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3985960
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha%20Bibi
|
Aisha Bibi
|
The Aisha-Bibi () is an 11th or 12th-century mausoleum for a noble woman located in the village of Aisha Bibi, west of Taraz, Kazakhstan on the Silk Road. It is locally famous as a monument to love and faithfulness.
Design
According to legend, the mausoleum was built by a Karakhanid Dynasty ruler for his beautiful fiancée Aisha-Bibi, a daughter of Sufi poet Khakim-Ata. The mausoleum's architectural forms and decoration are reminiscent of fine lace. The whole building is covered with carved terracotta tiles using 60 different floral geometric patterns and stylized calligraphy. Aisha Bibi is a direct stylistic descendant of Samanid Mausoleum in Bukhara.
Site
Aisha Bibi is part of a larger complex. Ten meters away is a second mausoleum called Babaji Khatun ("wise queen"), and across the road is a sacred limestone cavern. Together with a garden area and parking lot they form the national monument.
The complex is sited on a ridge overlooking the Taraz oasis from the west.
Typology
The entire mausoleum is covered with terracotta panels which help to create the illusion of masslessness typical in Islamic architecture. The terracotta decoration also uses light and shadow rather than color, a pre-Mongol style. Functionally, this type of decoration scatters the light so the viewer is not blinded as he might be from a smooth light colored wall in full sun. The Columns on the corner are shaped after wooden columns used extensively in Soghdian pre-Islamic architecture. There is a band of calligraphy at the point of constriction in each column. In general they describe the beauty of Aisha Bibi and of love in general. One of the old distichs reads: "Autumn... Clouds... The Earth is beautiful".
Materials
Sauran clay was used to make the bricks in both the original and restored Aisha Bibi.
History
Current use
The site has been venerated since the Middle Ages. Local women from the Taraz Oasis still pray for children and a happy family. It is customary for newlyweds in Taraz to have their union blessed by the dead lovers. Their ritual reenacts the myth. After the ceremony the wedding party retraces Karakhan's journey from Taraz to the site of his fiancée's death. The journey begins at Karakhan Mausoleum in Taraz and ends at the Aisha Bibi, at each location the bride and groom venerate the dead lovers and ask for their blessing.
Russian archeologist V. V. Bartold was the first scientist to record and study the ruins in 1893. The Soviet Union built a protective glass shell to preserve the monument (c 1960) and used it for the education of students in Taraz and tourism. In 2002, the Republic of Kazakhstan paid Nishan Rameto to restore the Aisha Bibi and built the park infrastructure around it. Shoqan Walikhanov painted monument in his work in 1856.
Images
See also
Samanid mausoleum
Notes
References
Further reading
Buildings and structures completed in the 12th century
Mausoleums in Kazakhstan
Buildings and structures completed in the 11th century
Jambyl Region
Central Asia
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3985961
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter%20Laboratories
|
Cutter Laboratories
|
Cutter Laboratories was a family-owned pharmaceutical company located in Berkeley, California, founded by Edward Ahern Cutter in 1897. Cutter's early products included anthrax vaccine, hog cholera (swine fever) virus, and anti-hog cholera serum—and eventually a hog cholera vaccine. The hog cholera vaccine was the first tissue culture vaccine, human or veterinary, ever produced. The company expanded considerably during World War II as a consequence of government contracts for blood plasma and penicillin. After Edward Cutter's death, his three sons—Dr. Robert K. Cutter (president), Edward "Ted" A. Cutter Jr. (vice-president), and Frederick A. Cutter—ran the company. In the next generation Robert's son David followed his father as president of the company. The Bayer pharmaceutical company bought Cutter Laboratories in 1974.
Cutter incident
On April 12, 1955, following the announcement of the success of the polio vaccine trial, Cutter Laboratories became one of several companies that was recommended to be given a license by the United States government to produce Salk's polio vaccine. In anticipation of the demand for vaccine, the companies had already produced stocks of the vaccine and these were issued once the licenses were signed.
In what became known as the Cutter incident, some lots of the Cutter vaccine—despite passing required safety tests—contained live polio virus in what was supposed to be an inactivated-virus vaccine. Cutter withdrew its vaccine from the market on April 27 after vaccine-associated cases were reported.
The mistake produced 120,000 doses of polio vaccine that contained live polio virus. Of children who received the vaccine, 40,000 developed abortive poliomyelitis (a form of the disease that does not involve the central nervous system), 56 developed paralytic poliomyelitis—and of these, five children died from polio. The exposures led to an epidemic of polio in the families and communities of the affected children, resulting in a further 113 people paralyzed and 5 deaths. The director of the microbiology institute lost his job, as did the equivalent of the assistant secretary for health. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Oveta Culp Hobby stepped down. Dr William H. Sebrell Jr, the director of the NIH, resigned.
Surgeon General Scheele sent Drs. William Tripp and Karl Habel from the NIH to inspect Cutter's Berkeley facilities, question workers, and examine records. After a thorough investigation, they found nothing wrong with Cutter's production methods. A congressional hearing in June 1955 concluded that the problem was primarily the lack of scrutiny from the NIH Laboratory of Biologics Control (and its excessive trust in the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis reports).
A number of civil lawsuits were filed against Cutter Laboratories in subsequent years, the first of which was Gottsdanker v. Cutter Laboratories. The jury found Cutter not negligent, but liable for breach of implied warranty, and awarded the plaintiffs monetary damages. This set a precedent for later lawsuits. All five companies that produced the Salk vaccine in 1955—Eli Lilly, Parke-Davis, Wyeth, Pitman-Moore, and Cutter—had difficulty completely inactivating the polio virus. Three companies other than Cutter were sued, but the cases settled out of court.
The Cutter incident was one of the worst pharmaceutical disasters in US history, and exposed several thousand children to live polio virus on vaccination. The NIH Laboratory of Biologics Control, which had certified the Cutter polio vaccine, had received advance warnings of problems: in 1954, staff member Dr. Bernice Eddy had reported to her superiors that some inoculated monkeys had become paralyzed and provided photographs. William Sebrell, the director of NIH, rejected the report.
Expansion
Despite lawsuits resulting from vaccine-related cases of polio, Cutter Laboratories successfully expanded its business. Between 1955 and 1960, they purchased:
Veterinary product manufacturers Ashe-Lockhart, Inc. and Haver-Glover Laboratories of Kansas City
Plastic manufacturers Plastron Specialties, Pacific Plastics Company in San Francisco, and Olympic Plastics Company in Los Angeles
An animal feed farm, Corn King Company, in Cedar Rapids
A plant-derived allergy medicine company, Hollister-Stier, in Spokane, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Atlanta
In 1960, Cutter established Cutter Laboratories Pacific, Inc. in Japan. Annual Cutter company sales had increased from $11,482,000 in 1955 to $29,934,000 in 1962. In the early 1960s, Cutter's catalog listed more than 700 products, and in 1962, the company's assets were "80% greater than when the polio disaster had occurred." Cutter Laboratories was purchased by the German chemical and pharmaceutical company Bayer in 1974.
Other incidents
In the late 1970s through 1980s, numerous companies, including Bayer's Cutter Biologic division, produced unsafe blood products to treat hemophilia. The pharmaceutical product, produced from blood from donors across the US, was contaminated with the HIV virus at a time when HIV could not be screened out. These problems led to lawsuits over the next 20 years.
A 2008 German documentary called (Deadly Sale: How Bayer imported AIDS into Asia) researched the Koate product for hemophiliacs sold by Bayer's Cutter division under full knowledge of its HIV contamination.
References
External links
Harpers Magazine article, August 1955 (archived link)
Defunct pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Polio
Drug safety
1955 in the United States
Companies based in Berkeley, California
1897 establishments in California
Pharmaceutical companies established in 1897
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Pharmaceutical companies disestablished in 1974
1974 disestablishments in California
1974 mergers and acquisitions
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3985982
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogleg
|
Dogleg
|
Dogleg or dog-leg may refer to:
Dogleg (band), an American indie rock band
Dog-leg (stairs), a configuration of stairs which includes a half-landing before turning and continuing upwards
Dog-leg gearbox, an unusual manual transmission layout
Dogleg, a feature of a golf course
Dogleg, a type of artifact in computer imaging, colloquially known as jaggies
Dogleg, a guided, powered turn during ascent phase of a rocket launch
Dogleg, a shape of an oval track with a recognizable kink
See also
Dog anatomy
Canine terminology
|
3986005
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim%20Cup
|
Maxim Cup
|
The Maxim Cup (맥심커피배) is a South Korean Go competition.
Outline
The Maxim Cup is sponsored by Dong Suh Foods. The players are selected with any active 9p's and they are pitted against each other. The komi is 6.5 points and the time limits are 30 minutes long.
Past winners
External links
Korea Baduk Association (in Korean)
Maxim Cup
2000 establishments in South Korea
|
3986006
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Hart%20%28political%20scientist%29
|
Michael Hart (political scientist)
|
Michael William Hart (born 1956) has been Fellow in Politics at Exeter College, Oxford since 1982.
His research interests include British Politics since 1880 and Modern Southern Africa. He lectures on British Politics and Government since 1900.
He took his first degree at Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, winning a double First, and went to University of Oxford to research his doctorate on the decline of the British Liberal Party. He spent some time at Magdalene College, Cambridge as a Junior Research Fellow before taking up his current Fellowship. Besides academic positions, he has also served as a Junior Proctor in the University of Oxford and as sub-Rector at Exeter.
Hart has been quoted on numerous occasions by The Times and The Telegraph during general election periods, campaigned against apartheid in South Africa and has been a Liberal Party Councillor on Oxford City Council. Philosophically, he is a liberal, but combines this with a belief in the need for a strong state.
References
British political scientists
Fellows of Exeter College, Oxford
Fellows of Magdalene College, Cambridge
1956 births
Living people
Members of Oxford City Council
Alumni of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Oxford
People educated at Whitgift School
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3986015
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying%20Tigers%20%28disambiguation%29
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Flying Tigers (disambiguation)
|
The Flying Tigers was the nickname of the 1st American Volunteer Group, a unit of the Chinese Air Force in 1941–1942 composed of volunteer pilots from the United States.
Flying Tigers may also refer to:
Businesses
Flying Tiger Line, a cargo airline
Flying Tiger Copenhagen, a Danish retailer chain
Entertainment
Flying Tigers (film), a 1942 movie starring John Wayne
Flying Tiger (DC Comics), a DC comics character
Flying Tiger (Marvel Comics), a comic-book character
Flying Tigers (album), a 2011 album by heavy metal band White Wizzard
Flying Tigers, a fictional team of pilots in the comic series Buck Danny
Flying Tigers: Shadows Over China, a 2017 video game
Flying Tiger 2, a 2019 crime drama television series
Baa Baa Black Sheep, an American TV series translated into Spanish as Los Tigres Voladores (The Flying Tigers)
Law enforcement
Special Duties Unit, tactical unit of the Hong Kong Police Force
Helicopter Unit, Beijing Special Weapons and Tactics Unit, Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China
Military units
23d Fighter Group, a United States Air Force unit which absorbed the 1st AVG
2/229th Aviation Regiment "Flying Tigers", United States Army
HMH-361 (Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 361), United States Marine Corps
HMM-262 (Medium Helicopter Squadron 262), United States Marine Corps
102 Squadron (Israel), Israeli Air Force
814 Naval Air Squadron, Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm
Flying Tigers Freefall Parachute Display Team, based in north Germany
Sports
Xinjiang Flying Tigers, a professional basketball team based in Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China
Yunnan Flying Tigers F.C., a professional football club based in Lijiang, Yunnan, China
Lakeland Flying Tigers, a minor league affiliate of the Detroit Tigers in Lakeland, Florida, United States
Hagersville RCAF Flying Tigers, a team in the Ontario Armed Services Football League - see 1944 in Canadian football
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3986040
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Strasse
|
Wilhelm Strasse
|
Wilhelm Strasse can refer to:
Wilhelm "Deathshead" Strasse, a major antagonist in the Wolfenstein series
Wilhelmstraße, a street in Berlin
Wilhelmstrasse trial, the Nuremberg trial of foreign ministry officials
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5376330
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameksha
|
Sameksha
|
Sameksha Singh (born 8 October 1985), known mononymously as Sameksha, is an Indian film and television actress. She has played a range of characters in various series and films, in multiple languages including Tamil, Telugu, Punjabi, Hindi and Kannada.
Personal life
Sameksha is a Punjabi and she was born on 8 October 1985 in Chandigarh. Sameksha later relocated to Mumbai to pursue a career in acting.
In July 2020, Sameksha married singer Shael Oswal in Singapore.
Career
Sameksha made her debut in the film industry when director Puri Jagannadh cast her as the lead in the 2004 Telugu film 143. Months later, she subsequently appeared in the 2005 Tamil film Arinthum Ariyamalum, where she starred opposite Navdeep and Arya.
Sameksha earned further success with the 2014 drama Fateh, following which she was awarded the Balraj Sahni Honour Award for contributions to Punjabi cinema. Sameksha's role in Vaapsi (2016) was critically acclaimed in various film festivals.
Sameksha, alongside film work, made her television debut on Sahara One's Zaara – Pyaar ki Saugat, in the titular role. She also played a parallel lead role in the long-running soap opera Yahaaan Main Ghar Ghar Kheli on Zee TV. She also portrayed the role of Roshni in the crime thriller Arjun on Star Plus, followed by a stint in the political thriller, P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke.
From 2017 to 2018, she portrayed Olympias in Sony TV's historical drama Porus opposite an ensemble cast of Laksh Lalwani, Rohit Purohit and Rati Pandey.
In 2018, she played Parminder in the Star Plus sitcom Khichdi Returns. From 2018 to 2019, she played Saudamini in Colors TV's Tantra.
Filmography
Films
Television
References
External links
Indian film actresses
Actresses in Tamil cinema
Living people
1985 births
Actresses in Telugu cinema
Actresses from Chandigarh
Indian television actresses
21st-century Indian actresses
Actresses in Hindi television
Actresses in Kannada cinema
Actresses in Hindi cinema
Actresses in Punjabi cinema
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5376332
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryll-Nardzewski%20fixed-point%20theorem
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Ryll-Nardzewski fixed-point theorem
|
In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Ryll-Nardzewski fixed-point theorem states that if is a normed vector space and is a nonempty convex subset of that is compact under the weak topology, then every group (or equivalently: every semigroup) of affine isometries of has at least one fixed point. (Here, a fixed point of a set of maps is a point that is fixed by each map in the set.)
This theorem was announced by Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski. Later Namioka and Asplund gave a proof based on a different approach. Ryll-Nardzewski himself gave a complete proof in the original spirit.
Applications
The Ryll-Nardzewski theorem yields the existence of a Haar measure on compact groups.
See also
Fixed-point theorems
Fixed-point theorems in infinite-dimensional spaces
References
Andrzej Granas and James Dugundji, Fixed Point Theory (2003) Springer-Verlag, New York, .
A proof written by J. Lurie
Fixed-point theorems
Theorems in functional analysis
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3986044
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofunction
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Cofunction
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In mathematics, a function f is cofunction of a function g if f(A) = g(B) whenever A and B are complementary angles. This definition typically applies to trigonometric functions. The prefix "co-" can be found already in Edmund Gunter's Canon triangulorum (1620).
For example, sine (Latin: sinus) and cosine (Latin: cosinus, sinus complementi) are cofunctions of each other (hence the "co" in "cosine"):
The same is true of secant (Latin: secans) and cosecant (Latin: cosecans, secans complementi) as well as of tangent (Latin: tangens) and cotangent (Latin: cotangens, tangens complementi):
These equations are also known as the cofunction identities.
This also holds true for the versine (versed sine, ver) and coversine (coversed sine, cvs), the vercosine (versed cosine, vcs) and covercosine (coversed cosine, cvc), the haversine (half-versed sine, hav) and hacoversine (half-coversed sine, hcv), the havercosine (half-versed cosine, hvc) and hacovercosine (half-coversed cosine, hcc), as well as the exsecant (external secant, exs) and excosecant (external cosecant, exc):
See also
Hyperbolic functions
Lemniscatic cosine
Jacobi elliptic cosine
Cologarithm
Covariance
List of trigonometric identities
References
Trigonometry
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3986049
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full%20Swing
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Full Swing
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Full Swing or In Full Swing may refer to;
Television and video
Full Swing (game show), a short-lived 1996 British golfing game show with Jimmy Tarbuck
Full Swing (TV series), a 2008 Japanese television series
"Full Swing", an episode of FLCL animated video series
Music
Full Swing (EP), by Crowns (2012)
"Full Swing", a track on I Remember (AlunaGeorge album) (2016)
"Full Swing", a track on News (album) by NEWS
In Full Swing (Seth MacFarlane album) (2017)
Hot Swing Trio: In Full Swing (2003)
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3986055
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unimate
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Unimate
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Unimate was the first industrial robot,
which worked on a General Motors assembly line at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in Ewing Township, New Jersey, in 1961.
It was invented by George Devol in the 1950s using his original patent filed in 1954 and granted in 1961 (). The patent begins:
The present invention relates to the automatic operation of machinery, particularly the handling apparatus, and to automatic control apparatus suited for such machinery.
Devol, together with Joseph Engelberger, his business associate, started the world's first robot manufacturing company, Unimation.
The machine undertook the job of transporting die castings from an assembly line and welding these parts on auto bodies, a dangerous task for workers, who might be poisoned by toxic fumes or lose a limb if they were not careful.
The original Unimate consisted of a large computer-like box, joined to another box and was connected to an arm, with systematic tasks stored in a drum memory.
The Unimate also appeared on The Tonight Show hosted by Johnny Carson on which it knocked a golf ball into a cup, poured a beer, waved the orchestra conductor's baton and grasped an accordion and waved it around.
In 2003 the Unimate was inducted into the Robot Hall of Fame.
In popular culture
Fictional robots called Unimate, designed by the character Alan von Neumann, Jr., appeared in comic books from DC Comics.
References
External links
Electronic robot 'Unimate' works in a building in Connecticut, United States. Newsreel footage
Industrial robots
Historical robots
1956 robots
Robotics at Unimation
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3986068
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action%20%28supermarkets%29
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Action (supermarkets)
|
Action (formerly Action Food Barns and Action Supermarkets) was an Australian supermarket chain.
Based in Perth, Action had 80 supermarkets across Western Australia, Queensland and New South Wales, and was one of the largest supermarket chains in Australia. Action Supermarkets Head Office was located at 218 Bannister Road Canning Vale WA 6155, Action's Fresh Produce Centre was located at 24 Walters Drive Osborne Park and Meat Centre at Pavers Circle Malaga.
FAL - Foodland Associated Limited
Foodland Associated Limited is one of Australia's largest public companies and conducts operations in Western Australia, Queensland, northern New South Wales and the North and South Islands of New Zealand.
The Group's core businesses are supermarket retailing and grocery wholesaling. FAL has five operating divisions with combined annual sales exceeding $5 billion, providing employment to over 28,000 staff throughout Australia and New Zealand.
Australia
FAL's Action supermarket chain trades through 43 stores in the Queensland and northern New South Wales and 38 stores in Western Australia.
FAL Wholesale supplies all of Western Australia's independent supermarket operators and co-ordinates the Dewsons, Supa Valu, Foodland and 4 Square banner franchise groups. FAL's FoodLink food service division supplies hotels, restaurants, cafes, institutions, schools and fast food outlets throughout Western Australia. The company also operates three Cash & Carry wholesale grocery warehouses.
New Zealand
Progressive Enterprises now operates 148 supermarkets trading under the Countdown, Foodtown and Woolworths banners and 26 Woolworths at Gull micromarkets and convenience stores. Progressive is also the franchise co-ordinator for the FreshChoice and SuperValue franchise banner groups.
Trading
Its generic brand range was called "Basics" and its corporate generic brand range was the "Signature Range". Action's last slogan was "Action means a great deal". Previous slogans included "Packed Full of Great Shopping Ideas" and "Packed Full of Good Taste".
Action served in excess of 750,000 customers every week and employed over 7,800 staff. Total supermarket trading area at the end of the November 2003 was approximately 159,000 square metres. Action still holds the largest trading floor area at Whitfords (Hillarys 4,500m) and Innaloo 5,200m.
Action's first supermarkets were located in Dianella, Dogswamp (Yokine), Morley, Woodlands and Osborne Park. Innaloo still holds the largest trading area in the southern hemisphere.
Demise
Action was originally operated exclusively in Western Australia (WA) by Foodland Associated Limited, which was New Zealand's largest supermarket company and also operated the Supa Valu, Dewsons and Dewsons Express supermarkets in WA.
FAL website before takeover https://web.archive.org/web/20050615131210/http://www.fal.com.au/fal/home.jsp?ident=HOME
In 2001, Action had expanded into Queensland and northern NSW by purchasing 40 Franklins stores and associated distribution centres.
FAL was later sold to rivals Metcash (Australian licensee of the international IGA brand) and Woolworths in late 2005.
In March 2006, Metcash announced that it would convert its remaining Action-branded supermarkets into IGA-branded stores. By October 2007, the last of the stores had been converted or sold.
References
Defunct supermarkets of Australia
Australian companies established in 1970
Retail companies established in 1970
Retail companies disestablished in 2007
2007 disestablishments in Australia
Australian grocers
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5376334
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Wapowski
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Bernard Wapowski
|
Bernard Wapowski (1475-1535) was one of the earliest Polish cartographers and is credited for making the first detailed map of Poland in 1526. Wapowski is considered to be the "Father of Polish Cartography". Wapowski served as the secretary of King Sigismund the Old and made several advancements in Polish cartography by creating several maps of Eastern Europe including Poland, Sarmatia, Scandinavia, Warmia (Ermland), and Pomerania with some assistance from Nicolaus Copernicus.
Life
Wapowski was born near Przemyśl at the family's village of Wapowce (hence his surname, the adjective formed from the village's name). Wapowski's first map of Poland is believed to have been made in Rome around 1505-1506. Wapowski arrived in Rome in 1505 where he joined Erasme Ciołk's Polish Embassy, was introduced to Pope Jules II by the Ambassador, and was placed under the protection of Cardinal Peirre Jules II. Wapowski stayed in Rome for several years at the Court of the Holy See where he worked on his map of the Jagellonian States using Cardinal Nicolas de Cuse's map that was printed in 1491. In 1526 Wapowski was serving as secretary to the King of Poland when Nicolaus Copernicus assisted him in mapping the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Wapowski studied at the University of Kraków where him and his life-long friend Nicolaus Copernicus were taught by Albert Brudzewski. In the 15th century the birth of modern cartography took place after the rediscovery of Ptolemy's Geography (150.A.D.) and Wapowski drafted maps of Polish and Rutherian lands for the 1507 and 1508 editions of Geography. Wapowski also assisted his friend Marco Beneventano in revising Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa's map of Germany for the Rome edition of Geography in 1507. Wapowski's most notable map was created and published in Kraków in 1526 and was the first large-scale (1:1,260,000) map of Poland and is the earliest extant map of Poland according to the highest scientific standards. Many of Wapowski's maps, including the famous 1526 map of Poland, were printed an published by Florian Ungler.
Nicolaus Copernicus learned skills in cartography to assist with Wapowski's map in 1507 and drew a map of Prussia in 1510. Wapowski also assisted Copernicus with his work; in 1535 Wapowski published an Almanach that contained Copernicus's astrological tables from De Revolutionibus. Wapowski did some historical writing as well; he wrote a continuation of Jan Długosz's History of Poland. Wapowski and his maps influenced other cartographers. The 1526 maps of Poland might have been used by Gerard Mercator (1554) and Sebastian Muenster for drafting maps of Europe. Other cartographers influenced by Wapowski include: Waclaw Grodecki and Andreas Pograbka
In 1535, Bernard Wapowski wrote a letter to a gentleman in Vienna urging him to publish an enclosed almanac, which he claimed was written by Copernicus. This is the first and only mention of a Copernicus almanac in the historical records. The almanac was likely Copernicus's tables of planetary positions. The Wapowski letter mentions Copernicus's theory about the motions of the earth. Nothing came of Wapowski's request because he died a couple of weeks later.
20th Century Discoveries and Restoration
Currently, none of Wapowski's maps are intact and have been lost to time. It is most likely that Wapowski's maps burnt in the Great Fire of 1528 in Kraków, the capital of Poland at the time. Only fragments of Wapowski's maps have been found. In 1932, fragments of Wapowski's map of 1528 were accidentally discovered by Casimir Piekarski in the bindings of a Bochnia's salt register. In 1935, Dr. Charles Buczek worked on restoring Wapowski's map from the fragments. These fragments were preserved in the Warsaw Central Archives of Old Records, but were destroyed by the Germans in the uprising in Warsaw in 1944.
See also
List of Poles
References
External links
Nicolaus Copernicus
Letter against Werner addressed to Bernard Wapowski
15th-century Polish historians
Polish male non-fiction writers
Polish cartographers
Canons of Kraków
1475 births
1535 deaths
16th-century cartographers
16th-century Polish historians
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5376341
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba%2C%20Hungary
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Aba, Hungary
|
Aba is a town in Fejér county, Hungary.
In 1559 it was property of Mihály Cseszneky and Balázs Baranyai.
Notable residents
Imre Taussig (1894–1945), footballer
Demographics
Sources
Szíj Rezső: Várpalota
Fejér megyei történeti évkönyv
Hofkammerarchiv Wien
Dudar története
References
External links
in Hungarian
The jewish community in Aba On JewishGen website.
Populated places in Fejér County
Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust
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5376348
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20%28EP%29
|
Soil (EP)
|
Soil is the first EP by American metal band SOiL. According to the band's vocalist, Ryan McCombs, this release was referred to by the band as "the worm disc". The tracks "Broken Wings" and "She" reappeared on a second EP, El Chupacabra, in 1998. Songs from both EPs then appeared on Soil's first album, Throttle Junkies, the following year.
Track listing
"Broken Wings" – 4:20
"No More, No Less" – 3:07
"She" – 3:28
"Same Ol' Trip" – 3:57
"Yellow Lines" – 5:09
Personnel
Ryan McCombs – vocals
Adam Zadel – guitar, backing vocals
Shaun Glass – guitar
Tim King – bass guitar
Tom Schofield – drums
References
1997 debut EPs
Soil (American band) albums
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3986073
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef%20Stiegler
|
Josef Stiegler
|
Josef "Pepi" Stiegler (born 20 April 1937 in Lienz, Austria) is a former alpine ski racer and Olympic gold medalist. He was a member of the Austrian national ski team during the late 1950s and early 1960s and was one of the world's premier racers. His two children are on the U.S. Ski Team: daughter Resi (b. 1985) is on the World Cup team and son Seppi (b. 1988) is on the Nor-Am circuit.
At the 1960 Winter Olympics of Squaw Valley, Stiegler won a silver medal in the giant slalom and took fifth place in the slalom. At the 1964 Winter Olympics of Innsbruck, he took the bronze medal in giant slalom at Axamer Lizum and then won the gold in slalom, edging out American medalists Billy Kidd and Jimmie Heuga. - He became "Austrian sportsman of the Year 1964".
Pepi Stiegler later made appearances at many ski events in the United States and wrote articles for ski magazines. In 1965, he became the first ski school director at Jackson Hole, Wyoming, where he served for 29 years, followed by eight years as ambassador of skiing. He stepped down in 2002 after 37 years with the resort.
Similar to Heuga, Stiegler was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in 1993. Austrian teammate Egon Zimmermann, gold medalist in the 1964 Olympic downhill, also has MS.
At age 66, Stiegler earned a bachelor's degree in English literature from Montana State University in Bozeman in May 2003.
Olympic results
From 1948 through 1980, the Winter Olympics were also the World Championships for alpine skiing.
Video
You Tube – Stiegler: The Style of A Champion (1974 film)
References
External links
Ski-db.com – results – 1964 Olympics
U.S. Ski and Snowboard Hall of Fame – Josef Stiegler
Intermountain Ski Hall of Fame – Pepi Stielger
pepistieglers.com – Pepi Stiegler
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Olympic gold medalists for Austria
Olympic silver medalists for Austria
Olympic bronze medalists for Austria
Alpine skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers of Austria
Austrian male alpine skiers
Montana State University alumni
People from Lienz
Austrian emigrants to the United States
People with multiple sclerosis
1937 births
Living people
Medalists at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1964 Winter Olympics
Sportspeople from Tyrol (state)
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5376361
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meganoidi
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Meganoidi
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Meganoidi is an Italian rock band from Genoa. Initially ska-core with veins of punk, the band has changed over the years, with the style now trending towards progressive rock.
Biography
The group was formed in 1997 in Genoa. Its name comes from the main antagonists from the anime series Daitarn 3 ("We Meganoidi are those who / no longer win battles against Daitarn 3 / ..."). The group was initially composed of voice, guitar, bass and drums, and included a trumpet the next year. In the same year, the band released its first set of demos, Supereroi vs Municipale, composed of five songs.
Three years later, the band added a saxophonist and a percussionist (Francis "Cisco" Di Roberto) and made its first album, Into the Darkness, Into the Moda. This album reveals influences of ska punk or ska-core and punk rock.
"King of ska e Supereroi", a single from the album Into the Darkness, Into the Moda, became the theme for the TV program Le Iene.
After the G8
In its next album, the band migrated to a more experimental alternative rock sound. This change in style is associated with a change in mentality, due to events during the G8 in Genoa. Meganoidi began to feel "out of the loop", based on the title of the album Inside the Loop and the song of the same name.
The band's lack of funds did not affect the quality of its recording. The new album was recorded at the Green Fog Studio, mixed in Canada by Vic Florentia (who had already worked for Tool and Danko Jones) and burned by Joe Lambert at Classic Sound in New York. The album comes under the independent label Green Fog Records, created by the group to support independent music. The CD was sold at €13 as a sign of opposition to the ideology of record companies.
In May 2005, And Then We Met Impero, a progressive rock EP with a melancholy sound, was released. This album points to influences from Pink Floyd, but was criticized by early fans.
On 28 April 2006, the third album, Granvanoeli, was released. The style is similar to And Then We Met Impero, but the songs are slower and five tracks are sung in Italian. Two music videos were filmed for the tracks "Dai pozzi" and "Un approdo."
The band's most recent album, Al posto del fuoco, was released on 10 April 2009.
Band members
Current
Davide Di Muzio - voice
Luca Guercio - trumpet and guitar
Andrea Torretta - guitar
Riccardo Armeni - bass
Saverio Malaspina - drums
Past members
Francesco "Cisco" Di Roberto - percussion
Fabrizio Sferrazza - saxophone and synthesizers
Discography
1998 - Supereroi vs Municipale (EP)
2001 - Into the Darkness, Into the Moda
2003 - Outside the Loop, Stupendo Sensation
2005 - And Then We Met Impero (EP)
2006 - Granvanoeli
2009 - Al posto del Fuoco
2012 - Welcome in Disagio
Festivals
Independent Days Festival (main stage), Bologna - 2005
External links
Official homepage
Green Fog Records
Green Fog Studio
Meganoidi - unofficial site
Italian rock music groups
Italian ska groups
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3986076
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbago
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Plumbago
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Plumbago is a genus of 10–20 species of flowering plants in the family Plumbaginaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world. Common names include plumbago and leadwort (names which are also shared by the genus Ceratostigma).
Description
The species include herbaceous plants and shrubs growing to tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, simple, entire, long, with a tapered base and often with a hairy margin. The flowers are white, blue, purple, red, or pink, with a tubular corolla with five petal-like lobes; they are produced in racemes.
The flower calyx has glandular trichomes (hairs), which secrete a sticky mucilage that is capable of trapping and killing insects; it is unclear what the purpose of these trichomes is; protection from pollination by way of "crawlers" (ants and other insects that typically do not transfer pollen between individual plants), or possible protocarnivory.
Mature plumbago leaves often have a whitish residue on their undersides, a feature that can confuse gardeners. While this white material resembles a powdery mildew disease or a chemical spray deposit, it is actually a natural exudate from "chalk" glands that are found on the Plumbago species.
Taxonomy
The generic name, derived from the Latin words plumbum ("lead") and agere ("to resemble"), was first used by Pliny the Elder (23-79) for a plant known as (molybdaina) to Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. 40-90). This may have referred to its lead-blue flower colour, the ability of the sap to create lead-colored stains on skin, or Pliny's belief that the plant was a cure for lead poisoning.
The following species are accepted by The Plant List:
Plumbago amplexicaulis Oliv.
Plumbago aphylla Bojer ex Boiss.
Plumbago auriculata Lam.
Plumbago ciliata Engl. ex Wilmot-Dear
Plumbago coerulea Kunth
Plumbago dawei Rolfe
Plumbago europaea L.
Plumbago glandulicaulis Wilmot-Dear
Plumbago indica L.
Plumbago madagascariensis M. Peltier
Plumbago montis-elgonis Bullock
Plumbago pearsonii L. Bolus
Plumbago pulchella Boiss.
Plumbago stenophylla Wilmot-Dear
Plumbago tristis Aiton
Plumbago wissii Friedr.
Plumbago zeylanica L.
See also
Plumbagin
References
External links
Flora of Chile: Plumbago (pdf file)
Flora of China: Plumbago
Flora of Ecuador: Plumbago
Flora Europaea: Plumbago
Flora of North America: Plumbago
Flora of Pakistan: Plumbago
Caryophyllales genera
Carnivorous plants
Plumbaginaceae
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
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3986078
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%20District
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Ga District
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Ga District is a former district that was located in Greater Accra Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988. However in 2004, it was split off into two new districts: Ga West District (which it was elevated to municipal district assembly status on 29 February 2008; capital: Amasaman) and Ga East District (which it was also elevated to municipal district assembly status on 29 February 2008; capital: Abokobi). The district assembly was located in the western part of Greater Accra Region and had Amasaman as its capital town.
Tribes
The Ga District is divided in different sub-areas. The Ga people are the original citizens of the Ga District. Today Ga is a melting pot of different cultural and ethnic groups from all over the world.
Important historical GaDangmemei
Great GaDangme historical personalities who contributed significantly to the development of the GaDangme people, traditions, and culture, and Ghana (formerly, the Gold Coast) include:
Dr. Ebenezer Ako Adjei (1916-2002)
Dr. Benjamin Quartey-Papafio (1859-1924)
Lt. General Joseph Arthur Ankrah (1915-1992), soldier and head of state 1966–69.
Sir Emmanuel Quist (died 1959), judge and politician
Nene Annorkwei II (born 1900), QMC, GM
Rev. Carl Christian Reindorf (1834-1917)
Rev. Samuel Richard Brew Attoh-Ahuma (1863-1921)
Christian Josiah Reindorf (1868-1937)
Edmund Bannerman (1832-1903)
Rev. John Ahoomah Solomon
George Cleland
Daniel Quaye Tawiah ("Kwei Nungua")
Rev. E. A. W. Engmann (1903-1983)
King Tackie Yaaboi
Hon. John Glover-Addo (1873-1933), lawyer and politician
King Tackie Tawiah I
Hon. Thomas Hutton-Mills, Sr. (1865-1931), lawyer and politician
Chief John Vanderpuije
Hon. Sir Nene Azu Mate-Kole
Hon. Dr. Frederick Nanka-Bruce (1878-1953), physician, journalist and politician
Tetteh Quarshie (1842-1892), father of Ghana's cocoa industry
References
Districts of Greater Accra Region
Former districts of Ghana
Greater Accra Region
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3986107
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormaa%20Ahenkro
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Dormaa Ahenkro
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Dormaa Ahenkro is a city and also the capital of Dormaa Traditional Area Dormaa Municipal of the Bono Region, in Ghana. Dormaa Ahenkro has a historical reference for their brave warlords. Dormaa Ahenkro is the capital for the Dormaa traditional area and serves as the seat of the Paramount King Oseadeeyo Nana Agyeman Badu II, successor of Nana Agyeman Badu I. Politically, the empire currently is divided into three Districts; Dormaa Municipal Dormaa Ahenkro as its capital, Dormaa West DistrictNkrankwanta as its capital and Dormaa East District Wamfie as its capital.
Geography
Location
The municipality is situated at the western part of the Bono Region. It is bound in the North by the Jaman South district and in the east by the Dormaa East district, in the south and south-east by Asunafo and Asutifi districts respectively, in the west and south-west by Dormaa West and in the west and north-west by Ivory Coast. It is the municipal capital and is located about 80 kilometers west of the regional capital, Sunyani and also about 46.3 kilometers from Berekum.
Healthcare
A district Hospital "Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital" founded in 1955 is located in Dormaa Ahenkro.
Education
The main senior high school in the area is Dormaa Senior High School. There is a technical training center known as Dormaa Vocational Training Institute. The University of Energy and Natural Resources (Dormaa campus) and Presbyterian Midwifery and Nursing Center are also locatied within Dormaa Ahenkro.
Stadiums and sports
Stadium
Agyeman Badu Stadium
Sports
Professional sports teams based in Dormaa Ahenkro include:
Aduana Stars
References
Populated places in the Bono Region
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3986111
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intumescent
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Intumescent
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An intumescent is a substance that swells as a result of heat exposure, thus leading to an increase in volume and decrease in density. Intumescents are typically used in passive fire protection and require listing, approval, and compliance in their installed configurations in order to comply with the national building codes and laws.
The details for individual building parts are specified in technical standards which are compiled and published by national or international standardization bodies like the British Standards Institute (BSI), the German Institute for Standardization (DIN), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) or the International Standardization Organization (ISO).
Intumescent coatings for steel constructions must be approved in standardized fire tests. Some important fire test standards are listed below:
European Union: EN 13381-8 (Replaces national Standards in Europe)
United Kingdom: BS 476-20/21 (Commonly referred to in EU, Middle and Far East)
United States: ASTM E119 (Equivalent to UL 263, referred to in Middle and Far East), UL 1709 (Test using the hydrocarbon fire curve)
Russia: VNIIPO (Also used in former Soviet Union countries)
Chile: NCh 1974
China: GB 14907
South Korea: KS F2257 1,6,7
Taiwan: CNS 11728
Types
Soft char
These intumescents produce a light char, which is a poor conductor of heat, thus retarding heat transfer. Typically the light char consist of microporous carbonaceous foam formed by a chemical reaction of three main components: ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and melamine. The reaction takes place in a matrix formed by the molten binder which is typically based on vinyl acetate copolymers or styrene acrylates.
Ablative coatings contain a significant amount of hydrates. When the hydrates are heated, they decompose, and water vapour is released, which has a cooling effect. Once the water is spent, the insulation characteristics of the char that remains can slow down heat transfer from the exposed side to the unexposed side of an assembly.
Soft char products are typically used in thin film intumescents for fireproofing structural steel as well as in firestop pillows. Typically, the expansion pressure that is created for these products is very low, because the soft carbonaceous char has little substance, which is beneficial if the aim is to produce a layer of insulation.
Hard char
Harder chars are produced with sodium silicates and graphite. These products are suitable for use in plastic pipe firestops as well as exterior steel fireproofing. In those applications, it is necessary to produce a more substantial char capable of exerting quantifiable expansion pressure. In the case of firestops, a melting, burning plastic pipe must be squeezed together and shut so that there will be no opening for fire to propagate to an otherwise fire-resistance rated wall or floor assembly. In the case of exterior fireproofing, a hydrocarbon fire must be held off with quite potentially more kinetic energy than a house fire. Intumescents that produce hard chars are unsuitable for interior spray fireproofing.
Intumescent coatings
Intumescent coatings may be designed for protection of metals (primarily steel) from fire. They may be based on a number of resin binders including epoxy, and silicone. Melamine-formaldehyde resin systems have even been used using layered double-hydroxide modified phosphate esters that improved the intumescent properties and also made an improvement to the smoke suppression properties.
Applications
Intumescents are used to achieve passive fire protection for such applications as firestopping, fireproofing, gasketing and window casings. Such applications are relevant for buildings, offshore constructions, ships and aircraft.
Problems
Some intumescents are susceptible to environmental influences, such as humidity, which can reduce or negate their ability to function. In Germany, the Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik, DIBt, quantifies the ability of intumescents to stand the test of time against various environmental exposures. DIBt-approved firestops and fireproofing materials are available in Canada and the U.S.
Gallery
See also
Fire test
Fire-resistance rating
Hydrate
Fire protection
Passive fire protection
Firestops
Putty
Fireproofing
Firestop pillow
Endothermic
Sodium silicate
Graphite
Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
Bounding
Construction
Black snake (firework)
Starlite
References
External links
"The proof is in the fire" Chemical Innovation Magazine, American Chemical Society
Article about intumescent materials
Translation of DIBt test procedure for intumescent building products
Translation of DIBt test procedure for reactive spray fireproofing materials
American Chemical Society: Fire Retardancy of Polypropylene Composites Using Intumescent Coatings
ASTM E 2786 - 2010 Standard Test Methods for Measuring Expansion of Intumescent Materials Used in Firestop and Joint Systems
Materials
Firestops
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5376374
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20S%C3%A3o%20Tom%C3%A9%20and%20Pr%C3%ADncipe
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Human rights in São Tomé and Príncipe
|
The U.S. Department of State's Country Report on Human Rights Practices for São Tomé and Príncipe states that the government generally respects the human rights of its citizens, despite problems in a few areas.
São Tomé and Príncipe is one of 11 sub-Saharan African countries rated "free" in the 2006 Freedom in the World survey published annually by Freedom House, a pro-democracy organization that monitors political rights, civil liberties, and press freedom around the world. On a scale from 1 (most free) to 7 (least free), São Tomé received a 2 for both political rights and civil liberties.
Political rights
From independence in 1975 until 1990, the country was a one-party state with restricted political rights. In 1990, citizens approved a constitution that established a multiparty democracy.
Since then, nine national elections in São Tomé and Príncipe have taken place: four elections for president (in 1991, 1996, 2001, and 2006) and five for the National Assembly (1991, 1994, 1998, 2002, and 2006). All of these elections were conducted to be generally free, fair, and transparent by domestic and international monitors.
Elections at the local level were conducted for the first time in 1992. Príncipe was granted autonomy in 1994 and elected a regional assembly and government in 1995.
Civil liberties
Freedoms of assembly, association, movement, and religion are constitutionally guaranteed and generally respected by the government. Academic freedom is respected.
Press freedom
According to the U.S. State Department, "The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights. It also notes that some journalists practice self-censorship."
Television and radio are state operated and there are no independent stations, due to economic and market constraints. There is no law prohibiting the establishment of such stations and all opposition parties have access to the state-run media, including a minimum of three minutes per month on television. Opposition newsletters and pamphlets criticizing the government circulate freely.
São Tomé's press is rated as 'free' by the Freedom House organization. In its 2006 Press Freedom Survey, São Tomé ranked 5th out of Sub-Saharan Africa's 48 countries in terms of press freedom – trailing only Mali, Mauritius, Ghana, and South Africa.
Freedom House describes the country's press freedom situation as follows: "The Constitution of São Tomé guarantees freedom of the press and the government has an exemplary history of respecting these rights in practice. Publications that criticize official policies circulate freely without journalists being arrested, jailed, tortured or harassed. However, journalists do practice a good degree of self-censorship, and often depend on official news releases for their reports which inhibits the growth of investigative journalism. Lack of advertising revenue, technology, media training and poor salaries also constitute major handicaps for journalists."
Other prominent press freedom organizations such as Reporters Without Borders (RSF), International Press Institute (IPI), and the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) don't include São Tomé in their annual reports.
Rule of law
Judiciary and judicial process
An independent judiciary, including a Supreme Court with members designated by, and responsible to, the National Assembly, was established by the 1990 referendum on multiparty rule. The Supreme Court has ruled against both the government and the president, but is occasionally subject to manipulation. The court system is overburdened, understaffed, inadequately funded, and plagued by long delays in hearing cases.
The law provides for the right to a fair public trial, the right of appeal, the right to legal representation, and, if indigent, the right to an attorney appointed by the state. Defendants are presumed innocent, have the right to confront witnesses, and to present evidence on their own behalf. However, inadequate resources resulted in lengthy pretrial detentions and greatly hindered investigations in criminal cases.
Conduct of security forces
There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings, torture, or politically motivated disappearances.
Prison conditions
Prison conditions in the country are described as "harsh, but not life-threatening" in the state department's report. Facilities are reportedly overcrowded, and food was inadequate. Some pretrial prisoners were held with convicted prisoners.
The government permits human rights monitors to visit prisons.
Corruption
Official corruption is a serious problem. São Tomé and Príncipe was not surveyed in Transparency International's 2005 Corruption Perceptions Index.
Societal discrimination
The law provides for the equality of all citizens regardless of sex, race, racial origin, political tendency, creed, or philosophic conviction, and while the government actively enforced these provisions, women faced discrimination. Domestic violence against women occurred, including rape, but the extent of the problem was unknown. Although women have the right to legal recourse-–including against spouses–-many were reluctant to bring legal action or were ignorant of their rights under the law. Tradition inhibited women from taking domestic disputes outside the family.
The law stipulates that women and men have equal political, economic, and social rights. While many women have access to opportunities in education, business, and government, in practice women still encountered significant societal discrimination.
Mistreatment of children was not widespread; however, there were few protections for orphans and abandoned children. Child labor was a problem.
There were no reports that persons were trafficked to, from, or within the country.
Worker rights
The rights to organize, strike, and bargain collectively are guaranteed and respected. Few unions exist, but independent cooperatives have taken advantage of the government land-distribution program to attract workers. Because of its role as the main employer in the wage sector, the government remains the key interlocutor for labor on all matters, including wages. Working conditions on many of the state-owned cocoa plantations are harsh.
Historical situation
The following chart shows São Tomé and Príncipe's ratings since 1975 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".
International treaties
São Tomé and Príncipe's stances on international human rights treaties are as follows:
See also
LGBT rights in São Tomé and Príncipe
Human rights in Africa
Notes
1.Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore, the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.
2.As of Independence on 12 July 1975, and 1 January for years thereafter.
3.The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation.
References
External links
2005 Human Rights Report on São Tomé and Príncipe - US Department of State
Freedom of expression in São Tomé and Príncipe - IFEX
Freedom in the World 2011 Report, by Freedom House
Sao Tome and Principe
Law of São Tomé and Príncipe
Society of São Tomé and Príncipe
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5376393
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99emysl%20Bi%C4%8Dovsk%C3%BD
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Přemysl Bičovský
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Přemysl Bičovský (born 18 August 1950 in Košťany) is a Czech football manager and former player. He played 45 matches for Czechoslovakia. He was previously the manager of FK Ústí nad Labem in the Czech 2. Liga.
He was a participant in the 1982 FIFA World Cup.
He played for FK Teplice and later spent his best football years at Bohemians Praha.
Bičovský later began a coaching career with ASK Ybbs, FK Teplice, FC Chomutov, Lokomotíva Česká Lípa, SK Buldoci Karlovy Vary-Dvory, SIAD Braňany, FK SIAD Most, Chmel Blšany, MFK Ružomberok, SK Roudnice nad Labem and FC Zenit Čáslav.
References
1950 births
Living people
Czech footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
FK Teplice players
Dukla Prague footballers
UEFA Euro 1976 players
1982 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
Czechoslovakia international footballers
Czechoslovak football managers
Czech football managers
FK Baník Most managers
FK Čáslav managers
FK Ústí nad Labem managers
Expatriate football managers in Slovakia
MFK Ružomberok managers
Czechoslovak expatriate footballers
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Czech expatriates in Slovakia
FK Chmel Blšany managers
Association football forwards
Czech National Football League managers
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5376407
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles%20Gasser
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Achilles Gasser
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Achilles Pirmin Gasser (3 November 1505 – 4 December 1577) was a German physician and astrologer. He is now known as a well-connected humanistic scholar, and supporter of both Copernicus and Rheticus.
Life
Born in Lindau, he studied mathematics, history and philosophy as well as astronomy. He was a student in Sélestat under Johannes Sapidus; he also attended universities in Wittenberg, Vienna, Montpellier, and Avignon.
In 1528, German cartographer Sebastian Münster appealed to scientists across the Holy Roman Empire to assist him with his description of Germany. Gassar accepted this and was later recognized by Münster as a close collaborator for his cartography of the country.
Rheticus lost his physician father Georg Iserin in 1528, executed on sorcery charges. Gasser later took over the practice in Feldkirch, in 1538; he taught Rheticus some astrology, and helped his education, in particular by writing to the University of Wittenberg on his behalf.
When Rheticus printed his Narratio prima—the first published account of the Copernican heliocentric system—in 1540 (Danzig), he sent Gasser a copy. Gasser then undertook a second edition (1541, Basel) with his own introduction, in the form of a letter from Gasser to Georg Vogelin of Konstanz. The second edition (1566, Basel) of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium contained the Narratio Prima with this introduction by Gasser.
Gasser died in Augsburg, leaving over 2,900 literary works that are now stored at the Vatican Library in Rome.
Works
He prepared the first edition (Augsburg, 1558) of the Epistola de magnete of Pierre de Maricourt.
Other works include:
Historiarum et Chronicorum totius mundi epitome (1532)
Prognosticon (1544) dedicated to Thomas Venatorius
Edition of the Evangelienbuch of Otfried of Weissenburg. His edition did not appear until 1571, under the name of Matthias Flacius who had taken over.
Observations on comets
Gasser belonged with Flacius to the humanist circle around Kaspar von Niedbruck, concerned with the recovery of monastic manuscripts. Others in the group were John Bale, Conrad Gesner, Joris Cassander, Johannes Matalius Metellus, and Cornelius Wauters.
Notes
References
Jack Repcheck (2007), Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began
Karl Galle, Scientist of the Day - Achilles Pirmin Gasser
Further reading
Karl Heinz Burmeister (1970), Achilles Pirmin Gasser, 1505-1577. Arzt u. Naturforscher, Historiker und Humanist. (3 volumes.)
Karl Heinz Burmeister, Achilles Pirmin Gasser (1505-1577) as Geographer and Cartographer, Imago Mundi Vol. 24, (1970), pp. 57–62; https://www.jstor.org/stable/1150458
External links
:de:s:ADB:Gasser, Achilles Pirminius
CERL page
Old dictionary entry
1505 births
1577 deaths
16th-century German physicians
German astrologers
16th-century astrologers
German Renaissance humanists
16th-century German writers
16th-century German male writers
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5376428
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breens%20Intermediate
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Breens Intermediate
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Breens Intermediate School is located in Bishopdale in Christchurch, New Zealand. It has a roll of approximately 200 students and serves year 7 and 8 students. The principal, Nikki Clarke leads the school, with Nathan Maclennan as the deputy. Established in 1976, Breens Intermediate is located just east of Christchurch International Airport.
Notes
External links
Breens Intermediate School (official website)
Schools in Christchurch
Intermediate schools in New Zealand
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5376442
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus%20nigra
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Fraxinus nigra
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Fraxinus nigra, the black ash, is a species of ash native to much of eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, from western Newfoundland west to southeastern Manitoba, and south to Illinois and northern Virginia. Formerly abundant, as of 2014 the species is threatened with near total extirpation throughout its range, as a result of infestation by a parasitic insect known as the emerald ash borer.
Description
Black ash is a medium-sized deciduous tree reaching (exceptionally ) tall with a trunk up to diameter, or exceptionally to . The bark is grey, thick and corky even on young trees, becoming scaly and fissured with age. The winter buds are dark brown to blackish, with a velvety texture. The leaves are opposite, pinnately compound, with 7–13 (most often 9) leaflets; each leaf is long, the leaflets long and broad, with a finely toothed margin. The leaflets are sessile, directly attached to the rachis without a petiolule. The flowers are produced in spring shortly before the new leaves, in loose panicles; they are inconspicuous with no petals, and are wind-pollinated. The fruit is a samara long comprising a single seed long with an elongated apical wing long and broad.
Ecology and conservation status
Black ash commonly occurs in swamps, often with the closely related green ash. Its fall foliage is yellow. Black ash is one of the first trees to lose its leaves in the fall. It is very closely related to Manchurian ash, and will easily hybridize with it. Some consider the two to be geographic isolates of each other.
The species was considered abundant and its survival of little concern prior to the invasion of the emerald ash borer, first detected in North America in 2002. However, since that time this invasive insect has spread throughout most of the tree's range, and within a few years black ash is expected to be all but extirpated; a similar fate awaits green ash. In 2014, a U.S. Forest Service agent estimated that "ninety-nine percent of the ashes in North America are probably going to die." Blue ash and white ash are only slightly less affected.
Direct usefulness for humans
This wood is used by Native Americans of the North East for making baskets and other devices. The Shakers also made extensive use of the black ash for creating baskets. Also called basket ash, brown ash, swamp Ash, hoop ash, and water ash.
It is also a popular wood for making electric guitars and basses, due to its good resonant qualities.
Creating basket strips
Black ash is unique among all trees in North America in that it does not have fibers connecting the growth rings to each other. This is a useful property for basket makers. By pounding on the wood with a mallet, the weaker spring wood layer is crushed, allowing the tougher and darker summer wood layer to be peeled off in long strips. The long strips are trimmed, cleaned, and used in basket weaving. Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands also make bark baskets from black ash, traditionally used for berry-gathering.
Usefulness to wildlife
North American native ash tree species are used by North American frogs as a critical food source, as the leaves that fall from the trees are particularly suitable for tadpoles to feed upon in ponds (both temporary and permanent), large puddles, and other water sources. Species such as red maple, which are taking the place of ash, due to the ash borer, are much less suitable for the frogs as a food source—resulting in poor frog survival rates and small frog sizes. It is the lack of tannins in the American ash variety that makes them good for the frogs as a food source and also not resistant to the ash borer. Varieties of ash from outside North America typically have much higher tannin levels and resist the borer. Maples and various non-native invasive trees, trees that are taking the place of American ash species in the North American ecosystem, typically have much higher leaf tannin levels. Ash species native to North America also provide important habitat and food for various other creatures that are native to North America, such as the long-horned beetle, avian species, and mammalian species. Black ash is a food plant for the larvae of several species of Lepidoptera; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on ashes.
References
nigra
Trees of the North-Central United States
Trees of the Northeastern United States
Trees of the Southeastern United States
Trees of Western Canada
Trees of Eastern Canada
Trees of humid continental climate
Least concern plants
Trees of Ontario
Trees of the Great Lakes region (North America)
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5376444
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles%20Crispin
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Miles Crispin
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Miles Crispin (died 1107), also known as Miles or Milo of Wallingford, was a wealthy Norman landowner, particularly associated with Wallingford Castle in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire). The Domesday Book records Miles as a major landowner with holdings in Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Surrey, Wiltshire and two other neighbouring counties as well as being Tenant-in-chief in a lengthy list of places.
Miles is believed to be a member of the Crispin family of Neaufles in Normandy: suggestions include son of William Crispin, baron of Neaufles (Neaufles-Saint-Martin or Neaufles-Auvergny), part of William the Conqueror's invading force, and a relation of Gilbert Crispin, abbot of Westminster, but this is uncertain.
Miles married Matilda, daughter of Robert D'Oyly, in 1084. While D'Oyly is generally credited with building Wallingford Castle, it has also been suggested that Miles Crispin was its first castellan of Wallingford, and owner of the lands of Wigod. Matilda later married Brien FitzCount.
During the Rebellion of 1088, Miles Crispin was a supporter of William II, and was in the army that later arrested William de Saint-Calais.
References
External links
Wallingford History Gateway
Miles Crispin at opendomesday
1107 deaths
Anglo-Normans
People from Wallingford, Oxfordshire
Year of birth unknown
Holders of the Honour of Wallingford
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5376445
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20ash
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Black ash
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Black ash is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
Acer negundo, native to North America
Fraxinus nigra, native to North America
Eucalyptus sieberi, native to Australia
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5376446
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabab%20koobideh
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Kabab koobideh
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Kabab koobideh () or Kobida () is an Iranian meat kabab made from ground lamb or beef, often mixed with ground pepper and chopped onions.
Etymology
Koobideh comes from the Persian word کوبیدن (koobidan) meaning slamming which refers to the style in which the meat is prepared. Traditionally, the meat was placed on a flat stone (specifically, a black flat stone) and smashed with a wooden mallet. It is cooked on a seekh (), Persian for 'skewer'. It is similar to the Turkish Adana kebab.
Preparation and cooking
Lamb or beef (precisely 20% fat, 80% meat) is minced twice for finer consistency. A mixture of lamb and beef is also popular. Salt, black pepper, very finely grated onion and optionally one egg yolk per pound of meat is added. All ingredients are mixed, covered, and left to marinate in the refrigerator for at least one hour or overnight.
Kabab koobideh is grilled on wide, flat skewers, traditionally over hot coals, and is served with chelow (Iranian plain white rice with oil, salt and saffron), accompanied by grilled tomatoes and onions. Sumac is usually served as a tableside garnishing spice.
Chicken kabab koobideh is made using chives or green onions, parsley, salt and pepper—no turmeric and no sumac. It is served over polo which is just plain white rice followed by a grilled tomato.
Gallery
See also
Adana kebabı
Ćevapi
Chelow kabab
Kabab barg
Kebab
Kofta
List of kebabs
Lula kebab
Şiş köfte
References
Ground meat
Iranian cuisine
Middle Eastern grilled meats
Skewered kebabs
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5376456
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DENR
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DENR
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DENR may refer to:
DENR (gene), human gene which encodes the density regulated re-initiation and release factor protein
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines
North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, formerly the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, a predecessor of the Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources (South Australia)
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3986115
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdeno%20C%C3%ADger
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Zdeno Cíger
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Zdeno Cíger (born 19 October 1969) is a Slovak former professional hockey player, and currently hockey coach. He played for the National Hockey League's New Jersey Devils, Edmonton Oilers, New York Rangers and Tampa Bay Lightning. Zdeno Cíger was drafted 54th overall in the 1988 NHL Entry Draft by the New Jersey Devils as their 3rd choice. Cíger played in 352 NHL games, amassing 94 goals and 134 assists. His best year came up in 1995-1996 season when he scored 31 goals and added 39 assists, after which he would leave the NHL before briefly returning 6 years later during the 2001–02 NHL season.
Achievements
Bronze medal with Slovakia in 2003 Ice Hockey World Championships.
Bronze medal with Czechoslovakia in 1989 and 1990 Ice Hockey World Championships.
Team Slovakia - 106 games played / 34 goals
Team Czechoslovakia - 43 games played / 13 goals
Slovak Extraliga title with HC Slovan Bratislava in season 2006/2007
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
External links
1969 births
Czechoslovak ice hockey left wingers
Edmonton Oilers players
HK Dukla Trenčín players
HC Slovan Bratislava players
Ice hockey players at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Living people
New Jersey Devils draft picks
New Jersey Devils players
New York Rangers players
Olympic ice hockey players of Slovakia
People from Martin, Slovakia
Slovak ice hockey left wingers
Slovak ice hockey coaches
Slovakia men's national ice hockey team coaches
Tampa Bay Lightning players
Utica Devils players
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3986125
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHCT
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WHCT
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WHCT may refer to:
WHCT-LD, a low-power television station (channel 35) licensed to serve Hartford/New Haven, Connecticut, United States
WUVN, a television station (digital 22, virtual 18) licensed to serve Hartford, Connecticut, which held the call sign WHCT from 1955 to 2000
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3986130
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational%20phylogenetics
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Computational phylogenetics
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Computational phylogenetics is the application of computational algorithms, methods, and programs to phylogenetic analyses. The goal is to assemble a phylogenetic tree representing a hypothesis about the evolutionary ancestry of a set of genes, species, or other taxa. For example, these techniques have been used to explore the family tree of hominid species and the relationships between specific genes shared by many types of organisms.
Traditional phylogenetics relies on morphological data obtained by measuring and quantifying the phenotypic properties of representative organisms, while the more recent field of molecular phylogenetics uses nucleotide sequences encoding genes or amino acid sequences encoding proteins as the basis for classification.
Many forms of molecular phylogenetics are closely related to and make extensive use of sequence alignment in constructing and refining phylogenetic trees, which are used to classify the evolutionary relationships between homologous genes represented in the genomes of divergent species. The phylogenetic trees constructed by computational methods are unlikely to perfectly reproduce the evolutionary tree that represents the historical relationships between the species being analyzed. The historical species tree may also differ from the historical tree of an individual homologous gene shared by those species.
Types of phylogenetic trees and networks
Phylogenetic trees generated by computational phylogenetics can be either rooted or unrooted depending on the input data and the algorithm used. A rooted tree is a directed graph that explicitly identifies a most recent common ancestor (MRCA), usually an inputted sequence that is not represented in the input. Genetic distance measures can be used to plot a tree with the input sequences as leaf nodes and their distances from the root proportional to their genetic distance from the hypothesized MRCA. Identification of a root usually requires the inclusion in the input data of at least one "outgroup" known to be only distantly related to the sequences of interest.
By contrast, unrooted trees plot the distances and relationships between input sequences without making assumptions regarding their descent. An unrooted tree can always be produced from a rooted tree, but a root cannot usually be placed on an unrooted tree without additional data on divergence rates, such as the assumption of the molecular clock hypothesis.
The set of all possible phylogenetic trees for a given group of input sequences can be conceptualized as a discretely defined multidimensional "tree space" through which search paths can be traced by optimization algorithms. Although counting the total number of trees for a nontrivial number of input sequences can be complicated by variations in the definition of a tree topology, it is always true that there are more rooted than unrooted trees for a given number of inputs and choice of parameters.
Both rooted and unrooted phylogenetic trees can be further generalized to rooted or unrooted phylogenetic networks, which allow for the modeling of evolutionary phenomena such as hybridization or horizontal gene transfer.
Coding characters and defining homology
Morphological analysis
The basic problem in morphological phylogenetics is the assembly of a matrix representing a mapping from each of the taxa being compared to representative measurements for each of the phenotypic characteristics being used as a classifier. The types of phenotypic data used to construct this matrix depend on the taxa being compared; for individual species, they may involve measurements of average body size, lengths or sizes of particular bones or other physical features, or even behavioral manifestations. Of course, since not every possible phenotypic characteristic could be measured and encoded for analysis, the selection of which features to measure is a major inherent obstacle to the method. The decision of which traits to use as a basis for the matrix necessarily represents a hypothesis about which traits of a species or higher taxon are evolutionarily relevant. Morphological studies can be confounded by examples of convergent evolution of phenotypes. A major challenge in constructing useful classes is the high likelihood of inter-taxon overlap in the distribution of the phenotype's variation. The inclusion of extinct taxa in morphological analysis is often difficult due to absence of or incomplete fossil records, but has been shown to have a significant effect on the trees produced; in one study only the inclusion of extinct species of apes produced a morphologically derived tree that was consistent with that produced from molecular data.
Some phenotypic classifications, particularly those used when analyzing very diverse groups of taxa, are discrete and unambiguous; classifying organisms as possessing or lacking a tail, for example, is straightforward in the majority of cases, as is counting features such as eyes or vertebrae. However, the most appropriate representation of continuously varying phenotypic measurements is a controversial problem without a general solution. A common method is simply to sort the measurements of interest into two or more classes, rendering continuous observed variation as discretely classifiable (e.g., all examples with humerus bones longer than a given cutoff are scored as members of one state, and all members whose humerus bones are shorter than the cutoff are scored as members of a second state). This results in an easily manipulated data set but has been criticized for poor reporting of the basis for the class definitions and for sacrificing information compared to methods that use a continuous weighted distribution of measurements.
Because morphological data is extremely labor-intensive to collect, whether from literature sources or from field observations, reuse of previously compiled data matrices is not uncommon, although this may propagate flaws in the original matrix into multiple derivative analyses.
Molecular analysis
The problem of character coding is very different in molecular analyses, as the characters in biological sequence data are immediate and discretely defined - distinct nucleotides in DNA or RNA sequences and distinct amino acids in protein sequences. However, defining homology can be challenging due to the inherent difficulties of multiple sequence alignment. For a given gapped MSA, several rooted phylogenetic trees can be constructed that vary in their interpretations of which changes are "mutations" versus ancestral characters, and which events are insertion mutations or deletion mutations. For example, given only a pairwise alignment with a gap region, it is impossible to determine whether one sequence bears an insertion mutation or the other carries a deletion. The problem is magnified in MSAs with unaligned and nonoverlapping gaps. In practice, sizable regions of a calculated alignment may be discounted in phylogenetic tree construction to avoid integrating noisy data into the tree calculation.
Distance-matrix methods
Distance-matrix methods of phylogenetic analysis explicitly rely on a measure of "genetic distance" between the sequences being classified, and therefore, they require an MSA as an input. Distance is often defined as the fraction of mismatches at aligned positions, with gaps either ignored or counted as mismatches. Distance methods attempt to construct an all-to-all matrix from the sequence query set describing the distance between each sequence pair. From this is constructed a phylogenetic tree that places closely related sequences under the same interior node and whose branch lengths closely reproduce the observed distances between sequences. Distance-matrix methods may produce either rooted or unrooted trees, depending on the algorithm used to calculate them. They are frequently used as the basis for progressive and iterative types of multiple sequence alignments. The main disadvantage of distance-matrix methods is their inability to efficiently use information about local high-variation regions that appear across multiple subtrees.
UPGMA and WPGMA
The UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) and WPGMA (Weighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) methods produce rooted trees and require a constant-rate assumption - that is, it assumes an ultrametric tree in which the distances from the root to every branch tip are equal.
Neighbor-joining
Neighbor-joining methods apply general cluster analysis techniques to sequence analysis using genetic distance as a clustering metric. The simple neighbor-joining method produces unrooted trees, but it does not assume a constant rate of evolution (i.e., a molecular clock) across lineages.
Fitch–Margoliash method
The Fitch–Margoliash method uses a weighted least squares method for clustering based on genetic distance. Closely related sequences are given more weight in the tree construction process to correct for the increased inaccuracy in measuring distances between distantly related sequences. The distances used as input to the algorithm must be normalized to prevent large artifacts in computing relationships between closely related and distantly related groups. The distances calculated by this method must be linear; the linearity criterion for distances requires that the expected values of the branch lengths for two individual branches must equal the expected value of the sum of the two branch distances - a property that applies to biological sequences only when they have been corrected for the possibility of back mutations at individual sites. This correction is done through the use of a substitution matrix such as that derived from the Jukes-Cantor model of DNA evolution. The distance correction is only necessary in practice when the evolution rates differ among branches. Another modification of the algorithm can be helpful, especially in case of concentrated distances (please report to concentration of measure phenomenon and curse of dimensionality): that modification, described in, has been shown to improve the efficiency of the algorithm and its robustness.
The least-squares criterion applied to these distances is more accurate but less efficient than the neighbor-joining methods. An additional improvement that corrects for correlations between distances that arise from many closely related sequences in the data set can also be applied at increased computational cost. Finding the optimal least-squares tree with any correction factor is NP-complete, so heuristic search methods like those used in maximum-parsimony analysis are applied to the search through tree space.
Using outgroups
Independent information about the relationship between sequences or groups can be used to help reduce the tree search space and root unrooted trees. Standard usage of distance-matrix methods involves the inclusion of at least one outgroup sequence known to be only distantly related to the sequences of interest in the query set. This usage can be seen as a type of experimental control. If the outgroup has been appropriately chosen, it will have a much greater genetic distance and thus a longer branch length than any other sequence, and it will appear near the root of a rooted tree. Choosing an appropriate outgroup requires the selection of a sequence that is moderately related to the sequences of interest; too close a relationship defeats the purpose of the outgroup and too distant adds noise to the analysis. Care should also be taken to avoid situations in which the species from which the sequences were taken are distantly related, but the gene encoded by the sequences is highly conserved across lineages. Horizontal gene transfer, especially between otherwise divergent bacteria, can also confound outgroup usage.
Maximum parsimony
Maximum parsimony (MP) is a method of identifying the potential phylogenetic tree that requires the smallest total number of evolutionary events to explain the observed sequence data. Some ways of scoring trees also include a "cost" associated with particular types of evolutionary events and attempt to locate the tree with the smallest total cost. This is a useful approach in cases where not every possible type of event is equally likely - for example, when particular nucleotides or amino acids are known to be more mutable than others.
The most naive way of identifying the most parsimonious tree is simple enumeration - considering each possible tree in succession and searching for the tree with the smallest score. However, this is only possible for a relatively small number of sequences or species because the problem of identifying the most parsimonious tree is known to be NP-hard; consequently a number of heuristic search methods for optimization have been developed to locate a highly parsimonious tree, if not the best in the set. Most such methods involve a steepest descent-style minimization mechanism operating on a tree rearrangement criterion.
Branch and bound
The branch and bound algorithm is a general method used to increase the efficiency of searches for near-optimal solutions of NP-hard problems first applied to phylogenetics in the early 1980s. Branch and bound is particularly well suited to phylogenetic tree construction because it inherently requires dividing a problem into a tree structure as it subdivides the problem space into smaller regions. As its name implies, it requires as input both a branching rule (in the case of phylogenetics, the addition of the next species or sequence to the tree) and a bound (a rule that excludes certain regions of the search space from consideration, thereby assuming that the optimal solution cannot occupy that region). Identifying a good bound is the most challenging aspect of the algorithm's application to phylogenetics. A simple way of defining the bound is a maximum number of assumed evolutionary changes allowed per tree. A set of criteria known as Zharkikh's rules severely limit the search space by defining characteristics shared by all candidate "most parsimonious" trees. The two most basic rules require the elimination of all but one redundant sequence (for cases where multiple observations have produced identical data) and the elimination of character sites at which two or more states do not occur in at least two species. Under ideal conditions these rules and their associated algorithm would completely define a tree.
Sankoff-Morel-Cedergren algorithm
The Sankoff-Morel-Cedergren algorithm was among the first published methods to simultaneously produce an MSA and a phylogenetic tree for nucleotide sequences. The method uses a maximum parsimony calculation in conjunction with a scoring function that penalizes gaps and mismatches, thereby favoring the tree that introduces a minimal number of such events (an alternative view holds that the trees to be favored are those that maximize the amount of sequence similarity that can be interpreted as homology, a point of view that may lead to different optimal trees ). The imputed sequences at the interior nodes of the tree are scored and summed over all the nodes in each possible tree. The lowest-scoring tree sum provides both an optimal tree and an optimal MSA given the scoring function. Because the method is highly computationally intensive, an approximate method in which initial guesses for the interior alignments are refined one node at a time. Both the full and the approximate version are in practice calculated by dynamic programming.
MALIGN and POY
More recent phylogenetic tree/MSA methods use heuristics to isolate high-scoring, but not necessarily optimal, trees. The MALIGN method uses a maximum-parsimony technique to compute a multiple alignment by maximizing a cladogram score, and its companion POY uses an iterative method that couples the optimization of the phylogenetic tree with improvements in the corresponding MSA. However, the use of these methods in constructing evolutionary hypotheses has been criticized as biased due to the deliberate construction of trees reflecting minimal evolutionary events. This, in turn, has been countered by the view that such methods should be seen as heuristic approaches to find the trees that maximize the amount of sequence similarity that can be interpreted as homology.
Maximum likelihood
The maximum likelihood method uses standard statistical techniques for inferring probability distributions to assign probabilities to particular possible phylogenetic trees. The method requires a substitution model to assess the probability of particular mutations; roughly, a tree that requires more mutations at interior nodes to explain the observed phylogeny will be assessed as having a lower probability. This is broadly similar to the maximum-parsimony method, but maximum likelihood allows additional statistical flexibility by permitting varying rates of evolution across both lineages and sites. In fact, the method requires that evolution at different sites and along different lineages must be statistically independent. Maximum likelihood is thus well suited to the analysis of distantly related sequences, but it is believed to be computationally intractable to compute due to its NP-hardness.
The "pruning" algorithm, a variant of dynamic programming, is often used to reduce the search space by efficiently calculating the likelihood of subtrees. The method calculates the likelihood for each site in a "linear" manner, starting at a node whose only descendants are leaves (that is, the tips of the tree) and working backwards toward the "bottom" node in nested sets. However, the trees produced by the method are only rooted if the substitution model is irreversible, which is not generally true of biological systems. The search for the maximum-likelihood tree also includes a branch length optimization component that is difficult to improve upon algorithmically; general global optimization tools such as the Newton–Raphson method are often used.
Some tools that use maximum likelihood to infer phylogenetic trees from variant allelic frequency data (VAFs) include AncesTree and CITUP.
Bayesian inference
Bayesian inference can be used to produce phylogenetic trees in a manner closely related to the maximum likelihood methods. Bayesian methods assume a prior probability distribution of the possible trees, which may simply be the probability of any one tree among all the possible trees that could be generated from the data, or may be a more sophisticated estimate derived from the assumption that divergence events such as speciation occur as stochastic processes. The choice of prior distribution is a point of contention among users of Bayesian-inference phylogenetics methods.
Implementations of Bayesian methods generally use Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling algorithms, although the choice of move set varies; selections used in Bayesian phylogenetics include circularly permuting leaf nodes of a proposed tree at each step and swapping descendant subtrees of a random internal node between two related trees. The use of Bayesian methods in phylogenetics has been controversial, largely due to incomplete specification of the choice of move set, acceptance criterion, and prior distribution in published work. Bayesian methods are generally held to be superior to parsimony-based methods; they can be more prone to long-branch attraction than maximum likelihood techniques, although they are better able to accommodate missing data.
Whereas likelihood methods find the tree that maximizes the probability of the data, a Bayesian approach recovers a tree that represents the most likely clades, by drawing on the posterior distribution. However, estimates of the posterior probability of clades (measuring their 'support') can be quite wide of the mark, especially in clades that aren't overwhelmingly likely. As such, other methods have been put forwards to estimate posterior probability.
Some tools that use Bayesian inference to infer phylogenetic trees from variant allelic frequency data (VAFs) include Canopy, EXACT, and PhyloWGS.
Model selection
Molecular phylogenetics methods rely on a defined substitution model that encodes a hypothesis about the relative rates of mutation at various sites along the gene or amino acid sequences being studied. At their simplest, substitution models aim to correct for differences in the rates of transitions and transversions in nucleotide sequences. The use of substitution models is necessitated by the fact that the genetic distance between two sequences increases linearly only for a short time after the two sequences diverge from each other (alternatively, the distance is linear only shortly before coalescence). The longer the amount of time after divergence, the more likely it becomes that two mutations occur at the same nucleotide site. Simple genetic distance calculations will thus undercount the number of mutation events that have occurred in evolutionary history. The extent of this undercount increases with increasing time since divergence, which can lead to the phenomenon of long branch attraction, or the misassignment of two distantly related but convergently evolving sequences as closely related. The maximum parsimony method is particularly susceptible to this problem due to its explicit search for a tree representing a minimum number of distinct evolutionary events.
Types of models
All substitution models assign a set of weights to each possible change of state represented in the sequence. The most common model types are implicitly reversible because they assign the same weight to, for example, a G>C nucleotide mutation as to a C>G mutation. The simplest possible model, the Jukes-Cantor model, assigns an equal probability to every possible change of state for a given nucleotide base. The rate of change between any two distinct nucleotides will be one-third of the overall substitution rate. More advanced models distinguish between transitions and transversions. The most general possible time-reversible model, called the GTR model, has six mutation rate parameters. An even more generalized model known as the general 12-parameter model breaks time-reversibility, at the cost of much additional complexity in calculating genetic distances that are consistent among multiple lineages. One possible variation on this theme adjusts the rates so that overall GC content - an important measure of DNA double helix stability - varies over time.
Models may also allow for the variation of rates with positions in the input sequence. The most obvious example of such variation follows from the arrangement of nucleotides in protein-coding genes into three-base codons. If the location of the open reading frame (ORF) is known, rates of mutation can be adjusted for position of a given site within a codon, since it is known that wobble base pairing can allow for higher mutation rates in the third nucleotide of a given codon without affecting the codon's meaning in the genetic code. A less hypothesis-driven example that does not rely on ORF identification simply assigns to each site a rate randomly drawn from a predetermined distribution, often the gamma distribution or log-normal distribution. Finally, a more conservative estimate of rate variations known as the covarion method allows autocorrelated variations in rates, so that the mutation rate of a given site is correlated across sites and lineages.
Choosing the best model
The selection of an appropriate model is critical for the production of good phylogenetic analyses, both because underparameterized or overly restrictive models may produce aberrant behavior when their underlying assumptions are violated, and because overly complex or overparameterized models are computationally expensive and the parameters may be overfit. The most common method of model selection is the likelihood ratio test (LRT), which produces a likelihood estimate that can be interpreted as a measure of "goodness of fit" between the model and the input data. However, care must be taken in using these results, since a more complex model with more parameters will always have a higher likelihood than a simplified version of the same model, which can lead to the naive selection of models that are overly complex. For this reason model selection computer programs will choose the simplest model that is not significantly worse than more complex substitution models. A significant disadvantage of the LRT is the necessity of making a series of pairwise comparisons between models; it has been shown that the order in which the models are compared has a major effect on the one that is eventually selected.
An alternative model selection method is the Akaike information criterion (AIC), formally an estimate of the Kullback–Leibler divergence between the true model and the model being tested. It can be interpreted as a likelihood estimate with a correction factor to penalize overparameterized models. The AIC is calculated on an individual model rather than a pair, so it is independent of the order in which models are assessed. A related alternative, the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), has a similar basic interpretation but penalizes complex models more heavily. Determining the most suitable model for phylogeny reconstruction constitutes a fundamental step in numerous evolutionary studies. However, various criteria for model selection are leading to debate over which criterion is preferable. It has recently been shown that, when topologies and ancestral sequence reconstruction are the desired output, choosing one criterion over another is not crucial. Instead, using the most complex nucleotide substitution model, GTR+I
+G, leads to similar results for the inference of tree topology and ancestral sequences.
A comprehensive step-by-step protocol on constructing phylogenetic trees, including DNA/Amino Acid contiguous sequence assembly, multiple sequence alignment, model-test (testing best-fitting substitution models) and phylogeny reconstruction using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference, is available at Protocol Exchange
A non traditional way of evaluating the phylogenetic tree is to compare it with clustering result. One can use a Multidimensional Scaling technique, so called Interpolative Joining to do dimensionality reduction to visualize the clustering result for the sequences in 3D, and then map the phylogenetic tree onto the clustering result. A better tree usually has a higher correlation with the clustering result.
Evaluating tree support
As with all statistical analysis, the estimation of phylogenies from character data requires an evaluation of confidence. A number of methods exist to test the amount of support for a phylogenetic tree, either by evaluating the support for each sub-tree in the phylogeny (nodal support) or evaluating whether the phylogeny is significantly different from other possible trees (alternative tree hypothesis tests).
Nodal support
The most common method for assessing tree support is to evaluate the statistical support for each node on the tree. Typically, a node with very low support is not considered valid in further analysis, and visually may be collapsed into a polytomy to indicate that relationships within a clade are unresolved.
Consensus tree
Many methods for assessing nodal support involve consideration of multiple phylogenies. The consensus tree summarizes the nodes that are shared among a set of trees. In a *strict consensus,* only nodes found in every tree are shown, and the rest are collapsed into an unresolved polytomy. Less conservative methods, such as the *majority-rule consensus* tree, consider nodes that are supported by a given percentage of trees under consideration (such as at least 50%).
For example, in maximum parsimony analysis, there may be many trees with the same parsimony score. A strict consensus tree would show which nodes are found in all equally parsimonious trees, and which nodes differ. Consensus trees are also used to evaluate support on phylogenies reconstructed with Bayesian inference (see below).
Bootstrapping and jackknifing
In statistics, the bootstrap is a method for inferring the variability of data that has an unknown distribution using pseudoreplications of the original data. For example, given a set of 100 data points, a pseudoreplicate is a data set of the same size (100 points) randomly sampled from the original data, with replacement. That is, each original data point may be represented more than once in the pseudoreplicate, or not at all. Statistical support involves evaluation of whether the original data has similar properties to a large set of pseudoreplicates.
In phylogenetics, bootstrapping is conducted using the columns of the character matrix. Each pseudoreplicate contains the same number of species (rows) and characters (columns) randomly sampled from the original matrix, with replacement. A phylogeny is reconstructed from each pseudoreplicate, with the same methods used to reconstruct the phylogeny from the original data. For each node on the phylogeny, the nodal support is the percentage of pseudoreplicates containing that node.
The statistical rigor of the bootstrap test has been empirically evaluated using viral populations with known evolutionary histories, finding that 70% bootstrap support corresponds to a 95% probability that the clade exists. However, this was tested under ideal conditions (e.g. no change in evolutionary rates, symmetric phylogenies). In practice, values above 70% are generally supported and left to the researcher or reader to evaluate confidence. Nodes with support lower than 70% are typically considered unresolved.
Jackknifing in phylogenetics is a similar procedure, except the columns of the matrix are sampled without replacement. Pseudoreplicates are generated by randomly subsampling the data—for example, a "10% jackknife" would involve randomly sampling 10% of the matrix many times to evaluate nodal support.
Posterior probability
Reconstruction of phylogenies using Bayesian inference generates a posterior distribution of highly probable trees given the data and evolutionary model, rather than a single "best" tree. The trees in the posterior distribution generally have many different topologies. When the input data is variant allelic frequency data (VAF), the tool EXACT can compute the probabilities of trees exactly, for small, biologically relevant tree sizes, by exhaustively searching the entire tree space.
Most Bayesian inference methods utilize a Markov-chain Monte Carlo iteration, and the initial steps of this chain are not considered reliable reconstructions of the phylogeny. Trees generated early in the chain are usually discarded as burn-in. The most common method of evaluating nodal support in a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis is to calculate the percentage of trees in the posterior distribution (post-burn-in) which contain the node.
The statistical support for a node in Bayesian inference is expected to reflect the probability that a clade really exists given the data and evolutionary model. Therefore, the threshold for accepting a node as supported is generally higher than for bootstrapping.
Step counting methods
Bremer support counts the number of extra steps needed to contradict a clade.
Shortcomings
These measures each have their weaknesses. For example, smaller or larger clades tend to attract larger support values than mid-sized clades, simply as a result of the number of taxa in them.
Bootstrap support can provide high estimates of node support as a result of noise in the data rather than the true existence of a clade.
Limitations and workarounds
Ultimately, there is no way to measure whether a particular phylogenetic hypothesis is accurate or not, unless the true relationships among the taxa being examined are already known (which may happen with bacteria or viruses under laboratory conditions). The best result an empirical phylogeneticist can hope to attain is a tree with branches that are well supported by the available evidence. Several potential pitfalls have been identified:
Homoplasy
Certain characters are more likely to evolve convergently than others; logically, such characters should be given less weight in the reconstruction of a tree. Weights in the form of a model of evolution can be inferred from sets of molecular data, so that maximum likelihood or Bayesian methods can be used to analyze them. For molecular sequences, this problem is exacerbated when the taxa under study have diverged substantially. As time since the divergence of two taxa increase, so does the probability of multiple substitutions on the same site, or back mutations, all of which result in homoplasies. For morphological data, unfortunately, the only objective way to determine convergence is by the construction of a tree – a somewhat circular method. Even so, weighting homoplasious characters does indeed lead to better-supported trees. Further refinement can be brought by weighting changes in one direction higher than changes in another; for instance, the presence of thoracic wings almost guarantees placement among the pterygote insects because, although wings are often lost secondarily, there is no evidence that they have been gained more than once.
Horizontal gene transfer
In general, organisms can inherit genes in two ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer is the passage of genes from parent to offspring, and horizontal (also called lateral) gene transfer occurs when genes jump between unrelated organisms, a common phenomenon especially in prokaryotes; a good example of this is the acquired antibiotic resistance as a result of gene exchange between various bacteria leading to multi-drug-resistant bacterial species. There have also been well-documented cases of horizontal gene transfer between eukaryotes.
Horizontal gene transfer has complicated the determination of phylogenies of organisms, and inconsistencies in phylogeny have been reported among specific groups of organisms depending on the genes used to construct evolutionary trees. The only way to determine which genes have been acquired vertically and which horizontally is to parsimoniously assume that the largest set of genes that have been inherited together have been inherited vertically; this requires analyzing a large number of genes.
Hybrids, speciation, introgressions and incomplete lineage sorting
The basic assumption underlying the mathematical model of cladistics is a situation where species split neatly in bifurcating fashion. While such an assumption may hold on a larger scale (bar horizontal gene transfer, see above), speciation is often much less orderly. Research since the cladistic method was introduced has shown that hybrid speciation, once thought rare, is in fact quite common, particularly in plants. Also paraphyletic speciation is common, making the assumption of a bifurcating pattern unsuitable, leading to phylogenetic networks rather than trees. Introgression can also move genes between otherwise distinct species and sometimes even genera, complicating phylogenetic analysis based on genes. This phenomenon can contribute to "incomplete lineage sorting" and is thought to be a common phenomenon across a number of groups. In species level analysis this can be dealt with by larger sampling or better whole genome analysis. Often the problem is avoided by restricting the analysis to fewer, not closely related specimens.
Taxon sampling
Owing to the development of advanced sequencing techniques in molecular biology, it has become feasible to gather large amounts of data (DNA or amino acid sequences) to infer phylogenetic hypotheses. For example, it is not rare to find studies with character matrices based on whole mitochondrial genomes (~16,000 nucleotides, in many animals). However, simulations have shown that it is more important to increase the number of taxa in the matrix than to increase the number of characters, because the more taxa there are, the more accurate and more robust is the resulting phylogenetic tree. This may be partly due to the breaking up of long branches.
Phylogenetic signal
Another important factor that affects the accuracy of tree reconstruction is whether the data analyzed actually contain a useful phylogenetic signal, a term that is used generally to denote whether a character evolves slowly enough to have the same state in closely related taxa as opposed to varying randomly. Tests for phylogenetic signal exist.
Continuous characters
Morphological characters that sample a continuum may contain phylogenetic signal, but are hard to code as discrete characters. Several methods have been used, one of which is gap coding, and there are variations on gap coding. In the original form of gap coding:group means for a character are first ordered by size. The pooled within-group standard deviation is calculated ... and differences between adjacent means ... are compared relative to this standard deviation. Any pair of adjacent means is considered different and given different integer scores ... if the means are separated by a "gap" greater than the within-group standard deviation ... times some arbitrary constant. If more taxa are added to the analysis, the gaps between taxa may become so small that all information is lost. Generalized gap coding works around that problem by comparing individual pairs of taxa rather than considering one set that contains all of the taxa.
Missing data
In general, the more data that are available when constructing a tree, the more accurate and reliable the resulting tree will be. Missing data are no more detrimental than simply having fewer data, although the impact is greatest when most of the missing data are in a small number of taxa. Concentrating the missing data across a small number of characters produces a more robust tree.
The role of fossils
Because many characters involve embryological, or soft-tissue or molecular characters that (at best) hardly ever fossilize, and the interpretation of fossils is more ambiguous than that of living taxa, extinct taxa almost invariably have higher proportions of missing data than living ones. However, despite these limitations, the inclusion of fossils is invaluable, as they can provide information in sparse areas of trees, breaking up long branches and constraining intermediate character states; thus, fossil taxa contribute as much to tree resolution as modern taxa. Fossils can also constrain the age of lineages and thus demonstrate how consistent a tree is with the stratigraphic record; stratocladistics incorporates age information into data matrices for phylogenetic analyses.
See also
List of phylogenetics software
Bayesian network
Bioinformatics
Cladistics
Computational biology
Disk-covering method
Evolutionary dynamics
Microbial phylogenetics
PHYLIP
Phylogenetic comparative methods
Phylogenetic tree
Phylogenetics
Population genetics
Quantitative comparative linguistics
Statistical classification
Systematics
Taxonomy (biology)
References
Further reading
External links
Phylogenetics
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3986137
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeongnam%20Ilbo%20Cup
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Yeongnam Ilbo Cup
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The Yeongnam Ilbo Cup (영남일보배) was a Go competition in South Korea held in 2005.
Past winners
Go competitions in South Korea
2005 in go
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3986138
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit%20Martin
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Pit Martin
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Hubert Jacques "Pit" Martin (December 9, 1943 – November 30, 2008) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who served as captain for the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1975 to 1977. He was an NHL All-Star and Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winner.
Martin played seventeen seasons in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings, Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks and Vancouver Canucks.
Playing career
Nicknamed Pit after a comic strip character in a French newspaper, Martin was scouted by former NHL goaltender Wilf Cude and joined the Red Wings organization. He is remembered among hockey fans as being involved in one of the most one-sided trades in history.
Martin got his first NHL goal as a member of the Detroit Red Wings in his team's 5-2 loss to the Montreal Canadiens on December 7, 1963.
Martin scored four goals in a single game on January 27, 1966 in Boston's 5-3 victory over Chicago.
In May 1967, Martin, along with Gilles Marotte and Jack Norris, was traded from Boston to Chicago for Phil Esposito, Ken Hodge, and Fred Stanfield, who would become core elements of future Boston powerhouse teams. However, Martin himself was a bright spot of the trade for the Black Hawks, starring for them for ten seasons as a skilled two-way centre. He was selected to play in the NHL All-Star Game in four straight seasons.
Martin played 1101 career NHL games from 1961–62 to 1978–79. He recorded 324 goals and 485 assists for 809 points. His best statistical season was the 1972–73 season when he set career highs with 61 assists and 90 points, adding ten goals in the playoffs as the Hawks made it to the Stanley Cup finals. He wore number 7.
Death
On November 30, 2008, Martin was reported missing following a snowmobile accident on Lake Kanasuta near Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. He was riding a snowmobile behind a friend when the ice on the lake collapsed shortly after his friend had passed over it. Martin was pronounced dead on December 1, 2008. On December 2, 2008, Quebec Provincial Police divers recovered Martin's body from the lake.
Awards
OHA-Jr. First All-Star Team (1962)
OHA-Jr. MVP (1962)
Bill Masterton Trophy (1970)
National Hockey League All-Star Game (1971, 1972, 1973, 1974)
Career statistics
See also
List of NHL players with 1000 games played
References
External links
AP Obituary in the Chicago Sun-Times
1943 births
2008 deaths
Accidental deaths in Quebec
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey centres
Chicago Blackhawks captains
Chicago Blackhawks players
Deaths by drowning in Canada
Detroit Red Wings players
Hamilton Red Wings (OHA) players
Hamilton Tiger Cubs players
Sportspeople from Rouyn-Noranda
Pittsburgh Hornets players
Vancouver Canucks players
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy winners
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3986141
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1736%20in%20Canada
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1736 in Canada
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Events from the year 1736 in Canada.
Incumbents
French Monarch: Louis XV
British and Irish Monarch: George II
Governors
Governor General of New France: Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois
Colonial Governor of Louisiana: Jean-Baptiste le Moyne de Bienville
Governor of Nova Scotia: Lawrence Armstrong
Commodore-Governor of Newfoundland: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville
Events
Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau, Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye and 19 French voyageurs were headed from Fort St. Charles to Montreal via Fort St. Pierre. On their first night out they were massacred by Sioux warriors on a nearby island in Lake of the Woods. The date was June 8.
Deaths
March 25 - François-Marie Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes, explorer and soldier (born 1700).
Full date unknown
Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye died May 10 of this year. In ill health he was travelling from Fort Maurepas (Canada) on the Red River to Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods. He was buried near the junction of the Red and Rousseau rivers (born 1708).
Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye died June 6, the eldest son of Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye (born 1713).
Historical documents
"Cape Breton will remain a Thorn in our Sides" - With Cape Breton's troops and Acadians' numbers, French frustrate British in Nova Scotia
Two priests who reject Council orders in "a most Insolent, Audacious & Disrespectfull manner" are ordered to leave Nova Scotia
Doors of "Mass house" up Annapolis River to "be Closly Naild Up" as Council deals with another priest's alleged defiance
"A. does not know what to do" - Lt. Gov. Lawrence Armstrong frustrated that Acadians and Île-Royale governor resist banishment of two priests
Armstrong invokes treaty with Indigenous people near Cape Sable to get their help in case of murder and robbery aboard ship "Baltimore"
Armstrong summarizes evidence to date in curious case of supposed lone survivor left from ship "Baltimore," forced by bad weather into port
Armstrong updates Board of Trade on Baltimore case, suspecting lone witness is lying and that convicts on-board killed crew
When petitioned about plan to reroute rivulet landowners fear will harm them, Council advises community consultation and its own visit to site
Nova Scotia government to be set up with governor, council, courts and (with "competent number of Freemen, planters and inhabitants") assembly
Fewer French in Port-aux-Basques than thought, capital-crime witnesses still evade trip to England, and JPs are better lawmen than admirals
Priest gives general absolution to crew of French ship in fierce November storm, run aground off Anticosti Island (they get to shore)
Map: Cape Sable to Strait of Belle Isle and Gaspé to Grand Banks
George Clarke says New York can be bulwark against French by settling Kanien’kéhà:ka country with thousands of European Protestants
Clarke recommends Assembly fund new fort at "upper End of the Mohauks Country" to "cover" it and provide protective link to Oswego
Penobscot, denying French influence, insist Massachusetts governor must prevent settlement up Saint George River to preserve peace
Detailed proposal for sending two sloops from Churchill to search for passage west out of Hudson Bay and record tides, soundings etc.
Hudson's Bay Company orders ships north along Bay's western shore to establish trade and record details of land and waters
French have no claim to Canada because merely asking Indigenous people for permission to settle gives foreigners right of dominion
At Lake of the Woods, Jesuit priest describes "this wretched country" and "morally degraded" Cree (Note: racial stereotypes)
References
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3986151
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Assam
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History of Assam
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The history of Assam is the history of a confluence of people from the east, west, south and the north; the confluence of the Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman (Sino-Tibetan), Tai and Indo-Aryan cultures. Although invaded over the centuries, it was never a vassal or a colony to an external power until the third Burmese invasion in 1821, and, subsequently, the British ingress into Assam in 1824 during the First Anglo-Burmese War.
The Assamese history has been derived from multiple sources. The Ahom kingdom of medieval Assam maintained chronicles, called Buranjis, written in the Ahom and the Assamese languages. History of ancient Assam comes from a corpus of Kamarupa inscriptions on rock, copper plates, clay; royal grants, etc. that the Kamarupa kings issued during their reign.
The history of Assam can be divided into four eras. The ancient era began in the 4th century with the mention of Kamarupa in Samudragupta's inscriptions on the Allahabad pillar and the establishment of the Kamarupa kingdom. The medieval era began with the attacks from the Bengal Sultanate, the first of which took place in 1206 by Bakhtiyar Khilji as mentioned in the Kanai-boroxiboa rock inscription, after the breakup of the ancient kingdom and the sprouting of medieval kingdoms and chieftain-ships in its place. The colonial era began with the establishment of British control after the Treaty of Yandaboo in 1826, and the post-colonial era began in 1947 after the Independence of India.
A common theme of Medieval kingship narratives in Assam is associated with shaktism and the Kamakhya temple.
Prehistory
Paleolithic cultures
The earliest inhabitants of the region are assigned to the Middle Pleistocene period (781,000 to 126,000 years ago) in the Rongram valley of Garo Hills. The Paleolithic sites, which used handaxe-cleaver tools, have affinities to the Abbevillio-Acheulean culture. Other Paleolithic sites include those in the Daphabum area of Lohit district in Arunachal Pradesh which used stone tools from metamorphic rocks. The cave-based Paleolithic sites at Khangkhui in Ukhrul, Manipur, are placed in the Late Pleistocene period.
There exists evidence of a microlithic culture in the Rongram Valley of Garo Hills that lie between the neolithic layers and virgin soil. The microliths here were made of dolerite, unlike those from the rest of India. Shreds of crude hand-made pottery indicate that the microlithic people were hunters and food-gatherers.
Neolithic cultures
Early Neolithic cultures based on the unifacially flaked hand-axe in the Garo hills have developed in line with the Hoabinhian culture, and it is conjectured that this region was the contact point for the Indian and the Southeast Asian cultures.
The Late neolithic cultures have affinities with the spread of the Mon Khmer speaking people from Malaysia and the Ayeyarwady valley and late neolithic developments in South China. Since these cultures have been dated to 4500–4000 BCE, the Assam sites are dated to approximately that period.
These neolithic sites, though widely spread, are concentrated in the hills and high grounds, due possibly to the floods. These cultures performed shifting cultivation called jhum, which is still practiced by some communities in the region. Some typical sites are Daojali Hading in Dima Hasao, Sarutaru in Kamrup district and Selbagiri in the Garo Hills.
Metal age
There exists no archaeological evidence of Copper-Bronze or Iron Age culture in the region. This might seem like an impossibility given that corresponding cultures have been discovered in Bengal as well as Southeast Asia. It can only be conjectured that metal age sites in the region exist but have not yet been discovered.
Megalithic cultures
Though the metal age seems to be missing in Assam, the Iron Age Megalithic culture of South India finds an echo in the rich megalithic culture in the region, which begins to appear earlier than the late second millennium BCE, and which continues till today among the Khasi and the Naga people. The affinity is with Southeast Asia. The megalithic culture was the precursor of the fertility cult and the Saktism and the Vajrayana Buddhism that followed.
Ancient Assam (350–1206)
The historical account of Assam begins with the establishment of Pushyavarman's Varman dynasty in the 4th century in the Kamarupa kingdom, which marks the beginning of Ancient Assam. The kingdom reached its traditional extent, from the Karatoya in the west to Sadiya in the east. This and the two succeeding dynasties drew their lineage from the mythical Narakasura. The kingdom reached its zenith under Bhaskaravarman in the 7th century. Xuanzang visited his court and left behind a significant account. Bhaskaravarman died without leaving behind an issue and the control of the country passed to Salasthamba, who established the Mlechchha dynasty. After the fall of the Mlechchha dynasty in the late 9th century, a new ruler, Brahmapala was elected, who established the Pala dynasty. The last Pala king was removed by the Gaur king, Ramapala, in 1110. But the two subsequent kings, Timgyadeva and Vaidyadeva, though established by the Gaur kings, ruled mostly as independents and issued grants under the old Kamarupa seals. The fall of subsequent kings and the rise of individual kingdoms in the 12th century in place of the Kamarupa kingdom marked the end of the Kamarupa kingdom and the period of Ancient Assam.
Medieval Assam (1206–1826)
See: Kamata kingdom, Ahom kingdom, Chutiya kingdom, Kachari kingdom, Bhuyan chieftains.
In the middle of the 13th century, Sandhya, a king of Kamarupanagara, moved his capital to Kamatapur, and thus established the Kamata kingdom. on account of attacks by the Turks of Bengal. The last of the Kamata kings, the Khens, were
removed by Alauddin Hussain Shah in 1498. But Hussein Shah and subsequent rulers could not consolidate their rule in the Kamata kingdom, mainly due to the revolt by the Bhuyan chieftains, a relic of the Kamarupa administration, and other local groups. Soon after in the beginning of the 16th century Vishwa Singha of the Koch tribe established the Koch dynasty in the Kamata kingdom. The Koch dynasty reached its peak under his sons, Nara Narayan and Chilarai.
In the eastern part of present Assam, the Kachari (south bank of river Brahmaputra, central Assam) and the Chutiya (north bank of river Brahmaputra, eastern Assam) kingdoms arose, with some Bhuyan chiefs controlling the region just west of the Chutiya kingdom. In the tract between the Kachari and the Chutiya kingdoms, a Shan group, led by Sukaphaa, established the Ahom kingdom. The 16th century is crucial in the history of medieval period because of the consolidation of the Ahoms (who annexed the Chutiya kingdom and pushed the Kachari kingdom away from central Assam) in the east, the Koch in the west and the growth of Ekasarana Dharma of Srimanta Sankardev. After the death of Nara Narayan of the Koch dynasty in the late 16th century, the Kamata kingdom broke into Koch Bihar in the west and Koch Hajo in the east. The rivalry between the two kingdoms resulted in the former allying with the Mughals and the latter with the Ahoms. Most of the 17th century saw the Ahom-Mughal conflicts, in which the Ahoms held the expansive Mughals at bay epitomized in the Battle of Saraighat of 1671, and which finally ended in 1682 with the defeat of the Mughals at Itakhuli in Guwahati. The Ahom kingdom reached its westernmost boundary till Manas River which it retains until 1826. Though the Ahom kingdom saw itself as the inheritor of the glory of the erstwhile Kamarupa kingdom and aspired to extend itself to the Karatoya river, it could never do so; though an Ahom general, Ton Kham under Suhungmung, reached the river once when he pursued a retreating invading army in the 16th century.
After the Ahom kingdom reached its zenith, problems within the kingdom arose in the 18th century, when it lost power briefly to rebels of the Moamoria rebellion. Though the Ahoms recaptured power, it was beset with problems, leading to the Burmese invasion of Assam in the early 19th century. With the defeat of the Burmese in the First Anglo-Burmese war and the subsequent Treaty of Yandaboo, control of Assam passed into the hands of the British, which marks the end of the Medieval period.
Colonial Assam (1826–1947)
British annexation of Assam
{{Multiple image
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|image1=Swahid udyan of Barhampur in Assam.jpg
|caption1=An artistic depiction of the Indian Independence movement in Assam
|image2=Kanaklata Udyan, Tezpur.jpg
|caption2= An artistic depiction of ''Kanaklata Baruas struggle against the British rule in Assam
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In 1824, the First Anglo-Burmese War broke out. The British attacked the Burmese garrison in Assam and by 1825, the Burmese were expelled from Assam.Barbaruah Hiteshwar Ahomar Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st Edition 1981 Assam Publication Board Guwahati page 327-328Bhuyan S.K. Tungkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam 1681–1826 A.D. Department of Historical and Antiquarian studies in Assam, Guwahati 2nd Edition 1968 page 210-211 According to the Treaty of Yandabo, the Burmese Monarch Bagyidaw renounce all claims on Assam. The British thus became the masters of Brahmaputra Valley and they began to consolidate their rule in Assam. In 1830, the Kachari king Govinda Chandra was assassinated. Seizing this opportunity, the British annexed Kachari kingdom in 1832. In 1833, the Ahom prince Purandar Singha was made a tributary ruler in Upper Assam. But owing to mismanagement and failure to pay regular revenue, the British authorities annexed his kingdom in 1838. In 1835, the kingdom of Jaintia was also annexed. In 1842, the region of Matak and Sadiya was also annexed by British authorities, and in 1854, the North Cachar Hill district, under Tularam Senapati's administration, was also annexed into British Empire, thereby completing their conquest and consolidation of their rule in Assam.
Colonial ruleBengal Presidency (1826–1873): Assam was included as a part of the Bengal Presidency. The annexation of upper Assam is attributed to the successful manufacture of tea in 1837, and the beginning of the Assam Company in 1839. Under the Wasteland Rules of 1838, it became nearly impossible for natives to start plantations. After the liberalization of the rules in 1854, there was a land rush. The Chinese staff that was imported earlier for the cultivation of tea left Assam in 1843, when tea plantations came to be tended by local labor solely, mainly by those belonging to the Kachari group. From 1859 central Indian labor was imported for the tea plantations. This labor, based on an unbreakable contract, led to a virtual slavery of this labor group. The conditions in which they were transported to Assam were so horrific that about 10% never survived the journey. The colonial government already had monopoly over the opium trade.
There were immediate protests and revolts against the British occupation. In 1828, two years after the Treaty of Yandaboo, Gomdhar Konwar rose in revolt against the British, but he was easily suppressed. In 1830 Dhananjoy Burhagohain, Piyali Phukan and Jiuram Medhi rose in revolt, and they were sentenced to death. In the Indian Rebellion of 1857, rebels supporters offered resistance in the form of non-cooperation, and Maniram Dewan and Piyali Baruah were executed for their roles. In 1861 peasants of Nagaon gathered at Phulaguri for a raiz mel (peoples' assembly) to protest against taxes on betel-nut and paan. An officer sent to confront the peasants, Lt. Singer, got into a fracas with the peasants and was killed, after which the protests were violently suppressed.Chief Commissioner's Province (1874–1905): In 1874, the Assam region was separated from the Bengal Presidency, Sylhet was added to it and its status was upgraded to a Chief Commissioner's Province. The capital was at Shillong. The people of Sylhet protested the inclusion in Assam. Assamese, which was replaced by Bengali as the official language in 1837, was reinstated alongside Bengali. In 1889, oil was discovered at Digboi giving rise to an oil industry. In this period Nagaon witnessed starvation deaths, and there was a decrease in the indigenous population, which was more than adequately compensated by the immigrant labor. Colonialism was well entrenched, and the tea, oil and coal-mining industries were putting increasing pressure on the agricultural sector which was lagging behind.
The peasants, burdened under the opium monopoly and the usury by money lenders, rose again in revolt. Numerous raiz mels decided against paying the taxes. The protests culminated in a bayonet charge against the protesters at Patharughat in 1894. At least 15 were left dead and in the violent repression that followed villagers were tortured and their properties were destroyed or looted. In 1903, Assam Association was formed with Manik Chandra Baruah as the first secretary.Eastern Bengal and Assam under Lt. Governor (1906–1912): Bengal was partitioned and East Bengal was added to the Chief Commissioner's Province. The new region, now ruled by a Lt. Governor, had its capital at Dhaka. This province had a 15-member legislative council in which Assam had two seats. The members for these seats were recommended (not elected) by rotating groups of public bodies.
The Partition of Bengal was strongly protested in Bengal, and the people of Assam were not happy either. The partition was finally annulled by a royal decree in 1911. The Swadeshi movement (1905–1908) from this period, went largely unfelt in Assam, though it stirred some, most notably Ambikagiri Raychoudhury.
Beginning 1905 peasants from East Bengal began settling down in the riverine tracts (char) of the Brahmaputra valley encouraged by the colonial government to increase agricultural production and government had successful on that mission[]. Between 1905 and 1921, the immigrant population from East Bengal increased four folds. The immigration continued in post colonial times, giving rise to the Assam Agitation of 1979.Assam Legislative Council (1912–1920): The administrative unit was reverted to a Chief Commissioner's Province (Assam plus Sylhet), with a Legislative Council added. The Council had 25 members, of which the Chief Commissioner and 13 nominated members formed the bulk. The other members were elected by local public bodies like municipalities, local boards, landholders, tea planters and Muslims.
As Assam got sucked into the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Assam Association slowly transformed itself into the Assam Pradesh Congress Committee (with 5 seats in AICC) in 1920–21.Dyarchy (1921–1937): Under the Government of India Act 1919 the Assam Legislative Council membership was increased to 53, of which 33 were elected by special constituencies. The powers of the Council were increased too; but in effect, the official group, consisting of the Europeans, the nominated members etc. had the most influence.Assam Legislative Assembly (1937–1947):''' Under the Government of India Act 1935, the Council was expanded into an Assembly of 108 members, with even more powers. The period saw the sudden rise of Gopinath Bordoloi and Muhammed Saadulah and their tussle for power and influence.
Post-colonial Assam (1947–present)
In 1979, Assam flared into Assam Agitation (or Assam Movement) a popular movement against illegal immigration. The movement, led AASU and AAGSP, set an agitational program to compel the government to identify and expel illegal immigrants and prevent new immigration. The agitational programs were largely non-violent, but there were incidents of acute violence, like the Nellie massacre where over 3000 (non officially 10000 murdered) Bengali speaking Muslim were massacred in Nagaon district. It ended in 1985 following the Assam Accord that was signed by the agitation leaders and the Government of India. The agitation leaders formed a political party, Asom Gana Parishad, which came to power in the state of Assam in the Assembly elections of 1985.
In 2012 violent riots broke out between indigenous people lead by NDFB(S) and minority Muslims of BTAD. But those were termed as immigration from Bangladesh, resulting in more than 85 deaths and displacement of 400,000 people.
There are 35 districts in total in Assam, by population, Nagaon is the largest district and Dima Hasao is the smallest district, Karbi Anglong is the largest district in terms of area and Kamrup Metropolitan is the smallest district.
Gallery
Gallery of Assamese monarchs
See also
Timeline of Assam History
History of People of Assam
History of Assamese literature
Notes
References
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3986159
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh%20Records
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Fresh Records
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Fresh Records has been the name of at least two different record labels in the 20th century:
Fresh Records (US) - a US-based company.
Fresh Records (UK) - a UK-based company.
See also
Minty Fresh Records
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3986166
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner%20Rebecca
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Schooner Rebecca
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The 30-ton sloop Rebecca was launched in 1834, built by Captain George Plummer at his boatyard on the banks of the Tamar River at Rosevears, Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania).
In 1835, it was owned by Robert Scott and chartered by John Batman on behalf of the Port Phillip Association for his first voyage to Port Phillip. Sailing from Launceston, Tasmania on 10 May 1835, under the charge of Captain A. B. Harwood, he landed in Port Phillip Bay on 29 May 1835, where, later on 6 June 1835, he entered into a treaty with the aboriginal people for use of their land and chose the site of the future city of Melbourne, known as the Batman Treaty
After leaving a small party at Indented Head, Batman returned to Launceston, Tasmania on Rebecca and announced his treaty to the colony at large. John Helder Wedge, who was also a member of the Port Phillip Association, then sailed to Port Phillip on Rebecca to explore the country, landing at Indented Head and then sailing up the Yarra River, which he named.
Horton and Morris, authors of "The Andersons of Westernport", believe Samuel Anderson, pioneer of Western Port, purchased Rebecca at auction on 19 October 1835 at Kings Wharf for the use of the partnership of Anderson and Massie who operated from Bass in Victoria after Samuel Anderson established the third permanent settlement in Victoria in 1835.
From Tasmanian Shipwrecks
Rebecca. Sloop, 25 tons. Built and reg. at Launceston, 4/1834, 1/1840. Lbd 35-4 x 13-1 × 6 ft. She had achieved fame as the vessel which had taken John Batman to Port Phillip in 1835 to establish the 'village' of Melbourne. Captain Henry Rowland. Ashore in a gale at Cape Portland, Tasmania, 20 March 1839. All hands landed safely and salvaged the cargo, but the vessel became a total wreck. [TS1]
A memorial to Rebecca was unveiled in 1954 still existing today, near the site of George Plummer's boatyard at Rosevears, on the Tamar River, Tasmania, recording its role in the founding of Melbourne.
References
Sloops
Maritime incidents in March 1839
1834 ships
Ships built in Tasmania
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3986169
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bororo%20%28disambiguation%29
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Bororo (disambiguation)
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Bororo may refer to:
Bororo (Amerindian people), an indigenous people of Brazil and Bolivia
Bororo language, a language of Brazil and Bolivia
Bororoan languages, a Macro-Ge language family
Bororo Fulbe, an indigenous people of West Africa
Bororo, or Carlos Maturana (born 1953), Chilean painter
Bororo, or small red brocket, a deer species
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3986173
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnm%C3%B8rsalpane
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Sunnmørsalpane
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Sunnmørsalpane () is a collective term for the mountains range in the Sunnmøre region of Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. The mountain range encircles the Hjørundfjorden in the municipalities of Volda, Ørsta, Stranda, and Sykkylven. These mountains have peaks reaching straight up from the fjord.
Well-known peaks include Slogen, Randers Topp, Jakta, Kolåstinden, Hornindalsrokken, Kvitegga, Skårasalen, and Råna. The area is well known to hiking and skiing enthusiasts, especially for its long skiing season until beginning of June. The mountain range is visible from Ålesund's eastern suburbs.
References
External links
Landforms of Møre og Romsdal
Mountain ranges of Norway
Ørsta
Volda
Stranda
Sykkylven
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3986174
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achatocarpaceae
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Achatocarpaceae
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The Achatocarpaceae are a family of woody flowering plants consisting of two genera and 11 known species, and has been recognized by most taxonomists. The family is found from the southwestern United States south to tropical and subtropical South America.
The APG II system (2003; unchanged from the APG system of 1998) assigns it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots. It forms a clade together with Amaranthaceae and Caryophyllaceae, two very large families.
Genera
There are two genera, both of which are dioecious:
Achatocarpus Triana
Phaulothamnus A.Gray
References
External links
links at CSDL
Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales families
Dioecious plants
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavtat
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Cavtat
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Cavtat (, ) is a village in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia. It is on the Adriatic Sea coast south of Dubrovnik and is the centre of the Konavle municipality.
History
Antiquity
The original city was founded by the Greeks in the 6th century BC under the name of Epidaurus (or Epidauros, ). The surrounding area was inhabited by the Illyrians, who called the city Zaptal.
The town changed its name to Epidaurum when it came under Roman rule in 228 BC. Justinian I the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire sent his fleet to Cavtat during the Gothic War (535–554) and occupied the town.
The city was sacked and destroyed by the Avars and Slavs in the 7th century. Refugees from Epidaurum fled to the nearby island, Laus (Ragusa) which over time evolved into the city of Dubrovnik.
Middle Ages
The town was re-established in the Middle Ages (). After a short while it came under the control of its powerful neighbor, the Republic of Ragusa.
The modern Croatian name for the city reveals its ancient origins and its link with Dubrovnik. Cavtat is derived from , which means old city in Latin Language.
Economy
Today, Cavtat is a popular tourist destination with many hotels and private households that rent rooms and apartments. The seafront is filled with shops and restaurants. There are several beaches in Cavtat and its surroundings, among them Pasjača, as well as Ključice, Obod, Rat and Žal. A ferry boat connects the town to neighbouring Mlini and Dubrovnik. There are often many private luxury ships and yachts along the strand.
Culture
The town cemetery on the hill contains a mausoleum belonging to the Račić family and decorated by the sculptor Ivan Meštrović.
In year 2004 Cavtat got the title European Competition for Towns and Villages in Blooms, especially for the well-tended green areas and flower arrangements on the beach promenade.
The Epidaurus Festival of Music has been held annually in Cavtat since 2007.
Notable people
Vlaho Bukovac (1855–1922), painter
Tino Pattiera (1890–1966), opera singer
Luko Zore (1846–1906), philologist and Slavist
Frano Supilo (1870–1917), politician
Baltazar Bogišić (1834–1908), jurist, law historian and ethnologist
Niko Koprivica (1889–1944), politician
Dinko Zlatarić (1558–1613), poet and translator
Raimondo Cunich (1719–1794), humanist
Ljudevit Vuličević (1839–1916), Serbian writer and patriot
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Cavtat is twinned with:
Bochnia, Poland
Watsonville, California, USA
See also
Croatia
Dubrovnik
Dalmatia
Republic of Ragusa
Epidaurus
Gallery
References
Notes
External links
Cavtat Info, Villa Vidak: Cavtat Information
Cavtatportal.com, Up to date news from Cavtat and vicinity
Populated places in Dubrovnik-Neretva County
Populated coastal places in Croatia
6th-century BC establishments
Populated places established in the 6th century BC
Konavle
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3986197
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJCL
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WJCL
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WJCL could refer to:
WJCL-FM, a radio station (96.5 FM) licensed to Savannah, Georgia, United States
WJCL (TV), a television station (channel 22) licensed to Savannah, Georgia, United States
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3986202
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bole%20District
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Bole District
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Bole District is one of the seven districts in Savannah Region, Ghana. Originally created as an ordinary district assembly in 1988, until the northern part of the district was split off by a decree of president John Agyekum Kufuor on 27 August 2004 to create Sawla-Tuna-Kalba District; thus the remaining part has been retained as Bole District. The district assembly is located in the western part of Savannah Region and has Bole as its capital town.
See also
References
Districts of the Savannah Region (Ghana)
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3986205
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Taras
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Martin Taras
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Martin Bernard Taras (9 August 1914 – 2 November 1994), also known as Morrie Tarasinsky, was an American cartoonist who mostly worked at Famous Studios, the New York-based animation division of Paramount Pictures.
Career
Taras started his animation career at Van Beuren Studios in 1934 until its closing in 1936. He led the Fleischer Studios 1937 strike, but abandoned it shortly after to take a job for Jam Handy. Tara then took a job at Famous Studios, where he is known for the creation of Baby Huey. Huey debuted in the first Casper comic issue in September 1949, six months before his cartoon debuted in Quack-A-Doodle-Doo. Taras also animated films and drew comic books featuring characters such as Casper the Friendly Ghost, Spooky the Tuff Little Ghost, Rags Rabbit, Wendy the Good Little Witch, Herman and Katnip, and Buzzy the Funny Crow.
Taras also served as animator and/or designer for television programs such as Batfink, Spider-Man (The 1967 series), Josie and the Pussycats, Super Friends; and for theatrical motion pictures such as Fritz The Cat, Lord of the Rings, and Wizards.
References
External links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dried_nasal_mucus#Eating
1914 births
1994 deaths
American animators
American comics artists
Hanna-Barbera people
Famous Studios people
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3986206
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Mohns
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Doug Mohns
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Douglas Allen "Diesel" Mohns (December 13, 1933 – February 7, 2014) was a professional ice hockey player who played 22 seasons in the National Hockey League from 1953–54 until 1974–75. Mohns twice won the most coveted prize in junior hockey, the Memorial Cup. He played on the 1951 and 1953 Barrie Flyers teams.
Junior career
Mohns was born and raised in Capreol, Ontario, a town located 25 km north of Sudbury, Ontario. He began playing hockey for his hometown team in Capreol before moving on to the Ontario Hockey Association'ss Barrie Flyers in 1951. He stayed with the Flyers until 1953 when he moved on to the National Hockey League's Boston Bruins.
NHL career
Mohns played 1390 career NHL games, scoring 248 goals and 462 assists for 710 points, as well as compiling 1250 penalty minutes. Mohns played both forward and defence in his career. Mohns joined the Boston Bruins in 1953, where he became a versatile cornerstone of that franchise for 11 seasons. An early slapshot expert, he combined skating speed and breakout passing skills with rugged reliability. Mohns starred with Bruins captain and blueline Stalwart Fern Flaman on defence and longtime teammate, smooth Centre Don McKenney on offence, during the Bruins' halcyon years of the late 1950s. Mohns became an alternate captain with the Boston Bruins in 1960. He remained a team pillar during the difficult reconstruction period of the early 1960s.
Mohns achieved much of his later career success with the Chicago Black Hawks. He played left wing on one of the greatest lines in NHL history, the "Scooter Line", with centre Stan Mikita and right wing Kenny Wharram. Their speed and puck handling ability fueled the Black Hawks' high-powered offence during this time period. He was also known as an enforcer for Bobby Hull. Mohns finished his 22 season long career as the captain of the expansion Washington Capitals. He was one of the first players to wear a helmet.
After retirement
Mohns’ marriage to Jane Foster ended with her death in 1988. In addition to his wife, Tabor Ansin Mohns, he is survived by a sister, Erma Wilson; a son, Douglas Jr.; a daughter, Andrea Brillaud; a stepson, Greg Ansin; a stepdaughter, Lisa Ansin; and nine grandchildren. Mohns was heavily involved with charity activities, including serving on the board of the Dianne DeVanna Center in support of family health, and with the local food pantry.
Mohns died on February 7, 2014 at the age of 80, of myelodysplastic syndrome.
Career statistics
Awards and Accomplishments
Played in NHL All-Star game (1954, 1958, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1972)
See also
List of NHL players with 1000 games played
References
External links
1933 births
2014 deaths
Deaths from myelodysplastic syndrome
Atlanta Flames players
Barrie Flyers players
Boston Bruins players
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Minnesota North Stars players
Sportspeople from Greater Sudbury
Washington Capitals captains
Washington Capitals players
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3986213
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%20Stein
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Günther Stein
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Günther Stein or Gunther Stein was a German print journalist.
Stein was a foreign correspondent in China for the Manchester Guardian, The Christian Science Monitor, and the Associated Press. He was later accused of communist sympathies and spying.
Erwin Canham, editor of the Monitor during this period, wrote later of Stein's brief contribution to the paper from Japan and China which ended in 1945. He refers to later reports of Stein working for the Soviet Union while in Japan and an alleged connection with the Sorge spy ring. He refers to Stein as "enigmatic" and agrees with General Charles A. Willoughby saying that Stein was a "man about whom too little is known."
Senator Joseph McCarthy later accused Stein of spying for China during the Red Scare, as part of the Sorge spy ring.
Ralph de Toledano wrote that in 1942 the Institute of Pacific Relations invited Stein to become its Chungking correspondent, from where he wrote books and articles to convey the idea that the Chinese Communists were "a superlative breed of idealists."
References
Bibliography
Made in Japan, Methuen, 1935, 206 pages
Far East in Ferment, Methuen, 1936, 244 pages
Chungking Considers the Future, American Institute of Pacific Relations, 11 pages, 1942
The Challenge of Red China, Da Capo Press, 1945, 490 pages ()
American Business With East Asia: A study of economic relations between the United States and East Asia, 1946-1947., American Institute of Pacific Relations, 1947
The World the Dollar Built, D. Dobson, 1952, 288 pages
External links
Mao's interview with German journalist Gunther Stein
German journalists
German male journalists
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
German male writers
Associated Press people
The Christian Science Monitor people
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3986231
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Darbytown%20Road
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Battle of Darbytown Road
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The Battle of Darbytown Road was fought on October 13, 1864, between Union and Confederate forces. The Confederates were attempting to retake ground they had lost to Federal forces during battles near Richmond, Virginia. Their efforts failed.
On October 13, Union forces advanced to find and feel the new Confederate defensive line in front of Richmond. While mostly a battle of skirmishers, a Federal brigade assaulted fortifications north of Darbytown Road and was repulsed with heavy casualties. The Federals retired to their entrenched lines along New Market Road.
Background
Opposing forces
Union
Confederate
Battle
References
National Park Service battle description
CWSAC Report Update and Resurvey:Individual Battlefield Profiles
Newsome, Hampton. Richmond Must Fall: The Richmond–Petersburg Campaign, October 1864. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2013. .
Notes
Petersburg Campaign
Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War
Confederate victories of the American Civil War
Henrico County in the American Civil War
1864 in Virginia
Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia
October 1864 events
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5376457
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20bus%20routes%20in%20Singapore
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List of bus routes in Singapore
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This is a list of the bus routes operated by various bus operators in Singapore, with the four public bus operators: SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore and Go-Ahead Singapore.
Bus routes
Routes 2–99
Routes 100–199
Routes 200–298
Routes 300–410
Routes 502–599
Routes 651–672
Routes 715–788
Routes 800–883
Routes 900–991
Other services
See also
Public buses of Singapore
References
Bus transport in Singapore
Singapore
Bus routes
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5376465
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20Kolsk%C3%BD
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Karel Kolský
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Karel Kolský (21 September 1914 in Kročehlavy – 17 February 1984) was a Czech football player and later a football manager. He played for Czechoslovakia, for which he played 13 matches.
He was a participant in the 1938 FIFA World Cup, and he coached Czechoslovakia at the 1958 FIFA World Cup.
After World War II, he worked as a football manager. He coached clubs such as Sparta Prague, SK Kladno, Dukla Prague, Viktoria Plzeň, Zbrojovka Brno and Polish Wisła Kraków.
He won twice the Czechoslovak First League with Dukla Prague, in 1956 and 1958.
External links
Profile at ČMFS website
Profile at Hall of Fame Dukla Praha
1914 births
1984 deaths
Czech footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
Czech football managers
Czech expatriate football managers
Czechoslovak football managers
1938 FIFA World Cup players
1958 FIFA World Cup managers
Czechoslovakia international footballers
AC Sparta Prague players
SK Kladno players
Czechoslovakia national football team managers
FC Zbrojovka Brno managers
Dukla Prague managers
FC Viktoria Plzeň managers
AC Sparta Prague managers
FK Hvězda Cheb managers
Wisła Kraków managers
Expatriate football managers in Poland
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Association football midfielders
Sportspeople from Kladno
FK Jablonec managers
People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
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5376478
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Thoday
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John Thoday
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John Marion Thoday FRS (30 August 1916 – 25 August 2008) was a British geneticist. He was the son of the botanist David Thoday. He was Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics at Cambridge University between 1959 and 1983 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1965.
Thoday was born in Chinley, Derbyshire, and educated at Bootham School, York, followed by University College of North Wales at Bangor, and then Trinity College, Cambridge. During World War II he served in the RAF as a photographic intelligence officer.
His research from 1947 has been largely concerned with the causes and functions of intraspecific genetic variation, on the nature of continuous genetic variation and on the effects of selection on such variation. He has published an important thesis on the meaning of biological progress in evolution and the role of genetic variation in determining long term fitness. He has pioneered a method for the location on chromosomes of genes mediating continuous variation, and showed (contrary to accepted theory) that the genes at different loci affected the quantitative character in qualitatively different ways. He has pioneered experiments into disruptive selection (selection in the same population for both extremes and against intermediates), and (again contrary to theoretical expectation), showed such selection could be extremely effective, increasing variance, establishing and maintaining polymorphisms, and, if the selected individuals were allowed to choose their mates, dividing the population into two partially isolated parts, something which is a step towards speciation.
References
External links
Obituary in The Telegraph
Obituary in The Times
http://www.emma.cam.ac.uk/teaching/fellows/display/index.cfm?fellow=67
http://www.professorjohnthoday.com/publications.html Professor Thoday's full publications listing.
http://www.professorjohnthoday.com/ Professor Thoday's personal web site.
1916 births
2008 deaths
English geneticists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of Emmanuel College, Cambridge
People educated at Bootham School
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Arthur Balfour Professors of Genetics
Alumni of Bangor University
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5376483
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pucov%2C%20Doln%C3%BD%20Kub%C3%ADn%20District
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Pucov, Dolný Kubín District
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Pucov is a village and municipality in Dolný Kubín District in the Zilina Region of northern Slovakia. It is situated at 579 m (1900 ft) and has about 739 inhabitants.
References
External links
Pucov Village website (in Slovak)
Villages and municipalities in Dolný Kubín District
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5376488
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Lewis
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Daniel Lewis
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Daniel, Dan or Danny Lewis may refer to:
Dan Lewis (rugby league), rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s and 1910s for Wales, Welsh League XIII, and Merthyr Tydfil
Dan Lewis (footballer) (1902–1965), Welsh football goalkeeper
Daniel Lewis (conductor) (1925–2017), American orchestral conductor
Dan Lewis (American football) (1936–2015), American football running back
Daniel Lewis (choreographer) (born 1944), choreographer and author, and Dean of Dance at the New World School of the Arts
Dan Lewis (newsreader) (born 1950), newsreader for KOMO-TV, Seattle, since 1987
Daniel Vee Lewis (born 1959), American musician and bassist for World Entertainment War
Danny Lewis (basketball) (born 1970), American basketball player
Daniel Lewis (volleyball) (born 1976), Canadian volleyball player
Daniel Lewis (footballer) (born 1982), English footballer
Daniel Lewis (triple jumper) (born 1989), English athlete
Daniel James Lewis or Jim Lewis (footballer, born 1909) (1909–1980), Welsh footballer
Daniel Lewis (boxer) (born 1993), Australian boxer
Danny J Lewis, English house and garage producer
Dan Lewis (Doctor Who), fictional character played by John Bishop
See also
Daniel Louis (born 1953), Canadian film producer
Daniel Day-Lewis (born 1957), actor
Daniel Lewis Lee (1973–2020), American white supremacist and convicted murderer
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3986242
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Nevin
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Bob Nevin
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Robert Frank Nevin (March 18, 1938 – September 21, 2020) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right wing who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) between 1957–58 and 1975–76.
Career
Nevin scored 21 goals as a rookie with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1960–61, and finished second in the Calder Memorial Trophy voting to teammate Dave Keon. He formed a line with Red Kelly and Frank Mahovlich, helping the Maple Leafs win the Stanley Cup in 1962 and 1963. In 1964, Nevin was traded to the New York Rangers, along with four other players, in exchange for Andy Bathgate and Don McKenney. He played for the Rangers for seven years until being traded to the Minnesota North Stars for Bobby Rousseau. Nevin also played for the Los Angeles Kings, where he recorded a personal best 72 point season and led the Kings to a franchise record 105 points. Following his time with the Kings, Nevin would head to the Edmonton Oilers of the World Hockey Association (WHA). He retired following thirteen games with the Oilers after breaking his collarbone. Nevin played 1128 career NHL games, recording 307 goals and 419 assists for 726 points. Nevin was one of the first players in the National Hockey League to wear contact lenses, beginning in the early 1960s. During a 1962 game against the Blackhawks, Nevin lost his lens and play was stopped to find it.
Death
On September 21, 2020, Nevin died at the age of 82 from complications of dementia and cancer.
Legacy
In the 2009 book 100 Ranger Greats, the authors ranked Nevin at No. 51 all-time of the 901 New York Rangers who had played during the team's first 82 seasons.
Career statistics
See also
List of NHL players with 1000 games played
References
External links
1938 births
2020 deaths
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Edmonton Oilers (WHA) players
Sportspeople from Timmins
Los Angeles Kings players
Memorial Cup winners
Minnesota North Stars players
National Hockey League All-Stars
New York Rangers players
Rochester Americans players
Stanley Cup champions
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Toronto Marlboros players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
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5376500
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano%20Battistelli
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Stefano Battistelli
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Stefano ("Bibi") Battistelli (born 6 March 1970 in Rome) is a former backstroke and medley swimmer from Italy.
Biography
He competed in two consecutive Summer Olympics (1988 and 1992), and won a bronze medal at each appearance. The bronze in Seoul was the first Olympic medal for a male Italian swimmer.
See also
Italy national swimming team - Multiple medalists
External links
1970 births
Living people
Swimmers from Rome
Olympic swimmers of Italy
Swimmers at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Italian male swimmers
Olympic bronze medalists for Italy
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Italian male freestyle swimmers
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Italy
Swimmers at the 1987 Mediterranean Games
Universiade medalists in swimming
Mediterranean Games medalists in swimming
Universiade bronze medalists for Italy
Medalists at the 1997 Summer Universiade
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3986248
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stegnosperma
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Stegnosperma
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Stegnosperma is a genus of flowering plants, consisting of three species of woody plants, native to the Caribbean, Central America, and the Sonoran Desert. These are shrubs or lianas, with anomalous secondary thickening in mature stems, by successive cambia.
Leaves are alternate, entire, 2–5 cm in length, tapering at both ends. Flowers are small (5–8 mm), five-merous, with white petal-like sepals, and a superior ovary. They are arranged in short racemes, usually no more than 10 cm long, shorter in S. watsonii. The fruit is a capsule 5–8 mm in diameter: it contains small (2–3 mm) black seeds with a conspicuous reddish aril.
The genus has commonly been treated as belonging to the family Phytolaccaceae, but the APG system and APG II system, of 2003, regard it as the sole genus of its own family, the Stegnospermataceae and assign it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots
Turner et al. suggest that S. halimifolium Bentham and S. watsonii D.J. Rogers are actually the same species, observing that specimens from the gulf coast of Sonora have intermediate characteristics. Whether one species or two, they are locally common all along the Gulf of California, where they are found on the coastal strand and some inland washes, always at low elevations (less than 600 m).
Anatomy
Stem and root anatomy was originally thought to be normal, but this was due to the small diameter of herbarium specimens examined by early researchers. Anomalous secondary thickening by successive cambia has been described in detail within mature stems and roots.<ref>Horak, K. E. Anomalous Secondary Thickening in Stegnosperma'. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 1981, 108:189-209.</ref>S. Carlquist. Wood and Stem Anatomy of Stegnosperma (Caryophyllales); Phylogenetic Relationships; Nature of Lateral Meristems and Successive Cambial Activity. JAWA Journal, 1999, 20(2):149—163.
Uses
In traditional medicine, curanderas use an extract of the root as a part of the treatment for rabies due to its emetic properties. Jiménez-Estrada et al. list Stegnosperma extract for treatment of headache, snakebite, and rabies. They provide an analysis of the antioxidant and antiproliferative activity of S. halimifolium.
References
Raymond M. Turner, Janice E. Bowers, and Tony L. Burgess, Sonoran Desert Plants: an Ecological Atlas (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1995) pp. 373–375
External links
Stegnospermataceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 30 May 2006. http://delta-intkey.com
NCBI Taxonomy Browser
Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales genera
Taxa named by Takenoshin Nakai
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5376506
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Bryson%20Simonton
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Charles Bryson Simonton
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Charles Bryson Simonton (September 8, 1838 – June 10, 1911) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 9th congressional district of Tennessee.
Biography
Simonton was born in Tipton County, Tennessee, son of William and Catherine "Katie" Ferguson Simonton. He graduated from Erskine College in Due West, South Carolina in August 1859. He married Mary Andros "Minnie" McDill on October 16, 1866. He had five children, Anna Simonton, Ella Simonton, William McDill Simonton, Charles Pressley Simonton, and Nannie May Simonton.
Career
Simonton enlisted as a private in Company C, Ninth Tennessee Infantry, Confederate Army in 1861. He subsequently became second lieutenant, and then captain. He was severely wounded during the Battle of Perryville on October 8, 1862 and disabled from any further active duty during the war. He was elected clerk of the circuit court of Tipton County in March 1870.
Simonton read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1873. He then commenced practice in Covington, Tennessee in Tipton County. He was also a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1877 to 1879. He became the editor of the Tipton Record in Covington, Tennessee.
Elected as a Democrat to the Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Congresses, Simonton served from March 4, 1879 to March 3, 1883. He was chairman of the Democratic state convention in 1886.
Simonton was president of the Covington city school board from 1892 to 1903. He was the United States district attorney for the Western district of Tennessee from 1895 to 1898.
Death
Simonton died in Covington, Tennessee, and is interred at Munford Cemetery.
References
External links
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
1838 births
1911 deaths
Erskine College alumni
Tennessee Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
United States Attorneys for the Western District of Tennessee
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5376510
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghadan%20Flagpole
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Raghadan Flagpole
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The Raghadan Flagpole is a tall flagpole located in Amman, Jordan. It was built from steel and erected on the grounds of Raghadan Palace at the royal compound of Al-Maquar. The leader of Jordan, King Abdullah II, officially hoisted the country's flag on the flagpole on 10 June 2003. It is clearly visible across the capital as well as from as far away as . It is illuminated, making it visible at night, and it was also developed to withstand earthquakes and bad weather.
It flies a flag. Although it is a distinctive landmark, the excessive noise created during high winds has resulted in the flag being lowered during periods of bad weather.
This free-standing flagpole surpassed the previous record-holder, which was located in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, and had held the record since 2001. The Raghadan Flagpole is taller than the one located in the United Arab Emirates. In 2004, the flagpole lost its status as world's tallest free–standing flagpole following the construction of the Aqaba Flagpole. The latter stands at tall, and is also located in Jordan. As of 2021, Raghadan is the 6th-tallest free-standing and 7th tallest flagpole in the world. The tallest flagpole is the Jeddah Flagpole, constructed in 2014.
See also
Aqaba Flagpole
List of tallest buildings in Amman
List of towers
References
External links
http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b10609
Buildings and structures in Amman
Buildings and structures completed in 2003
Flagpoles
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5376515
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Simonton
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Charles Simonton
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Charles Simonton may refer to:
Charles Bryson Simonton (1838-1911), member of the United States Congress
Charles Henry Simonton (1829–1904), United States federal judge
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3986266
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion%20River%20%28Louisiana%29
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Vermilion River (Louisiana)
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The Vermilion River (or the Bayou Vermilion, ) is a bayou in southern Louisiana in the United States. It is formed on the common boundary of Lafayette and St. Martin parishes by a confluence of small bayous flowing from St. Landry Parish, and flows generally southward through Lafayette and Vermilion parishes, past the cities of Lafayette and Abbeville. At the port of Intracoastal City, the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway crosses the river before the latter flows into Vermilion Bay, an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico. The river originates at Bayou Fusilier, which is fed by Bayou Teche; winds its way through Lafayette Parish; and drains into the Vermilion Bay below Vermilion Parish.
The river is a "consequent stream" or a "tidal river", which means that the Vermilion was formed from the bottom up. The river was created by Vermilion Bay: tides and other natural actions in the bay slowly eroded the marshes and other features of the landscape as the river crept northward. This process brought the channel that would one day become the Vermilion River as far north as Lafayette, Louisiana. Much later a distributary of Bayou Teche made its way south and eventually linked up with the consequent stream, forming a true north-south flowing river. During times of heavy-rain events, parts of the Vermilion will experience negative discharge, reversing direction and flowing north. At the Surrey Street stream gauge in Lafayette, Louisiana, maximum historic positive discharge was 6,280 ft³/s on July 17, 1989. Maximum negative discharge, -11,300 ft³/s, occurred on August 13, 2016 during the 2016 Louisiana floods. The reverse-flow phenomenon occurs because the watershed areas in the city of Lafayette are highly developed. Rainfall runoff from this urban area enters the Vermilion River with larger volumes and at a faster rate than runoff upstream. This raises the water level in the Vermilion River along the southern areas of Lafayette. This rise in water levels sometimes exceeds the water level in reaches upstream of Lafayette, thus causing the reverse-flow effect. Also, when water levels in the Vermilion River exceed certain stages, water begins to enter the Bayou Tortue Swamp Area. This swamp has a great capacity to hold water, which also contributes to the reverse flow effect. The water from the Vermilion River enters Bayou Tortue Swamp through two coulees. Coulee Crow and Bayou Tortue are located upstream of the Surrey Street bridge on the Vermilion River.
In its early stage of development, the only point in the city where water transportation could be secured was at the site of the Pinhook Bridge. Consequently, property owners and businesses located there. In later years, steamboats ran on the bayou. However, low water levels and submerged logs hampered their ability to travel.
The importance of the Vermilion as a means of transportation and commerce declined with the introduction of the railroad and the paving in 1936 of all highways leading into Lafayette. The Army Corps of Engineers also had a significant impact on Bayou Vermilion. Their dredging, completed in 1944, gave the bayou a depth of and a bottom width of . Water from the Vermilion River is used primarily for rice irrigation and for the dilution of municipal and industrial effluents.
A pumping station operated by the Teche-Vermilion Freshwater District was built on the Atchafalaya River West Protection Levee near Krotz Springs with the capacity to pump up to of fresh water per second into Bayou Courtableu and eventually into the Vermilion River. The Teche-Vermilion Freshwater Project began in 1976 and was completed in 1982.
In the 1970s, the Vermilion gained a reputation as the most polluted river in the United States. Since that time, improved sewage treatment, low flow streamflow augmentation, and regular in-stream trash collection have changed the public perception to that of a celebrated recreational resource. A Bayou Vermilion Paddle Trail map has been developed to facilitate and enhance the public’s enjoyment of Bayou Vermilion.
Towns along the river
Lafayette Parish
Stekey, Louisiana
Pont Des Mouton, Louisiana
Anse La Butte, Louisiana
Long Bridge, Louisiana
Lafayette, Louisiana
Milton, Louisiana
Vermilion Parish
Abbeville, Louisiana
Perry, Louisiana
Rose Hill, Louisiana
Banker, Louisiana
See also
List of Louisiana rivers
References
Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
DeLorme (2003). Louisiana Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. .
Rivers of Louisiana
Drainage basins of the Gulf of Mexico
Rivers of Lafayette Parish, Louisiana
Rivers of St. Martin Parish, Louisiana
Rivers of Vermilion Parish, Louisiana
Abbeville, Louisiana
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5376523
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Thoday
|
David Thoday
|
David Thoday FRS (5 May 1883 – 30 March 1964) was a botanist.
Career
Thoday was Harry Bolus professor of botany, University of Cape Town and later professor at the University College of North Wales 1923–1949. As a botanist, his work is denoted by the author abbreviation Thoday when citing a botanical name.
Awards and honours
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1942. His nomination reads
Personal life
His son was the geneticist John Thoday.
References
Botanists with author abbreviations
1883 births
1964 deaths
Fellows of the Royal Society
University of Cape Town academics
Academics of Bangor University
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5376525
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe%20Lambert%20%28footballer%29
|
Christophe Lambert (footballer)
|
Christophe Lambert (born 23 February 1987) is a Swiss footballer who plays as a defender for AC Bellinzona.
External links
1987 births
Living people
Swiss footballers
FC Luzern players
AC Bellinzona players
Swiss Super League players
Association football defenders
People from Nidwalden
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3986292
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-649868
|
SB-649868
|
SB-649868 is a dual orexin receptor antagonist that was being developed by GlaxoSmithKline as a treatment for insomnia.
A phase I clinical trial evaluated doses up to 80 mg, resulting in significant improvement in sleep latency without adverse effects. In randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trials, the 10 and 30 mg doses increased sleep time and reduced sleep latency. The subsequent phase II study added a 60 mg dose and observed dose-dependent sleep promotion.
The compound no longer appears to be under active development, with the last study posted to ClinicalTrials.gov completed in 2010.
See also
Almorexant
Filorexant
Lemborexant
Suvorexant
References
Further reading
Hypnotics
Sedatives
Orexin antagonists
Benzofurans
Fluoroarenes
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5376531
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Patterson%20%28politician%29
|
Peter Patterson (politician)
|
Peter Patterson (April 10, 1825 – July 24, 1904) was an Ontario businessman and political figure. He represented York West in Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Canada, from 1871 to 1883.
He was born in Londonderry, New Hampshire in 1825 and came to Canada West in 1849. Patterson and his brothers, operating as Patterson Brothers, manufactured agricultural equipment in the Richmond Hill area. They also operated a sawmill, gristmill, foundry and blacksmith shop. The company provided living quarters for their workers, a school and church near the factory. Peter served as reeve for Vaughan Township from 1868 to 1871. In 1886, the operation was relocated to Woodstock to gain access to cheaper transportation via rail. The company was taken over by Massey-Harris in 1891. He died at Vaughan in 1904.
References
External links
Early Days in Richmond Hill
The Canadian parliamentary companion and annual register, 1878, CH Mackintosh
1825 births
1904 deaths
People from Londonderry, New Hampshire
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
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3986293
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranyl%20hydroxide
|
Uranyl hydroxide
|
Uranyl hydroxide is a hydroxide of uranium with the chemical formula UO2(OH)2 in the monomeric form and (UO2)2(OH)4 in the dimeric; both forms may exist in normal aqueous media. Uranyl hydroxide hydrate is precipitated as a colloidal yellowcake from oxidized uranium liquors near neutral pH.
Uranyl hydroxide was once used in glassmaking and ceramics in the colouring of the vitreous phases and the preparation of pigments for high temperature firing. The introduction of alkaline diuranates (like sodium diuranate) into glasses leads to yellow by transmission, green by reflection; moreover these glasses become dichroic and fluorescent under ultraviolet rays.
Uranyl hydroxide is teratogenic and radioactive.
References
The Structure of the a Form of Uranyl Hydroxide
Alexander, C.A. (2005) "Volatilization of urania under strongly oxidizing conditions," Journal of Nuclear Materials, 346, 312–318.
Uranyl compounds
Hydroxides
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5376554
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatzerim%20Airbase
|
Hatzerim Airbase
|
Hatzerim Israeli Air Force Base (, Basis Heil HaAvir Hatzerim) is an air base of the Israeli Air Force in the Negev Desert on the west outskirts of Beersheba, near Kibbutz Hatzerim. The base was constructed during the early 1960s and declared operational on 3 October 1966. At Hatzerim is the Israeli Air Force Museum, which opened in 1977 and has allowed public access since June 1991. The IAF Flight Academy has been housed at Hatzerim since April 1966 and the IAF Aerobatic Team is located there as well. Every year, on Israeli independence day the base is opened to the Israeli public to tour.
Units
69 Squadron (Israel) F-15I
102 Squadron (Israel) M-346 Lavi
107 Squadron (Israel) F-16I
History
Hatzerim Airbase was constructed during the early 1960s and declared operational on 3 October 1966. The base was built on the order of the Israeli Air Force Commander, Ezer Weizmann and was designed by the architect Yitzhak Moore. The first commander of the base was Yosef Alon. It was the first Air Force base built from the ground up, as a new base for the Israeli Air Force, and not on existed base areas of the Royal Air Force.
Commanders
Colonel "Joe" Yosef Alon (first commander and founder) (1966-1970)
Colonel Yeshayahu Bareket (1970-1973)
Colonel Amichai Shmueli (1973-1977)
Yaakov Turner (1977-1981)
Brigadier General Asher Snir (1981-1983)
Brigadier General Ron Huldai
Brigadier General Amiram Elyasaf
Brigadier General Amos Yadlin (1995-1998)
Brigadier General Roni Falec (1998-2001)
Brigadier General Yohanan Lucker (2001-2004)
Brigadier General Shelly Gutman (2004-2007)
Brigadier General Haggai Topolansky (2008-2010)
Brigadier General Ziv Levi (2010-2012)
Brigadier General Tal Kalman (2012-2014)
Brigadier General Nir Barkan (2014-2015)
Brigadier General Avshalom Amosy (2015-2018)
Brigadier General Aviad Dagan (2018-)
See also
List of airports in Israel
References
Hatzerim on globalsecurity.org
External links
Hatzerim Israel Airforce Museum (Hebrew)
Israeli Air Force bases
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3986304
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyves
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Hyves
|
Hyves was a social networking site in the Netherlands with mainly Dutch visitors and members, where it competed with sites such as Facebook and MySpace. Hyves was founded in 2004 by Raymond Spanjar and Floris Rost van Tonningen. The service was available in both Dutch and English.
In May 2010 Hyves had more than 10.3 million accounts. These correspond to two thirds of the size of the Dutch population (which stood at over 16 million in 2010), however this included multiple accounts per person and inactive accounts. The number of accounts had grown by over two million as compared to 1.5 years earlier. Hyves could be used free of charge, but there was an option for a paid Premium Membership (called "Gold Membership"). Gold members had access to some extra features, such as the ability to use a wider variety of smilies in their messages and more uploading space for pictures. The creators have said that the basic of a Hyves account will always be free.
In 2013, the social network was officially discontinued, due to the huge decrease in accounts due to the growing popularity of other social networks like Facebook and Twitter in the Netherlands. The site continued as Hyves Games, where members could use their Hyves accounts to play social games.
History
Hyves started in September 2004. The name Hyves was chosen because the desired domain name hives.nl was already taken. The name referred to beehives and the fact that social networks are built the same way.
In May 2006 it became public that the Dutch police was using Hyves as a tool to investigate possible suspects. Only information that is uploaded by suspects is being checked.
On December 13, 2007 Hyves was awarded with the title of "most popular site of the year".
In April 2008, Dutch media tycoon Joop van den Ende took a large interest in Hyves. The intention was to expand abroad and provide mobile services.
Hyves changed its design in July of '09. The site got a new look and feel, described as being more docile and synoptic. The profile picture format was also changed into a standard square shape.
In her Christmas speech of 2009, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands expressed negative views about online social networks. In response, the founder of Hyves offered her a free account/profile, so that she could experience Hyves herself.
In 2010, it became clear that the fast growth of Hyves was slowing down due to growth of Twitter and Facebook. Therefore, Hyves announced extra measures to leave the competition further behind. These measures were successful, because Hyves welcomed its 10 millionth user in April 2010. Despite the perception that Hyves mostly had young members, the target group ages faster than it rejuvenates. The average age of a member at Hyves is 30 years old. Also, in that same month, Hyves announced "Hyves Payments" and "Hyves Games", which allows users to play games and pay friends through the social network.
Although Facebook was rapidly growing in the Netherlands, in 2010 Hyves was still the most popular social network with 10.6 million users and a 68% penetration. Hyves was sold to the Telegraaf Media Groep in November that same year.
In September 2011, Facebook received more unique visitors than Hyves since its creation. In the same year, Hyves redirected their focus from a pure social network platform to a content platform by adding a news section, sports results and radio channels.
In 2013, the Telegraaf Media Group announced to reform Hyves from a social network platform to an exclusive gaming platform. All users had the ability to download their social profile. On December 1, 2013 all the not downloaded accounts were removed.
Elections on Hyves
In February 2006, Wouter Bos was the first Dutch politician with a Hyves account and created a trend. The Prime Minister at that time, Jan Peter Balkenende, also saw the potential to communicate with his target audience through social media. He created an account in 2006. During the Dutch elections of 2010, Hyves was used in a broad range of ways. Every leader of every political party had an account on Hyves, and the world's first debate between political leaders on a social network was organised and hosted by Hyves.
Features
User profiles can be created without knowledge of HTML. Profiles can be built by filling in questionnaires and uploading content.
Privacy
Hyves' users had the option to make their profiles only available (to a degree chosen by the user) to friends or friends of friends (the so-called ‘connections’). Users could also protect their messages by making them visible only to friends or connections.
See also
Internet in the Netherlands
List of social networking websites
References
External links
Edelmandigital.com: Social networks local vs global, July 15 2010
Defunct Dutch websites
Dutch-language websites
Defunct social networking services
Dutch social networking websites
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3986309
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand%20jack
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Strand jack
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A strand jack (also known as strandjack) is a jack used to lift very heavy (e.g. thousands of tons or more with multiple jacks) loads for construction and engineering purposes. Strandjacking was invented by VSL Australia's Patrick Kilkeary & Bruce Ramsay in 1969 for concrete post tensioning systems, and is now widely used for heavy lifting, to erect bridges, offshore structures, refineries, power stations, major buildings and other structures where the use of conventional cranes is either impractical or too expensive.
Use
Strand jacks can be used horizontally for pulling objects and structures, and are widely used in the oil and gas industry for skidded loadouts. Oil rigs of 38,000 t have been moved in this way from the place of construction on to a barge.
Since multiple jacks can be operated simultaneously by hydraulic controllers, they can be used in tandem to lift very large loads of thousands of tons. Tandem use of even two cranes is a very difficult operation.
How it works
A strand jack is a hollow hydraulic cylinder with a set of steel cables (the "strands") passing through the open centre, each one passing through two clamps - one mounted to either end of the cylinder.
The jack operates in the manner of a caterpillar's walk: climbing (or descending) along the strands by releasing the clamp at one end, expanding the cylinder, clamping there, releasing the trailing end, contracting, and clamping the trailing end before starting over again. The real significance of this device lies in the facility for precision control.
The expansion and contraction can be done at any speed, and paused at any location. Although a lone jack may lift only 1700 tons or so, there exist computer control systems that can operate 120 jacks simultaneously, offering fingertip feel movement control over extremely massive objects.
In construction
Strand jacking is a construction process whereby large pre-fabricated building sections are carefully lifted and precisely placed. The alternative would be to do all assembly in situ, even if expensive, technically risky, or dangerous.
Strand jacks for heavy lifting and skidding operations are owned and operated by a large number of construction and heavy lifting companies around the world. They are currently manufactured by a small number of companies based in Europe.
Notable uses
Kursk submarine disaster
Uses outside of construction
Costa Concordia disaster, in the ship salvage phase.
References
Construction equipment
Machines
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3986317
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camilla%20Brinck
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Camilla Brinck
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Camilla Brinck is a Swedish singer. She released her first album in the early 2000s. She is mostly known for her two singles "Bye Bye Forever (Chiki Chiki)" and "Tell me". She participated in the semi-finals of Melodifestivalen 2005 with the song "Jenny", but failed to qualify for the final.
In 2006 Camilla Brinck joined the Swedish popband "Nouveau Riche". The debut album "Pink Trash" was released in 2007.
External links
Official site
Swedish women singers
Living people
Melodifestivalen contestants
Year of birth missing (living people)
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5376558
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Bolus
|
Harry Bolus
|
Harry Bolus (28 April 1834 – 25 May 1911) was a South African botanist, botanical artist, businessman and philanthropist. He advanced botany in South Africa by establishing bursaries, founding the Bolus Herbarium and bequeathing his library and a large part of his fortune to the South African College (now the University of Cape Town). Active in scientific circles, he was a Fellow of the Linnean Society, member and president of the South African Philosophical Society (later the Royal Society of South Africa), the SA Medal and Grant by the SA Association for the Advancement of Science and an honorary D.Sc. from the University of the Cape of Good Hope.
Biography
Bolus was born in Nottingham, England. He was educated at Castle Gate School, Nottingham. The headmaster George Herbert regularly corresponded with and received plant specimens from William Kensit of Grahamstown, South Africa. Kensit requested that the headmaster send him one of his pupils as an assistant; Harry Bolus duly landed at Port Elizabeth from the ship Jane in March 1850. He spent two years with Kensit and then moved to Port Elizabeth. Following a short visit to England, he settled in Graaff-Reinet, where he would live for the next 19 years. In 1857 he married Sophia Kensit, the sister of William Kensit. Between 1858 and 1870 they had 3 sons and a daughter. In 1864 he lost his eldest son of six years, and Francis Guthrie who had become a close friend, suggested his taking up botany to ameliorate his loss. He started his botanical collection in 1865 and was soon corresponding with Joseph Hooker at Kew, William Henry Harvey in Dublin and Peter MacOwan in Grahamstown. One of his most treasured gifts was a copy of De Candolle's Prodromus received from Guthrie in 1869. In 1875, he joined his brother Walter in Cape Town, settling in the suburb of Kenilworth, where they founded a stockbroking firm called Bolus Bros. The following year he and Guthrie made their first visit to Kew, taking with them a large number of plant specimens for naming. Bolus described the period as 'forty happy days'. Returning in the Windsor Castle in October 1876, the ship struck a reef off Dassen Island with the loss of his specimens and notes. Not daunted, he set about the collection of new specimens and organised expeditions to various corners of South Africa. He was an excellent field botanist and published numerous books on his observations. Although adventurous by nature, he was also quiet and unassuming.
His business flourished so he was able to acquire many fine botanical books. Complete sets of the Botanical Magazine, Botanical Register, Refugium Botanicum, and the large folios of Pierre-Joseph Redouté, Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Ferdinand Bauer and Francis Masson formed part of his collection. He founded the Harry Bolus Professorship at the University of Cape Town and left a large trust for scholarships. He also donated his extensive herbarium and library to the South African College. He was one of the founding Members of the South African Philosophical Society.
Harry Bolus loved visiting England and made a total of 28 voyages (14 each way) to and from South Africa. He died of heart failure at Oxted, Surrey, on 25 May 1911. His youngest son Frank married Harriet Margaret Louisa Kensit, William Kensit's granddaughter, the following year. She had worked as Harry's assistant in the herbarium while she was in college, was appointed curator of the Bolus Herbarium in 1903, and retired from that position in 1955.
Correspondence
Harry Bolus corresponded widely with his contemporaries, including a number of famous people such as the Victorian naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, the English botanist and explorer Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker and the South African writer and poet C. Louis Leipoldt.
Collecting expeditions
Namaqualand 1883
Eastern Cape with Henry George Flanagan, Florence Sarah Flanagan (née Reynolds) and EE Galpin
Lourenço Marques to Barberton to Pretoria to Cape Town 1886
Orange Free State (Bester's Vlei, Witzieshoek, Mont-aux-Sources) with Henry George Flanagan and Florence Sarah Flanagan (née Reynolds) 1893–94
Transvaal and Swaziland 1904–06
Honours
He is commemorated in five genera: Bolusia Benth., Bolusafra Kuntze, Neobolusia Schltr., Bolusanthus Harms (in 1906,) and Bolusiella Schltr., as well as numerous other specific names.
Publications
A Preliminary List of the Cape Orchids 1881
Descriptions of the 117 Cape Peninsula Orchids illustrated by 36 plates drawn and coloured by himself.
A Sketch of the Flora of South Africa 1886
Icones Orchidearum Austro-Africanum Extra-tropicarum Volume 1 Part 1 comprising 50 plates 1893.
Icones Orchidearum Austro-Africanum Extra-tropicarum Part 2 1896.
Icones Orchidearum Austro-Africanum Extra-tropicarum Volume 2 comprising 100 plates 1911 (shortly after his death).
Icones Orchidearum Austro-Africanum Extra-tropicarum Volume 3 edited by his grand-niece Miss H. M. L. Kensit, and containing 9 plates painted by his son Frank 1913.
A List of Flowering Plants and Ferns of the Cape Peninsula with Wolley-Dod
"Ericaceae" for Flora Capensis with Francis Guthrie and N. E. Brown
References
External links
Bolus Herbarium
Digitised works by Harry Bolus in the Biodiversity Heritage Library
1834 births
1911 deaths
People from Nottingham
20th-century South African botanists
Botanical illustrators
South African painters
South African male painters
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
British emigrants to South Africa
19th-century South African botanists
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3986329
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JNR%20Class%20D62
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JNR Class D62
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The is a type of 2-8-4 wheel arrangement steam locomotive built by the Japanese National Railways (JNR) in 1950 and 1951. They were designed by Hideo Shima and rebuilt at Hamamatsu Works between 1950 and 1951 .
20 Class D62s were rebuilt from the earlier Class D52, which had a 2-8-2 wheel arrangement.
List of locomotives
D62 1 rebuilt from D52 358 (March 1st 1950)
D62 2 rebuilt from D52 448 (March 2nd 1950)
D62 3 rebuilt from D52 401 (April 3rd 1950)
D62 4 rebuilt from D52 450 (May 4th 1950)
D62 5 rebuilt from D52 449 (June 5th 1950)
D62 6 rebuilt from D52 42 (July 6th 1950)
D62 7 rebuilt from D52 344 (August 7th 1950)
D62 8 rebuilt from D52 366 (September 19th) 1950
D62 9 rebuilt from D52 94 (October 1st-20th 1950)
D62 10 rebuilt from D52 132 (November 3rd-30th 1950)
D62 11 rebuilt from D52 337 (January 1st-5th 1951)
D62 12 rebuilt from D52 397 (January 6th-15th 1951)
D62 13 rebuilt from D52 211 (January 19th-23rd 1951)
D62 14 rebuilt from D52 334 (February 1st-8th 1951)
D62 15 rebuilt from D52 377 (February 12th-19th 1951)
D62 16 rebuilt from D52 338 (February 25th-March 1st 1951)
D62 17 rebuilt from D52 343 (March 2rd-March 6th 1951)
D62 18 rebuilt from D52 360 (March 15th-March 20th 1951)
D62 19 rebuilt from D52 339 (March 21st-March 24th 1951)
D62 20 rebuilt from D52 462 (March 25th-31st 1951)
Preservation
No examples of the class have been preserved.
In popular culture
The D62 is the model upon which the Transformers character Astrotrain is based.
See also
Japan Railways locomotive numbering and classification
References
Steam locomotives of Japan
1067 mm gauge locomotives of Japan
2-8-4 locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1950
1′D2′ h2 locomotives
Rebuilt locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Freight locomotives
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3986330
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishul
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Trishul
|
Trishul may refer to:
Film
Trishul (film), a 1978 Hindi film starring Sanjeev Kumar and Amitabh Bachchan
Trisulam (film), a 1982 Telugu film starring Krishnam Raju and Sridevi
Military
Trishul (missile), a surface-to-air missile developed in India by Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
INS Trishul, Indian Navy frigates
Trishula, a type of traditional trident from India
Moths
Trisula (moth), a moth genus of the family Noctuidae
Trisula variegata, a moth of the family Noctuidae
Trisula magnifica, a moth of the family Erebidae
Places
India
Tirsuli, a mountain peak in Himalayas
Tirsuli West, a mountain peak in Himalayas
Tirusulam, a neighborhood in Chennai, India
Tirusulam railway station, one of the railway stations of the Chennai Beach–Chengalpattu section of the Chennai Suburban Railway Network
Trishul Air-base, an Indian Air Force base
Trisul, a mountain peak in Himalayas
Nepal
Trishuli Hydropower Station, a run-of-the-river hydropower station in Rasuwa, Nepal
Trishuli River, a river in Rasuwa, Nepal
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3986347
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nass
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Nass
|
Nass or NASS may refer to:
Places
Nass River, in northern British Columbia
Ngee Ann Secondary School, a secondary school in Tampines, Singapore
Peoples and cultures
Nass, the Nisga'a language
People of the Nass, the Nisga'a people of northern British Columbia
Organizations
nass.gov.ng, the website of the National Assembly (Nigeria)
National Agricultural Statistics Service (or NASS), part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
National Association of Secretaries of State (or NASS), an association of United States Secretaries of State
National Association of Stable Staff (or NASS), in the UK
National Asylum Support Service (or NASS), in the UK
North American Spine Society (or NASS), which publishes The Spine Journal
North American Sundial Society (or NASS)
Other uses
Nass (Islam), an Arabic word meaning "a known, or clear, legal injunction"
Nass Corporation, a Bahraini industrial and construction services conglomerate
Ninjas & Superspies (or NASS), a role-playing game
See also
Naas, a town in eastern Ireland
NaSSA (Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant)
Language and nationality disambiguation pages
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3986356
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareskin%20dogfish
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Bareskin dogfish
|
The bareskin dogfish (Centroscyllium kamoharai) is a little-known, deepwater dogfish shark of the family Etmopteridae. This species is found in the western Pacific from southern Japan to western and southeastern Australia as well as in New Zealand waters.
The bareskin dogfish has no anal fin. It has grooved dorsal spines with the second larger than the first, a smaller first dorsal fin, blunt nose, large eyes, large nostrils, widely spaced and sparse denticles, and is dark in color with white-tipped fins. It is stout and grows to a maximum of 40 cm. Like other species in the family Etmopteridae (lanternsharks), the bareskin dogfish has a bioluminescent organ on the ventral side. However, perhaps owing to the depth at which the species lives, it has relatively fewer photophores on its ventral skin than others bioluminescent sharks.
Conservation status
The New Zealand Department of Conservation has classified the bareskin dogfish as "Data Deficient" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.
References
Centroscyllium
Taxa named by Tokiharu Abe
Fish described in 1966
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5376564
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanna-Maria%20Sepp%C3%A4l%C3%A4
|
Hanna-Maria Seppälä
|
Hanna-Maria Hintsa ( Seppälä born 13 December 1984) is a Finnish freestyle swimmer, who won the world title in the 100 m freestyle at the 2003 World Aquatics Championships in Barcelona, Spain.
Hanna-Maria started swimming at age five and made the Finnish national junior team by age 10. In 1999 she won the bronze medal in the European Junior Championships in the 50 m freestyle event. To date she has broken 100 Finnish national records. Hanna-Maria's manager is Finnish Sports Management Agency, SportElite.
Achievements
References
External links
Hanna-Maria Seppälä's records and achievements
Hanna-Maria Seppälä at SportElite
1984 births
Living people
People from Kerava
Finnish female freestyle swimmers
Olympic swimmers of Finland
Finnish female backstroke swimmers
Finnish female butterfly swimmers
Finnish female medley swimmers
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Sportspeople from Uusimaa
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3986369
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20M.%20Goldman
|
Steven M. Goldman
|
Steven M. Goldman served as the Commissioner of Banking and Insurance of New Jersey from 2006 to 2009. He was nominated to the position in February 2006 by Governor of New Jersey Jon Corzine. Goldman is an attorney who specialized in banking and insurance law, prior to his appointment as commissioner. He was sworn into office on March 20, 2006, replacing Donald Bryan. He resigned on July 15, 2009.
Goldman came to the Department of Banking and Insurance after a 22-year career at Sills Cummis Epstein & Gross PC, where he focused on corporate law.
Goldman resides in Woodcliff Lake, and is a graduate of Boston University (political science), earned a LL.M. in taxation from the New York University School of Law and a J.D. from The George Washington University Law School.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey
State cabinet secretaries of New Jersey
George Washington University Law School alumni
Boston University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
New York University School of Law alumni
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3986392
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleo
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Pleo
|
PLEO is an animatronic pet dinosaur toy manufactured by Innvo Labs, a company located in Hong Kong and Nevada. The toy has the appearance and (imagined) behavior of a week-old baby Camarasaurus dinosaur. It was designed by Caleb Chung, the co-creator of the Furby, Chung's company Ugobe first sold Pleo and was manufactured by Jetta Company Limited. The species of dinosaur chosen allows for concealing the sensors and motors needed for the animation, since it has a big body shape and relatively large head. According to their website, each Pleo would "learn" from its experiences and environment through artificial intelligence and develop an individual personality.
PLEO was unveiled on February 7, 2006 at the DEMO Conference in Scottsdale, Arizona and was expected to come on the Indian and American markets around Fall 2007. PLEO shipments started on December 5, 2007.
In April 2009, Ugobe laid off all of its employees and filed for bankruptcy.
On June 8, 2009 the original PLEO manufacturer Jetta announced it is re-launching Pleo and are continuing the line including accessories such as the vital battery and battery charger components. Since 14 July 2009, PLEO is owned by Innvo Labs Corporations (a division of Jetta).
In December 2011, the second generation, PLEO rb, was first launched in America, Europe and Hong Kong where Innvo Labs headquarters are located.
On July 10, 2017 the NPR "Hidden Brain" interviewer Shankar Vedantam used a Pleo robot on the stage of the "Aspen Ideas Festival" to illustrate some issues of "robot ethics" while interviewing Kate Darling of MIT's Media Lab.
Features
Camera-based vision system (for light detection and navigation)
Two microphones, binaural hearing
Beat detection (allows Pleo to dance and listen to music).
Touch sensors (head, chin, shoulders, back, feet) (12 in total)
Four ground foot sensors (surface detection)
Fourteen force-feedback sensors, one per joint
Orientation tilt sensor for body position
Infrared mouth sensor for object detection into mouth
Two-way infrared communication with other Pleos
Infrared detection for external objects
32-bit Atmel ARM7 microprocessor (main processor for Pleo)
32-bit NXP Semiconductors ARM7 sub-processor (camera system, dedicated audio input processor)
Four 8-bit processors (low-level motor control)
Ugobe bankruptcy
Beginning in December 2008, Pleoworld.com began to experience technical problems. By the Christmas holidays, Pleoworld was offline, including the user forums. After the holidays, both Pleoworld and Ugobe's official websites displayed updating website messages. Both sites returned sometime at the beginning of 2009. Ugobe official website updated its board of directors listing. Ugobe stated that the problems were due to the company's relocation but had not explained why the user forums have not been restored.
Wired News reported the company's outlook was not good, and it was struggling to save itself from extinction as it tried to raise new funding and keep its pipeline of products alive.
From November 2008, the company saw a host of top management departures, including two CEOs, moved its office in California, and pared down its marketing and Public Relations staff in an attempt to weather the current economic storm. (This may be the reason for Pleoworld's demise.) Emails to the company's media contact on its website bounced back. Phone calls to its corporate office were not answered.
In July 2008, Ugobe CEO Bob Christopher stepped down and former CFO Liz Gasper retook control of the company. Christopher said he left the company to move on to other ventures. Gasper had focused on cutting down the company's burn rate and finding new funding.
With the collapse of the United States credit environment, though, fund raising came to a halt. Meanwhile, the company's entire board of directors resigned before December, 2008, giving control of Ugobe back to the co-founders.
Ugobe also closed its Emeryville, California office and moved all operations to its new offices in Boise, Idaho. The company then had about twenty employees.
It had become extremely difficult for new PLEOs owners or existing members of the website to access the official forums and Plogs. In the wake of these problems, a loyal fan has set up a forum for members to join to talk Pleo, get the latest Pleo news, and download firmware updates for Pleo.
On April 17, 2009 Ugobe filed chapter 7 bankruptcy, and halted the production of new PLEOs.
Jetta acquired PLEO
On June 8, 2009 Jetta acquired PLEO and later in July, Innvo Labs was founded for the development of PLEO business while Jetta continued to manufacture for the PLEO line. Innvo Labs is a division of Jetta and is a privately held company based in Hong Kong. Jetta and Innvo Labs is committed to re-launch the PLEO line and continue the line of products including accessories such as the recovery battery and charger components for Ugobe PLEO.
In order to strengthen its brand, Innvo Labs is decided to enhance their customer service, and so set up a customer service hotline and email to collect public opinions and reply to customer inquiries on PLEO and PLEO rb.
PLEO rb
In December 2011, the latest iteration, the PLEO rb (Standing for ReBorn), was invented and released.
PLEO rb is similar to the original PLEO. However, no two units are exactly alike: each PLEO rb comes with randomly selected eyeball, eyelid and eye-shadow colours. The skin is always a slightly different hue of green. A special line of pink or blue PLEO rb were released in late 2012.
PLEO rb has more senses than the original. The enhancements include:
Eyes: It can now recognise colors and patterns; it can also detect drop-offs so it steps back from the risk of falling.
Ears: It can hear, and will turn towards the source. Owners can name it and teach it verbal commands using "learning stones".
Nose and mouth: It can sense what kind of "food" or "medicine" owners are feeding and then it will choose to eat or not according to its simulated needs and wants.
Skin: It can sense the temperature of its surroundings and react accordingly; it can sense whether it is being petted or hit and react to touch.
Time: It can recognize the time to wake up, eat and sleep.
There are altogether 9 new kinds of food and medicine items made for PLEO rb in different health and life situations and 7 new "learning stones": these can teach PLEO rb how to bow, dance, sign, walk towards their owner, play games, etc.
PLEO rb is designed to behave like a life-form, with 4 distinct life stages. When unboxed, it behaves like a newborn and needs to be "hatched" and brought up. With proper care, it will "grow up" into a juvenile after about two days. It starts to stand and walk smoothly during its teenage stage, and can then be taught to recognize its name. As owners continue to teach verbal commands, it will get to the mature stage and all features will be fully enabled.
References
External links
Official PLEOWorld Website for PLEO rb
Official PLEOWorld Website for PLEO
Products and services discontinued in 2009
Entertainment robots
Robotic dinosaurs
Toy brands
2007 robots
Robots of the United States
Animatronic robots
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3986394
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro%20Kardiogramm
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Elektro Kardiogramm
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"Elektro Kardiogramm" is a song by German musicians Ralf Hütter and Fritz Hilpert. It was recorded by the band Kraftwerk and first released on their album Tour de France Soundtracks. The track was subsequently given a limited release in October 2003 as a promotional CD single, in a special "Radio Mix" that was different from the album version. This is the rendition that is performed in their concerts. The lyrics in the song "Minimum/Maximum/Beats Per Minute" gave the name of the band's 2005 live album Minimum-Maximum.
Track listing
Notes
Elektro Kardiogramm: Kraftwerk
2003 singles
Kraftwerk songs
Songs written by Ralf Hütter
Songs written by Fritz Hilpert
2003 songs
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5376565
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship%20Trooper
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Starship Trooper
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"Starship Trooper" is a song written by British musicians Jon Anderson, Steve Howe and Chris Squire, which first appeared on Yes' 1971 album The Yes Album. The song is in three parts, "Life Seeker", "Disillusion" and "Würm". "Life Seeker" was released as a single on the B-side of the UK release of "Your Move".
Lyrics and music
Anderson was aware of the title of Starship Troopers, the 1959 novel by Robert A. Heinlein, and from that got the idea of a "Starship Trooper being another guardian angel and Mother Earth". "Starship Trooper" was constructed from pieces of music written separately by Anderson, Howe and Squire. Anderson was the primary author of "Life Seeker". Squire wrote most of the "Disillusion" section; this section had earlier been used with slightly different lyrics as the bridge for the song "For Everyone", with Squire providing the lead vocals. Howe had written the instrumental "Würm" section while he was in an earlier band (Bodast).
The song was heavily constructed in the recording studio, and as a result the band were never able to play it live quite the way it was recorded. The song changes mood, rhythm, tempo and style continually, but according to Yes biographer Chris Welch, it still manages to "hang together". Authors Pete Prown and Lisa Sharken describe the "Würm" section as "a Bolero-paced chord sequence that builds into an explosive solo". They note that Howe's solo incorporates rockabilly and country music elements rather than on blues-based music with distortion as is typical for these types of solos.
A theme of "Life Seeker" is the search for God. Anderson has stated that the lyrics:
refer to "the point within yourself that knows you," which we call "God." The lyrics accept the fact that "no matter how much you want to get clearer visions of what you're up to, you're only going to get a certain amount."
The song uses UFO imagery. Other themes that have been inferred for the song include new age ideas and environmentalism.
Critical reception
Chris Welch described "Starship Trooper" as "one [of] the most astonishing pieces" in Yes' repertoire. He particularly praised the "Würm" section for its "grinding intensity." The New Rolling Stone Album Guide critic Ernesto Lechner described the song as being "ethereal." Pitchfork Media considered "Howe's slow, spacey guitar build at the end" of the song to be "one of the great Yes moments." Paul Stump, in his History of Progressive Rock, elaborated that this guitar solo "smothered the repetitive three-chord patterns of the finale in gloriously unorthodox fashion, employing multinational voicings in a non-blues solo pattern. This was no burglarizing of different constituents from different genres but a methodical honing-down of those constituents into quite a separate style of music which defied any pigeon-holing."
Other appearances
"Starship Trooper" has appeared on many of Yes' live albums and DVDs, including Yessongs, Live in Philadelphia, 9012Live, Keys to Ascension, Symphonic Live, Songs from Tsongas, Like It Is: Yes at the Bristol Hippodrome, Topographic Drama - Live Across America, Yes 50 Live, and The Royal Affair Tour: Live from Las Vegas.
Personnel
Band
Jon Andersonlead vocals
Chris Squirebass guitar, backing vocals
Steve Howeelectric & acoustic guitars
Tony KayeHammond organ, Moog
Bill Bruforddrums, percussion
References
Yes (band) songs
1971 songs
Song recordings produced by Eddy Offord
Songs written by Jon Anderson
Songs written by Chris Squire
Songs written by Steve Howe (musician)
1971 singles
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3986405
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alazani
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Alazani
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The Alazani (, ) is a river that flows through the Caucasus. It is the main tributary of the Kura in eastern Georgia, and flows for . Part of its path forms the border between Georgia and Azerbaijan, before it meets the Kura at the Mingəçevir Reservoir. The river is likely the same as that referred to by classical authors Strabo and Pliny as "Alazonius" or "Alazon", and may also be the Abas River mentioned by Plutarch (Plut. Pomp. 35) and Dio Cassius (37.3) as the location of the Battle of the Abas (65 BCE).
The Alazani originates in the Greater Caucasus, south of the main ridge, in the northwestern part of the Akhmeta District. It flows initially to the south towards the town Akhmeta, then through the fruitful Alazani Valley of Kakheti towards the southeast. The Alazani is the center of the Georgian wine industry. For centuries, it was a main gateway for Persian invaders.
The Alazani dries up during the winter, but in the late spring, snow melt from the mountains swells the river enormously; this regularly causes flooding. The river is mainly used for irrigation and for drinking water. In the 1990s, Chinese investors built many small hydroelectric power plants, which use the Alazani's strong current. The river is also popular with tourists for rafting trips.
A light pollution of the river with biological substances comes from untreated sewage from the cities and other communities, as well as from the agricultural areas. In the districts of Kvareli and Lagodekhi, water quality is said to be quite bad.
Alazani serves also as the name of different Georgian wines, among them the semi-dry brands of Marani Alazani Valley and Old Tbilisi Alazani.
See also
Alazani Floodplain Forests Natural Monument
References
Caucasus
Rivers of Azerbaijan
Rivers of Georgia (country)
International rivers of Asia
International rivers of Europe
Azerbaijan–Georgia (country) border
Border rivers
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3986414
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt%20Park%20%28Malden%29
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Roosevelt Park (Malden)
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Roosevelt Park was a large open public park in Malden, Massachusetts with three baseball diamonds, open space for football games, a basketball court, a children's playground, and an old field house that had closed prior to the closing of the park itself. The park was also the home field for Malden Catholic High School's football program until the completion of their own stadium, Brother Gilbert Stadium, in 1988. The city of Malden announced plans in the mid-1990s to replace all of the public elementary schools in the city. Roosevelt Park was picked as a site to build a brand new Kindergarten-Eighth grade school. The park was officially closed in 1998. Construction began for the new school that same year. In 1999, the Salemwood Elementary School opened on the site of what was Roosevelt Park.
1998 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Malden, Massachusetts
Parks in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
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5376570
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislav%20Nov%C3%A1k
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Ladislav Novák
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Ladislav Novák (5 December 1931 – 21 March 2011) was a Czech football defender and later a football manager. He played 75 matches for Czechoslovakia, 71 of them as a team captain.
He was a participant in the 1962 FIFA World Cup, where Czechoslovakia won the silver medal.
He was also a participant in the 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1958 FIFA World Cup.
In his country Novák played mainly for Dukla Prague and won 8 championship titles with them.
After end of his playing career he worked as a football manager and coached Dukla Praha and briefly Czechoslovakia national team. He won the championship title with Dukla as a coach in 1982.
Footnotes
References
Zemřel fotbalový rytíř, kapitán stříbrných "Chilanů“ Novák at iDNES.cz, 21 March 2011.
1931 births
2011 deaths
Czech footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
Czechoslovakia international footballers
Association football defenders
1954 FIFA World Cup players
1958 FIFA World Cup players
1960 European Nations' Cup players
1962 FIFA World Cup players
Dukla Prague footballers
FK Jablonec players
Czech football managers
Czechoslovak football managers
Czechoslovakia national football team managers
Royal Antwerp F.C. managers
Dukla Prague managers
K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen managers
K.S.K. Beveren managers
Beerschot A.C. managers
R.W.D. Molenbeek managers
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate football managers in Belgium
People from Louny
FK Jablonec managers
Sportspeople from the Ústí nad Labem Region
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3986415
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Plaza%20%28Bangkok%29
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Royal Plaza (Bangkok)
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The Royal Plaza, or formally Dusit Palace Plaza (; ), and also known among Thais as Equestrian Statue Plaza (; ), is an important public square in the palace and government quarter of Bangkok, the capital of Thailand.
It is located in front of Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall in Dusit Palace, Dusit District, Bangkok, which was the former reception hall of the palace where King Chulalongkorn (Rama V; r. 1868–1910) once lived, and was later used as the first parliament building. At the center of the plaza is the Equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn, the "Great beloved king". The square is rectangular shaped, about 500 metres long and 150 metres wide.
The Royal Plaza forms the northeastern end of Ratchadamnoen Avenue that presents a 1.5-km long vista towards it and links the plaza with the Sanam Luang and the Grand Palace in Bangkok's old town. Next to the plaza is Suan Amporn Park, the venue of the annual Red Cross Fair. On the northern corner of the square is Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, the primary residence of current King Vajiralongkorn, on its southwestern edge is Paruskavan Palace which hosts the headquarters of National Intelligence Agency and Metropolitan Police Bureau. To its south is the headquarters of the Royal Thai Army's 1st army region. Dusit Zoo is also located near the plaza.
It is often used for rallies, parades and ceremonies, for instance students of Chulalongkorn University traditionally celebrate their graduation on this square.
History
The Equestrian Statue of King Chulalongkorn the Great was erected in 1908 two years before his death from a fund raised by the Thai people. The statue was cast in Paris by Georges Saulo, a French craftsman well known at that time. The remainder of the fund was spent by King Rama VI on the establishment of Chulalongkorn University, which was named after the eponymous king.
On 24 June 1932, the plaza and the throne hall witnessed one of the most important events in Thai history as the People's Party staged a bloodless revolution that transformed the country from absolute monarchy to democratic constitutional monarchy. The plaza was the rally site for People's Party supporters demanding the constitution. The first permanent constitution was ceremoniously granted in the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall on 10 December 1932.
The plaza has frequently been used for rallies organised by the government or palace as well as civil protests throughout the Thai history. On 6 October 1976, the day of Thammasat University massacre, some 30,000 adherents of the right-wing Village Scouts movement rallied here, calling to "Kill the communists, kill the three leftist ministers, defend nation—religion—monarchy", until they were dispersed by then Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn after the military had seized power.
The Royal Plaza was also one of the sites of the May 1992 mass protests against a purportedly illegitimate government, that led into the violent "Black May" unrest. In February 2006 tens of thousands supporters of the People's Alliance for Democracy (also known as "yellow shirts") gathered to protest against Prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra. In June of the same year, up to a million Thai subjects assembled here to celebrate the diamond throne jubilee of King Bhumibol Adulyadej.
A brass plaque, 30 centimeters in diameter, commemorating the Siamese revolution of 1932 was embedded in the pavement next to the statue. It was removed during the dictatorial rule of Prime minister Sarit Thanarat (1959–63) but later reinstated. Under the military rule of Prayut Chan-o-cha, it disappeared again in April 2017 and was replaced by a plaque that highlights the importance of the monarchy without any reference to the revolution or constitution. The government refused any explanation for this exchange.
In 2022, The Royal Plaza was completely sealed off by a fence. As a result, the area was included as part of the Dusit Palace.
See also
Dusit Palace
Equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn
References
Squares and plazas in Bangkok
Tourist attractions in Bangkok
Dusit district
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5376576
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes%20Petreius
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Johannes Petreius
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Johann(es) Petreius (Hans Peterlein, Petrejus, Petri; c. 1497, Langendorf near Bad Kissingen – 18 March 1550, Nuremberg) was a German printer in Nuremberg.
Life
He studied at the University of Basel, receiving the Master of Arts in 1517. Two years later, he worked as a proofreader for his relative Adam Petri. He became a citizen of Nuremberg in 1523, where he began working as a printer by at least 1524, though his name is only officially entered into the records in 1526. After his death the company was run by Gabriel Hayn.
Work
About 800 publications by him are known, including works in theology, science, law and the classics. He also printed music, using Pierre Attaingnant's single-impression technique. Though the amount of music was small, it was distinguished by its high quality.
His most famous work is the original edition of Nicolaus Copernicus's De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium in 1543, after an initiative of Georg Joachim Rheticus and Tiedemann Giese.
The inclusion of a foreword anonymously written by the Lutheran philosopher Andreas Osiander, stating that the whole work is only a simple hypothesis and intended to facilitate computation, which contradicts the content of Copernicus' work, is a rather controversial feature of the edition by Petreius. Petreius had sent a copy to Hieronymus Schreiber, an astronomer from Nuremberg who died in 1547 in Paris, but left a note in the book about the authorship of Osiander. Via Michael Mästlin, the book came to Johannes Kepler, who uncovered Osiander's deed.
Bibliography
Georg Rithaymer: De orbis terrarum situa compendium. Johann Petreius, Nürnberg, 1538
Michael Stifel, Arithmetica Integra. Johann Petreius, Nürnberg, 1544
Nicolaus Copernicus, De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, Libri VI, Nuremberg, Johann Petreius, 1543
Girolamo Cardano, Artis Magnae sive de Regulis Algebraicis Liber I, Nuremberg, Johann Petreius, 1545
Girolamo Cardano, De subtilitate rerum. Libri XXI. Nuremberg, Johann Petreius, 1550
Notes
External links
Petreius' ornaments A-F
https://web.archive.org/web/20060526023248/http://www.nzz.ch/2005/08/06/li/articleCZUON.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20081023135412/http://www.ta-dip.de/56,0,petrejus-johannes-,index,0.html
https://web.archive.org/web/20050212034755/http://langendorf.net/buch.htm
From the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection at the Library of Congress
Bible. N.T. Epistles. Italian. 1495. Epistole [et] Euangelii [et] Lectioni vulgari in lingua toschana. Florence, Lorenzo Morgiani and Johannes Petri, for Piero Pacini, 27 July 1495.
Storia di Ottinello e Giulia.Storia di Ottinello e Giulia. [Florence, Lorenzo Morgiani and Johannes Petri, ca. 1500]
1497 births
1550 deaths
German printers
Businesspeople from Nuremberg
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5376593
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter%2C%201916
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Easter, 1916
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Easter, 1916 is a poem by W. B. Yeats describing the poet's torn emotions regarding the events of the Easter Rising staged in Ireland against British rule on Easter Monday, April 24, 1916. The uprising was unsuccessful, and most of the Irish republican leaders involved were executed for treason. The poem was written between May and September 1916, printed privately, 25 copies, and appeared in magazines in 1920 but first published in 1921 in the collection Michael Robartes and the Dancer.
Background
Even though a committed nationalist, Yeats usually rejected violence as a means to secure Irish independence, and as a result had strained relations with some of the figures who eventually led the uprising. The sudden and abrupt execution of the leaders of the revolutionaries, however, was as much a shock to Yeats as it was to ordinary Irish people at the time, who did not expect the events to take such a bad turn so soon. Yeats was working through his feelings about the revolutionary movement in this poem, and the insistent refrain that "a terrible beauty is born" turned out to be prescient, as the execution of the leaders of the Easter Rising had the opposite effect to that intended. The killings led to a reinvigoration of the Irish Republican movement rather than its demise.
Composition
The initial social and ideological distance between Yeats and some of the revolutionary figures is portrayed in the poem when, in the first stanza, the poem's narrator admits to having exchanged only "polite meaningless words" (6) with the revolutionaries prior to the uprising, and had even indulged in "a mocking tale or gibe" (10) about their political ambitions. However, this attitude changes with the refrain at the end of the stanza, when Yeats moves from a feeling of separation between the narrator and the revolutionaries, to a mood of distinct unity, by including all subjects of the poem in the last line with reference to the utter change that happened when the revolutionary leaders were executed: "All changed, changed utterly: A terrible beauty is born." (15–16) These last lines of the stanza have rhythmic similarities to the popular ballads of the era as well as syntactic echoes of William Blake.
In the second stanza, the narrator proceeds to describe in greater detail the key figures involved in the Easter uprising, alluding to them without actually listing names. The female revolutionary described at the opening of the stanza is Countess Markievicz, who was well-known to Yeats and a long-time friend. The man who "kept a school/ And rode our winged horse" is a reference to Patrick Pearse, and the lines about Pearse's "helper and friend" allude to Thomas MacDonagh. In Yeats's description of the three, his torn feelings about the Easter uprising are most keenly communicated. He contrasts the "shrill" voice of Countess Markievicz as a revolutionary, with his remembrance of her incomparably "sweet" voice when she was a young woman; and he contrasts the haughty public personae of Pearse against his impression of his "sensitive" nature, describing how "daring and sweet" his ideals were even though he and MacDonagh had to resort to "force".
This stanza also shows how Yeats was able to separate his own private feelings towards some of the revolutionary figures from the greater nationalist cause that the group was pursuing. Whilst Yeats had positive regard for the three Republican leaders mentioned above, he despised Major John MacBride, who as the estranged husband of Maud Gonne (who in turn had been the object of Yeats's romantic feelings for a number of years) had been accused of abusing both Gonne and their daughter during their marriage, although never proven. In this poem, although MacBride is alluded to as a "vainglorious lout" (32) who had "done most bitter wrong" (33) to those close to the narrator's heart, Yeats includes him in his eulogy among those who have fallen for their republican ideals: "Yet I number him in the song;/ He, too, has resigned his part/ In the casual comedy/ He, too, has been changed in turn" (36–7). The phrase "the casual comedy" is laden with sarcasm, pointing to an unnecessary loss of life (a point he picks up again in a later stanza) as well as the senselessness of the killings. Yeats emphasises his repeated charge at the end of the stanza, that, as a result of the execution of the Easter Rising leaders, "A terrible beauty is born" (40).
The third stanza differs from the first two stanzas by abandoning the first-person narrative of "I" and moving to the natural realm of streams, clouds, and birds. The speaker elaborates on the theme of change ("Minute by minute they change (48) ... Changes minute by minute" (50)) and introduces the symbol of the stone, which opens and closes the stanza. Unlike the majority of images presented in this stanza, of clouds moving, seasons changing, horse-hoof sliding, which are characterized by their transience, the stone is a symbol of permanence. Yeats compares the fixedness of the revolutionaries' purpose to that of the stone; their hearts are said to be "enchanted to a stone" (43). The stone disturbs or "trouble[s]" "the living stream" (44), a metaphor for how the steadfastness of the revolutionaries' purpose contrasts with the fickleness of less dedicated people. The singularity of their purpose, leading to their ultimate deaths, cut through the complacency and indifference of everyday Irish society at the time.
The fourth and last stanza of the poem resumes the first person narrative of the first and second stanzas. The stanza returns to the image of the stony heart: "Too long a sacrifice/ Can make a stone of the heart" (57–8), Yeats wrote, putting the determined struggle of Irish republicans in the Easter Rising in the context of the long history of Irish revolts against British rule, as well as alluding to the immense psychological costs of the struggle for independence. Indeed, the narrator cries, "O when may it suffice?", and answering his own question with the line, "That is heaven's part" (making an allusion to Shakespeare's play Hamlet—the parallel line occurs in Act I, scene V, regarding Gertrude's guilt: "Against thy mother aught: leave her to heaven"). In Yeats's scheme, Heaven's role is to determine when the suffering will end and when the sacrifices are considered sufficient (59–60); whilst the role of the people left behind is to forever remember the names of those who had fallen in order to properly lay their wandering spirits to rest: "our part/ To murmur name upon name,/ as a mother names her child/ when sleep at last has come/ On limbs that had run wild." (60–3).
In the second half of the last stanza, the narrator wonders aloud whether the sacrifices were indeed warranted: "Was it needless death after all?" (67), contemplating the possibility that the British might still allow the Home Rule Act 1914 to come into force without the uprising. However, Yeats made the point that what's done was done. All that is important is to remember the revolutionaries' dream and carry on: "We know their dream; enough/ To know they dreamed and are dead." There is no point arguing over whether these revolutionaries should or shouldn't have acted so rashly for their cause as they did: "And what if excess of love/ bewildered them till they died?" These are some of the most poignant lines in the poem, with the phrase "excess of love" (72) recalling the character of Oisin in Yeats's long poem "The Wanderings of Oisin."
In the end, the narrator resigns to commemorating the names of those fallen revolutionary figures, viz. Thomas MacDonagh, John MacBride, James Connolly and Patrick Pearse, as eternal heroes of the Irish Republican movement (symbolised by the colour green), with Yeats adapting the final refrain to reflect the price these people paid to change the course of Irish history:
"I write it out in a verse—
MacDonagh and MacBride
And Connolly and Pearse
Now and in time to be,
Wherever green is worn,
Are changed, changed utterly:
A terrible beauty is born."
The extent to which Yeats was willing to eulogize the members of the Easter Rising can be seen in his usage of "green" (78) to commemorate said members above, even though he generally abhors the use of the colour green as a political symbol (Yeats's abhorrence was such that he forbade green as the color of the binding of his books). In commemorating the names of the revolutionaries in eloquent lamentation in the final stanza, including even his love rival Major John MacBride, Yeats reconciled his personal private sentiments towards some of the individuals involved with the larger nationalist sentiments upheld and championed by the poem, even if there were revolutionaries whose strategies he didn't fully agree with. Yeats has an interesting perspective on the historical significance of his poem, adding to the tension of his recording. The revolutionaries "now and in time to be (77)... are changed, changed utterly" (79)-- the knowledge of which shows Yeats's astute insight into the historical importance of his poetic memorial of these revolutionary figures.
The date of the Easter Rising can be seen in the structure of the poem also: there are 16 lines (for 1916) in the first and third stanzas, 24 lines (for April 24, the date the Rising began) in the second and fourth stanzas, and four stanzas in total (which refers to April, the fourth month of the year).
See also
September 1, 1939
References
External links
Original 'Easter, 1916' MS on display at National Library of Ireland
The full text of the poem
(multiple recordings)
1916 poems
1916 in Ireland
Poetry by W. B. Yeats
Easter Rising
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5376601
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL%20Tribunal
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AFL Tribunal
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The AFL Tribunal is the disciplinary tribunal of the Australian Football League (AFL), an Australian rules football competition. The Tribunal regulates the conduct of players, umpires, and other officials associated with the AFL and its clubs.
Points system
Prior to 2005, any player who was reported would face a hearing at the AFL Tribunal. This process had become problematic, and in 2005, a new system (similar to that used by the NRL Judiciary at the time) was adopted. The changes were primarily made to reduce the number of tribunal hearings, and to improve the consistency of penalties.
The current tribunal process is as follows:
Match Review Panel
On-field umpires and certain off-field observers can report players for incidents which occur during games. On the Monday after the round of football, each incident is then reviewed by the Match Review Panel, a small panel of former players and umpires. Within the review, the Match Review Panel grades the severity of the incident in three factors, and awards activation points depending upon the severity. The three factors are:
The activation points from all three categories are added together to give the total activation points for the incident. It is important to note that an incident involving accidental/incidental conduct, or negligible impact, will be rejected and the player will receive no penalty, even if the activation points in the other categories are high. Because of this, any offence must rate at least three activation points to be considered further.
Next, activation points are converted into an offence level:
Next, the player is given a number of base demerit points, based on the type and level of his offence. The base demerit point totals are standardised in the Table of Offences. As an example, any player charged by the Match Review Panel with a Level 4 Kicking offence receives 550 base demerit points. This is where the Match Review Panel's role in the Tribunal process ends.
Player response
Following the Match Review Panel's findings, a player's base points are subjected to a series of additions and deductions (which are described in the next section) to arrive at a number of total demerit points. Each 100 total demerit points that a player finishes with then corresponds to a suspension for one match; e.g. a player who finished with 225 demerit points will receive a two-match suspension. If a player finishes with fewer than 100 demerit points, he is not suspended, but receives what is known as a reprimand.
Because the penalty is standardised and pre-announced by the Match Review Panel, the player has the option to plead guilty to the charge and receive his penalty without the need to attend a Tribunal hearing; he receives a deduction for doing this (see next section). Alternatively, a player may choose to appeal the findings of the Match Review Panel, and attend a Tribunal hearing to argue the case. Players may appeal to try to have their entire charge withdrawn, or may argue for a reduction in one of the three factors; e.g. a player could try to have the conduct factor reduced from reckless to negligent. Should a player reduce the severity of his infraction, the penalty is re-evaluated and the player is again given the choice to plead guilty or further contest the revised charge.
If an incident is ungraded (i.e. has nine activation points), the player is required to attend a tribunal hearing.
Residuals, additions and deductions
Residuals (also called carry-over points) are any points a player may still have below the 100 required for a suspension. For every 100 points accrued, the player is suspended one week and the 100 points are subtracted; e.g., a player with 225 demerit points is suspended for two weeks; 200 points are correspondingly subtracted, and the remaining 25 are residual points; or, if a player receives a reprimand with 93.75 points, all of these points are residual as they are not enough to draw a suspension. Residual points from a previous offence will be added to the base demerit points of the player's next offence if it occurs within one year; a player's residual points are cancelled if a year elapses without a punishable offence.
A player with prior suspensions over the past two years is subject to an additional penalty known as loading. For each week in excess of two that a player has been suspended over the past two years, he receives an additional penalty of 10% of the current offence's original base score, up to a maximum penalty of 50%; e.g. a player suspended for three matches will receive a 10% loading, while one suspended for seven matches will receive a 50% loading. (Prior to 2013, the relevant period was three years, and loading began with the first match suspended.)
Any player with more than six years (increased in 2013, previously five years) experience who has not been found guilty of a punishable offence over the previous five years receives a 25% deduction.
Finally, players will receive a 25% deduction by accepting the Match Review Panel's finding without contest; this is typically known as an early guilty plea. As a result of this rule, players are often faced with the option of accepting a shorter suspension with an early plea, or contesting the charge and risking a longer suspension if unsuccessful. Note that if a player contests the match review panel's assessment at the Tribunal, and has the number of base demerit points changed, the penalty is re-evaluated, meaning the player, in spite of attending a hearing, can still take an early guilty plea on the revised charge.
The final offence score is thus calculated from this series of discrete steps:
Residual (from prior offence(s))
Base Score (from Match Review Panel); this is doubled for a Grand Final offence
Loading (for poor record)
Good Record Deduction
Early Guilty Plea Deduction
Each addition or deduction is made to the final result of the previous calculation step.
Grand Final penalties
Any reportable offence that occurs during a Grand Final match will receive a double penalty: the offence's original base score as determined by the Match Review Panel is doubled after the additions and deductions previously mentioned. This loading is meant to discourage excessively rough or violent play, as any penalties given as a result would not apply until the following season.
This was instituted as a result of fighting in the 2004 AFL Grand Final between Alastair Lynch and Darryl Wakelin, and several brawls during the match, which resulted in the Tribunal handing down stiff penalties - Lynch was suspended for ten matches and fined $15,000 - and adding the double penalty rule.
Offences attracting financial penalties
The Match Review Panel also assesses a variety of offences for which players are fined but not suspended, including wrestling, negligent contact with an umpire, making an obscene gesture, etc. As for physical offences, there is a standardised table of penalties, which depend upon the nature of the offence, and any prior similar offences; e.g. a player's second wrestling offence attracts double the penalty of his first. As for physical offences, a player can accept his penalty with an early guilty plea, receiving a 25% reduction in his fine, or he may contest it and risk the full penalty.
Appeals Board
If a player or the AFL wishes to appeal against a decision handed down in a tribunal hearing, it may take the case to the AFL Appeals Board. The board will re-hear the case, with a different set of panel members, and may uphold or change the Tribunal's original decision. The Appeals Board was established in 1998 following a recommendation from Justice John Hedigan of the Supreme Court of Victoria, after several tribunal findings were appealed through the Victorian court system during the mid-1990s.
Deregistration
Since May 2011, under the official AFL Deregistration Policy, any player who accumulates a total of at least 10 weeks of suspensions over the course of his football career (both inside and outside the AFL) receives a formal notice that further suspensions can result in his automatic deregistration from the league.
Any player who accumulates a total of 16 weeks or more of suspensions over the course of his career will be automatically deregistered from the AFL, and barred from any further participation. Any previous suspensions within the AFL are carried over at 75% of their original length (e.g. a previous suspension of four weeks will only count as three weeks under this policy), but any immediate suspension is to be considered at its full length. If any player receives an immediate first suspension of 16 weeks or more, deregistration is left to the discretion of the League.
A deregistered player may apply for an exemption to re-register or appeal the deregistration under the appropriate laws of the league after 12 months. However, only one request can be made. Should a player be exempted and re-registered, any further suspension will result in permanent, irrevocable deregistration.
Deregistration is only practiced in country and suburban football competitions; it is not practiced by the AFL as of 2019, as the deregistration policy was designed for serial aggressive offenders, not low-level repeat offenders: in the event, the AFL has not had been a repeat offender issue at AFL level (where a player has been receiving repeated lengthy suspensions for repeated behind-the-play offences) since the mid-1990s.
Administration
AFL Tribunal
Chairman: His Honour David Jones AM (replacing Brian Collis)
Members:
John Hassett
Will Houghton QC
Andrew Tinney
Emmett Dunne
Michael Sexton
Wayne Schimmelbusch
Richard Loveridge
David Pittman
AFL Appeals Board
Chairman: Peter O'Callaghan
Members:
Brian Collis QC
Brian Bourke
John Schultz
Michael Gree
AFL Grievance Tribunal
Chairman: Jack Rush QC
Members:
Kevin Power
Michael Moncrieff
Darren Baxter
James Dowsley
Roger Berryman
AFL Match Review Panel
Sole Officer: Michael Christian
History
Since the overhaul, the heaviest suspension for a single offence has been eight weeks, handed out to Fremantle's Dean Solomon for elbowing Geelong's Cameron Ling in round 15 of the 2008 season, and to 's Andrew Gaff for striking 's Andrew Brayshaw in round 20 of the 2018 season.
In Round 4, 2008, Barry Hall of the Sydney Swans was suspended for seven matches after striking West Coast's Brent Staker.
In 2007, Steven Baker of St Kilda was suspended for seven matches for rough conduct on Jeff Farmer (although the base suspension was only four weeks, with residual points and a significant loading due to his poor record his penalty increased to seven).
The longest suspension was handed out in June 2010; St Kilda's Steven Baker was suspended for a total of nine weeks after he pleaded guilty to three striking charges and was found guilty of a misconduct charge, all against Geelong's Steve Johnson. He was the first person to be charged with misconduct for interfering with an injured opponent.
In May 2014, midfielder Jack Viney was sent straight to the tribunal following a bump which resulted in forward Tom Lynch breaking his jaw. Viney was found guilty of rough conduct by the tribunal, and suspended for two matches, after it was ruled that he had alternate options rather than elect to bump Lynch. Melbourne subsequently appealed the suspension, which was overturned, making it just the second time since 2005 that an appeal against the AFL Tribunal's ruling was overruled.
In June 2017, the AFL challenged the tribunal's verdict for the first time in history, following an off-the-ball incident involving player Bachar Houli and 's Jed Lamb: Houli was originally given a two-week suspension for striking Lamb during the first quarter of the Round 14 match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. Houli was reported for the incident, which saw Lamb sit out the remainder of the match, and sent straight to the tribunal the following day. When his case went before the tribunal that week, he was given the two-week suspension, but part of the reason the penalty was low was due to character reference statements given by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and media personality Waleed Aly. Following an announcement of the penalty, there was a public outcry about the length of the suspension. The following day the AFL announced they would challenge the decision, and the matter would be heard in front of the appeals tribunal. Following an extensive review hearing, Houli's suspension was doubled from two weeks to four weeks.
In June 2018, player Jeremy Cameron became the first player in AFL history to be referred directly to the tribunal more than once in his career, where he was found guilty of striking Brisbane Lions player Harris Andrews and suspended for five matches. He had previously been sent straight to the tribunal after breaking Rhys Mathieson's jaw during a pre-season match in 2016, for which he was suspended for four matches.
In February 2019, player Nicola Barr became the first player in AFL Women's history to be referred directly to the AFLW Tribunal, where she was found guilty of rough conduct against 's Ashleigh Riddell and suspended for one match.
Suspensions
VFL/AFL records
Longest suspension
Qualification - 20 matches
1 Prior to 1926, some players found guilty of serious offences were given a lifetime suspension, but in each case the penalty was later commuted.
2 Taylor was suspended for the rest of the 2020 season (six matches) for violating the AFL's COVID protocols. During this suspension, he was charged with assaulting his girlfriend by police; Taylor pleaded guilty to the charges and was suspended for all of 2021. Since Sydney had deregistered him prior to his second suspension, Taylor was not officially listed as a player at the time of his second suspension.
3 Cousins was suspended for a period of twelve months for "bringing the game into disrepute", equating to 22 matches. His former club, , had deregistered him prior to his suspension, meaning he was not officially listed as a player at the time of his suspension.
4 Stephenson's suspension was backdated, and he thus only missed ten matches, having been provisionally suspended.
5 Baxter was later exonerated on appeal due to mistaken identity.
Not listed above
One noteworthy suspension imposed by the VFL/AFL Tribunal was against John Bourke of the Collingwood Reserves.
In an outburst broadcast on Australia's Seven Network on 28 April 1985, Bourke kicked Sydney Swans Reserves ruckman Patrick Foy in the groin in response to Foy tagging him throughout the game. When umpire Phil Waight attempted to order Bourke off for the incident, Bourke shoved Waight to the ground and kicked him, struck the Collingwood runner, and then jumped into the stands to attack a Swans fan. Bourke was suspended for 10 years plus 16 matches (240 matches total), which was commuted in 1992 to seven years (157 matches).
While this suspension is not listed above (because he was not a member of a senior team), it remains one of the most infamous suspensions in the modern history of the sport, and was covered by Australian media for some time afterward.
See also
NRL Judiciary
References
External links
Tribunal
Tribunal
Australian tribunals
Sports law
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3986426
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain%20Hollywood%20Project
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Captain Hollywood Project
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Captain Hollywood Project is a German eurodance music project best known for the hits “More and More," "Only with You" and "Flying High." At the peak of its success in the 1990s, the project achieved ten top-20 hits on European music charts. The project was first formed in 1990 in Nuremberg, Germany by rapper/singer, dancer and music producer Tony Dawson-Harrison (a.k.a. Captain Hollywood). When first naming the project, Harrison chose the name 'Captain Hollywood Project' in order to distinguish his new music for the project from his music from previous years. He also chose the name to give himself the creative freedom as executive producer to involve any singer, songwriter or producer of his choice when producing each of the new songs for the project. Even though the act has been viewed as a one-man act starring Harrison as the rapper/frontman, an ensemble of female backup singers, dancers and backing musicians have been traditionally included in the act by Harrison. Today, Captain Hollywood Project is recognized as a live performing duo act starring Harrison and singer/dancer Shirin von Gehlen (a.k.a. Shirin Amour) as the project's lead singer and frontwoman. Together with their live musicians and dancers, Harrison and von Gehlen perform the Captain Hollywood Project hits year-round at concert venues in the United States, Canada, South America, Europe, Russia and Australia.
Early history
Before creating the Captain Hollywood Project in 1990, creator Tony Dawson-Harrison was a dancer, choreographer and music star in Europe. A native of Newark, New Jersey, Harrison originally gained his stage name in 1982 while stationed in Germany as a U.S. Army captain. During his off-duty hours, he would entertain his military friends on base by performing street dance moves in his captain's uniform. As a result, his fellow officers nicknamed him ‘Hollywood’ and later ‘Captain Hollywood.’ Harrison's career began in 1983 after his television debut as Captain Hollywood on the German music chart television show Formel Eins. For his guest appearance on the show, he did a three-minute body popping dance routine to the Jonzun Crew song "Pack Jam". Harrison quickly gained credit for being the first American to actually introduce the art forms to Germany and all of Europe in the early 1980s. When his active military duty ended in 1983, he relocated to Germany and worked as the lead dance choreographer on Formel Eins.
Dancer and choreographer
While working as a choreographer on Formel Eins in the 1980s, Harrison worked with major artists like C.C. Catch, La Toya Jackson, Kim Wilde, Paula Abdul, Natalie Cole, Milli Vanilli and many other performers. He was chosen to represent the country at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival premiere of the breakdance film Beat Street. Harrison also landed a cameo role as a dancer in the 1985 cult German film 'Macho Man'. When he entered the music business in 1986, he made a tradition of choreographing his own live act when performing with his team of backup dancers. In the 1990s, he opened a successful dance school in Germany called the 'Captain Hollywood Dance Academy' and later developed a unique style of choreography for his live act called the Crew Lock, a mixture of military style movements and locking. Artists such as DJ Bobo, Haddaway and several others have collaborated with Harrison extensively when planning, staging and choreographing a number of their live shows. By the year 2000, Harrison transitioned into working behind the scenes as a choreographer, manager and producer of boy bands in the United States and Canada. He has worked with the bands O-Town, 3rd Wish, B4-4 and Prymary Colorz.
1985-1987: Early success in Germany
Between 1985 and 1987, Harrison achieved his first musical successes as a rapper, singer and music producer in Germany. He independently released singles "Deborah", "Soulsister", "Grand Piano", a solo album Do That Thang, and many other dance music tracks. The success of his early hits helped to establish him in the music business as a serious musician, solo artist and music producer.
1989-1990: Twenty 4 Seven
In 1989, Harrison co-founded and produced the Holland-based act Twenty 4 Seven with the Dutch producer Ruud van Rijen. As co-producer, choreographer, rapper and frontman, Harrison led singer Nance Coolen and backup dancers Giovanni Falco (a.k.a. Hanks), and Wolfgang Reis (a.k.a. Jacks) on a successful year-long run in the UK and the Netherlands. Twenty 4 Seven became recognised for its memorable dance routines featured in their music videos and in their live act. The group successfully charted with the hit singles "I Can't Stand It!", "Are You Dreaming?" and the album Street Moves while also completing a successful three month European tour with MTV London that same year. Harrison decided to leave the act in 1990 in order to return to his solo career and to dedicate himself to his music project.
1992-1996: Mainstream success
“Love Is Not Sex”
Between 1992 and 1994, Harrison released four hit eurodance singles ("More and More," "Only with You," "All I Want"
and "Impossible") and the album ("Love Is Not Sex"). The first single "More and More" quickly became a worldwide crossover hit when released in July 1992. The single was a massive hit in Germany, where it remained No.1 for three weeks. By 1993, the single had reached the No.1 position for 2 weeks on the US Billboard Maxi singles charts while also reaching No.1 on charts in Canada and Switzerland. In Austria, France and Italy the single charted at No.2 and in the UK and Holland at No. 3. In Sweden, Denmark and all Scandinavian territories 'More and More" reached the No 5. position. It also came in at No.6 in Spain and No.8 in China. The single was also massive hit in Russia. Because of the massive commercial success of the single worldwide, the single quickly became a major influence to record labels and music producers in Europe. For this reason, Harrison is often regarded by many critics to be "The Pioneer of Eurodance". In January 1993, the follow-up single "Only with You" was released. It became a Top 5 hit in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland and was later certified Gold in Germany for reaching 250,000 commercial sales. The single also became a Top 10 hit in the U.S Billboard charts. In March 1993, the debut Captain Hollywood Project album, "Love Is Not Sex" was released. The album tracks "All I Want" and "Impossible" were later picked from the album to be singles and were released early in 1994. "All I Want" and "Impossible" both became Top 20 worldwide hits when released.
“Animals or Human” (2nd Album)
In 1995, the album Animals or Human was released. The album tracks "Flying High," "Find Another Way" and "The Way Love Is" were selected from the album to be singles. Of the three single, "The Way Love Is" was the only single to not chart as high other singles in comparison.
“The Afterparty” (3rd Album)
In 1996, Harrison decided make some changes with his regards to his music production team and recruited producers P. Force and Alex Belcher for the production of his third album The Afterparty The single "Over & Over" was released followed by two more singles "Love and Pain" and "The Afterparty".
2000-2007: Captain Hollywood - The Producer
After many successful years of achieving chart topping hits and touring worldwide, Harrison decided to shift his focus to working more as a music producer and composer behind the scenes. In 2000, he relocated to the United States and settled in St. Pete Beach, Florida. Later that same year, music impresario and boy band mastermind Lou Pearlman hired Harrison to be co-producer for the first season of the reality series Making the Band. The series documented Pearlman's nationwide talent search and casting of his third boy band creation named O-Town. Not only did Harrison help mentor the band members, he also produced their first songs, choreographed all their early dance routines and trained them in dance and live performing techniques. He also served as composer for the score music heard in the first season of the series. The show’s casting format and high television ratings turned Harrison into one of the most sought after music composers for reality television at that time. He later became a manager and choreographer for the bands: 3rd Wish, B4-4 and Prymary Colorz. He has also worked extensively with Nick Carter of the band Backstreet Boys.
Music Collaborations
As a music producer and composer, Harrison has always experimented with new sounds and styles when doing new productions. During his career as Captain Hollywood Project, Harrison produced music for other artists while also managing his own career. In recent years, he has done collaborations with other eurodance artists in addition to working with artists from different genres. He has recorded songs with Turbo B of Snap!, DJ Bobo and Haddaway. He has also done records with major hip hop artists like Krayzie Bone of Bone Thugs-N-Harmony and Ol' Dirty Bastard of the Wu-Tang Clan.
2008-present: Captain Hollywood Project Revival
In 2008, Harrison co-produced two new Captain Hollywood singles "More & More Recall" and "It Hurts With You") exclusively for release in the UAE with producer DJ Base. Two years later, Harrison brought back the Captain Hollywood Project as a special guest act for DJ Bobo's massive Fantasy' tour. In response to the overwhelmingly positive reception from fans and general audiences to his presence on the tour, Harrison decided to officially revive Captain Hollywood Project as a live touring act after being on hiatus for so many years.
For the revival, Harrison recruited his wife Shirin von Gehlen (aka Shirin Amour) to co-star with him as the new lead singer and frontwoman for the act. A native of Düsseldorf, Germany, von Gehlen is a trained singer, dancer, musician and choreographer with an extensive background in live performing and artistic gymnastics. Harrison and von Gehlen first met in 2000 in Germany and married in 2006 in Orlando, Florida, USA. She has previously worked as a dancer and choreographer for the German reality talent show Deutschland sucht den Superstar (DSDS), the RTL II Popstars show winners Overground and DJ Tomekk and the boy band 3rd Wish. As a choreographer duo, Harrison and von Gehlen continue to work as choreographers of video, music and stage productions worldwide while also touring as Captain Hollywood Project. Before bringing back the project for DJ Bobo's Fantasy tour, both Harrison and von Gehlen spent a total of three months in Switzerland helping to plan, stage and choreograph the tour while also producing new songs for DJ Bobo's live act which performed in over 20 major German cities.
With over 20 years of Captain Hollywood hits, Harrison and von Ghelen continue to perform the hits with their band of live musicians and dancers at concert venues worldwide.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
References
Sources
External links
German house music groups
German electronic musicians
German Eurodance groups
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5376603
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9y%2C%20Moselle
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Féy, Moselle
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Féy (; ) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
It lies to the south of Metz.
History
Historically, the village possessed a church (église Saint-Pierre) built in 1859 which was destroyed in 1944 during the Second World War. It has been replaced with a newer church built in a more modern style.
See also
Communes of the Moselle department
References
Communes of Moselle (department)
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5376604
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcs%C3%BAtdoboz
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Alcsútdoboz
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Alcsútdoboz is a village in Fejér county, Hungary. Alcsútdoboz was created in 1950 by the merger of the municipalities of Alcsút (German: Altschutt) and Vértesdoboz.
History
Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary had his palace there. It was constructed by the renowned architect Mihály Pollack. It was destroyed during World War II, with only the portico remaining.
Archduke Joseph August of Austria, who was for a short period head of state of Hungary, was born in Alcsút.
Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán was raised in Alcsútdoboz.
References
External links
Aerial photographs of Alcsútdoboz
Populated places in Fejér County
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3986449
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bolles%20School
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The Bolles School
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The Bolles School is an American private college preparatory day and boarding school in Jacksonville, Florida. It has a lower school (including pre-kindergarten), a middle school, and a high school, spread across four campuses around the Jacksonville area, and enrolls about 1,800 students a year. The school was founded in 1933 as an all-boys military academy. It dropped its military focus in 1962 and became coeducational in 1971. Its athletics programs have been recognized as some of the best in the Florida High School Athletic Association by Sports Illustrated magazine.
History
The school was founded as an all-boys' military academy in 1933 by Agnes Cain Painter, a friend of philanthropist Richard J. Bolles. The original campus, now known as the San Jose Campus, was formed from San Jose Hotel, a former hotel on San Jose Boulevard near the east bank of the St. Johns River. Bolles announced that it would drop its military status in 1961 and the graduating class of 1962 ended the military era. It began admitting girls in 1971. Today, male and female students are enrolled in relatively equal numbers.
International students have enrolled at Bolles since the late 1930s, and the school maintains separate boys and girls boarding facilities for 90 students from other states and 22 foreign countries. The school also has an active Student exchange program with schools in China, Japan, France and Spain. Participants live with the host family while attending school.
John E. Trainer, Jr. served as the sixth Bolles President/Headmaster from 2002 until 2012 and oversaw the growth of the Bartram campus, creation of an elementary school in Ponte Vedra Beach, and boosting the school's endowment. He was succeeded by Brian E. M. Johnson for the 2012–2013 school year, who was succeeded by Bradley R. Johnson '79, who was succeeded by David J. Farace who was then succeeded by the previous Assistant Head of School Tyler Hodges the ninth head of school since its founding.
The school's campuses include:
Upper School (grades 9–12) - San Jose Campus (Jacksonville)
Middle School (6-8) - Bartram Campus (Jacksonville)
Lower School (pre-kindergarten-5) - Ponte Vedra (Ponte Vedra Beach) & Whitehurst (Jacksonville) Campuses
Academics
Bolles has been a fully accredited Florida high school since 1934. Bolles operates on a two-semester academic year, with each semester split into two quarters. Bolles offers Advanced Placement courses.
Athletics
In 2005, Sports Illustrated named Bolles's athletic program the ninth best in the country, and second best in Florida. Of the top twenty-five schools, Bolles was the only one with an Upper School enrollment of under 1,000 students. Bolles has received the Florida High School Athletic Association's Dodge Sunshine Cup/Floyd E. Lay All-Sports Award (given to the best overall athletic program in each school type/size classification in Florida) for 21 of the past 22 years, including the past eleven consecutive years. During the 2015–2016 school year, Bolles won 7 different Florida state championships, including boys swimming, girls swimming, girls cross country, boys basketball, girls soccer, girls track and field, and baseball, bringing the school's all-time state championship total to 123.
The outdoor field where its seven outdoor sports teams practice is called "George H. Hodges Field" and in 2016 it was converted to an artificial turf.
The swim team has been coached by Gregg Troy, current head coach at the University of Florida, and 2012 US Olympic men's team head coach. Troy was followed as head coach by Olympic medalist Sergio Lopez until 2014 when Lopez left to become the Singapore national swimming team's head coach. The current Bolles coach is former Olympic swimmer Jon Sakovich. The school's swimming facility has its own offices, weight room (separate from the weight room that the rest of the school uses), and two swimming pools (one Olympic-sized). , the boys swim team has won 29 consecutive Florida state championships and 8 national championships, while the girls team has won 26 consecutive state championships and 9 different national titles. Bolles has had at least one alumnus or student competing in every Summer Olympics since 1972, including 2016 Summer Olympics gold medal winners Ryan Murphy and Joseph Schooling. The Bolles Sharks, Bolles's club swim team, compete and practice year-round.
Since 1989, the school's football team has been coached by Charles "Corky" Rogers, the all-time winningest Florida high school football coach with 465 wins, and has won eleven state championships, ten under Rogers. , Rogers has compiled a record of 324-45 during his tenure at the school, and has led Bolles to the state championship game in 6 of the last 8 years, resulting in 3 championships and 3 runner-up finishes. For the 2009 season, the Bulldogs went 12–1, losing only to Cocoa High School, 44–37 in overtime. They defeated Tampa Catholic in the state championship game on December 12, 21–7.
Activities
The school's drama program performs a musical every second year and a Shakespeare play every third year. Performing groups include Jazz Ensemble, Stage Band, Choir, Choral Music and Dance.
Notable alumni
Linden Ashby actor
Ron Clark Ball author
George Bovell Olympic bronze medal swimmer
Dee Brown former National Basketball Association player
Greg Burgess Olympic silver medal swimmer
Travis Carroll former NFL player
Shaun Chapas NFL fullback for the Detroit Lions
Santo Condorelli 2016 Olympian for Canada
Bruce Crump southern rock musician
Char-ron Dorsey former NFL offensive lineman
Javontee Herndon former NFL player
Hayden Hurst NFL tight end for the Atlanta Falcons
Trina Jackson Olympic gold medal swimmer
Jawan Jamison former NFL running back.
Chipper Jones former Major League Baseball player and member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame
Mac Jones New England Patriots quarterback
Joseph Kittinger United States Air Force pilot, performed the record highest and fastest skydive at over 100,000 feet as a key member of Project Excelsior
David Larson Olympic gold medal swimmer
Amelia Lewis LPGA professional golfer. Attended UF in 2009 on a golf scholarship before turning pro. She currently has 57 professional and amateur wins to her name.
Brian Liesegang Filter, Nine Inch Nails, Billy Corgan, Veruca Salt; songwriter, producer, musician
David López-Zubero Olympic bronze medal swimmer
Martin López-Zubero Olympic gold medal swimmer
Andrew G. McCabe former deputy director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
MacKenzie Miller U.S. Racing Hall of Fame Thoroughbred trainer
Ryan Murphy 2016 Olympic gold medalist and swimmer for the Cal Golden Bears.
Anthony Nesty Olympic gold medal swimmer for Suriname
Gram Parsons country rock musician
Colin Peek All-SEC and Academic All-SEC tight end for the University of Alabama 2010 BCS National Championship team and a free agent in the National Football League
Will Ropp – Actor The Way Back (2020 film)
Joseph Schooling Olympic gold medalist for Singapore.
George Scribner Disney Director, Imagineer. Directed Oliver & Company. Professional painter.
Ryan Silverfield Head Football Coach of the Memphis Tigers.
Riley Skinner All-ACC quarterback for the Wake Forest University Deamon Deacons and NFL New York Giants
Austin Slater MLB player with the San Francisco Giants
Jason Spitz NFL player with the Jacksonville Jaguars
DJ Stewart – MLB player with the Baltimore Orioles
John Theus former NFL player.
David Treadwell former NFL player
Travis Tygart CEO of the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency USADA
Fred Tyler Olympic gold medal swimmer
Arianna Vanderpool-Wallace Olympic swimmer
Dez White former NFL player
Ashley Whitney Olympic gold medal swimmer
Mari Wilensky 2006 Miss Florida
Rick Wilkins former Major League Baseball player
George B. Stallings Jr. Served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1959 to 1968
See also
List of high schools in Florida
References
External links
bolles.org, the school's official website
The Association of Boarding Schools profile
1933 establishments in Florida
Boarding schools in Florida
Educational institutions established in 1933
High schools in Jacksonville, Florida
Preparatory schools in Florida
Private elementary schools in Florida
Private middle schools in Florida
Private high schools in Florida
Southside, Jacksonville
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3986453
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line%20of%20Departure
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Line of Departure
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In the military, a Line of Departure or Start Line is the starting position for an attack on enemy positions.
Assault tactics
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3986454
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisco%20Province
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Pisco Province
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Pisco is a province of the Ica Region in Peru. Its capital is the town of Pisco, where the popular liquor of the same name originated.
Geography
Boundaries
North: Chincha Province, Castrovirreyna Province (Huancavelica Region)
East: Huaytará Province (Huancavelica Region)
South: Ica Province
West: Pacific Ocean
Tourist attractions
One of the main attractions of the province is the Paracas National Reservation, where 216 species of birds have been found. Many beaches attract tourists during the summer months.
The coastal desert area around this reserve is the home of the pre-Inca Paracas culture. This people was known for its elaborate textiles and grave goods, including polychrome shawls made with camelid (llama or alpaca) wool and cotton, which date to 600 BCE.
Political division
The province is divided into eight districts (, singular: ), each of which is headed by a mayor (alcalde):
Huancano
Humay
Independencia
Paracas
Pisco
San Andrés
San Clemente
Túpac Amaru Inca
2007 earthquake
With a moment magnitude of 8.0, more than 400 people died and more than 1,500 were injured during the 2007 Peru earthquake. At least 80% of Pisco was damaged.
External links
Municipalidad Provincial de Pisco – Pisco Province Council official website
Paracas National Reserve – Information about the national reserve
Provinces of the Ica Region
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5376610
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebar%20Island
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Gebar Island
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Gebar is an uninhabited island in the Torres Strait in the Australian state of Queensland.
The first recorded sighting by Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of Luís Vaez de Torres on 10 September 1606. It was recorded again by Bligh on 11 September 1792 as 'an island with two hills' and given the name The Brothers. Subsequently, it has been known as Brothers Hills or Two Brothers, while the anglicisation 'Gabba' is frequently seen on historical maps.
The traditional owners of Gebar are the Gebaralgal who today reside on Yam Island, to the southeast. On 13 December 2004, their native title claim over Gebar was determined in the Federal Court of Australia. In a deposition to the court, Mr Dick Peters, a member of the claim group, said: 'I confirm that ... Gebaralgal have always enjoyed, and continue to enjoy, their rights to use, occupy and live on their land and to exclude
others from it and to use and enjoy the natural resources of the land such as animal and plant life. For example, my family
and I frequently visit Gebar to hunt for turtle, collect turtle eggs, fish from the beach and collect plant materials for food and other purposes'.
The Newton, a ketch, foundered off Gabba Island in December 1913.
References
Torres Strait Islands
Uninhabited islands of Australia
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5376621
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakonyk%C3%BAti
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Bakonykúti
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Bakonykúti is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.
External links
Populated places in Fejér County
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3986458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Royal%20Island
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Princess Royal Island
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Princess Royal Island is the largest island on the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada. It is located amongst the isolated inlets and islands east of Hecate Strait on the British Columbia Coast. At , it is the fourth largest island in British Columbia. Princess Royal Island was named in 1788 by Captain Charles Duncan, after his sloop .
Access and settlements
The island is located in an extremely remote area of British Columbia, north of Vancouver and south of Prince Rupert. It is accessible only by boat or air. The Inside Passage ferry and shipping lane runs along its eastern flank, in Princess Royal Channel separating it from the mainland. The island is uninhabited, but used to be home to the community of Surf Inlet, a gold-mining town at the inlet of the same name (though also known as Port Belmont or Belmont), and Butedale, a mining, cannery, fishing and logging town on the island's east coast. The nearest communities today are Klemtu, on Swindle Island and Hartley Bay, on the mainland shore east of Gil Island.
Indigenous reserves
Indigenous reserves on or adjacent to Princess Royal Island are:
Kahas Indian Reserve No. 7, on the west coast of Princess Royal at Barnard Harbour, 16.50 ha (40.8 acres) .
Kayel Indian Reserve No. 8, on the west shore of Princess Royal fronting on Campania Sound, 1.60 ha. (4.0 acres) at .
Lackzuswadda Indian Reserve No. 9, on an island at the entrance to Surf Inlet, on the southwest coast of Princess Royal, 2.20 ha. (5.4 acres) at .
History
Twelve of the 17 crew of U.S. Air Force 44-92075 were found alive here in 1950, during the first lost nuclear/Broken Arrow episode of the Cold War. The plane itself flew north after the crew bailed out, crashing on Mount Kologet, east of the Nass River to the northwest of Hazelton.
Geography
The island's northern tip is Trivett Point, its northwestern tip is Kingcome Point.
The Canoona River drains the central part of the island, flowing east to the sea from Canoona Lake.
Ecology and environment
The island is classified by the World Wildlife Fund as part of their system's Pacific temperate rain forest ecoregion. In the ecoregion system used by Environment Canada, the island is in the Pacific Maritime Ecozone. In the system of biogeoclimatic zones used by the British Columbia Ministry of Forests, the island is part of the Coastal Western Hemlock zone.
Wildlife on Princess Royal Island includes kermode bears, black bears, grizzly bears, deer, wolves and foxes, and nesting populations of golden eagles, bald eagles, and the endangered marbled murrelet. Marine life around the island includes abundant salmon, elephant seals, orcas and porpoises. Princess Royal Island is a core component of a regional preservationist campaign covering the North and Central Coast, which has been dubbed the Great Bear Rainforest by environmental groups.
See also
Estevan Group
Aristazabal Island
References
External links
Princess Royal Island on BritishColumbia.com
Islands of British Columbia
Central Coast of British Columbia
Uninhabited islands of British Columbia
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5376627
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadhi
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Kadhi
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Kadhi or karhi is a dish originating from the Rajasthan. It consists of a thick gravy based on gram flour, and contains vegetable fritters called pakoras, to which dahi (yogurt) is added to give it a bit of sour taste. It is often eaten with cooked rice or roti.
India
In Northern India, pakoras are added to the gram flour gravy and sour yogurt is added to add flavor to it. They are eaten either with boiled rice or roti. In Gujarat and Rajasthan, it is usually served with khichdi, roti, paratha or rice. It is considered a light food. Gujarati and Rajasthani kadhi differs from the Uttar Pradesh variety. Traditionally, it is a little sweeter than the other variants, because sugar or jaggery is added to it, but it can be made without sugar for a more sour taste. It is eaten without pakoras and its consistency is slightly thinner. The Gujarati kadhi is made ideally from buttermilk, as this gives it a smoother texture compared to yogurt. Variations of this basic dish include the addition of certain vegetables, notably bhindi (okra) in which case it is known as bhinda ni kadhi. In Punjab, kadhi is a simple, quick winter meal. Made from besan (Gram flour) to thicken the consistency, and adding pakoras, it is eaten with either long-grain basmati rice or, more commonly, with a roti. Unlike the rest of India, sour yogurt is not added — just full-fat buttermilk or unsweetened yogurt.
In Western India, especially in Maharashtra, kadhi is made with Kokum which is very famous in Coastal Maharashtra - Konkan with the name of Solkadhi. Other variants of kadhi in Maharashtra are made with Kacchi Kairi (raw mango) which is known as Aambyachi Kadhi (raw mango kadhi)
And one more Variant of kadhi in Maharashtra is made of curd and buttermilk which is known as takachi kadhi.
In Haryana, a popular variation is called haryanvi hara choley kadhi, made with besan and hare choley (raw green chickpeas) with pure ghee; the generous dollops of homemade fresh butter are added during serving. Haryanvi kadhi is sometimes cooked with additional ingredients, such as seasonal farm-fresh green bathua leaves or kachri, small wild melons.
In Purvanchal (eastern Uttar Pradesh) and Bihar, it is called Kadhi-Badi because Pakoda which is added in the kadhi is basically small badi or vadi made simply out of chickpea flour, no vegetables are added to make it a standard pakoda. The name Kadhi is also derived from several Indo-Aryan languages spoken in northern India, in which काढ़ना kadhna means to take out which in this context means to reduce and hence the yogurt and chickpea curry is cooked for a very long time until it is reduced and consistency changes from runny to thick and creamy.
In Southern states, it is seasoned with sauteed asafoetida, mustard seeds, cumin, and fenugreek. The soup is thickened in a different way by the addition of pureed split chickpea soaked overnight with whole coriander seeds and dry red chili pepper. Squash, okra, tomato, Chinese spinach, carrots, sweet peas are a few vegetables that are added to seasoning before bringing the soup to a boil. Pakoras (gram flour fritters) are added for special occasions like ceremonies. It is called majjige huli in Kannada, majjiga pulusu in Telugu and mor kuzhambu in Tamil with similar meaning. In Kerala, it is called kaalan.
The Sindhi diaspora in India usually make kadhi by first roasting the chickpea flour and adding vegetables to the chickpea gravy. It is called kadhi because of the use of curry leaves, which are called kadhi patta in Sindhi. Instead of yogurt, tamarind pulp is used to give it a sour taste. An alternate way is to make a liquid mixture of the chickpea flour instead of roasting chickpeas.
Pakistan
In Pakistan, it is usually served with boiled rice and naan. Thari people commonly refer Kadhi with the name of Raabro or Khaatiyo.
In Northern Pakistan, in and around Hazara region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Kadhi is prepared with a variety of additives at a time. These include chicken Kadhi, kaddu (pumpkin) Kadhi, sarson (mustard leaves) kadhi are some of the more famous varieties.
In Karachi & Hyderabad, Sindh, apart from plain kadhi, a variety of vegetables such as okra, aubergine and drumstick beans may be added. In Pakistan, Kadhi, by default, implies that Pakodas are included. It is eaten with chapatis or plain boiled rice.
See also
Kadhi-Churma
Kadhi chawal
Gujarati kadhi
List of Indian dishes
List of soups
List of stews
References
External links
Sindhi kadhi
Gujarati kadhi
Rajasthani kadhi
Punjabi kadhi
Indian soups and stews
Pakistani soups and stews
North Indian cuisine
Rajasthani cuisine
Gujarati cuisine
Sindhi cuisine
Punjabi cuisine
Chickpea dishes
Kutchi cuisine
Yogurt-based dishes
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3986461
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulima%20Farber
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Zulima Farber
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Zulima Farber (born 1944) is the former Attorney General of New Jersey and the first Latina (Cuban) to serve as Acting Governor of New Jersey. She was appointed Attorney General in 2006 by Governor Jon Corzine and resigned on August 31, 2006. She was succeeded by First Assistant Attorney General Anne Milgram on an interim basis until Stuart Rabner took office on September 26, 2006.
Biography
Zulima Farber fled Cuba with her siblings at age 16 following the takeover by Fidel Castro. Living at first with an aunt until her parents emigrated, she graduated from Memorial High School in West New York, and worked her way through Montclair State College and Rutgers School of Law–Newark. During her time at Rutgers Law School, she was a founding member of the Association of Latin-American Law Students.
Earlier in her career, Farber served as an Assistant Prosecutor in Bergen County and as an Assistant Counsel to then Gov. Brendan Byrne. From 1992 to 1994, she served as state Public Advocate in the Cabinet of former Gov. James Florio. She served as New Jersey Public Advocate from 1992 to 1994, and was the last public advocate to serve in the position before former Gov. Christine Todd Whitman abolished the office in 1994. The office was restored in 2005 under legislation signed by former Gov. Richard Codey and Governor Corzine's appointment of Ronald Chen to the position. When Governor Corzine nominated her to become Attorney General, she was a senior partner at the law firm of Lowenstein Sandler PC, one of New Jersey's largest firms.
In December 1996, Farber was a member of the New Jersey State Electoral College, one of 15 electors casting their votes for the Clinton/Gore ticket.
In 2003, Farber was considered for a seat on the New Jersey Supreme Court by former Gov. James McGreevey. A nomination did not materialize after it was revealed that she had an unpaid traffic ticket for unsafe driving, which led to a bench warrant being issued. Farber claimed she received no notice of a hearing and paid a fine to resolve the matter. The driving record issue would later be raised against Farber during her confirmation hearing for Attorney General in the New Jersey Senate.
Nomination as Attorney General
During Farber's nomination proceedings, Senator Gerald Cardinale, a Republican from Bergen County, directed some of the most pointed queries at Farber. "Can you tell me how many times you've gotten speeding tickets or is it an isolated incident?" Cardinale asked. Farber apologized for her driving history but offered no specifics. She acknowledged some personal difficulties with driving and added,"...I thank the governor for giving me a job with a driver." Cardinale asked Farber about the bench warrants; state records show warrants were issued against her in 1996 and 2003.
Cardinale, one of two Republicans to oppose Farber's nomination, said that he was concerned about the state appointing someone who had been repeatedly accused of breaking traffic laws as its top law enforcement official. "Your record taken in its totality does not support the notion that you have respect for the law," he said. Later, he said that approving Farber's nomination might send a message "to young people, to the whole population of the state of New Jersey, that it's O.K. to offend the law repeatedly time after time. To have bench warrants issued for your arrest is not an impediment. I cannot bring myself to vote for you."
In reply to questions about legal matters, Farber said she opposed the use of deadly force to protect property and the use of mandatory minimum sentences, which she said takes away discretion from judges. She also promised to vigorously pursue allegations of public corruption.
Acting Governorship
On February 2, 2006, Farber became the first Latina to serve as Acting Governor of New Jersey. This occurred when the Governor, Senate President and Assembly Speaker all left the state for a dinner in Washington, D.C. Under the New Jersey State Constitution, Farber exercised the powers of the Governor until Governor Corzine or one of the legislative leaders returned to the state.
Fairview traffic stop incident
On May 26, 2006, Farber's boyfriend, Hamlet Goore, was stopped by police in Fairview, in Bergen County, for driving an unregistered vehicle. The police issued at least one ticket to Goore and were going to impound the vehicle. As this was happening, Goore called Farber, who had her New Jersey State Police driver drive from Newark to Fairview. At the scene, Farber met with Fairview's mayor, Vincent Belluci. Farber claims that she was there just to help Goore remove items from his car before it was impounded. However, the tickets that the Fairview police issued to Goore were withdrawn and his car was not impounded. As a result of this incident, a retired state appellate judge from Atlantic County, Richard J. Williams, headed a special investigation at the request of the New Jersey Governor's Office to look into whether Farber abused her position as Attorney General or broke any laws.
Williams' report, released on August 15, 2006, concluded that Farber violated the state's code of ethics but did not commit a crime when she showed up at the scene of her boyfriend's traffic stop in May 2006. The report found Farber innocent of the more significant ethical violations she was accused of. She was found not to have requested special favors from any officer or ticket fixing, nor any "fixing" or inappropriate favors from the Motor Vehicle Commission in regard to the restoration of her boyfriend's driving privileges.
Resignation
On August 15, 2006, as a result of the conclusions drawn by Williams during his investigation, Farber announced her resignation from the office of Attorney General, effective August 31, saying that she was stepping down on her own initiative "out of respect for the Governor," and not because she had been asked to resign. This came about after the chairman of the Judiciary Committee, State Senator John Adler, called for her resignation, and Governor Corzine allegedly requested that she resign during a private meeting.
Motor vehicle records show that Farber had at least 12 speeding tickets, four bench warrants issued for her arrest and three license suspensions.
After Farber left office on September 1, 2006, First Assistant Attorney General Anne Milgram became Acting Attorney General.
Farber has since joined Issues Management, a Princeton-based lobbying firm affiliated with the law firm Lowenstein Sandler.
References
External links
Zulima V. Farber, New Jersey Attorney General capsule bio
Calls in Trenton for Ouster of Attorney General
Corzine tells Farber to resign
N.J. attorney general resigns after prosecutor cites ethics
1944 births
Living people
Cuban emigrants to the United States
American politicians of Cuban descent
Montclair State University alumni
People from West New York, New Jersey
1996 United States presidential electors
New Jersey Attorneys General
Rutgers School of Law–Newark alumni
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5376630
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20Dome
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Battle Dome
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Battle Dome is a syndicated American television series that aired from September 1999 to April 2001. It combined elements of American Gladiators – inspired athletic competition with scripted antics more reminiscent of professional wrestling. Recurring character-athletes known as "Warriors" competed against weekly contestants in a variety of physically demanding (and sometimes dangerous) events. The series was filmed at the Los Angeles Sports Arena and produced by Columbia TriStar Television.
The entire first and second season of Battle Dome is available for purchase on iTunes and Amazon Video.
Mill Creek Entertainment announced the complete series on DVD.
Overview
A Warrior typically entered the show's arena accompanied by his own bombastic theme music and-in several cases-a comely female sidekick; in later episodes, weekly contestants were also allotted female companions, courtesy of Perfect 10 magazine.
The announcer for the show was Steve Albert (brother of Marv and the uncle of Kenny); Scott Ferrall provided color commentary. Seth Stockton served as referee for the entire run. Downtown Julie Brown appeared in early episodes, as a sideline correspondent but was replaced by Kathleen McClellan for the run of the show. The "Chairman", whose face remained off camera, oversaw the proceedings. Halfway through the show's run, Ferrall and Brown were replaced by Ed Lover and Brien Blakely, respectively, and "The chairman" was dropped from the show.
Battle Dome was also broadcast in the UK, on the Challenge and Bravo networks, as well as on Channel 5, now "Five." It was also broadcast in Ireland on TV3.
Three male contestants competed in a series of four or five events, which varied in intensity and danger factor. After the fourth or fifth event, the two highest scoring competitors advanced to the Battle Dome final. In addition to facing the contestants, the Battle Dome Warriors were in a show-long competition against each other for the Battle Dome Warriors Championship belt. The Warriors were ranked before the competition started and could move up or down the list depending on either how well they performed during the show or how well they politicked with the chairman or his on-camera assistant, Bobbie Haven (played by model Bobbie Brown, who prior to this was best known for her appearance in the video for Warrant's "Cherry Pie").
If the second and third place players were tied, the tie was broken in a rather novel way. Both players would stand on platforms on two separate metal discs, with the discs being pulled back and rammed together at high rates of speed. The intensity of the hit grew until one player fell off, at which point they would be going home. This also would help determine the Warriors champion if the championship was in question at the end of a show.
After all ties and championships between the Warriors and contestants were settled, the two remaining players moved into the Battle Dome for the final round, in which the two competitors wrestled each other in an attempt to throw the opponent off an elevated platform. Doing so won the match, a cash prize, and a Battle Dome championship ring. The winner would also advance in the Battle Dome tournament, with the winner getting a large cash prize, a motorcycle, and a Battle Dome Championship belt at the end of the season.
Second season changes
The Battle Dome Warriors Championship and Warrior Championship Belt were removed.
In addition to the male competitors, season two added a female special where five women competed against each other with the warriors acting as "Coaches".
The Battle Dome Cage event changed significantly. Wrestling was no longer permitted with the emphasis put much more onto martial arts style fighting, in particular kickboxing. The aim was to remove your opponent from the platform. if both men fell, the battle would restart. this final event had no time limit.
Most of the Battle Dome Warriors' valets (among those who had them) were replaced by the Perfect 10 models that the contestants were accompanied by. With the exception of T-Money, who kept "The Posse".
World Championship Wrestling
In fall of 2000, the stars of Battle Dome and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) began a brief cross-promotional feud. It kicked off when WCW wrestlers disrupted a Battle Dome taping. In retaliation, on the November 6 edition of Monday Nitro, T-Money, Cuda, Mike O'Dell (husband of WCW star Midajah), D.O.A., and Bubba King began heckling in the audience as Diamond Dallas Page spoke to the Chicago crowd. Rick Steiner, Ernest Miller, and Buff Bagwell came to Page's aid before security ended the physical dispute. The feud between these men continued as far as November 20, mere months before the buyout of WCW by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).
Events
All events were overseen by Referee Seth Stockton. His actual level of authority is unclear although he did ban a few warriors from competing for bad behaviour.
Battle Wheel
Two warriors competed. The event took place on a large, rotating platform which resembled a right circular cone with its outside edge and apex flattened. The contenders had 60 seconds to force both warriors to touch the bottom ring of the wheel with any part of their body. The warriors were allowed to do essentially anything necessary to keep this from occurring. The contenders had to dispatch of the first warrior on the lower portion of the wheel (usually Jake Fury) before taking on the warrior at the top of the wheel (usually Cuda). 25 points were earned for removing the lower warrior from the wheel, and an additional 25 points were earned for getting the 2nd warrior off the wheel.
Jake Fury suffered a nasty ankle injury on the Battle Wheel towards the end of Season 1. Fury's ankle was "blown out" and facing the incorrect direction. He only competed sparingly on the show afterwards.
Scott Anthony, a contestant, also had his ankle broken/twisted (similar to Jake Fury's) under virtually the same circumstances in episode four of season 1.
In Season 2, the Battle Wheel was significantly changed as the Wheel was lowered and wider, making it difficult for a contestant to defeat a warrior and so the ankle blow-out injury never happened again.
Take Down
A football type event. The contender was placed in the center of an enclosed area with 2 warriors on each end (Michael O'Dell participated in this event most often). Behind each warrior were 4 different lights with actuators beneath them. In the 1st season, a light was lit up behind the warrior (Steve and Scott typically noted that the warriors did not know which light was lit). On the referee's whistle, the contender tried to hit the actuator to turn the light off. Each light turned off was worth 25 points. The contender was only allowed one attempt per light; no "second effort" was allowed. After each attempt, the contender returned to the center and repeated against the other warrior. This would continue for 60 seconds. In the 2nd season, all 8 lights (4 at each end) were lit up. The contender chose which light to go after and the warrior would have to stop them. Otherwise, the rules remained the same from season 1.
Rollercage of Fire (1st Season), Rollercage (2nd Season)
Contenders were raised up into a revolving cylindrical cage with holes built into it. In the 1st season, a ring of fire was set outside the cage at each end, mainly to set the atmosphere. The fire ring was removed in season two, as well as the reference to it in the event's title. Contenders had 60 seconds to force the warrior (Almost always T-Money, with 1 or 2 appearances by DOA in the later part of the 1st season) through one of the holes while avoiding the same fate. Forcing the warrior out earned 25 points (later 50). Draws originally scored nothing, but were later increased to a 25-point score.
Aerial Kickboxing
Contenders and opposing warriors hung from an undulating metal grid roughly 10 feet off the ground. The contender attempted to kick the warrior (most often Bubba King) off the grid within 60 seconds without being removed from the grid themselves. Kicks to the head were technically against the rules and would result in DQ's. At least 1 contender was DQ'd because of head shots. If the contender kicked the warrior off the grid, the contender scored 50 points. Draws scored 25 points. Most contenders were lucky to score short of a DQ of the warrior. Bubba King and Sleepwalker were almost impossible to beat, but O'Dell actually was impossible to defeat, as he never lost a match and rarely surrendered a draw.
On one occasion, a contestant kicked Bubba King in the head. Bubba was stunned, but he still won. After the match, the "reporter" had Bubba talk about the match. Bubba was angry, and complained about the contestant breaking the rules (by kicking him in the head), and Bubba said half his body went numb from the head kick.
G-Force
A central rotating tower had three arms extending from the top of the central tower. Each of the contenders hung onto a handle at the end of each arm. A warrior stood on a platform above this tower, throwing balls at the contenders as the tower spun. The tower's speed increased steadily as the event progressed. The last contender/s standing earned 25 points, and a bonus 25 points was earned for lasting 60 seconds.
Battle Bridge
A large bridge spun quickly in mid-air. The contender and the warrior were each given a large padded club to use to knock the other off the bridge as it spun. Contenders scored 50 points for successfully knocking the warrior off the bridge, or 25 points for lasting 60 seconds.
Battle Field
This event was similar to Powerball on American Gladiators. Unlike Powerball, contenders competed one-on-one against a single warrior, who defended a single scoring bin. The scoring bin was located in the center of the playing field atop an approximately pyramid. The warrior wore boxing gloves and could freely attack the contender as much as they wanted to keep them from scoring. Each ball scored was worth 25 points.
Battle Hoop
Contenders began in the center of a circular field. A large hanging hoop moved around the outside perimeter of the field, with its opening always facing the center of the field. A warrior stood on the outside perimeter of the field to block the contender from jumping through the hoop. Contenders had 60 seconds to try to jump through the hoop as many times as they could, returning to the center after each attempt. Each successful pass through the hoop earned 25 points.
Battle Wall
Contenders had to get over three walls defended by the Battle Dome warriors. A warrior stood on the opposite side of each wall. Each wall was around 3 feet in height. The walls became narrower as the event went on making it harder to get by the warriors. Each wall that a contender was successful in climbing was worth 25 points.
Evader
A contender had to light targets while avoiding medicine balls being launched by two warriors. Contenders had 60 seconds to light up all the targets on the two towers (one at a time). Originally, the warriors only had to hit the contenders 3 times to end the match, but it was later increased to 5 times. Lighting up all the targets on a tower (this may not have ever been done) was worth 25 points and lighting up all the targets was worth 50. This event was considered to be Jake Fury's signature event.
Anti-Gravity
This event, along with Interceptor, was always played last because of the point opportunities. Contenders had to light strips by hitting buttons on a grid while moving along handles placed on the grid. Every strip lit was worth 25 points, for a possible 150. The contenders were also chased by a Battle Dome Warrior, which was almost always The Commander, and could lose the game in one of two ways: either losing their grip, which would result in the contender floating away, or having the Warrior rip their harness off and send them to the floor.
Interceptor
Called a game of cat and mouse, a contender had to fly around the Interceptor grid lighting targets worth 25 points each until caught by the warrior (again, almost always The Commander) or time ran out. Each target was worth 25 points. There was a maximum of 175 points available to the contenders.
Ultimate Body Slam
This was a tiebreaker, usually between the warriors for the right to hold the warrior belt. If the top warrior had been less than stellar and a fellow warrior close in the rankings had performed well, but not well enough to win the belt outright, the two warriors would compete in Ultimate Body Slam. This game was simply a test of endurance; each player stood on a platform behind a metal disk. The disks were then pulled back and slammed into each other at increasing speed until one of the two fell off and lost.
Warriors
During the first season, the warriors maintained distinct personalities, similar to professional wrestling characters. The warriors competed for the Battledome Belt. After each event the warriors were "ranked", according to how well they did in the competition. At the end of that day's competition the top ranked warrior received the Battledome Belt. The "ranking" was done by the mysterious chairman. The chairman supposedly owned the Battledome. He was only seen in silhouette wearing a large cowboy hat. What little else was known about him is that he was supposedly an older man. Karen Ko was supposed to be his trophy wife, and Bobbie Haven his secretary. It was Bobbie he would deliver the messages from the chairman to the other warriors and the fans. At the start of the second season, the chairman, the standings board, and the Battledome Belt were dropped from the competition.
First season warriors
The original series had 9 warriors. Some competed every week, with some making only a few appearances.
Bubba King (Timothy Elwell)
The "king" of aerial kickboxing. Had very few defeats and proved almost invincible with most challengers lasting a maximum of 30 seconds. Rarely played any other event during the show's run, but did play Anti-Gravity on at least one occasion.
The Commander (Christian Boeving)
Speciality event appeared to be Anti-Gravity with Interceptor a close second. One of the smaller warriors. Proved very speedy and powerful against challengers.
Cuda (Randolph Jones)
The largest warrior during season 1. Dominated Battle Wheel. Always appeared in the top position on this event. Did make fleeting appearances on other events.
D.O.A. (Chad Bannon)
Made few appearances in season 1 but became much more prolific in Season 2. Speciality event appeared to be Rollercage.
Jake Fury (Gary Kasper)
The wild and unpredictable Fury appeared in several games. Particularly able at games G-Force and Evader. Suffered a severe ankle injury during season 1 while participating in Battle Wheel. Thankfully he recovered and did return for season 2.
Michael O'Dell (Michael O'Hearn)
The poster boy of Battledome. Handsome, toned, and tanned. One of the most all round warriors. Played most games with Aerial Kickboxing and Takedown proving specialities.
Payne (John Sperandeo)
Appeared fleeting during season 1. Mainly as cover for injured warriors. Entered arena wearing a straitjacket and howling. Difficult to tell what he was good at as he didn't participate in many events.
Sleepwalker (Woon Young Park)
Another warrior who seemed to be cover for fellow injured warriors. Did participate in Anti-Gravity and aerial kickboxing but suffered a shoulder injury in the event. Seemed very capable in events he participated in.
T-Money (Terry Crews)
Smug, arrogant and always accompanied by "The Posse". Blinged up with jewelry and a dollar sign chain around his neck. Very good at several games but Rollercage was his speciality. Did not take losing very well.
Second season warriors
Season 2 saw the departure of Payne and Sleepwalker for unknown reasons. The remaining 7 warriors returned and were accompanied by 6 new warriors to bring the total up to 13.
'Returning Warriors:
Bubba King
The Commander
Cuda
D.O.A.
Jake Fury
Michael O'Dell
T-Money
New Warriors
Baby Blue (Anthony McClanahan)
Seemed to act as an alternate for injured warriors. Very impressive during his appearances. Virtually unbeatable in Takedown.
Johnny Rocco (Ron Cerenzo)
Did not appear until later in the season then became a regular. Played several games. Takedown and Battle Hoop were clearly his best.
Snake (Jesse "Justice" Smith, Jr.)
An all-rounder who participated in many games. No real stand-out performances but very capable on events he played in.
Mad Dog Steele (Stefan Gamlin)
Dominated his early appearances and participated in many games. Got injured later in the season and did not appear again.
Moose (Scott Milne)
Appeared only fleetingly during the series. Mainly as cover for injured warriors. The biggest of all warriors weighing over 300 lbs.
The Prince (Maximilien Atoki)
Another warrior who made on and off appearances throughout the season. Played a few games with Battle Wheel proving his speciality.
The women of Battle Dome
A partial list of female companions:
Nicole, Jaclyn and Erica Dahm – The Dahm Triplets – Always accompanied O'Dell during his outings. Unless they were tempted away by another warrior!
Bobbie Haven (Bobbie Brown, best known for Warrant's "Cherry Pie" music video) – The Chairman's very helpful and giving secretary...
Angel (Karen Taucher) – Girlfriend of Jake Fury.
Karen Ko (Karen Kim) – The Chairman's "trophy wife" and manager of The Commander.
References
External links
Official Website (via Internet Archive)
http://www.tv.com/shows/battle-dome/cast/
1999 American television series debuts
2001 American television series endings
1990s American game shows
2000s American game shows
Sports entertainment
First-run syndicated television programs in the United States
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
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