booth previously was guest on a number of Cyan albums providing backing vocals.
In late 1999, Reed started writing for what would become Magenta's debut release, Revolutions. Reed wanted to do something new, bigger and more conceptual. "Current prog bands are always scared and shy about admitting the influences of the great bands of the 70's, and I wanted to come clean and admit and celebrate those influences, and hopefully create something as worthwhile as those classic bands" said Reed. "To do this, all I had to do was to give priority to melody rather than technical showmanship, something I have always tried to do with all my work." Revolutions was named "Best New Album" in 2001 by Musical Discoveries, an online resource for female vocalists in the music industry.
Magenta's second album, Seven was released in March 2004 and sold out of its first pressing within four weeks. The band's first single, "Broken" was released in June 2004 – from the EP Broken. While shorter than any of the epic tracks on Seven, Broken retains the classic prog rock sound of Magenta, with a slightly more modern edge.
In November 2004, Magenta released the double live album Another Time, Another Place, recorded on tour in Europe from 2002–2004. The live concert DVD The Gathering was also released in late 2005 and a series of live shows followed.
Magenta's third studio album, Home, was officially released on 1 June 2006. The album is a concept piece and tells the story of a woman who emigrates from Liverpool, England in the early 1970s to "find herself" in the USA. The CD is 68 minutes long and includes contributions from a variety of guests including Magenta regulars Martin Shellard on guitar alongside Troy Donockley (Iona, Mostly Autumn) on Uilleann Pipes and whistles. Once again, the album was written and produced by Rob Reed, with lyrics by Steve Reed. Musically, Home represents a further development for the band, combining the Magenta sound established on Revolutions, Seven and the two singles Broken and I'm Alive. The new album was released in two separate versions, the single disc Home and the double disc version featuring the New York Suite. The second disc contains four longer pieces of music which could not fit onto the single disc version. Home was later re-released as a double album, with the four tracks from the New York Suite inserted into the relevant position in the "story".
Magenta: The Singles was released in summer 2007. The album features re-recorded versions of various singles and album tracks. Rob Reed explains, "The first reason for doing the album was to get definitive versions of the songs recorded. We’d been playing some of the songs live for 3 years and we now had Dan on bass, and he’d brought his own character to the songs as they’d developed. Also, the original versions had been recorded quite quickly and we wanted to get high quality versions of the songs down, as we’d done with "Speechless". It was great to take a bit more time with them and record them properly. Also a lot of Prog fans don’t like buying singles, they’d much rather have the album format, and at 79 minutes we certainly have an album's worth of material. We can delete the singles now."
In addition, another DVD Live At The Point was recorded on 23 November at The Point in Cardiff.
On 30 November 2007 it was announced that drummer Allan Mason-Jones had left the live version of the band. He was replaced in the live band by Keiran Bailey. On 11 December 2007 it was announced that rhythm guitarist Martin Rosser had also left the band to work with Dan Fry and Allan Mason-Jones on their new C-Sides project.
Their fourth album, entitled "Metamorphosis", was released to registered fans on 23 March 2008, with an accompanying DVD featuring footage of the recording process and a full 5.1 version of the album. (The official release date for these items was 21 April.) Prior to its release, Reed said it was "unlike what Magenta fans have heard up until now." The album contains just four tracks, two of which are longer than 20 minutes. The album has a much darker edge than previous Magenta albums.
In November 2009, Magenta performed an acoustic concert at Peter Gabriel's Real World Studios near Bath. The concert was notable for featuring a wind section, and the one-off return of Martin Rosser on rhythm guitar – Colin Edwards having recently departed the band. The concert Live At Real World was released as a double CD and DVD in September 2010.
On 4 March 2010, it was announced on the Magenta homepage that bassist Dan Fry had left the live band, to pursue his MLE project. This caused two shows in the Netherlands set for May to be cancelled, and the band went on an extended hiatus while other projects were being worked on, such as Christina Booth's and Chris Fry's solo albums.
Magenta returned to the live scene at the Summer's End Festival in October 2011, with Dan Nelson and Steve Roberts (from Godsticks) on bass and drums respectively.
Magenta's fifth album, Chameleon, was released in November 2011. It features several shorter tracks but mostly with a hard edge, similar to the previous album Metamorphosis. At this time, Magenta's full members were confirmed to be Rob Reed, Christina Booth and Chris Fry, with other musicians brought in for studio recordings and live gigs. Kieran Bailey recorded drums on the album but no longer plays with the live version of the band.
Current status
Magenta remain active, with work continuing on the sixth album and some more gigs scheduled, including the inaugural Celebr8 festival in Kingston upon Thames in July 2012. The live band continues to be the three core members along with Godsticks' Dan Nelson and Steve Roberts.
Rob Reed's previous project, Cyan, is also taking to the stage for the first time to play at the Summer's End Festival in September 2012. The live band will feature the Magenta live line-up, but with Steffan Rhys Williams on lead vocals rather than Christina Booth.
In April 2015, Rob Reed and Christina Booth collaborated with Big Big Train’s David Longdon and Nick D’Virgilio, Steven Wilson band’s Nick Beggs and Steve Hackett (ex Genesis) on a new version of Hackett’s 1979 instrumental track "Spectral Mornings", with new lyrics written by David Longdon, in support of the Parkinson’s Society UK.
After the release of "We are Legend", in April 2017, containing just three tracks, all of them developing musical themes and influences beyond 10 minutes each, Magenta released a new CD/DVD live compilation "We are Seven", in 2018, with the performance of two complete albums for the first time live: The awards winning 2004 album "Seven" and Magenta's latest album 'We Are Seven". For the occasion, the band are augmented by additional flute and oboe players.
The current line-up's latest release has been a new version of the "Home" album, in July 2019. About this new recording, Rob Reed declared in Magenta's website: “During the preparation for the Magenta 20th Anniversary shows, we decided to include a large selection from the underperformed HOME album. Having to recreate the tracks, meant having to re-visit the multi-tracks which were in a mess. Not being able to resist a ‘tinker’ with the tracks, I ended up re-working the multitrack. Solving problems in the arrangements, adding fresh dynamics and colours. Keeping what was good about the original, the vocals which are amazing, but re-working the backing tracks. Adding new things, and then taking away anything that did not earn its keep from the regional recordings. We were also very lucky to have Pete Jones (Tiger Moth Tales) to play saxophone on the track “Moving On”, like he did at the recent Magenta 20th Anniversary Show. The result I think is a more dynamic and atmospheric interpretation of what we looking to achieve. I hope you enjoy..”.
Summer 2020 saw the release of the latest album "Masters of Illusion" which is a new concept album based on the Hammer Horror films. Musically it's very much a hark back to the first two heavily Genesis influenced "Revolutions" and "Seven".
Awards
In 2004, Magenta received the Classic Rock Society Award for "Best Female Vocalist" and "Best Live Band". The Classic Rock Society (CRS) honours groups or artists who are popular with the public, but whose music remains unpublicised by national media and radio station programmers. Other past contributors and recipients have included Pallas, IQ, Spock's Beard, Flower Kings, Mostly Autumn, Karnataka, Pendragon and many others from the progressive rock genre.
Best Live Gig – Classic Rock Society 2004, 2008 and 2012
Best Band – Classic Rock Society 2005, 2008
Best Album – Seven – Metal Hammer, Poland
Best Live Album – Hungarian Prog Rock Society 2005
Best Foreign Album – Home – Italian Prog Awards 2006
Best Female Vocalist – Christina Booth – CRS 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 and 2012
Best Guitarist – Chris Fry – CRS 2008 and 2012
Rob Reed's Kompendium project – Beneath The Waves – won the CRS Best Album Award 2012
Discography
Studio
Revolutions (1 March 2001)
Seven (1 March 2004)
Home (1 June 2006)
New York Suite (1 June 2006)
The Singles (21 May 2007)
Metamorphosis (21 April 2008)
Seven : The Instrumentals : exclusive download release (3 January 2010)
Rarities Vol 1 : exclusive download release (5 January 2010)
Home : re-released & remixed 2-CD set combining the songs from Home and New York Suite in the originally intended order (20 March 2010)
Chameleon (10 November 2011)
Chameleon : The Instrumentals : exclusive download release (6 December 2011)
The Twenty Seven Club (2 September 2013)
We Are Legend (April 2017)
Masters of Illusion (1 July 2020)
Live
Another Time, Another Place...Live (1 November 2004)
Live at the Point (27 October 2008)
The Gathering – Exclusive download release (January 2010)
Live at Real World (19 September 2010) – Acoustic concert with a string quartet
Live: On Our Way to Who Knows Where (2012)
Chaos from the stage (2016)
We Are Seven (26 October 2018)
EPs
Broken (1 June 2004)
I'm Alive (1 November 2004)
Wonderous Stories (15 November 2009) : cover of the Yes song plus instrumental and acoustic mixes
The Lizard King (August 2013) : single edit, acoustic mix and extended version of "The Lizard King" from the album The Twenty Seven Club
Trojan E.P. (April 2017) : single edit and Chimpan A remix of "Trojan" from the album We Are Legend; and Chimpan A remix of "Look Around"
DVDs
The Gathering (24 October 2005)
The Metamorphosis Collection (21 April 2008)
Live at the Point (27 October 2008)
Chaos from the stage (12 November 2016)
Live at Real World
We Are Seven (26 October 2018)
Collaborations
Spectral Mornings 2015 (27 April 2015) – charity single in aid of Parkinson's Society UK. Christina Booth and Rob Reed of Magenta, with Nick Beggs, Nick D’Virgilio, Steve Hackett, and Dave Longdon.
Robert Reed solo albums
n.b.
Sanctuary (2014)
Sanctuary II (2016)
Variations On Themes By David Bedford (2017)
Sanctuary Live (2017)
Sanctuary III (2018)
Cursus 123 430 (2020)
Cursus: A Symphonic Poem (2020)
The Ringmaster Part One (2021)
The Ringmaster Part Two (2022)
References
External links
Magenta-web.co.uk: The official Magenta website
Magenta MP3 samples
Magenta @ Myspace.com
Bandcamp digital download page
Related
Musical Discoveries.com: Progressive female vocalists
Magenta page at ProgArchives.com
Welsh rock music groups |
3998036 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Virginia%20%26%20Regional%20History%20Center | West Virginia & Regional History Center | The West Virginia & Regional History Center (WVRHC), is the largest archival collection housing documents and manuscripts involving West Virginia and the surrounding central Appalachian region. Because of name changes over the years, it is sometimes referred to as the "West Virginia Collection." The WVRHC is the Special Collections division of the WVU Libraries. According to the University, the Center holds over 36,000 linear feet of manuscripts, 100,000 books, 100,000 pamphlets, 1,200 newspaper titles, over 1 million photographs and prints, 5,000 maps, and 40,000 microfilms, as well as oral histories, films and folk music recordings. Through donations, the WVRHC provides access to and preserves information on the history and cultural aspects of West Virginia and the central Appalachian Region.
History
The Center was created in the 1920s when WVU history professor Charles Ambler began to actively seek support for the preservation of state historical records and resources. In 1930 the University set aside space for storage and offices to support the Center's first manuscript acquisition, the "Waitman Willey Papers". Waitman Willey was an early Senator for West Virginia and the man who proposed the formation of the state on May 29, 1862 to the United States Senate. Throughout 1931, Ambler traveled through West Virginia and inventoried hundreds of small local manuscript collections stored in attics and churches across the state. Among the collections located, many were donated to the university including the papers of Henry Gassaway Davis, Francis H. Pierpont, and Johnson Newlon Camden, all key political figures in West Virginia history.
In 1933, the growing "Division of Documents," as the collection was known at the time, was formally authorized by the WVU Board of Governors. An act of the West Virginia Legislature declared the collection an official depository for state government records in 1934. Eventually, with the addition of Monongalia and Ohio County records, as well as numerous city records from throughout West Virginia, the Center began to grow rapidly. It advanced again with the acquisition of the papers of Governor Arthur I. Boreman and several of his successors. Money provided by President Franklin Roosevelt's Works Progress Administration, the first archival assistants were hired and in 1935 the first full-time archivist was hired.
In the 1940s and 1950s, the WVRHC continued to grow with photographs, rare books, periodicals, and multimedia being added. An active collecting program resulted in the Center growing from 375 holdings in the 1930s to over 1,500 by 1970. It doubled again by 1990 and continues to grow as West Virginia's leading historical reference center.
The WVRHC covers all aspects of West Virginia history, including the formation of the state during the American Civil War, its political development, and its economic and industrial heritage. Contained in its Civil War collection are numerous journals from soldiers, personal papers from many of the states early politicians, and two rare 35-star American Flags, one of which hangs in the entrance to the Center. Immediately after the birth of West Virginia as the nation's thirty-fifty state in 1863, Union forces returning from the Battle of Gettysburg raised this flag over Sheperdstown. The WVHRC collection also includes a variety of artifacts and texts not directly related to West Virginia, including 600 works and pieces of memorabilia from Isaac Asimov, original folio editions of William Shakespeare's collected plays, and the journal of an officer from the all African American 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment that fought in the Civil War.
Collections
Isaac Asimov collection
Ancella Radford Bickley
Pearl S. Buck collection
Denise Giardina papers
Emory Kemp papers
Arch A. Moore, Jr. papers
Jay Rockefeller papers
Drawings of David Hunter Strother
Clarysville, Maryland Civil War Hospital Digital Collection
Modern Congressional and Political Papers Collection
Pierpont Civil War Telegrams
Rush Dew Holt Political Cartoons
Storer College
West Virginia Feminist Activist
Rare Books
Printed Ephemera Collection
West Virginia History OnView
The West Virginia and Regional History Center has been engaged in a digitization project since 2004, and has digitized over 52,000 historical photographs from its broad and deep holdings as of 2017. The Center's photographs archives contain over a million photographs, and more are being digitized each day. The digital archive is the largest collection of West Virginia and Appalachian photography accessible online, and draws more than half a million visitors to the WVRHC website annually, accounting for more than a third of all traffic on WVU Libraries' website.
West Virginia Day
The West Virginia and Regional History Center participates in the yearly West Virginia Day Event. WVRHC takes part in hosting a reception and showcasing various aspects of the center's collection during this time. The theme is different every year. Depending on the collection, the reception includes: speakers, panels, book signing, readings, and viewings.
References
External links
West Virginia and Regional History Center website
West Virginia History OnView database
Jay Rockefeller Collection
Arch A. Moore, Jr. & Shelley Moore Collection
Storer College Collection
Clarysville, Maryland Collection
Drawings of David Hunter Strother
WV Collection holds Keys to the State's History - article about the Center and its history
West Virginia University
History of West Virginia
West Virginia University
Works Progress Administration in West Virginia
1920s establishments in West Virginia
Libraries in West Virginia
Archives in the United States |
5390782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correspondence%20of%20Lorraine%20toponyms%20in%20French%20and%20German | Correspondence of Lorraine toponyms in French and German | The various toponyms in the historical region of Lorraine are often known by very different names depending on the language in which they are expressed. This article provides an understanding of the linguistic and historical origin of this diversity and lists a number of correspondences for communes and lesser localities in the four departments of the former region: Meuse, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Moselle, and Vosges.
Exonyms and endonyms
In the context of toponyms, and with regard to the scope of this article, exonyms and endonyms are the differing external and internal names, respectively, used by different languages or cultures for a specific geographic place. For the people that speak German and live in Germany, for example, Deutschland is their endonym for that country. Conversely, Allemagne is the exonym in French, 'Germany' is the exonym in English, and so on.
The same idea can apply within a country too, between regions having vastly different linguistical and cultural histories. The emphasis in this article is on those toponyms that began as Gallo-Roman endonyms in some cases, but more often as endonyms following the Germanic migrations, and particularly what emerged from the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties. Now, more than a millennium later, many of these toponyms have three different names—in Lorraine Franconian, French, and German—due to shifts in culture and language and changes in land possession.
Linquistical aspects of toponyms in Lorraine
The 'determinant-determined' of the Romano-Francs
The origin of toponyms, of which exonyms are a certain type, is sometimes controversial, especially in Lorraine where successive or simultaneous occupations by different peoples and changes in culture have often influenced toponymy more than elsewhere.
As in all regions marked by Germanic influence, adjectives or appellatives often precede nouns. Many toponyms are formed with the name of a local lord or land owner. In some cases, however, a particular topographical, religious, or historical aspect may have played a more important role, which is difficult to determine in Gallo-Romance formations in particular. While Gallic toponyms are often poorly clarified due to insufficient knowledge of the language, Romanesque toponyms often play the role of those older Celtic toponyms that have been redesigned in the Romanesque style.
The Ripuarian and Salian Franks, and for some time also the Alemanni in eastern Lorraine, introduced Germanic toponyms. A patronymic practice of the Romano-Francs that developed from the Merovingian Dynasty was to merge Roman and Germanic habits. The Germanic rule of word composition from right to left (i.e. the decisive-determined order), largely governs the formation of Lorraine toponyms, both in Germanic and in Roman dialect.
For example, the Lorraine dialect places the adjective epithet before the noun it describes. A "white rupt" is a "white stream" (clear and transparent meaning). This is especially true for oronyms and toponyms in localities that make extensive use of local dialect. Gerardmer (Giraumouè) is the "Lake of Gerold", which can therefore be translated in the same order in German language: Geroldsee. The use of Geroltzsee is attested locally as early as 1484.
This information is fundamental in Romanesque toponymy and the determining-defined order, sometimes misunderstood, is the rule in Normandy (except Avranchin), Picardy, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Champagne-Ardenne, northern Franche-Comté and Île-de-France, so it is not surprising that this method of composition is present in Romanesque Lorraine.
In the west and south, the reverse order — determined-determinant — is more dominant. Thus, for example, names like Neufchâteau, Neufchâtel, Neuville, and Neubourg du nord have opposite construction to Chateauneuf, Castelnau, Villeneuve, and Bourgneuf further south. Even if a Lorrain does not feel completely at home in Flanders because of the Flemish forms (-kerque, -em, -hem, -hout, -brouck, -berghe, -dorp) largely different from German forms, and even more so in Normandy with the Anglo-Norroese appellatives (-crique-, -ham, -londe, brique- [?], hougue / hogue, / {{Not a typo|-tour(ps))}}, they can easily feel a common practice (-kirch, -om, -heim, -holtz, -bruck, -berg, -troff / -droff).
In German-speaking Lorraine, the word dorf (for 'village') is often passed to troff by hardening from /d/ to /t/ and metathesis from /r/.
The toponyms in -angel (Common Germanic -ing) are typically Lorrainian and correspond to a relatively recent decline in Germanic speaking in Lorraine. Elsewhere this form is exceptional except in Luxembourg and the Luxembourgish part of Wallonia. In Flanders and Artois, -inge, -in, -ain, its correspondents, are also the expression of a decline in the Flemish language or at least a desire to make toponyms more Gallicized. In the Romanesque area, where Germanic speakers disappeared very early, the suffix is found in the forms -ans in Franche-Comté or Burgundy, in the southwest and a little in Languedoc in the forms -eins, -ens, -ein and sometimes also -ans. This suffix is much rarer in the west, where it sometimes takes the form of -an or -angles. Its absence is remarkable in northern Picardy, a region where Romanesque toponymy is the most "Germanized" in France.
Paradoxically, in Romanesque Lorraine, there is no common series of calls in the north and northwest, whose Germanic origin is proven. Thus, these types are not frequently found:
Husdinium of *husidinja (shelter) in Hodeng, Hodent, Houdan, Hesdin...
hlar (wasteland) in Mouflers, Flers, Meulers...
(temple) in Neauphe, Neaufles, Neauphle or Niafles, and Boffles, Bouafles...
afisna / avisna (pasture) in Avesnes, Avernes...
*Rosbaki (reed stream) has evolved in Frankish Lorraine in Rohrbach, Rorbach, elsewhere in the north and northwest, and there are Robecq, Rebecques, Rebais, or Rebets...
You can find toponyms in short from the Doubs to Normandy, from Ile-de-France to Walloon Belgium. The -court toponyms have been chronologically replaced by the -ville toponyms, of which Romanesque Lorraine is the second 'provider' after Normandy and before the exceptional area of Beauce. There are also some in the Charentes and in the southwest around Toulouse.
Lorraine diglossia
Independent ducal Lorraine included a Bailiwick of Germany that crossed the current Moselle border to the north. The Lorraine Romans referred to all those who spoke a Germanic dialect as 'Germans' as opposed to their Romance language. So a German (or Ollemand) for a Romanesque Lorrain can also be a Lorrain of the Bailiwick of Germany or an Alsatian, or any person living beyond that. Conversely, neighbouring German-speaking people often called the Welsches romanophones. This is also the case in Switzerland.
Lorraine's toponymy is not only a back-and-forth between the German and French forms more specific to the last two centuries. It is older, and shows a sensitivity common to all of eastern France where the 'determinant-determined' pair largely dominates while respecting habits and rules that ignore the heritage language.
In the Lorraine of the Ancient Regime Society, the coexistence of a Romanesque and Germanic form for the same place was not uncommon. It was only with the integration into France under Stanislaus and then under the Jacobin regime and Prussian imperialism that both language and toponyms took on a political, patriotic, symbolic and identity value. Previously, the Duke of Lorraine recognized the official existence of German and French on his lands at the risk of having to have the most important acts and charters translated one way or the other. In the regions of passage between the Germanic area and the Romanesque basin, the same place was named in the language of the respective speaker. This is the case for the toponym, Hautes Chaumes, in the Vosges, which is in a Vosges dialect and differs from the initial Alsatian dialect.
More than standard French, the Lorraine dialect allows a cross-reading of the region's toponyms and makes it possible to establish a correspondence between the two families of languages present on Lorraine's territory. This is one of Lorraine's unique characteristics, its function as a language buffer region, or space between.
Historical aspects of toponyms in Lorraine
Definition of terms
The subject of terms is very sensitive. It is linked to recent history, therefore the definition of terms is important.
Since that which is Germanic cannot be 'Germanized', the term "Germanization" for the periods 1870-1918 and 1940-1945 should be understood as an adaptation of form or graphics to standard German as intended by the heads of state of the last German empires. The Anglo-Saxons speak here rather of 'prussification' to avoid confusion. Moreover, many Moselle toponyms, characteristic of the Franconian Lorraine dialect, also exist in Germany or Austria. For a Francophone, Merlebach is objectively no less Germanic than Merlenbach.
The phenomenon is not specific to Moselle, a large part of Germany, especially in the south, had to willingly adopt standard German names for their official signs, but on the ground, the inhabitants continued to designate their village in the local form. No one is expecting to see 'Stuegert' on a city sign instead of Stuttgart today. Even today, an Alsatian and a Mosellan have their local form to designate their agglomeration. This also applies to village names in Lorraine dialect and beyond for all regions of France in local languages and dialects.
The difference is that Moselle suffered the arrival of 'prussification' as a denial of its specificity in view of the brutality of certain measures that followed the de facto annexation after the abandonment of the territories by the parliament meeting in Bordeaux in May 1871. This annexation was difficult to experience throughout the annexed Moselle because of the desire to 'prussify' Moselle by erasing its specificities. This was experienced as a constraint even in the Lorraine-Franco-speaking (Germanic) areas. It must also be said that part of the annexed Moselle known as Bezirk Lothringen, has always been Romanesque, mainly Metzgau and Saulnois, except formerly the Dieuze region. Here, the Germanization of the toponym is an indisputable fact (Fresnes - Eschen). The locals were forced to change their names. This is why it must always be borne in mind that the phenomenon of "Germanization" does not cover the same thing depending on whether you start from an original Romanesque or historically Germanic toponym.
French and Lorraine Franconian (and Alsatian in Alsace) serve to make an ideological and political break with everything that sounds 'Prussian' or 'standardized German', because the occupants forbade or fought them. Thus, a simple 'n' at the end of a local toponym is enough to "Germanize" it when it is Germanic: Thedinge becomes Thedingen. At the same time, French Francizes the name by removing the dialectal 'e' to give Théding. The accent adds a little more gallicity. As well, it frequently reverses the names from -er to -re. Diacritical signs such as accents and umlauts have indeed played a role in francization or Germanization (e.g. Buding / Büdingen). Similarly, the accentuation of names is central. Lorraine Franconian and German emphasize the same linguistic relationship, placing a tonic accent at the initial of words, in general. On the other hand, the French name is unemphasized and is characterized by an increase in tone on the final part of the word. The difference between the Germanic and French form is audible.
Waves of francization and germanization
In the south of the Pays de Nied, there are current toponyms using -court that were formerly -troff / -torff. For example, Arraincourt from Armestroff, Thicourt from Diederstroff, Thonville from Oderstroff, Hernicourt (in Herny) from Hermerstorf.
At the time of the Ancien Régime, referring to the sociopolitical system that prevailed in France for the two centuries preceding and up to the French Revolution, several Lorraine towns were recognized by two names, one in French and one in German. The following name-pair examples are found the dictionaries of Henri Lepage and Ernest de Bouteiller, respectively, and noted as recognized in 1594:
Mulcey was (fr) Mellecey alias (de) Metzingen
Zommange was (fr) Semanges alias (de) Simingen
Chemery-les-Deux was (fr) Clsmey alias (de) Schomberg
Les Étangs was (de) Tenchen alias (fr) Lestanche
Macker was (de) Machern alias (fr) Maizières
Many was (de) Niderheim alias (fr) Magny
Morhange was (fr) Morhanges alias (de) Morchingen
Ottonville was (de) Ottendorf alias (fr) Ottonville
Roupeldange was (de) Rupplingen alias (fr) Ruppeldanges
Suisse was (fr) Xousse alias (de) Soultzen
Varize was (fr) Warize alias (de) Weybelsskirchen
Pontigny, was (de) Nidbrücken alias (fr) Pont de Niet
These were certainly not the only spellings before or after 1594. The history for Pontigny, for example, a locality (or hamlet) in the commune Condé-Northen since 1810, is attested as:
(de) Bruque 1339
(de) Brücke 1485
(de) Nydbrück alias (fr) Pont de Nied by the 16th century
(de) Nidbrück and (fr) Pontnied in 1542
(de) Nidbrücken alias (fr) Pont de Niet in 1594
(de) Niedbruch in 1606
(de) Niedbroug by the 17th century
(fr) Pontigni 1756
(fr) Poutigny 1793
(de) Niedbrücken 1940-44
(fr) Pontigny ever since
There were further name or spelling differences in the centuries prior, after localities were formed under the Frankish dynasties up to when first attestations are known.
The names of many communes in Moselle were Francized at the end of the Revolution, in particular those having the suffix -engen or -ingen, which was sometimes simplified into -ing or definitively replaced by the Romanesque form in -ing (e.g. -ingen was Romanized into -ingas and -inges since the Middle Ages, hence -ang). While in Bas-Rhin -ingen was preserved. To a lesser extent, this suffix has also been Francized over the centuries in other forms, including -ang, -in, -court, -gny, and so forth.
The toponyms in German-speaking Moselle were often spelled -willer (sometimes -weiller) in the Bulletins des lois and several dictionaries from the 19th century until 1870. This form subsequently disappeared in the 20th century, after the World Wars. While in Alsace, the -willers were preserved, although they were sometimes mentioned -viller and -viler in 1793–1801.
Some municipalities had a standard German name between 1793 and 1802, such as Folschviller (Folschweiler 1793), Ébersviller (Ebersweiler 1793), Berviller-en-Moselle (Berweiler 1793), Schmittviller (Schmittweiler 1793), Bisten-en-Lorraine (Bisten im Loch 1793), Château-Rouge (Rothdorf 1793), Mouterhouse (Mutterhausen 1801), Soucht (Sucht 1801), Rodalbe (Rodalben 1801), Merlebach (Merlenbach 1801), Dalem (Dalheim 1801), Altrippe (Altrippen 1793).
The dictionaries of Henri Lepage on the Meurthe and Ernest de Bouteiller on the Moselle, written before 1871, prove that many municipalities still had an alias in German during the 19th century. For example, Hagondange, Haute-Vigneulles, and Lorquin cited 'in German' as Hagelingen, Oberfillen and Lœrchingen in these same dictionaries, most recently written in 1868. The Germanization of names by the Prussians from 1871 onwards is therefore not an invention (except in certain cases), which used old Germanic references, sometimes the latest one. For example Argancy Germanized in Argesingen during the World War II, refers to an old Germanic mention Argesinga dating from 848. and Chicourt Germanized as Diexingen (1915-1918) from the Diekesinga mention from 1121 and 1180 (-inga being the primitive form of -ingen).
All the toponyms in the department had been gradually Germanized in the German period of the Alsace-Lorraine. The place names of German-speaking Lorraine were first Germanized, adjectives (top, bottom...) were then translated, then the names of villages close to the linguistic boundary of Moselle and the last ones, including all those of French-speaking Moselle, were Germanized on 2 September 1915 (e.g. Augny).
At the end of the First World War in 1918, these place names reverted to their pre-1870 version.
All toponyms are Germanised after the annexation of 1940, most of the time using their 1918 form or another more or less different one. They were re-Francized in 1945.
Roman / Germanic correspondences
Comparison of Lorrain appellatives
Toponymic correspondences with communes in Meuse
Toponymic correspondences with communes in Moselle
Toponyms from the reorganization of territory
The reorganization of territory is a common occurrence throughout history, thus an important consideration in toponymy. Counties and cantons can be broken apart. New communes can be formed by joining several localities together. And sometimes through these changes a given name can migrate to a different locality that where it was originally used. Records of such territorial changes are increasingly scarce with the centuries, thus territorial histories tend to obscure with time. Few attestations are available for the founding or change of territory through the late first millennium, but records gradually improve, and by the late second millennium, scholars like Cassini, Lepage, and Boutilleir have largely collated all the toponyms attested in charts concerning the history of Austrasia into dictionaries and other tombs of reference.
Consider Condé-Northen in Moselle, which began as the ancient commune, Condé (specifically Condium or Condicum), attested as existing in 787. In 1804, a neighboring commune, Northen, was attached to Condé and the new territory became known by the name it bears today. But the growth did not stop there. In 1810, Pontigny was attached, and finally Loutremange was attached in 1979 by order of a prefectoral decree (arrêté préfectoral). While Northen, Pontigny, and Loutremange are no longer communes, thus no longer considered territorial collectivities, they are still recognized as localities within Condé-Northen.
Today communes increasingly join around large cities, where suburban communes grow into each other. For this to be possible, the communes must be adjacent and within the same department. Officials from both communes must jointly request the merger. The new municipality is typically named by hyphenating the two former toponyms together (seemingly in alphabetical order). Examples include Ancy-Dornot (formerly the communes of Ancy and Dornot) and Freyming-Merlebach (formerly Freyming and Merlebach), both in Moselle. Others certainly exist, and more likely will in the future. Municipalities of this kind are formed in the historical region of Alsace as well.
Yet another situation, though more rural and rare, is a large commune originally formed around multiple hamlets, farms, or other lesser localities that are nevertheless on the map. An example here concerns Métairies-Saint-Quirin, a relatively new commune formed around 1790 when the jurisdiction of the priory of Saint-Quirin was partially changed, possibly in relation to the National Convention. The distributed commune's domain originally encompassed eleven large farms, called censes: Craon (then Créon), Cubolot, Fontaine aux Chênes, Halmoze, Heille (or Helde), L'hor, Le Jardinot (became Haute-Gueisse during the Revolution), Jean Limon, La Petite Maladrerie, Rond-Pré, and Viller (or Courtegain). Of the original eleven properties making up the commune, only six still remain: Cubolot, Halmoze, Heille, Haute-Gueisse, Jean Limon, and Rond-Pré, as found on the map of Métairies-Saint-Quirin. The town hall of Métairies-Saint-Quirin has been located in Cubolot since 1920.
See also
German exonyms
List of European exonyms
References
Exonym
Moselle
Meuse (department)
Meurthe-et-Moselle
Moselle (department)
Vosges (department)
Lorraine
Names of places in France |
5390799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFRD | LFRD | LFRD may refer to:
Lycée Français René Descartes (disambiguation), various schools
The ICAO code of Dinard–Pleurtuit–Saint-Malo Airport |
3998046 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20francolin | Grey francolin | The grey francolin (Ortygornis pondicerianus) also known as "manu moa" or "Chicken Bird" is a species of francolin found in the plains and drier parts of the Indian subcontinent and Iran. This species was formerly also called the grey partridge, not to be confused with the European grey partridge. They are mainly ground-living birds and are found in open cultivated lands as well as scrub forest and their local name of teetar is based on their calls, a loud and repeated Ka-tee-tar...tee-tar which is produced by one or more birds. The term teetar can also refer to other partridges and quails. During the breeding season calling males attract challengers, and decoys were used to trap these birds especially for fighting.
Taxonomy
It was formerly classified in the genus Francolinus, but phylogenetic analyses indicates that it groups with the crested francolin (O. sephaena) and swamp francolin (O. gularis). All three species were reclassified in the genus Ortygornis.
Description
This bird is a medium-sized francolin, with males averaging and females averaging . The males weigh whereas the weight of the females is . The francolin is barred throughout and the face is pale with a thin black border to the pale throat. The only similar species is the painted francolin, which has a rufous vent. The male can have up to two spurs on the legs while females usually lack them. Subspecies mecranensis is palest and found in arid North-Western India, Eastern Pakistan and Southern Iran. Subspecies interpositus is darker and intermediate found in northern India. The nominate race in the southern peninsula of India has populations with a darker rufous throat, supercilium and is richer brown. They are weak fliers and fly short distances, escaping into undergrowth after a few spurts of flight. In flight it shows a chestnut tail and dark primaries. The race in Sri Lanka is sometimes given the name ceylonensis or considered as belonging to the nominate.
Taxonomy
Subspecies
There are three recognized subspecies:
O. p. interpositus (Hartert, 1917) - north Indian grey francolin - northwest Indian subcontinent
O. p. mecranensis (Zarudny and Harms, 1913) - Baluchistan grey francolin - arid southeastern Iran and southern Pakistan
O. p. pondicerianus (Gmelin, 1789) - nominate - southern India and Sri Lanka
Habitat and distribution
The grey francolin is normally found foraging on bare or low grass covered ground in scrub and open country, and is rarely found above an altitude of 500 m above sea level in India, and 1200 m in Pakistan. The distribution is south of the foothills of the Himalayas westwards to the Indus Valley and eastwards to Bengal. It is also found in north-western Sri Lanka. Introduced populations are found in the Andaman and Chagos Islands. They have been introduced to Nevada in the United States of America and Hawaii, along with several other species of francolin.
Behaviour and ecology
The loud calls of the birds are commonly heard early in the mornings. Pairs of birds will sometimes engage in a duet. The female call is a tee...tee...tee repeated and sometimes a kila..kila..kila and the challenge call kateela..kateela..kateela is a duet. They are usually seen in small groups.
The main breeding season is April to September and the nest is a hidden scrape on the ground. The nest may sometimes be made above ground level in a niche in a wall or rock. The clutch is six to eight eggs, but larger clutches, potentially reflecting intraspecific brood parasitism, have been noted.
Food includes seeds, grains as well as insects, particularly termites and beetles (especially Tenebrionidae and Carabidae). They may occasionally take larger prey such as snakes.
They roost in groups in low thorny trees.
Several species of feather mites, helminth and blood parasites have been described from the species.
Status
They are hunted in much of their range using low nets and easily caught using calling decoy birds.
In culture
The species has long been domesticated in areas of northern Indian subcontinent where it is used for fighting. The domesticated birds can be large at around 500-600g, compared to 250g for wild birds. They are usually carefully reared by hand and become as tame and confiding as a pet dog.
Several authors have described the running of the birds as being particularly graceful:
John Lockwood Kipling, Rudyard Kipling's father, wrote of this and other partridges such as the chukar partridge:
References
Other sources
Johnson, J Mangalaraj (1968) Grey Partridge abandoning nest on removal of grass cover over its path to nest. Indian Forester 94:780.
Davis, G (1939) On Indian Grey and Black Partridges (Francolinus pondicerianus and Francolinus francolinus). The Avicultural Magazine, 5 4(5):148-151.
Gabriel, A (1970) Some observations on the Ceylon Grey Partridge. Loris 12(1):60-62.
Sharma, IK (1983) The Grey Partridge (Francolinus pondicerianus) in the Rajasthan desert. Annals Arid Zone. 22(2), 117–120.
Soni, VC (1978) Intersexuality in the Gray Partridge. Game Bird Breeders Avicult. Zool. Conserv. Gaz. 27(7), 12–13.
Hartert, E (1917) Notes on game-birds. VII. The forms of Francolinus pondicerianus. Novit. Zool. 24, 287–288.
Purwar, RS (1975) Anatomical, neurohistological and histochemical observations on the tongue of Francolinus pondicerianus (grey partridge or safed teeter). Acta Anat. 93(4):526-33.
Purwar, RS (1976) Neuro-histochemical observations on the pancreas of Francolinus pondicerianus (grey partridge or safed teeter) as revealed by the cholinesterase technique. Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch. 90(6):1009-16.
External links
Aviculture
In Sri Lanka
grey francolin
Birds of the Middle East
Birds of South Asia
grey francolin
grey francolin
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN |
5390808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Fredkulla | Margaret Fredkulla | Margaret Fredkulla (Swedish: Margareta Fredkulla; Danish: Margrete Fredkulla; Norwegian: Margret Fredskolla; 1080s – 4 November 1130) was a Swedish princess who became successively queen of Norway and Denmark by marriage to kings Magnus III of Norway and Niels of Denmark. She was also de facto regent of Denmark. An English exonym is Margaret Colleen-of-Peace.
Biography
Margaret was born a princess as one of four children of King Inge the Elder of Sweden and Queen Helena. The exact year of birth and place of birth is not recorded.
Queen of Norway
In 1101, she was married to King Magnus of Norway. The marriage had been arranged as a part of the peace treaty between Sweden and Norway. She was often referred to as Margaret Fredkulla (Margaret the Maiden of Peace). She brought with her large fiefs and areas in Sweden as her dowry, probably in Västergötland. In 1103, she was made widow after two years of marriage, and soon left Norway. The marriage was childless. Her departure from Norway was seen as an insult by the Norwegians who expected her to stay, and she was accused of having stolen the holy relics of Saint Olav.
Queen of Denmark
In 1105, she married King Niels of Denmark. Niels was made king in 1104, but he was described as a passive monarch who lacked the capacity to rule and who left the affairs of the state to his queen. With his blessing, Margaret governed Denmark. She is described as a wise ruler, and the relationship between Denmark and her birth country Sweden was very peaceful during her time as queen. It was said that: Styrelsen beroede for størstedelen paa den ædle dronning Margrete, saa at fremmede sagde, at Danmarks styrelse laa i kvindehaand ("The rule was so much dependent on the noble Queen Margaret, that foreigners remarked that the rule of Denmark lay in a woman's hand"). She minted her own coins, something unique for a queen consort of this time. The Danish coins printed during this period bears the inscription: Margareta-Nicalas ("Margaret-Niels").
Her father, king Inge the Elder, died in 1110, and was succeeded on the Swedish throne by his nephews. Her elder sister, Christina, lived in Russia, and was in Sweden counted as too far away to be given a share in the inheritance of their father, leaving only Margaret and her younger sister Catherine among the sisters as heirs. It is known that Margaret shared her inheritance with her niece Ingrid in Norway, and her niece Ingeborg in Denmark, giving each one-fourth.
In 1114, Margaret was sent a letter by Theobald of Étampes (Theobaldus Stampensis) thanking her for a liberality to the Church of Caen.
Death
After her death in 1130, King Niels married Queen dowager Ulvhild of Sweden. Margaret's lands in Sweden became a base for her son, Magnus when he claimed the throne of Sweden through her. When Margaret's first cousin King Inge the Younger died, Magnus claimed the throne as the eldest grandson of King Inge the Elder and reigned as King Magnus I of Sweden.
Issue
Queen Margaret had two children with King Niels:
Inge Nielsen (died as a child)
Magnus I of Sweden (born about 1106)
References
Other sources
Harrison, Dick Gud vill det – Nordiska korsfarare under medeltiden (2005)
Nanna Damsholt Kvindebilledet i dansk højmiddelalder (1985)
External links
Margareta Fredkulla
Norwegian royal consorts
Danish royal consorts
Regents of Denmark
1080s births
1130 deaths
Margaret 1080
11th-century Danish people
11th-century Danish women
11th-century Swedish people
11th-century Swedish women
11th-century Norwegian people
11th-century Norwegian women
12th-century Danish people
12th-century Danish women
12th-century Swedish people
12th-century Swedish women
12th-century Norwegian people
12th-century Norwegian women
Remarried royal consorts |
5390810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibblesworth | Kibblesworth | Kibblesworth is a village west of Birtley, Tyne and Wear, England. Kibblesworth was a mainly rural community until the development of the pit and brickworks and the resulting increase in population.Following the closure of the pit in 1974, few of the residents now work in the village. Historically in County Durham, it was transferred into the newly created county of Tyne and Wear in 1974.
After being predominantly a council estate project consisting of prefabricated homes built in the 1950s, Kibblesworth has seen a massive change in recent times with the ‘pre-fabs’ being demolished and the new ‘Ridings Estate’ homes built by Keepmoat replacing them all, providing a much needed facelift and more providing more homes to buy.
There are plans to build around 220 new homes by Taylor Wimpey on the surrounding outskirts of the village, with previous green belt land being downgraded to brown belt by the Government, with planning permission at an advanced stage, although this has had some strong opposition from current Kibblesworth residents due to already strained amenities including the local school and road systems.
Kibblesworth has two play parks, a Bowling Green, a Cricket and Football pitch, the Kibblesworth Academy school, a Working Men’s Club, a local pub ‘The Plough Inn’, a Community Centre Millenium Centre opened by Princess Anne in 2000 which also features a Hair Salon and a Beauty ‘Pod’, a Convenience Store including the local Post Office ran by the Thandi Family and an Italian Bistro ‘Giuseppe’s’ opened in 2019.
It is served by buses from Gateshead, Newcastle upon Tyne and Chester-le-Street featuring three bus stops within the village and a scholars bus for the nearby Lord Lawson of Beamish, based in Birtley.
The village's name means "Cybbel's Enclosure".
Churches and chapels
Kibblesworth is in the parish of St. Andrews, Lamesley. While the area was agricultural, this was the centre of worship for the people of Kibblesworth. After the development of the mining industry, the Primitive Methodist Chapel (1869) and Wesleyan Methodist Chapel (1868), provided social as well as religious life for the village. The present chapel was built by the Wesleyan Methodists in 1913. The Primitive Methodist Chapel has now been converted into flats.
The colliery
Although there had been coal-mining in the Kibblesworth area from medieval times, relatively few men were employed in the industry until the sinking of Robert Pit in 1842. From this date the fortunes of the village followed those of the industry with particular black spots during the strikes of 1921 and 1926 and the depression of the 1930s, high spots in the boom of the 1950s and 60s, and eventually closure of the pit in 1974.
The Bowes Railway was used for the transport of coal from Kibblesworth to the River Tyne at Jarrow. The line was started by George Stephenson in 1826 and extended to Kibblesworth when Robert Pit was sunk in 1842. The railway used three types of power – locomotives, stationary steam engines and self-acting inclines. There is now a cycletrack that runs along the former track bed.
Notable buildings and structures
The square at Spout Burn was built to house the miners of Robert Pit. It was demolished between 1965 and 1966, and replaced by old people's bungalows the following year and the Grange Estate from 1973.
Better known as 'the Barracks', Kibblesworth Old Hall was divided up into tenements. The memory survives, in the street named Barrack Terrace. The hall was demolished and replaced by the Miner's Institute in 1934. The area has recently been redeveloped for housing.
In 1855 a short test tunnel for the London Underground was built in Kibbleworth, because it had geological properties similar to London. This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train; in 1861 it was filled in.
Kibblesworth Hall was for many years the home of the colliery manager. It was demolished in 1973.
The original Kibblesworth School was built in 1875, and closed in 1972. It has since been redeveloped using Lottery funding to house the village community centre known as the 'Millennium Centre'. The present school opened in 1972.
Chronology
1842 – The sinking of Robert Pit
1842–50 – Square and Barrack Terrace built; Old Hall (Barracks) converted to tenements
1855 – Metropolitan Railway dug a small tunnel to test digging skills before moving onto London
1862 – Causey Row built
1864 – Opening of Primitive Methodist Chapel
1867 – Opening of Wesleyan Methodist Chapel
1875 – Opening of school
1901 – School extensions built, Coronation Terrace built
1908– Old Plough Inn demolished
1913 – Opening of New Wesleyan Chapel
1914 – The Crescent built and Grange Drift opened
1921 – Miners' strike
1922 – First aged miners' homes, opposite Liddle Terrace
1926 – General Strike
1932 – Closure of Grange Drift
1934 – Barracks demolished and Miners' Welfare Institute built on site
1936 – First council housing in Ashvale Avenue and Laburnum Crescent
1947 – Nationalisation of the pits
1965 – Square demolished
1974 – Closure of the pit
Notable people
Si King, co-presenter of BBC television food programme Hairy Bikers, is from Kibblesworth.
References
External links
Villages in Tyne and Wear |
3998059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber%20Reeves | Amber Reeves | Amber Blanco White ( Reeves; 1 July 1887 – 26 December 1981) was a New Zealand-born British feminist writer and scholar.
Early life
Reeves was born in Christchurch, New Zealand,
the eldest of three children
of Fabian feminist Maud Pember Reeves (née Robison; 1865–1953) and New Zealand politician and social reformer William Pember Reeves.
The family moved to London in 1896, where her father became New Zealand's Agent-General. Her widowed aunt, cousins, and servants joined the household in Cornwall Gardens, Kensington. "London was hateful after New Zealand", she said. "No freedom. No seashore. Streets, streets, streets. Houses, houses".
Reeves attended Kensington High School until 1904, and then travelled to Europe to become fluent in French. Her father was not fully converted to the higher education of women; when he gave her the choice between being presented at court and going to the University of Cambridge, she chose Cambridge. Reeves then began studying Moral Sciences (philosophy) at Newnham College in 1905. It is unlikely her father raised further opposition as he always spoke highly of her academic achievements.
University of Cambridge
While at Cambridge Reeves began to associate with other young women who shared her intellectual enthusiasms and socialist political leanings, forming a lifelong friendship with Eva Spielmann (later Eva Hubback), who became an educationalist. She became involved in a number of societies, including the debating society. In 1907 she led the inter-collegiate debate with Girton, arguing that "the socialist conception of life is the most noble and the most fruitful, both for the state and the individual".
In 1906 she founded the Cambridge University Fabian Society (CUFS) with Ben Keeling, a member of the (somewhat inactive) existing Fabian society in the town. CUFS was the first society at Cambridge to enlist women from its founding. Young women met regularly with men as equals and discussed everything from religious beliefs to social evils to sex, which would have been impossible in the conventional atmospheres of their homes.
She excelled in her studies, taking a double first in 1908. Gilbert Murray once wrote of an address she had given to the Newnham Philosophical Society, "It seems to me quite the best college paper that I have read- I mean as treated by a young person and from a non-metaphysical point of view". A fellow student described her as "intellect personified" after a lecture she gave to the Philosophical Society.
Relationship with H.G. Wells
H. G. Wells had been a friend of Reeves' parents and one of the most popular speakers to address the CUFS. After Reeves' address to the Philosophical Society it was rumoured that she and Wells, one of the most prominent and prolific writers of the first half of the twentieth century, had gone to Paris for a weekend. Their appearance together at a supper party thrown for fellow Fabian and Governor of Jamaica Sir Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier was the first open declaration of the romantic relationship between the pair. Wells claimed that Reeves responded to his taste for adventurous eroticism, and the "sexual imaginativess" that his wife Jane could not cope with. Wells maintained that their relationship be kept silent, though Reeves saw no reason their exciting affair be kept a secret. Once their relationship became well known, there were numerous attempts to break it up, particularly from Amber's mother and from George Rivers Blanco White, a lawyer who would later marry her.
Reeves was anxious not to break up Wells's marriage, though she wanted to have his child. The news that she was pregnant in the spring of 1909 shocked the Reeves family, and the couple fled to Le Touquet-Paris-Plage where they attempted domestic life together. Neither of them did well with domesticity; loneliness and anxiety concerning her pregnancy, as well as the complexity of the situation drove her to depression, and after three months they decided to leave Le Touquet. Wells took her to Boulogne and put her on the ferry to England, while he stayed to continue his writing. Reeves went to stay with Wells and his wife Jane when they returned to Sandgate. But then on 7 May 1909, she was married to Rivers Blanco White. In her latter life she wrote "I did not arrange to marry Rivers, he arranged it with H.G, but I have always thought it the best that could possibly have happened".
Wells wrote the roman à clef Ann Veronica based on his relationship with Reeves. The novel was rejected by his publisher, Frederick Macmillan, because of the possible damage it would do; however, T. Fisher Unwin published it in the autumn of 1909, when gossip concerning Wells was rampant. Wells later wrote that while the character of Ann Veronica was based on Amber, the character he believed came closest to her was Amanda in his novel The Research Magnificent. On 31 December 1909, she bore a daughter, Anna-Jane, who did not learn that her real father was H. G. Wells until she was 18.
Work and family life
Reeves was employed by the Ministry of Labour, in charge of a section that dealt with the employment of women. Part of her job was encouraging workers and employers to see that women were capable of a much wider range of tasks than was usually expected. She later took responsibility for women's wages at the Ministry of Munitions. In 1919, she was appointed to the Whitley Council, but in that same year her appointment was terminated. Humbert Wolfe, a public servant, wrote to Matthew Nathan, the secretary of the council, pointing out that Amber's termination was chiefly on the grounds that she was a married woman, and that letting her go from the public service was "really stupid".
By 1921, her vigour in the women workers' cause had led her to come up against ex-servicemen who exercised considerable power through their associations. She was told a deputation of MPs had approached the minister and claimed that no ex-serviceman could sleep in peace while she remained in the civil service. She received a dismissal notice and, aside from time with the Ministry of Labour in 1922, that was the end of her civil service career. She began to work on her book Give and Take, which was published in 1923. Amber did not take well to being a housewife; at one point she wrote:
"The life of washing up dishes in little separate houses and being necessarily subordinate in everything to the wage-earning man is I think very destructive to the women and to any opinion they may influence. It is humiliating and narrowing and there is nothing to be said in its favour... ...Oh how I should like some hard work again that brought one up against outside life".
There was some strain in her marriage with George Rivers Blanco White. In their youth they had both adopted positive attitudes toward the free expression of love that were common in the literary, intellectual and left-wing society at the time, but as they grew older these attitudes were beginning to change. Writing of marriage in her book Worry in Women, she stated that if people choose to break ethical codes they had to be prepared to cope with guilt. She also stated that if a wife was unfaithful, she should not tell her husband, writing, "if ever there is a case for a downright lie, this is it".
In addition to Anna-Jane, Reeves had two children, Thomas, a patent lawyer, and Justin, an architect. Justin, who married the biologist Conrad Hal Waddington, is the mother of mathematician Dusa McDuff and anthropologist Caroline Humphrey.
Writings
Reeves published four novels and four non-fiction works, dealing with a variety of subjects, but all sharing a common socialist and feminist critique of capitalist society. These are:
The Reward of Virtue (1911)
A Lady and her Husband (1914)
Helen in Love (1916)
Give and Take: A Novel of Intrigue (1923)
The Nationalisation of Banking (1934)
The New Propaganda (1938)
Worry in Women (1941)
Ethics for Unbelievers (1949)
She also wrote book reviews for Queen and Vogue, as well as articles for the Saturday Review. For some time she was the editor of the Townswomen's Guild paper Townswoman.
Reeves collaborated with Wells on The Work, Wealth and Happiness of Mankind (1931). In this book, she researched and put together material on the devastation of the rubber trade on the native populations of Putumayo Department, Peru, and Belgian Congo (see the Casement Report for an account of the tremendous human rights abuses in the latter). She also contributed to a section on how wealth is accumulated by supplying case histories of new powers and forces "running wild and crazy in a last frenzy for private and personal gain". The chapter "The Role of Women in the World's Work" was included by Wells at Amber's suggestion, though after reading the chapter she asked him to include a disclaimer that she did not necessarily agree with what he said.
Political career
During the 1924 election campaign, Reeves was asked to speak on behalf of both the Liberal and Labour Party candidates. She choose to support Labour: "The Liberal audiences were nice narrow decent people. They sat upright in rows and clapped their cotton gloves... But when I got to the Labour meetings in the slums, among the costers and the railway men and the women in tenth hand velvet hats – when I saw their pinched grey-and-yellow faces in those steamy halls, I knew all of a sudden that they were my people". She soon became a member of the party and supported her husband as the Labour Party candidate for Holland-with-Boston in Lincolnshire. The seat had gone to the Liberals in a by-election earlier that year and White failed to win it back.
Reeves attempted to get her theories on currency, later brought together in her book The Nationalisation of Banking, adopted by the Labour Party, and she and Rivers became responsible for a party publication called Womens Leader. Reeves remained active in the Fabian Society, and by this time many Fabians agreed that there was a need to work through the parliamentary Labour Party. She stood twice as a candidate for Hendon, in 1931 and 1935.
Teaching
For some time Reeves taught at Morley College in London. Initially invited by her friend from Cambridge Eva Hubback to help out, she became part of a team of lecturers in 1928, giving twice weekly classes on ethics and psychology. In 1929, the year after the passing of the Equal Franchise Act which gave women the vote on the same terms as men, she was billed by the Fabian Society to lecture on "The New Woman Voters and the Coming Election". However, she withdrew from this lecture to work on a by-election campaign for her husband in Holland-with-Boston. She lectured at Morley for thirty-seven years, regularly revising her courses to incorporate an increased body of psychological thought. In 1946, she became acting principal after Hubback's death. When a new principal was appointed in 1947 she returned to lecturing and writing her book Ethics for Unbelievers.
Later life
In July 1960, Rivers suffered a stroke which left him paralysed down his right side. Reeves was distraught and during the last years of his life she worried a lot and became depressed. She wrote to her daughter Anna-Jane, who was in Singapore at the time, "If there is a Confucian temple in K.L., you might make a little offering (if he does like offerings)... ...I have more faith in him now than in our own deity who seems to be letting us down all round". When Rivers died on 28 March 1966, Reeves was determined to keep living as normally as possible. She was visited by New Zealand historian Keith Sinclair who was writing a biography of her father, and twice by interviewers from the BBC (a 40-minute interview with Denys Gueroult was broadcast by Radio 4 in September 1970). Although she enjoyed discussing politics and world affairs, she felt disillusioned about the socialist hopes of her youth, and supported the Conservatives in the 1970 election. She believed that the wrong people were leading the left and that only diehards would vote for them.
In December 1981, she was admitted to a hospital in St John's Wood and died on 26 December aged 94.
References
External links
DNB
1887 births
1981 deaths
New Zealand writers
New Zealand women writers
British women writers
British writers
Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Members of the Fabian Society
New Zealand socialist feminists |
5390811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittenden-3-3%20Vermont%20Representative%20District%2C%202002%E2%80%932012 | Chittenden-3-3 Vermont Representative District, 2002–2012 | The Chittenden-3-3 Representative District is a two-member state Representative district in the U.S. state of Vermont. It is one of the 108 one or two member districts into which the state was divided by the redistricting and reapportionment plan developed by the Vermont General Assembly following the 2000 U.S. Census. The plan applies to legislatures elected in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. A new plan will be developed in 2012 following the 2010 U.S. Census.
The Chittenden-3-3 District includes a section of the Chittenden County city of Burlington defined as follows:
The rest of Burlington is in Chittenden-3-1, Chittenden-3-2, Chittenden-3-4, Chittenden-3-5 and Chittenden-3-6.
As of the 2000 census, the state as a whole had a population of 608,827. As there are a total of 150 representatives, there were 4,059 residents per representative (or 8,118 residents per two representatives). The two member Chittenden-3-3 District had a population of 8,865 in that same census, 9.2% above the state average.
District Representatives
Jason P. Lorber, Democrat
Rachel Weston, Democrat
See also
Members of the Vermont House of Representatives, 2005-2006 session
Vermont Representative Districts, 2002-2012
External links
Detail map of the Chittenden-3-1 through Chittenden-3-10 districts (PDF)
Vermont Statute defining legislative districts
Vermont House districts -- Statistics (PDF)
Vermont House of Representatives districts, 2002–2012
Burlington, Vermont |
3998060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuhi%20V%20Musinga | Yuhi V Musinga | Yuhi Musinga (Yuhi V of Rwanda, 1883 – 13 January 1944) was a king of Rwanda who came to power in 1896 and collaborated with the German government to strengthen his own kingship. In 1931 he was deposed by the Belgian administration because of his inability to work with subordinate chiefs and his refusal to be baptized a Roman Catholic. His eldest son, Mutara III Rwanda, succeeded him.
Biography
Musinga acceded to power as a young teenager, in a palace coup which overturned the short reign of Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa, the original successor to the powerful king Kigeri Rwabugiri (1840–95) of Rwanda. Over his reign Musinga struggled with three major issues. The first was the question of legitimacy. The overthrow of Rutarindwa was organized by members of the Bega clan, including Kanjogera, widow of Rwabugiri and Musinga’s mother. Such an accession to power brought into question the legitimacy of Musinga’s claims to kingship, claims normally defined by clear ritual protocol. The second concerned the relation of the royal court to the separate regions of the country, as following Rwabugiri’s death many areas occupied by his armies broke away, diminishing the domain of the kingdom. Third, Musinga’s accession was quickly followed by the arrival of German forces in the area, along with a powerful missionary order, the “Missionnaires d'Afrique” (the “White Fathers”), creating a colonial context that marked Musinga’s reign (1896–1931).
During Musinga’s reign German power was used to reassert royal authority over many autonomous areas, while the court delegates served as colonial administrators, especially under Belgian rule after World War I. The missionaries were also used to try to extend court legitimacy. However, such policies of collaboration with European actors created strong cleavages at the royal court of Musinga, as political factions competed for power and aligned themselves variously with outside actors and local allies.
Four factors in particular marked Musinga's reign: World War I, and the replacement of German rule by Belgian rule; the expansion of the royal power to areas autonomous of the court; the presence of many powerful competing factions at the court; and a major famine in 1928–29.
In November 1931, Musinga was deposed by the Belgian administration and replaced by his son Mutara Rudahigwa (r. 1931–59). Exiled first to Kamembe, in southwest Rwanda, and then to Kilembwe, in southeastern Congo, Musinga died on 13 January 1944 by disease.
Works cited
Bibliography
Des Forges, Alison. Defeat Is the Only Bad News: Rwanda under Musiinga, 1896-1931 (1972; Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011).
Kagame, Alexis. Un abrégé de l’histoire du Rwanda de 1853 à 1972, II, 129-82. (Butare: Editions Universitaires du Rwanda, 1975), 129-82.
Rumiya, Jean. Le Rwanda sous mandat belge (1916-1931). (Paris: L’Harmattan 1992).
Archive Yuhi V Musinga, Royal Museum for Central Africa
Rwandan kings
19th-century monarchs in Africa
Rwandan exiles
1883 births
1944 deaths |
5390821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV%20Discovery | MV Discovery | MV Discovery (formerly Island Venture, Island Princess, Hyundai Pungak and Platinum) was a cruise ship, which was formerly operated by Voyages of Discovery and was last in service for Cruise & Maritime Voyages.
History
The ship began operation in 1972 with Flagship Cruises, under the name Island Venture. In 1974, she was sold to P&O's Princess Cruises along with sister ship Sea Venture. The pair were renamed Island Princess and Pacific Princess, the latter, laid up since 2008 at the San Giorgio del Porto shipyard in Genoa, Italy, and as of early 2013 apparently destined for scrapping at Aliaga, Turkey. Both appeared in the 1970s television sitcom The Love Boat, although the Pacific Princess was the main feature of the show. The Island Princess operated as part of the Princess fleet until 1999, when she was sold on to Hyundai Merchant Marine of South Korea. Renamed Hyundai Pungak her role was to transport South Korean pilgrims to religious sites in North Korea.
After a brief stint as the Platinum, the ship went through a major refit between 2001 and 2003, after which the vessel sailed as Discovery under the care of the cruise company Voyages of Discovery (part of the All Leisure Group Plc), cruising out of Harwich and Liverpool in England. Voyages of Discovery sold these cruises predominately to the British, American, Canadian, Australian, New Zealand and South African markets.
For the most part Discovery could be found in the Baltic, Scandinavia, the Mediterranean and Aegean Sea, and North Africa from April through September (Spring and Summer in the Northern Hemisphere), and in South America, Antarctica, the Indian Ocean, India, and the Mediterranean from October through March (Spring and Summer in the Southern Hemisphere).
In February 2013, for 249 days, the Discovery sailed for Cruise & Maritime Voyages following a joint agreement with All Leisure Group, in which both companies would operate the ship.
From 2012 through 2013 the owners of Discovery replaced her under their Voyages of Discovery brand with the refurbished ship MV Voyager.
March 2013 Maritime and Coastguard Agency detention
In early March 2013, on her maiden voyage with Cruise & Maritime Voyages, the Discovery was detained in Portland Harbour by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency after a recent routine inspection revealed that the ship's safety drills and crew's familiarisation of the vessel were inadequate. The cruise was cancelled after passengers spent around 24 hours aboard the ship, before leaving the vessel and boarding coaches out of the port. Afterwards, passengers expressed their anger about the cruise being cancelled but also about dirty wash areas and exposed electrics aboard the ship. Passengers were offered a full refund as well as £250 compensation and 40 percent off their next cruise with the company.
Cruise and Maritime voyages issued a statement in response to the incident.
"Due to unusual and unforeseeable circumstances beyond our control and notwithstanding the recent dry-docking, the vessel has encountered technical problems which prevent her from sailing. We have been unable to resolve these technical issues to enable us to continue with the cruise on time and further works will have to be undertaken to ensure all issues are fully resolved.".
The ship was due to set sail from Avonmouth after arriving from Italy after refit but due to weather conditions it was diverted to Portland, with the passengers being brought to the port from Avonmouth by coach.
On 11 March 2013, Cruise and Maritime Voyages announced that the Maritime and Coastguard agency had cleared the ship for active service. The ship left on her second cruise with Cruise and Maritime Voyages on 15 March, from Avonmouth, the first cruise ship to do this in around 20 years.
Retirement
All Leisure Group took Discovery out of service in late 2014 due to operating losses. In mid-September, Discovery was sold by All Leisure Group "as is" for $5 million and her service with Cruise Maritime Voyages terminated two cruises early. For October she was replaced by Portuscale Cruises' MV Funchal and in 2015 was replaced by MV Azores. Discovery departed Bristol, Avonmouth for the final time on October 9, 2014, bound to anchor off Falmouth for a few hours the day after. Following her brief anchorage off Falmouth, she sailed south to the Strait of Gibraltar. Upon entering the Mediterranean, she was reported to have been renamed AMEN and flagged in St. Kitts and Nevis. She sailed directly towards Port Said and days later transited the Suez Canal. Discovery was broken up in Alang in 2015. Her sister ship, Pacific, was broken up two years prior at Aliağa.
General characteristics
The ship was long and beam, originally measured 19,910 GRT and was built at Nordseewerke, Germany. She could carry 646 passengers, and had a top speed of . The Discovery Cruises website listed her gross tonnage as 20,186, top speed as and passenger capacity as 698. Propulsion was by four Fiat medium-speed diesel engines with a combined power output of 18,000 shaft horsepower. The engines were individually clutched and geared in pairs to each of the two shafts which drive controllable-pitch propellers. This arrangement enabled one or more engines to be shut down and de-clutched as required. Last registry was under the Saint Kitts and Nevis flag.
On board eight decks were open to the public: Sky Deck, Sun Deck, Bridge Deck, Promenade Deck, Riviera Deck, Pacific Deck, Bali Deck and Coral Deck.
References
External links
M/S Island Venture
Expedition cruising
Ships built in Emden
Ships of Princess Cruises
Cruise ships of Norway
Passenger ships of Panama
Passenger ships of Bermuda
Hyundai Group
1971 ships |
5390822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr%20cell%20shutter | Kerr cell shutter | A Kerr cell shutter is a type of photographic shutter used for very fast shutter speeds down to nanosecond level.
The Kerr Cell consists of a transparent container (A) filled with nitrobenzene (B) with attached electrodes (C and D). A high voltage is passed through the electrodes which causes an electric field perpendicular to the transmitted light beam to be applied.
The cell makes use of the Kerr effect, in which the nitrobenzene becomes birefringent under the influence of the electric field. This allows it to be used as a shutter that can be opened for a very brief amount of time, around 10ns.
Its primary disadvantage was the use of toxic and flammable substances such as nitrobenzene and o-nitrotoluene. These have now largely been replaced by KTN (potassium tantalate niobate) and barium titanate (BaTiO3).
Speed of Light measurement
The Kerr Cell shutter was used in the 1920-40s to measure the speed of light. A beam of light is timed between an emitter and receiver while passing through a Kerr Cell. When the cell is activated the light beam is diverted and takes a different path to the receiver, this time difference is measured and the speed of light is calculated based on knowledge of the expected return time.
See also
Kerr effect
Rapatronic camera
References
External links
Photographic shutters |
5390828 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500th%20Brigade | 500th Brigade | The Israeli Armor Corps 500 Brigade, also known as the Kfir (Young Lion) Formation, was a regular-service tank brigade that existed from 1972 to 2003. It was originally composed of three battalions: the Romach (429), Se'ara (430), and Gur (433) battalions. During the Yom Kippur War, it fought in the battle over the city of Suez under the 162nd Division, and was led by Colonel Aryeh Keren. Primarily relying on the Magach tank, it was situated in the Sinai border, until the beginning of the withdrawal following the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty, when it was moved to the Jordan valley. During the 1982 Lebanon War, it fought in the central front (again under the 162nd Division), where it took part in the Siege of Beirut.
References
Brigades of Israel
Military units and formations disestablished in 2003
Military units and formations established in 1972 |
5390839 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaihingen%20an%20der%20Enz | Vaihingen an der Enz | Vaihingen an der Enz is a town located between Stuttgart and Karlsruhe, in southern Germany, on the western periphery of the Stuttgart Region. Vaihingen is situated on the river Enz, and has a population of around 30,000. The former district-capital is now part of the district of Ludwigsburg in the Land (state) of Baden-Württemberg. It is 25 km northwest of Stuttgart, and 15 km west of Ludwigsburg. Not to be confused with Vaihingen, a district of Stuttgart.
Location
Vaihingen lies at an altitude of 200 to 450 metres at the end of the Strohgäus, on the western edge of the Neckarbecken in a valley widening of the Enz. The town centre lies on the east side of the river and is overlooked by the castle Kaltenstein.
History
Vaihingen may date back as far as 799 AD, but the documents are not clear. In 1252 documents refer directly to Vaihingen as a town, established by Count Gottfried von Vaihingen. The town changed hands several times. In the sixteenth century it became a Protestant town. During the Thirty Years' War Vaihingen was besieged by both the Protestant and Catholic warring factions. The consequences of the 1848 revolution caused harvest failures and inflation, and the town population diminished by a large emigration. In the early 1900s, a connection to the railroad network brought more people and industries to Vaihingen. In 1938 Vaihingen became a regional centre.
There was the Vaihingen an der Enz concentration camp during World War II.
Mayor
At the top of the town is since 1256 the mayor and the court, consisting of twelve citizens, including four mayors. Chairman of the court was the official mayor. With the elevation to Große Kreisstadt on January 1, 1973, the mayor bears the official title Lord mayor. He is directly elected by the electorate every 8 years. He is chairman of the municipal council. His general deputy is the first councilor with the official title of mayor.
Mayors since 1893
1893–1899: Karl Friedrich Richard Bohringer, Stadtschultheiß,
1900–1907: Ferdinand Bentel, Stadtschultheiß,
1907–1911: Christian Wilhelm Wischuf, Stadtschultheiß
1912–1923: Matthew Häselin, Stadtschultheiß,
1923–1926: vacant; the official duties were performed by several councilors as temporary administrators
1926–1936: Hermann Linkenheil, mayor
1936–1945: Karl Schmid, mayor
1945–1954: Ludwig Lörcher, mayor
1954–1981: Gerhard Palm, mayor, from 1973 lord mayor
1982–2006: Heinz Kälberer, mayor
2006–present: Gerd Maisch, mayor
On May 7, 2006, Gerd Maisch (previously mayor of Tamm), was elected as the new mayor of Vaihingen. He took office on September 1, 2006. Gerd Maisch won against Matthias Ehrlein (Stutensee), and Helga Eberle (Aurich) with 62% of the votes.
Transport
Vaihingen is located on the Württemberger Weinstraße and on the southern route of the German Timber-Frame Road, both routes pass many sights.
Sights
Marketplace
The panoramic sight at the market place includes the town hall and the town church (alternative central/main church). Due to devastating fires in 1693 and 1784, housing facilities had to be rebuilt and their architecture dates back to then.
Town Hall
A fire destroyed the old town hall building in 1693. It was rebuilt in the same location in 1720, following long years of controversy between the citizens of Vaihingen and the administration of Württemberg. Its paintings date back to 1901. The ground floor was originally used as a sales area for tradesmen.
The Town Wall
The former Town Wall is partly preserved in the Baedergasse. It is accessible by foot in the direction of the Klingengasse. A broad alley including a stone portraying the coat of arms was built in 1786. Small bridges connect the top level of the buildings and served as escape routes during high flood water.
St. Peter's Church
The St. Peter's Church is the oldest church in Vaihingen and dates back to 1490 Roman architecture. Modifications were carried out several times. It remained Vaihingen's cemetery church until 1839. From 1871 onwards, it was used as a gym and was rebuilt again in 1980 according to the old style. The town museum can be found on the top floor of the building. Even today, old gravestones from the former cemetery can still be seen.
The Haspelturm (Tower of Pulley)
The Haspelturm, also called "a thief's tower" is the oldest tower in Vaihingen. An old roman ornament ("Rundbogenfries") indicates that it might have been built as early as the 13th century. The tower's six stories dominate the old town's silhouette. In the first floor the "Haspel," a kind of pulley that was used to lower its prisoners into the dungeon, can be found.
The Pulvertum (lit. "Powder Tower")
The Pulverturm is a former prison with massive walls up to three meters thick. The former corner tower of the town's defense wall was built in 1492 and served among others as a prison, a home of homeless people and a slaughterhouse. Today the tower can be used as a place for cultural occasions, in particular art exhibitions.
The Town Church
The Town Church was built in 1513. Its current appearance came to be after the fire of 1693. Before that fire, the church suffered from destructions because of the fires in 1617 and 1618. The tympanum over the south entrance (carrying the cross) is from 1521. In 1892-93 the inside of the church was rebuilt by the master-builder Dolmetsch. That is when the organ was put in the place where it still sits today. Moreover, galleries have been included. These galleries as well as the outside stairways at the south entrance were removed in the 1960s.
Kaltenstein Castle
Kaltenstein Castle was built on a rocket of Muschelkalk (Middle Trias). It was the former seat of the area's duke and was first mentioned in 1096 as castrum vehingen. Duke Karl Alexander had it renovated in 1734 and later fortified. In the following years it was used as a garrison and a hospital, from 1842 onwards as a workhouse. Today, it is the seat of a social Christian charity organisation ("Christlichens Jugenddorf").
Museums
Vaihingen has a municipal museum in the St. Peter's Church and a wine museum in the old winery in the district Horrheim.
KZ-memorial
The memorial for the concentration camp Vaihingen in the Glattbachtal was opened on April 16, 2005. A twenty minute audiovisual presentation reminiscent of the events of the years 1944 and 1945.
Culture
The May Festival Vaihingen Enz is one of the oldest children's festivals in Baden-Württemberg, first documented in 1687. Despite being held yearly on Pentecost (May or June), it is a non-religious festival. The highlight of the festival is a parade presenting several historic events as well as current sportsclubs and institutions of Vaihingen. Many people who moved away from Vaihingen take the opportunity to visit their hometown on this event.
Twin towns – sister cities
Vaihingen an der Enz is twinned with:
Kőszeg, Hungary
Notable people
Johann Jacob Zimmermann (1644–1693), astronomer, mathematician and theologian
Jacob Friedrich von Abel (1751–1829), professor of philosophy
Karl Friedrich Hensler (1759–1825), theatre director and author
Karl Gerok (1815–1890), preacher and religious poet
Konstantin von Neurath (1873–1956), diplomat and politician
Friedrich Kellner (1885–1970) Chief Justice Inspector, diarist
Karl Blessing (1900–1971), President of the Deutsche Bundesbank (1958–1969)
Hartwig Gauder (born 1954), race walker, Olympic and world champion
Carolin Klöckner (born 1995), German wine ambassador
Notes
Vaihingen an der Enz is located on the western periphery of the Middle Neckar region, "Region Mittlerer Neckar", with its old name. See also Stuttgart Metropolitan Region
References
Literature
Aker, Gudrun and others: Die Stadtkirche in Vaihingen an der Enz. Kirchliches Leben unter dem Kaltenstein in acht Jahrhunderten. Mit Beiträgen von Gudrun Aker, Lothar Behr, Stefan Benning, Anne-Christine Brehm, Hartmut Leins, Manfred Scheck, Marc Wartner. Hrsg. von der Evangelischen Kirchengemeinde Vaihingen an der Enz anlässlich der Grundsteinlegung der Stadtkirchen-Erweiterung vor 500 Jahren. Vaihingen 2013.
Behr, Lothar and others (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Vaihingen an der Enz. Vaihingen 2001.
Keyser, Erich (Hrsg.): Württembergisches Städtebuch; Band IV Teilband Baden-Württemberg Band 2 aus "Deutsches Städtebuch. Handbuch städtischer Geschichte – Im Auftrage der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der historischen Kommissionen und mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Städtetages, des Deutschen Städtebundes und des Deutschen Gemeindetages. Stuttgart 1961.
Paulus, Karl Eduard: Beschreibung des Oberamts Vaihingen. Hrsg. vom Königlichen topographischen Bureau. Stuttgart 1856.
External links
Pictures of the concentration camp cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
Pictures of the military and refugee memorials in the municipal cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the Sites of Memory webpage
official internetpresence of Vaihingen Enz town council
internetpresence of district Aurich
Presentation of district Kleinglattbach
Ludwigsburg (district)
Württemberg |
3998062 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC%20Viktoria%20K%C3%B6ln | FC Viktoria Köln | FC Viktoria Köln is a German association football club from the city of Cologne in North Rhine-Westphalia, that competes in the 3. Liga.
History
Founded in 1904 as FC Germania Kalk it is one of the oldest football clubs in the city. In 1909 Germania merged with FC Kalk to form SV Kalk 04 and in 1911 this club was, in turn, united with Mülheimer FC to create VfR Mülheim-Kalk 04. The club was renamed VfR Köln 04 in 1918 and, in 1926, won its first Western German football championship and entry to national championship play.
After the re-organization of German football in 1933 under the Third Reich into sixteen top flight divisions, VfR played in the Gauliga Mittelrhein taking titles there in 1935 and 1937 but then performed poorly at the national level. In 1941 The Gauliga Mittelrhein was split into the Gauliga Moselland and Gauliga Köln-Aachen, with VfR playing in the latter division. Two years later the club joined Mülheimer SV to play as the combined wartime side (Kriegsspielgemeinschaft) KSG VfR 04 Köln/Mülheimer SV 06. Mülheim had also played in the Gauliga Mittelrhein since 1933 claiming titles of its own in 1934 and 1940, and had similarly poor results at the national level. Play in the Gauliga Köln-Aachen was suspended in the 1944–45 season as Allied armies advanced into Germany at the end of World War II.
After the war VfR Köln resumed playing first division football in the Oberliga West, but lasted only a single season before being relegated. In 1949 the team merged with its wartime partner Mülheimer SV to become SC Rapid Köln 04 and played in the 2. Oberliga West (II) until falling to third tier football after 1952. Rapid joined local rivals SC Preußen Dellbrück forming SC Viktoria 04 Köln in 1957. Of these sides, Preußen Dellbrück was most successful, advancing to the semi-finals of the national championships in 1950 before going out against Kickers Offenbach in a replay of their scoreless first match.
In 1963, the city selected Viktoria as its representative in the Fairs Cup, the forerunner of today's UEFA Cup, but the club was unable to capitalize on the opportunity. The team played as a second and third division side with generally unremarkable results until the 1994 merger with SC Brück that created SCB Preußen Köln, the new team being named after predecessor Preußen Dellbrück. The new club earned a second-place finish in their division in 2000, but quickly tumbled to the Oberliga Nordrhein (IV), even spending one season in fifth division Verbandsliga Mittelrhein. The pattern continued after the team was re-christened SCB Viktoria Köln in 2002.
On 22 June 2010, a new club called FC Viktoria Köln was founded which took over the youth teams of now insolvent SCB Viktoria Köln. Although it was expected that the new club can begin in the Landesliga, where SCB Viktoria had played at last, they were forced by the association to start in the lowest league, Kreisliga D. Nonetheless, on 24 February 2011 they took over FC Junkersdorf which became champion of the 2010–11 Mittelrheinliga and so FC Viktoria Köln could start in 2011–12 in the NRW-Liga.
A 2012 title in this league earned the club promotion to the Regionalliga West where it played until 2019 after being promoted to 3. Liga.
Merging history
1949–1957
1957–1994
1994–2002
2002–2010
22 June 2010
Honours
Regionalliga West (IV)
Champions: 2016–17, 2018–19
NRW-Liga (V)
Champions: 2011–12
Verbandsliga Mittelrhein (V)
Champions: 1997–98
Middle Rhine Cup (Tiers III-V)
Winners: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2020–21, 2021–22
Players
Current squad
European participations
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup/UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League:
Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
References
External links
Football clubs in Cologne
Association football clubs established in 1904
1904 establishments in Germany
Football clubs in Germany |
5390845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Zhukov | Igor Zhukov | Igor Mikhaylovich Zhukov (31 August 1936 – 26 January 2018) was a Russian pianist, conductor and sound engineer.
Zhukov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1936 but his family moved to Moscow in the following year. Four years later, they were evacuated to Vyatka (then known as Kirov) as a result of the Second World War. After the war, they returned to Moscow, where Zhukov studied at the Conservatory in 1955, studying first with Emil Gilels and then, in 1955, with Heinrich Neuhaus. He graduated in 1960, having won second prize in the Long-Thibaud Piano Competition in Paris.
Apart from a career as a pianist, Zhukov also conducted his own ensemble, the Moscow Chamber Orchestra until his retirement from conducting in 1994, and was the pianist of the long-running Zhukov Piano Trio which was founded in 1963 and continued performing until 1980. (The other members were the violinist Grigory Feighin and cellist Valentin Feighin.) The trio was noted for its "Historic Concerts" which featured repertoire spanning the 17th to the 20th centuries.
Zhukov made recordings on the Melodiya/CBS label, among others (e.g. the complete Scriabin sonatas). Zhukov also had a passionate interest in recording, and said of himself "I'm the best pianist among recording engineers, and the best recording engineer among pianists."
Sources
Rueger, Christoph. The multiple talents of Igor Zhukov. Essay included with The Russian Piano School Vol 16: Igor Zhukov, Melodia CD 74321 332142, 1996
External links
Igor Zhukov.info website Website with a purpose to provide detailed info on Igor Zhukov.
1936 births
2018 deaths
Russian classical pianists
Male classical pianists
Russian conductors (music)
Russian male conductors (music)
Russian audio engineers
Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition prize-winners
People from Nizhny Novgorod |
5390848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassler | Fassler | Fassler or Fässler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Ron Fassler (born 1957), American actor and author
Marcel Fässler (racing driver) (born 1976), Swiss racing driver
Marcel Fässler (bobsleigh) (born 1959), Swiss bobsledder
Margot Fassler American music historian |
3998066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar%E2%80%93vector%E2%80%93tensor%20decomposition | Scalar–vector–tensor decomposition | In cosmological perturbation theory, the scalar–vector–tensor decomposition is a decomposition of the most general linearized perturbations of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric into components according to their transformations under spatial rotations. It was first discovered by E. M. Lifshitz in 1946. It follows from Helmholtz's Theorem (see Helmholtz decomposition.) The general metric perturbation has ten degrees of freedom. The decomposition states that the evolution equations for the most general linearized perturbations of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric can be decomposed into four scalars, two divergence-free spatial vector fields (that is, with a spatial index running from 1 to 3), and a traceless, symmetric spatial tensor field with vanishing doubly and singly longitudinal components. The vector and tensor fields each have two independent components, so this decomposition encodes all ten degrees of freedom in the general metric perturbation. Using gauge invariance four of these components (two scalars and a vector field) may be set to zero.
If the perturbed metric where is the perturbation, then the decomposition is as follows,
where the Latin indices i and j run over spatial components (1,…,3). The tensor field is traceless under the spatial part of the background metric (i.e. ). The spatial vector and tensor undergo further decomposition. The vector is written
where and ( is the covariant derivative defined with respect to the spatial metric ). The notation is used because in Fourier space, these equations indicate that the vector points parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the wavevector, respectively. The parallel component can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar, . Thus can be written as a combination of a scalar and a divergenceless, two-component vector.
Finally, an analogous decomposition can be performed on the traceless tensor field . It can be written
where
,
where is a scalar (the combination of derivatives is set by the condition that be traceless), and
,
where is a divergenceless spatial vector. This leaves only two independent components of , corresponding to the two polarizations of gravitational waves. (Since the graviton is massless, the two polarizations are orthogonal to the direction of propagation, just like the photon.)
The advantage of this formulation is that the scalar, vector and tensor evolution equations are decoupled. In representation theory, this corresponds to decomposing perturbations under the group of spatial rotations. Two scalar components and one vector component can further be eliminated by gauge transformations. However, the vector components are generally ignored, as there are few known physical processes in which they can be generated. As indicated above, the tensor components correspond to gravitational waves. The tensor is gauge invariant: it does not change under infinitesimal coordinate transformations.
See also
Helmholtz decomposition
Notes
References
Physical cosmology
Mathematical methods in general relativity |
3998068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturla%20%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0arson | Sturla Þórðarson | Sturla Þórðarson (Old Norse pronunciation: ; ; 29 July 1214–30 July 1284) was an Icelandic chieftain and writer of sagas and contemporary history during the 13th century.
Biography
The life of Sturla Þórðarson was chronicled in the Sturlunga saga.
Sturla was the son of Icelandic chieftain Þórður Sturluson and his mistress Þóra, and grandson of Sturla Þórðarson the elder. He was a nephew and pupil of the famous saga-writer Snorri Sturluson. His brother was Icelandic skald and scholar Ólafur Þórðarson hvítaskáld.
He fought alongside Þórður kakali Sighvatsson during the Age of the Sturlungs. Sturla was appointed law speaker over all of Iceland for a brief period after the dissolution of the Icelandic Commonwealth, and wrote the law book Járnsíða.
Like his uncle, Snorri, and his brother, Óláfr, Sturla was a prolific poet. He is reported in Sturlu þáttr as telling a saga called Huldar saga. He is best known for writing Íslendinga saga, the longest saga within Sturlunga saga, and Hákonar saga Hákonarsonar, the story of Haakon IV of Norway. He also wrote a saga of Haakon's son, Magnus the lawmender (Magnúss saga lagabœtis), of which only fragments have survived. Some scholars also believe him to have written Kristni saga and Sturlubók, a transcript of Landnáma. He is moreover listed in Skáldatal as the court skald of the Swedish ruler Birger Jarl.
References
Other sources
Jón Viðar Sigurðsson; Sverrir Jakobsson (2017) Sturla Þórðarson: Skald, Chieftain and Lawman (Boston: Brill)
External links
1214 births
1284 deaths
Icelandic writers
Sturlungar family clan
13th-century writers
Scandinavian folklore
Lawspeakers
13th-century Icelandic people
Goðar |
3998079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servo%20drive | Servo drive | A servo drive is an electronic amplifier used to power electric servomechanisms.
A servo drive monitors the feedback signal from the servomechanism and continually adjusts for deviation from expected behavior.
Function
A servo drive receives a command signal from a control system, amplifies the signal, and transmits electric current to a servo motor in order to produce motion proportional to the command signal. Typically, the command signal represents a desired velocity, but can also represent a desired torque or position. A sensor attached to the servo motor reports the motor's actual status back to the servo drive. The servo drive then compares the actual motor status with the commanded motor status. It then alters the voltage, frequency or pulse width to the motor so as to correct for any deviation from the commanded status.
In a properly configured control system, the servo motor rotates at a velocity that very closely approximates the velocity signal being received by the servo drive from the control system. Several parameters, such as stiffness (also known as proportional gain), damping (also known as derivative gain), and feedback gain, can be adjusted to achieve this desired performance. The process of adjusting these parameters is called performance tuning.
Although many servo motors require a drive specific to that particular motor brand or model, many drives are now available that are compatible with a wide variety of motors..
Digital and analog
All servo drives used in industry are digital, analog, or both. Digital drives differ from analog drives by having a microprocessor, or computer, which analyses incoming signals while controlling the mechanism. The microprocessor receives a pulse stream from an encoder which can determine parameters such as velocity. Varying the pulse, or blip, allows the mechanism to adjust speed essentially creating a speed controller effect. The repetitive tasks performed by a processor allows a digital drive to be quickly self-adjusting. In cases where mechanisms must adapt to many conditions, this can be convenient because a digital drive can adjust quickly with little effort. A drawback to digital drives is the large amount of energy that is consumed. However, many digital drives install capacity batteries to monitor battery life. The overall feedback system for a digital servo drive is like an analog, except that a microprocessor uses algorithms to predict system conditions.
Analog drives control velocity through various electrical inputs usually ±10 volts. Often adjusted with potentiometers, analog drives have plug in “personality cards” which are preadjusted to specific conditions. Most analog drives work by using a tach generator to measure incoming signals and produce a resulting torque demand. These torque demands request current in the mechanism depending on the feedback loop. This amplifier is referred as a four-quadrant drive because can accelerate, decelerate and brake in either rotating direction. Traditional analog drives consume less energy than digital drives and can offer very high performance in certain cases. When conditions are met, analog drives offer consistency with minimal “jitter” at standstills. Some analog servo drives do not need a torque amplifier and rely on velocity amplifiers for situation where speed is more important.
Use in industry
Servo systems can be used in CNC machining, factory automation, and robotics, among other uses. Their main advantage over traditional DC or AC motors is the addition of motor feedback. This feedback can be used to detect unwanted motion, or to ensure the accuracy of the commanded motion. The feedback is generally provided by an encoder of some sort. Servos, in constant speed changing use, have a better life cycle than typical AC wound motors. Servo motors can also act as a brake by shunting off generated electricity from the motor itself.
See also
Control theory
Motion control
References
Control devices |
5390868 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Morton%20%28photographer%29 | Hugh Morton (photographer) | Hugh MacRae Morton (February 19, 1921 – June 1, 2006) was a photographer and nature conservationist who developed Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina.
Personal life
Morton was born on February 19, 1921, in Wilmington, North Carolina, the grandson of local businessman and politician Hugh MacRae, and the great-grandson of Brigadier General William MacRae of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
Hugh MacRae Morton entered the University of North Carolina in 1940 and took photographs for the student newspaper, The Daily Tar Heel. He left school in 1942 to fight in World War II. In 1942, he joined the Signal Corps (United States Army) as a photographer and was sent to the Pacific Theater. After he returned to the United States, Morton married Julia Taylor in 1945 and they had four children. Morton was well known in North Carolina as a fan of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill sports and friend of many influential North Carolinians. Morton authored two books of his photography: Hugh Morton's North Carolina (University of North Carolina Press, 2003) and Hugh Morton: North Carolina Photographer, which was published in 2006.
Grandfather Mountain
Morton's great-grandfather, Donald MacRae, bought the development rights for the around Grandfather Mountain in 1889 from Walter Waightstill Lenoir, grandson of General William Lenoir. In 1952 Morton inherited more than 4,000 acres on Grandfather Mountain from his grandfather, Hugh MacRae, and immediately set out on making the property more accessible to tourists. In 1952 Morton extended and improved a vehicle road to the top of the mountain, and erected the original Mile High Swinging Bridge to provide visitor access to one of the most spectacular scenic vistas in the southeastern United States. The Mile High Swinging Bridge is a bridge that spans a chasm at exactly one mile of elevation and has killed 7 people from falling off the bridge. In 1968, Morton bought two black bears, one male and one female, to release back into the wild as part of a re-population effort; however, the female bear, named Mildred, would not adapt to the wild, and was required to be recaptured and given an enclosed habitat, which was finished in 1973. The Grandfather Mountain Animal Habitats now contain black bears, deer, eagles, river otters and mountain lions. In 1993 Grandfather Mountain became the first privately owned property in the world to receive UNESCO recognition as an International Biosphere Reserve. Two years after Hugh Morton died in 2006, his family sold approximately 2,650 acres of the mountain's protected wilderness to the state of North Carolina for $12 million, along with a conservation easement on approximately 700 acres that the Morton family gifted to the Grandfather Mountain Stewardship Foundation. The 2,650-acre tract purchased by the state includes Calloway Peak, elevation 5,946 feet, and was turned into North Carolina's 34th state park, Grandfather Mountain State Park, officially receiving that status in April 2009.
Photography
Morton was a prolific photographer who took photographs of all aspects of life in North Carolina. His first published photograph came in 1935, when he was 14; a picture he took of a golfing scene was published as a North Carolina travel advertisement in Time Magazine. During his time at the University of North Carolina, he was a photographer for the student newspaper, the Daily Tar Heel. During World War II, Morton joined as a member of the Signal Corps, where he was assigned the job of newsreel photographer. He was sent to New Caledonia, an island off the coast of Australia, where he was attached to the 37th Infantry Division. Near the end of the war, Morton was assigned to take pictures of General Douglas MacArthur when MacArthur's regular photographer was sick. While on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, Morton was injured by a Japanese explosive and was awarded the Bronze Star and the Purple Heart.
Upon his return from the war, Morton went to work at the University of North Carolina as a sports photographer. He took pictures of sports at the University of North Carolina for over six decades; one anecdote says that people at UNC basketball games were warned not to block the view of "Mr. Morton's seat." In 1949, Morton was elected the president of the Carolina Photographers Association. The next year, Morton became the chairman of the Southern Short Courses in News Photography. That program continues across the state of North Carolina at college campuses and at Grandfather Mountain as the Grandfather Mountain Camera Clinic.
Morton's work has been featured in magazines such as Life, National Geographic, the Associated Press, Esquire, Time, and many other publications. One of his favorite locations was Grandfather Mountain and one of his favorite subjects was Mildred the Bear. He took thousands of pictures of Mildred alone.
Morton's photographic life's work has been donated to North Carolina Collection Photographic Archives in Wilson Library at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This collection is currently being digitized, a project which is being chronicled on the A View To Hugh blog.
References
External links
Biography from Grandfather Mountain site
A View To Hugh blog
1921 births
2006 deaths
20th-century American photographers
People from Wilmington, North Carolina |
5390878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaos%20Michopoulos | Nikolaos Michopoulos | Nikolaos "Nikos" Michopoulos (; born 20 February 1970) is a former Greek professional football player. During his career he played for PAOK Thesaloniki and Burnley, and a short period to Crystal Palace and Omonia Nicosia. He played as a goalkeeper and was known for his reactions and shot-stopping ability.
Michopoulos began his career at Apollon Larissa. In 1992 he joined PAOK Thessaloniki, and made over 187 appearances for the Greek team, earning himself 15 international caps for Greece in the process. He was brought to Burnley by Stan Ternent as one of three Greeks to sign for the Clarets along with goalkeeper Luigi Cennamo and centre-forward Dimitrios Papadopoulos.
'Nik the Greek' as he became known established himself solidly as a fan-favourite at Turf Moor and became somewhat of a cult-hero. He would make almost 100 appearances for the Clarets, his last being in the farcical 7–2 home defeat to Sheffield Wednesday, when he was carried off injured in the first half and replaced by Marlon Beresford.
Michopoulos would return to his native Greece and become goalkeeping coach at his old club, PAOK, a position he still holds. In pre-season training for the 2005/06 season, Michopoulos was able to meet up with several of his old team-mates when Burnley took on PAOK at a neutral ground.
References
1970 births
Living people
Greek footballers
Association football goalkeepers
English Football League players
Cypriot First Division players
Super League Greece players
Burnley F.C. players
Crystal Palace F.C. players
AC Omonia players
PAOK FC players
Greece international footballers
Greek expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Sportspeople from Karditsa |
5390881 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGF | PGF | PGF may refer to:
Paternal grandfather
Patterson–Gimlin film, purporting to show Bigfoot
IATA code of Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport, France
Placental growth factor, a human gene
Vector graphics language in the PGF/TikZ pair
Precision guided firearm
Probability-generating function
Progressive Graphics File, a file format |
5390884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premorbidity | Premorbidity | Premorbidity refers to the state of functionality prior to the onset of a disease or illness. It is most often used in relation to psychological function (e.g. premorbid personality or premorbid intelligence), but can also be used in relation to other medical conditions (e.g. premorbid lung function or premorbid heart rate).
Psychology
In psychology, premorbidity is most often used in relation to changes in personality, intelligence or cognitive function.
Changes in personality are common in cases of traumatic brain injury involving the frontal lobes, the most famous example of this is the case of Phineas Gage who survived having a tamping iron shot through his head in a railway construction accident.
Declines from premorbid levels of intelligence and other cognitive functions are observed in stroke, traumatic brain injury, and dementia as well as in mental illnesses such as depression and schizophrenia.
Other usage in psychology include premorbid adjustment which has important implications for the prognosis of mental illness such as schizophrenia. Efforts are also being made to identify premorbid personality profiles for certain illness, such as schizophrenia to determine at risk populations.
Clinical and diagnostic usage
In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders may be diagnosed as conditions premorbid to the onset of schizophrenia.
See also
Prodrome
References
Symptoms |
5390887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittichenbach%20Abbey | Sittichenbach Abbey | Sittichenbach Abbey (Kloster Sittichenbach), sometimes also known as Sichem Abbey, is a Cistercian monastery in Sittichenbach, now part of Osterhausen near Eisleben in the Mansfeld-Südharz district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
First foundation
The abbey was founded as a daughter house of Walkenried Abbey in 1141 by Esiko II of Bornstedt, under the first abbot Volkuin. The new foundation rapidly acquired extensive lands on which to establish farms. In 1180 monks from Sittichenbach, at the request of margrave Otto I of Brandenburg, established Lehnin Abbey. Later foundations were Buch Abbey near Leisnig (1192) and Grünhain Abbey in the Erzgebirge (1235). In 1208, Bishop Conrad of Halberstadt retired to Sittichenbach.
In 1346 the abbey suffered greatly from a feud between Ludwig von Meißen, Bishop of Halberstadt, and the Count of Mansfeld. The abbot and monks were taken hostage and treated so harshly that several of them died. The Count of Mansfeld was excommunicated as a result of this incident.
In 1540 in the course of the Reformation the abbey was dissolved. It was at first in the possession of the Counts of Mansfeld and transferred by them in 1612 to John George I, Elector of Saxony.
From this time onwards the abbey premises were used for local government purposes. Amt Sittichenbach passed in 1656 to Saxe-Weissenfels and from 1686 to 1745 to the Principality of Saxe-Querfurt, after which it was included in the Electorate or Kingdom of Saxony. It was incorporated into the new Prussian state in 1815.
Second foundation
After the reunification of Germany in 1990, the lands and remaining buildings were returned after nearly 500 years to the Cistercian order. They have done much restoration, including a very creative re-building of the chapel which is used for daily prayer. Other buildings have been added and restored so that the site has become a hotel and retreat centre. An open field has been developed into a beautiful area for meditative walks which includes gardens, worship spaces, shrines and a labyrinth.
There are a few remains of the original abbey buildings still to be seen: among them are the abbots' chapel, the fishpond and the dovecote.
External links
Excavations of the abbey precinct
Cistercian monasteries in Germany
Monasteries in Saxony-Anhalt
1140s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
1141 establishments in Europe
Religious organizations established in the 1140s
Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
Eisleben |
3998129 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey%20junglefowl | Grey junglefowl | The grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii), also known as Sonnerat's junglefowl, is one of the wild ancestors of the domestic chicken together with the red junglefowl and other junglefowls. The species epithet commemorates the French explorer Pierre Sonnerat. Local names include Komri in Rajasthan, Geera kur or Parda komri in Gondi, Jangli Murghi in Hindi, Raan kombdi in Marathi, Kattu Kozhi in Tamil and Malayalam, Kaadu koli in Kannada and Tella adavi kodi in Telugu.
Description
The male has a black cape with ochre spots and the body plumage on a grey ground colour is finely patterned. The elongated neck feathers are dark and end in a small, hard, yellowish plate; this peculiar structure making them popular for making high-grade artificial flies. The male has red wattles and combs but not as strongly developed as in the red junglefowl. Legs of males are red and have spurs while the yellow legs of females usually lack spurs. The central tail feathers are long and sickle shaped. Males have an eclipse plumage in which they moult their colourful neck feathers in summer during or after the breeding season.
The female is duller and has black and white streaking on the underparts and yellow legs.
Distribution and habitat
This species is endemic to India, and even today it is found mainly in peninsular India and towards the northern boundary. They are found in thickets, on the forest floor and open scrub. The species occurs mainly in the Indian Peninsula, but extends into Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and southern Rajasthan. The red junglefowl is found more along the foothills of the Himalayas; a region of overlap occurs in the Aravalli range. although the ranges are largely non-overlapping.
Disputed subspecies
The populations from the region of Mount Abu in Rajasthan named as the subspecies wangyeli is usually not recognized although it is said that the calls of the cock from this region differs from the call of birds from southern India and the plumage is much paler.
Behaviour
Their loud calls of Ku-kayak-kyuk-kyuk () are loud and distinctive, and can be heard in the early mornings and at dusk. Unlike the red junglefowl, the male does not flap its wings before uttering the call. They breed from February to May. They lay 4 to 7 eggs which are pale creamy in a scrape. Eggs hatch in about 21 days. Although mostly seen on the ground, grey junglefowl fly into trees to escape predators and to roost. They forage in small mixed or single sex groups. They feed on grains including bamboo seeds, berries, insects and termites, and are hunted for meat and for the long neck hackle feathers that are sought after for making fishing lures.
Relationships
Grey junglefowl have been bred domestically in England since 1862 and their feathers have been commercially supplied from domestic U.K. stocks for fly tying since 1978. A gene from the grey junglefowl is responsible for the yellow pigment in the legs and different body parts of all the domestic chicken breeds. A more recent study revealed multiple grey junglefowl genomic regions introgressed the genome of the domestic chicken, with evidence of some domestic chicken genes also found in the grey junglefowl.
The grey junglefowl will sometimes hybridize in the wild with the red junglefowl. It also hybridizes readily in captivity and sometimes with free-range domestic chickens kept in habitations close to forests. The grey junglefowl and red junglefowl diverged about 2.6 million years ago.
The species has been isolated by a variety of mechanisms, including behavioural differences and genic incompatibility, but hybridization is not unknown. Some phylogenetic studies of grey junglefowl show that this species is more closely related to the Sri Lankan junglefowl Gallus lafayetii than to the red junglefowl, Gallus gallus, but another study shows a more ambiguous position due to hybridization. However, the time of divergence between the grey junglefowl and Sri Lankan junglefowl around 1.8 million years ago is more recent than 2.6 million years ago calculated for between the grey junglefowl and red junglefowl. This divergence time support sister relationship between grey junglefowl and Sri Lankan junglefowl.
An endogenous retroviral DNA sequence, of the EAV-HP group noted in domestic chickens is also found in the genome of this species pointing to the early integration of the virus DNA into the genome of Gallus.
References
Other sources
Tehsin, Raza H (1988) Inducing sleep in birds. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 85(2):435-436.
Chitampalli, MB (1977) Occurrence of Grey Junglefowl and Red Junglefowl together. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 74(3):527.
Abdulali, Humayun (1957) The Grey Junglefowl in Salsette. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 54(4):946.
Tehsin, Raza; Tehsin, Fatema (1990) Jungle Cat Felis chaus and Grey Junglefowl Gallus sonneratii. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 87(1):144.
Morris, RC (1927) A jungle fowl problem. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32(2):374.
Ali, S (1968) The case of the Indian Grey Junglefowl. Newsletter for Birdwatchers . 8(5):5-6.
Subramanian, C; Kambarajan, P; Sathyanarayana, MC (2001) Roosting tree preference by Grey Junglefowl, (Gallus sonneratti) at Theni Forest Division, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, south India. Mor 4(February), 9:11.
Zacharias, VJ (1993) Grey Jungle Fowl in Kerala. WPA-India News 1(1):9-10.
External links
BirdLife Species Factsheet
Gamebirds and waterfowl
Grey Junglefowl in poultry practice
Birds described in 1813
Birds of India
Fauna of South Asia
Junglefowls |
5390894 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Cohen%20%28civil%20servant%29 | Henry Cohen (civil servant) | Henry Cohen (June 5, 1922 – January 14, 1999) was appointed in 1946 the director of Föhrenwald, the third-largest Displaced Persons camp in the American sector of post-World War II Germany. A native of New York City and a child of Jewish immigrants from Lithuania, Cohen was a graduate of City College of New York. During World War II, he served as an infantryman in the U.S. Army.
He later served as research director of the New York City Planning Department and as Deputy City Administrator under Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. Later, he was First Deputy Administrator of the New York Human Resources Administration under Mayor John Lindsay.
After leaving the city government, Cohen became the founding Dean of the Milano School of Management, Policy, and Environment at The New School.
Early life
Cohen was born on the Lower East Side in New York City of parents who immigrated from Iwyea shtetl near Vilna. He graduated from junior high school P.S. 149 and Thomas Jefferson High School in Brooklyn, then from the City College of New York, and received a master's degree in Urban Planning from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Army service
Cohen served in the U.S. Army infantry, fighting in the Battle of the Bulge and crossing the Bridge at Remagen. After the German surrender, he was assigned to military administration.
Föhrenwald
In January 1946, at the age of 23, he was appointed director of Föhrenwald, aided by a multinational team from the UNRRA. By then, the camp had an exclusively Jewish population, composed of 5,600 refugees who had survived the Holocaust.
Cohen worked to ensure favorable living conditions for the camp's residents. This included providing for Jewish religious observance and supporting the activities of Zionist political parties and youth movements. He worked with a democratically elected Camp Committee that granted a degree of administrative autonomy to its residents. The camp sponsored rehabilitation activities that included school for children, adult education and vocational training, a thriving cultural life with musical and theatrical performances, and the publication of a weekly newspaper. Besides maintaining the camp's physical conditions, particularly sanitation, Cohen endeavored to contain the black market trade that was of particular concern to the American army administration in the sector.
Conflict with the Army
During his tenure, Cohen became aware of what he considered widespread anti-Semitism among U.S. Army personnel, including expressions of such attitudes in official administrative reports. An incident in May 1946, involving GIs who reportedly threatened several Jewish camp residents visiting in the nearby town of Wolfratshausen, provoked a riot by several hundred camp residents, who surged forth from the camp, heading for the town. Cohen and his staff quelleds the riot, but still drew the animosity of the American army. An operations report filed on July 23, 1946, by the 9th Infantry Division Asst. Chief of Staff, accuses Cohen of incitement and fails to mention any impropriety on the part of American soldiers. The recurring friction between the Army and Cohen prompted a campaign for his eventual removal from the director's post.
Service to New York City
After returning to the US, he received a master's degree in Urban Planning from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, then served as Director of Research of the New York City Planning Department. He was Deputy City Administrator of New York City during the Wagner Administration. Later he was First Deputy Administrator of the New York Human Resources Administration during the Lindsay Administration.
Later years
After leaving the city government, Cohen became the Founding Dean of the Milano School of Management, Policy, and Environment at The New School.
He died on January 14, 1999, in Greenwich Village at the age of 76, leaving his wife, daughter, son, and two grandchildren.
References
External links
Talk (1996) by Henry Cohen, on his experiences as director of the Föhrenwald DP camp
Article at US Holocaust Memorial Museum
Displaced persons camps in the aftermath of World War II
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army soldiers
Jewish American government officials
Politicians from Brooklyn
People from the Lower East Side
MIT School of Architecture and Planning alumni
City College of New York alumni
1922 births
1999 deaths
Thomas Jefferson High School (Brooklyn) alumni
American expatriates in Germany
20th-century American Jews |
5390895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipotassium%20phosphate | Dipotassium phosphate | Dipotassium phosphate (K2HPO4) (also dipotassium hydrogen orthophosphate; potassium phosphate dibasic) is the inorganic compound with the formula K2HPO4.(H2O)x (x = 0, 3, 6). Together with monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4.(H2O)x), it is often used as a fertilizer, food additive, and buffering agent. It is a white or colorless solid that is soluble in water.
It is produced commercially by partial neutralization of phosphoric acid with two equivalents of potassium chloride:
H3PO4 + 2 KCl → K2HPO4 + 2 HCl
Uses
As a food additive, dipotassium phosphate is used in imitation dairy creamers, dry powder beverages, mineral supplements, and starter cultures. It functions as an emulsifier, stabilizer and texturizer; it also is a buffering agent, and chelating agent especially for the calcium in milk products..
As a food additive, dipotassium phosphate is categorized by the United States Food and Drug Administration as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).
References
Potassium compounds
Phosphates
Acid salts
Food additives
E-number additives
Inorganic fertilizers |
5390897 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register%20office%20%28United%20Kingdom%29 | Register office (United Kingdom) | A register office or The General Register Office, much more commonly but erroneously registry office (except in official use), is a British government office where births, deaths, marriages, civil partnership, stillbirths and adoptions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland are registered. It is the licensed local of civil registry.
In Scotland, The General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) was in service until 2011, when this department was transferred to National Records of Scotland.
England and Wales
In England and Wales, register offices record births, marriages, deaths, civil partnership, stillbirths and adoptions. Set up by Act of Parliament in 1837, the statutory registration service is overseen by the Registrar General as part of the General Register Office, part of the Home Office Identity and Passport Service but provided locally by local authorities.
Similar rules regarding registration have applied in Scotland since 1855 and in Northern Ireland since 1845 for non-Catholic marriages and 1864 for births, deaths and all marriages.
The Register Office is the office of the Superintendent Registrar of the district, in whose custody are all the registers dating back to 1837. The Superintendent Registrar is also responsible for conducting the legal preliminaries to marriage and conducting civil partnership ceremonies.
Registrations are carried out by a registrar and each registration district will have one or more registrars and each may be responsible for a particular sub-district.
Since 1994, the range of services offered by register offices has expanded so that they may now provide additional celebratory services including statutory citizenship and civil partnership ceremonies and non-statutory ceremonies such as naming and renewal of vows. All civil ceremonies may also take place in local approved premises, including hotels and public buildings.
On 1 December 2007, all Registrars and Superintendent Registrars in England and Wales became employees of the local authorities providing the registration service, having been statutory officers with no legal employment status. This came about as a result of the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 following decades of campaigning by the trade unions that represented registration officers in England and Wales, the Society of Registration Officers and UNISON.
Ireland
In Ireland, legislation came into force in 1845 which provided for the registration of civil marriages and for the regulation of all non-Catholic marriages. Roman Catholic marriages were reported to the relevant superintendent registrar.
Equivalents outside the UK
There is no direct equivalent in the USA, but the bureaus of vital statistics perform some similar tasks. In Italy the function is fulfilled by the Ufficio di Stato Civile and in Germany by the Standesamt.
See also
Onomastics
Name change
Pseudonym
References
External links
General Register Office at Direct.gov (England and Wales)
Online Certificate Ordering (England and Wales)
General Register Office for Scotland
General Register Office Northern Ireland
Register a Birth in United Kingdom
United Kingdom
Local government in the United Kingdom
Civil Registration and Vital Statistic |
5390898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli%20Geva | Eli Geva | Eli Geva (; born 1950) is an Israeli brigade commander, who during the Siege of Beirut (in the early stage of the 1982 Lebanon War), refused to lead his forces into the city for moral reasons which he termed "endangerment of both soldiers and civilians in urban warfare". The Israeli Chief of Staff, Rafael Eitan, and Prime Minister Menachem Begin attempted to negotiate with Geva, but he insisted and was consequently dismissed from the Israel Defense Forces. At the time, Geva was the youngest Colonel in the IDF.
The event drew a great deal of controversy in Israel at the time, and to this day remains a symbol of moral insubordination in the Israeli military. Geva initially declined to grant press interviews, but reversed himself after the Sabra and Shatila massacres and granted an interview to Israeli State Radio which aired prior to the Peace Now rally in Tel Aviv on September 25, 1982.
The New York Times reported on Colonel Geva's interview with Menachem Begin:
Prime Minister Menachem Begin, who spent 45 minutes with the colonel before he asked to be relieved of his command, recalled today that the officer had told him: "I am a brigade commander. I look through my binoculars and I see children."
Mr. Begin said he asked the colonel, "Did you get an order to kill those children?" The officer said there had been no such order and Mr. Begin asked, "So what are you complaining about?"
In 2014 Norwegian songwriter Moddi released a song named after Eli Geva in support of his insubordination and pacifism. This song was written by Richard Burgess in 1982 for Norwegian singer Birgitte Grimstad. She was persuaded to refrain from performing the song on her Israel tour the same year.
References
External links
Middle East: Talking Under the Gun - Article from 9 August 1982
The siege of Beirut -- and the reluctant Israeli colonel
1950 births
Living people
Israeli colonels
Bar-Ilan University alumni
Tel Aviv University alumni
People from Nahalal |
5390899 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pis%20%28disambiguation%29 | Pis (disambiguation) | Pis is a village in south-western France.
Pis, PiS or PIS may also refer to:
P.I.S. – Politiets Indsats Styrke, a 2001 Danish mockumentary
Polled Intersex Syndrome, a disorder of sexual development found in Goats
Law and Justice (Polish: ), a Polish political party
State Sanitary Inspection in Poland, Państwowa Inspekcja Sanitarna
Manneken Pis, a 1619 sculpture of a urinating boy, a Brussels landmark
Pakistan International School (disambiguation)
Passenger information system at a railway station
Phoenix Indian School
Pijin language, a language spoken in the Solomon Islands
Ping Shan stop in Hong Kong (Station code: PIS)
Platform Invocation Services (Microsoft)
Poitiers–Biard Airport in France (IATA code: PIS)
See also
PI (disambiguation)
Piss (disambiguation) |
5390900 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMD%20Quad%20FX%20platform | AMD Quad FX platform | The AMD Quad FX platform is an AMD platform targeted at enthusiasts which allows users to plug two Socket F Athlon 64 FX or 2-way Opteron processors (CPUs) into a single motherboard for a total of four physical cores. This is a type of dual processor setup, where two CPUs are installed on a motherboard to increase computing power. The major difference between the platform and past dual processor systems like Xeon (pre Intel 5000X/P chipset) is that each processor has its own dedicated memory stores. The Quad FX platform also has HyperTransport capability targeted toward consumer platforms.
In May 2007, AMD officially codenamed the eight core setup with two Phenom FX processors to be the FASN8 (pronounced as "fascinate", , in short for First AMD Silicon Next-gen 8-core Platform) from the previous codename "4x4+" used in Analyst Day presentations.
Configuration
In each socket resides an AMD Athlon 64 FX CPU. Each socket is connected using AMD's Direct Chip Module, this dual-processor architecture was dubbed by AMD as the "Dual Socket Direct Connect Architecture" (DSDC Architecture), providing a dedicated channel between the CPU cores and from each CPU out to the system memory. Due to the nature of the Direct Connect architecture, each CPU can access the other's dedicated memory store. The both of them, constituting one four-core system, have a power consumption (TDP) of 250 W for each 125 W labelled TDP.
AMD first announced the platform as "Socket 4x4" on June 1, 2006, citing customer feedback for such a system. A four-core system has been exhibited as a demo at AMD headquarters on July 25, 2006. AMD has claimed that the systems which consist of a pair of CPUs will cost below US$1000 altogether with a suitable motherboard. The motherboards strongly resemble dual-socket Opteron 22xx series motherboards as they share the same socket and one bank of memory DIMMs per CPU, but the motherboards of the platform have support for regular unbuffered DDR2 RAM while the Opteron setup requires registered memory. The platform also has support for multiple graphics cards.
An eight core reference system was demonstrated in an event held early May 2007 by AMD.
Competing products
The major competition of the platform is from Intel, which launched its Core 2 Duo desktop microprocessors in late July 2006 and its multi-chip module quad-core processor codenamed "Kentsfield" in November 2006 as the Core 2 Extreme series.
Intel had also responded in 2007 with two upcoming platforms, one in CeBIT codenamed V8, targeting workstation market and one in 2007 Beijing Intel Developer Forum (IDF), codenamed Skulltrail for enthusiasts, both with similar dual-processor configuration but with V8 lacking multi-graphics support.
Reception
Reviews of the platform have been largely unfavourable. Reviewers have noted that the platform requires significantly more power than a Core 2 Extreme QX6700 processor system, with performance being generally inferior. In some cases, performance was seen to be even lower than the dual-core FX-62, which has been blamed on higher memory latency introduced by the platform's use of Non-Uniform Memory Access.
Availability
The platform was launched in November 2006. Three new processors, the FX-70, FX-72 and FX-74 are released simultaneously with clock speeds of 2.6 GHz, 2.8 GHz and 3.0 GHz respectively. FX-76, clocked at speed of 3.2 GHz, was scheduled to be released in 2007, but was cancelled for the newer 65 nm microarchitecture Phenom FX processors replacing the 90 nm fabrication process line of Athlon 64 FX series processor.
Chipsets
Nvidia
Nvidia has introduced a chipset for the platform, called "nForce 680a", provides 4 PCI-Express slots of x16-x8-x16-x8 configuration, and support up to 12 SATA 3.0 Gbit/s hard disks. ASUSteK will produce the first motherboard that will support two Socket F (dubbed as socket L1FX by Nvidia) processors each with its own dedicated memory banks, dubbed as "ASUS L1N64-SLI WS" (instead of the L1N64-SLI Deluxe that Nvidia announced), based on Nvidia nForce 680a chipset.
Reports suggested that ASUStek is the sole motherboard manufacturer for the chipset and left other motherboard manufacturers out, some of which stated that they will produce motherboards based on Intel chipsets instead. There are also reports showing that the L1N64-SLI WS motherboard supports a pair of 2200 series CPU in the Opteron family without modifications to the motherboard, and the chipset was recognized as "nForce 570 SLI" chipset revision A1 instead of "nForce 680a" chipset.
ATI Technologies/AMD
In October 2006, sites leaked ATI chipset updates that ATI will also introduce a chipset connecting two AMD processors and four PCI-Express graphic cards, dubbed as "790FX chipset" (codenamed RD790), which provides PCI Express slots of x8-x8-x8-x8 configuration, and was available during the first half of 2007. In September and October 2007 news sites reported that AMD had dropped Quad Phenom from their road maps.
Source also revealed that a revamped "580X" chipset, which is due first half of 2007, will allow two CPUs and at most three graphic cards to run on the same board, but was obviously cancelled as AMD demonstrated the 790FX chipset recently in internal events and Computex 2007 instead of a revamped 580X chipset.
System builders
Since the platform launched in November, AMD has announced a list of System Builders, which have announced PC systems for the platform, those includes Vigor Gaming, IBuyPower, CyberPowerPC, MainGear and Velocity Micro.
American-based system builder, Alienware, a subsidiary of Dell Computers have announced that there will be a system using the platform once the product released. Alienware has announced products for the platform, however, as of today, none of the expected product lineup have been officially released.
Another system builder, VoodooPC, subsidiary of Hewlett Packard, has demonstrated an Omen PC, supporting the platform in CES 2007. With a similar system featuring Dual CPU configuration dubbed as the Omen a:221 SIlent DCC workstation, equipping two Opteron 200 or 800 series CPU dated back to 2006, and the "OMEN AMD Quad FX SLI" system was announced later in the year.
Several system integrators have also announced special Quad FX themed platforms, most notably Vigor Gaming's Force Recon QX4 "Quadfather" system.
Future updates
AMD announced in Analyst Day that, sometime during 2008, users should be able to use two, future quad-core AMD processors using the chipset, providing a total of eight physical cores, dubbed as "4x4++" with DDR3 support. While backward compatible AMD quad-cores will also support an update to HyperTransport which will benefit more from a new chipset released at the same time.
The eight-core variant has never materialized, since AMD canceled development of the platform in 2007.
References
External links
Advanced Micro Devices platforms |
5390903 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendon%20Dedekind | Brendon Dedekind | Brendon Dedekind (born 14 February 1976 in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal) is a South African retired swimmer. He won an international championship gold medal in the 50 m freestyle at the 1999 Pan Pacific Swimming Championships. Nicknamed Skinny Man, he competed in two consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1996, when he was a finalist in the 50 m freestyle.
See also
List of Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming (men)
References
1976 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Pietermaritzburg
South African male freestyle swimmers
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers of South Africa
Swimmers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for South Africa
South African male swimmers
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
Commonwealth Games medallists in swimming
Alumni of Maritzburg College
African Games gold medalists for South Africa
African Games medalists in swimming
Universiade medalists in swimming
Competitors at the 1999 All-Africa Games
Universiade bronze medalists for South Africa
Medalists at the 1997 Summer Universiade |
5390905 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Cape%20York%20Paman%20languages | North Cape York Paman languages | The North Cape York Paman languages are a subdivision of the Paman languages consisting of forty languages, all spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia. The languages are grouped largely according to R. M. W. Dixon. The only extant branches of this family are Umpila and the Wik languages. The now-extinct Northern Paman branch was unique among Pama-Nyungan languages in containing fricatives.
The languages are,
Northern Paman
Anguthimri (incl. dialects Alngith, Linngithigh) †
Gudang (alt. Djagaraga) †
Uradhi (incl. Atampaya, Yinwum, Wuthati) †
Luthigh (Mpalityan) †
Awngthim †
Ndra'ngith †
Ngkoth †
Arritinngithigh †
Adithinngithigh †
Mbiywom †
Andjingith †
Umpila (= Northeastern Paman, several dialects)
Wik languages (Middle Paman) (See)
Sutton (2001) also distinguishes a Ndwa'ngith language among Northern Paman.
References
Indigenous Australian languages in Queensland |
5390924 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLN | TLN | TLN may refer to:
Toulon-Hyères Airport, France, IATA code
Telelatino, Spanish and Italian cable channel in Canada
Total Living Network, a US religious television network
Thermolysin, an enzyme |
3998132 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou%20Daguan | Zhou Daguan | Zhou Daguan (; French: Tcheou Ta-Kouan; c. 1270–?) was a Chinese diplomat of the Yuan dynasty of China, serving under Temür Khan (Emperor Chengzong of Yuan). He is most well known for his accounts of the customs of Cambodia and the Angkor temple complexes during his visit there. He arrived at Angkor in August 1296, and remained at the court of King Indravarman III until July 1297. He was neither the first nor the last Chinese representative to visit the Khmer Empire. However, his stay is notable because he later wrote a detailed report on life in Angkor, The Customs of Cambodia () . His portrayal is today one of the most important sources of understanding of historical Angkor and the Khmer Empire. Alongside descriptions of several great temples, such as the Bayon, the Baphuon, Angkor Wat, and others, the text also offers valuable information on the everyday life and the habits of the inhabitants of Angkor.
Biography
Zhou was a native of Yongjia, a name often used in Zhou's time for Wenzhou. He had also been referred to as Zhou Jianguan (周建觀) and Zhou Dake (周達可) in other works. He used the assumed name of Thatched Courtyard Recluse (Cao ting yimin, 草庭逸民) in his later life.
Diplomatic mission to Cambodia
Zhou was part of an official delegation sent by Yuan Dynasty Temür Khan in 1296, although official Chinese records made no mention of his mission. On 20 February 1296, Zhou Daguan set sail from Mingzhou (明州, today's Ningbo) in Zhejiang province, on a compass guided ship, passing the ports of Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Quanzhou (Zaitong), the Island of Hainan, the Seven-Islands Sea (Qizhou yang), the sea off Central Vietnam coast (Jiaozhi Sea), and stopped over in Zhancheng or Champa (today's Qui Nhon). The ship resumed its trip past the province of Zhenpu (Bà Rịa in present-day southeastern Vietnam), through Poulo Condor Sea, then heading north on the Mekong River into Tonle Sap River reaching the town of Kampong Chhnang of Cambodia; from there he boarded a small boat, sailing for a dozen days, through Tonle Sap Lake arriving at Yaśodharapura (Angkor Thom), the capital of Cambodia in August.
As part of the diplomatic mission, Zhou was given access to the Royal Palace, although not to the inner palace. He described the palaces and temples, along with the buildings in and around the city. He observed the parades and ceremonies as well as the daily life of the people, and he also travelled outside the capital to the countryside. For much of his stay in Cambodia, he lived in a house near the north gate of Angkor Thom.
Zhou stayed in Cambodia for eleven months, and left in July 1297. He wrote the book The Customs of Cambodia within 15 years of his return, although the exact date of the book's completion is uncertain. Little is known of his life after his return, but he may have lived until the 1350s.
The Customs of Cambodia
The book The Customs of Cambodia was written within 15 years of Zhou's return from Cambodia. The current surviving text is believed to be only around a third of the size of the original.
Description of Angkor Thom
Zhou wrote that the city had five gates with multiple doorways, one in each compass direction, but in the east two. The city was surrounded by a wide moat crossed by bridges with sculptures of 54 figures pulling a nine-head nāga. On top of the city gate there were five Buddha heads, four of them facing four directions, the one at the centre was covered with gold. "The city is square in shape at each corner; the city gates are guarded, open during the day but closed at night. Dogs and convicts are barred from entering the city".
Description of the palace
Zhou wrote that the Palace was at the north of the golden bridge and the golden tower, and the Palace faced east. The main hall of the Palace was covered with lead tiles, while the rest had clay tiles.
Description of the Khmer people
Zhou observed that the upper, middle, and lower class khmer dressed differently depending on their social class. The peasants, both men and women kept their chests exposed, walked barefoot, and wore only a piece of cloth wrapped around their waists. The common women wore hair ornaments, golden rings or bracelets. Beautiful women were sent to court to serve the king or his royal family at his whim. All trades were carried out by women. The upper class Khmer were dressed elaborately with gold headpiece, jewelries, and long intricate styled dressed. In the market place, there were no buildings, but rather the female vendors sold their wares on large mats spread about ground. The space in the market also required a rent to be paid to the officials. He saw the Khmer people needed no tables or chairs in their homes, no recognisable bowls or buckets. They cooked their food in earthen pots used for boiling rice and for preparing soup. Their ladles were made from coconut shells and soup was then served into a tiny bowl made from woven leaves, which were made waterproof.
He recounted a royal procession of Indravarman III who wielded a sacred sword in his hand:
Translations
Zhou's book was first translated into French by the sinologist Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat in 1819, and again by Paul Pelliot in 1902. The Pelliot translation, which was later revised, has been translated into English and German. In 2007, the linguist Peter Harris completed the first direct translation from Chinese to modern English. Harris also draws a series of parallels between the voyage of Zhou and the travels of Marco Polo. Marco Polo was Zhou's contemporary, however, according to Harris, Polo's travels contain a number of unusual omissions that have yet to be fully explained. There is also Thai translation of The Customs of Cambodia by Chaloem Yongbunkiat in 1967 which has been reprinted by Matichon Press in 2014
Other translation of Zhou's record on Cambodia are also available. A direct translation from an ancient Chinese text into English by a native Chinese (Mrs. Beling Uk) and a native Cambodian (Solang Uk) in 2010. A Cambodian version of the translation by the same authors was published in Phnom-Penh in 2011.
See also
Customs of Cambodia
References
1266 births
1346 deaths
Yuan dynasty writers
Yuan dynasty diplomats
Chinese geographers
Writers from Wenzhou
Chinese travel writers |
3998149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmological%20perturbation%20theory | Cosmological perturbation theory | In physical cosmology, cosmological perturbation theory is the theory by which the evolution of structure is understood in the Big Bang model. It uses general relativity to compute the gravitational forces causing small perturbations to grow and eventually seed the formation of stars, quasars, galaxies and clusters. It only applies to situations in which the universe is predominantly homogeneous, such as during cosmic inflation and large parts of the Big Bang. The universe is believed to still be homogeneous enough that the theory is a good approximation on the largest scales, but on smaller scales more involved techniques, such as N-body simulations, must be used.
Because of the gauge invariance of general relativity, the correct formulation of cosmological perturbation theory is subtle.
In particular, when describing an inhomogeneous spacetime there is often not a preferred coordinate choice. There are currently two distinct approaches to perturbation theory in classical general relativity:
gauge-invariant perturbation theory based on foliating a space-time with hyper-surfaces, and
1+3 covariant gauge-invariant perturbation theory based on threading a space-time with frames.
Gauge-invariant perturbation theory
The gauge-invariant perturbation theory is based on developments by Bardeen (1980), Kodama and Sasaki (1984) building on the work of Lifshitz (1946). This is the standard approach to perturbation theory of general relativity for cosmology. This approach is widely used for the computation of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background radiation as part of the physical cosmology program and focuses on predictions arising from linearisations that preserve gauge invariance with respect to Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) models. This approach draws heavily on the use of Newtonian like analogue and usually has as it starting point the FRW background around which perturbations are developed. The approach is non-local and coordinate dependent but gauge invariant as the resulting linear framework is built from a specified family of background hyper-surfaces which are linked by gauge preserving mappings to foliate the space-time. Although intuitive this approach does not deal well with the nonlinearities natural to general relativity.
1+3 covariant gauge-invariant perturbation theory
In relativistic cosmology using the Lagrangian threading dynamics of Ehlers (1971) and Ellis (1971) it is usual to use the gauge-invariant covariant perturbation theory developed by Hawking (1966) and Ellis and Bruni (1989). Here rather than starting with a background and perturbing away from that background one starts with full general relativity and systematically reduces the theory down to one that is linear around a particular background. The approach is local and both covariant as well as gauge invariant but can be non-linear because the approach is built around the local comoving observer frame (see frame bundle) which is used to thread the entire space-time. This approach to perturbation theory produces differential equations that are of just the right order needed to describe the true physical degrees of freedom and as such no non-physical gauge modes exist. It is usual to express the theory in a coordinate free manner. For applications of kinetic theory, because one is required to use the full tangent bundle, it becomes convenient to use the tetrad formulation of relativistic cosmology. The application of this approach to the computation of anisotropies in cosmic microwave background radiation requires the linearization of the full relativistic kinetic theory developed by Thorne (1980) and Ellis, Matravers and Treciokas (1983).
Gauge freedom and frame fixing
In relativistic cosmology there is a freedom associated with the choice of threading frame, this frame choice is distinct from choice associated with coordinates. Picking this frame is equivalent to fixing the choice of timelike world lines mapped into each other, this reduces the gauge freedom it does not fix the gauge but the theory remains gauge invariant under the remaining gauge freedoms. In order to fix the gauge a specification of correspondences between the time surfaces in the real universe (perturbed) and the background universe are required along with the correspondences between points on the initial spacelike surfaces in the background and in the real universe. This is the link between the gauge-invariant perturbation theory and the gauge-invariant covariant perturbation theory. Gauge invariance is only guaranteed if the choice of frame coincides exactly with that of the background; usually this is trivial to ensure because physical frames have this property.
Newtonian-like equations
Newtonian-like equations emerge from perturbative general relativity with the choice of the Newtonian gauge; the Newtonian gauge provides the direct link between the variables typically used in the gauge-invariant perturbation theory and those arising from the more general gauge-invariant covariant perturbation theory.
See also
Primordial fluctuations
Cosmic microwave background spectral distortions
References
Bibliography
See physical cosmology textbooks.
External links
Physical cosmology
General relativity |
3998160 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldgate | Baldgate | Baldgate (also known as botakgate and bald 11) is a Malaysian scandal that began on January 30, 2006, when Malaysian police detained eleven senior citizens for playing mahjong, a gambling game, and shaved their heads. Gambling with chips is common among Malaysian Chinese, but gambling for money is illegal without a license. The incident came only a few days after the independent commission reviewing the Malaysian lock-up detainee abuse scandal of 2005 released its findings.
The suspects, Chee Kit Sing, 65, Chi Kong Eng, 31, Tee Boon Kiah, 55, Lee Chu Heng, 63, Lim Kee Swee, 64, Lee Swee Fong, 49, and Lim Yew Bee, 54, were arrested at a coffee shop in Kajang, Selangor, on the second day of the Chinese New Year. All of the 103 detainees in the same lock-up had their heads shaved. The eleven men were released the day after their arrest.
A spokesman for the Kajang police defended the head-shaving as "standard procedure," the same rationale provided for the scandal of 2005. He also stated it was in accordance with Section 9a of the Lock Up Rules. Malaysian Parliamentary opposition leader Lim Kit Siang of the Democratic Action Party (DAP) gave the incident the moniker of "botakgate".
Notes and references
See also
Malaysian lock-up detainee abuse scandal
Human rights abuses in Malaysia
Scandals in Malaysia |
5390925 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS%20Pacific | MS Pacific | MS Pacific (known as Sea Venture from 1971 to 1975, Pacific Princess from 1975 to 2002, and simply Pacific from 2002 to 2013) was a cruise ship owned and operated by the Brazil-based Viagens CVC. She was built for Flagship Cruises in 1971 by the company Nordseewerke in Emden, West Germany, and named Sea Venture. She operated cruises between the United States and Bermuda, which had been settled by the survivors of the wreck of the original Sea Venture in 1609. Between 1975 and 2002 she sailed for Princess Cruises as Pacific Princess, becoming famous for appearing in the romantic comedy anthology TV series The Love Boat, airing from 1977 to 1986, along with several later made-for-TV movies with the same theme. The Pacific Princess was also the setting for much of the 1980 book More Tales of the City by Armistead Maupin, which was later made into a miniseries which aired in 1998.
In 2008, Pacific was chartered by the newly established Quail Cruises to operate cruises out of Valencia, Spain, but was retired from service when renovation work proved more expensive than had been anticipated, and was sold in 2012 to a company specializing in ship breaking. After that sale fell through, she remained laid up in Genoa for an extended period before being towed to Aliağa where she arrived on 6 August 2013 for breaking. Before she was dismantled, on 10 August 2013, there was a fatal accident in which there was a flood in the compartment below the engines. While electrical pumps were operating, two men were killed and nine injured by toxic exhaust gases.
History
The ship began operation in 1971 with Flagship Cruises, under the name Sea Venture. In April 1975, she was sold to P&O's newly acquired Princess Cruises along with sister ship Island Venture. The pair were renamed Pacific Princess and Island Princess.
As Sea Venture, Pacific Princess came to the rescue of Cunard's Queen Elizabeth 2, after the latter had major engine trouble.
Princess Cruises agreed to have their cruise ships featured in the television romantic comedy anthology series The Love Boat, which debuted in 1976 as a made-for-TV movie and as regular show in 1977. The ship featured in nearly every episode of the series (which was filmed primarily on sets in a production studio) was Pacific Princess, although other ships also appeared, including Island Princess. The term "Love Boat" was heavily used by Princess Cruises in their marketing, and became synonymous with Pacific Princess. The success of the up-beat television show, which remained on the air until 1987, is largely credited with the increase in popularity of cruise ship travel in North America.
In 1998 Pacific Princess was impounded by police in Piraeus, Greece after 25 kg of heroin was found on board, smuggled by Filipino crewmen. According to police sources quoted in the BBC report at the time, there was evidence the ship had become a major tool for drug smugglers in the Mediterranean.
Pacific Princess was sold in 2001, but was leased back and continued to operate as part of the Princess fleet until 2002, when the former Renaissance Cruises R3 replaced her and took her name.
Pacific Princess made her final voyage with Princess Cruises in October/November 2002, sailing from New York City to Rome, Italy. She then began operating for Pullmantur Cruises of Spain as Pacific, sailing in the Caribbean. Pacific was later chartered to and operated by CVC in Brazil during the Southern summer and by Quail Cruises in Spain during the Northern Summer.
Lien seizure and Scrapping
Pacific was seized by the Italian Coast Guard in 2008 for a repair bill owed to Genoa's San Giorgio del Porto shipyard by her former owners Templeton International Inc. Quail Cruises claimed that the debt was much lower than initially reported, and had nothing to do with the ship's current operators.
In order to satisfy the debt, Italian authorities tried to sell Pacific at auction three times between 2010 and 2011, but no bids were received. In March 2012 the ship was sold for €2.5 million to a ship breaking company, Cemsan Ship Breaker of Izmir, Turkey, but Cemsan defaulted on its payment and in May 2012 the ship once again went up for sale. Pacific Princess remained laid up in Genoa for several months, but on 27 July 2013 the ship was reported as being under tow for demolition. On 6 August 2013, she arrived in Aliağa to be dismantled by the Izmir Ship Recycling Company, which acquired her for €2.5 million. On 10 August 2013, two employees dismantling the ship died from the inhalation of toxic fumes, and an additional ten others were hospitalized. By February 2014, the ship was "half to two-thirds gone". By late 2014, she was completely gone.
Statistics
Pacific was , with a beam, and was built at Nordseewerke, West Germany. She was propelled by four medium speed Fiat Diesel engines with a combined power output of 18,000 shaft horsepower. The engines were individually clutched and geared in pairs to each of the two shafts that drive controllable pitch propellers. This enabled one or more engines to be shut down and declutched as required. As Pacific Princess, her tonnage was and she carried 646 passengers at a top speed of , cruising at . As Pacific, her capacity was increased to 780 passengers and cruising speed reduced to 18 knots. Country of registry was the Bahamas.
More reading
References
External links
Professional photographs
- "To Be Broken Up"
60 photos of the Pacific
1970 ships
Ships built in Emden
Ships of Princess Cruises |
5390932 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding%20post | Binding post | A binding post is a connector commonly used on electronic test equipment to terminate (attach) a single wire or test lead. They are also found on loudspeakers and audio amplifiers as well as other electrical equipment.
History
A binding post contains a central threaded metal rod and a cap that screws down on that rod. Binding posts slowly evolved from 19th century general purpose fasteners into 20th century electrical binding posts. Examples of binding posts used during the 19th century are telegraph key and blasting machine devices.
Caps are commonly insulated with plastic and color-coded: red commonly means an active or positive terminal; black indicates an inactive (reference or return) or negative terminal; and green indicates an earth (ground) terminal. Caps during the 19th century were typically bare metal until synthetic plastic, such as Bakelite, became available in the early 20th century.
During the late 1940s, General Radio created a new binding post that had a jack in a cap. Today it is commonly known as a "five-way" or "universal" binding post, which allows many types of connection methods:
Banana plugs, inserted into the top open end of the binding post.
Bare wire inserted through the same hole and clamped.
Bare wire wrapped around the metal post and clamped.
Pin connector, inserted into a hole drilled through the metal post and clamped by the screw-down portion of the binding post.
Lug terminal, with a inch (6.35 mm) inner diameter, inserted around the metal post and clamped.
Alligator clip.
Safety
Even so-called isolated binding posts are typically not sufficiently isolated to protect users from coming into contact with their metal parts carrying voltage. As such they are not suitable to be used for carrying dangerous voltages (cf. extra-low voltage). On several types of equipment it has been becoming common to no longer use the traditional binding posts, but safety banana jacks. The universal property of binding posts is lost here, since safety banana jacks can only be used with traditional and safety banana plugs.
In the past, it was common for multiple five-way binding posts to have their drilled holes lined up; this provided convenience in some applications as a bare wire could be strung from post to post to post. But this also impaired safety as two wires or pin connectors could be inserted from opposite sides of two binding posts and the tips of the wires or probes might inadvertently short together. Holes are now normally aligned in such a fashion that such shorts cannot occur.
Standard spacing
In order to permit the use of double banana plugs, the most common distance between the centers of the plugs should be inch (19.05 mm), which originated on General Radio test equipment during the 1920s, however inch is not the only spacing.
See also
Banana connector
Fahnestock clip — an earlier device, now largely supplanted by binding posts
References
External links
About.com glossary definition
Binding Posts - Pomona Electronics
Electrical connectors |
3998162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocha%20F.C. | Rocha F.C. | The Rocha Fútbol Club is a Uruguayan football club from the city of Rocha, Uruguay. It was founded in 1999 and plays in the second professional division of Uruguay.
Rocha was the first club from outside Montevideo to have played in the Copa Libertadores, having competed in 2006. The club was established in 1999 and won the promotion to the Uruguayan top division in 2003.
In 2005, after capturing the Apertura title, the team notably did their lap of honour with their mascot, a cow owned by journalist Robert Santurio.
The Rocha FC kit is also the kit of the Rocha provincial team that plays in OFI (inner country football organization).
Multiple Merge
Rocha F.C is the merge of 40 clubs from different cities in Rocha department:
12 from Rocha capital
5 from Chuy
4 from Velázquez
5 from Cebollatí
4 from La Coronilla
4 from Lazcano
6 from Castillos
Titles
Torneo Apertura: 1: 2005
Segunda División Uruguay: 1: 2003
Performance in CONMEBOL competitions
Copa Libertadores: 1 appearance
2006: First Round
Kit Evolution
Current squad
References
External links
Official Fansite (in Spanish)
Association football clubs established in 1999
1999 establishments in Uruguay |
5390940 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDH | FDH | FDH may refer to:
Biology, health and medicine
(-)-Endo-fenchol dehydrogenase]
Other uses
Daglish railway station, in Western Australia
FDH Bank, Malawi
Frères des Hommes, a French aid organization
Friedrichshafen Airport in Friedrichshafen, Germany
Full Domain Hash |
3998164 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain%20quail | Rain quail | The rain quail or black-breasted quail (Coturnix coromandelica) is a species of quail found in the Indian Sub-continent and South-east Asia; its range including Pakistan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam.
Distribution
Grassland, cropped fields, and scrub in the Indus valley of central Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan, ranging across the Gangetic plains, and parts of peninsular continental India. Mostly seen in winter further south.
Description
The rain quail lacks barring on primaries. The male has a black breast-patch and distinctive head pattern of black and white. The female is difficult to separate from female common quail and Japanese quail, although the spots on the breast are more delicate. It is and weighs roughly .
The call is a metallic , constantly repeated mornings and evenings, and in the breeding season also during the night. It is quite unmistakably distinct from the call of the common grey quail.
Behaviour
The rain quail feeds on seeds of grasses and other plants, insect larvae and small invertebrates. Breeding takes place between March and October, but chiefly after the start of the southwesterly monsoon season in June. The eggs are laid in a scrape in the ground, sometimes in the open under a Euphorbia or similar bush. There are usually six to eight eggs in the clutch. The incubation period is sixteen to eighteen days. The chicks are able to leave the nest soon after they have hatched and remain with their parents for about eight months.
Status
The rain quail has a very large range and the population is stable. It is a common species and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated their conservation status as "least concern".
References
Coturnix
Birds of India
Birds of Bangladesh
Birds of Myanmar
Birds described in 1789
Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin |
3998177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summoner%20%28Wicca%29 | Summoner (Wicca) | The Summoner, sometimes called a fetch, is a position in many traditional Wiccan covens. The primary, or at least most evident, function of the summoner is to call other coven members to a meeting or ritual. The summoner is also responsible for all inter-coven communication, and traditionally is the only member of a coven who will know where other covens reside. (This tradition is generally not followed today, and there is argument about to what extent it was ever followed). In many covens, the summoner is always male, and is considered the masculine equivalent of the maiden.
Historically, the summoner was the person who would let members know about covens, and who would find new members in the community.
References
Wicca
Wiccan terminology |
5390943 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transdev%20Shorelink%20Buses | Transdev Shorelink Buses | Transdev Shorelink was an Australian bus company operating services in the northern suburbs of Sydney. It was a division of Transdev. In 2013, Transdev Shorelink was absorbed into Transdev NSW. Rebranding into Transdev NSW did not happen until 2014.
History
In the 1920s Ku-ring-gai Bus Company was formed and commenced operations along the Pacific Highway between Chatswood and Hornsby. In 1949 a 25% share in the business was purchased by Jim Knox who in 1965 took full control.
The company expanded with the purchase of Hornsby District Bus Service (July 1967), Pennant Hills - Hornsby Bus Co (July 1968), Warringah Bus Lines (July 1972), Griffith's Bus Service, Berowra Coach Services and Talbot's Transport Service (September 1978). It was renamed Hornsby Bus Group in the early 1970s.
In January 1989 Deanes Coaches was purchased doubling the size of the fleet. with the enlarged operation rebranded as Shorelink in January 1990. In August 1991 the Warringah Bus Lines operation was sold to Forest Coach Lines.
In October 1992 Shorelink was sold to John A Gilbert. In March 1996, Shorelink was sold to Frank D'Apuzzo and Peter Simpson, along with other John A Gilbert bus operations.
Since at least the early 1980s a coach operation had been operated under the Koala Tours brand. This was sold in May 1998 to Murrays.
In September 2001 Shorelink was sold to Transdev. In 2005 Transfield Services purchased a 50% interest in Shorelink, forming a 50/50 joint venture with Transdev called TransdevTSL. Rebranding on all buses took place in 2008 when Shorelink was renamed TransdevTSL Shorelink Buses. In 2010 Transfield sold their shares back to Transdev, and the bus company was renamed Transdev Shorelink.
From 2005 Shorelink's services were part of Sydney Bus Region 12. In November 2012 it was announced that Shorelink had retained the contract to operate Region 12.
Following the merger of Transdev and Veolia Transport in 2011, Transdev Shorelink was absorbed into Transdev NSW in 2013. Even so, buses did not get rebranded to the new Transdev logo until mid 2014, and the new Transdev NSW website only opened on 8 September 2014. The Transdev Shorelink website finally closed soon after.
Fleet
At the time of its absorption in 2013, the fleet consisted of 102 buses. Until the early 1980s, the fleet livery was cream and blue when a white and aqua livery was introduced. After experimenting with a blue, grey and yellow scheme, a livery of white with blue, yellow and grey stripes was introduced. This was replaced by John A Gilbert's white and blue livery followed by Transdev's white, green and blue. In 2010 the Transport for New South Wales white and blue livery was adopted.
References
External links
Company website
Bus Australia gallery
Showbus gallery
Bus companies of New South Wales
Bus transport in Sydney
Transdev
Transport companies disestablished in 2013
Australian companies disestablished in 2013 |
5390946 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnenden | Winnenden | Winnenden is a small town in the Rems-Murr district of the Stuttgart Region in Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany. It lies in a wine-growing area approx. northeast of Stuttgart and has a population of fewer than 28,000. The town is home to the Kärcher Company, makers of cleaning equipment namely pressure washers.
History
The earliest record of Winnenden is found in a document of 1181 where Gottfried of Schauenburg-Winnenden is mentioned as a witness testifying that Emperor Friedrich I held the castle in the town. Around 1200 the castle, which was then called Windin, came into the possession of Heinrich of Neuffen. In 1277 it was transferred to Konrad von Weinsberg. On 10 October 1325 the castle and town were sold to Württemberg.
In the German Peasants' War Winnenden was first under the control of the Armer Konrad or the peasants' army, but by 1519 it was under the control of the Swabian League. In 1616 an epidemic took the lives of approximately half of the population of Winnenden. During the Thirty Years' War the city was pillaged twice, in 1638 and 1643, and Imperial, French, and Swedish troops occasionally occupied Winnenden during this conflict. Around the same time the town's castle became the seat of the Württemberg-Winnental line of the House of Württemberg.
In March 2008, Winnenden and the nearby town of Backnang jointly hosted the World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships in cooperation with the German Debating Society. The competition was conducted at one of Winnenden's high schools, the Lessinggymnasium, and at a high school in Backnang, the Max-Borngymnasium.
Politics
The following parties constitute the city council according to the 2004 municipal elections: the CDU (10 seats), voter Free Association (8), SPD (5), and Green Alternative List (3)
2009 school shooting incident
On 11 March 2009, the town made international headlines following a school shooting at the Albertville-Realschule, one of Winnenden's secondary schools. The gunman was a former pupil who opened fire without warning. The shooting resulted in the deaths of twelve people, and the attacker committed suicide at Wendlingen after killing three civilians. According to Heribert Rech, interior minister for Baden-Württemberg state, most of the victims at the school were female; eight female students, three female teachers, and one male student were killed in the school shooting.
Breuningsweiler
Since 1972, Breuningsweiler is a village in Winnenden in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Breuningsweiler has about 1000 inhabitants.
History
1293 The village was first mentioned on 22 July 1293. At that time the abbey of Lorch agreed with Graf Eberhard to protect "Bruningswilar", as it was called then.
1443 the Schenkin of Winnenden inherited "Bruningswilar".
1542 15 families lived in Breuningsweiler.
1600 the village had 30 households with 150 people living there.
1829 the town hall was built.
1886 The fire department was founded.
1909 the "Brestling" (strawberry) was brought to Breuningsweiler. As a result, Breuningsweiler is also known as "Brestlingsweiler".
1911 Breuningsweiler got electricity.
1922/1923 The church was built.
1939 The census of population from 1939 showed that 293 people lived in Breuningsweiler.
1968 The fire department of Breuningsweiler acquired a fire engine.
1970 The gymnasium was built by the sports club.
1972 Breuningsweiler was suburbanized to Winnenden on 1 January 1972.
1973 The dedication of the new church.
Twin towns – sister cities
Winnenden is twinned with:
Albertville, France (1969)
Santo Domingo de la Calzada, Spain (1993)
References
External links
Homepage (German)
A Chronology of Winnenden's Local History(English)
Rems-Murr-Kreis
Württemberg |
5390957 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDNY%20%28disambiguation%29 | EDNY (disambiguation) | EDNY may refer to:
The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York
The ICAO code for Friedrichshafen Airport, Germany
Jameel Edny, a baseball player on the 2015 Bethune–Cookman Wildcats baseball team
Alexander Moffat, Commendator of Edny; born 1590 in Scotland
Edny, an alternative form for Udny of Aberdeenshire
See also |
5390964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked%20Creek%20%28Tioga%20River%20tributary%29 | Crooked Creek (Tioga River tributary) | Crooked Creek is a tributary of the Tioga River located entirely in Tioga County, Pennsylvania in the United States.
Geography
The source is southwest of the unincorporated village of Little Marsh in Chatham Township at an elevation of . The creek first flows east for , then northeast for . The mouth is at the confluence with the Tioga River, just north of the borough of Tioga, at an elevation of .
The difference in elevation ( divided by the length of the creek of gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of creek or relief ratio of 39.1 ft/mi (7.4 m/km ). The meander ratio is 1.07, so despite its name, the creek is fairly straight in its bed.
Watershed
The watershed area is , with a population of 4,570 as of 2000. Of that area, are forested, are given to agricultural uses, and is open water. The watershed accounts for 12.2% of Tioga County by area.
Hammond Reservoir
Crooked Creek has one major impoundment, the Hammond Reservoir, formed by a dam just before it enters the Tioga River. The lake has a surface area of and is administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, who built the Hammond Dam from 1973 to 1979. Built together with the adjoining Tioga Dam and Tioga Lake (on the Tioga River), the total project cost $200 million.
The dam projects were initially authorized by the United States Congress in the Flood Control Act of July 3, 1958 (Public Law 85-500). A channel connects the two lakes so that Hammond Lake (which has greater storage capacity) may be used to store excess (flood) water from Tioga Lake.
However, in addition to flood control on the Chemung and North Branch Susquehanna Rivers, the dams are also meant to help decrease the acidity of water in the Tioga River downstream of the dams by dilution with the more neutral waters of Crooked Creek. The Tioga River's acidity is caused by acid mine drainage.
The lakes also offer recreational opportunities, including camping, boating, fishing, swimming, and hiking on area trails.
See also
List of rivers of Pennsylvania
References
External links
U.S. Geological Survey: PA stream gaging stations
Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Map of Tioga County showing Crooked Creek
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers page on Tioga-Hammond Lakes
History of the Hammond-Tioga Dam Project
Rivers of Pennsylvania
Rivers of Tioga County, Pennsylvania
Tributaries of the Chemung River |
5390967 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSL | SCSL | SCSL is an acronym that can stand for:
Scientific Computing Software Library, by Silicon Graphics
Special Court for Sierra Leone
Sun Community Source Licensing, for Sun Java
Staffordshire County Senior League in English football |
3998184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore%20Medical%20College%20and%20Research%20Institute | Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute | Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), (Beṅgaḷūru Vaidyakīya Mahāvidyālaya mattu Sanśōdhanā Sansthé) formerly Bangalore Medical College (BMC), is a medical college run by the Government of Karnataka. It is located on K.R. Road, near City Market. It is a government medical college in Bangalore and one of 10 in Karnataka. BMCRI is an autonomous institution under the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Jayanagar, Bangalore.
History
It was established in 1955 by Dr. Shivram and Dr. Mekhri in what was then the fort police station ground. It was built by civil engineer and architect, Mr. V. Ramamoorthy, who built it in a record time of 6 months. The college was initially run by the Mysore Medical Education Society and was later handed over to the Government of Karnataka in 1956 and was affiliated to Bangalore University. After the formation of Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences BMC was affiliated to the new university in 1997.
It celebrated its golden jubilee in 2005–2006 with major renovation and the inauguration of a state-of-the-art digital library and Basavarajendra Auditorium. In 2006, the college was granted autonomous status by the Government of Karnataka. The college is presently undergoing major renovation along the lines of AIIMS.
Upgrade of the institute to the level of AIIMS
Work on upgrade of the college to the level of AIIMS started in March 2007. Under the centrally funded project upgrade work is taking place in the college as well as all the affiliated hospitals.
Attached hospitals
The teaching hospitals attached to the institution are the following hospitals:
Victoria Hospital, inaugurated on 8 December 1900 by Lord Curzon the then Viceroy of India, started as a health centre with 140 bed strength, is now the second largest Hospital in India accommodating more than 1000 patients at a time. The facilities available includes departments of Medicine, Surgery, Orthopaedics, Dermatology, Psychiatry, Radiology and Radiotherapy, physiotherapy, Forensic Medicine super specialities include Plastic Surgery, Surgical and Medical Gastro Enterology, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Cardiology and Urology
Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital, also one of the oldest hospitals has 536 beds and an average of 75-80 patients are treated as out-patients every day, 17-20 patients admitted, and average 500 surgeries per month are conducted. It has well equipped Obstetrics, Gynecology, Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery Departments. There is a neonatal intensive care unit. Vanivilas hospital is a center for excellence in prevention of parent to child transmission of AIDS.
Bowring & Lady Curzon Hospitals is a multispeciality hospital, located in the heart of Bangalore City, at Shivajinagar. The hospital is over 100 years old, approximately 2 km towards east of Vidhana Soudha. It has 686 beds and an average of 700-900 patients are treated as outpatients every day, 70-80 patients get admitted, and average 420-450 deliveries per month are conducted in addition to 800 surgeries per month.
Minto Eye Hospital is the 300 bedded, tertiary ophthalmic hospital attached to BMCRI, which caters to the need of Karnataka and also the neighbouring areas of other states. It includes an Eye Bank, Glaucoma clinic, Squint clinic and a Vitreo retinal centre.
A 203-bed super-speciality tertiary care hospital PMSSY Hospital has been constructed at a cost of ₹72 crores under the Pradhana Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) on the premises of the college. The new hospital has super-speciality departments of neurology, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, cardiology, paediatric surgery and surgical gastroenterology.
Apart from this, it is involved in community health facilities like Nelamangala Taluk Hospital, the urban family welfare center on Siddaiah Road and primary health centers in Pavgada, Sundekoppa, K. G. Halli and Hessarghatta. As a part of rural outreach specialist doctors are sent by the college to these rural centres every month. The teaching hospitals attached to Bangalore Medical College have more than 3,000 beds. Apart from undergraduate courses, postgraduate courses are available in most specialities. Mahabodhi Burns Centre is a state-of-the-art burns department with an associated Skin bank which caters to all of Karnataka.
These hospitals with total bed strength of around 3500, cater to half of the population of Bangalore City and surrounding areas.
Campus
Spread over a total area of 200 acres, the campus includes the academic block, hospitals, library, hostels, student lounge, food court, gymnasium, a basketball court, volleyball court etc. The boys hostels are Bheema Hostel located near Rayan Circle, Tunga Bhadra Hostel within campus and another near Palace Road which holds a special place. The ladies Kaveri hostel is located within campus next to the Tunga Bhadra hostel. The postgraduate hostel is located in Chamrajpet.
A digital library and a well equipped seminar hall has been constructed by the BMC Alumni Association. This digital library has 80 nodes, which have access to the latest medical journals and is used by the students and faculty of Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute for research purposes and to acquire the latest medical knowledge. A Seminar Hall has been constructed with a capacity of 280 seats with access to the latest equipment for Tele-medicine. The Tele-Medicine unit was started in collaboration with ISRO on the eve of Golden jubilee celebrations and it makes BMCRI the first Government Medical college to provide this facility in the state of Karnataka.
The Clinical Skills Centre in the BMCRI campus was inaugurated by Sri Ramadass SA, The Minister for Medical Education, Karnataka on 17 November 2011. The centre was set up at a cost of 95 lakhs INR with donations from the alumni, Infosys Foundation and GMR Varalakshmi foundation. The centre offers hands-on training in Microsurgery techniques applicable in various super specialties like laparoscopic surgery, neurosurgery, Plastic surgery, ENT surgery and Ophthalmology. The mentors at the centre include teaching faculty from BMCRI, other medical colleges and private practicing surgeons. With this, BMCRI became one of the very few centres in this country to offer this facility and training.
The Infosys Foundation has constructed a well equipped 24 hours central laboratory at Victoria Hospital campus which includes the Pathology, Microbiology and the Biochemistry labs. It provides the latest diagnostic tests at a subsidised rates for the poor and needy patients.
The Centenary building houses new wards, the Nuclear medicine department with gamma camera and modern operation theatres. Vishranthi Dhama, A Dharmashala on the campus provides highly subsidized accommodation for patients’ attendants.
Student life
BMCRI annually holds an inter-collegiate fest called Cobalt Skies in October. Spread out over 3 days, it is one of the biggest college festivals in Karnataka. The festival draws the best talents of India to its competitions, covering areas ranging from music and drama to literary games and quizzing. There are several events focused on building social responsibility amongst the youth. Professional shows and workshops by groups are an added attraction.
Cobalt Skies also features a medical fest called Panacea which is one of the biggest medical fests in India. It brings participation from medical students from Karnataka and all over India in its various medical events. It aims to encourage interest and innovation in research and clinical medicine among students and to provide a platform for students and teachers to interact.
Samara is the annual intra-collegiate sports meet held in April at the Kanteerava Stadium, Bengaluru.
An annual Intra college Fest called Chrysalis is held in the month of April. It features various cultural and literary and sports events and helps in bringing out new, raw talents into the front through means of healthy competition between different batches of BMCRI.
BMCRI publishes an annual magazine Ambrosia which includes literary as well as professional contributions from the students as well as the faculty of the college.
The college also has various literary and educational clubs like chess society, quiz society, debate society, dance groups and a music society. Past college bands include The Dirty Aprons, Rudra, The Operation Theatre and Death on Diagnosis.
The college also has an informal literature club which publishes a monthly editorial titled Liber.
The college also has an art and photography club named, The Artisan Lounge.
Ranking
BMCRI was ranked 14th among medical colleges in India in 2020 by India Today and 12th among medical colleges in India in 2019 by Outlook India, and 9th by The Week.
Admissions
Undergraduate courses
M.B.B.S.
The college offers the four and a half year M.B.B.S. course with a one-year compulsory rotating internship in affiliated hospitals. There are 250 seats for which admission are through NEET-UG. 15% of the seats are reserved under all-India quota and 85% under the State quota. There are quotas for SC, ST and OBC students. Admission is extremely competitive.
Nursing
Government College Of Nursing established in 1971, which comes under BMCRI, located within the campus of Victoria Hospital (Bangalore Medical College).
The College offers the following courses.
Bsc in Nursing is four years undergraduate programme.There are 50 seats for Bsc in Nursing for which admissions are through KCET(KEA) earlier.From 2021 onwards admission will be through NEET-UG. Eligilibility: PUC /Class 12( Physics, Chemistry and Biology ).
Msc in Nursing is 2 years post graduate programme.There are 18 seats for Msc in Nursing.Four seats in each speciality Medical-Surgical Nursing , Mental Health Nursing , Mid Wifery & Obstetric Nursing and Community Health Nursing.Admissions are through PGET ( KEA ).There will be 2 seats reserved for in-service candidates in each speciality.
Post-Basic Bsc in Nursing is a 2 years course.There are 40 seats for PBscN for which admissions are through KEA.
Paramedical courses
There are 420 seats.
Eligibility: SSLC /class 10th/PUC/Class 12 or equivalent pass
Medical Laboratory Technology
Medical X-Ray Technology
Medical Radiotherapy Technology
Health Inspector
Dialysis Technology
Operation Theatre Technology
Ophthalmic Technology
Medical Records Technology
Post-graduate courses
The college offers 135 seats for post graduate courses
The seats are filled through NEET-PG.
M.D.
Anaesthesiology
Biochemistry
Dermatology
Forensic Medicine
General Medicine
Microbiology
Gynaecology
Pediatrics
Pathology
Pharmacology
Physiology
Preventive and Social Medicine
Psychiatry
Radio Diagnosis
Radiotherapy
M.S.
Anatomy
Otorhinolaryngology
General Surgery
Ophthalmology
Orthopaedics
Superspeciality courses
BMCRI has 12 seats for superspeciality courses. The number is scheduled to increase after the opening of the PMSSY Super-specialty Block.
M. Ch.
Plastic surgery
Urology
Pediatric surgery
Surgical gastroenterology
Neuro surgery
DM
Neurology
Cardiology
Diploma
BMCRI offer 71 seats for Diploma courses.
Neurology
Cosmetic Surgery
Radiotherapy
Post-doctoral fellowship courses
BMCRI has 12 seats for Fellowship courses every year.
Gastroenterology
Vitreo-retinal surgery
Notable alumni
Notable alumni include:
Y. G. Parameshwara, alumnus and former faculty in pharmacology was the first blind person to qualify as a doctor of medicine in India
Ramya Mohan, clinical psychiatrist with National Health Service
Santosh G. Honavar, ocular oncologist, Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar laureate
Hanumappa Sudarshan, Indian social worker and tribal rights activist, Right Livelihood Award and Padma Shri awardee
T. K. Sreepada Rao, well known nephrologist. Discovered Nephropathies associated with intravenous Heroin addiction and HIV infection
Dinker Belle Rai, surgeon, Fellow of the American College of Surgeons
A. N. Prabhu Deva, former vice chancellor of Bangalore University
Yathindra Siddaramaiah MLA of Varuna Constituency. He is a pathologist.
Umesh Jadhav Member of Parliament from Gulbarga.
Tekur Ramanath - Former Director and Principal of Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Bellary, Karnataka
M. K. Muneer, Former Minister for Social Welfare and Panchayath Affairs, Government of Kerala
See also
Victoria Hospital
Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital
Bowring & Lady Curzon Hospitals
Minto Eye Hospital
List of medical colleges in India
List of educational institutions in Bangalore
References
External links
Colleges in Bangalore
Medical Council of India
Medical colleges in Karnataka
Research institutes in Bangalore
Colleges affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences
Educational institutions established in 1955
1955 establishments in Mysore State |
5390973 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerslie-Bideford%2C%20Prince%20Edward%20Island | Ellerslie-Bideford, Prince Edward Island | Ellerslie-Bideford was a municipality that held community status in Prince Edward Island, Canada. It was located in Prince County on Lot 12.
Most residents of Ellerslie-Bideford lived on Ellerslie Road (Route 133) which spans 5 miles from Route 2 to Route 12.
History
The community was incorporated by provincial government in 1977, when Ellerslie merged with Bideford. Ellerslie was founded in 1853 by a local carpenter, being named after Ellerslie, Scotland. Bideford was named in 1818 after Bideford, Devon, England. Ellerslie is currently one of the last communities in the West Prince district of Prince Edward Island prior to the border with East Prince.
The community had a rich history in the fox farming and ship building industries. The Bideford Shipyard launched several sea vessels, including the last one to be christened there, the Meteor. Bideford is also home to a Shellfish Museum; as the fishery is the basis of the local economy.
Over the past several years, the Community Improvement Council (or CIC) has endeavored to undertake several infrastructure projects. These projects include a new set of Soccer Fields and a Running Track. The Council also attempted to move the community towards a central sewer system from the current model of independent septic tanks for each dwelling, however this motion was defeated in a community vote, over much controversy.
On September 28, 2018, the municipality was combined with Lady Slipper, to create the new municipality of Central Prince.
Education
Ellerslie was home to Ellerslie Elementary School, which has approximately 200 students in grades K-6. From this school, area residents go to Hernewood Intermediate, and Westisle Composite High.
Attractions
Bideford Parsonage Museum
The Bideford Shellfish Museum
See also
List of communities in Prince Edward Island
Summerside
Charlottetown
Tignish
References
Government of PEI Municipality Information
External links
Government of PEI Profile
Epodunk Canada Profile
Communities in Prince County, Prince Edward Island
Former rural municipalities in Prince Edward Island
Populated places established in 1901
Populated places disestablished in 2018 |
5390975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Ingvars | Black Ingvars | Black Ingvars is a Swedish humorist heavy metal group. Black Ingvars is famous for cover versions of songs from other musical styles, like pop, children's song (including "Sjörövar Fabbe" and "Här kommer Pippi Långstrump"), dansband music, Christmas songs and gospel. They finished fifth in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 1998 with the song "Cherie".
Bassist Henrik Ohlin died in May 2021.
Discography
1995 - Earcandy Six
1995 - Earcandy Five
1997 - Sjung Och Var Glad Med Black-Ingvars
1998 - Schlager Metal
1999 - Heaven Metal
2000 - Kids Superhits
2000 - The Very Best of dansbandshårdrock
2002 - Sjung Och Var Glad Med Black-Ingvars 2
References
External links
Band website
Television appearance
Melodifestivalen contestants
Swedish heavy metal musical groups
Musical groups established in 1995
1995 establishments in Sweden |
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