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3985456
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwing%20stick
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Throwing stick
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The throwing stick or throwing club is a wooden rod with either a pointed tip or a spearhead attached to one end, intended for use as a weapon. A throwing stick can be either straight or roughly boomerang-shaped, and is much shorter than the javelin. It became obsolete as slings and bows became more prevalent, except on the Australian continent, where the native people continued refining the basic design. Throwing sticks shaped like returning boomerangs are designed to fly straight to a target at long ranges, their surfaces acting as airfoils. When tuned correctly they do not exhibit curved flight, but rather they fly on an extended straight flight path. Straight flight ranges greater than 100 meters have been reported by historical sources as well as in recent research.
Distribution
The ancient Egyptians used throwing sticks to hunt small game and waterfowl, as seen in several wall paintings. The 18th-dynasty pharaoh Tutankhamun was a known lover of duck hunting and used the throwing stick in his hunts, and a number of throwing sticks were found in the tombs of pharaohs. Menceys, the kings of the ancient Guanches of the Canary Islands, also used throwing batons. Gimel, the third letter of many Semitic alphabets, may have been named after a weapon that was either a staff sling or a throwing stick, ultimately deriving from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph based on an Egyptian hieroglyph.
The Aborigines of Australia are well-known for their use of the boomerang. Although returning boomerangs are found in many Aboriginal cultures and will return to the user if thrown properly, the choice weapon of the Aborigines and most cultures was the heavy throwing stick, known internationally as the kylie. It was primarily used to kill kangaroos, wallabies, and emus from afar, though it could also be swung like a club.
Some Native American tribes such as the Hopi, as well as all southern California tribes, utilized the throwing stick to hunt rabbits and occasionally deer.
The throwing stick was also one of the first weapons used by European stone age people to hunt.
Stone carvings in Brittany, France have been found depicting throwing sticks.
Though originally designed for hunting and survival, the throwing stick can be used as a weapon in human conflicts, though the heavy non-returning boomerang was the only variant ever to become truly effective against a human opponent.
Survival tool
As a survival tool, the throwing stick is one of the most effective and easiest tools to obtain. It can be used as a digging tool for making fire-pits and underground shelters in addition to its function as a weapon. A curved branch will suffice as a basic throwing stick. Ancient throwing sticks were made of hardwood with a weighted or curved end to one side to impart momentum so the stick stays straight and does not wobble in mid-flight.
Variations
Some variations of the throwing stick are two-to-three-foot long pieces of thick hardwood, usually about the circumference of the user's wrist. They are intended to be thrown with spin, creating the image of a blurry disc.
Pommel Point Throwing Sticks are noted for their slightly blunt points that can crush skulls if thrown at sufficient speed. Thus, they are also dubbed the "skull crusher" throwing stick.
Return boomerangs have a flat convex surface and must be thrown about 10-15 degrees from upright with a sharp flick of the wrist, but throwing sticks are thrown horizontally.
See also
Spear-thrower (atlatl) – also called a throwing stick
Boomerang – closely related to advanced throwing sticks, but with curved flight paths instead of straight ones
Woomera – Aboriginal variant of the spear-thrower
References
Throwing clubs
Ancient weapons
Medieval weapons
Stick and staff weapons
Throwing weapons
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3985462
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Landy
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Peter Landy
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Peter Landy (born 1943) is an Australian television presenter.
Career
Beginning his career in the early 1960s—after attending the Jesuit Xavier College—he started with Radio 3UL, Warragul, co-ordinating horse racing and football broadcasts. He later moved to 3UZ Melbourne, where he reported and presented the news. In 1967, he moved to 3AK and also began with TV station Channel 9. In 1971, he moved to Seven Network Melbourne sport reporting. He commentated Australian rules football (VFL) games, tennis, boxing, and several Olympic Games, including rowing events.
His personal sporting achievements were in rowing and tennis.
In the 1990s, Landy returned to commentary with the Seven Network, hosting football in the late 1990s. He was also a newsreader.
He also appeared as a commentator with the Nine Network for Boxing at the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games.
References
Australian television presenters
Living people
Australian rules football commentators
People educated at Xavier College
1943 births
Date of birth missing (living people)
Boxing commentators
Australian tennis commentators
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5375919
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro%20Manila%20Film%20Festival
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Metro Manila Film Festival
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The Metro Manila Film Festival (MMFF) is an annual film festival held in Metro Manila, Philippines. The festival, which runs from December 25 (Christmas) through New Year's Day and into first weekend of January in the following year, focuses on Filipino films. During the course of the festival, movie theaters show only films that are approved by its jurors and exclude foreign films except in 3D theaters and IMAX theaters. Since 2010s, film entries were played in select 3D cinemas that it can show movies in 2D format. It is one of the two Filipino major film festivals to exclude movies out of the country in a week-long period, the other being the Pista ng Pelikulang Pilipino happening during August.
The annual event began with the 1975 Metro Manila Film Festival, during which Diligin Mo ng Hamog ang Uhaw na Lupa ("Water the Thirsty Earth with Dew") by Augusto Buenaventura won the best film award.
One of the festival highlights is the parade of floats at the opening of the festival. The floats, each one representing a movie entry with their respective stars, parade down usually Roxas Boulevard, as was the case in many of the previous awards. Beginning in 2017, however, the float parade is now usually hosted by each of the 17 local governments of the capital region. On the awards night, a Best Float award is also announced along with the major acting awards.
A sister festival which is a spin-off of the MMFF, the Metro Manila Summer Film Festival, was supposed to have its first edition in April 2020. However, it was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
History
A precursor the current festival began in 1966. Then-mayor of Manila Antonio Villegas inaugurated the "Manila Film Festival" ("Manila Tagalog Film Festival"). It was set up in order to get Philippine films screened in "first-run" theaters which at that time only screened American films. It was a 12-day event from June 14 through June 24, Manila's birthday, during which only locally produced films could be shown in the theatres. The festival featured a parade in downtown Manila of actors and the featured films. In addition, in an effort to promote Philippine films, Antonio Villegas banned the showing of foreign films at movie houses during the Manila Film Festival. Most of the first batch of the festival films came up with English titles. Despite the lack of support, there were different changes in making the festival flourish.
The best films of Manila Film Festival included Daigdig ng mga Api (1966), Dahil sa Isang Bulaklak (1967), Manila, Open City (1968), Patria Adorada (1969), Dimasalang (1970), Cadena de Amor (1971), Elias, Basilio at Sisa (1972), Nueva Vizaya (1973) and Alaala mo Daigdig Ko (1974). Starting in 1975, Manila Film Festival was discontinued as Metro Manila Film Festival took over.
In 1973, the Manila Film Festival was discontinued as Martial Law was imposed in September the year before. On September 21, 1975, during the Marcos Presidency, the filmfest was expanded to include all the other cities and towns in the newly formed Metro Manila and began under the name "1975 Metropolitan Film Festival" (MFF). In 1977, name was changed to "Metro Manila Film Festival".
After Villegas' death in 1984, a special award in the Metro Manila Film Festival, the Gatpuno Antonio J. Villegas Cultural Award, was created in his honor and is given to the best film that best portrays Philippine culture and Filipino people to the world. MRN Film International's Andrea, Paano Ba ang Maging Isang Ina? was the first one to receive the lifetime achievement award in 1990. Since then, it has been awarding prestigious films that deserves the honors.
In 2010, the film festival underwent some changes. First, the commercial viability criterion (box-office performance of the entries) was removed. As of 2010, the criteria for the selection of Best Picture(s) are: artistry; creativity and technical excellence; innovation; and thematic value. Entries are also judged for global appeal (70 percent) and Filipino cultural and/or historical value (30 percent). In addition, the festival format gave a tribute to independent "indie" films. Lastly, the established board of jurors was expanded to include housewives, drivers, students, teachers, etc. The festival logo was changed to feature a map of the Metropolis of Manila, based on the old seal of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority with seventeen stars on it symbolizing the 17 cities and municipality of Metro Manila. The logo for the first 35 festivals featured a torch.
In September 2011, Atty. Francis Tolentino, then-chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) changed the category name of "indie" films to "New Wave" films to make it sound better and more attractive to hear, as well as including "Student Short Film Category" for the first time. Consequently, the next year, the 38th Metro Manila Film Festival held in 2012 became the highest earning MMFF to date with 767 million pesos, 21% higher than that of 2011.
In January 2013 Interaksyon.com review, writer Jessica Zafra complained, "Speaking of standards, why do we bother to review the festival entries when most of them are rubbish? Because they're not supposed to be rubbish! Contrary to what you’ve been led to believe, 'entertainment' and 'commercial appeal' are not synonyms for 'garbage'. There are good commercial movies, and there are bad commercial movies. The bad outnumber the good because the studios think the viewers are idiots."
Notable incidents
There have been numerous notable incidents during the various festivals.
In 1977, director Lino Brocka walked out of the awarding ceremonies at the Metropolitan Theater when Celso Ad. Castillo's Burlesk Queen starring Vilma Santos won eight of the ten awards including the Best Picture award during the 3rd Metro Manila Film Festival. Mr. Brocka reportedly threw invectives at Rolando Tinio, who was the chairman of the panel of judges of the festival.
In 1978, the board of jurors decided to not award honors for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor and Best Supporting Actress on the 4th Metro Manila Film Festival. Instead, the jurors gave Nora Aunor a "Best Performer" award for her role in the movie Atsay. Aunor beat Vilma Santos, whom fortune-tellers on the talk show of Inday Badiday and many moviegoers predicted would win the award for her role in the movie Rubia Servios. When Nora accepted her award, she cried "Mama, mali ang hula nila" ("Mama, their prediction is wrong") apparently because fortune-tellers incorrectly predicted the outcome.
In 1983, during the awards night of the 9th Metro Manila Film Festival, many were surprised after Coney Reyes won the Best Actress award for the movie Bago Kumalat ang Dugo and Anthony Alonzo is given the Best Actor award for the same movie, besting acting greats Charito Solis, Phillip Salvador, and Vic Silayan, who were all in the movie Karnal. In addition, juror's standards of giving Willie Milan the Best Director award against Lino Brocka is questioned.
In 1986, for the first time, the 12th Metro Manila Film Festival did not give out the traditional first and second Best Picture awards as well as the other two categories: Best Story and Best Screenplay. According to one of the jurors, Tingting Cojuangco stated: "No one of the seven entries deserved these awards..." She added that they: "...would like to express [their] concern over the current state of the Philippine movie industry as reflected in the entries to the year's MMFF...[The entries] failed to reinforce and inculcate positive Filipino values by portraying negative stereotypes, imitating foreign films and perpetuating commercially-oriented movies...".
In 1988 during the award-giving ceremony of the 14th Metro Manila Film Festival, stuntman and character actor-turned-filmmaker Baldo Marro won the Best Actor for Patrolman film, which also won him the Best Director award. In fact, he was not known before this. He bested prizewinning director Chito Roño of Itanong Mo Sa Buwan in the division, sending uproar from well-meaning critics and regular local film observers. Nevertheless, the announced Best Director award goes to Laurice Guillen.
In 1993, during the "Gabi ng Parangal" of the 1993 Metro Manila Film Festival, the list of winners was supposedly leaked.
In 1994, during the "Gabi ng Parangal" of 20th Metro Manila Film Festival held in PICC, the six major awards (Three Best Pictures, Gatpuno Antonio J. Villegas Cultural Awards, Best Director, and Best Screenplay) were not given as Alejandro Roces, chairman of the Board of Jurors announced that "none of the entries was deserving". On the side note, the Manila Film Fest (MFF) had a similar, but different case in which both the Best Actress and Best Actor awards were given to Ruffa Gutierrez and Gabby Concepcion respectively instead of the supposed-to-be winners.
In 2001, on December 27 of the 27th Metro Manila Film Festival, Cesar Montano, although he received the Best Actor award, expressed his disappointment that his film, Bagong Buwan did not receive the Best Picture award. He states: "For me, Bagong Buwan is still the best picture. No offense meant, but for others, Yamashita may be the best picture. Kanya-kanya 'yan. Wala nga lang kaming trophy. Bibili na lang kami ng trophy sa Recto. (To each his own. We just don't have a trophy. We'll just buy one in Recto)." referring to a strip on C.M. Recto Avenue in Manila notorious for manufacturing fake diplomas, certificates and trophies.
In 2002, first, the cast of the film Dekada '70 walked out of the award ceremonies after Lualhati Bautista failed to win the Best Story and Best Screenplay awards. Even more controversial was the decision of the judges to name the first-timer Ara Mina the Best Actress for her role in Mano Po, beating multi-awarded Vilma Santos, who was in Dekada '70. In addition, the producers of the films Spirit Warriors: The Shortcut and Lastikman protested the non-inclusion of the two films as official entries, prompting the Metro Manila Film Festival committee to extend the annual event. Consequently, the committee extended the film screenings to seven days to accommodate two more films which did not make it to the entries.
Speaking of the films, Chito Roño, director of Second Best Picture Dekada '70, was curious as to why was Spirit Warriors: The Shortcut named the Third Best Picture award if the officials disqualify it as an official entry. In the same way, the production team of Ang Agimat: Antin-Anting ni Lolo was also appalled to the decision of the jurors to give the Best Visual Effects award to Spirit Warriors: The Shortcut if they only use "mono", beating their use of the more advanced "Dolby Digital system".
In 2005, director Joel Lamangan walked out after he lost to Jose Javier Reyes. Lamangan failed to win the Best Director for Blue Moon against Reyes' Kutob. In the same year, Regal Films's matriarch Lily Monteverde voiced out her disappointment as she lamented that some winners in the festival were "undeserving".
In 2006, Octoarts Films and M-Zet Production's Enteng Kabisote 3: Okay Ka, Fairy Ko: The Legend Goes On and On and On was declared the Best Picture after festival organizers changed the criteria for the award by giving more weight to "commercial appeal". As it was the only prize that the film won, the decision to let the film receive it becomes the subject of yet another controversy at the festival. Movie producer Star Cinema made a protest to the MMDA and wrote to then MMFF chairman Bayani Fernando, claiming that the movie Kasal, Kasali, Kasalo should have won Best Picture because it topped the box office for the first few days.
In 2007, the awards night ended in less than an hour after festival organizers decided to just announce the winners without even mentioning the nominees for each category. The organizers explained that it had to be rushed and had to end at exactly 9pm because a concert, featuring singer Lani Misalucha, was scheduled right after the awards ceremonies.
In 2011, Amable "Tikoy" Aguiluz declined to accept the award for Best Director for the movie Manila Kingpin after he claimed that the movie "was edited without his consent beyond his recognition."
In 2014, Rina Navarro, one of the producers of Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo questioned the result of the panel's judgement in the awards night. The movie won the most coveted Best Picture award but it failed to win the other major categories such as the Best Director award, the Best Actor and Best Actress awards, the Best Screenplay award, and the Best Original Story award all of which went to Dan Villegas' English Only, Please.
In 2015, a day before the awards night, Erik Matti's Honor Thy Father was disqualified for the Best Picture award after being screened at the Cinema One Originals. Dondon Monteverde, the film's producer, revealed that they did disclose this information beforehand. He attested that its premiere at the Cinema One festival didn't generate revenue which complies by the rules. He also questioned the timing of this decision, one day before the awards ceremony, and he demanded an investigation.
In 2016, the festival gained buzz after the EXECOM {Executive Committee} announced the top 8 entries for the 2016 edition. Different from past years, the movies of the certified box-office drawers Vice Ganda & Coco Martin's The Super Parental Guardians, Vic Sotto's Enteng Kabisote 10 and the Abangers, Regal Entertainment's Mano Po 7: Tsinoy and Vhong Navarro's Mang Kepweng Returns was rejected in that edition. But despite good reviews about the 8 entries, the film festival only grossed , or a drop from 2015 Metro Manila Film Festival's . And the edition of the festival showed only Indie films. The idea of indie-only film was later scrapped and commercial films was allowed again.
Festivals
Awards
The Gabi ng Parangal () serves as the awarding ceremony for participating films in the Metro Manila Film Festival.
Merit categories
Festival awards
Special awards
Other awards
Short film categories
Best Short Film: since 2016
Special Jury Prize: since 2016
Best Director: since 2016
Best Screenplay: since 2016
Defunct New Wave categories
Best Full-Length Film: 2010-2015
Best Actress: 2011-2015
Best Actor: 2011-2015
Best Director: 2012-2015
Gender Sensitivity Award: 2011-2015
Special Jury Prize: 2011-2015
Best Student Film: 2011-2015
New Wave Animation Best Picture: 2011-2015
Most received wins
This is a list of superlative Metro Manila Film Festival winners. This list is current as of the 2021 Metro Manila Film Festival "Gabi ng Parangal" (awards ceremony) held on December 27, 2021.
The following are fifteen films which have received ten or more awards in different categories.
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Most combined wins
Most combined awards for Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor, and Best Director.
Most combined awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress.
Highest-grossing entries
The table shows the highest-grossing Filipino film entries in the Metro Manila Film Festival that hits the hundred million mark.
Note: All figures are in Philippine Peso.
Notes
References
External links
IMDB: Metro Manila Film Festival
Official website of the Metro Manila Film Festival
Philippine film awards
Film festivals in the Philippines
Festivals in Metro Manila
1966 establishments in the Philippines
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
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5375926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley%20Gilmour%20Street%20rail%20accident
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Paisley Gilmour Street rail accident
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The Paisley Gilmour Street rail accident occurred on 16 April 1979 at 19:50. The 19:40 Inverclyde Line service from Glasgow Central to Wemyss Bay, operated by two Class 303 trains, crossed from the Down Fast Line to the Down Gourock Line under clear signals at Wallneuk Junction immediately to the east of Paisley Gilmour Street railway station. It collided head-on with the 18:58 Ayrshire Coast Line special service from Ayr to Glasgow Central, formed of two Class 126 diesel multiple units, which had left Platform 2 against a red signal P31.
Factors
The DMU had started away from the platform against a red signal. A type of SASSPAD (starting against signal at danger) accident, also colloquially known as ding-ding, and away. This accident prompted British Rail to change the Rules so that the bell or "Right Away" signal is only given when the Starting signal has been cleared.
Both drivers and five passengers were killed. 67 passengers and the guard of the Class 303 were injured and were taken to hospital. Only three of these remained in hospital.
Aftermath
Immediately after the accident the power was turned off on the Inverclyde Line; and a bus service substituted between Paisley St James and Paisley Gilmour Street station. Some trains were trapped west of Paisley St James, after a few hours a limited train service ran between Paisley St James and Gourock. The Wemyss Bay line was closed.
The Ayrshire Coast services were diverted onto the Paisley Canal Line, which at that time was running services from Glasgow Central station to Kilmacolm, rejoining the Ayrshire Coast Line at Elderslie junction.
Both lines were handed back for normal operations at 23:00 on 17 April.
See also
Glasgow Bellgrove rail crash
Newton (South Lanarkshire) rail accident
References
Notes
Sources
Hall, Stanley (1999). Hidden Dangers: Railway Safety in the Era of Privatisation. Shepperton: Ian Allan. .
External links
Official accident report courtesy of the Railways Archive
Train collisions in Scotland
Railway accidents in 1979
Transport in Paisley, Renfrewshire
1979 in Scotland
History of Renfrewshire
Railway accidents involving a signal passed at danger
Accidents and incidents involving British Rail
1979 disasters in the United Kingdom
April 1979 events in the United Kingdom
Rail accidents caused by a driver's error
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5375946
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netpulse
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Netpulse
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Netpulse is an American fitness technology company, and a provider of branded mobile apps for health clubs. Established in 1993, Netpulse was acquired by eGym in 2018.
History
1993-2000
Netpulse was founded in 1993 by Mike Alvarez Cohen, Kevin Martin and Jeff Cahn. Their vision for the company was to put a screen in front of every treadmill and exercise bike to enable exercise apps and capture the untapped advertising potential in gyms.
Thomas Proulx, the co-founder of Intuit, joined Netpulse as CEO in 1995. Bryan Arp joined the company in 1996 as its first product manager.
In June 2000, Netpulse E-Zone Media Networks was formed out of E-Zone Networks, Netpulse Communications, and Xystos Media Networks in a merger. The CEO was Andrew Wiswell. Later in July 2000, Tom Proulx was serving as Netpulse CEO.
2001-present
After the merger with eZone in 2000 proved problematic, Netpulse was re-started in 2001 by Tom and Bryan.
In 2001, the company filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection. Three months later, Tom Proulx came out of retirement and "traded his creditor-ship for the company’s remaining assets," which was announced on May 3 in San Francisco, and made the company solvent again. Netpulse made touch screen displays for exercise equipment as of 2010. That year, it raised first $3.1 and then $2 million.
Netpulse acquired Virtual Active in 2011, a San Francisco-based media company that produces exercise-focused, virtual reality products. Former Virtual Active Founder John Ford has since been promoted to Co-CEO of Netpulse.
Netpulse acquired Club Apps in 2014, one of the largest providers of custom club mobile applications. The acquisition expanded the Netpulse platform to an additional 700 clubs in the U.S. It also resulted in, Kelly Sweeney, co-founder and former president of Club Apps, joining Netpulse as Vice President of Sales.
In 2018, Netpulse was acquired by eGym, with CEO John Ford replaced with Alex Peacock. Netpulse chairman Tom Proulx joined eGym's board of directors.
Funding
Netpulse has received $40M funding from August Capital, Nokia Growth Ventures and DFJ Frontier. The company's board of directors includes, Mark Mastrov (founder of 24 Hour Fitness) and David Marquardt, the first institutional investor in Microsoft, who has been a member Microsoft's board of directors for the last 33 years.
Products
Branded Mobile Apps
Health clubs use Netpulse branded mobile apps as hubs for communication and engagement. Club operators use the app to drive revenue by boosting member referrals, PT sales and member engagement. Club members use the app to register for group exercise classes, track workouts, connect with their favorite fitness devices, redeem club rewards and deals, and access gym information.
Cardio Technology
Netpulse is designed to amplify the digital experience on cardio equipment. Netpulse has a developer SDK and API for cardio manufacturers to add features to their cardio consoles. The Netpulse platform uses xID, a sign-in that members can use to track workout data on connected cardio equipment and the app.
Customers
Netpulse branded mobile apps have been used by various club chains. Their systems are used by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). They have also partnered with a number of companies in the fitness field. For example:
Fitness club chains
Gold's Gym
Retro Fitness
UFC gyms
Cardio OEM manufacturers
Life Fitness
Matrix Fitness,
Intenza Fitness
Cybex Treadmills
Startrac Health and Fitness
Octane Fitness
True Fitness
Woodway Inc
Partners
Netpulse have partnered with:
IHRSA
FIT-C
REX Fit
Fitness club technology providers
They also integrate apps with club technology providers like:
ABC Financial
Myzone Ltd
Dotfit
Patents
Netpulse is an assignee of United States Patent 7022047, Interface for controlling and accessing information on an exercise device, which was patented on April 4, 2006.
References
Online companies of the United States
Physical exercise
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5375979
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors%20Guild%20of%20Slovenia
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Directors Guild of Slovenia
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Directors Guild of Slovenia (DSR - Društvo slovenskih režiserjev) represents the interests of film and television directors in the Slovenian motion picture industry. It was founded in 2005. This organization is a full member of La Fédération Européenne des Réalisateurs de l'Audiovisuel (FERA).
Presidents
2005–2006 - Janez Lapajne
2006–2010 - Martin Srebotnjak
2010–present - Miha Hočevar
External links
Official DSR website
Entertainment industry unions
Non-profit organizations based in Slovenia
Film organizations in Slovenia
Organizations established in 2005
2005 establishments in Slovenia
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3985480
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect%20%281985%20film%29
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Perfect (1985 film)
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Perfect is a 1985 American romantic drama film directed by James Bridges and distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was written by Aaron Latham and James Bridges and is based on a series of articles that appeared in Rolling Stone magazine in the late 1970s, chronicling the popularity of Los Angeles health clubs among single people. Its story follows journalist Adam Lawrence, who is assigned to interview a successful entrepreneur accused of dealing drugs. He is then assigned to cover a second story and decides to do an exposé on fitness clubs, where he meets an aerobics instructor named Jessie Wilson, who does not have a great deal of trust in journalists. It stars John Travolta, Jamie Lee Curtis, Anne De Salvo, Marilu Henner, Laraine Newman, Matthew Reed, and Jann Wenner.
The film was produced by Delphi III and Pluperfect and was released on June 7, 1985. It grossed $4.2 million during its opening weekend and $12.9 million worldwide, against a budget of $20 million.
Plot
Rolling Stone reporter Adam Lawrence (John Travolta) is sent from New York to Los Angeles to write an article about a businessman arrested for dealing drugs. During his stay in L.A., Adam sees a chance to collect material for another story about how "Fitness clubs are the singles bars of the '80s". He visits "The Sport Connection," a popular gym where he meets workout instructor Jessie Wilson (Jamie Lee Curtis) and asks her for an interview. Because of a previous bad experience with the press when she was a competitive swimmer, Jessie declines.
Adam joins the fitness club and soon coaxes other club members to tell him about the gym and its impact on their love lives. Some, such as fun-loving Linda and Sally, are all too candid about their experiences with the opposite sex. Although she doesn't agree to be a part of his story, a romance does ultimately develop between Jessie and Adam, resulting in a moral dilemma; as a journalist he has lost his objective point of view.
Jessie comes to trust him. Less cynical than before, Adam makes a concerted effort to show Jessie that not all journalists are out for the cheap sensation. He writes an in-depth, fair-minded analysis of fitness clubs as a singles meeting scene. But it is deemed unacceptable by his boss, Rolling Stone's editor in chief Mark Roth (Jann Wenner).
Adam's article is turned over to others for editing, using material supplied by his colleague Frankie, a photographer. She finds an old magazine article featuring embarrassing details about a romance involving Jessie. Adam travels to Morocco for another assignment, unaware of the changes being made in his story; he finds out too late to stop it. This has devastating impact on Jessie, as well as on others like Sally and Linda, described as "the most used piece of equipment in the gym."
Adam tries to explain the whole situation to Jessie, but can't. Meanwhile, he must attend a trial at which he's supposed to testify. As a reporter, using rights granted by the First Amendment, he decides not to comply with a judge who orders Adam to hand over tapes from the businessman's interview. Adam is jailed for contempt of court.
Jessie can see that Adam is a man of his word and believes him that he did not write the article the way it appeared in Rolling Stone.
Cast
John Travolta as Adam Lawrence
Jamie Lee Curtis as Jessie Wilson
Jann Wenner as Mark Roth
Marilu Henner as Sally Marcus
Laraine Newman as Linda Slater
Anne De Salvo as Frankie
Mathew Reed as Roger
John Napierala as City News Editor
Stefan Gierasch as Charlie
Ramey Ellis as City News Receptionist
Alma Beltran as Grieving Woman
Perla Walter as Grieving Woman
Gina Morelli as Grieving Woman
Philippe Delgrange as Maitre d' in New York
Tom Schiller as Carly Simon's Friend
Paul Kent as Judge
Murphy Dunne as Peckerman
Kenneth Welsh as Joe McKenzie
Michael Laskin as Government Prosecutor
Robert Stark as Government Prosecutor
Laurie Burton as Mrs. McKenzie
Ann Travolta as Mary
Nanette Pattee-Francini as Nanette
Steven J. Zmed as hypochondriacal hustler
Robin Samuel as Robin
Robert Parr as Robert
Rosalind Ingledew as Sterling
Chelsea Field as Randy
Paul Barresi as naturally muscled gym patron
Kenny Griswold as Kenny
Ronnie Claire Edwards as Melody Wilson
Julie Fulton as Marta Young
Carly Simon as Herself
Lauren Hutton as Herself
Reception
Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that the film "is too superficially knowing to be a camp classic, but it's an unintentionally hilarious mixture of muddled moralizing and all-too-contemporary self-promotion," and noted that "Rolling Stone receives more reverent treatment in 'Perfect' than The Washington Post received in 'All the President's Men.'" Variety wrote, "Set in the world of journalism, pic is guilty of the sins it condemns — superficiality, manipulation and smugness. On any level, 'Perfect' is an embarrassment and unlikely to satisfy any audience." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, "What's missing is any real development of a relationship between Travolta and Curtis. Yes, she bawls him out a couple of times about his journalism techniques, but all is forgotten in the film's happy-go-lucky ending that also cheaps out what has gone on before." Sheila Benson of the Los Angeles Times stated of the film that "any claim its makers, producer-director James Bridges and co-writer Aaron Latham, have to seriousness dissolves as the film becomes more voyeuristic and manipulative than the profession it indicts," adding that "Travolta performs with no edge to his character whatsoever, and the direction further confuses things by never letting us understand whether he's generally unprincipled or just a regular guy who from time to time does lousy things." Paul Attanasio of The Washington Post called the film "a trashy movie about women jumping up and down in leotards, but it's also more (and less) than that, a look at the wages of the free press. Despite a number of fine performances, a few good hoots and more daunting bodies, it's far from perfect. It touts the First Amendment like a corny romance from the '40s—stars and stripes in spandex." Paul Willistein of The Morning Call wrote, "'Perfect' isn't perfect, but it at least tries to inject some serious themes into a movie that is essentially summer fluff."
Perfect was nominated for three Golden Raspberry Awards: Worst Actor (John Travolta), Worst Supporting Actress (Marilu Henner) and Worst Screenplay. The movie was nominated for a Stinkers Bad Movie Awards for Worst Picture. As of May 2022, it holds a 19% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on sixteen reviews. In a 1994 interview with Rolling Stone magazine, Quentin Tarantino called the movie "greatly underappreciated."
The film is listed in Golden Raspberry Award founder John Wilson's book The Official Razzie Movie Guide as one of The 100 Most Enjoyably Bad Movies Ever Made. On October 16, 2015, the film was covered on the podcast for bad movies How Did This Get Made?
Soundtrack
The soundtrack to Perfect was initially released in 1985 as a 12" vinyl record, and later re-released on CD.
Side A
"(Closest Thing To) Perfect" (Jermaine Jackson) – 3:50
"I Sweat (Going Through the Motions)" (Nona Hendryx) – 3:54
"All Systems Go" (Pointer Sisters) – 3:48
"Shock Me" (Jermaine Jackson and Whitney Houston) – 5:08
"Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)" (Wham!) – 4:43
Side B
"Wear Out the Grooves" (Jermaine Stewart) – 4:33
"Hot Hips" (Lou Reed) – 3:33
"Talking to the Wall" (Dan Hartman) – 3:59
"Masquerade" (Berlin) – 3:48
"Lay Your Hands on Me" (Thompson Twins) – 4:11
Filming locations
"Sports Connection" fitness centre scenes were filmed in actual Sports Connection fitness club (now Sports Club/LA, a gigantic athletic facility in West Los Angeles), known as a place for singles to meet.
In the opening scene, the camera pans in on The Jersey Journal sign in Jersey City.
References
External links
1985 films
1985 romantic drama films
American romantic drama films
American films
1980s English-language films
Films about journalists
Films based on newspaper and magazine articles
Rolling Stone
Films directed by James Bridges
Films set in Los Angeles
Columbia Pictures films
Films about Olympic swimming and diving
Films about the 1980 Summer Olympics
Films about computing
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3985484
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candler
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Candler
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Candler may refer to:
People
Candler (surname)
Places
Candler, Florida, an unincorporated town in Marion County
Candler, Georgia, an unincorporated community
Candler, North Carolina, an unincorporated town in Buncombe County
Candler County, Georgia, a county located in the U.S. state of Georgia
Candler-McAfee, Georgia, a census-designated place in DeKalb County
Candler Building (disambiguation), various
Candler Field, a former name for Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, in honor of Mayor Asa Griggs Candler
Candler Hospital in Savannah, a Methodist hospital which merged in 1997 to become St. Joseph's/Candler
Candler Park, a park in Atlanta, Georgia; also, the historic neighborhood which surrounds the park
Candler School of Theology, one of 13 seminaries of the United Methodist Church and named for Bishop Warren Akin Candler
Other
"Candler", a traditional Scottish tune used as the melody for the hymn "Come, O Thou Traveler Unknown"
See also
Atlantic Southeast Airlines, based in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, whose former call sign was "Candler"
Candling
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5375984
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentariolus
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Commentariolus
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The Commentariolus (Little Commentary) is Nicolaus Copernicus's brief outline of an early version of his revolutionary heliocentric theory of the universe. After further long development of his theory, Copernicus published the mature version in 1543 in his landmark work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres).
Copernicus wrote the Commentariolus in Latin by 1514 and circulated copies to his friends and colleagues. It thus became known among Copernicus's contemporaries, though it was never printed during his lifetime. In 1533, Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter delivered a series of lectures in Rome outlining Copernicus' theory. Pope Clement VII and several Catholic cardinals heard the lectures and were interested in the theory. On 1 November 1536, Nikolaus von Schönberg, Archbishop of Capua and since the preceding year a cardinal, wrote to Copernicus from Rome and asked him for a copy of his writings "at the earliest possible moment".
Although copies of the Commentariolus circulated for a time after Copernicus's death, it subsequently lapsed into obscurity, and its previous existence remained known only indirectly, until a surviving manuscript copy was discovered and published in the second half of the nineteenth century.
Summary
The Commentariolus is subdivided into eight sections (or chapters), of which all but the first bear brief descriptive titles. After a brief introduction, the first section states seven postulates from which Copernicus proposes to show that the apparent motion of the planets can be explained systematically.
The seven postulates
Celestial bodies do not all revolve around a single point.
The centre of the Earth is the centre of the lunar sphere—the orbit of the Moon around the Earth.
All the spheres rotate around the Sun, which is near the centre of the Universe.
The distance between the Earth and the Sun is an insignificant fraction of the distance from the Earth and the Sun to the stars, so parallax is not observed in the stars.
The stars are immovable; their apparent daily motion is caused by the daily rotation of the Earth.
The Earth is moved in a sphere around the Sun, causing the apparent annual migration of the Sun; the Earth has more than one motion.
The Earth’s orbital motion around the Sun causes the seeming reverse in direction of the motions of the planets.
The remaining seven sections are titled, in order, De ordine orbium ("The order of the spheres"), De motibus qui circa solem apparent ("The apparent motions of the Sun"), Quod aequalitas motum non ad aequinoctia sed ad stellas fixas referatur ("Equal motion should be measured not by the equinoxes but by the fixed stars"), De Luna ("The Moon"), De tribus superioribus: Saturno, Jove et Marte ("The outer planets: Saturn, Jupiter and Mars"), De Venere ("Venus") and De Mercurio ("Mercury").
The order of the spheres
In this section, the heavenly spheres are given in order from outermost to innermost.
The outermost sphere is that of the fixed stars, which remains perfectly stationary. Then follow those of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Earth, Venus and Mercury, which each revolve about the Sun from west to east with successively shorter periods of revolution, Saturn's being between 29 and 30 years, Jupiter's between 11 and 12, Mars's between 2 and 3, Earth's exactly one, Venus's between 8 and 9 months, and Mercury's between 2 and 3 months. The Moon's sphere, however, revolves around the Earth in a period of one month, and moves with it around the Sun like an epicycle.
The apparent motion of the Sun
This section explains how the apparent motion of the Sun could arise from three separate motions of the Earth. The first motion is a uniform revolution, with a period of one year, from west to east along a circular orbit whose centre is offset from the Sun by 1/25 of the orbit's radius.
The second motion is the daily rotation about an axis which passes through the Earth's centre and is inclined at an angle of about 23° to the perpendicular to the plane of its orbit.
The third motion is a precession of the Earth's axis of rotation about an axis perpendicular to the plane of its orbit. Copernicus specified the rate of this precession with respect to the radial line from the Earth to the centre of its orbit as being slightly less than a year, with an implied direction as being from west to east. With respect to the fixed stars, this precession is very slow, and in the opposite direction—from east to west—and explains the phenomenon of the precession of the equinoxes.
Equal motion should be measured not by the equinoxes but by the fixed stars
Here Copernicus asserts that the motion of the equinoxes and celestial poles has not been uniform, and argues that consequently they should not be used to define the reference frame with respect to which the motions of the planets are measured, and that the periods of the various planetary motions are more accurately determinable if those motions are measured with respect to the fixed stars. He maintains that he had found the length of the sidereal year to have always been 365 days 6 hours and 10 minutes.
The Moon
Including the annual revolution around the Sun, which the Moon shares with the Earth in his system,
Copernicus explains the Moon's motion as composed of five independent motions. Its motion around the Earth lies in a plane which is inclined at an angle of 5° to the plane of the Earth's orbit, and which precesses from east to west around an axis perpendicular to that plane, with a period of between 18 and 19 years with respect to the fixed stars. The remaining three motions, which take place within this orbital plane, are depicted in the diagram to the right. The first of these is that of the first, and larger, of two epicycles, whose center (represented by the point e1 in the diagram) moves uniformly from west to east around the circumference of a deferent centred on the Earth (represented by point T in the diagram), with a period of one draconitic month. The centre of the second, smaller epicycle (represented by the point e2 in the diagram) moves uniformly from east to west around the circumference of the first so that the period of the angle β in the diagram is one anomalistic month.
The Moon itself, represented by the point M in the diagram, moves uniformly from west to east around the circumference of the second epicycle so that the period of the angle γ is half a synodic month. Copernicus states that whenever the point e1 lies on the line joining the Earth to the centre of its orbit (represented by the dotted line OTC in the diagram, of which only the point T here lies in the Moon's orbital plane), the Moon M will lie precisely between e1 and e2. However, this can occur only once every 19 years, when this line coincides with the line of nodes WTE. At other times it does not lie in the moon's orbital plane and the point e1 cannot therefore pass through it. In general, then, while the Moon will be close to conjunction or opposition to the Sun whenever it lies precisely between e1 and e2, these events will not be precisely simultaneous.
The ratio which Copernicus took as that for the relative lengths of the small epicycle, large epicycle and deferent is 4:19:180.
The outer planets, Saturn, Jupiter and Mars
The theories Copernicus gives in the Commentariolus for the motions of the outer planets all have the same general structure, and only differ in the values of the various parameters needed to specify their motions completely. Their orbits are not coplanar with that of the Earth, but do share its centre as their own common centre, and lie in planes that are only slightly inclined to the Earth's orbital plane. Unlike the Moon's orbital plane, those of the superior planets do not precess. Their inclinations to the Earth's orbital plane do oscillate, however, between the limits 0°10′ and 1°50′ for Mars, 1°15′ and 1°40′ for Jupiter, and 2°15′ and 2°40′ for Saturn. Although Copernicus supposes these oscillations to take place around the orbits' lines of nodes that he assumes to remain fixed, the mechanism he uses to model them does cause tiny oscillations in the lines of nodes as well. As Kepler later pointed out, the necessity for assuming oscillations in the inclinations of the outer planets' orbital planes is an artefact of Copernicus's having taken them as passing through the centre of the Earth's orbit. If he had taken them as passing through the Sun, he would not have needed to introduce these oscillations.
Like the Moon's motion, that of the outer planets, represented in the diagram to the right, is produced by a combination of a deferent and two epicycles. The centre of the first, and larger of the two epicycles, represented by the point e1 in the diagram, revolves uniformly from west to east around the circumference of a deferent whose centre is the centre of the Earth's orbit, represented by the point S in the diagram, with a period relative to the fixed stars as given in the section The order of the spheres above.
The centre of the second epicycle, represented by the point e2 in the diagram, revolves uniformly from east to west around the circumference of the first, with the same period relative to the radial line joining S to e1. As a consequence, the direction of the radial line joining e1 to e2 remains fixed relative to the fixed stars, parallel to the planet's line of apses EW, and the point e2 describes an eccentric circle whose radius is equal to that of the deferent, and whose centre, represented by the point O in the diagram, is offset from that of the deferent by the radius of the first epiycle. In his later work, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, Copernicus uses this eccentric circle directly, rather than representing it as a combination of a deferent and an epicycle.
The planet itself, represented by the point P in the diagram, revolves uniformly from west to east around the circumference of the second epicycle, whose radius is exactly one third of that of the first, at twice the rate of revolution of e1 about S. This device enabled Copernicus to dispense with the equant, a much-criticised feature of Claudius Ptolemy's theories for the motions of the outer planets. In a heliocentric version of Ptolemy's models, his equant would lie at the point Q in the diagram, offset along the line of apses EW from the point S by a distance one and a third times the radius of Copernicus's first epicycle. The centre of the planet's deferent, with the same radius as Copernicus's, would lie at the point C, mid-way between S and Q. The planet itself would lie at the point of intersection of this deferent with the line QP. While this point only coincides exactly with P whenever they are both at an apsis, the difference between their positions is always negligible in comparison with the inaccuracies inherent to both theories.
For the ratios of the radii of the outer planets' deferents to radius of the Earth, the Commentariolus gives 1 for Mars, 5 for Jupiter, and 9 for Saturn. For the ratios of the radii of their deferents to the radii of the larger of their epicycles, it gives 6 for Mars, 12 for Jupiter, and 11 for Saturn.
Venus
In the last two sections Copernicus talks about Venus and Mercury. The first has a system of circles and takes 9 months to complete a revolution.
Mercury
Mercury's orbit is harder than any of the other planets' to study because it is visible for only a few days a year. Mercury, just like Venus, has two epicycles, one greater than another. It takes almost three months to complete a revolution.
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
http://www.fh-augsburg.de/%7Eharsch/Chronologia/Lspost16/Copernicus/kop_c00.html Complete Latin text online at Bibliotheca Augustana.
Edward Rosen's English translation (2004, pp.57–65))
https://web.archive.org/web/20090803215559/http://www.geocities.com/soho/gallery/8084/copernicus.htm
16th-century books
Astronomy books
Latin texts
Works by Nicolaus Copernicus
Manuscripts of the Austrian National Library
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5375986
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskeytown%E2%80%93Shasta%E2%80%93Trinity%20National%20Recreation%20Area
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Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area
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The Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area is a United States National Recreation Area in northern California. The recreation area was authorized in 1965 by the United States Congress. Recreational activities available include swimming, fishing, boating, camping, and hiking.
The Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area (WST-NRA) has a total of of land, which is divided into the Shasta, Trinity, and Whiskeytown Units. The Shasta–Trinity National Forest surrounds the Shasta and Trinity units, so they are managed by the United States Forest Service. The National Park Service manages the Whiskeytown unit.
Each of the units encompasses a large reservoir (man-made lake) and its surrounding natural features, habitats, and terrain. The WST-NRA has interesting wildlife viewing opportunities, including over sixty pairs of osprey, thirty pairs of nesting bald eagles, other resident and migrating birds, and deer and bear populations.
Plant communities include Riparian, Interior chaparral, Blue oak grasslands, Mixed oak woodlands, and Knobcone pine, Ponderosa pine, or mixed evergreen forests.
Forest Service areas
Of the eighteen National Recreation Areas under Forest Service management in the U.S., the Shasta–Trinity Units are somewhat unusual, being made up of three large reservoir lakes set in scenic and protected foothill locales with diverse recreation opportunities. The Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area section of the Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area, has managed by the Shasta–Trinity National Forest. It includes Shasta, Trinity, and Lewiston Lakes and their surrounding natural areas.
Trinity Unit
The Trinity Unit, centered on Trinity Lake and Lewiston Lake, has four subunits: the Lewiston Lake, Trinity Dam, Stuart Fork, and North Lake Units. They offer many opportunities for recreation, including trout fishing in Lewiston Lake, scenic driving on the Trinity Heritage National Scenic Byway, picnicking, camping, and hiking/riding on the multi-use trail system.
The Trinity Dam Unit has Trinity Lake reservoir, that when full has of shoreline, contains , and holds of water. Trinity Dam is one of the highest earth filled dams in the world.
Shasta Unit
The Shasta Unit, centered on Shasta Lake, has four tributary arms; Sacramento River, Pit River, Squaw Creek, and McCloud River. Each has distinctive scenic beauty and attracts outdoor recreation visitors. There are numerous facilities for water sports and boating, including private marinas. Public recreation facilities and amenities within the Shasta Unit include boat ramps, campgrounds, shoreline picnic areas, and hiking/equestrian/mountain biking trails.
Shasta Lake is the largest reservoir in California. When full, the lake has of shoreline, which exceeds that of San Francisco Bay. The reservoir contains , and holds of water. Shasta Lake is formed by Shasta Dam, which is the second largest (after Grand Coulee Dam) and second tallest (after Hoover Dam) concrete dam in the United States.
National Park Service area
Whiskeytown Unit
The Whiskeytown Unit of the Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area is in size, centered on Whiskeytown Lake of .
It also includes surrounding the reservoir. The backcountry, with mountain creeks and waterfalls, is accessible via of multi-use hiking, equestrian, and/or mountain biking) trails.
See also
Trinity Mountains — in the southern and eastern sections in the recreation area, part of the Klamath Mountains System.
Marble Mountains — in the northwestern section, are also part of the Klamath Mountains Range.
Sierra Nevada — in the eastern section.
Whiskeytown Falls
Carr Fire
References
External links
U.S. Forest Service: official Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area — Shasta, Trinity, and Lewiston Lakes areas.
U.S. National Park Service: official Whiskeytown National Recreation Area website — Whiskeytown Lake area.
NPS: Discover Whiskeytown’s Biodiversity
National Recreation Areas of the United States
Shasta-Trinity National Forest
National Park Service National Recreation Areas
National Park Service areas in California
Parks in Shasta County, California
Parks in Trinity County, California
Protected areas of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
Klamath Mountains
Trinity Mountains (California)
Sacramento River
Trinity River (California)
Tourist attractions in Shasta County, California
Tourist attractions in Trinity County, California
Protected areas established in 1965
1965 establishments in California
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3985505
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%20David%27s%20Cathedral%2C%20Hobart
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St David's Cathedral, Hobart
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The Cathedral Church of St David in Hobart is the principal Anglican church in Tasmania, Australia. The dean (as of March 2009) is the Very Reverend Richard Humphrey.
Consecrated in 1874, St David's is the seat of the Bishop of Tasmania. It is a cathedral because it is the location of the bishop's cathedra or throne. It is the venue for great occasions of diocese, city and state.
Mission
The mission of St David's is "Proclaiming Jesus as Lord in the Heart of Hobart to build a community of living faith, profound hope and practical love."
Description
The building sits on the corner of Macquarie and Murray Streets and forms one quadrant of what is considered to be the finest Georgian streetscape in Australia. On the pinnacles of each gable is a quatrefoil, repeated on the extremities of the large crucifix of the rood screen which dominates the sanctuary.
The cathedral choir offers sacred music both classical and contemporary in worship and in concert. The organ, considered one of the superior organs of Australia, which was originally in the earlier cathedral, was a two-manual made by Bishop & Starr of London. Expanded in 1916 to a three-manual by George Fincham & Sons of Melbourne, it was rebuilt again in 1958 by J. W. Walker & Sons Ltd of London, and renovated between 1999 and 2005 by Gibbs & Thomson. The acoustics and 650 seating capacity demand frequent concerts. Appearances of the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra, Hobart City Band, massed military bands, the Royal Copenhagen Chapel Choir and the Sydney Brass Quintet were features of 2008.
The cathedral tower has a peal of 10 bells, with the tenor of , set for full circle ringing. Most of the bells are from 1935 (with several newer bells installed in 2005) and all were founded by John Taylor & Co. They are rung by members of The Australian and New Zealand Association of Bellringers.
St David's is known for its contemporary Anglican liturgy. Linked with England's Coventry Cathedral, the dean and associate clergy are "committed to creative liturgies that lift the heart and proclaim the Biblical faith as our society, increasingly dissatisfied with a purely materialistic world view, seeks a sense of the transcendent and apprehension of a living spirituality."
This desire for a "living spirituality" is reflected in the cathedral's commitment to serve the city, state and community. In services from those for the opening of law term, the opening of parliament, Heart Foundation, the Cancer Council Tasmania, Battle of Britain, Anzac Day, Hutchins and Collegiate schools and as a venue for state secondary and senior secondary schools the tranquillity and peace is often suspended with laughter, tears and memories.
The memorial service for the Port Arthur tragedy is remembered in the Hope Chapel. A memorial to the last ANZAC soldier, Alec Campbell, who died on 16 May 2002, aged 103, is also in the cathedral.
History
In 1842 Hobart was declared a city and the existing St David's Church became St David's Cathedral. The Reverend Francis Russell Nixon was appointed first Bishop of Tasmania and Frederick Holdship Cox the first Dean of St David's.
The foundation stone of a new cathedral was laid in January 1868 by Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, a son of Queen Victoria, and it was built between then and 1936, in the Gothic Revival style, to a design by the English architect George Frederick Bodley. There are flags dating from the time when Tasmania stopped being a convict settlement. The stained-glass windows depict saints, knights, kings and biblical characters. Small memorial plaques along the walls are dedicated to deceased residents of Tasmania.
The cathedral's distinctive features include an arcaded entrance with a large west window and buttressed turrets; a square tower made of Oatlands stone; and a close on the southern side with old trees. The building is on the Register of the National Estate.
Deans
See also
List of tallest buildings in Hobart
References
External links
19th-century Anglican church buildings
1874 establishments in Australia
Anglican cathedrals in Australia
Anglicanism
Cathedrals in Tasmania
Churches in Hobart
George Frederick Bodley church buildings
Gothic Revival architecture in Hobart
Gothic Revival church buildings in Australia
Tasmanian Heritage Register
Macquarie Street, Hobart
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5375991
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mertens
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Mertens
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Mertens () is a surname of Flemish Origin, meaning "son of Merten" (Martin). It is the fifth most common name in Belgium with 18,518 people in 2008.
Geographical distribution
As of 2014, 43.4% of all known bearers of the surname Mertens were residents of Germany (frequency 1:2,728), 34.8% of Belgium (1:487), 8.8% of the United States (1:60,847), 5.9% of the Netherlands (1:4,188), 1.7% of France (1:57,632) and 1.0% of Brazil (1:299,871).
In Belgium, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:487) only in one region: Flemish Region (1:367).
In Germany, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:2,728) in the following regions:
1. North Rhine-Westphalia (1:970)
2. Saxony-Anhalt (1:1,361)
In the Netherlands, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:4,188) in the following provinces:.
1. Limburg (1:959)
2. North Brabant (1:2,002)
Noble House of Mertens de Wilmars
Charles Mertens de Wilmars (1921–1994), Belgian psychiatrist
Josse Mertens de Wilmars (1912–2002), Belgian jurist
Others
C
Claas Mertens (born 1992), German rower
Conner Mertens (born ca. 1994), American football player
D
Dries Mertens (born 1987), Belgian footballer
Dylan Mertens (born 1995), Dutch footballer
E
Elise Mertens (born 1995), Belgian tennis player
Els Mertens (born 1966), Belgian racing cyclist
Ewald Mertens (1909–1965), German middle-distance runner
F
Frank Mertens (born 1961), German keyboardist and composer
Franz Mertens (1840–1927), German mathematician
Mertens conjecture, Mertens function, Mertens' theorems, and Meissel–Mertens constant
Franz Carl Mertens (1764–1831), German botanist
G
Gregory Mertens (1991–2015), Belgian footballer
H
Helmut Mertens (1917–1984), German fighter ace
J
Jan Mertens the Younger (died ca. 1527), South Netherlandish painter
Jan Mertens (1904–1964), Belgian cyclist.
Jan Mertens (1916–2000), Dutch politician
Jan Mertens (born 1995), Belgian footballer
Jean-François Mertens (1946–2012), Belgian game theorist known
Mertens-stable equilibrium, Mertens' voting game
Jerry Mertens (born 1936), American football cornerback
Jim Mertens (born 1947), American football player
John J. Mertens (1869 – >1924), South Dakota politician
Joseph Mertens (1921–2007), Belgian archaeologist
K
Karl Heinrich Mertens (1796–1830), German botanist and naturalist
Klaus Mertens (born 1949), German bass singer
Klaus Mertens (born 1950), German artist
L
Lennart Mertens (born 1992), Belgian footballer
Linda Mertens (born 1978), Belgian singer
Lothar Mertens (1959–2006), German historian
M
Michael Mertens (born 1965), German shot putter
P
Peter Mertens (born 1969), Belgian author and politician
Pierre Mertens (born 1939), Belgian writer
Pieter Mertens (born 1980), Belgian road bicycle racer
Peter Mertens (born 1944) Canadian politician
R
René Mertens (1922–2014), Belgian racing cyclist
Robert Mertens (1894–1975), German herpetologist
Mertens' water monitor
Robert Mertens's day gecko
S
Sibylle Mertens-Schaaffhausen (1797–1857), German art collector and musician
Stéphane Mertens (born 1959), Belgian motorcycle road racer
T
Tim Mertens (born 1986), Belgian racing cyclist
W
Wim Mertens (born 1953), Belgian musician
Y
Yannick Mertens (born 1987), Belgian tennis player
Z
Zenia Mertens (born 2001), Belgian footballer
Fictional characters
Finn Mertens, main protagonist of the American animated television series Adventure Time
Mertens, the protagonist of the 1998 PlayStation video game Colony Wars: Vengeance
See also
Meertens
Merten (name)
Merten
References
Patronymic surnames
Surnames of Belgian origin
Dutch-language surnames
Surnames from given names
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3985511
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%20the%20Night%3A%20The%20Very%20Best%20of%20Europe
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Rock the Night: The Very Best of Europe
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Rock the Night: The Very Best of Europe is a compilation album by Europe, which was released on 3 March 2004 by Sony Music.
Unlike 1982–1992, which was put together by vocalist Joey Tempest on his own, the track listing for Rock the Night was decided by all the members of the band.
Track listing
Disc one
"Rock the Night" (Tempest) – 4.04
"Superstitious" (Tempest) – 4.34
"I'll Cry for You" [acoustic] (Tempest, Graham) – 3.58
"Cherokee" (Tempest) – 4.40
"Stormwind" (Tempest) – 4.28
"Sweet Love Child" (Tempest, Marcello, Michaeli) – 4.56
"In the Future to Come" (Tempest) – 5.00
"Here Comes the Night" (Tempest) – 4.26
"Sign of the Times" (Tempest) – 4.15
"Dreamer" (Tempest) – 4.26
"Seventh Sign" (Tempest, Marcello, Michaeli) – 4.41
"Yesterday's News" (Tempest, Marcello, Levén, Haugland, Michaeli) – 5.26
"Got Your Mind in the Gutter" (Tempest, Hill, Marcello) – 4.59
"Ready or Not" (Tempest) – 4.05
"Aphasia" [instrumental] (Norum) – 2.30
"Time Has Come" [live at Solnahallen, Stockholm 1986] (Tempest) – 4.31
Disc two
"The Final Countdown" (Tempest)
"Halfway to Heaven" (Tempest, John, Rice)
"Open Your Heart" [original version] (Tempest)
"Long Time Coming" (Tempest)
"Mr. Government Man" (Tempest, Hill)
"Carrie" (Tempest, Michaeli)
"Seven Doors Hotel" [B-side version] (Tempest)
"Girl from Lebanon" (Tempest)
"The King Will Return" (Tempest)
"More Than Meets the Eye" (Tempest, Marcello, Michaeli)
"Prisoners in Paradise" (Tempest)
"Wings of Tomorrow" (Tempest)
"On Broken Wings" (Tempest)
"Scream of Anger" (Tempest, Jacob)
"Heart of Stone" (Tempest)
"Let the Good Times Rock" [live at Ahoy Stadium, Rotterdam 1989] (Tempest)
Personnel
Joey Tempest – vocals, acoustic guitar, keyboards
John Norum – guitar, backing vocals
Kee Marcello – guitar, backing vocals
John Levén – bass
Mic Michaeli – keyboards, backing vocals
Ian Haugland – drums, backing vocals
Tony Reno – drums
Nate Winger – backing vocals
Paul Winger – backing vocals
Elisabet Löwa – Compilation Producer & Project Coordination
Björn Almstedt, Cutting Room – Mastering
Henrik Jonsson, Polar Mastering – Additional Mastering
Michael Johansson – Photography
Jon Edergen, Electric Boogie – Artwork
2004 greatest hits albums
Europe (band) compilation albums
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5375993
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Matthew
|
Wayne Matthew
|
Wayne Anthony Matthew (born 14 January 1958) is a former Australian politician. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Bright for the Liberal Party from 1989 to 2006.
Matthew was elected at the 1989 election, defeating Labor's Derek Robertson. Matthew was promoted to the opposition frontbench in 1990 and became a cabinet minister at the 1993 election when the Liberals won government. Two weeks after John Olsen successfully challenged Dean Brown for the premiership in 1996, Matthew was dropped from cabinet having refused to support Olsen becoming premier. Despite this, Matthew was re-appointed to cabinet following the 1997 election, until his party lost government under premier Rob Kerin at the 2002 election.
Matthew held many and varied cabinet and shadow portfolios from 1990 to 2005. In government, Matthew served at various times as a member of the Executive Council, Minister for Police, Minister for Emergency Services, Minister for Correctional Services, Minister for State Government Services, Minister for Administrative Services, Minister for Information Services, Minister for Year 2000 Compliance, Minister Assisting the Deputy Premier, and Minister for Minerals and Energy.
On 14 March 2005, Matthew announced that he would retire from Parliament at the 2006 election and in May 2005 subsequently stepped down from the shadow cabinet. Matthew was succeeded in Bright by Labor's Chloë Fox.
Matthew has worked as a Lobbyist since his retirement from Parliament.
References
External links
Parliament Profile
1958 births
Living people
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of South Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
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3985540
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar%20Zhekov
|
Petar Zhekov
|
Petar Petrov Zhekov (, born 10 October 1944) is a former Bulgarian footballer, widely regarded as one of the best strikers in the history of the Bulgarian football. He won the silver medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
Zhekov was born in Knizhovnik, Haskovo Province, and began his career at F.C. Dimitrovgrad. He was initially deployed as a defender, but on the advice of manager Hristo Hadzhiev switched to the forward position. Later he moved to Beroe Stara Zagora, where he twice became Bulgaria's top goalscorer. Between 1968 and 1975 Zhekov played for CSKA Sofia and scored 144 goals for the team. This makes him the club's best goalscorer of all time. He also won the European Golden Boot in 1969 and two European Bronze Boots. He has 333 appearances and a record of 253 goals in
the Bulgarian A Group.
He later coached PFC Hebar Pazardzhik.
Career statistics
Honours
Bulgarian League: 6
1968–69, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75
Bulgarian Cup: 4
1969, 1972, 1973, 1974
Individual
European Golden Boot: 1969
Bulgarian League Top Scorer : 6 times
1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973
References
1944 births
Living people
Bulgarian footballers
Bulgaria international footballers
Olympic silver medalists for Bulgaria
Olympic footballers of Bulgaria
Footballers at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1968 Summer Olympics
FC Dimitrovgrad players
PFC Beroe Stara Zagora players
PFC CSKA Sofia players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
1966 FIFA World Cup players
1970 FIFA World Cup players
People from Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria
Olympic medalists in football
Bulgarian football managers
PFC Hebar Pazardzhik managers
OFC Vihren Sandanski managers
Association football forwards
Sportspeople from Haskovo Province
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3985549
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%20Team%20of%20the%20Century
|
Greek Team of the Century
|
The Greek Team of the Century was a representative team chosen in 2004 in the sport of Australian rules football.
Anthony Koutoufides and Peter Daicos were named vice-captains, Lou Richards was captain. The criterion for selection was that any Greek blood whatsoever constituted eligibility for the team. The farthest blood line was from Russell Morris, whose fourth great grandfather was Greek.
The Squad
Australian Football League historian, Col Hutchinson supplied the selectors with a list of 28 players with which to pick the final team.
Players named in no particular position:
John Rombotis
Chris Pavlou
Charlie Pannam Snr.
Charlie Pannam Jnr.
Zeno Tzatzaris
Alby Pannam
Alex Marcou
Spiro Malakellis
Arthur Karanicolas
Con Gorozidis
Gary Frangalas
See also
Indigenous Team of the Century
Italian Team of the Century
References
Australian Football League awards
Australian rules football awards
Australian rules football representative teams
Greek-Australian culture
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3985551
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Grapevine
|
The Grapevine
|
The Grapevine may refer to:
The Grapevine, a road grade that ascends from California's San Joaquin Valley to the Tejon Pass in the Tehachapi Mountains
A segment on the TV show Special Report with Bret Baier
The Reykjavík Grapevine, a news journal
The Grapevine, a publication in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia
The Grapevine, a website operated by The Root
See also
Grapevine (disambiguation)
|
5375996
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo%20Sternberg
|
Shlomo Sternberg
|
Shlomo Zvi Sternberg (born 1936), is an American mathematician known for his work in geometry, particularly symplectic geometry and Lie theory.
Education and career
Sternberg earned his PhD in 1955 from Johns Hopkins University, with a thesis entitled "Some Problems in Discrete Nonlinear Transformations in One and Two Dimensions", supervised by Aurel Wintner.
After postdoctoral work at New York University (1956–1957) and an instructorship at University of Chicago (1957–1959), Sternberg joined the Mathematics Department at Harvard University in 1959, where he was George Putnam Professor of Pure and Applied Mathematics until 2017. Since 2017, he is Emeritus Professor at the Harvard Mathematics Department.
Among other honors, Sternberg was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 1974 and a honorary doctorate by the University of Mannheim in 1991. He delivered the AMS in 1990 and the Hebrew University's Albert Einstein Memorial Lecture in 2006.
Sternberg was elected member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1969, of the National Academy of Sciences in 1986, of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences In 1999, and of the American Philosophical Society in 2010.
Research
Sternberg's first well-known published result, based on his PhD thesis, is known as the "Sternberg linearization theorem" which asserts that a smooth map near a hyperbolic fixed point can be made linear by a smooth change of coordinates provided that certain non-resonance conditions are satisfied. He also proved generalizations of the Birkhoff canonical form theorems for volume preserving mappings in n-dimensions and symplectic mappings, all in the smooth case.
In the 1960s Sternberg became involved with Isadore Singer in the project of revisiting Élie Cartan's papers from the early 1900s on the classification of the simple transitive infinite Lie pseudogroups, and of relating Cartan's results to recent results in the theory of G-structures and supplying rigorous (by present-day standards) proofs of his main theorems. Also, together with Victor Guillemin and Daniel Quillen, he extended this classification to a larger class of pseudogroups: the primitive infinite pseudogroups. As a by-product, they also obtained the " integrability of characteristics" theorem for over-determined systems of partial differential equations.
Sternberg provided major contributions also to the topic of Lie group actions on symplectic manifolds, in particular involving various aspects of the theory of symplectic reduction. For instance, together with Bertram Kostant he showed how to use reduction techniques to give a rigorous mathematical treatment of what is known in the physics literature as the BRS quantization procedure. Together with David Kazhdan and Bertram Kostant, he showed how one can simplify the analysis of dynamical systems of Calogero type by describing them as symplectic reductions of much simpler systems. Together with Victor Guillemin he gave the first rigorous formulation and proof of a hitherto vague assertion about Lie group actions on symplectic manifolds, namely the Quantization commutes with reduction conjecture.
This last work was also the inspiration for a result in equivariant symplectic geometry that disclosed for the first time a surprising and unexpected connection between the theory of Hamiltonian torus actions on compact symplectic manifolds and the theory of convex polytopes. This theorem, the "AGS convexity theorem," was simultaneously proved by Guillemin-Sternberg and Michael Atiyah in the early 1980s.
Sternberg's contributions to symplectic geometry and Lie theory have also included a number of basic textbooks on these subjects, among them the three graduate level texts with Victor Guillemin: "Geometric Asymptotics," "Symplectic Techniques in Physics", and "Semi-Classical Analysis". His "Lectures on Differential Geometry" is a popular standard textbook for upper-level undergraduate courses on differential manifolds, the calculus of variations, Lie theory and the geometry of G-structures. He also published the more recent "Curvature in mathematics and physics".
Sternberg has, in addition, played a role in recent developments in theoretical physics. He has worked Yuval Ne'eman on supersymmetry in elementary particle physics, exploring from this perspective the Higgs mechanism, the method of spontaneous symmetry breaking and a unified approach to the theory of quarks and leptons.
Religion
Sternberg is Jewish and a Rabbi. He was among the mathematicians who debunked the mathematics foundations of Michael Drosnin's controversial claims in The Bible Code.
Sternberg is described by rabbi Herschel Schachter of Yeshiva University as "a big genius in learning and math" who played a role in establishing that swordfish is kosher.
Selected monographs and books
Shlomo Sternberg (2019) A Mathematical Companion to Quantum Mechanics Dover Publications
Shlomo Zvi Sternberg and Lynn Harold Loomis (2014) Advanced Calculus (Revised Edition) World Scientific Publishing ; 978-981-4583-93-0
Victor Guillemin and Shlomo Sternberg (2013) Semi-Classical Analysis International Press of Boston
Shlomo Sternberg (2012) Lectures on Symplectic Geometry (in Mandarin) Lecture notes of Mathematical Science Center of Tsingua University, International Press
Shlomo Sternberg (2012) Curvature in Mathematics and Physics Dover Publications, Inc.
Sternberg, Shlomo (2010). Dynamical Systems Dover Publications, Inc.
Shlomo Sternberg (2004), Lie algebras, Harvard University
Victor Guillemin and Shlomo Sternberg (1999) Supersymmetry and Equivariant de Rham Theory 1999 Springer Verlag
Victor Guillemin, Eugene Lerman, and Shlomo Sternberg, (1996) Symplectic Fibrations and Multiplicity Diagrams Cambridge University Press
Shlomo Sternberg (1994) Group Theory and Physics Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24870-1
Steven Shnider and Shlomo Sternberg (1993) Quantum Groups. From Coalgebras to Drinfeld Algebras: A Guided Tour (Mathematical Physics Ser.) International Press
Victor Guillemin and Shlomo Sternberg (1990) Variations on a Theme by Kepler; reprint, 2006 Colloquium Publications
Paul Bamberg and Shlomo Sternberg (1988) A Course in Mathematics for Students of Physics Volume 1 1991 Cambridge University Press.
Paul Bamberg and Shlomo Sternberg (1988) A Course in Mathematics for Students of Physics Volume 2 1991 Cambridge University Press.
Victor Guillemin and Shlomo Sternberg (1984) Symplectic Techniques in Physics, 1990 Cambridge University Press
Guillemin, Victor and Sternberg, Shlomo (1977) Geometric asymptotics Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. ; reprinted in 1990 as an on-line book
Shlomo Sternberg (1969) Celestial Mechanics Part I W.A. Benjamin
Shlomo Sternberg (1969) Celestial Mechanics Part II W.A. Benjamin
Lynn H. Loomis, and Shlomo Sternberg (1968) Advanced Calculus Boston (World Scientific Publishing Company 2014); text available on-line
Victor Guillemin and Shlomo Sternberg (1966) Deformation Theory of Pseudogroup Structures American Mathematical Society
Shlomo Sternberg (1964) Lectures on differential geometry New York: Chelsea (1093) .
I. M. Singer and Shlomo Sternberg (1960) The infinite groups of Lie and Cartan. Part I. The transitive groups J. Analyse Math. 15 1965 1114.
See also
Symplectic manifold
Symplectic topology
References
External links
Sternberg's home page at Harvard has links to a half dozen on-line books
Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Differential geometers
Topologists
Johns Hopkins University alumni
Harvard University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
1936 births
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5376013
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gawa%2C%20Elcho%20Island
|
Gawa, Elcho Island
|
Gawa is a place on Elcho Island in the Arnhem Land of Northern Territory, Australia.
Elcho Island is situated about 90 kilometres west-north-west of the Gove Peninsula in the Arafura Sea. Approximately 60 km long and 6 km wide, it is home for some 1,000 Indigenous Australians whose homelands are scattered on Elcho, several neighbouring islands and surrounding mainland regions. Elcho Island is one of the most remote communities in Australia.
Early history
Historically, Gäwa, on the northern tip of Elcho Island, was a meeting place for Indigenous groups long before white people came to these shores. The seafaring Macassans from Indonesia visited Elcho Island to collect trepang, a sea animal that is to be found lying on the sea bed, a Chinese delicacy. The Macassans visited for a period of over 200 years prior to 1906 when the Australian Government stopped the practice. During that time, some Gäwa and Elcho people travelled back to Macassar. Since then some have made periodic visits back and forth. Many Macassan words, artefacts and cultural practices were adopted into the local languages and lifestyle. Macassan artefacts have been bartered via Indigenous trading routes as far as the southern and western coasts of Australia.
European settlement
The first Europeans only moved to Elcho Island in 1921 and then permanently in the 1940s. In 1937-1938, Constable John William Stokes of the Northern Territory Police was stationed on Elcho Island at the future site of Galiwinku as part of an effort to eliminate prostitution of Aboriginal women by visiting Japanese luggers. He established a cordial cooperative working relationship with local people (see account in the book 'The Long Arm' and his now-published diary). Later, in the 1940s, missionaries came to live side by side with, and learn from their Indigenous co-workers. Most of these were committed to learning local languages, and training those workers with skills to equip them to live within the changing world.
Government policies of the 1970s encouraged missionaries to leave, and hand over their work to local people. Government policies tend to have a 4-year currency, after which there is always a better policy. With 2 year tenures, airfares home, and generous entitlements, (compared to mission rates), new government workers who did not have the long term commitment for Indigenous people, stepped into the gap, exposing Yolnu to further disadvantage and confusion caused by the rapid and unrelenting change.
Various enterprises were set up on communities everywhere; grazing, fishing, gardens, sewing, baking; some employing and training Indigenous people, others acting as supply bases.
External links
gawahomeland.com
The Long Arm - Biography of a Northern Territory Policeman 1937-1942, Hugh V. Clarke, Roebuck Book, Canberra 1974, http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/17796427?q=John+William+Stokes&c=book.
The Diary of Constable John William Stokes of the NT Police Force 1937-1942 and other family history, (Tony Stokes, editor). Manuscript. 61 copies printed privately, 1981. Copies in Australian National and Northern Territory libraries. http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21814991?q=John+William+Stokes&c=collection.
Geography of the Northern Territory
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3985584
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Spencer%2C%20Countess%20Spencer
|
Charlotte Spencer, Countess Spencer
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Charlotte Frances Frederica Spencer, Countess Spencer, (née Seymour; 28 September 1835 – 31 October 1903) was a British philanthropist. Born in the London residence of her maternal grandfather, the 1st Marquess of Bristol, she was the youngest daughter of Frederick Charles William Seymour and his second wife Lady Augusta Hervey. In 1858 Charlotte married John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer; they had no children.
Lady Spencer was active in philanthropic causes. In the 1860s she founded the Supplemental Ladies Association, an organisation of upper-class women that "adopted" missions within poorer areas of the East End of London and allowed them to appeal directly to the group for material aid. She later published a book documenting her observations of this work.
Early life and family
Charlotte Frances Frederica Seymour was born on 28 September 1835 in the London residence of her maternal grandfather, Frederick Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol. Her mother, Lady Augusta, was Bristol's eldest daughter. Her father, Frederick Charles William Seymour, was a younger son of Lord Hugh Seymour, an admiral in the Royal Navy. Charlotte had two half-siblings from her father's first marriage to Lady Mary Gordon, and five full siblings from his second marriage to Lady Augusta. She and her two full sisters were all considered beautiful by London society; one sister married Henry Agar-Ellis, 3rd Viscount Clifden and the other wedded Lord Charles Bruce.
Lady Augusta, herself a lover of science, encouraged her daughters to read books on serious subjects such as botany, geography, and natural science. Frequent visits to the National Gallery and the Vernon Gallery fostered in Charlotte a love of art, and she was fond of music and history. Languages were another focus of Charlotte's education; under the care of foreign governesses, she eventually became fluent in French and German.
Marriage
Charlotte Seymour made her London season debut in 1854, but remained unmarried. That same year, she met John Spencer, Viscount Althorp. In May 1858 John, now 5th Earl Spencer, proposed to her. On 8 July, they married at St James's Church, Piccadilly in a crowded ceremony officiated by her uncle Lord Arthur Hervey, rector of Ickworth. The couple had a previous family connection through the earl's stepmother Adelaide, as she was Charlotte's cousin. He had inherited the earldom the previous year at the age of twenty-two, upon the death of his father, the 4th Earl Spencer.
A politician from the Liberal Party, the earl was a close friend of the Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone and served in his cabinet. Charlotte's family, including her maternal grandfather, were strongly affiliated with the Conservative Party. Despite this, Charlotte supported her husband during his political years and was outspoken with her views; her diaries contain memoranda on Fenianism and the Eastern Question.
The Spencers were connected with the British Royal Family. From the late 1850s to mid-1860s, the earl held the position of Groom of the Stool to Prince Albert and then to Edward, Prince of Wales. The latter made his first visit to Althorp, the Spencer family seat, in 1863. The following year, Lord and Lady Spencer accompanied the Prince and Princess of Wales to Denmark. The Spencers were entrusted with the care of their infant son Prince Albert Victor, when the baby was required to return to England on the royal yacht during the trip.
Lord and Lady Spencer had no children. She died on 31 October 1903, and was buried at the parish church of St Mary the Virgin in Great Brington, Northamptonshire. Her husband died on 13 August 1910 and was buried beside her. He was succeeded by his half-brother Charles as the next Earl Spencer. During her lifetime, Lady Spencer was the subject of many paintings, including one by the French artist Louis William Desanges that was painted at Althorp. In 1907, her memoirs were published.
Philanthropy
Lady Spencer was a member of the exclusive Ladies Diocesan Association, an aristocratic philanthropic organisation formed in the mid-1860s and based in London. Upon joining, each member was assigned a location and expected to undertake charitable tasks on a weekly basis during their time in the city; for example, two ladies were assigned to a workhouse in Whitechapel. Due to the high status of its members, the group had many political connections and was able to submit specific details to those in government about the state of workhouses in London. The group's efforts to help the city's poorer areas extended into the twentieth century.
Another charitable organisation of which Lady Spencer was a member was the Parochial Mission-Women Association. In 1868, they asked her to "adopt" a mission in a poverty-stricken area of London and allow its staff to apply to her directly when in desperate need of aid. Lady Spencer quickly realised how badly the mission needed resources, which led her to recruit other members and create an affiliated organisation called the Supplemental Ladies Association. Its focus was to devote resources to parishes located in the East End of London; such items included "outfits for girls going into service, or families willing to emigrate". Several years later, she published a book documenting her observations entitled East and West. It was intended to show "the toiling, struggling poor in the East that amid glitter, wealth, and luxury of the West, there are many who sympathise with their sorrows, and who are ready and willing to help them in their distress," she wrote in 1870.
References
Works cited
External links
1835 births
1903 deaths
British countesses
Ladies of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert
Charlotte
Charlotte
British philanthropists
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3985593
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siptan
|
Siptan
|
The Siptan (Korean: 십단전, Hanja: 十段戰) was a South Korean Go competition. Begun in 2005, it was held eight times and was discontinued after 2013.
Outline
The Siptan was sponsored by Wonik Corporation and the Hanguk Kiwon. The format was hayago (blitz) with 10 minutes total and 40 seconds for byo-yomi. The final is decided in a best-of-3 match. The winner's purse was 25,000,000 Won (~US$26,000). It was the Korean equivalent of the Japanese Judan title.
Past winners and runners-up
See also
Judan
References
External links
Sensei's Library
gotoeveryone.k2ss.info
Korea Baduk Association (in Korean)
Go competitions in South Korea
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5376014
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskeytown%20Lake
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Whiskeytown Lake
|
Whiskeytown Lake is a reservoir in Shasta County in northwestern California, United States, about west of Redding. The lake is in the Whiskeytown Unit of the Whiskeytown-Shasta-Trinity National Recreation Area.
Whiskeytown Lake has a capacity of and is formed by Whiskeytown Dam on Clear Creek. Additional water comes from Lewiston Reservoir, supplied by the Trinity River, via the Clear Creek Tunnel, which comes from the bottom of Lewiston Lake.
The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has issued a safe eating advisory for any fish caught in the Whiskeytown Lake due to elevated levels of mercury.
Recreation
There are recreational activities available at the lake, including camping, swimming, boating, water skiing and fishing. However, personal water craft have been banned from the lake. Fishing opportunities include rainbow and German brown trout; largemouth, smallmouth, and spotted bass; and kokanee salmon.
Whiskeytown is favored by locals because of the visibility of its waters, and wildlife that surround the lake. There are numerous breeding pairs of bald eagles that nest on the lake's shores. Sharing the habitat are black bears, mountain lions, blacktail deer, turtles and raccoons, among other wildlife. It is mandated that the lake be at full capacity by Memorial Day, and remain full until Labor Day.
Whiskeytown Dam
Whiskeytown Dam, an earth-fill embankment dam, is , and was completed in 1963. It is owned and operated by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. Its purpose is to provide flood control, water for irrigation, and electricity generation.
Powerhouse
Before entering the lake, the water generates hydroelectricity at the 154 MW Judge Francis Carr Powerhouse. Whiskey Creek also empties into the lake. A large portion of the lake's water leaves through the Spring Creek Tunnel, which delivers the water to the 180-MW Spring Creek Powerhouse, whose tailrace empties into Keswick Reservoir. The 117-MW Keswick Powerhouse at Keswick Dam empties into the Sacramento River. Most of the electricity produced by the three powerhouses supplies Redding's municipal electric utility, as well as other municipal electric utilities in Northern California, with the remainder offered into the California Independent System Operator's markets for purchase by load-serving entities throughout the state.
Climate
Whiskeytown Reservoir is one of several places in northern California to register a temperature of 120 °F or above (some others include Red Bluff and Orland).
See also
List of dams and reservoirs in California
List of lakes in California
List of largest reservoirs of California
Carr Fire a major wildfire than burned all the way around the lake
References
Columbia Gazetteer of North America
United States Bureau of Reclamation
External links
Whiskeytownlake.com
Whiskeytown National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)
Reservoirs in Shasta County, California
Reservoirs and dams in National Park Service units
National Park Service areas in California
Central Valley Project
Reservoirs in California
Reservoirs in Northern California
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5376016
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20Casey%20Young
|
H. Casey Young
|
Hiram Casey Young (December 14, 1828 – August 17, 1899) was an American lawyer and politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 10th congressional district of Tennessee.
Biography
Young was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama in Tuscaloosa County. He moved with his parents to a farm near Byhalia, Mississippi in Marshall County in 1838. He attended the local schools, was tutored by his father, and also the Cavalry.
Career
Elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, and Forty-sixth Congresses, Young served from March 4, 1875 to March 3, 1881, but was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1880. However he was elected to the Forty-eighth, serving in that period from March 4, 1883 to March 3, 1885. During this Forty-eighth Congress, he was the chairman of the United States House Committee on Expenditures in the Department of the Interior. He was not a candidate for renomination, but resumed the practice of law.
Death
Young died in Memphis, Tennessee on August 17, 1899, aged 70. He is interred at Elmwood Cemetery.
References
External links
1828 births
1899 deaths
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Politicians from Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Tennessee Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
People from Byhalia, Mississippi
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5376018
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanese
|
Bhutanese
|
Bhutanese may refer to:
Something of, or related to Bhutan
Dzongkha, the official national language of Bhutan (sometimes called "Bhutanese")
A person from Bhutan, or of Bhutanese descent, see Demographics of Bhutan
Bhutanese culture
Bhutanese cuisine
The Bhutanese, a weekly newspaper in Bhutan
See also
Bhutani (disambiguation)
:Category:Bhutanese people
Language and nationality disambiguation pages
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5376024
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodeclamation
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Melodeclamation
|
Melodeclamation (from Greek “melos” = song, and Latin “declamatio” = declamation) was a chiefly 19th century practice of reciting poetry while accompanied by concert music. It is also described as "a type of rhythmic vocal writing that bears a resemblance to Sprechstimme."
It combines the principles of melodrama with a kind of extended technique.
Examples can be found in the music of Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Anton Arensky, Mélanie Bonis, Vladimir Rebikov, Isaak Dunayevsky, Dmitri Shostakovich, etc.
Particular poems might be associated with particular composers; the works of Frédéric Chopin were often accompanied by the poem cycle of Kornel Ujejski that he called Tłumaczenia Szopena (Translations of Chopin). The cycle was widely circulated in several European languages, and some became particularly associated with specific preludes.
References
Singing
Extended techniques
Poetry movements
Classical music styles
19th-century literature
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5376031
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus%20Redford
|
Angus Redford
|
Angus John Redford (born 16 September 1956) is a former South Australian politician. He was a Liberal Party member of the South Australian Legislative Council between 1993 and 2006.
Wayne Matthew, sitting member for Bright, retired at the 2006 state election. Redford won preselection over party vice-president Dean Hersey. Redford lost with a 34.4% first preference vote, with Labor candidate Chloë Fox winning from a 50.2% first preference vote and a 59.4% two-party vote from a 14.4% two-party swing. He is now a Barrister specialising in Criminal Law.
Redford stood for local government election in the City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters in 2018 but was not elected.
References
External links
Parliament Profile
1956 births
Living people
Members of the South Australian Legislative Council
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of South Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
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5376035
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram%20Young
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Hiram Young
|
Hiram Young (January 22, 1882) was an African-American freed slave from Tennessee who became one of the leading manufacturers of wagons for the Oregon Trail. In the mid-19th century, his business was located at the eastern origin of the trail in Independence, Missouri, serving westward pioneers including the Forty-niners. He was called the "only colored man in the manufacturing business" and Kansas City's first "Colored Man of Means".
He worked to free slaves, specifically purchasing them in order to preserve their families intact and then paying them wages to buy their emancipation. Though living through the American Civil War and racial segregation, he was widely respected in white society, having financed or co-signed on many of their businesses. He received generous community support when his business burned down twice, and his grave is conspicuously located among those of white people.
The Kansas City Star extensively eulogized him 26 years after his death, saying "This negro fought valiantly for freedom and respectability".
Personal life
Young was enslaved from birth in Tennessee, assumed to be around 1812. Little is known about the enslaved period of his life beyond the fact that he married Matilda Huederson. Living in Independence, Missouri in the 1840s, the easygoing slaveowner, Judge Sawyer, allowed many privileges and paid Young a wage he kept, for extra work during his spare time. Young approached Sawyer to purchase emancipation.
Sawyer declared a price of with a down payment of $1,200, issued freedom papers, and Young "gave a mortgage on himself for $1,300". At some point, he bought his wife's freedom for , likely before buying his own. According to the law, any child born to an African-American couple, in which one is free and the other is enslaved, inherits the status of the mother.
Upon gaining his freedom, with Matilda and their daughter Amanda Jane, born 1849, he moved to Independence, Missouri around 1850. He also bought a slave woman, only referred to as "the Kentucky girl" and the "absolute love of his life", for whom he paid . The St. Louis Daily Globe described this as an "exorbitant amount, especially for a female slave"double what he paid for his own wife. Young did not legally buy her freedom, as the Globe reports he never did "relinquish his right to her as chattel". She was sent away for education in a seminary, returning to become the house maid at the Young plantation home. This arrangement made "domestic life anything but peaceful", and he retained her ownership until the abolition of slavery. Further it states he sought divorce to Matilda but found "divorce court was not at that time either popular or convenient". He and the Kentucky slave had several daughters, unnamed by the Globe, all of whom Young provided with an education.
After the first of two devastating fires that ruined his uninsured business, he raised money by selling his wife and daughter back into slavery to a kind former master, Judge Sawyer, according to the Kansas City Stars recollection in 1890. It is not clarified, however, if this means advanced pay for future labor, or completely enslaving them again.
As his influence in the community grew, he and Matilda became founding members of the St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal church in 1866 in Independence. In 1877 the church was moved to a new location, where it still operates today. Young contributed greatly to the building of the new church. He helped the fundraising and opening of what was, for decades, the only school for African-American children in Independence. Originally it was named after activist Frederick Douglass.
Career
The 1850 census lists Young as a man simply with a trade skill, though, not as mulatto or black, and notably as having no property or personal wealth. By 1851, according to his own words he had "set himself up in the manufactory of yokes and wagonsprincipally freight wagons for hauling government freight across the plains". He reportedly "was a skillful worker in wood and could make anything, from an axe helve to a wagon".
Young also owned a home and plantation, complete with slaves who "both hated and feared him, for he was not the kindest of task masters and knew to a row of corn how much each slave should do as a day's labor". Extending his path of freedom to others, Young allowed his slaves to work for wages they kept to buy their emancipation. Only a few days after his death, the Wyandotte Gazette states that, "Before the war he, though himself a negro, owned slaves, among whom were Riley Young, his own brother, old aunt Lucy Jones, Wesley Cunningham, and others well known in Wyandotte."
The US Census of 1860 reports he was completing thousands of ox yokes and 800 to 900 wagons a year. He employed approximately 50 to 60 men between his shop on Liberty Street and his 480-acre farm east of Independence in the Little Blue Valley. Employing around 20 men, Young's shop utilized a four-horsepower steam engine, nearly unheard of at the time, along with seven forges running non-stop. Census officials also noted 300 completed wagons worth $48,000 and 6,000 yokes worth $13,500. The business's inventory alone was appraised at more than .
Young managed to prosper through the slavery-based border wars of Kansas and Missouri while many other businesses were destroyed or bankrupted. The beginning of the American Civil War created a dangerous living situation for Young's family. The Kansas City Journal later recalled his property being looted by Civil War troops: "He managed a fine farm, had many wagons in his shop, and was comfortably fixed for life. But federal troops passed his way and he was fine picking for the men of war." The family relocated to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1862 or 1863. There he set up his business and added a service of filling list of supplies for those traveling, especially hastily. The Wyandotte Gazette says that during the war, Young's "colored friends entrusted him with their surplus money. He failed under that burden of responsibility." The paper summarized his notorious success: "his goods are scattered from Texas to British Columbia and from the Mississippi to the Pacific Coast".
After the Civil War, 1868 brought Young and his family back to Independence, where he re-established his business. However, the rise of steam locomotive trains largely obsoleted westward wagons so he reshaped his business as a planing mill.
On April 22, 1873, a second fire struck his business. This time it was insured for $2,500, though the damages cost . His plight was embraced by a community campaign to purchase an engine to "assist in the speedy re-establishment of his factory". The St. Joseph Daily Gazette lauded this solidarity as "only right", admonishing the Independence city government to echo other cities' past donations of untaxed land for the benefit of other "factories not so beneficial to a community as Young's". In 1877, he was heralded by the Kansas City Journal of Commerce as the "only colored man in the manufacturing business".
In 1879, Young launched a lawsuit against the United States government for wartime property damages, in amounts progressively increasing to . The lawsuit continued fruitlessly even after his death, through various committees, additional testimonies, and congressional bills, until it was thrown out in 1907.
By 1880 the mill had a twelve horsepower engine and the annual payroll was more than . He never again reached the success of his wagon manufacturing company of pre-war years, which a study in 1973 found to have been "56 times more wealthy than the average citizen of the county".
Death
While attempting to rebuild his business to its pre-war lucrative levels, Young died January 22, 1882, cash poor, though the estate was worth . His grave is at Woodlawn Cemetery in Independence, Missouri.
His wife opened a new lawsuit after his death for government reparations of losses in war. She hoped to pass the sizable reward to their daughter Amanda Jane. In 1897, this claim included 7,000 bushels of corn and 37 wagons, worth a total of plus twenty years worth of appreciation since the case had been ignored in the court system.
Legacy
In 1908, the Kansas City Star extensively eulogized Young 26 years after his death, saying "This negro fought valiantly for freedom and respectability" and that his gravestone "perpetuates the memory of the most widely and favorably known negro of that cityone who filled a responsible position in business life for many years, and died highly respected by whites and blacks alike ... his monument stands not in the portion of the cemetery commonly used by colored people, but in a conspicuous lot among white peoplea very remarkable thing for Independence".
Upon Young's death in 1882, the school that he'd helped found in Independence was renamed from Frederick Douglass school to Hiram Young school. In 2004 it fundraised for renovations to become a new community center providing services including "vision, hearing, diabetes, and cancer".
In December 1987, the city council of Independence passed a resolution to change the name of Lexington Park to Hiram Young Park, commemorating Young as "one of the wealthiest men in Jackson County in the 1800s". The park includes a 50-foot wooden wagon wheel recessed into the ground surrounded by flower boxes and benches, and a large stone with a plaque dedicated to Young. The park is bordered by Hiram Young Lane, a renamed portion of Lexington Avenue. McCoy Park in Independence celebrates Young in one of three painted panels by artist Cheryl Harness, with a storybook portrayal of Oregon Trail history. Minor Park of Kansas City, Missouri bears Young's portrait on a large decorative mural upon the Red Bridge.
In 2016, The Telegraph commemorated Black History Month with an article titled "Hiram Young: Kansas City's First 'Colored Man of Means'". The Santa Fe Trail Association said, "His life and career testify to the rich and vital ethnic diversity that made the American West a place of particularly new and exciting possibilities in the 19th century."
References
Further reading
Estate of Hiram Young, Deceased vs. The United States (No. 7320 Cong.) Affidavit of Hiram Young, November 1881.
Young vs. United States: Depositions on the Part of the Claimant–Personal Testimonies, 1897: Record Book Y, 106, Jackson County Recorder's Office, Independence, Missouri.
Hiram Young: #5124 RG Dunn Collection, Baker Library, Harvard University.
1812 births
1882 deaths
American manufacturing businesspeople
People from Independence, Missouri
People from Tennessee
19th-century African-American people
African-American businesspeople
19th-century American slaves
19th-century American businesspeople
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5376044
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuhari
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Shuhari
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Shuhari (Kanji: 守破離 Hiragana: しゅはり) is a Japanese martial art concept which describes the stages of learning to mastery. It is sometimes applied to other disciplines, such as Go.
Etymology
Shuhari roughly translates to "to keep, to fall, to break away".
"protect", "obey"—traditional wisdom—learning fundamentals, techniques, heuristics, proverbs
"detach", "digress"—breaking with tradition—detachment from the illusions of self
"leave", "separate"—transcendence—there are no techniques or proverbs, all moves are natural, becoming one with spirit alone without clinging to forms; transcending the physical
Definition
Aikido master Endō Seishirō shihan stated: "It is known that, when we learn or train in something, we pass through the stages of shu, ha, and ri. These stages are explained as follows. In shu, we repeat the forms and discipline ourselves so that our bodies absorb the forms that our forebears created. We remain faithful to these forms with no deviation. Next, in the stage of ha, once we have disciplined ourselves to acquire the forms and movements, we make innovations. In this process the forms may be broken and discarded. Finally, in ri, we completely depart from the forms, open the door to creative technique, and arrive in a place where we act in accordance with what our heart/mind desires, unhindered while not overstepping laws."
History
The Shuhari concept was first presented by Fuhaku Kawakami as Jo-ha-kyū in The Way of Tea, "Sado 茶道". Fuhaku based his process from the works of , Zeami Motokiyo, the master of Noh, which then became a part of the philosophy of Aikido.
Shuhari can be considered as concentric circles, with Shu within Ha, and both Shu and Ha within Ri. The fundamental techniques and knowledge do not change.
During the Shu phase the student should loyally follow the instruction of a single teacher; the student is not yet ready to explore and compare different paths.
See also
Dreyfus model of skill acquisition
References
Japanese martial arts terminology
Educational psychology
Stage theories
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3985608
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Bissonnette
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Paul Bissonnette
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Paul Albert Bissonnette (born March 11, 1985), nicknamed "Biz Nasty", is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Pittsburgh Penguins and Phoenix Coyotes.
Bissonnette is currently a studio analyst for NHL on TNT, the color analyst for the Arizona Coyotes radio and a co-host along side former NHL defenseman Ryan Whitney on the Barstool Sports hockey podcast Spittin' Chiclets
Early life
Paul Albert Bissonnette was born March 11, 1985, in Welland, Ontario, to parents Yolande and Cam Bissonnette. Paul's mother was an office administration professor at Niagara College for 30 years in Southern Ontario. His father was a steel worker. Paul is French-Canadian, having attended French speaking schools until he was in the 7th grade, and biracial, as his mother is half black. Bissonnette is a fan of the Toronto Maple Leafs, both prior to his professional career and since retirement.
At age 16, Bissonnette was drafted 31st overall by the Ontario Hockey League (OHL)'s North Bay Centennials in the 2001 OHL Priority Selection. He played in 57 games as a rookie and scored three goals and three assists. Following the 2001–02 season, the Centennials relocated and became the Saginaw Spirit.
Bissonnette was named co-captain on the Spirit and also became a member of Canada's under-18 gold medal-winning team. During the 2003 Home Hardware Top Prospects Game, Bissonnette was named Team Orr player of the game after recording a goal and fighting Dion Phaneuf.
Playing career
Early career
Bissonnette was selected in the fourth round, 121st overall, of the 2003 NHL Entry Draft by the Pittsburgh Penguins. When drafted, he was playing with the Saginaw Spirit of the junior OHL. During the 2003–04 season, Bissonnette served as the Spirit captain and finished ninth in points. He played another half season with the Spirit before being traded to the Owen Sound Attack, where he finished the 2004–05 season.
Professional career
Pittsburgh Penguins
Bissonnette began his professional career in 2005 with the Wheeling Nailers of the ECHL. He appeared in 14 games for the Nailers, while also playing 55 games with the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins of the American Hockey League (AHL). On November 12, 2005, Bissonnette received his first professional fighting major when he fought Jordan Smith of the Portland Pirates. The following season, Bissonnette played 65 games with the Nailers, while spending three with the Penguins. Bissonnette scored his first professional goal in the AHL on February 25, 2006, on goaltender Maxime Ouellet of the Manitoba Moose. The following season, Bissonnette appeared in 65 games for the Nailers, while only skating in three for the Penguins. After 22 games with the Nailers during the 2007–08 season, Bissonnette was recalled by the Penguins, where he would spend the remainder of the season. While in Wilkes-Barre/Scranton, teammates Dennis Bonvie and Deryk Engelland worked with Bissonnette, often practising fighting techniques. During his time in Wheeling, he was also named to the ECHL all-star game twice.
Bissonnette earned a spot on the Pittsburgh Penguins' roster to begin the 2008–09 season. He earned his first NHL fighting major on October 16, 2008, when he fought Matt Bradley of the Washington Capitals. During the fight, Bissonnette knocked Bradley to the ice, bloodying his nose. On January 13, 2009, Bissonnette recorded his first career NHL point, assisting on a goal by Tyler Kennedy against the Philadelphia Flyers.
On May 5, 2009, during a playoff game between the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins and the Hershey Bears, Bissonnette was hit awkwardly by Greg Amadio and Steve Pinizzotto. He was deeply cut by the skate of one of the Hershey players on his left wrist and suffered nerve damage in his left hand.
Phoenix/Arizona Coyotes
On October 1, 2009, Bissonnette was claimed on waivers by the Phoenix Coyotes after failing to make the Penguins' NHL roster out of training camp. On October 12, 2009, Bissonnette's first fight as a Coyote occurred against Jody Shelley of the San Jose Sharks. On November 12, 2009, Bissonnette scored his first NHL goal, against goaltender Carey Price of the Montreal Canadiens in a 4–2 loss.
On October 5, 2011, Bissonnette signed a two-year contract extension with the Coyotes. During the 2011–12 season, on November 19, 2011, Bissonnette scored the game-winning goal, playing in front of his mother and grandparents for the first time as an NHL player. The Coyotes went on to win 4–2 over the Buffalo Sabres.
With the 2012–13 NHL lock-out in effect, on November 1, 2012, Bissonnette signed with the Cardiff Devils of the British Elite Ice Hockey League (EIHL). In ten games for the Devils, Bissonnette scored 6 goals and 19 points before returning to the Coyotes.
Various teams
Bissonnette left the Coyotes' organization after five seasons following the 2013–14 season. On September 16, 2014, he accepted a tryout agreement from the St. Louis Blues to attend their training camp. After playing the entirety of the pre-season, Bissonnette was released from his tryout on October 4.
A few weeks later, on October 24, Bissonnette to the Cardiff Devils of the EIHL. He re-joined the team "on a temporary basis while he still looks for opportunities in the NHL". Bissonnette returned to the Coyotes' organization just three days later on October 27 when he signed a professional tryout agreement with the club's AHL affiliate, the Portland Pirates. After just eight games, Bissonnette was released from his tryout on December 9.
Manchester Monarchs/Ontario Reign
On the same day, Bissonnette signed a tryout agreement with the Manchester Monarchs, the AHL affiliate of the Los Angeles Kings. After 19 games, on February 3, 2015, the Monarchs signed Bissonnette to a standard AHL contract for the remainder of the season. Bissonnette and the Monarchs won the Calder Cup after defeating the Utica Comets in five games.
With the Monarchs joining the ECHL, the team was replaced by the Ontario Reign as the Kings' AHL affiliate. On July 8, 2015, the Reign signed Bissonnette to a one-year contract. He played 35 games for the team during the 2015–16 season. On July 6, 2016, he returned to the Reign after signing a one-year extension.
Post-playing career
On June 24, 2017, it was announced that Bissonnette would join the Coyotes' radio booth as a color commentator, replacing Nick Boynton. On September 7, Bissonnette officially confirmed his retirement from professional hockey on his Instagram account.
On April 11, 2018, Bissonnette was announced as a new member of the Barstool Sports' hockey podcast, Spittin' Chiclets, joining former Penguins' teammate Ryan Whitney.
On May 14, 2018, Bissonnette released a mockumentary series named BizNasty Does BC, which he co-created with Pasha Eshghi. The series features 17 past and present NHL stars and shows off the beauty of the province of British Columbia.
In February 2019, Bissonnette partnered with CaniBrands, a CBD health and wellness company as the company's Sports and Media Ambassador.
In 2021, Turner Sports announced that Bissonnette would be joining the company as a pregame and intermission analyst for the NHL on TNT, alongside Wayne Gretzky, Anson Carter, and Rick Tocchet.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Awards and honours
References
External links
1985 births
Living people
Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Canadian people of American descent
Cardiff Devils players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players
North Bay Centennials players
Ontario Reign (AHL) players
Owen Sound Attack players
Phoenix Coyotes players
Pittsburgh Penguins draft picks
Pittsburgh Penguins players
Portland Pirates players
Saginaw Spirit players
Sportspeople from Welland
Wheeling Nailers players
Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in England
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Wales
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5376051
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray%20v.%20Blair
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Ray v. Blair
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Ray v. Blair, 343 U.S. 214 (1952), is a major decision of the Supreme Court of the United States. It was a case on state political parties requiring of presidential electors to pledge to vote for the party's nominees before being certified as electors. It ruled that it is constitutional for states to allow parties to require such a pledge of their candidates for elector and that it was not a breach of otherwise qualified candidates' rights to be denied this position if they refused the pledge. However, the violation of any pledge a faithless elector made was not at issue. It officially defined state electors as representatives of their respective states, not the federal government. The case was argued on March 31, 1952 and the Court announced its decision on April 3, 1952; the majority and dissenting opinions were issued on April 15, 1952.
Background
Ben F. Ray, Chairman of the Alabama Executive Committee of the Democratic Party, had the duty of certifying elector candidates for Alabama's state Democratic Primaries. Ray refused to certify Edmund Blair as an elector because, while Blair was qualified for the position in all other regards, he had refused to take a pledge that promised, in part, he would support "the nominees of the National Convention of the Democratic Party for President and Vice-President of the United States." While it was not the law that electors had to take such a pledge, the executive committees of the political parties had the statutory right to set the criteria for determining who would be certified as electors in their primaries. Pursuant to this law, the Democratic Party had determined the above-excerpted pledge was a requirement for certification.
A writ of mandamus was issued to force Ray to certify Blair as an elector, despite the fact that he had not fulfilled the requirements the party had set forth. The Supreme Court of Alabama upheld the writ, reasoning, on federal constitutional grounds – specifically the Twelfth Amendment – that the requirement improperly restricted the freedom of electors to vote their choice in state primaries. Based on the fact that the state supreme court ruling cited the federal Constitution, the Supreme Court granted certiorari.
The decision
The Supreme Court overturned the decision of the Alabama Supreme Court.
The Court reasoned that, first of all, the federal judiciary has jurisdiction in the matter because, while state electors are not federal officers, they are performing a federal function in assisting to determine the outcome of national elections. The state has the authority to oversee them, and, in doing this, the state acts under the authority from the Federal Constitution.
Further, the Court determined that a state is within its rights to exclude, or to allow parties to exclude, potential electors on the basis of refusing to pledge to support the party's nominees. This is acceptable because it is a method of ensuring that party candidates in the general election are committed to the leadership and philosophy of the party.
Finally, the Supreme Court decided unequivocally that the Twelfth Amendment doesn't prevent parties from requiring elector candidates to take a pledge of nominee support. Further, the requirement of a pledge does not deny equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. However, it did not address the requirement that electors must vote for their pledged candidate.
The opinion of the Court was delivered by Justice Reed.
Dissent
Justice Jackson wrote forcefully in his dissent "no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text – that electors would be free agents, to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation's highest offices."
See also
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 343
Chiafalo v. Washington – another Supreme Court case upholding enforcement of electoral pledges
References
External links
1952 in United States case law
United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Vinson Court
United States elections case law
Democratic Party (United States) litigation
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3985618
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgi%20Slavkov
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Georgi Slavkov
|
Georgi Slavkov (; April 11, 1958 – January 21, 2014) was a Bulgarian football player who played as a forward. Slavkov played for Trakia Plovdiv, CSKA Sofia, Saint-Étienne and Chaves. He also gained 30 Bulgaria caps between 1978 and 1984, scoring 12 goals.
Career
Slavkov began his career as a youth player with Trakia Stamboliyski, before joining Trakia Plovdiv in 1973.
Slavkov scored 61 goals in 112 games for Trakia between 1976 and 1982. During the 1980–81 season, he scored 31 league goals in 23 league games to become A PFG top goalscorer and to win the European Golden Shoe.
With CSKA Sofia he played between 1982 and 1986, scoring 48 goals. Then he was transferred to the French club AS Saint-Étienne. He finished his career in Portugal in 1992.
In his career Slavkov participated in 4 Plovdiv Derby matches, scoring one goal, as well as 7 Eternal Derby encounters, netting once.
Between 1978 and 1984, he won 30 caps for Bulgaria and scored 11 goals.
Slavkov died suddenly on Jan 21, 2014 in Plovdiv after suffering a heart attack at the age of 55.
Honours
Club
Botev Plovdiv
Bulgarian Cup: 1980–81
CSKA Sofia
A Group (2): 1979–80, 1982–83
Bulgarian Cup: 1984–85
Cup of the Soviet Army (2): 1984–85, 1985–86
Individual
A Group Top Scorer: 1980–81 (31 goals)
European Golden Shoe: 1981
References
External links
1958 births
2014 deaths
Bulgarian footballers
Bulgaria international footballers
PFC Botev Plovdiv players
PFC CSKA Sofia players
AS Saint-Étienne players
G.D. Chaves players
Bulgarian expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in France
Expatriate footballers in Portugal
Bulgarian expatriate sportspeople in France
Bulgarian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players
Ligue 1 players
Macedonian Bulgarians
People from Gotse Delchev
Association football forwards
Sportspeople from Blagoevgrad Province
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5376076
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Beimler%20%28screenwriter%29
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Hans Beimler (screenwriter)
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Hans Anthony Beimler (born July 10, 1953) is a Mexican-born American television writer and producer, known for his work on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine. He has collaborated frequently with producer Richard Manning.
Early life
Beimler was born in Mexico City, Mexico. His father, a German immigrant, was a commercial director and cameraman and his mother, an American, was an author and painter. He is the grandson of the historical political figure Hans Beimler. He attended the University of Southern California, graduating in 1977 with a degree in film production.
It was eight years before Beimler sold his first script, during which time he earned a living as a documentary cameraman – the same type of work that his father was involved in. He went on to become an assistant director for several televisions shows such as Eye to Eye, but also worked on feature films including The Falcon and the Snowman, Splash and Cocoon.
Screenwriting
Beimler gained a position on the staff of television series Fame as a screenwriter, and went on to work for shows such as Knightwatch before gaining a staff position on Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Beimler wrote multiple episodes of, and worked as a story editor and co-producer for, The Next Generation from 1988 to 1990. During this period he frequently collaborated with Richard Manning. He was then co-executive producer, director, and writer for the short-lived series TekWar, before working on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine from 1995 to 1999. He had an uncredited appearance as a holodeck character in the series' final episode, "What You Leave Behind".
In 2005, Beimler and fellow former DS9 screenwriter Robert Hewitt Wolfe developed the pilot for a series called Scarlett. It was about an author living in New Orleans who believes that her characters are coming to life. The pilot was developed by Cheyenne Productions, owned by Bruce Willis.
References
External links
American television directors
American television producers
American television writers
People from Mexico City
Mexican people of American descent
Mexican people of German descent
American male television writers
Living people
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
1953 births
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3985632
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland%20Heights%2C%20Virginia
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Woodland Heights, Virginia
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Woodland Heights, VA is a neighborhood in the city of Richmond, Virginia. It began as a trolleycar neighborhood in the early 1900s and was built up along the James River beside Forest Hill Park. Woodland Heights is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Virginia Landmarks Registry.
History
Woodland Heights was first advertised in 1891 as a luxury riverside retreat with proximity to downtown Richmond and Forest Hill Park. At this time, the "South Bank" of the James River was still mainly farms and woodlands along Old Manchester's western edge. Woodland Heights is the oldest of three sister neighborhoods built along the Rhodes trolley car line, along with Westover Hills and Forest Hill.
Architecture
Amongst the first homes built in Woodland Heights was the T.D. Mann House. It was built in 1890, in the popular Victorian Queen Anne style.
Many subsequent homes built in Woodland Heights were of the American Four Square design from the Sears Roebuck catalog.
Notable events
Woodland Heights holds an annual House Tour and craft fair. It is located within walking distance of Forest Hill Park, Canoe Run Park, and Carter Jones Park. Forest Hill Park holds a farmer's market on Saturdays.
References
External links
Woodland Heights Neighborhood Association Site
Hills and Heights neighborhood news blog
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia
Neighborhoods in Richmond, Virginia
National Register of Historic Places in Richmond, Virginia
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5376093
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Brindal
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Mark Brindal
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Mark Brindal (born 12 May 1948) is a former Australian politician who served in the South Australian House of Assembly from 1989 to 2006, representing the Liberal Party. He was a government minister between 1997 and 2002, under premiers John Olsen and Rob Kerin.
Early life
Brindal was born in South Australia and was educated at Enfield Primary School and the Adelaide Technical High School. He was employed briefly by The Adelaide Advertiser before undertaking tertiary study at the University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia.
Brindal began a teaching career in 1968, working at Cockburn Primary School and Northfield Primary School, before becoming principal of Cook Primary School in 1975. He was seconded to a professional consultancy in educational disadvantage accruing form isolation in 1979. He rose in this position to rural state coordinator. In 1979 he was appointed as an advisor with the Country Areas Program in South Australia. He subsequently became state coordinator of the program.
Politics
Brindal entered parliament at the 1989 election, successfully running for the seat of Hayward. At the 1993 election he ran again, winning the seat of Unley. Prior to 1993 it had been held by the Labor Party. The electoral redistribution ahead of the 2002 election had a large effect on Unley, losing several suburbs west of Goodwood Road and gaining several suburbs east of Fullarton Road, changing Unley from a marginal seat to a fairly safe to safe Liberal seat in one stroke.
He held portfolios including Minister for Water Resources, Minister for Employment and Training, Minister Assisting for Tourism, Minister for Local Government, Minister for Employment, Minister for Youth, Minister Assisting for Environment and Heritage, Member of the Executive Council, and shadow portfolios for Water Resources, Youth, Employment and Training, and Local Government.
The Advertiser reported in late 2005 of Brindal's homosexual affair with a 24-year-old man, who was alleged to have a "mental incapacity", occurring in Brindal's electoral office several times − after allegations of a blackmail by the man's previous foster carer, the then Liberal leader Rob Kerin was subsequently promptly interviewed by members of the anti-corruption branch. Brindal did not contest Liberal preselection for Unley ahead of the 2006 election, but gained Liberal preselection for the marginal Labor seat of Adelaide, however he stepped down from Liberal preselection in Adelaide following the revelations of late 2005 and did not contest the election.
Later life
Following his retirement from politics, Brindal has remained as a consultant and commentator. He has completed his Master of Business Administration at the University of Adelaide. He is currently undertaking his PhD at the School of Agriculture, Food and Wine at the University of Adelaide. His research is in the area of the economics of Water Management.
References
External links
Parliamentary Profile: SA Parliament website
1948 births
Living people
Members of the South Australian House of Assembly
Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of South Australia
21st-century Australian politicians
LGBT legislators in Australia
University of Adelaide alumni
University of South Australia alumni
20th-century Australian politicians
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5376101
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Cafe
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River Cafe
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River Cafe may refer to:
River Café (Brooklyn), New York, United States
River Cafe (Puerto Vallarta), Jalisco, Mexico
The River Café (London), United Kingdom
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3985642
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwigslied
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Ludwigslied
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The Ludwigslied (in English, Lay or Song of Ludwig) is an Old High German (OHG) poem of 59 rhyming couplets, celebrating the victory of the Frankish army, led by Louis III of France, over Danish (Viking) raiders at the Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu on 3 August 881.
The poem is thoroughly Christian in ethos. It presents the Viking raids as a punishment from God: He caused the Northmen to come across the sea to remind the Frankish people of their sins, and inspired Louis to ride to the aid of his people. Louis praises God both before and after the battle.
The poem is preserved in over four pages in a single 9th-century manuscript formerly in the monastery of Saint-Amand, now in the Bibliothèque municipale, Valenciennes (Codex 150, f. 141v-143r). In the same manuscript, and written by the same scribe, is the Old French Sequence of Saint Eulalia.
The poem speaks of Louis in the present tense: it opens, "I know a king called Ludwig who willingly serves God. I know he will reward him for it". Since Louis died in August the next year, the poem must have been written within a year of the battle. However, in the manuscript, the poem is headed by the Latin rubric Rithmus teutonicus de piae memoriae Hluduico rege filio Hluduici aeq; regis ("German song to the beloved memory of King Louis, son of Louis, also king"), which means it must be a copy of an earlier text.
Synopsis
Dennis Green summarises the poem as follows:
After a general introductory formula in which the poet claims to know of King Ludwig (thereby implying the reliability of what he has to say) this king’s prehistory is briefly sketched: the loss of his father at an early age, his adoption by God for his upbringing, his enthronement by divine authority as ruler of the Franks, and the sharing of his kingdom with his brother Karlmann. [ll. 1–8]
After these succinct eight lines the narrative action starts with God’s testing of the young ruler in sending the Northmen across the sea to attack the Franks as a punishment for their sinfulness, who are thereby prompted to mend their ways by due penance. [ll. 9–18] The kingdom is in disarray not merely because of the Viking aggression, but more particularly because of Ludwig's absence, who is accordingly ordered by God to return and do battle. [ll. 19–26]
Raising his war-banner Ludwig returns to the Franks, who greet him with acclamation as one for whom they have long been waiting. Ludwig holds a council of war with his battle-companions, the powerful ones in his realm, and with the promise of reward encourages them to follow him into battle. [ll 27–41] He sets out, discovers the whereabouts of the enemy and, after a Christian battle-song, joins battle, which is described briefly, but in noticeably more stirring terms. Victory is won, not least thanks to Ludwig’s inborn bravery. [ll. 42-54]
The poem closes with thanks to God and the saints for having granted Ludwig victory in battle, with praise of the king himself and with a prayer for God to preserve him in grace. [ll. 55–59]
Genre
Although the poem is Christian in content, and the use of rhyme reflects Christian rather than pagan Germanic poetry, it is often assigned to the genre of Preislied, a song in praise of a warrior, of a type which is presumed to have been common in Germanic oral tradition. Not all scholars agree, however. Other Carolingian-era Latin encomia are known for King Pippin of Italy (796) and the Emperor Louis II (871), and the rhyming form may have been inspired by the same form in Otfrid of Weissenburg's Evangelienbuch (Gospel Book), finished before 871.
Language
The text is principally written in a Rhine Franconian variant of Old High German, though with certain other, possibly West Frankish, influences. The writer of the text is often assumed to have been a native Romance-speaker.
Notes
Bibliography
Althochdeutsches Lesebuch, ed. W. Braune, K. Helm, E. A. Ebbinghaus, 17th ed., Tübingen 1994. . Includes the standard edition of the text.
Includes a translation into English. Limited preview at Google Books
Wolf, Alois. "Medieval Heroic Traditions and Their Transitions from Orality to Literacy". In Vox Intexta: Orality and Textuality in the Middle Ages, ed. A. N. Doane and C. B. Pasternack, 67–88. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991. Limited preview at Google Books
External links
Le Rithmus teutonicus ou Ludwigslied - facsimile and bibliography from the Bibliothèque Municipale, Valenciennes (in French)
High quality facsimile of all four sheets (Bibliotheca Augustana)
Transcription of the text (Bibliotheca Augustana)
OHG text from Wright's Old High German Primer (1888)
OHG text and modern German translation
OHG text with modern French translation
Medieval German poems
Old High German literature
Military history of the Carolingian Empire
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3985651
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prices%20Information%20Cup
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Prices Information Cup
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The Prices Information Cup was a Korean Go competition from 2005 to 2014.
Outline
Only players above 6 dan could participate. The time format was hayago. The winner's purse was 20,000,000 Won (~US$21,000).
Past winners
References
External links
Sensei's Library
Go to Everyone!
Korea Baduk Association (in Korean)
Go competitions in South Korea
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3985671
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headley
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Headley
|
Headley may refer to:
Places
Headley, Basingstoke and Deane in the civil parish of Ashford Hill with Headley
Headley, East Hampshire
Headley Grange, Hampshire
Headley, Surrey
Other uses
Headley (surname)
Baron Headley, a title in the Peerage of Ireland
Headley Britannia, a horse competing at CCI**** level in the sport of eventing, ridden by Lucinda Fredericks
Headley Court, Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre (DMRC)
See also
Hadleigh (disambiguation)
Hadley (disambiguation)
Hedley (disambiguation)
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3985673
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bullman
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John Bullman
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John Joseph Bullman (c.1870 – March 6, 1922) was an American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey who competed at racetracks across the United States.
Riding at tracks on the American East Coast, in 1900 Bullman won the Matron Stakes at Morris Park Racecourse in The Bronx, New York then later that year won the American Derby at Washington Park Race Track in Chicago before going west in the late fall to compete at Tanforan Racetrack in San Bruno, California near San Francisco.
In 1901 Bullman won his second straight American Derby then in 1902 won the first of two consecutive editions of the Belmont Stakes at Morris Park Racecourse. Records show he continued to race on the West Coast during the winter months and in 1907 was in Los Angeles, California. Bullman was the first jockey to win purses totaling one million dollars in one season. One day he won all eight races.
Family
In 1900, Bullman married Mary Agnes Herbert of San Francisco. The couple had three sons, John Jr. (Jack), Spencer, and Herbert (Buddy), plus a daughter, Mary Esther. His sons were jockeys. Spencer was most successful but was seriously injured during a race which ended his career. His youngest son Herbert (Buddy/Beau) Bullman served decades in the United States Navy achieving the Rank of Chief Petty Officer. He survived the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and later numerous airborne missions in the Pacific Theatre and the South-East Asian theatre of World War II.
Passing
Bullman died from tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York in 1922 at age 52 after a lengthy illness. He was interred in the Holy Cross Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.
References
Newspaper clip and transcript from the November 19, 1900 The San Francisco Call referring to John Bullman
September 29, 1900 New York Times article titled Bullman Will Ride Again
1870 births
1922 deaths
American jockeys
20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)
Burials at Holy Cross Cemetery, Brooklyn
Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state)
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3985679
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McFaddin%20and%20Texas%20Point%20National%20Wildlife%20Refuges
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McFaddin and Texas Point National Wildlife Refuges
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The McFaddin and Texas Point National Wildlife Refuges are located in proximity in southern Jefferson County on the upper Texas coast at Sabine Pass. The refuges have a combined of fish and wildlife habitat. McFaddin, much the larger one, located at around , has a total area of 58,861.43 acres (238.20 km²), while the smaller Texas Point, located at around , has 8,952.02 acres (36.23 km²).
Texas Point and McFaddin refuges supply important feeding and resting habitat for migrating and wintering populations of waterfowl using the Central Flyway. Feeding flocks of snow geese have exceeded 70,000 birds at McFaddin.
Dozens of migratory bird species use habitat on both refuges to feed, rest, nest and raise their young. McFaddin contains one of the densest populations of American alligators in Texas. Alligators are most easily seen during the spring, but are often visible throughout the summer and fall.
Mammal species native to Texas include the muskrat, North American river otter, American mink, raccoon, striped skunk, Virginia opossum, nine-banded armadillo, gray fox and bobcat.
Large portions of both refuges are tidally influenced, creating estuarine environments important to a variety of fish, shrimp and crabs, as well as other life forms higher on the food chain that feed on such organisms. These estuaries are productive communities and are vital to the life cycle of many marine species. Some of the more commonly sought after fish found in refuge waters include red drum, flounder, alligator gar and blue catfish.
Located on the coast, Sea Rim State Park borders McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge.
References
External links
McFaddin National Wildlife Refuge website
Texas Point National Wildlife Refuge
Fun365Days.com regional tourism web site
Partnership of Southeast Texas regional economic development site
Geography of Texas
Protected areas of Jefferson County, Texas
National Wildlife Refuges in Texas
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3985680
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20Highway
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Human Highway
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Human Highway is a 1982 American comedy film starring and co-directed by Neil Young under his pseudonym Bernard Shakey. Dean Stockwell co-directed the film and acted along with Russ Tamblyn, Dennis Hopper, and the band Devo. Included is a collaborative performance of "Hey Hey, My My (Into the Black)" by Devo and Young with Booji Boy singing lead vocals and Young playing lead guitar.
The film was shown in only select theaters and was not released on VHS until 1995. It received poor reviews upon its premiere but has received favorable reviews more recently.
Plot
Employees and customers spend time at a small gas station-diner in a fictional town next to a nuclear power plant unaware it is the last day on Earth. Young Otto Quartz has received ownership of the failing business in his recently deceased father's will. His employee, Lionel Switch, is the garage's goofy and bumbling auto mechanic who dreams of being a rock star. "I can do it!" Lionel often exclaims. After some modest character development and a collage-like dream sequence there is a tongue-in-cheek choreographed musical finale while nuclear war begins.
At the destroyed gas station-diner post nuclear holocaust, Booji Boy is the lone survivor, but after his cynical prose the opening credits are a return to present time prior to apocalypse. [Some edits of the film place this scene at the end, including the most recent Director's Cut.]
At the nuclear power plant nuclear garbage men (members of Devo) reveal that radioactive waste is routinely mishandled and dumped at the nearby town of Linear Valley. They sing a remake of "Worried Man Blues" while loading waste barrels on an old truck. Meanwhile, Lionel and his buddy Fred Kelly (Russ Tamblyn) ride bicycles to work. Fred states that Old Otto's recent death was by radiation poisoning. They remain unaware of the implications as Lionel laments it should have been himself that died because he has worked on "almost every radiator in every car in town."
Early in the day at the diner Young Otto announces he must fire an employee for lack of money. He chooses waitress Kathryn, who has a tantrum and refuses to leave. She sits down weeping at a booth that has a picture on the wall of Old Otto and chooses on the juke box the song "The End of the World". Later, waitress Irene, overhears Young Otto's plans to fire everybody, destroy the buildings and collect on a fraud insurance claim. Irene demands to be included in the scheme and to seal the deal with a kiss.
Although Lionel has a crush on the waitress Charlotte Goodnight, she has a crush on the milkman Earl Duke. After an earthquake Duke, dressed in white, enters the diner with a delivery. He flirts with her saying, "Charlotte ...on my way over here this morning I thought about you and the earth moved." She replies, "You felt it too!" He also offers her a milk bath. While he is there a dining Arab sheik offers him wealth in return for his "whiteness."
A limousine stops at the gas station. After Lionel learns his rock star idol, Frankie Fontaine, is in the limousine he insists the vehicle will need work. After meeting rock star Frankie, who appears to lead an opulent, sequestered and drug influenced life-style, Lionel says to the wooden Indian in his shop, "Now there's a real human being!"
Lionel receives a bump on the head while working on Frankie's limousine and enters a dream. He becomes a rock star with a backup band of wooden Indians. Back stage he is given a milk bath by Irene. Lionel travels with his band (the wooden Indians) and crew (all people from his waking life) by trucks through the desert. The wooden Indians become missing.
During "Goin' Back" (a song by Young) the entourage recreates in the desert near a Pueblo. Native Americans prepare a bonfire to burn the wooden Indians which had been missing. Soon Lionel is playing music and dancing around the bonfire which appears to have become the center of a Pow-wow. "Goin' Back" ends gazing into the bonfire of burning wooden Indians. "Hey, Hey, My, My" is a ten-minute studio jam performance of Devo and Young.
Lionel wakes from his dream surrounded by concerned friends much like Dorothy in The Wizard of Oz. Soon there is the start of global nuclear war. No one is sure what is happening until it is announced by Booji Boy, as "the hour of sleep." He then provides shovels and commands everyone to "dig that hole and dance like a mole!" The cast then enters a choreographed adaptation of "Worried Man". The planet is engulfed in radioactive glow and the cast, still festive, climbs a stairway to heaven accompanied by harp music.
Cast
The cast in credit order includes Neil Young as "Lionel Switch", the garage mechanic, Russ Tamblyn as "Fred Kelly" who is Lionel's friend, Dean Stockwell as "Otto Quartz", the restaurant and gas station owner and Dennis Hopper as the cook, "Cracker". The waitresses were Charlotte Stewart as "Charlotte", Sally Kirkland as "Kathryn" and Geraldine Baron as "Irene". Several of the cast members became favorites of David Lynch. The members of Devo were cast as "Nuclear Garbagepersons". The film was released shortly after the death of 1960s folk-singer David Blue who was cast as the milkman, "Earl Duke".
Production
Over four years Young spent $3 million of his own money on production. Filming began in 1978 in San Francisco and Taos, New Mexico. It was resumed in 1981 on the Hollywood soundstages of Raleigh Studios. The set which included the diner and gas station was built to Young's specific requests. His initial idea was to portray a day in the life of Lionel and bystanders during the Earth's last day. The actors were to develop their own characters. The script was a combination of improvisation and developing small story lines as they went. Young, Stockwell and Tamblyn were central in the writing.
Dennis Hopper, who played the addled cook, was performing knife tricks with a real knife on the set. Sally Kirkland attempted to take a knife from him, and severed a tendon. She spent time in a hospital and later sued, claiming Hopper was out of control. Hopper has admitted to drug abuse during this time period.
For Devo it was their first experience with Hollywood. Gerald Casale said the band felt removed observing the odd behaviors including excessive alcohol and drug abuse and rock star adulation with Young as the central "most grounded" person.
The "Hey Hey My My" footage with Devo was recorded at Different Fur, San Francisco. Mark Mothersbaugh as "Booji Boy" during this performance inserted the Devo line, "rust never sleeps". The line would soon after become the inspiration for Young's works with the same name. Young showed the footage of this performance to his band Crazy Horse. Guitarist Frank Sampedro has said they played "Hey Hey My My" "harder" as a result.
Credits
Editing and post-production supervision is credited to James Beshears (Madagascar, Shark Tale, Shrek). The screen play is credited to Bernard Shakey, Jeanne Field, Dean Stockwell, Russ Tamblyn and Beshears. The members of Devo were asked to write their own parts. Choreography is credited to Tamblyn. Music is credited to Neil Young and Devo. The film's score was the first by Mark Mothersbaugh (Rugrats, Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist, Herbie: Fully Loaded, Rushmore, The Royal Tenenbaums, The Lego Movie), who also portrays Booji Boy and a nuclear garbage man. Most of the songs by Young in the film would be released on the album Trans.
Release
Critical reception
Human Highway is commonly reviewed as a "bizarre" comedy. Following the film's official premiere in Los Angeles, June 1983, it was shown only briefly in a small number of theaters. It received poor reviews by critics and confused audiences. After the film's release to VHS in 1996 it has since received more favorable reviews such as being described by TV Guide as "goofy and enjoyable" and Young's acting as "surprisingly funny." It was also suggested by TV Guide that the film would have done well on the midnight circuit that existed at the time of its initial release. Yet, a critic of cult films reviewed the film as being self-absorbed and worthwhile only for completists. An original intent by Young to reference the dream-plot of The Wizard of Oz has been recognized in a Rotten Tomatoes synopsis describing the film as "The Wizard of Oz on acid." A more recent review by Seattle Times critic Tom Keogh notes the film's use of "hyper-real sets" predating Tim Burton and a surety of direction at times recognizably influenced by Paul Morrissey and John Waters.
Home video
The film was only released in a VHS fullscreen edition (as well as LaserDisc) by WEA in 1995, twelve years after its initial screening. A DVD and Blu-Ray of Neil's "Directors Cut" was released July 22, 2016, alongside a DVD and Blu-Ray release of the Rust Never Sleeps concert film. It was a different edit than the theatrical release. The dream sequence originally featured a concert version of "Ride My Llama," while the 1995 version replaced it with the album version of "Goin' Back." Several scenes from the movie appeared on the Devo music video collections We're All Devo and The Complete Truth About Devolution, and were edited to appear as one continuous video for the song "Worried Man."
References
External links
1982 films
American films
American rock music films
American musical comedy films
Devo
English-language films
Films directed by Dean Stockwell
Films directed by Neil Young
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5376102
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20FIFA%20World%20Cup%20seeding
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2006 FIFA World Cup seeding
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To calculate the seeding for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, FIFA used the FIFA World Rankings in combination with performances of national teams in the two previous World Cups.
Points were allocated on the basis of 32 for the best achieving of the 32 qualifiers for 2006 FIFA World Cup in each of the five fields considered, down to one for the lowest ranking.
The seedings table uses these points obtained from the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2002 FIFA World Cup averaged in a 1:2 ratio respectively, added to the average number of points derived from the World Rankings at three given dates (at ratio 1:1:1), December 2003, December 2004, and November 2005. This generates a view of how well the teams have performed over the last ten years (since the rankings in 2003 include results from eight years previous to that) with a specific focus on how the teams have performed in the FIFA World Cup on previous occasions. Significant differences between this ranking of the teams and the official FIFA rankings at the time of the draw can be seen for Czech Republic, Germany and South Korea (ρ=0.87).
System change
Unlike the 2002 FIFA World Cup seeding system which used performances of national teams in the three previous World Cups, this seeding system only used the last two. Had Denmark not failed to qualify they would have been seeded at the expense of Argentina.
Progress of seeded teams
All 8 seeded teams qualified for the knockout stages of the tournament, but France and Mexico failed to win their groups, and so had to play other seeded teams in the second round. Mexico lost to Argentina, and France beat Spain, so while Spain and Mexico were eliminated earlier than the seedings would have predicted, Ukraine and Portugal went farther than the seedings predicted, Portugal going on to reach the semi-finals.
Criticisms
The formula was disregarded in deciding which European team should go in the special pot for the draw (necessary to avoid three UEFA teams in one group). Serbia and Montenegro were picked purely because they were the lowest in the FIFA World Rankings at the time of the draw, despite the World Cup seeding formula placing Ukraine and Switzerland lower.
Some controversy arose when the Netherlands were left unseeded, leading some to believe that the ranking system overly penalises teams that miss out on qualification for previous World Cups.
Each monthly FIFA World Ranking at that time included eight years' worth of matches, so by combining the three rankings (December 2003, December 2004, and November 2005), the seeding was most heavily impacted by matches occurring in 2003.
References
Seeding
FIFA World Cup seeding
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3985689
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirukkannapuram%20Vijayaraghavan
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Tirukkannapuram Vijayaraghavan
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Tirukkannapuram Vijayaraghavan (; 30 November 1902 – 20 April 1955) was an Indian mathematician from the Madras region. He worked with G. H. Hardy when he went to Oxford in mid-1920s on Pisot–Vijayaraghavan numbers. He was a fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences elected in the year 1934.
Vijayaraghavan was well versed in Sanskrit and Tamil. He was a close friend of André Weil. He served with him in Aligarh Muslim University. He later moved to the University of Dhaka in protest at Weil's firing from AMU.
Vijayaraghavan proved a special case of Herschfeld's theorem on nested radicals: For
converges if and only if
where denotes the limit superior.
References
External links
Aligarh Muslim University faculty
20th-century Indian mathematicians
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
1902 births
1955 deaths
Scientists from Chennai
Expatriates of British India in the United Kingdom
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3985697
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keshik
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Keshik
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Keshik may refer to:
Kheshig, imperial guards of the Mongolian Empire
Keshik, Kerman, a village in Iran
See also
Kashyyyk, planet in the Star Wars universe and home planet of Chewbacca
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5376108
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conejo%20Island
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Conejo Island
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Conejo Island, in Spanish Isla Conejo, meaning "rabbit island", is a Salvadoran Island alongside many other islands in the region. Honduras has disputed the Salvadoran island located in the Gulf of Fonseca.
History
In 1992, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the delimitation of bolsones (disputed areas) along the El Salvador–Honduras boundary, OAS intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full demarcation of the border concluded; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific. Unlike other major islands of the Gulf of Fonseca, Rabbit Island was never put to discussion in the definition even though the government of El Salvador asked for a clarification of the situation of every island in the Gulf of Fonseca. The island, despite its small size, is a strategic point of naval and military value to both Honduras and El Salvador.
References
WorldStatesman- El Salvador & Honduras
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening), International Court of Justice case registry
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras), International Court of Justice case registry
Pacific islands of Honduras
Territorial disputes of Honduras
Territorial disputes of El Salvador
El Salvador–Honduras border
Islands of El Salvador
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5376109
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown%20Prince%20Gustav%20of%20Sweden
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Crown Prince Gustav of Sweden
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Crown Prince Gustav of Sweden may refer to:
Gustavus, Crown Prince of Sweden (1799–1877), eldest son of the deposed Gustav IV Adolf
Gustav II Adolf (1594–1632), became king in 1611, also known as Gustav Adolf the Great or Gustavus the Great
Gustav III of Sweden (1746–1792), became king in 1771
Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden (1778–1837), king (1792–1809)
Gustaf V of Sweden (1858–1950), became king in 1907
Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden (1882–1973), became king in 1950
See also
Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten (1906–1947), eldest son of Gustav VI Adolf, but died before his father became king
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3985706
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS%20Heraklion
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SS Heraklion
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SS Heraklion (sometimes spelled out in books as the Iraklion) was a roll on/roll off car ferry operating the lines Piraeus – Chania and Piraeus – Irakleio between 1965 and 1966. The ship capsized and sank on 8 December 1966 in the Aegean Sea, resulting in the death of over 200 people. Her demise was one of the greatest maritime disasters in Greek history.
Background
SS Heraklion was built as SS Leicestershire by Fairfield Shipbuilding and Engineering Company in Glasgow in 1949, for the Bibby Line to operate the UK to Burma route. She was chartered to the British India Line for some time to supplement its London to East Africa service. In 1964 she was sold to the Aegean Steam Navigation Co to operate under their Typaldos Lines, renamed SS Heraklion.
Once Typaldos Line took ownership, she was refitted as a passenger/car ferry. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of , gross register tonnage of 8,922 tons, propelled by a single propeller, reaching a speed of . The ship's winter capacity was 35 trucks with an average weight of 10 tons. Heraklion had her last survey on 29 June 1966.
Sinking
At 8:00 p.m. on 7 December 1966, and under extreme weather conditions, with southeast winds blowing at Force 9 on the Beaufort scale, Heraklion sailed from Souda Bay, Crete for Piraeus, after a two-hour delay, allegedly in order to embark a refrigerator truck that, according to most accounts, contributed to the sinking.
Port authorities of Souda Bay who monitored the violent weather throughout the day had prohibited smaller vessels from setting sail, but it was wrongly believed that such weather was not a threat to a ship of Heraklion size. The same night, an advertisement from the Typaldos Lines was shown on many cinemas in Athens, promoting the Typaldos ships as: "The most luxurious, the most advanced and, of course, the safest.", with the Heraklion being the company's favourite in the advertisement, calling it: "The unmatched ferry Heraklion, with a speed of 17 knots."
After midnight, the Heraklion was crossing the Myrtoan Sea amidst high waves and heavy winds that were steadily picking up speed. As the ship was rolling heavily from side to side, passengers began waking up in their cabins and children started crying. Cars were rocking back and forth, and the ship started taking on water.
At 2:00 a.m., halfway through the voyage, sailing six miles off the small rocky island of Falkonera, the aforementioned refrigerator truck, which was carrying oranges and was either left unsecured or was loosely strapped, started to slam into the midship loading door, which eventually gave way and opened; the truck plummeted into the sea, where it was found floating the next morning. Water immediately rushed in through the open loading door and the Heraklion started to develop a list.
At 2:06 a.m., the first SOS signal was sent, saying: "This is Heraklion. The midship door has been destroyed. Ship is in danger." At the same time, the list was increasing by the minute and the ship was losing speed. Officers and crew tried desperately to save the ship, but to no avail, as the list worsened and the ship began to sink. At 02:07, the alarm was raised. Life jackets were handed around hastily and the life boats where lowered desperately into the thunderous waves.
At 2:13 a.m., only eight minutes after the first SOS, Heraklion's radio emitted a signal for the final time. "SOS, we're sinking! Coordinates are ! SOS, we're sinking!" After that message there was silence.
Rescue efforts
The SOS signal was repeated twice. The Greek Ministry of Mercantile Marine was underequipped to handle the necessary communications, while the port authorities of Piraeus, Syros and other islands also reported that they were unable to offer assistance due to lack of equipment. Unfortunately, the ferry Minos, which was away from the scene, did not receive the SOS.
At around 2:30 a.m., the head of the Hellenic Coast Guard was alerted, followed by the Minister of Mercantile Marine and the Minister of Defence. The Ministry of Defence reported that a ship of the then-Greek Royal Navy was at Syros, but that it would take three to four hours for it to get underway. A number of ships, including two British Royal Navy warships northeast of Crete, received the SOS and altered course for the scene.
At 4:30 a.m., RHS Syros was ordered to sea, while an hour later the prime minister was informed of the situation and the Air Force was alerted. At 06:30 the Prime Minister informed King Constantine about the disaster. At 7:20 a.m. a Douglas C-47 Skytrain took off from Elefsis airport; soon after, two more followed suit.
The first messages transmitted from the ships that arrived at the scene of the tragedy at 8:30 a.m were disheartening. There was no sign of debris from the ship and, more importantly, no sign of survivors. The first headlines in Greek newspapers reported that the ship had sunk with complete loss of life. The prime minister declared a week-long period of national mourning.
At 9:45 a.m, the first C-47 Skytrain arrived at the scene and spotted the refrigerator truck, while rushed to the scene as well. The plane circled above the truck, slowly descending to a lower altitude when the voice of the pilot of the second plane sounded on the radio, almost commanding: "Your Highness, your flight path is dangerous, take height now!" The captain of the Ashton, realising that the King himself was participating in the rescue operation, radioed: "Your Highness, Ashton is at your service." The King replied, "Thank you. Please follow me," as the planes spotted the few survivors and began air dropping life jackets.
At 19:00 Leverton and Ashton docked at the port of Piraeus, where a large crowd had gathered to seek information and to wait for the rescue ships carrying survivors and bodies.
A number of United States Navy ships, deployed in the Mediterranean Sea at the time of the sinking, participated in the search and rescue operations. They included , , , and .
Officially, out of 73 officers and crew and 191 passengers, only 46 were rescued (16 crew and 30 passengers), while 217 died. The exact number remains unknown since, at the time, it was customary to board the ship without a ticket, which would only be issued upon sailing.
One of the dead was Michael Robert Hall King (born 1942), a grandson of Robert Baden-Powell.
Aftermath
The Greek government's investigation found the Typaldos Lines guilty of negligence for several reasons; there was no drill for abandoning ship, there was a delay in sending a distress call, and there was no organization of rescue work by the ship's officers. The company was also charged with manslaughter and faking documents. Haralambos Typaldos, the owner of the company, and Panayotis Kokkinos, the general manager, were both sentenced to jail in 1968. It was also found that twelve of the company's fifteen ships had failed inspection under international law. The company's remaining ships were taken over and sold either for scrap or sold off for other uses, except three; , SS Athinai and MV Rodos. None of the ships attracted buyers and so were laid up for 20 years before being sold for scrap and broken up in Turkey in 1989. In the meantime, the badly rusted Athinai was used in 1978–1979 as a floating set for the film Raise the Titanic and was renamed Titanic for the duration of filming.
In the 1990s a sculpture known as The Monument of the Hand was erected near the harbour in Chania to commemorate the victims of the accident.
See also
List of RORO vessel accidents
References
Wreck site – SS Heraklion
Search and rescue video from ERT
Maritime incidents in Greece
Maritime incidents in 1966
Ships built on the River Clyde
Shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea
1949 ships
1966 in Greece
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3985718
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EnergySolutions
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EnergySolutions
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EnergySolutions (stylized as EnergySolutions), headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, is one of the largest processors of low level waste (LLW) in America, making it also one of the world's largest nuclear waste processors. It was formed in 2007 when Envirocare acquired three other nuclear waste disposal companies: Scientech D&D, BNG America, and Duratek.
EnergySolutions has operations in over 40 states, with a licensed landfill to dispose of radioactive waste approximately west of Salt Lake City in Tooele County, Utah. It also operates a disposal site in Barnwell County, South Carolina. The company possesses the technology to convert waste into alternative material such as durable glass and is contracted by the United States Department of Energy to assist in waste conversion efforts. The company held the naming rights to the Utah Jazz home EnergySolutions Arena from November 20 2006 until October 26, 2015, when Vivint, a home security system provider based in Provo, Utah, acquired the naming rights.
In June 2007 the company took over operation and management of several Magnox atomic plants from British Nuclear Fuels plc in the United Kingdom through the acquisition of the BNFL subsidiary – Reactor Sites Management Company (RMSC).
Formation of EnergySolutions
Envirocare of Utah purchased the Connecticut-based Scientech D&D division in October 2005. On February 2, 2006, Envirocare announced the $90 million purchase of BNG America, a subsidiary of British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL) based in Virginia. Envirocare of Utah was renamed EnergySolutions, with corporate headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah. On February 7, 2006, EnergySolutions announced it would buy Maryland-based Duratek, a publicly traded company, for $396 million in an all-cash deal. The leveraged buyout was financed by banks led by Citigroup, effectively taking the company private.
After the acquisitions, EnergySolutions had 2,500 employees in 40 states with an annual revenue of $280 million. EnergySolutions owns two of the nation's four commercial low-level nuclear-waste repositories, its primary competitor, Waste Control Specialists, built a fourth repository in Texas.
Envirocare
Envirocare of Utah, Inc. (Envirocare) buried Class A low level radioactive waste (LLRW) in an engineered landfill. It began operations in 1990 in Clive, Utah.
Envirocare was founded by Iranian immigrant Khosrow Semnani in 1988. Semnani served as president of the company until May 1997, when Envirocare's largest customer—the Department of Energy—requested that he step down in the wake of a bribery scandal.
In mid-December 2004, Semnani sold Envirocare for an undisclosed sum. Steve Creamer became the company's new CEO. The deal was financed by private equity firms, led by Lindsay Goldberg & Bessemer of New York, Creamer Investments, and Peterson Partners both of Salt Lake City. Envirocare management promised to drop its plans to bury hotter class B and C nuclear waste in Utah in deference to growing political opposition to the company, which was poised to ban the waste. Envirocare subsequently made the acquisitions and became EnergySolutions.
Duratek
Based in Columbia, Maryland, Duratek was founded in 1983. In 1990, the company merged with General Technical Services (GTS); the resulting company was known as GTS Duratek. That year, the company formed a joint venture with another firm — Chem-Nuclear Systems, Inc. — to build a commercial vitrification system.
In 1997, GTS Duratek acquired the Scientific Ecology Group (SEG). In 2000, the company purchased the nuclear services business arm of Waste Management Inc. One year later, the company announced that it was dropping GTS from its name, and was once again known as Duratek.
Duratek was purchased by EnergySolutions at a 25.7% premium over the February 7, 2006 stock price when the merger was announced.
Energy Solutions
Since its inception, Energy Solutions has collected primarily domestic, Class A nuclear waste for its west Utah desert site.
On June 7, 2007, the company announced the acquisition of the UK based BNFL subsidiary – Reactor Sites Management Company (RSMC). The sale included Magnox Electric Limited (MEL), a wholly owned subsidiary of RSMC, which holds the contracts and licences to operate ten nuclear reactor sites in the UK on behalf of the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA). Through the acquisition, the company took over operational and management responsibilities of several Magnox atomic plants from British Nuclear Fuels plc.
In 2009 it attempted to bring 20,000 tons of waste from Italy's shuttered nuclear power program through the ports of either Charleston, South Carolina, or New Orleans. After processing in Tennessee, about 1,600 tons would be disposed of in Utah. The importation attempt was eventually abandoned.
EnergySolutions sought permission in 2011 from the State of Utah for its "Semprasafe" process to blend, or dilute, the currently allowed Class A low-level radioactive waste with more radioactive Class B and Class C wastes until it just meets the Class A waste levels its license allows per container at its Clive disposal site. Some estimates projected that this could increase Energy Solutions' Utah site total of 7,450 curies of radiation per annum (2010), to an additional 19,184 to 28,470 curies each year. The Division of Radiation Control of Utah considered, but rejected blending to allow Class B and Class C waste into Utah. This would have made Utah, after Texas, the second state in the US to allow the importation of Class B and C radioactive wastes.
On November 15, 2015, EnergySolutions announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to purchase Waste Control Specialists for $270 million in cash and $20 million in stock. This sale was blocked by the DOJ for breaching anti-trust law.
In November 2015, EnergySolutions sold its Projects, Products and Technology division to WS Atkins plc for $318 million. Energy Capital Partners is the seller. The deal includes EnergySolutions’ North American government, Europe, and Asia businesses, and about 650 employees. EnergySolutions will retain its logistics, processing, and disposal (“LP&D”) business, its reactor decommissioning business, including current projects at Zion, Illinois and La Crosse, Wisconsin, and its North American utility services.
Most of the radioactive waste from the decommissioning of the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station is going to the Energy Solutions facility in Clive, Utah, and is being transported by rail.
References
External links
Official site
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Radioactive waste
Companies based in Salt Lake City
2007 establishments in Utah
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3985722
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambourin
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Tambourin
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The tambourin is a Provençal dance accompanied by lively duple meter music. It is so named because the music imitates a drum (tambour being a generic French term for "drum"), usually as a repetitive not-very-melodic figure in the bass. A small, two-headed drum of Arabic origin is also called the tambourin [de Provence] or tambour de Basque; it is mentioned as early as the 1080s and noted as the "tabor" in the Chanson de Roland). This was played together with a small flute known as the galoubet or flaviol.
Jean-Philippe Rameau included tambourins in many of his operas, such as Platée, Les Indes galantes, and Les fêtes d'Hébé. The last gained more fame in a keyboard arrangement from the E minor suite of his Pièces de Clavecin. The tambourin was popular throughout the 18th century and can be found in Handel's Alcina and Gluck's Iphigénie en Aulide, among others.
References
Baroque dance
European folk dances
Drums
Dance forms in classical music
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3985723
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53rd%20%28Shropshire%29%20Regiment%20of%20Foot
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53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot
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The 53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot was a British Army regiment, raised in 1755. Under the Childers Reforms it amalgamated with the 85th (King's Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot to form the King's Shropshire Light Infantry in 1881.
History
Early history
The regiment was raised in Northern England by Colonel William Whitmore as the 55th Regiment of Foot for service in the Seven Years' War. It was re-ranked as the 53rd Regiment of Foot, following the disbandment of the existing 50th and 51st regiments, in 1756. The regiment embarked for Gibraltar in 1756 and, after returning home, moved to Ireland in 1768.
American Revolutionary War
The regiment departed Ireland for North America in April 1776 and arrived at Quebec City in May 1776 to help raise the siege of the city by Continental Army troops during the American Revolutionary War. It served under Sir Guy Carleton at the Battle of Trois-Rivières in June 1776 and the Battle of Valcour Island in October 1776. Its flank companies (grenadier and light infantry) were with General John Burgoyne during the ill-fated Saratoga campaign. Men from the other eight companies served under Major Christopher Carleton of the 29th Regiment of Foot during Carleton's Raid in 1778 and during the Burning of the Valleys campaign in 1780. Lieutenant Richard Houghton of the 53rd led the Royalton raid in 1780 burning three towns in eastern Vermont. In 1782 the regiment adopted a county designation and became the 53rd (the Shropshire) Regiment of Foot. The regiment returned to England in 1789.
Napoleonic Wars
In March 1793 the regiment embarked for Flanders for service in the French Revolutionary Wars. The regiment saw action at the Battle of Famars in May 1793, the Siege of Valenciennes in June 1793 and the Siege of Dunkirk in August 1793. It also took part in the Siege of Nieuwpoort in October 1793, the Siege of Landrecies in April 1794 and the Battle of Tournay in May 1794. The regiment returned to England in spring 1795 but then embarked for the West Indies in November 1795 where it took part in the capture of Saint Lucia in May 1796. It also helped suppress an insurrection by caribs on Saint Vincent in June 1796; expeditions to Trinidad and Puerto Rico followed in February 1797 and April 1797 respectively. The regiment returned home in 1802.
A second battalion was raised in 1803 to increase the strength of the regiment. The 1st battalion left for India in April 1805 where it undertook a punitive expedition to the Fortress of Callinger in Allahabad Province in February 1812. It also helped secure a pyrrhic victory at the Battle of Nalapani in October 1814 during the Anglo-Nepalese War. The 1st battalion also took part in engagements against Pindari forces in 1817 during the Third Anglo-Maratha War and did not return home until July 1823.
Meanwhile, the 2nd battalion embarked for Portugal for service in the Peninsular War in March 1809. It took part in the Second Battle of Porto in May 1809 and the Battle of Talavera in July 1809 before falling back to the Lines of Torres Vedras. It then fought at the Blockade of Almeida in April 1811, the Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811 and the Battle of Almaraz in May 1812 as well as the Battle of Salamanca in July 1812, the Siege of Burgos in September 1812 and the Battle of Vitoria in June 1813. The battalion then pursued the French Army into France and fought at the Battle of the Pyrenees in July 1813, the Siege of San Sebastián in autumn 1813 and the Battle of Nivelle in November 1813 as well as the Battle of Toulouse in April 1814. The battalion returned home in July 1814. In August 1815 the 2nd battalion accompanied Napoleon into his exile on the island of Saint Helena. It returned home in September 1817 and was disbanded at Canterbury in October 1817.
The Victorian era
In July 1844 the regiment returned to India where it saw action at the Battle of Aliwal in January 1846 and the Battle of Sobraon in February 1846 during the First Anglo-Sikh War as well as the Battle of Gujrat in February 1849 during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. It also took part in the Siege of Cawnpore in June 1857, the Relief of Lucknow in November 1857 and the Capture of Lucknow in spring 1858 during the Indian Rebellion. Five members of the regiment were awarded Victoria Crosses during the rebellion. It returned to England in 1860.
As part of the Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 53rd was linked with the 43rd (Monmouthshire) Regiment of Foot, and assigned to district no. 21 at Copthorne Barracks in Shrewsbury. On 1 July 1881 the Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the 85th Regiment of Foot (Bucks Volunteers) to form the King's Shropshire Light Infantry.
In popular culture
The 53rd regiment is commemorated in A. E. Housman's poem '1887', from A Shropshire Lad.
Battle honours
The regiment's battle honours were as follows:
Nieuport 1793 Flanders Campaign
Tournay 1794 Flanders Campaign
St Lucia 1796 West Indies
Talavera 1809 (2nd Battn.) Peninsular War
Salamanca 1812 (2nd Battn.) Peninsular War
Vittoria 1813 (2nd Battn.) Peninsular War
Pyrenees 1813 (2nd Battn.) Peninsular War
Nivelle 1813 (2nd Battn.) Peninsular War
Toulouse 1814 (2nd Battn.) Peninsular War
Peninsula 1809–1814 (2nd Battn.) Peninsular War
Aliwal 1846 1st Sikh War (Sutlej campaign)
Sobraon 1846 1st Sikh War (Sutlej campaign)
Goojerat 1849 2nd Sikh War (Punjab Campaign)
Punjab 1848–49
Lucknow 1857–58 Indian Mutiny
Victoria Crosses
Victoria Crosses awarded to men of the regiment were:
Corporal Denis Dynon, Indian Mutiny (2 October 1857)
Lieutenant Alfred Kirke Ffrench, Indian Mutiny (16 November 1857)
Private Charles Irwin, Indian Mutiny (16 November 1857)
Private James Kenny, Indian Mutiny (16 November 1857)
Sergeant Major Charles Pye, Indian Mutiny (17 November 1857)
Colonels
Colonels of the Regiment were:
53rd Regiment of Foot
1755: Lt-Gen William Whitmore
1759: Major-Gen John Toovey
1770: Gen Robert Dalrymple Horne Elphinstone
53rd (Shropshire) Regiment of Foot
1794: Gen Gerard Lake
1796–1797: Major-Gen Welbore Ellis Doyle
1798: Gen Charles Crosbie
1807: Lt-Gen Hon. John Abercromby, GCB
1817: Gen Rowland Lord Hill
1830: F.M. Lord Fitzroy James Henry Somerset, GCB
1854: Gen Sir John MacDonald, KCB
1855: Lt-Gen William Sutherland
1860: Gen Frederick Maunsell
1865: Major-Gen Charles William Ridley, CB
1867: Lt-Gen. William George Gold
1868: Gen. Sir Charles Trollope, KCB
References
Sources
Military units and formations established in 1755
53rd Regiment of Foot
Military units and formations in Shrewsbury
53rd Regiment of Foot
Regiments of the British Army in the American Revolutionary War
Military units and formations disestablished in 1881
1755 establishments in Great Britain
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5376124
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadamitsu%20Kishimoto
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Tadamitsu Kishimoto
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is a Japanese immunologist known for research on IgM and cytokines, most famously, interleukin 6.
He did postdoctoral work under Kimishige Ishizaka, the discoverer of IgE at Johns Hopkins University.
He is listed by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) as a highly cited biologist and he is also in the top ten of h-index of living biologists.
Life
Tadamitsu Kishimoto, who was born in Osaka in 1939, was President of Osaka University from 1997 to 2003 and a Member, Council for Science and Technology Policy, Cabinet office from 2004 to 2006. He is now Professor, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University. He was Dean, Professor and Chairman of Department of Medicine at Osaka University Medical School from which he graduated in 1964. He is currently Japan's leading scientist in the field of life science, specifically in immunology and has made fundamental contributions to the understanding of cytokine functions through series of his studies on IL-6, its receptor system, and transcription factors. He has developed anti-IL6 receptor therapy for several immune disorders including Castleman's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
He has received numerous awards, including the Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy in 1992, the Sandoz Prize for Immunology from the International Union of Immunological Society in 1992 and the Avery-Landsteiner Prize from the German Immunology Society in 1996. In 1998, he was awarded the Order of Culture from Emperor. He was awarded Robert Koch Gold Medal in 2003, Honorary Life Time Achievement Awards from International Cytokine Society in 2006 and the Crafoord Award from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 2009. He has been elected a Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Sciences in 1991, a member of the Japan Academy in 1995 and a member of German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 2005. He served as a president of the International Immunopharmacology Society, International Cytokine Society and the Japanese Immunology Society. He is an honorary member in American Association of Immunologists and American Society of Hematology. In 2020, He received the prestigious Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science.
IL-6
In the early 1970s, Kishimoto discovered the activity inducing antibody production in culture supernatants of T cells. Furthermore, he demonstrated that the activity for inducing IgG and IgE antibodies could be separated. Later, this finding led to the discovery of the dichotomy of helper T cells, Th1 and Th2.
On the basis of these early studies, Kishimoto discovered and cloned interleukin-6 and its receptor and delineated the signaling pathway used by IL-6 and the set of related cytokines that utilize gp-130, which he also discovered. He identified the transcription factors NF-IL-6 and STAT3, both central to the action of IL-6. He further discovered a family of suppressors of cytokine signaling, the SOCS molecules, that are key regulators of cytokine function.
He demonstrated the involvement of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of cardiac myxomas, multiple myeloma, Castleman’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). He identified IL-6 as a hepatocyte stimulating factor which induces acute phase reactions.
He prepared a monoclonal anti-IL-6 receptor antibody that was subsequently humanized and has been shown to be of great therapeutic value in a series of autoinflammatory diseases including Castleman's Disease, rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
His work has dominated the field of proinflammatory cytokines and has established paradigms for the study of all of cytokine biology, ranging from discovery of the cytokine and its receptor, through signaling and transcriptional mechanisms, to the utilization of such knowledge to develop highly effective therapeutics.
A series of his IL-6 studies for 35 years since 1973 have been highly appreciated; He was ranked as the world’s 8th-most-cited researchers between 1983 and 2002 and he is in the top ten of h-index of living biologists.
Recognition
Awards
Behring-Kitasato Prize from Hoechst Japan, 1982
Osaka Science Prize, 1983
Erwin von Bälz Prize, 1986
Takeda Prize, 1988
Asahi Prize, 1988
Prize of The Japanese Medical Association, 1990
Scientific Achievement Award from the International Association of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 1991
Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy, 1992
Sandoz Prize for Immunology from International Union of Immunology Society, 1992
The Avery-Landsteiner Prize from the German Immunology Society, 1996
The Donald Seldin Award from the International Society of Nephrology, 1999
ISI Citation Laureate Award, 2000
Robert Koch Prize - Robert Koch Gold Medal, 2003
Honorary Lifetime Achievement Awards, International Cytokine Society, 2006
7th International Award of the Japan Rheumatism Foundation, 2008
The Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 2009
Japan Prize, 2011
King Faisal International Prize, 2017
Tang Prize in Biopharmaceutical Science, 2020
Clarivate Citation Laureates, 2021
Honors
Person of Cultural Merit, Japan 1990
Foreign Associate, The US National Academy of Sciences, 1991
Honorary Member, the American Association of Immunologists, 1992
Honorary Citizen, Tondabayashi City, 1992
Member, the Japan Academy, 1995
Foreign Associate member, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science, USA, 1997
Honorary member, the American Society of Hematology, 1997
The Order of Culture of Japan, 1998
Doctor Honoris Causa, Universidad Technologica de Santiago, UTESA, 2001
Honorary Member, International Association of Dental Research, 2001
Honorary Professor, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China, 2002
Honorary Member, World Innovation Foundation, 2002
Doctor of Science, Honoris Causa, Mahidol University, 2003
Clemens von Pirquet Distinguished Professor, Medicine and Immunology, University California, Davis, 2004
Member, German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, 2005
References
Japanese immunologists
1939 births
Living people
People from Tondabayashi, Osaka
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Order of Culture
Osaka University alumni
Osaka University faculty
Laureates of the Imperial Prize
Members of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
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5376131
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Stephens%20%28artist%29
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Ian Stephens (artist)
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Ian Stephens is an artist, living in North Queensland, Australia.
Ian Stephens was born in the Gippsland region of Victoria and began drawing and painting at an early age. In 1971, Ian relocated to Melbourne to study fine art and painting techniques at the Victorian Artists Society. He completed advanced art courses and attained a Diploma of Commercial Art. In addition to this experience, Ian broadened his artistic knowledge by travelling Australia and the world.
Ian won the Royal Over-Seas League in 1976. His winning painting was sent to London to represent Australia in a Commonwealth exhibition opened by Queen Elizabeth II. The painting received High Commendation by the judges from the Royal Academy of Arts.
In 1992, Ian relocated to North Queensland to fulfil a lifelong ambition of living in the tropics. He enjoyed incorporating his new environment into his diverse range of landscapes.
References
External links
Ian Stephens Official Website
Living people
Australian painters
Year of birth missing (living people)
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3985740
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Juice
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Blue Juice
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Blue Juice is a 1995 British drama film directed by Carl Prechezer and starring Sean Pertwee, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Ewan McGregor, and Steven Mackintosh. It follows JC (Pertwee) as he attempts to reconcile his surfer lifestyle and loser friends with the pressure to grow up from his girlfriend (Jones). Blue Juice was set in Cornwall, and released in 1995 by FilmFour.
Plot
JC seems to have it all figured out. By day he runs a surf school, at night he lies down next to his beautiful girlfriend Chloe, his lifelong dream is to travel the world surfing. However, when old mates arrive from London unannounced it releases tensions which have long been simmering under the surface of JC and Chloe's seemingly perfect relationship. Chloe decides to buy the local surfer cafe and settle down, His friends, especially drug-dealer Dean are intent on causing mischief and sucking JC back into surfing a dangerous reef, which he had attempted before, seriously injuring his back. It turns out that Dean had a job as a journalist, and setting up JC was to get a story.
To keep his job, he had to get a big story, preferably with a life or death situation involved. JC refuses to surf the 'boneyard' which prompts Dean to try it himself as he had already arranged media coverage, and his boss had decided to watch. Dean fails to surf the reef, hitting his head when smashed under by a huge wave. JC then dives in to rescue Dean and in doing so, successfully surfs the 'boneyard' therefore saving Dean's life and job at the same time. However Dean's boss gets knocked out by the local guru for his highly offensive attitude and remarks.
JC's friend Terry, having been given drugs by Dean, has radically rethought his life and buys JC's round the world tickets for him and his fiancé. JC then uses the money to buy a cafe for him and Chloe, deciding that his relationship with Chloe is more important than impressing his friends.
Cast
Catherine Zeta-Jones as Chloe
Sean Pertwee as J.C.
Ewan McGregor as Dean Raymond
Steven MacKintosh as Josh Tambini
Peter Gunn as Terry Colcott
Wardrobe and props
Many of the film's characters are dressed in clothing from the pressure group Surfers against Sewage. Many characters also wear the Australian surfwear label Mambo Graphics and Stussy hats. Wetsuits used in the film and in publicity shots were manufactured by the Cornish Surf brand Gul. Other surf brands seen throughout the film, in the form of stickers or clothing, include Body Glove and Quiksilver.
Surfers Against Sewage stickers and posters are widely used throughout the film, visible in the Aqua Shack scenes and applied to the blue Bedford CF van driven by JC and Chloe for the surf school.
Pertwee used toupée tape to hold a sock in place, in the scene where JC appears nude apart from a black sock. "...I came up with this ingenious ploy - wrapping toupée tape on my chap. You won't believe how difficult it is to remove..." In a 1995 interview with FHM, Zeta-Jones recalled the filming of the sock scene; "It was a brown Marks & Spencer one, though. If it was a Stussy one, or something like that, it might have been more interesting."
Professional surfer Steve England was a body double for Peter Gunn's character, Terry. To replicate Gunn's look and larger build he had to have his long hair cut and wear two wetsuits with towels packed around his stomach.
A reference is made in the film to the 1960s comic book character the Silver Surfer. On the way to find the rave, JC, Josh, Dean and Terry pass a man painted entirely in silver carrying a silver surfboard who waves at them. Terry, under the influence of drugs supplied by Dean, then copies this by painting himself silver.
There are a couple of errors in the story. Early on when the radio DJ says the cows will be coming in for milking it cuts to a herd of Hereford cattle blocking a road. Herefords are farmed for beef not milk. In the scene where Wigan Casino is discussed, the order given of Three before Eight records is wrong.
The red and yellow ‘TASTY’ surfboard that Ewan McGregor used in the film, was sold at a film memorabilia auction in 2001 at Sotheby’s in New York, to raise money for children born with Aids in Africa.
Supporting cast
Blue Juice features an appearance from Jenny Agutter as a retired actress turned hotel proprietor Mary Fenton, who is famous for playing Guinevere in a fictional television show called "Arthur's Knights".
The film also features soul singer Edwin Starr as a soul singer named Ossie Sands. The songs featured were recorded by Starr for the film. Continuing the Northern Soul theme, an appearance is made by legendary soul and funk DJ Keb Darge. He can be seen wearing a yellow top, dancing in the soul disco at the village hall. In the recording studio scene, the sound engineer is played by Paul Reynolds, whose largest role before Blue Juice was as Christopher Craig, the accomplice of Derek Bentley in the film Let Him Have It.
Keith Allen had a small part as Mike, a tabloid newspaper editor, who pays the Ewan McGregor character, Dean, for stories about record producer Josh.
The role of Shaper, played by Heathcote Williams, was also offered to Nigel Terry, best known for his portrayal of King Arthur in the 1981 John Boorman film, Excalibur.
Mark Frost, who played Moose, appeared in the 2008 ITV soap opera Echo Beach, also set on the Cornwall coast and featuring aspects of surf culture. Also part of the surfing crew was Cornish girl Andreya Wharry, who features throughout the film but is most prominently seen in the cafe scene where Josh tries to pay for Junior's food with his credit card. After Blue Juice, Wharry featured as a contestant on the TV show Gladiators, became a world top 10 kite surfer and set the world distance record for kite surfing, traveling from Cornwall to Ireland, in September 2005. Another surfer was played by Martin Dorey, author of The Campervan Cookbook and presenter of the BBC2 series One Man and His Campervan.
Chloe and JC's baby is played by Astrid Weguelin, the daughter of the film's make-up artist Kirstin Weguelin.
Filming locations
Most of the film is set in Cornwall and filmed there, many scenes are actually cut showing several different beaches and villages as if they were all adjoining, allowing the main parts of Cornwall to be incorporated into a single place.
The main location of the Aqua Shack is in Mousehole cut into St Ives, while other locations in Cornwall included a rock high above Chapel Porth for the mystical seaweed scene, Godrevy, Newquay and St Ives for some of the street scenes. The scene filmed at the train station was in St. Erth, just outside Hayle. The map examined by JC, Josh and Dean whilst trying to work out where Terry has gone on the bike shows Godrevey Point and the B3301 road, a few miles north of Hayle. The scene where JC and Chloe argue through the windscreen of the van have is at Trevellas Porth Valley, also known as Blue Hills, between St. Agnes and Perranporth. The location of the second Aqua Shack is Kynance Cove Cafe, at Kynance Cove on Lizard Point. The outside of the hotel where Josh and Dean take Terry for the cream tea is the Tregenna Castle Hotel, however the inside scenes were filmed at the Pendley Manor Hotel in Tring (Hertfordshire), whilst the village hall scene was filmed at Rose Hill, just off Bunkers Hill in the Downalong area of St Ives.
The large wave and surfing sequences were filmed in Famara, Lanzarote, while a few close ups were filmed in a specialist wave pool, as shown in the documentary that accompanies the DVD release. Additional shots were filmed in London and at Pinewood Studios. In a 2008 interview with The Independent, Sean Pertwee stated that his favourite place in the British Isles was St. Agnes in Cornwall. "I spent a lot of time there when filming Blue Juice, which was about surfers. The walk along the top of the cliffs is beautiful."
Soundtrack
"Movin' On Up" performed by Edwin Starr (a cover of the Primal Scream song)
"The Price of Pain" - performed by Edwin Starr
"Freedom Bug" - performed by Heavy Stereo, written by Gem Archer
"Get It On" - performed by Marc Bolan and T. Rex
"Leave Them All Behind" - performed by Ride
"Half the Man" - written and performed by Jamiroquai
"Duel" - performed by Swervedriver
"Lonely for You Baby" - performed by Sam Dees
"I Need Something Stronger" - performed by Apollo 440
"You're the One" - performed by Gillian Wisdom
"You Were the Dream" - Roscoe Shelton
The original score in the film was written by Simon Davison.
The soundtrack has never been commercially available.
DVD artwork
For the 2000 DVD release, the DVD case artwork for the international market was redesigned with a picture of McGregor replacing Pertwee on the cover, even though McGregor had a smaller role. McGregor is depicted clean shaven and in a wetsuit, despite the fact his character in the film had a beard and long hair. Several reviewers and consumers picked up on this, including a review at www.dvdverdict.com which stated: "While it is perfectly understandable to attempt to sell the disc to consumers, it is questionable whether or not this marketing push steps over the line into disinformation."
A later release on DVD in 2004 reverted to the original artwork featuring Pertwee and
Zeta-Jones, while a further release in 2008 saw the artwork entirely redesigned with FilmFour branding and a fresh image of Pertwee and Zeta-Jones.
References
External links
1995 films
British films
British drama films
1995 drama films
English-language films
Surfing films
Films set in Cornwall
Film4 Productions films
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5376152
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusk%20documents
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Rusk documents
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The Rusk documents (also known as the Rusk–Yang correspondence) are the official diplomatic correspondence sent by Dean Rusk, the United States Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, to Yang You-chan (), the South Korean ambassador to the U.S at the August 10, 1951.
The Rusk documents show the negotiating position of the U.S. Department of State.
The correspondence states the negotiating position as:
Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration did not constitute a formal or final renunciation of sovereignty by Japan.
The Japanese claim to the Liancourt Rocks would not be renounced in the peace treaty.
The MacArthur line stands until the conclusion of the Treaty of San Francisco.
Japan has no obligation to compensate for damage to private property owned by Koreans that was damaged in Japan during the war.
Japanese property in Korea is pursuant to directives of United States Military Government and Korea Government.
Background
The Rusk documents are part of a series of documents exchanged between South Korea, the United States, and Japan, prior to the completion of the Treaty of San Francisco that was intended to formally end the Second World War in Asia (In 1945 Japan had signed an armistice with the Allies). Draft treaties began to appear as early as 1949 (see Draft Treaty of Peace With Japan). Over the next several years, Korea made a number of requests to the United States, and the United States sent a number of diplomatic responses as well, of which the Rusk documents are one. The final treaty was concluded in April, 1952.
Korean request
Three demands from the South Korean government to the U.S. government were as follows:
Provide that Japan "confirm that it renounced on August 9, 1945, all right, title and claim to Korea and the islands which were part of Korea prior to its annexation by Japan, including the island Quelpart, Port Hamilton, Dagelet, Dokdo and Parangdo."
The legal transfer of vested properties of Japanese in Korea to Korea and the United States Military Government in Korea.
Admit the continuation of the MacArthur Line in the Treaty of San Francisco.
Reply of the U.S. State Department (the Rusk documents)
Finality of restrictions on Japanese sovereignty
Korea had sought an amendment formalizing the date Japan had ceded control of Korea, including several disputed islands as Korean territory, at the point of Japanese acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration, but this was rejected: "The United States Government does not feel that the Treaty should adopt the theory that Japan's acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration on August 9, 1945 constituted a formal or final renunciation of sovereignty by Japan over the areas dealt with in the Declaration."
Liancourt Rocks
"As regards the island of Dokdo, otherwise known as Takeshima or Liancourt Rocks, this normally uninhabited rock formation was according to our information never treated as part of Korea and, since about 1905, has been under the jurisdiction of the Oki Islands Branch Office of Shimane Prefecture of Japan."
MacArthur line and Syngman Rhee line
The MacArthur line was to stand only until the conclusion of the Treaty of San Francisco: "the so-called MacArthur line will stand until the treaty comes into force."
However, South Korean President Syngman Rhee disregard it and declared the Syngman Rhee Line and the sovereignty over Dokdo on January 18, 1952, just before the Treaty of San Francisco came into force on April 28, 1952.
Compensation of the Korean property
Japan has no obligation to return the Korean-origin properties of persons in Japan: "there would seem to be no necessity to oblige Japan to return the property of persons in Japan of Korean origin since such property was not sequestered or Otherwise interfered with by the Japanese Government during the war. In view of the fact that such persons had the status of Japanese"
Japanese property in Korea
"Japan recognizes the validity of dispositions of property of Japan and Japanese nationals made by or pursuant to directives of United States Military Government in any of the areas referred to in Article 2 and 3."
Parangdo (Socotra Rock)
South Korea claimed an island of uncertain location in 1951, along with Liancourt Rocks, Jeju and other islands.
Korean Ambassador Yang You-chan requested of the U.S. Secretary of State that Parangdo () be included in the abandoned territory of Japan. After U.S. Ambassador John Foster Dulles asked about where Parangdo and Liancourt Rocks were located and the First Secretary of the Korean embassy Pyo Wook-han replied that they were located in the Sea of Japan (East Sea) near Ulleungdo. Mr. Boggs had "tried all resources in Washington" he has been unable to identify Parangdo. South Korea had in the meantime withdrawn the claim to Parangdo.
References
External links
Japan–Korea relations
Foreign relations of the United States
Foreign relations of South Korea
Foreign relations of Japan
1951 in South Korea
1951 in Japan
1951 in the United States
Cold War documents
Liancourt Rocks
United States documents
1951 in Asia
1951 in international relations
Diplomatic correspondence
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5376154
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdi%20Sheik%20Abdi
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Abdi Sheik Abdi
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Abdi Abdulkadir Sheik-Abdi (, ) (born 15 November 1942, Somalia) is a Somali author based in the United States.
Academia
Sheikh-Abdi, from Majerten clan, holds B.A. and M.A. degrees in English Literature and African Studies from the State University of New York and a doctorate in African History from Boston University. He has taught both in Somalia and the U.S., and is the author of numerous short stories, two novels, a collection of fables, as well as articles and essays.
Bibliography
The Luncheon, 1975
Rotten Bananas, 1979
Arrawelo: The Castrator of Men - a Somali fable
Divine Madness: Mohammed Abdulle Hassan (1856-1920), 1993
A book about Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, the Dervish leader and emir of Darawiish king Diiriye Guure, who spearheaded the Somali resistance to British colonial interests in the early twentieth century; known by his followers as the Sayyid ("Master") and in the colonial literature as the "Mad Mullah". This book, which took Abdi more than ten years to complete, examines from a social and historical perspective the rise of the Sayyid and his movement. It consists of an introduction and six chapters.
Tales of Punt, 1993
Tales of Punt is a collection of eight Somalia folk tales retold by the author. This book gives insight into the cultural beliefs of many Somalis.
When a Hyena Laughs: A Somali Novel, 1994
Novel about a young boy growing up in Somalia in the early 19th century. It depicts the goings on of daily life. As the young boy grows, so does his fascination and desire to go to the city.
References
Somalian novelists
1942 births
Living people
Boston University alumni
Somalian emigrants to the United States
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5376156
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antti%20Kasvio
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Antti Kasvio
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Antti Alexander Kasvio (born 20 December 1973 in Espoo) is a former freestyle swimmer from Finland who won the bronze medal in the 200 m freestyle at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. Together with Jani Sievinen he was Finland's leading swimmer in the 1990s.
At the 1993 European Swimming Championships (long course) in Sheffield, Kasvio won the 200 and the 400 m freestyle. A year later, at the 1994 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, Italy, he won the world title in the 200 m freestyle and captured the silver medal in the 400 m freestyle.
References
1973 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Espoo
Olympic swimmers of Finland
Finnish male freestyle swimmers
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic bronze medalists for Finland
Olympic bronze medalists in swimming
Finnish male water polo players
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics
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5376161
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Parker%20Caldwell
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William Parker Caldwell
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William Parker Caldwell (November 8, 1832 – June 7, 1903) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 9th congressional district of Tennessee.
Biography
Caldwell was born in Christmasville in Carroll County, Tennessee, on November 8, 1832. He attended school at McLemoresville, Tennessee, and at Princeton, Kentucky. He studied law at Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee, and was admitted to the bar in 1853.
Career
Caldwell practiced in Dresden and Union City, Tennessee. He served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1857 to 1859. He was a presidential elector on the Democratic ticket of Douglas and Johnson in 1860. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1868. When the town of Gardner, Tennessee, incorporated in 1869, he became its first mayor.
Elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth and Forty-fifth Congresses, he served from March 4, 1875 to March 3, 1879. He was not a candidate for re-election to the Forty-sixth Congress in 1878. He resumed the practice of law in Gardner, Tennessee, and served in the Tennessee Senate from 1891 to 1893.
Death
Caldwell died in Gardner, Tennessee on June 7, 1903 (age 70 years, 211 days). He is interred at Caldwell Cemetery. His house in Gardner is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
References
External links
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Mayors of places in Tennessee
Tennessee state senators
1832 births
1903 deaths
People from Carroll County, Tennessee
Tennessee Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
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5376178
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20beaches%20in%20Sydney
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List of beaches in Sydney
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The city of Sydney, Australia, is home to some of the finest and most famous beaches in the world. There are well over 100 beaches in the city, ranging in size from a few metres to several kilometres, located along the city's Pacific Ocean coastline and its harbours, bays and rivers.
With around 70 surf beaches and dozens of harbour coves, Sydney is almost unrivalled in the world for the number and quality of beaches available. The water and sand among the city beaches, despite their popularity, are remarkably clean. The beach watch program was established in 1989 in response to community concern about the impact of sewage pollution on human health and the environment at Sydney's ocean beaches.
Ocean beaches
Sydney's ocean beaches include the internationally renowned Bondi, Coogee, Cronulla and Manly. The ocean beaches are usually divided into the Northern Beaches, located north of the entrance to Sydney Harbour and the southern beaches which are in the eastern suburbs and Sutherland Shire area. Most beach suburbs have one beach but some have more. Manly has eight beaches that range from the large 1.6 km Ocean Beach to the tiny Fairy Bower Beach.
From north to south, Sydney's ocean beaches are:
Northern
Avalon
Bilgola
Bungan
Collaroy
Curl Curl
Dee Why
Fairy Bower
Fishermans
Freshwater
Long Reef
Manly
Mona Vale
Narrabeen
Newport
North Curl Curl
North Narrabeen
North Steyne
Palm Beach
Queenscliff
Shelly Beach (Manly)
Turimetta
Warriewood
Whale Beach
Southern
Bondi
Bronte
Clovelly
Coogee
Cronulla
Cronulla Beach
Elouera
Gordons Bay
Little Bay
Malabar
Maroubra
North Cronulla
Phillip Bay
Shelly Beach (Cronulla)
Tamarama
Wanda
When conditions are suitable, a sandy beach forms, in what is normally a rocky inlet, at Mackenzies Bay.
Sydney Harbour
Beaches in Port Jackson include:
Balmoral Beach
Clontarf
Little Manly Beach
North Head Quarantine Station Beach
Lady Martins Beach
Seven Shillings Beach, Point Piper
Double Bay Beach
Camp Cove
Shark Beach
Milk Beach, Vaucluse
Chowder Bay, Clifton Gardens
Chinamans Beach, The Spit
Washaway Beach
Obelisk Beach
Cobblers Beach
Athol Bay Beach, Clifton Gardens
Edwards Beach
Reef Beach
Castle Rock
Botany Bay
Beaches in Botany Bay include:
Bumbora Rock at the north end of Yarra Bay
Congwong Beach
Cooks River to the west of the airport
Foreshore Beach
Frenchmans Bay in La Perouse
Elephants Trunk
Lady Robinsons Beach (which includes Brighton Beach, Ramsgate beach and Dolls Point Beach, among others), is known to have the most whitest sand in Sydney
Little Congwong Beach
Pelican Point
Penrhyn Beach (possibly now part of the container terminals)
Silver Beach
Towra Beach
Taren Spit Beach
Yarra Bay
There are also more beaches along the Hawkesbury River to the north, and Botany Bay and Port Hacking to the south.
See also
List of beaches in Australia
References
Guide to Sydney Beaches
"Sand in our Souls - the Beach in Australian History" Leone Huntsman, MUP, 2001
Beachsafe
Geography of Sydney
Beaches of Sydney
Sydney
Beaches
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5376179
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana%20Gil
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Adriana Gil
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Adriana Gil is a Bolivian political figure. She has been the party leader of Social Democratic Force (FSD), a movement which bills itself as a left-wing democratic alternative to the President Evo Morales's government.
Formerly an ally of Morales, Gil is widely credited with having garnered electoral support for him in the province of Santa Cruz, which is considered to be politically conservative. Gil broke with Morales in 2006 over several issues, including alleged corruption in the new government, its confiscatory policies, and the perception that Morales represents a trend towards an authoritarian ethnocentric order which is concerned solely about the interests of some of the indigenous Quechua and Aymara people.
Gil decries Morales, saying that Bolivians "voted for change, not for a dictator". In apparent retaliation for Gil's dissidence, Gil's farmland has undergone a process of seizure by Quechua squatters who hold permits for her land, signed by Rural Development Minister Hugo Salvatierra. Gil has accused Vice President Álvaro García Linera of leading a conspiracy to seize her land and others', a charge he has denied.
In 2008, Gil formed a new political party, Fuerza Demócrata (FD), with another former Morales supporter, Román Loayza. In mid-2009, Gil formed an alliance with Manfred Reyes Villa, a former mayor of Cochabamba. Reyes Villa was a losing candidate in Bolivia's 2009 presidential elections, having finished second behind President Evo Morales.
References
External links
Adriana Gil on Facebook.
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Bolivian women politicians
21st-century Bolivian politicians
Political party founders
Candidates for President of Bolivia
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5376184
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%20Chu
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Chu Chu
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Chu Chu, ChuChu, or Chu-Chu can refer to the following things:
ChuChu (The Legend of Zelda), a type of monster from The Legend of Zelda video game series
Chu-Chu, a character from Xenogears
A type of mouse from ChuChu Rocket!
Chuchu (magazine), a Japanese shōjo manga magazine
ChuChu, a character from the Kirby video game series
Ch'uch'u, also spelled Chuchu, a mountain in Bolivia
Chuchu, a pikachu kept by Yellow in Pokémon Adventures
Chayote, a vegetable known in Brazil as chuchu
ChuChu TV, a popular channel on YouTube for children
Jim Chuchu, a Kenyan film director, photographer, singer-songwriter and visual artist
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5376199
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Tai-chung
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Kim Tai-chung
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Kim Tai-chung (June 5, 1957 – August 27, 2011), also known as Kim Tai-jong or Tong Lung (唐龍; Chinese stage name), was a Korean born taekwondo practitioner martial artist, actor and businessman. Kim was one of two stand-ins for Bruce Lee used to complete Game of Death after Lee died during filming. Kim also played the ghost of Bruce Lee in No Retreat, No Surrender.
History and early career
Acting
In the 1970s, Kim made his first Hong Kong movie debut in 1977 film Snuff Bottle Connection, along with Hwang Jang-lee and Roy Horan. Kim played Bruce Lee's character Billy Lo in 1978 film Game of Death, alongside Yuen Biao (who performed the acrobatics and stunts), Kim played Lee's character so well that the producers used him again a few years later.
In the 1980s, Kim played Bobby Lo in 1981 film Game of Death II alongside Hwang Jang-lee, Roy Horan, To Wai-wo and Lee Hoi-san. After Game of Death II, Kim returned to Korea and made his one and only local Korean film Miss, Please Be Patient (아가씨 참으세요) along with the former Korean beauty romance film star Jeong Yun-hui. However the film was a commercial failure despite its praise from the film critiques.
Then he joined the Korean and Taiwanese co-production film to play the role of Bruce Lee once again in 1982 film Jackie vs. Bruce to the Rescue (also known as Fist of Death) along with Lee Siu-ming (A Taiwanese Stuntman and Jackie Chan look alike.), which was a commercial and critical failure. Soon he took a break from acting after the release of this film.
In June 1985, Chinese film producer Ng See-yuen was looking for an actor to play the ghost of Bruce Lee in 1986 film No Retreat, No Surrender in his American debut and final film, which marked the film debut of Belgian martial artist actor Jean-Claude Van Damme as Ivan Kraschinsky. Kim played Bruce Lee to training Kurt McKinney's martial artist.
Retired from acting
After No Retreat, No Surrender, Kim returned to Korea and retired from acting at the age of 29 and became a businessman.
In 2008, Kim made a rare public appearance in Korea as part of a screening of Miss, Please Be Patient (아가씨 참으세요), which had originally been released in 1981. Kim had played a leading role in that film.
Death
On August 27, 2011, Kim died of stomach hemorrhage at the age of 54.
Filmography
Movies
Snuff Bottle Connection (1977)
Game of Death (1978)
Game of Death II (1981)
Miss, Please Be Patient (1981)
Jackie and Bruce to the Rescue (1982)
No Retreat, No Surrender (1986)
Documentary
Bruce Lee, the Man and the Legend (1984)
References
External links
South Korean male film actors
South Korean businesspeople
South Korean male taekwondo practitioners
1957 births
2011 deaths
Bruce Lee imitators
Deaths from gastrointestinal hemorrhage
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5376207
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay%20attack
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Relay attack
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A relay attack (also known as the two-thief attack) in computer security is a type of hacking technique related to man-in-the-middle and replay attacks. In a classic man-in-the-middle attack, an attacker intercepts and manipulates communications between two parties initiated by one of the parties. In a classic relay attack, communication with both parties is initiated by the attacker who then merely relays messages between the two parties without manipulating them or even necessarily reading them.
Example attack
Peggy works in a high security building that she accesses using a smart card in her purse. When she approaches the door of the building, the building detects the presence of a smart card and initiates an exchange of messages that constitute a zero-knowledge password proof that the card is Peggy's. The building then allows Peggy to enter.
Mallory wants to break into the building.
Mallory approaches the building with a device that simulates a smart card, and the building responds by initiating the exchange of messages.
Mallory forwards the message to her accomplice Evelyn who is tailing Peggy as she runs errands in another part of town.
Evelyn relays the message to Peggy's smart card, listens for the answer, and forwards the answer to Mallory, who relays it to the building. Continuing in this way, Mallory and Evelyn relay messages between the building and Peggy's smart card until the building is satisfied that it is communicating with Peggy's smart card.
The building opens and Mallory enters.
References
External links
Academic Survey on Relay Attacks
Detailed Practical Example of Relay Attack on RFID system
Relay Attack Demonstration (and related Software and Paper)
Practical Relay Attack on Contactless Transactions by Using NFC Mobile Phones
Hacking (computer security)
Computer security exploits
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5376215
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA%20Cup%20Final%20referees
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FA Cup Final referees
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In English football, the FA Cup Final, the deciding match of the FA Cup competition, is considered the highest domestic honour for referees to be appointed to officiate.
The most recent final (2021) was refereed by Michael Oliver, with Stuart Burt and Simon Bennett as assistant referees; Stuart Attwell was fourth official and Dan Cook reserve assistant referee.
Selection
By modern tradition, individuals are appointed to referee an FA Cup Final only once, a rule that has been in practice since 1902. They may have previously appeared as an assistant referee or fourth official.
However, due to the global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the tradition was broken when Anthony Taylor became the first referee for over a century to officiate a second cup final. This was decided to allow a referee who would be officiating in a maiden final to experience the occasion as intended, with friends and family present and a stadium full of fans. In 2021, with the same crowd restrictions in place, Michael Oliver also refereed a second final.
David Elleray commented on his selection for the 1994 FA Cup Final:
Referees and assistants are chosen by the Football Association for their impartiality and their assessed performance scores for previous seasons. Only one referee has ever been replaced under the impartiality rule; Mike Dean agreed to pull out following questions in the media about him being able to referee a Cup Final involving Liverpool as he is from the Wirral, a peninsula situated near the city. Alan Wiley took his place.
Officials are informed of the appointment by the FA Referees' Secretary and sworn to secrecy until a public announcement can be made, usually the following day. There then follows a period of media attention resulting in interviews and features appearing in the national press.
Traditions
When the Cup Final is held at Wembley Stadium, traditions include the "Eve of the Final" rally at a central London location, where the match officials are guests of honour at a meal provided for by the Referees' Association. Many members of the Association including serving and past Cup Final referees also attend.
Speeches are made and the officials are presented with mementos of the occasion and invited to autograph their refereeing colleagues' Cup Final programmes. The referees usually sleep at White's Hotel, with FA protocol stating that they should not leave the grounds.
On the morning of the Cup Final, the officials take a pre-match walk through Hyde Park before travelling by limousine to Wembley. Once there they are obliged once more to autograph Cup Final programmes and are invited to join any VIPs in the banqueting hall.
Fees
For the 2013-14 season the officials' fees for the Cup Final were: referee and assistant referees £375 each; fourth official £320 and a souvenir medal each, plus travelling expenses.
Referees
1872-1977
1978-2009: Fourth official era
2010-2017: Fourth official and reserve assistant referee era
2018—: VAR and AVAR era
Referees with more than one final
References
Association football in England lists
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3985754
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BWO%20%28band%29
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BWO (band)
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BWO was a Swedish electropop group, formed in 2003. Prior to early 2006 they used the name Bodies Without Organs. In Sweden they have enjoyed considerable commercial success throughout their career, so far notching up 15 Top 40 singles, including a Number 1 with "Temple of Love", and five Top 10 albums including a Number 1 with Halcyon Days, and have won several major Swedish music awards.
Since the mid-2000s, BWO have had significant chart success in several Eastern European countries including Ukraine and Russia, and some moderate success in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, Norway, Denmark, Finland, and the United States. 2009 saw a major breakthrough for the band in Japan, China and Taiwan with the compilation album Sunshine In The Rain, specially designed for the Asian market.
Origins
Alexander Bard, whose previous music projects had included Army of Lovers, Vacuum and Alcazar, started work on a new project during 2003, working with the record producer Anders Hansson who became the band's co-producer. They auditioned over 35 different vocalists before meeting former Popstars contestant Martin Rolinski who was duly chosen as lead singer and Caroline McDowell backing vocals. Marina Schiptjenko, an art-dealer and a one-time member of Vacuum, then came on board as the third member of what became Bodies Without Organs.
There was initially a suggestion that the band would be a four-piece including Jean-Pierre Barda from Army of Lovers, but this did not come to fruition, and Barda's explicit involvement extended as co-writing the songs "Living In A Fantasy" (BWO's first single) and "European Psycho", both included on BWO's first album "Prototype" (It's odd that a picture of Barda turned up in the inner booklet of this album), and appearing on the videos "Conquering America", "Sixteen Tons of Hardware", "Open Door" and "The Bells of Freedom", in which Dominika Peczynski, also from Army of Lovers did make a cameo too.
The name of the band derives from the philosophical term body without organs, developed by French philosopher Gilles Deleuze and psychoanalyst Félix Guattari in their 1972 book Anti-Œdipus. Bard, an author and lecturer of philosophy, has referred to the ideas of Deleuze in his books "The Netocrats", "The Global Empire", and "The Body Machines", all co-written with Jan Söderqvist.
At no point has BWO been a full-time project for any of the band's members - Bard continues his other career as a philosopher, while Schiptjenko remains an art dealer in Stockholm and Rolinski has a Master of Science in Engineering and works in that field.
Chart and airplay success
2004-2005: Prototype
BWO's debut single release was "Living in a Fantasy" in May 2004. This was only a moderate Number 44 hit in Sweden, and the style and production of the song differ somewhat from those of any BWO song released subsequently. Subsequent releases were more successful in Sweden, particularly third single "Sixteen Tons of Hardware" (Number 11) in February 2005. BWO's debut album Prototype, first released in Russia in December 2004, was released in Sweden in March 2005, reaching Number 2 in the album charts and attaining platinum status. Eventually no fewer than seven tracks from the album went on to be Swedish hit singles, with sixth single "Sunshine in the Rain" (Number 12) being another high point.
"Sixteen Tons of Hardware" and "Voodoo Magic" were both hit singles in Finland. Two singles off the album, "Living in a Fantasy" and "Sixteen Tons of Hardware" went Number 1 in the Europa Plus Airplay Chart in Russia, and the album soon crossed over to neighboring countries, generating no less than five Top 5 hit singles in Ukraine and two Top 5 hit singles in Hungary. The track "Gone" was a Number 1 hit in Lebanon.
2006: Halcyon Days
BWO's second album Halcyon Days, released in April 2006, entered the Swedish Album Chart at Number 1, shipping gold and generating four further hit singles, of which the first single "Temple of Love" was a Number 1 smash in Sweden and charted across Scandinavia and Eastern Europe.
Halcyon Days was followed by a remix collection called Halcyon Nights, released in December 2006.
2007-2008: Fabricator
A third studio album, Fabricator, was released in Sweden on September 19, 2007, entering the Swedish charts at Number 6. A pre-release single "Save My Pride", was released in May 2007, becoming BWO's fourth Top 20 single in Sweden. It also went Number 1 on major Turkish radio station Radio Mydonese's Top 40 Countdown in July 2007. The singles "Let it Rain" and "Rhythm Drives Me Crazy" were released simultaneously in August 2007. "Rhythm Drives Me Crazy" was chosen as the theme for the Swedish team in the Women's Football World Cup in China in September 2007, and was a fourth Top 20 hit for BWO in Finland. A fourth single "The Destiny Of Love" was released in October 2007. A fifth, "Give Me the Night", was released at the end of December 2007, but became the only BWO single (as of August 2008) to fail to reach the Swedish singles chart.
2008: Pandemonium - The Singles Collection
A "greatest hits" album called Pandemonium - The Singles Collection was released on April 9, 2008. It contained most of their previous singles plus 3 new songs. "Lay Your Love On Me", their entry for Melodifestivalen 2008, was the first single release, reaching Number 2 in the Swedish singles chart, plus their first Number 1 in the influential Sveriges Radio P3 Tracks chart. "Barcelona" was a less successful second single, but third single "The Bells of Freedom" became a sixth Top 20 single after a tie-in with Europride 2008 in Stockholm.
A DVD by the same name, containing all video clips, was released in the fall of 2008.
2009: Big Science
Big Science is the fourth studio album of BWO and was released on April 1, 2009. It features 12 brand new songs, but the album has a total of 14 tracks (two remixes are included). The first single is "You're Not Alone", which was released as a ballad and as a disco version (like they did with Open Door). The ballad version also served as BWO's entry in the 2009 Melodifestivalen. "Right Here Right Now" is the second single and was released on May 27, 2009. The third single. "Rise To The Occasion" was released in Scandinavia in the fall.
2010: Band hiatus and future projects
In early 2010, BWO announced they were temporarily departing ways after an intensive career of five albums released in less than six years.
Alexander Bard joined the Universal Music-signed Gravitonas project led by former punk rock singer and producer Andreas Öhrn. In 2013 he also got reunited with the original line-up of Army Of Lovers to perform a new song called "Rockin' The Ride" in Melodifestivalen and the release of a new Greatest Hits, which also features a track with Gravitonas member Andreas Öhrn.
Martin Rolinski signed a solo contract with Universal Music and released his debut solo single "Blame It On a Decent Matter" in 2012, and took part in 2013 Melodifestivalen with the track "In and Out Of Love".
Marina Schiptjenko went on a Scandinavian tour and made an album with her reunited 1980s synthpop project Page. All three BWO members were adamant the split was amicable and would not prevent them from rather very likely future musical collaborations under both the BWO and other umbrellas.
In the United Kingdom
BWO are mainly well known and popular in the gay community (but not only) in the UK, due to the attention they receive via the gay media. Signed to small independent record label Shell Records in the UK, BWO have achieved moderate success with a few single releases. Initially two of their Swedish hit singles, "Sixteen Tons of Hardware" and "Chariots of Fire", reached the Top 10 of the British club charts. With a more concerted UK release including physical CD singles, the remixed 2005 single "Sunshine in the Rain" hit number 1 in the UK indie chart and reached Number 69 in the main UK singles chart in March 2008. "Lay Your Love On Me" was released in the UK in late July 2008, charted also at Number 69 in the main singles chart, and Number 2 in the UK indie charts. BWO's third physical single release in the UK was to be "Will My Arms Be Strong Enough", the single was released on 22 September 2008, and failed to make the top 100.
All three single releases by BWO have been playlisted by BBC Radio 2 "The UK's most popular radio station" and a few music TV channels. They have attracted more attention in gay media, and have twice appeared in the prestigious Saturday night slot at the G-A-Y nightclub in London. Both "Sunshine in the Rain" and "Lay Your Love On Me" can still be heard being played in New Look and H&M, two of the UK's most popular high street clothing retailers, throughout 2008 and 2009.
"Right Here Right Now" was released in 2009 and peaked at #19 in the UK Commercial Pop Charts Top40. The track has been remixed the UK market, with additional vocals from Swedish artist Velvet.
In the United States
BWO made their way to the USA with their singles "Lay Your Love On Me," "Chariots of Fire", "Temple of Love" and "The Destiny of Love" being played in the popular clothing store Abercrombie and Fitch during summer 2008, the holiday season in 2008 and into early 2009. In February 2009, "Sunshine In The Rain" was also featured on the Abercrombie and Fitch playlist. They were also on the Abercrombie and Fitch spring preview playlist for 2009/2010 with "Burning Down the House". BWO songs are still played in Abercrombie and Fitch and Hollister in 2012.
Melodifestivalen participation
BWO competed in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2005 with the song "Gone", written by the band's co-producer Anders Hansson, but failed to qualify for the final, finishing fifth out of eight in one of the four semi-finals.
In 2006, they competed once again in Melodifestivalen with the song Temple Of Love, this time qualifying for the final at the Stockholm Globe Arena, where they finished second behind Carola. Temple Of Love went on to reach Number 1 in the Swedish singles chart, and has been assessed as the most internationally successful Melodifestivalen song from the 2006 competition.
During 2007 BWO stated in interviews that they had no intention of returning to Melodifestivalen, but might consider instead seeking to enter Eurovision for Martin Rolinski's homeland of Poland. However, there was a change of heart, and BWO entered Melodifestivalen for a third time in 2008 with a song called "Lay Your Love on Me". This was co-written by Bard and Hansson together with Bobby Ljunggren and Henrik Wikström, ironically the two composers who wrote Carola's winning song which beat BWO in 2006. Going into their semi-final as heavy bookmakers' favourites to qualify, the song duly progressed directly to the final, held at the Stockholm Globe Arena on 15 March 2008, where the song finished in third place behind winner Charlotte Perrelli and second-placed Sanna Nielsen.
In 2008, it was also rumoured that BWO were approached by the BBC to appear in Eurovision: Your Decision, the UK's version of Melodifestivalen, however BWO turned them down in favour of participating once again at Melodifestivalen.
BWO entered Melodifestivalen once again in 2009 with their fourth studio album's first single, You're Not Alone, which was co-written by Bard and Hansson with Fredrik Kempe. The song did not qualify directly for Globen and was sent to 'Andra Chansen'. They did not go through in that round either.
Recognition
BWO won the prestigious Rockbjörnen award in both 2005 and 2006, voted Sweden's most popular band, all categories. In 2006 they received a Grammis Award for Sweden's most popular band of the year. BWO were nominated for four Grammis Awards in 2005 for the Prototype album and five Grammis Awards in 2006 for the Halcyon Days album. BWO were also nominated for dance act of the year in 2006 at the NRJ Scandinavian Awards in Helsinki and won the category for the most popular band.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
The UK chart placing of "Sunshine in the Rain" was attained in March 2008, and that of "Lay Your Love on Me" in August 2008.
The U.S. Billboard chart placing of "Chariots of Fire" was attained in December 2008 after promotional re-issue of the single in U.S. clubs.
Videography
Music videos
DVD
References
External links
Official site
Bonnier Amigo Music Group artists
Melodifestivalen contestants
Swedish pop music groups
Swedish Eurodance groups
Swedish dance music groups
Universal Music Group artists
English-language singers from Sweden
Extensive Music artists
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5376225
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jani%20Sievinen
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Jani Sievinen
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Jani Nikanor Sievinen (; born 31 March 1974) is a former medley swimmer from Finland, who won the silver medal in the 200 m individual medley at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. In winning the World Championship 200m individual medley title in 1994, he established a new world record of 1:58.16 which lasted for almost nine years until it was broken by Michael Phelps (USA).
Jani Sievinen was married to Mari Sievinen. They have three daughters (born 2008, 2010 and 2013). Sievinen also has two sons (born 1997 and 2001) from his previous marriage to Susanna Sievinen.
References
Personal website: www.janisievinen.com
1974 births
Living people
People from Vihti
Olympic swimmers of Finland
Finnish male freestyle swimmers
Finnish male backstroke swimmers
Finnish male medley swimmers
Olympic silver medalists for Finland
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
World record setters in swimming
World Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
European Aquatics Championships medalists in swimming
Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medalists in swimming
Sportspeople from Uusimaa
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5376253
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisarazu%20Cat%27s%20Eye
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Kisarazu Cat's Eye
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is a humorous Japanese television show and movie series. To date, there have been two Kisarazu Cat's Eye movies: Kisarazu Cat's Eye Nihon Series (2003) and Kisarazu Cat's Eye World Series (2006).
Synopsis
The story follows a 21-year-old young man named Kohei (Okada Junichi) in Kisarazu, a city in Chiba, Japan. Diagnosed with cancer he has 6 months to live, but instead of being depressed, he decides to make something of the time he has left.
The show focuses mainly on Kohei and his close friends: They grew up on the same high school baseball team. Kohei, known as Bussan to his close friends, forms the group "Kisarazu Cat's Eye" which also consists of Bambi (Sakurai Sho), Master (Ryuta Sato), Ani (Tsukamoto Takashi), and Ucchi (Okada Yoshinori). The theme of the group is based on a manga (Japanese comic) called Cat's Eye or キャッツ アイ. The friends, however, play baseball during the day while getting into mischief at night. Sometimes they solve life crises; mainly, however, they solve smaller, humorous problems.
Cast
Bussan (Kohei Tabuchi) - Junichi Okada
Bambi (Futoshi Nakagomi) - Sho Sakurai
Ucchi (Uchiyama) - Yoshinori Okada
Master (Shingo Okabayashi) - Ryuta Sato
Ani (Kizashi Sasaki) - Takashi Tsukamoto
Mouko - Wakana Sakai
Kaoru Nekota - Sadao Abe
Yamaguchi-senpai - Tomomitsu Yamaguchi
Mirei Asada - Hiroko Yakushimaru
The cafe owner - Daisuke Shima
Sasaki Jun (Ani's brother) - Hiroki Narimiya
Rose (The Second Generation Kisarazu Rose) - Aiko Morishita
Ojii / Ozu Yujirou & Shintaro - Arata Furuta
Kousuke Tabuchi (Bussan's Father) - Fumiyo Kohinata
Setsuko (Master's wife) - Mihoko Sunouchi
Miiko (Ucchi's girl) - Kami Hiraikawa
Ichiko - Yumiko Nosono
Takeda (Police Officer) - Hiroki Miyake
Vice Principal - Yasuhito Hida
Kishidan (氣志團) playing a fictional version of themselves in episode 7
You (actress) - Asari Mizuki
Episodes
External links
Official website (in Japanese)
Kin'yō Dorama
2002 Japanese television series debuts
2002 Japanese television series endings
Baseball television series
Television shows written by Kankurō Kudō
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5376264
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bollywood%20Saga
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The Bollywood Saga
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The Bollywood Saga: Indian Cinema () is a concise overview of the history of Bollywood. It was written by Dinesh Raheja and Jitendra Kothari, with a foreword by Ismail Merchant, and published in 2004 by Roli Books.
2004 non-fiction books
Hindi cinema
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5376270
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enying
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Enying
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Enying is a town in Fejér county, Hungary. The Olympian Géza Mészöly was born here.
Twin towns – sister cities
Enying is twinned with:
Bad Urach, Germany
Huedin, Romania
Świerklany, Poland
Yukamenskoye, Russia
References
External links
in Hungarian
Populated places in Fejér County
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5376271
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesa%20Hanski
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Vesa Hanski
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Vesa Hanski (born September 13, 1973 in Turku) is a retired male butterfly and freestyle swimmer from Finland, who competed in two consecutive Summer Olympics for his native country, starting in 1992.
References
sports-reference
1973 births
Living people
Olympic swimmers of Finland
Finnish male freestyle swimmers
Finnish male butterfly swimmers
Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Sportspeople from Turku
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3985755
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek%20King
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Derek King
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Derek King (born February 11, 1967) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left wingerand coach who most recently served as the interim head coach for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League. King played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League from 1986–87 until 1999–2000.
Playing career
King was drafted 13th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft. He played 830 career NHL games, scoring 261 goals and 351 assists for 612 points. He was a three-time 30-goal scorer, including one 40-goal season. He scored the last Maple Leafs goal in Maple Leaf Gardens in 1999.
Coaching career
On August 21, 2009, King was named the assistant coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs AHL affiliate the Toronto Marlies. In 2014, he was promoted to associate coach.
On July 28, 2015, King was named assistant coach of the Owen Sound Attack of the Ontario Hockey League. However, he left the Attack on October 28, 2015.
On July 7, 2016, King was named an assistant coach with the Rockford IceHogs of the American Hockey League, the minor league affiliate of the Chicago Blackhawks. On November 6, 2018, King was named the interim head coach of the IceHogs when head coach Jeremy Colliton was promoted to the Blackhawks. King was named the permanent head coach of the IceHogs at the end of the 2018–19 season.
On November 6, 2021, King was named interim head coach of the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League to replace the dismissed Colliton, who led the team to a 1–9–2 start to the 2021–22 season.
On November 7, 2021 King earned his first win as an NHL head coach as the Chicago Blackhawks defeated the Nashville Predators by a score of 2–1 in overtime in his head coaching debut.
On June 27, 2022, King was replaced as coach of the Blackhawks by former Montreal Canadiens assistant and longtime NHL defenseman Luke Richardson.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
References
External links
1967 births
Living people
Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Grand Rapids Griffins players
Hartford Whalers players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Sportspeople from Hamilton, Ontario
Memorial Cup winners
München Barons players
National Hockey League first round draft picks
New York Islanders draft picks
New York Islanders players
Oshawa Generals players
Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds players
Springfield Indians players
St. Louis Blues players
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
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3985771
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrie%20%28disambiguation%29
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Petrie (disambiguation)
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Petrie is a surname.
Petrie may also refer to:
Places
Antarctica
Petrie Ice Rises, Alexander Island
Australia
Petrie, Queensland, a suburb of the Moreton Bay Region, Queensland
Petrie Airfield
Petrie railway station
Division of Petrie, an electoral district in the Australian House of Representatives, in Queensland
Mount Petrie, a mountain in Brisbane, Queensland
Petrie Bight, a reach of the Brisbane River and neighbourhood within the Brisbane central business district
Canada
Petrie Island, Ontario
Space
Petrie (crater), on the Moon
21476 Petrie, an asteroid
Given name
Petrie Meston (1916-1963), Canadian politician
Uncle Petrie, a fictional character in the American TV series Lassie
Petrie (Pteranodon), a character in The Land Before Time series
Other uses
Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, part of University College London
Petrie baronets, a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom
See also
Petrie of Rochdale, an English steam engine manufacturer founded in 1792
Petri dish, a shallow lidded dish used by biologists, sometimes spelled "Petrie"
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5376279
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Parkinson
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Mark Parkinson
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Mark Vincent Parkinson (born June 24, 1957) is an American businessman and former politician serving as head of the American Health Care Association (AHCA) and National Center for Assisted Living (NCAL). He served as the 47th lieutenant governor of Kansas from 2007 to 2009 and the 45th governor of Kansas from 2009 until 2011. He was also a state legislator.
Early life, family, education, and career
Parkinson was born in 1957 in Wichita, Kansas, to a family with roots in Scott City, where Parkinson still owns a farm. Parkinson’s father, Hank, worked in advertising, public relations and political consulting. He married his wife Stacy (née Abbott) in 1983. They have three children.
Parkinson graduated from Wichita Heights High School. In 1980, he graduated summa cum laude from Wichita State University. In 1984, he graduated first in his class at the University of Kansas Law School. Parkinson won the national moot court championship during law school.
Parkinson immediately entered private practice after graduation. He was a founding partner of Parkinson, Foth & Orrick in 1986. In 1996, Parkinson left his law practice to develop elder care facilities in Kansas and Missouri. His wife was an attorney. In 2006, Parkinson and his wife sold two care facilities in Shawnee.
Kansas Legislature
Parkinson served in the Kansas House of Representatives from 1991 to 1993. He served in the Kansas Senate from 1993 to 1997. The districts he represented included Olathe, Kansas. During his time in the legislature, he helped write the state’s death penalty law. He also wrote legislation to facilitate the consolidation of the Wyandotte County government. He stood out for opposing a bill that would have banned flag burning. Parkinson declined to run for reelection to the state senate in 1996.
From 1999 to 2003, he was chairman of the Kansas Republican Party. He secured this role in part from the support of Governor William Graves. In 2004, he served as chairman of the Shawnee Area Chamber of Commerce, and in 2005, served as the "Chair of the Chairs" of the six chambers of commerce in Johnson County.
Lieutenant Governor of Kansas
In May 2006, Governor Kathleen Sebelius announced that Parkinson had switched parties and was her running mate for her reelection campaign, succeeding retiring Lieutenant Governor John E. Moore, also a former Republican who had switched parties shortly before he joined a ticket with Sebelius. Parkinson's business experience and track record of working with both Republicans and Democrats were the reasons Sebelius stated for choosing him.
As lieutenant governor, Parkinson focused a significant amount of time on energy issues. He served as co-chairman of the Kansas Energy Council. He also served on the Wind Working Group. In 2008, Parkinson participated in a delegation of lieutenant governors on a trade mission to China. As chairman of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Advisory Group, Parkinson helped decide how to spend federal stimulus funds allocated to Kansas.
Governor of Kansas
In March 2009, President Barack Obama announced that Sebelius as his nominee for United States Secretary of Health and Human Services. Sebelius resigned as governor of Kansas following her confirmation on April 28, 2009; Parkinson was sworn in as governor the same day. Parkinson stated he would not be a candidate in the 2010 election and was succeeded by Sam Brownback.
During his time as governor, Parkinson had to implement spending cuts and tax increases in order to manage a budget deficit. Under his leadership, the state developed a comprehensive energy policy including net metering, and a 10-year plan for maintaining transportation infrastructure. Parkinson implemented a smoking ban that included public places; taxicabs and limousines; common areas in public and private buildings, condominiums and other multiple-residential facilities and entries to most buildings.
Parkinson opposed moving detainees from Guantanamo Bay. Parkinson signed legislation to create a private cause of action for victims of child pornography. Parkinson lobbied the governors of Missouri and Nebraska to preserve the Big 12 Conference. He led a trade mission to Taiwan and another to mainland China.
Citing his bipartisan support and ability to move the state forward in challenging economic times, The Topeka Capital-Journal named Parkinson "Kansan of the Year" in 2009. In late 2010, Parkinson was honored by Kansas Advocates for Better Care for his work in elder care. Parkinson received the organization's second annual Caring Award, which is given to recognize exemplary contributions of leadership in providing quality care for frail elders and persons with disabilities in Kansas.
Post-political career
Parkinson and his wife, Stacy, have been involved in several campaigns to benefit non-profit and public organizations. The Parkinsons led a $4.29 million fundraising campaign for Sunflower House in 2002. They led another fundraising drive for SAFEHOME in 2005. Together with two other couples, the Parkinsons co-chaired the University of Kansas’ fundraising efforts from 2012 to 2016. $1.5 billion was raised under their leadership.
As of 2020, Parkinson is president and chief executive officer of the American Health Care Association (AHCA) and National Center for Assisted Living. (NCAL) The group represented about 9,000 facilities when Parkinson joined the association. Parkinson helped heal a major rift in the AHCA/NCAL and brought numerous providers who left to form their own association back into the fold. As of 2020, AHCA/NCAL has about 14,000 members.
As president and CEO of AHCA/NCAL, Parkinson was recognized by CEO Update as a “Top Association CEO” of 2013. He was named to Modern Healthcare’s “100 Most Influential People in Healthcare in 2015 and 2020. Parkinson has been recognized as a “Top Lobbyist” by The Hill in 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020.
Electoral history
References
External links
Office of the Governor Mark Parkinson (archived)
Kansan of the Year December 26, 2009
Publications concerning Kansas Governor Parkinson's administration available via the KGI Online Library
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1957 births
American lawyers
Methodists from Kansas
Governors of Kansas
Kansas Democrats
Kansas state senators
Lieutenant Governors of Kansas
Living people
Members of the Kansas House of Representatives
Politicians from Wichita, Kansas
State political party chairs of Kansas
University of Kansas alumni
Kansas Republicans
Democratic Party state governors of the United States
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3985777
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit%20Run
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Rabbit Run
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Rabbit Run may refer to:
A rabbit warren or rabbit hutch
Media
Rabbit, Run, a 1960 novel by John Updike
Rabbit, Run (film), a 1970 American independent film based on the Updike novel
"Run Rabbit Run", a 1939 song by Noel Gay and Ralph Butler
"Rabbit Run", a song by Eminem from 8 Mile: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture
Rivers
Indiana
Rabbit Run (Doe Creek), a tributary of Doe Creek in Putnam County
Montana
Rabbit Run (Marten Creek), at tributary of Marten Creek in Sanders County
Nebraska
Rabbit Run Creek (Little Blue River), a tributary of the Little Blue River in Adams County
Ohio
Rabbit Run (Turkey Creek), a tributary of Turkey Creek in Scioto County
Pennsylvania
Rabbit Run (Delaware River), a tributary of the Delaware River in Bucks County
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5376280
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghino%20di%20Tacco
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Ghino di Tacco
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Ghinotto di Tacco, called Ghino, was an outlaw and a popular hero in thirteenth century Italy. He was born in the latter half of the thirteenth century in La Fratta, which is now part of Sinalunga in the Province of Siena. Born the son of a Ghibelline nobleman Tacco di Ugolino and brother of Turino, he was a scion of the Cacciaconti Monacheschi Tolomei family.
Along with his father and brother, he made a career of robbery and plunder while being hunted by the Sienese Republic. After they were caught, his father was executed in Siena’s Piazza del Campo, while Ghino managed to escape and sought refuge in Radicofani, a fortified city on the Via Cassia on the border between the Sienese Republic and the Papal States. There Ghino continued his career as a bandit, but in the manner of a gentleman, always leaving his victims with something to live on. Boccaccio depicts him as a good brigand (Brigante buono) in the Decameron, when relating his kidnapping of the Abbot of Cluny, in the second story of the tenth day:
Ghino di Tacco piglia l'abate di Clignì e medicalo del male dello stomaco e poi il lascia quale, tornato in corte di Roma, lui riconcilia con Bonifazio papa e fallo friere dello Spedale.
Translation: Ghino di Tacco seizes the Abbot of Cluny, cures him of his stomach ailment and then releases him; the abbot, having returned to the Roman court, reconciles Ghino with Pope Boniface and makes him prior of the Hospital.
Dante, in Canto VI, lines 13–14, of his Purgatorio points to Ghino’s ferocity when he refers to the death of the Aretine Benincasa da Latrina (jurist in Bologna, then judge of the Sienese Podestà):
Quiv'era l'Aretin che da le bracciafiere di Ghin di Tacco ebbe la morte.
Translation: Here was the Aretine who met his death at the fierce hands of Ghin di Tacco.
Life
Youth
The exact date of Ghino’s birth is unknown, but it must have been in the latter half of the thirteenth century, as there are extant reports of the actions of the Banda dei Quattro (Band of Four) which comprised his father Tacco di Ugolino, his uncle Ghino di Ugolino, Ghino himself, and his younger brother Turino. From his childhood, Ghino accompanied his father on his raids near his place of birth, the small castle-farm of La Fratta in Valdichiana.
It is believed that they had to resort to brigand activities because of the taxes imposed by the Sienese church on land properties in favor of the Papal States. The tax was deemed excessive by Ghibelline nobles of La Fratta. At that time, all the castles in the region — Asinalonga (now Sinalunga), Scrofiano, Rigomagno, Farnetella, Bettolle, Torrita di Siena — were owned by the powerful Sienese family of Cacciaconti; this granted them a degree of impunity from the central government in Siena.
This impunity ceased in July 1279 when Tacco razed the castle in Torrita di Siena. In the battle which followed, one Jacopino da Guardavalle was seriously wounded by Tacco. For this reason, aided by the Counts of Santa Fiora, Tacco and the others from the Banda dei Quattro were found guilty and condemned by the court of the Commune of Siena, which sought them for many years before capturing them in 1285. After being tortured, his uncle Ghino di Ugolino and his father Tacco di Ugolino were executed in Piazza del Campo in 1286. The sentence was given by Benincasa da Laterina (born in Arezzo) who was later appointed as senator and auditor in the court of the Papal States. Ghino and his brother Turino escaped the execution because they were underage and remained outside the political scene for some years.
The flight to Radicofani
In 1290, Ghino di Tacco returned to the “remunerative activities” started by his father, having been ordered to pay damages of 1000 soldi in recompense for a robbery he had carried out near San Quirico d'Orcia. In the meantime, Ghino showed his intention to occupy a fortified position near Sinalunga without the authorization of the Sienese commune. This course of action was not tolerated by the Sienese authorities who forced Ghino into exile beyond the borders of the Republic.
Ghino fled and occupied the impenetrable fortress of Radicofani, still in the territory of the Sienese Republic, but on the border with the Papal States. Here Ghino took part in a fight for the ownership of the fortress, managed to conquer it, and made that his base for his acts of banditry. From the hill of Radicofani, Ghino continued to rob the travellers on the Via Francigena, an important route for pilgrims travelling to Rome, which here followed the ancient Via Cassia. Ghino ambushed travellers, established the real nature of the goods they were carrying, and then stripped them of almost everything, but left them enough to survive and offered them a banquet. On account of this behaviour and because he allowed students and poor people to pass without harm, Ghino was considered a "Thief and a Gentleman," a sort of Robin Hood ante litteram.
His notoriety
Jealous of his reputation, he decided to avenge his father and his brother, and went to Rome to seek out Benincasa da Laterina, who had become an influential and well-known judge at the court of the Papal States. Leading four hundred men and armed with a pike, he entered the Papal tribunal in Campidoglio and beheaded Judge Benincasa. He impaled the head on his pike and brought it back to Radicofani, where he exposed the scalp on the tower for a long time. It was from this real example of punishment, having something from black chronicle fact, a golpe and a knightly feat, that Dante cited in the quoted verses of his Commedia, describing the Second Terrace of Purgatory, where the Negligent were seeking atonement.
After this macabre and theatrical feat, Ghino returned to val d'Orcia and resumed his acts of plunder, acquiring a legendary aura as a fierce and undefeated fighter. At this time, another event occurred which was to place him again under the literary spotlight. Boccaccio, in the second tale of the tenth day of Decameron, tells of how Ghino di Tacco behaved with the Abbot of Cluny. He, while travelling back from Rome after giving Pope Boniface VIII the money coming from the taxes exacted by the French Church, decided to take a cure for his liver and stomach (which were suffering from the Roman banquets) at the thermal spa of San Casciano dei Bagni. Ghino, knowing of the abbot’s coming, prepared an ambush and kidnapped him, without harming him in any way. Ghino locked the abbot in his tower in the fortress of Radicofani, giving him only bread and dried beans to eat and Vernaccia di San Gimignano to drink. This dietary regimen “miraculously” cured the abbot’s stomach pains, and he convinced the Pope to grant a pardon to Ghino di Tacco for the assassination of Benincasa, and appointed him as a Knight of St. John and Prior of the Ospedale di Santo Spirito (Hospital of the Holy Spirit). Ghino became loved again, even by Siena.
His end
Some historians claim that Ghino died in Rome. Others, such as Benvenuto da Imola, have noted that after the Papal and Sienese pardons he had no need to hide, and have argued that as a fundamentally kind man he devoted himself to acts of altruism and was killed in the first half of the fourteenth century while trying to stop a fight among foot soldiers and peasants in Asinalonga, only two kilometers from his birthplace. As an authority, Benvenuto da Imola has the advantage of being a near contemporary. He used to say that "[Ghino] wasn't so bad as some people write … but was an admirable, great and valorous man", thus furthering the rehabilitation of the character of Ghino di Tacco which had been begun by Dante and continued by Boccaccio.
Cultural references
The prominent Italian politician Bettino Craxi used the pseudonym “Ghino di Tacco” when signing his op-eds in the Italian Socialist Party's newspaper Avanti!; ironically, Craxi's political career ended amid a country-wide corruption scandal, and he eventually had to flee the country to avoid jail, while his party imploded and disappeared from the political scene.
In Radicofani and Sinalunga two monuments in honour of Ghino di Tacco have been recently erected.
Bibliography
Bentivogli, B. (1991), La vendetta di Ghino di Tacco. Per il commento a 'Purgatorio ', VI 13-14, in «Filologia e Critica», XVI, pp. 267–71
Bentivogli, B. (1992) Ghino di Tacco nella tradizione letteraria del Medioevo, a cura di Bruno Bentivogli, Salerno editore, 124pp, Rome
B. Craxi, Ghino di Tacco. Gesta e amistà di un brigante gentiluomo, Koinè Nuove edizioni, 148pp.
Guastaldi, A. (1984), Sinalunga nella storia. Edizioni Lui', Sinalunga
See also
Summary of Decameron tales
Palazzo Ghini
Notes
External links
The official website of the castle
Fernando Giaffreda: Ghino di Tacco
valdorcia.it : Ghino di Tacco
Site of the Parco della Val d'Orcia : The fortress of Radicofani
Ghino di Tacco: robbery, assault and forgiveness (in English)
Demetrio Piccini: Il Bandito Ghino di Tacco (Cartoons)
Sinalunga.it : La Fratta
13th-century births
Year of death unknown
People from Sinalunga
Italian thieves
Characters in The Decameron
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5376283
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerre%20Hancock
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Gerre Hancock
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Gerre Edward Hancock (February 21, 1934 – January 21, 2012) was an American organist, improviser, and composer. Hancock was Professor of Organ and Sacred Music at the University of Texas at Austin. He died of cardiac arrest in Austin, Texas, on Saturday, January 21, 2012.
Hancock was born in Lubbock, Texas. He received his Bachelor of Music degree from the University of Texas at Austin and his Master of Sacred Music degree from Union Theological Seminary in New York, from which he later received the Unitas Distinguished Alumnus Award. A recipient of a Rotary Foundation Fellowship, he also studied in Paris at the Sorbonne and during this time was a finalist at the ARD International Music Competition.
Hancock served as Organist at Second Baptist Church in Lubbock, Texas; Assistant Organist at Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church, New York; Organist and Choirmaster at Christ Church (now Christ Church Cathedral) in Cincinnati, Ohio; and Organist and Master of the Choristers at Saint Thomas Church Fifth Avenue in New York City from 1971 to 2004.
Hancock studied organ with E. William Doty, Robert Baker, Jean Langlais, and Marie-Claire Alain, and improvisation with Nadia Boulanger and Searle Wright (1918–2004). A Fellow of the American Guild of Organists, Hancock was a member of its National Council and was a founder and past president of the Association of Anglican Musicians. He served on the faculty of The Juilliard School in New York City and taught improvisation on a visiting basis at the Institute of Sacred Music, Yale University in New Haven, CT, and The Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York.
In 1981, he was appointed a Fellow of the Royal School of Church Music and in 1995 was appointed a Fellow of the Royal College of Organists. Hancock received honorary Doctor of Music degrees from the Nashotah House Seminary and The University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee. In May 2004 he was awarded the Doctor of Divinity degree (Honoris causa) from The General Theological Seminary in New York. He is listed in “Who’s Who in America,” and his biography appears in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition. In 2004 he was honored in a ceremony at Lambeth Palace in London where he was presented the Medal of the Cross of St. Augustine by the Archbishop of Canterbury. In May 2009, Hancock was made Doctor of Music (Honoris causa) at Westminster Choir College in Princeton, NJ. In June 2010, Hancock was presented the International Performer of the Year Award by the New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists. This is viewed by many as the most distinguished award that the American Guild of Organists bestows upon its colleagues.
A featured recitalist and lecturer at numerous regional conventions of the American Guild of Organists and at national conventions of the Guild in Philadelphia, Cleveland, Boston, Washington DC, Detroit, Houston and New York City, Hancock also represented the AGO as recitalist at the Centenary Anniversary of the Royal College of Organists in London. Hancock was heard in recital in many cities throughout the United States and worldwide. On occasion he performed in duo recitals with his wife, Judith Hancock.
His compositions for organ and chorus are widely performed. He recorded for Gothic Records, Decca/Argo, Koch International and Priory Records, both as a conductor of The St. Thomas Choir and as a soloist.
Selected Compositions
Organ solo
Air: a prelude for organ (composed 1960. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000)
Fantasy on "Divinum Mysterium" (. Melville, NY: H. W. Gray, 1973)
A paraphrase of "St. Elizabeth" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975)
Prelude on "Hyfrydol" (Melville, NY: H. W. Gray, 1979)
Prelude and fugue on "Union Seminary" (Melville, NY: H. W. Gray, 1983)
Prelude on "Slane" (In: The AGO 90th-anniversary anthology of American organ music, ed. Philip Brunelle. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988)
Fanfare on "Antioch" (Joy to the world) (In: The Oxford book of Christmas organ music, ed. Robert Gower. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995)
A meditation on "Draw us in the spirit’s tether" (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)
Variations on "Coronation" (Orleans, MA: Paraclete Press, 2000)
An Evocation of "Urbs beata Jerusalem" (Orleans, MA: Paraclete Press, 2016)
Variations on "Palm Beach" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001)
Toccata (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003)
Variations on "Ora Labora" (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004)
A Laredo fanfare (Orleans, MA: Paraclete, 2016)
Two organs
Holy week (Orleans, MA: Paraclete Press, 2007)
Bibliography
Gerre Hancock: Improvising: how to master the art. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Discography
The organ music of Gerre Hancock. Todd Wilson and Kevin Kwan, Organists. Organs at St. Thomas Church, New York. Richmond, VA: Raven Records, 2014. 2 CDs.
The Music of Gerre Hancock. The Saint Thomas Choir of Men and Boys, Fifth Avenue, New York; the Saint Thomas Brass; Jeremy Filsell. Signum Classics, 2021.
References
1934 births
2012 deaths
University of Paris alumni
University of Texas at Austin faculty
American classical organists
American male organists
Organ improvisers
Juilliard School faculty
Texas classical music
Recipients of the Cross of St Augustine
20th-century classical musicians
20th-century American male musicians
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3985816
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism%20and%20Gnosticism
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Neoplatonism and Gnosticism
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Gnosticism refers to a collection of religious groups originating in Jewish religiosity in Alexandria in the first few centuries CE. Neoplatonism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy that took shape in the 3rd century, based on the teachings of Plato and some of his early followers. While Gnosticism was influenced by Middle Platonism, neoplatonists from the third century onward rejected Gnosticism. Nevertheless, Alexander J. Mazur argues that many neoplatonic concepts and ideas are ultimately derived from Sethian Gnosticism during the third century in Lower Egypt, and that Plotinus himself may have been a Gnostic before nominally distancing himself from the movement.
Gnosticism
Gnosticism originated in the late first century CE in nonrabbinical Jewish sects and early Christian sects, and many of the Nag Hammadi texts make reference to Judaism, in some cases with a violent rejection of the Jewish God.
Sethianism may have started as a pre-Christian tradition, possibly a syncretic Hebrew Mediterranean baptismal movement from the Jordan Valley, with Babylonian and Egyptian pagan elements, and elements from Hellenic philosophy. Both Sethian Gnostics and the Valentinian Gnostics incorporated elements of Christianity and Hellenic philosophy as it grew, including elements from Plato, middle Platonism and Neo-Pythagoreanism.
Earlier Sethian texts such as Apocalypse of Adam show signs of being pre-Christian and focus on the Seth of the Jewish bible. Later Sethian texts are continuing to interact with Platonism, and texts such as Zostrianos and Allogenes draw on the imagery of older Sethian texts, but utilize "a large fund of philosophical conceptuality derived from contemporary Platonism, (that is late middle Platonism) with no traces of Christian content."
Scholarship on Gnosticism has been greatly advanced by the discovery and translation of the Nag Hammadi texts, which shed light on some of the more puzzling comments by Plotinus and Porphyry regarding the Gnostics. It now seems clear that "Sethian" and "Valentinian" gnostics attempted "an effort towards conciliation, even affiliation" with late antique philosophy.
Platonism
By the third century, Plotinus had shifted Platonist thought far enough that modern scholars consider the period a new movement called "neoplatonism".
Philosophical relations
Gnostics structured their world of transcendent being by ontological distinctions. The plenitude of the divine world emerges from a sole high deity by emanation, radiation, unfolding and mental self-reflection. The technique of self-performable contemplative mystical ascent towards and beyond a realm of pure being, which is rooted in Plato's Symposium and was common in Gnostic thought, was also expressed by Plotinus.
Divine triads, tetrads, and ogdoads in Gnostic thought often are closely related to Neopythagorean arithmology. The trinity of the "triple-powered one" (with the powers consisting of the modalities of existence, life and mind) in Allogenes mirrors quite closely the neoplatonic doctrine of the Intellect differentiating itself from the One in three phases, called Existence or reality (hypostasis), Life, and Intellect (nous). Both traditions heavily emphasize the role of negative theology or apophasis, and Gnostic emphasis on the ineffability of God often echoes Platonic (and neoplatonic) formulations of the ineffability of the One or the Good.
There were some important philosophical differences. Gnostics emphasized magic and ritual in a way that would have been disagreeable to the more sober neoplatonists such as Plotinus and Porphyry, though perhaps not to later neoplatonists such as Iamblichus. Gnostics were in conflict with the idea expressed by Plotinus that the approach to the infinite force, which is the One or Monad, cannot be through knowing or not knowing. Although there has been dispute as to which gnostics Plotinus was referring to, it appears they were Sethian.
Neoplatonist objections
In the third century CE, both Christianity and neoplatonism reject and turn against Gnosticism, with neoplatonists as Plotinus, Porphyry and Amelius attacking the Sethians. John D. Turner believes that this double attack led to Sethianism fragmentation into numerous smaller groups (Audians, Borborites, Archontics and perhaps Phibionites, Stratiotici, and Secundians).
Plotinus' objections seem applicable to some of the Nag Hammadi texts, although others such as the Valentinians, or the Tripartite Tractate, appear to insist on the goodness of the world and the Demiurge. In particular, Plotinus seems to direct his attacks at a very specific sect of Gnostics, most notably a sect that held anti-polytheistic views, anti-daemon views, expressed anti-Greek sentiments, believed magic was a cure for diseases, and preached salvation was possible without struggle. Certainly, the aforementioned points are not part of any scholar definition of Gnosticism, and might have been unique to the sect Plotinus had interacted with.
Plotinus raises objections to several core tenets of Gnosticism, although some of them might have come from misunderstandings: Plotinus states that he did not have the opportunity to see the Gnostics explain their teachings in a considerate and philosophical manner. Indeed, it seems most of his conceptions of Gnosticism had come from foreign preachers that he perceived as harboring resentment against his homeland. Nonetheless, the major differences between Plotinus and Gnostics can be summarized as follows:
Plotinus felt Gnostics were trying to cut in line what he considered a natural hierarchy of ascension; whereas Gnostics considered they had to step aside from the material realm in order to start ascending in the first place. Like Aristotle, Plotinus believed the hierarchy to be observable in the celestial bodies, which he considered as conscious beings above the rank of humans.
Plotinus thought that the observable universe is the consequence of timeless divine activity and therefore eternal, whereas the Gnostics believed the material realm to be the result of the fall of a divine principle called Sophia (Wisdom) and her offspring, the Demiurge. Because Sophia must have undergone a change when turning her attention away from the divine realm, the Gnostics (according to Plotinus) must think that the world was created in time.
Plotinus considered that human souls must be new compared to the beings inhabiting the celestial plane, and thus must have been born from the observable cosmos; whereas Gnostics considered that at least a part of the human soul must have come from the celestial plane, either fallen due to ignorance or purposefully descended to illuminate the lower plane, and thus the longing to ascend. Consequently, Plotinus implied that such pretensions were arrogant.
Plotinus felt that, although admittedly not the ideal existence for a soul, experiencing the cosmos was absolutely necessary in order to ascend; whereas Gnostics considered the material realm as merely a distraction.
Plotinus considered that no evil entity could possibly arise from the celestial plane such as the Demiurge as described by some Gnostics; whereas some Gnostics indeed believed the Demiurge to be evil. However, some other Gnostics believed it to be simply ignorant, and some others even believed it to be good, placing the blame on themselves for depending on it.
Plotinus believed that, should one accept the Gnostic premises, awaiting death would be enough to free oneself of the material plane; whereas Gnostics thought that death without proper preparation would just lead one into reincarnating again or to lose themselves in the winds of the sensible plane. This in part shows that Plotinus did not interpret Gnostic teachings charitably.
Plotinus believed that Gnostics should simply think of evil as a deficiency in wisdom; whereas most Gnostics did so already. This highlights another aspect that Plotinus might have misunderstood, perhaps due to his interactions with a particular Gnostic sect that was not representative of Gnosticism as a whole.
Plotinus believed that, in order to attain the path of ascension, one needed precise explanations of what virtue entails; whereas Gnostics believed this kind of knowledge could be attained intuitively from one's eternal connection to the Monad.
Plotinus argued that trying to establish a relationship with God without celestial intermediaries would be disrespectful to the deities, favored sons of God; whereas Gnostics believed that they too were the sons of God, and that most celestial beings would not take offense.
Plotinus, at least in his texts against the Gnostics, portrayed God as a separate entity that human souls needed to go towards; whereas Gnostics believed that in every human soul there was a divine spark of God already. However, Gnostics did not disagree with the neoplatonist notion of getting closer to the source.
Plotinus argued that God should be everywhere according to Gnostic teachings, and thus they were being contradictory in claiming that matter is evil; whereas Gnostics differentiated soul from substance, the latter not necessarily having God in it, or having a considerably lower amount. This might be another case of Plotinus misunderstanding Gnostics, perhaps due to the lack of access to most of their written doctrines.
Plotinus argued that the good in the material realm is an indication of the goodness of it as a whole; whereas most Gnostics thought it was merely the result of the good nature of God slipping in through the cracks that the Demiurge could not cover.
Plotinus himself attempted to summarize the differences between neoplatonism and certain forms of Gnosticism with an analogy:
See also
Allegorical interpretations of Plato
Henology
Julian the Apostate
Modern Paganism and New Age
Neoplatonism and Christianity
On the Cave of the Nymphs in the Odyssey
Sophism
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
Abramowski, L. “Nag Hammadi 8,1 ‘Zostrianos”, das Anonymum Brucianum, Plotin Enn. 2,9 (33).” In: Platonismus und Christentum: Festschrift für Heinrich Dörrie. [Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, 10], edited by H.–D. Blume and F. Mann. Muenster: Aschendorff 1983, pp. 1–10
Gertz, Sebastian R. P. Plotinus: Ennead II.9, Against the Gnostics, The Enneads of Plotinus Series edited by John M. Dillon and Andrew Smith, Parmenides Publishing, 2017,
Poirier Paul-Hubert, S. Schmidt Thomas. “Chrétiens, hérétiques et gnostiques chez Porphyre. Quelques précisions sur la Vie de Plotin 16,1-9”. In: Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 154e année, N. 2, 2010. pp. 913-942 [available online ]
Turner, John D., The Platonizing Sethian texts from Nag Hammadi in their Relation to Later Platonic Literature, .
Turner, John D., and Ruth Majercik (eds.), Gnosticism and Later Platonism: Themes, Figures, and Texts. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2000.
Wallis, Richard T., Neoplatonism and Gnosticism for the International Society for Neoplatonic Studies, New York, SUNY Press 1992. - .
External links
International Society of Neoplatonic Studies
Ancient philosophy society
Society of Biblical Literature
Neoplatonism
Gnosticism and other religions
Pagan anti-Gnosticism
Christianity and Hellenistic philosophy
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3985817
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazaro%20Borrell
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Lazaro Borrell
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Lazaro Manuel Borrell Hernández (born September 20, 1972 in Santa Clara, Cuba) is a Cuban former professional basketball player. He is a 6'8", 220 lb forward.
During the debut of Cuba's Liga Superior de Baloncesto, Borrell played for the now-defunct Lobos de Villa Clara. He played with the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics during the 1999-2000 NBA season.
In his only season in the NBA he averaged, 3.6 points, 2.4 rebounds, and 0.6 assists per game.
References
External links
1972 births
Living people
Boca Juniors basketball players
Caciques de Humacao players
Cuban men's basketball players
Defecting sportspeople of Cuba
Cuban expatriate basketball people in Argentina
Cuban expatriate basketball people in Puerto Rico
Cuban expatriate basketball people in the United States
National Basketball Association players from Cuba
Obras Sanitarias basketball players
Power forwards (basketball)
Seattle SuperSonics players
Small forwards
Undrafted National Basketball Association players
1994 FIBA World Championship players
People from Santa Clara, Cuba
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5376287
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polg%C3%A1rdi
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Polgárdi
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Polgárdi is a town in Fejér county, Hungary, reportedly the site where the Sevso Treasure was discovered.
Geography
Polgárdi is located at an altitude of about 144 metres, about 12 kilometres northeast of Lake Balaton, a resort area in western Hungary popular with German tourists, and about 30 kilometres southeast is Sárbogárd. About 17 kilometres northeast of Polgárdi is the city Székesfehérvár. South of Polgárdi runs the M7 motorway. In addition, the city is connected to the railway line from Székesfehérvár to Tapolca.
History
Lake Balaton was popular with Romans, especially for the generals who ruled Pannonia, the Roman province that ow includes parts Bosnia, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, and Albania. It was a hub of the Roman Empire, and therefore the site of trade routes and wars. In the fourth and fifth centuries Goths and Vandals swept down from the north.
In the Middle Ages, there were three settlements at the present Polgárdi site: Cinca, Polgárdi, and Bökény-somlyó. The first mention of Polgárdi dates from 1277. Since 1397, George Batthyány owned the land, until 1945 when the land left the control of the Batthyány family.
The nearby town of Fehérvár was settled in 1543, but it was often a double taxation victim (both the Hungarian landowners and the Turks paid the locals), so the population fell dramatically. Local people also actively participated in the 1848-49 War of Independence. After the expulsion of the Ottoman Turks, many locals were attracted to settlements, and civic development began in Polgárdi in the 19th century.
It is the reported location of the controversial Sevso Treasure, traced back to a villa excavated in the area, dating back to the late Roman Empire period. Hungarian authorities claim that the treasure was discovered by a young soldier, József Sümegh, in around 1975–76 near the town. Sümegh's body was found in a nearby cellar in 1980. The official investigation at the time determined that he had committed suicide, but later the police came to the conclusion that he had been killed. As of 2012 the criminal investigation is still ongoing.
Since 2013 it is the seat of the Polgárdi District, which ended in late 2014. The settlements that belonged to the Polgárdi District then became part of the Enyingi or Székesfehérvár District.
Sights
Reformed Church, built 1807–1811 (Late Baroque)
Catholic Church, Szent István király, built 1853
Twin towns – sister cities
Polgárdi is twinned with:
Dinkelland, Netherlands
Grafrath, Germany
Petrești, Romania
Vlčany, Slovakia
References
External links
in Hungarian
Populated places in Fejér County
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3985821
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister%20responsible%20for%20Constitutional%20Affairs
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Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs
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The Minister responsible for Constitutional Affairs was the Canadian cabinet minister responsible for constitutional affairs during the preparation for the attempted Charlottetown Accord constitutional amendments. The position was created on April 21, 1991, following the failure of the Meech Lake Accord and was abolished June 24, 1993 following the failure of the Charlottetown Accord.
Joe Clark was the only person to hold this post.
The position was sometimes informally called "unity minister" in sources such as media accounts. This same informal appellation was given to the subsequent position Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs.
References
Constitutional Affairs
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5376292
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20L%C3%A1la
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Jan Lála
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Jan Lála (born 10 September 1938 in Libická Lhotka) is a Czech football player. He played for Czechoslovakia, for which he played 37 matches and scored one goal.
He was a participant in the 1962 FIFA World Cup, where Czechoslovakia won the silver medal.
In his country he spent his best years playing for SK Slavia Prague.
References
Slavia Prague profile
1938 births
Czech footballers
Czechoslovak footballers
1962 FIFA World Cup players
Living people
SK Slavia Prague players
FK Ústí nad Labem players
FC Lausanne-Sport players
Czechoslovakia international footballers
Czechoslovak expatriate footballers
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Switzerland
Expatriate footballers in Switzerland
Association football defenders
People from Havlíčkův Brod District
Sportspeople from the Vysočina Region
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5376301
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyj%C3%B3lfr%20d%C3%A1%C3%B0ask%C3%A1ld
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Eyjólfr dáðaskáld
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Eyjólfr dáðaskáld (poet of deeds) was a skald active in the early 11th century. He was the court poet of Eiríkr Hákonarson for whom he composed the Bandadrápa, his only known poem. Eight stanzas and a refrain are preserved of the Bandadrápa in the kings' sagas, primarily Heimskringla, and in Skáldskaparmál. The content of the poem is also summarized in Fagrskinna. The preserved parts of Bandadrápa relate Eiríkr's early deeds; his killing of Skopti, his becoming a jarl at a young age, his raids in the Baltic and his attack on Ladoga. Judging from the Fagrskinna summary the complete poem was much more extensive, going up to the battle of Svöldr and beyond. It may have been composed around the year 1010.
Apart from what can be surmised from his poetry nothing is known about Eyjólfr. He may have been an Icelander like most known skalds of the period. The refrain of the Bandadrápa celebrates Eiríkr for conquering lands "according to the will of the gods", a phrase borrowed from Einarr skálaglamm's Vellekla. This pagan reference in a poem about the ostensibly Christian Eiríkr may suggest that the poet was himself a pagan.
References
Finlay, Alison (editor and translator) (2004). Fagrskinna, a Catalogue of the Kings of Norway. Brill Academic Publishers.
Eyjólfr dáðaskáld: Bandadrápa 1-9
Viking Age poets
11th-century poets
Norwegian poets
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5376302
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martonv%C3%A1s%C3%A1r
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Martonvásár
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Martonvásár is the 11th largest town in Fejér county, Hungary. It's a popular tourist destination in Hungary because of the Brunszvik Palace where Ludwig van Beethoven stayed and wrote "Für Elise". There is also a museum for Beethoven. The town is also famous for its English garden.
Gallery
External links
in Hungarian
Populated places in Fejér County
Palaces in Hungary
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5376303
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium%20chloride
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Vanadium chloride
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Vanadium chloride may refer to:
Vanadium(II) chloride, VCl2
Vanadium(III) chloride, VCl3
Vanadium(IV) chloride, VCl4
Vanadium(V) chloride, VCl5
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5376309
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20R.%20Neal
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John R. Neal
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John Randolph Neal (November 26, 1836 – March 26, 1889) was an American politician and a member of the United States House of Representatives for Tennessee's 3rd congressional district.
Biography
Neal was born near Clinton, Tennessee in Anderson County son of John O'Brien and Permelia Young Neal. He attended the common schools and Hiwasse College in Monroe County, Tennessee. He graduated from Emory and Henry College in Emory, Virginia in 1858. He taught school at Post Oak Springs and studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1859, and commenced practice in Athens, Tennessee. At the beginning of the war, he married to Mary E. C. Brown, daughter of Franklin Brown. They had three children; Dr. John R. Neal, Jr., Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee, and Scopes Trial attorney; Commander George F. Neal, U. S. N. and D. S. O. from King George V for distinguished service during World War I for sinking a German submarine, and Navy Cross from Congress for loyal service; and Amanda Neal Wheelock.
Career
During the Civil War, Neal enlisted in the Confederate Army and was elected captain of a Cavalry troop, which afterward became a part of the 16th Battalion, Tennessee Cavalry. He was subsequently promoted to lieutenant colonel of the battalion. He taught school for several years, settled at Rhea Springs, Tennessee, and continued the practice of law. He was a member of the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1874. He served in the Tennessee Senate in 1878 and 1879, and served as its presiding officer in 1879.
Neal was elected as a Democrat to the Forty-ninth and Fiftieth Congresses. He served from March 4, 1885 to March 3, 1889, but declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1888 on account of ill health.
Death
Neal died at Rhea Springs, Tennessee, in Rhea County on March 26, 1889 (age 52 years, 120 days). He is interred at the W.F. Brown family cemetery in Post Oak Springs, Roane County, Tennessee.
References
External links
1836 births
1889 deaths
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Members of the Tennessee House of Representatives
Tennessee state senators
Tennessee Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
People from Anderson County, Tennessee
People from Athens, Tennessee
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3985839
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Lever
|
Don Lever
|
Donald Richard Lever (born November 14, 1952) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger who played 15 seasons in the National Hockey League from 1972–73 until 1986–87.
Playing career
Lever was drafted 3rd overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 1972 NHL Amateur Draft. The forward reached the 20-goal mark six times in Vancouver and played for Canada at the 1978 World Championships. Lever was traded to the Atlanta Flames alongside Brad Smith in exchange for Ivan Boldirev and Darcy Rota on February 8, 1980. He was later the first captain of the New Jersey Devils. Lever scored the first goal in Devils history. He was recognized for both his penalty killing and powerplay abilities. Lever played 1020 career NHL games, scoring 313 goals and 367 assists for 680 points. On March 9, 2009, Lever was named an assistant coach for the Montreal Canadiens by Bob Gainey after the firing of Guy Carbonneau. His contract was not renewed, and he was named head coach of the Chicago Wolves of the AHL on October 21, 2009.
Awards and achievements
1972: OHA First All-Star Team
1972: Red Tilson Trophy (OHA MVP)
1982: Played in NHL All-Star Game
1990–91: Louis A.R. Pieri Memorial Award
2006–07: Head coached the Hamilton Bulldogs to their first franchise Calder Cup, AHL championship
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
International
Coaching statistics
Season Team Lge Type GP W L T OTL Pct Result
1987-88 Buffalo Sabres NHL Assistant coach
1988-89 Buffalo Sabres NHL Assistant coach
1990-91 Rochester Americans AHL Head coach 80 45 26 9 0 0.619 Lost in finals
1991-92 Rochester Americans AHL Head coach 80 37 31 12 0 0.537 Lost in round 3
1992-93 Buffalo Sabres NHL Assistant coach
1993-94 Buffalo Sabres NHL Assistant coach
1994-95 Buffalo Sabres NHL Assistant coach
1995-96 Buffalo Sabres NHL Associate coach
1996-97 Buffalo Sabres NHL Assistant coach
1997-98 Buffalo Sabres NHL Associate coach
1998-99 Buffalo Sabres NHL Associate coach
1999-00 Buffalo Sabres NHL Associate coach
2000-01 Buffalo Sabres NHL Assistant coach
2001-02 Buffalo Sabres NHL Assistant coach
2002-03 St. Louis Blues NHL Assistant coach
2003-04 St. Louis Blues NHL Assistant coach
2005-06 Hamilton Bulldogs AHL Head coach 80 35 41 0 4 0.463 Out of playoffs
2006-07 Hamilton Bulldogs AHL Head coach 80 43 28 0 9 0.594 Won championship
2007-08 Hamilton Bulldogs AHL Head coach 80 36 34 0 10 0.512 Out of playoffs
2008-09 Hamilton Bulldogs AHL Head coach 65 39 24 0 2 0.615
2008-09 Montreal Canadiens NHL Assistant coach
Personal life
Lever and his wife Karen have three children, Michael, Sarah, and Caitlin.
See also
List of NHL players with 1000 games played
References
External links
1952 births
Living people
Atlanta Flames players
Buffalo Sabres coaches
Buffalo Sabres players
Calgary Flames players
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Chicago Blackhawks scouts
Chicago Wolves coaches
Colorado Rockies (NHL) players
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens coaches
National Hockey League first round draft picks
New Jersey Devils players
Niagara Falls Flyers players
Rochester Americans players
St. Louis Blues coaches
Sportspeople from Timmins
Vancouver Canucks captains
Vancouver Canucks draft picks
Vancouver Canucks players
Canadian ice hockey coaches
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3985852
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canine%20follicular%20dysplasia
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Canine follicular dysplasia
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Follicular dysplasia is a genetic disease of dogs causing alopecia, also called hair loss. It is caused by hair follicles that are misfunctioning due to structural abnormality. There are several types, some affecting only certain breeds. Diagnosis is achieved through a biopsy, and treatment is rarely successful. Certain breeds, such as the Mexican Hairless Dog and Chinese Crested Dog, are bred specifically for alopecia.
Structural follicular dysplasia
Structural follicular dysplasia varies by breed but all involve weakened hairs that break easily. Hair loss is originally seen in areas of repeated grooming or trauma, for instance the neck because of contact with a collar. Hair regrowth may occur, but the hair will be even weaker and the pattern will repeat. The dogs are affected between the ages of two to four years, and it is most commonly seen on the back towards the tail. Progression of the hair loss to cover the trunk can occur.
Commonly affected breeds
Irish Water Spaniel
Portuguese Water Dog
Curly Coated Retriever
Atrophic follicular dysplasia / Pattern baldness
In some breeds hair follicles in certain parts of the body become progressively miniaturized, analogous to what occurs in male pattern baldness in humans. It is most commonly seen in Dachshunds, Miniature Pinschers, and Chihuahuas. Affected areas become progressively more alopecic. The pattern of hairlessness that results is somewhat breed-dependent and sex dependent. In short-coated toy and miniature dogs, ventral neck, ventral chest, ventral abdomen and inner thighs are affected. In males, the pinnae (ear flaps) are affected. In Greyhounds, the thighs are affected as well as the ventral chest and abdomen.
Cyclic follicular dysplasia
Cyclic follicular dysplasia is also known as seasonal alopecia. It causes bilateral hair loss and hyperpigmentation of the flanks. The disease usually starts in the late fall or early spring, and can regrow in about six months, although the hair may be different in color or texture. Treatment with melatonin may result in hair regrowth sooner, so it is thought that the amount of daylight influences this condition. The dogs are affected between the ages of two to four years.
Commonly affected breeds
Silver Labrador
Airedale Terrier
Bulldog
Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Wirehaired Pointing Griffon
Boxer
Affenpinscher
Follicular lipidosis
Follicular lipidosis is a type of follicular dysplasia found in the Rottweiler. It usually occurs before the age of nine months and involves loss of some of the mahogany or red hair of the face and feet. It is caused by lipid invasion of the hair follicle cells.
Color dilution alopecia
Color dilution alopecia is caused by a dilution gene affecting eumelanin. It is an inherited type of follicular dysplasia. It most commonly affects dogs with blue or fawn coats, which are dilutions of black and brown, respectively Dilution is caused by irregularities in melanin transfer and storage. Melanosomes may clump within melanocytes of the skin and hair follicles, causing the hair shafts to easily fracture. Signs of color dilution alopecia include hair loss and recurrent skin infection on the back. It can involve the whole body. The condition starts between the ages of six months and two years, depending on the degree of dilution. Early hair loss occurs due to hair breakage, making it similar to structural follicular alopecia. It is important to treat the skin infections, and etretinate has been used to treat the hair loss.
In several dog breeds but also in mongrels, dogs with the predisposition due to their coat genetics with the MLPH gene (melanophilin) suffer from colour dilution alopecia (CDA). Interestingly in Great Danes and Weimaraners there are usually no problems due to the dilution gene. The reasons for this are not yet known.
Commonly affected breeds
Dobermann - has the highest frequency of this condition. It occurs in 93 percent of blues and 75 percent of fawns.
Dachshund
Great Dane
Rhodesian Ridgeback
Whippet
Italian Greyhound
Chow Chow
Standard Poodle
Miniature Pinscher
Yorkshire Terrier
Silky Terrier
Chihuahua
Boston Terrier
Newfoundland
German Shepherd Dog
Shetland Sheepdog
Schipperke
Bernese Mountain Dog
Bulldog
Other types of follicular dysplasia
The Siberian Husky and Alaskan Malamute have a type of follicular dysplasia that occurs between the ages of three and four months, possibly later in the Malamute. The guard hairs of the trunk are progressively lost and the coat turns reddish in color.
In black or red Dobermanns, Miniature Pinschers, and Manchester Terriers there is a type of follicular dysplasia that occurs between the ages of one and four years. It begins in the flank and spreads to the back.
Black hair follicular dysplasia occurs in piebald dogs and causes hair loss in black-haired areas soon after birth. It is most commonly seen in Papillon (dog), Gordon setter, Saluki and Bearded Collie, and is known to occur in Large Münsterländer dogs. It is considered to be similar to color dilution alopecia and is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
References
Follicular dysplasia
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3985856
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRCS
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MRCS
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MRCS can refer to:
Mongolian Red Cross Society
Malaysian Red Crescent Society
Myanmar Red Cross Society
Membership of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland
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3985880
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkeite
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Clarkeite
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Clarkeite is a uranium oxide mineral with the chemical formula or .
Its color varies from dark brown to reddish orange. Clarkeite forms by oxidation and replacement of uraninite late during pegmatite crystallization. Although uraninite-bearing granite pegmatites are common, clarkeite is rare and occurs intimately intergrown with other uranium minerals.
It is known from only two localities; the Spruce Pine pegmatite district in western North Carolina, US, and Rajputana, in the Ajmer district, India. Clarkeite is the only known naturally occurring high-temperature uranate. The general formula for ideal clarkeite is .
It was named for Frank Wigglesworth Clarke (1847–1931), American mineral chemist, and former chief chemist of the United States Geological Survey.
See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people
Sodium uranate
References
Clarkeite: New chemical and structural data
Clarkeite: Clarkeite mineral information and data
WebMineral
Uranium minerals
Sodium minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Trigonal minerals
Minerals in space group 166
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3985884
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Sett
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River Sett
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The River Sett is a river that flows through the High Peak borough of Derbyshire, in north western England. It rises near Edale Cross on Kinder Scout and flows through the villages of Hayfield and Birch Vale to join the River Goyt at New Mills. The River Goyt is one of the principal tributaries of the River Mersey. In the past, the river was known as the River Kinder; the modern River Kinder is a right tributary of the Sett, joining the river at Bowden Bridge above Hayfield.
The 2.5-mile Sett Valley Trail follows the trackbed of the former railway line along the valley between Hayfield and New Mills.
The river's Environment Agency pollution classification changed from good to moderate in 2014.
Tributaries
Hidebank Brook ? (L)
Thornsett/Rowarth Brook ? (R)
Gibb Brook ? (L)
Raens Brook (L)
Birch Hall Brook ? (L)
Hollingworth Clough ? (R)
Middle Brook ? (L)
Phoside Brook ? (L)
Foxholes Clough (L)
Hazlehurst Brook (L)
River Kinder (R)
Upper Brook ? (L)
William Clough ? (R)
Blackshaws Brook ? (L)
Red Brook (L)
Coldwell Clough (R)
Dimpus Clough (L)
Oaken Clough (R)
See also
List of mills on the River Sett
References
Sett, River
Sett
1Sett
High Peak, Derbyshire
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3985904
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Flyway
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Central Flyway
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The Central Flyway is a bird migration route that generally follows the Great Plains in the United States and Canada. The main endpoints of the flyway include the Canadian Prairies and the region surrounding the Gulf of Mexico; the migration route tends to narrow considerably in the Platte River and Missouri River valleys of central and eastern Nebraska, which accounts for the high number of bird species found there. Some birds even use this flyway to migrate from the Arctic Ocean to Patagonia. Routes used by birds are typically established because no mountains or large hills block the flyway over its entire extent. Good sources of water, food, and cover exist over its entire length.
The other primary migration routes for North American birds includes the Atlantic, Mississippi and Pacific Flyways. The Central Flyway merges with the Mississippi Flyway between Missouri and the Gulf of Mexico.
The Central Flyway Council is composed of representatives from agencies responsible for migratory bird management in 10 states, two Canadian provinces and the Northwest Territories. Member states and provinces in the council are: Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Notable locations
Galloway Bay and Miry Bay (the west end of Lake Diefenbaker), Saskatchewan
Beaverhill Lake, Alberta
External links
Central Americas Flyway Factsheet from BirdLife International
Central Flyway Council
North American Migration Flyways
Bird migration flyways
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3985919
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS%20Caltex%20Cup
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GS Caltex Cup
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The GS Caltex Cup (Korean: GS칼텍스배) is a Go competition.
Outline
The GS Caltex Cup replaced the LG Refined Oil Cup. It is organized by the Maeil Business Newspaper, Maeil Broadcasting Network (MBN), and Korea Baduk Association, and sponsored by GS Caltex. It currently has the biggest prize in South Korea. As of 2021, the winner receives 70 million won in prize money, and the runner-up receives 30 million won. The final is a best-of-5. Komi is 6.5 points and the time limit is 10 minutes main time with 3 x 40s byoyomi.
Past winners and runners-up
References
External links
Sensei's Library
Go to Everyone!
Korea Baduk Association (in Korean)
Go competitions in South Korea
GS Group
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3985920
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Vason%20Jones
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Edward Vason Jones
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Edward Vason Jones (August 3, 1909 – October 1, 1980), a neoclassical architect and member of the Georgia School of Classicism, began his career in 1936 with the design and construction of the Gillionville Plantation near his hometown of Albany, Georgia. The project impressed Hal Hentz of the well-known Atlanta firm of Hentz, Reid, and Adler so much that he hired Vason Jones as draftsman and superintendent of construction, despite his lack of formal training in architecture.
In 1948, after a brief period spent designing warships for the U.S. Navy in Savannah, he established his own practice in Albany, where he worked until his death in 1980 .
His works include the first renovations to the U.S. Department of State's Diplomatic Reception Rooms from 1965 to 1980, renovations to the White House during the Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter administrations, work at the Mississippi Governor's Mansion, and dozens of neoclassical residential projects. A summer 2007 refurbishment of the Green Room at the White House retained his drapery and cornice design.
One of the reception rooms he designed at the State Department was named the "Edward Vason Jones Memorial Hall" in his honor.
Principal Architectural Works
Hanson Residence, Birmingham, Alabama (completed 1967).
References
External links
State Department Diplomatic Reception Rooms
Neoclassical architects
People from Albany, Georgia
1980 deaths
1909 births
20th-century American architects
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5376312
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20sacrifice%20in%20Aztec%20culture
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Human sacrifice in Aztec culture
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Human sacrifice was common in many parts of Mesoamerica, so the rite was nothing new to the Aztecs when they arrived at the Valley of Mexico, nor was it something unique to pre-Columbian Mexico. Other Mesoamerican cultures, such as the Purépechas and Toltecs, and the Maya performed sacrifices as well and from archaeological evidence, it probably existed since the time of the Olmecs (1200–400 BC), and perhaps even throughout the early farming cultures of the region. However, the extent of human sacrifice is unknown among several Mesoamerican civilizations. What distinguished Aztec practice from Maya human sacrifice was the way in which it was embedded in everyday life. These cultures also notably sacrificed elements of their own population to the gods.
In 1519, explorers such as Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and made observations of and wrote reports about the practice of human sacrifice. Bernal Díaz del Castillo, who participated in the Cortés expedition, made frequent mention of human sacrifice in his memoir True History of the Conquest of New Spain. There are a number of second-hand accounts of human sacrifices written by Spanish friars, that relate to the testimonies of native eyewitnesses. The literary accounts have been supported by archeological research. Since the late 1970s, excavations of the offerings in the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan, and other archaeological sites, have provided physical evidence of human sacrifice among the Mesoamerican peoples. As of 2020, archaeologists have found 603 human skulls at the Hueyi Tzompantli in the archeological zone of the Templo Mayor.
A wide variety of interpretations of the Aztec practice of human sacrifice have been proposed by modern scholars. Many scholars now believe that Aztec human sacrifice, especially during troubled time like pandemic or other crisis, was performed in honor of the gods. Most scholars of Pre-Columbian civilization see human sacrifice among the Aztecs as a part of the long cultural tradition of human sacrifice in Mesoamerica.
Role of sacrifice in Aztec culture
Sacrifice was a common theme in the Aztec culture. In the Aztec "Legend of the Five Suns", all the gods sacrificed themselves so that mankind could live. Some years after the Spanish conquest of Mexico, a body of the Franciscans confronted the remaining Aztec priesthood and demanded, under threat of death, that they desist from this traditional practice. The Aztec priests defended themselves as follows:
What the Aztec priests were referring to was a cardinal Mesoamerican belief: that a great and continuing sacrifice by the gods sustains the Universe. A strong sense of indebtedness was connected with this worldview. Indeed, nextlahualli (debt-payment) was a commonly used metaphor for human sacrifice, and, as Bernardino de Sahagún reported, it was said that the victim was someone who "gave his service".
Human sacrifice was in this sense the highest level of an entire panoply of offerings through which the Aztecs sought to repay their debt to the gods. Both Sahagún and Toribio de Benavente (also called "Motolinía") observed that the Aztecs gladly parted with everything. Even the "stage" for human sacrifice, the massive temple-pyramids, was an offering mound: crammed with the land's finest art, treasure and victims; they were then buried underneath for the deities.
Additionally, the sacrifice of animals was a common practice, for which the Aztecs bred dogs, eagles, jaguars and deer. The cult of Quetzalcoatl required the sacrifice of butterflies and hummingbirds.
Self-sacrifice was also quite common; people would offer maguey thorns, tainted with their own blood and would offer blood from their tongues, ear lobes, or genitals. Blood held a central place in Mesoamerican cultures. The 16th-century Florentine Codex by Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún reports that in one of the creation myths, Quetzalcóatl offered blood extracted from a wound in his own penis to give life to humanity. There are several other myths in which Nahua gods offer their blood to help humanity.
Another theory is that human sacrifice was used to supply protein and other vital nutrients in the absence of large game animals, though this argument is controversial.
It is debated whether these rites functioned as a type of atonement for Aztec believers. Some scholars argue that the role of sacrifice was to assist the gods in maintaining the cosmos, and not as an act of propitiation. Aztec society viewed even the slightest tlatlacolli ('sin' or 'insult') as an extremely malevolent supernatural force. To avoid such calamities befalling their community, those who had erred punished themselves by extreme measures such as slitting their tongues for vices of speech or their ears for vices of listening. Other methods of atoning wrongdoings included hanging themselves, or throwing themselves down precipices.[16]
What has been gleaned from all of this is that the sacrificial role entailed a great deal of social expectation and a certain degree of acquiescence.
Holistic assessment
Flower wars
According to Diego Durán's History of the Indies of New Spain (and a few other sources that are believed to be based on the Crónica X), the Flower Wars were a ritual among the cities of Aztec Triple Alliance and Tlaxcala, Huexotzingo and Cholula. This form of ritual was introduced probably after mid-1450s following droughts and famine caused many deaths within the Mexican highlands. The droughts and damage to the crops were believed to be punishment by the gods for feeling unappreciated instead of being honored properly. Therefore, the Flower Wars became a way to obtain human sacrifices in a very structured and ceremonial manner which were then used as offerings.
This type of warfare differed from regular political warfare, as the Flower war was also used for combat training and as first exposure to war for new military members. In addition, regular warfare included the use of long range weapons such as atlatl darts, stones, and sling shots to damage the enemy from afar. During Flower wars, warriors were expected to fight up close and exhibit their combat abilities while aiming to injure the enemy, rather than kill them. The main objective of Aztec Flower warfare was to capture victims alive for use later in ritual execution, and offerings to the gods. When death occurred from battling in a Flower War, it was considered much more noble than dying in a regular military battle. Additionally, death in the Flower Wars contained religious importance as those who died were thought to live in heaven with the war god, Huitzilopochtli.
Sacrifice ritual
Human sacrifice rituals were performed at the appropriate times each month or festival with the appropriate number of living bodies, and other goods. These individuals were previously chosen to be sacrificed, as was the case for people embodying the gods themselves, or members of an enemy party which had been captured and prepared to be sacrificed. Even enemies of the Aztecs understood their roles as sacrifices to the gods since many also practiced the same type of religion. For many rites, the victims were expected to bless children, greet and cheer passers-by, hear people's petitions to the gods, visit people in their homes, give discourses and lead sacred songs, processions and dances.
A great deal of cosmological thought seems to have underlain each of the Aztec sacrificial rites. Most of the sacrificial rituals took more than two people to perform. In the usual procedure of the ritual, the sacrifice would be taken to the top of the temple. The sacrifice would then be laid on a stone slab, a chacmool, by four priests, and their abdomen would be sliced open by a fifth priest with a ceremonial knife made of flint. The most common form of human sacrifice was heart-extraction. The Aztec believed that the heart (tona) was both the seat of the individual and a fragment of the Sun's heat (istli). The chacmool was a very important religious tool used during sacrifices. The cut was made in the abdomen and went through the diaphragm. The priest would grab the heart which would be placed in a bowl held by a statue of the honored god, and the body would then be thrown down the temple's stairs. The body would land on a terrace at the base of the pyramid called an apetlatl.
Before and during the killing, priests and audience, gathered in the plaza below, stabbed, pierced and bled themselves as auto-sacrifice. Hymns, whistles, spectacular costumed dances and percussive music marked different phases of the rite.
The body parts would then be disposed of, the viscera fed to the animals in the zoo, and the bleeding head was placed on display in the tzompantli or the skull rack. When the consumption of individuals was involved, the warrior who captured the enemy was given the meaty limbs while the most important flesh, the stomach and chest, were offerings to the gods.
Other types of human sacrifice, which paid tribute to various deities, killed the victims differently. The victim could be shot with arrows, die in gladiatorial style fighting, be sacrificed as a result of the Mesoamerican ballgame, burned, flayed after being sacrificed, or drowned.
Those individuals who were unable to complete their ritual duties were disposed of in a much less honorary matter. This "insult to the gods" needed to be atoned, therefore the sacrifice was slain while being chastised instead of revered. The conquistadors Cortés and Alvarado found that some of the sacrificial victims they freed "indignantly rejected [the] offer of release and demanded to be sacrificed".
Scope of human sacrifice in Aztec culture
Some post-conquest sources report that at the re-consecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, the Aztecs sacrificed about 80,400 prisoners over the course of four days. This number is considered by Ross Hassig, author of Aztec Warfare, to be an exaggeration. Hassig states "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed in the ceremony. The higher estimate would average 15 sacrifices per minute during the four-day consecration. Four tables were arranged at the top so that the victims could be jettisoned down the sides of the temple. Additionally, many historians argue that these numbers were inaccurate as most written account of Aztec sacrifices were made by Spanish sources to justify Spain's conquest. Nonetheless, according to Codex Telleriano-Remensis, old Aztecs who talked with the missionaries told about a much lower figure for the reconsecration of the temple, approximately 4,000 victims in total.
Michael Harner, in his 1977 article The Enigma of Aztec Sacrifice, cited an estimate by Borah of the number of persons sacrificed in central Mexico in the 15th century as high as 250,000 per year which may have been one percent of the population. Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxochitl, a Mexica descendant and the author of Codex Ixtlilxochitl, estimated that one in five children of the Mexica subjects was killed annually. Victor Davis Hanson argues that a claim by Don Carlos Zumárraga of 20,000 per annum is "more plausible". Other scholars believe that, since the Aztecs often tried to intimidate their enemies, it is more likely that they could have inflated the number as a propaganda tool. The same can be said for Bernal Díaz's inflated calculations when, in a state of visual shock, he grossly miscalculated the number of skulls at one of the seven Tenochtitlan tzompantlis. The counter argument is that both the Aztecs and Diaz were very precise in the recording of the many other details of Aztec life, and inflation or propaganda would be unlikely. According to the Florentine Codex, fifty years before the conquest the Aztecs burnt the skulls of the former tzompantli. Archeologist Eduardo Matos Moctezuma has unearthed and studied some tzompantlis. In 2003, archaeologist Elizabeth Graham noted that the largest number of skulls yet found at a single tzompantli was only about a dozen. In 2015, Raùl Barrera Rodríguez, archeologist and director of the Urban Archaeology Program at National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), discovered a skull rack and skull towers next to the Templo Mayor complex that could have held thousands of skulls. However, as of 2020, only 603 skulls have ever been found associated with human sacrifice.
Every Aztec warrior would have to provide at least one prisoner for sacrifice. All the male population was trained to be warriors, but only the few who succeeded in providing captives could become full-time members of the warrior elite. Accounts also state that several young warriors could unite to capture a single prisoner, which suggests that capturing prisoners for sacrifice was challenging.
There is still much debate as to what social groups constituted the usual victims of these sacrifices. It is often assumed that all victims were 'disposable' commoners or foreigners. However, slaves – a major source of victims – were not a permanent class but rather persons from any level of Aztec society who had fallen into debt or committed some crime. Likewise, most of the earliest accounts talk of prisoners of war of diverse social status, and concur that virtually all child sacrifices were locals of noble lineage, offered by their own parents. That women and children were not excluded from potential victims is attested by a tzompantli found in 2015 at Templo Mayor in the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
It is doubtful if many victims came from far afield. In 1454, the Aztec government forbade the slaying of captives from distant lands at the capital's temples. Duran's informants told him that sacrifices were consequently 'nearly always ... friends of the [Royal] House' – meaning warriors from allied states.
Sacrifices to specific gods
Huitzilopochtli
Huitzilopochtli was the tribal deity of the Mexica and, as such, he represented the character of the Mexican people and was often identified with the sun at the zenith, and with warfare, who burned down towns and carried a fire-breathing serpent, Xiuhcoatl. He was considered the primary god of the south and a manifestation of the sun, and a counterpart of the black Tezcatlipoca, the primary god of the north, "a domain associated with Mictlan, the underworld of the dead".
Huitzilopochtli was worshipped at the Templo Mayor, which was the primary religious structure of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. The Templo Mayor consisted of twin pyramids, one for Huitzilopochtli and one for the rain god Tlaloc (discussed below).
When the Aztecs sacrificed people to Huitzilopochtli (the god with warlike aspects) the victim would be placed on a sacrificial stone. The priest would then cut through the abdomen with an obsidian or flint blade. The heart would be torn out still beating and held towards the sky in honor to the Sun-God. The body would then be pushed down the pyramid where the Coyolxauhqui stone could be found. The Coyolxauhqui Stone recreates the story of Coyolxauhqui, Huitzilopochtli's sister who was dismembered at the base of a mountain, just as the sacrificial victims were. The body would be carried away and either cremated or given to the warrior responsible for the capture of the victim. He would either cut the body in pieces and send them to important people as an offering, or use the pieces for ritual cannibalism. The warrior would thus ascend one step in the hierarchy of the Aztec social classes, a system that rewarded successful warriors.
During the festival of Panquetzaliztli, of which Huitzilopochtli was the patron, sacrificial victims were adorned in the manner of Huitzilopochtli's costume and blue body paint, before their hearts would be sacrificially removed. Representations of Huitzilopochtli called teixiptla were also worshipped, the most significant being the one at the Templo Mayor which was made of dough mixed with sacrificial blood.
Tezcatlipoca
Tezcatlipoca was generally considered the most powerful god, the god of night, sorcery and destiny (the name tezcatlipoca means "smoking mirror", or "obsidian"), and the god of the north. The Aztecs believed that Tezcatlipoca created war to provide food and drink to the gods. Tezcatlipoca was known by several epithets including "the Enemy" and "the Enemy of Both Sides", which stress his affinity for discord. He was also deemed the enemy of Quetzalcoatl, but an ally of Huitzilopochtli. Tezcatlipoca had the power to forgive sins and to relieve disease, or to release a man from the fate assigned to him by his date of birth; however, nothing in Tezcatlipoca's nature compelled him to do so. He was capricious and often brought about reversals of fortune, such as bringing drought and famine. He turned himself into Mixcoatl, the god of the hunt, to make fire. To the Aztecs, he was an all-knowing, all-seeing nearly all-powerful god. One of his names can be translated as "He Whose Slaves We Are".
Some captives were sacrificed to Tezcatlipoca in ritual gladiatorial combat. The victim was tethered in place and given a mock weapon. He died fighting against up to four fully armed jaguar knights and eagle warriors.
During the 20-day month of Toxcatl, a young impersonator of Tezcatlipoca would be sacrificed. Throughout a year, this youth would be dressed as Tezcatlipoca and treated as a living incarnation of the god. The youth would represent Tezcatlipoca on earth; he would get four beautiful women as his companions until he was killed. In the meantime he walked through the streets of Tenochtitlan playing a flute. On the day of the sacrifice, a feast would be held in Tezcatlipoca's honor. The young man would climb the pyramid, break his flute and surrender his body to the priests. Sahagún compared it to the Christian Easter.
Huehueteotl/Xiuhtecuhtli
Xiuhtecuhtli is the god of fire and heat and in many cases is considered to be an aspect of Huehueteotl, the "Old God" and another fire deity.
Both Xiuhtecuhtli and Huehueteotl were worshipped during the festival of Izcalli. For ten days preceding the festival various animals would be captured by the Aztecs, to be thrown in the hearth on the night of celebration.
To appease Huehueteotl, the fire god and a senior deity, the Aztecs had a ceremony where they prepared a large feast, at the end of which they would burn captives; before they died they would be taken from the fire and their hearts would be cut out. Motolinía and Sahagún reported that the Aztecs believed that if they did not placate Huehueteotl, a plague of fire would strike their city. The sacrifice was considered an offering to the deity.
Xiuhtecuhtli was also worshipped during the New Fire Ceremony, which occurred every 52 years, and prevented the ending of the world. During the festival priests would march to the top of the volcano Huixachtlan and when the constellation "the fire drill" (Orion's belt) rose over the mountain, a man would be sacrificed. The victim's heart would be ripped from his body and a ceremonial hearth would be lit in the hole in his chest. This flame would then be used to light all of the ceremonial fires in various temples throughout the city of Tenochtitlan.
Tlaloc
Tlaloc is the god of rain, water, and earthly fertility. The Aztecs believed that if sacrifices were not supplied for Tlaloc, rain would not come, their crops would not flourish, and leprosy and rheumatism, diseases caused by Tlaloc, would infest the village.
Archaeologists have found the remains of at least 42 children sacrificed to Tlaloc at the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan. Many of the children suffered from serious injuries before their death, they would have to have been in significant pain as Tlaloc required the tears of the young as part of the sacrifice. The priests made the children cry during their way to immolation: a good omen that Tlaloc would wet the earth in the raining season.
In the Florentine Codex, also known as General History of the Things of New Spain, Sahagún wrote:
Xipe Totec
Xipe Totec, known as "Our Lord the Flayed One", is the god of rebirth, agriculture, the seasons, and craftsmen.
Xipe Totec was worshipped extensively during the festival of Tlacaxipehualiztli, in which captured warriors and slaves were sacrificed in the ceremonial center of the city of Tenochtitlan. For forty days prior to their sacrifice one victim would be chosen from each ward of the city to act as ixiptla, dress and live as Xipe Totec. The victims were then taken to the Xipe Totec's temple where their hearts would be removed, their bodies dismembered, and their body parts divided up to be later eaten. Prior to death and dismemberment the victim's skin would be removed and worn by individuals who traveled throughout the city fighting battles and collecting gifts from the citizens.
Calendar of sacrifice
The 52-year cycle
The cycle of fifty-two years was central to Mesoamerican cultures. The Nahua's religious beliefs were based on a great fear that the universe would collapse after each cycle if the gods were not strong enough. Every fifty-two years a special New Fire ceremony was performed. All fires were extinguished and at midnight a human sacrifice was made. The Aztecs then waited for the dawn. If the Sun appeared it meant that the sacrifices for this cycle had been enough. A fire was ignited on the body of a victim, and this new fire was taken to every house, city and town. Rejoicing was general: a new cycle of fifty-two years was beginning, and the end of the world had been postponed, at least for another 52-year cycle.
Sacrifices were made on specific days. Sahagún, Juan Bautista de Pomar and Motolinía report that the Aztecs had eighteen festivities each year, one for each Aztec month. The table below shows the festivals of the 18-month year of the Aztec calendar and the deities with which the festivals were associated.
Primary sources
Visual accounts of Aztec sacrificial practice are principally found in codices and some Aztec statuary. Many visual renderings were created for Spanish patrons, and thus may reflect European preoccupations and prejudices. Produced during the 16th century, the most prominent codices include the Ríos, Tudela, Telleriano-Remensis, Magliabechiano, and Sahagún's Florentine. A contrast is offered in the few Aztec statues that depict sacrificial victims, which show an Aztec understanding of sacrifice. Rather than showing a preoccupation with debt repayment, they emphasize the mythological narratives that resulted in human sacrifices, and often underscore the political legitimacy of the Aztec state. For instance, the Coyolxauhqui stone found at the foot of the Templo Mayor commemorates the mythic slaying of Huitzilopochli's sister for the matricide of Coatlicue; it also, as Cecelia Kline has pointed out, "served to warn potential enemies of their certain fate should they try to obstruct the state's military ambitions".
In addition to the accounts provided by Sahagún and Durán, there are other important texts to be considered. Juan de Grijalva, Hernán Cortés, Juan Díaz, Bernal Díaz, Andrés de Tapia, Francisco de Aguilar, Ruy González and the Anonymous Conqueror detailed their eyewitness accounts of human sacrifice in their writings about the Conquest of Mexico. However, as the conquerors often used such accounts to portray the Aztecs in a negative light, and thus justifying their colonization, the accuracy of these sources has been called into question. Martyr d'Anghiera, Lopez de Gomara, Oviedo y Valdes and Illescas, while not in Mesoamerica, wrote their accounts based on interviews with the participants. Bartolomé de las Casas and Sahagún arrived later to New Spain but had access to direct testimony, especially of the indigenous people.
Juan de Grijalva and Juan Díaz
Juan de Grijalva was one of the first Spaniards to explore Mexico and traveled on his expedition in 1518 with Juan Díaz. Diaz wrote Itinerario de Grijalva before 1520, in which he describes the aftermath of a sacrifice on an island off the coast of Veracruz. He said, When he reached said tower the Captain asked him why such deeds were committed there and the Indian answered that it was done as a kind of sacrifice and gave to understand that the victims were beheaded on the wide stone; that the blood was poured into the vase and that the heart was taken out of the breast and burnt and offered to the said idol. The fleshy parts of the arms and legs were cut off and eaten. This was done to the enemies with whom they were at war.
Bernal Díaz
Bernal Díaz corroborates Juan Díaz's history:
In The Conquest of New Spain Díaz recounted that, after landing on the coast, they came across a temple dedicated to Tezcatlipoca. "That day they had sacrificed two boys, cutting open their chests and offering their blood and hearts to that accursed idol". Díaz narrates several more sacrificial descriptions on the later Cortés expedition. Arriving at Cholula, they find "cages of stout wooden bars ... full of men and boys who were being fattened for the sacrifice at which their flesh would be eaten". When the conquistadors reached Tenochtitlan, Díaz described the sacrifices at the Great Pyramid:
According to Bernal Díaz, the chiefs of the surrounding towns, for example Cempoala, would complain on numerous occasions to Cortés about the perennial need to supply the Aztecs with victims for human sacrifice. It is clear from his description of their fear and resentment toward the Mexicas that, in their opinion, it was no honor to surrender their kinsmen to be sacrificed by them.
At the town of Cingapacigna Cortez told the chiefs that for them to become friends and brothers of the Spaniards they must end the practice of making sacrifices. According to Bernal Diaz:
On meeting a group of inhabitants from Cempoala who gave Cortes and his men food and invited them to their village:
Hernán Cortés and the Anonymous Conquistador
Cortés was the Spanish conquistador whose expedition to Mexico in 1519 led to the fall of the Aztecs, and led to the conquering of vast sections of Mexico on behalf of the Crown of Castile.
Cortés wrote of Aztec sacrifice on numerous occasions, one of which in his Letters, he states:
The Anonymous Conquistador was an unknown travel companion of Cortés who wrote Narrative of Some Things of New Spain and of the Great City of Temestitan which details Aztec sacrifices.
The Anonymous Conquistador wrote, They lead him to the temple, where they dance and carry on joyously, and the man about to be sacrificed dances and carries on like the rest. At length the man who offers the sacrifice strips him naked, and leads him at once to the stairway of the tower where is the stone idol. Here they stretch him on his back, tying the hands to the sides and fastening the legs ... Soon comes the sacrificing priest—and this is no small office among them—armed with a stone knife, which cuts like steel, and is as big as one of our large knives. He plunges the knife into the breast, opens it, and tears out the heart hot and palpitating. And this as quickly as one might cross himself. At this point the chief priest of the temple takes it, and anoints the mouth of the principal idol with the blood; then filling his hand with it he flings it towards the sun, or towards some star, if it be night. Then he anoints the mouths of all the other idols of wood and stone, and sprinkles blood on the cornice of the chapel of the principal idol. Afterwards they burn the heart, preserving the ashes as a great relic, and likewise they burn the body of the sacrifice, but these ashes are kept apart from those of the heart in a different vase.
Archaeological evidence of human sacrifice
Modern excavations in Mexico City have found evidence of human sacrifice in the form of hundreds of skulls at the site of old temples.
Other human remains found in the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan contribute to the evidence of human sacrifice through osteologic information. Indentations in the rib cage of a set of remains reveal the act of accessing the heart through the abdominal cavity, which correctly follows images from the codices in the pictorial representation of sacrifice.
Proposed explanations
Ecological explanation
Different anthropological or other sources have attempted to explain a possible ecological explanation of the need for human sacrifices to supplement overall Aztec diet. Harner's main argument lies within his claim that cannibalism is needed to assist the diet of the Aztecs. He claimed that very high population pressure and an emphasis on maize agriculture, without domesticated herbivores, led to a deficiency of essential amino acids amongst the Aztecs. As population increased and the amount of available game decreased, the Aztecs had to compete with other carnivorous mammals, such as dogs, to find food. Harner believes that although intensified agricultural practices provided the Aztec society a surplus of carbohydrates, they did not provide sufficient nutritional balance; for this reason, the cannibalistic consumption of sacrificed humans was needed to supply an appropriate amount of protein per individual. Harris, author of Cannibals and Kings, has propagated the claim originally proposed by Harner, that the flesh of the victims was a part of an aristocratic diet as a reward, since the Aztec diet was lacking in proteins.
However, Bernard Ortiz Montellano offers a counter argument and points out the faults of Harner's sources. First off, Ortiz challenges Harner's claim of the Aztecs needing to compete with other carnivorous mammals for protein packed food. Many other types of foods were available to the Aztecs, including meat from salamanders, fowls, armadillos, and weasels. These resources were also plenty available due to their need to subsist in Lake Texcoco, the place where the Aztecs had created their home. In addition, even if no herbivores were available to eat, the nutrients needed were found in the leaves and seeds of amaranth which also provided protein. Lastly, the Aztecs had a highly structured system in which chinampas and tribute provided a surplus of materials and therefore ensured the Aztec were able to meet their caloric needs.
Ortiz's argument helps to frame and evaluate the gaps within Harner's argument. Part of the issue with Harner's reasoning for Aztec use of cannibalism was the lack of reliability of his sources. Harner recognized the numbers he used may be contradicting or conflicting with other sources, yet he continued to use these sources and claimed them as reliable. Ortiz qualifies Harner's sources as Spanish propaganda, and states the need to critique primary sources of interactions with the Aztecs. By dehumanizing and villainizing Aztec culture, the Spaniards were able to justify their own actions for conquest. Therefore, encounters with sacrificial cannibalism were said to be grossly exaggerated and Harner used the sources to aid his argument. However, it is unlikely that the Spanish conquerors would need to invent additional cannibalism to justify their actions given that human sacrifice already existed, as attested by archeological evidence. Overall, ecological factors alone are not sufficient to account for human sacrifice and, more recently, it is posited that religious beliefs have a significant effect on motivation.
Religious explanation
Sacrifices were ritualistic and symbolic acts accompanying huge feasts and festivals, and were a way to properly honor the gods. Victims usually died in the "center stage" amid the splendor of dancing troupes, percussion orchestras, elaborate costumes and decorations, carpets of flowers, crowds of thousands of commoners, and all the assembled elite. Aztec texts frequently refer to human sacrifice as neteotoquiliztli, "the desire to be regarded as a god". These members of the society became an ixiptla—that is, a god's representative, image or idol.
For each festival, at least one of the victims took on the paraphernalia, habits, and attributes of the god or goddess whom they were dying to honor or appease. Through this performance, it was said that the divinity had been given 'human form'—that the god now had an ixitli (face). Duran says such victims were 'worshipped ... as the deity' or 'as though they had been gods'. Even whilst still alive, ixiptla victims were honored, hallowed and addressed very highly. Particularly the young man who was indoctrinated for a year to submit himself to Tezcatlipoca's temple was the Aztec equivalent of a celebrity, being greatly revered and adored to the point of people "kissing the ground" when he passed by.
Posthumously, their remains were treated as actual relics of the gods which explains why victims' skulls, bones and skin were often painted, bleached, stored and displayed, or else used as ritual masks and oracles. For example, Diego Duran's informants told him that whoever wore the skin of the victim who had portrayed god Xipe (Our Lord the Flayed One) felt he was wearing a holy relic. He considered himself 'divine'.
Political explanation
Politically, human sacrifice was important in Aztec culture as a way to represent a social hierarchy between their own culture and the enemies surrounding their city. Additionally, it was a way to structure the society of the Aztec culture itself. The hierarchy of cities like Tenochtitlan were tiered with the Tlatoani (emperor) on the top, the remaining nobles (pipiltin) next who managed the land owned by the emperor. Then the warriors, the pochteca (merchants), commoners and farmers. Then the lowest level of the hierarchy consisted of slaves and indentured servants. The only way of achieving social mobility was through successful performance as a warrior. This shows how important capturing enemies for sacrifice was as it was the singular way of achieving some type of "nobility".
Within the system of organization based on hierarchy, there was also a social expectation contributing to the status of an individual at the time of their sacrifice. An individual was punished if unable to confidently address their own sacrifice, i.e. the person acted cowardly beforehand instead of brave. Then, instead of being sacrificed honorably, their lowly death paralleled their new lowly status. Where one's body traveled in the afterlife also depended on the type of death awarded to the individual. Those who died while being sacrificed or while battling in war went to the second-highest heaven, while those who died of illness were the lowest in the hierarchy. Those going through the lowest hierarchy of death were required to undergo numerous torturous trials and journeys, only to culminate in a somber underworld. Additionally, death during Flower Wars was considered much more noble than death during regular military endeavors.
See also
Aztec religion
Human sacrifice in Maya culture
Human trophy taking in Mesoamerica
Footnotes
Bibliography
Ingham, John M. "Human Sacrifice at Tenochtitln." Society for Comparative Studies in Society and History 26 (1984): 379–400.
External links
" The Custom of Aztec Burial" is a part of the Tovar Codex from around 1585
Aztec society
Aztec mythology and religion
Human sacrifice
Sacrificios Aztecas (mexicas)
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3985928
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sett%20Valley%20Trail
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Sett Valley Trail
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The Sett Valley Trail is a cycle- and bridleway in Derbyshire, England, linking the village of Hayfield and the town of New Mills (via Birch Vale, Thornsett and Ollersett). It runs along the lower valley of the River Sett and follows the trackbed of a former branch railway line from to , which opened in 1868 and closed in 1970. The line was purchased from British Rail by Derbyshire County Council in 1973. The station buildings at Hayfield were demolished in 1975; an information centre, picnic area, car park and toilets have now been built on the site. The Pennine Bridleway and Peak District Boundary Walk follow the section of the trail between Hayfield and Birch Vale.
References
External links
Guide to Sett Valley Trail for cycling with route photos
Footpaths in Derbyshire
Rail trails in England
High Peak, Derbyshire
New Mills
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5376316
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois%20Archaeological%20Survey
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Illinois Archaeological Survey
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The Illinois Archaeological Survey is a society of professional archaeologists and other technical professionals, dedicated to identifying and preserving important archaeological resources throughout the state of Illinois. The survey was founded in 1956 and is one of the oldest professional archaeological societies in the Americas.Beyond its bulletins, circulars, monographs, and special publications, the survey produces a peer-reviewed academic journal of archaeology entitled Illinois Archaeology. An annual fall conference focuses on some of the previous year's more significant archaeological endeavors. The annual business meeting takes place just prior to the conference.
The Illinois Archaeological Survey is governed by a Board of Directors, which convenes at the call of the President, typically three to four times per year. The Board is composed of the Survey's five elected officers (President, President-Elect, Secretary, Treasurer, and Editor), who typically serve two-year terms, and eight elected directors, who serve three-year terms.
The Illinois State Archaeological Survey is a distinct and separate entity with a similar name, although the Illinois Archaeological Survey was instrumental in joining the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and the Illinois Department of Transportation to form the Illinois State Archaeological Survey. The latter is now housed at the Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
History
The Illinois Archaeological Survey was conceived at the Urbana Archaeological Conference in January, 1956. The IAS has since been involved in a variety of activities. Illinois' state historic preservation office tasked the IAS with cataloging sites of interest in 1971. During that survey, the IAS, via partnerships with museums and universities, identified more than 25,000 sites, although not all of these have been made public. The IAS has sponsored the Illinois Archaeology Awareness Month, which takes place in September. Illinois celebrated its bicentennial in 2018, and the IAS produced a leaflet highlighting projects in the state beginning in the 1700-1800s. The site includes short videos depicting field work in Illinois.
References
External links
Illinois Archaeology
Illinois State Archaeological Survey
Archaeological professional associations
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3985957
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste%20%281758%20ship%29
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Auguste (1758 ship)
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Auguste was a full-rigged sailing ship that sank at Aspy Bay, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia in 1761 while carrying exiles from the fall of New France. Auguste was a former French privateer ship which had been captured by the British and converted to a merchant ship. In September 1761, she was hired by the British government to transport French exiles and prisoners of war from Montreal to France. For the voyage, she was under the command of Joseph Knowles, an English sea captain. The ship was unarmed and carried 121 passengers and crew. Almost immediately upon clearing the mouth of the St. Lawrence on October 28, she encountered a week of contrary winds followed by a nor'west gale and heavy seas which badly damaged the ship. Leaking heavily with an exhausted crew and damaged rigging, the captain sought a sheltered harbour in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia. However Knowles was unable to find a safe refuge as Auguste carried only charts of the French coast. The ship struck land on the northeastern side of Cape Breton Island near an inlet known as Aspy Bay. Only seven of the 121 made it to shore alive. These included the captain, the merchant Luc de la Corne, two soldiers, two servants, and one discharged soldier.
Many notable Canadians died during the sinking, including Charles-René Dejordy de Villebon, Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye, and Louis de la Corne, Chevalier de la Corne.
Carrying the life's savings of many of its passengers, the ship contained considerable amounts of gold and silver. This has attracted various treasure hunters, including Joe Amaral, as well as some archaeology by Parks Canada. A display of artifacts from Auguste is featured in the "Shipwreck Treasures of Nova Scotia" exhibit at the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic in Halifax recovered by various divers including Offshore Diving and Salvage of Sydney, NS owned by Gerald Langille and Edward Barrington's 1977-78 expedition.
The documentary A Treasure ship's tragedy, on the National Geographic Channel, mentions the wreck of Auguste.
Sources and references
Notes
Citations
References
External links
Nova Scotia Museum, On the Rocks Shipwreck Database, "Auguste-1761" Entry: Maritime Museum of the Atlantic - Auguste
Prince Edward Island Numismatic Association
Age of Sail ships of England
Shipwrecks of the Nova Scotia coast
Maritime incidents in 1761
Captured ships
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5376322
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20Home%20%26%20Health
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Discovery Home & Health
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Discovery Home & Health is a television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery that features lifestyle programming.
Discovery Home & Health is available in Latin America, Australia, Republic of Ireland, Hong Kong, Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia.
It was formerly available on Australia's SelecTV from March 2007 until the closure of its English service in late 2007, but remained available through Foxtel and Austar. The channel was closed in Australia on 3 November 2014 and replaced with Discovery Kids, with select programming moving to sister channel TLC; Discovery Kids ceased operations on 1 February 2020.
Programming (Latin America)
From Head to Toe
I Didn't Know I Was Pregnant
I'm Pregnant and...
A Baby Story
A Wedding Story
Bridezillas
Newlywed, Nearly Dead?
One Week to Save Your Marriage
Say Yes to the Dress
Whose Wedding Is It Anyway?
Wife Swap UK
Wife Swap US
Sister Wives
Strange Sex
Who the (Bleep) Did I Marry?
Tim Gunn's Guide to Style
What Not to Wear
10 Years Younger (US, Latin America)
Style Her Famous (also seen on E!)
How Do I Look?
What I Hate About Me
You're Wearing That?!?
Ultimate Shopper
Clean House
Dress My Nest
Divine Design
Emeril Green
Renovation Nation
Trading Spaces
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition
Extreme Weight Loss
Hoarding: Buried Alive
Jon & Kate Plus 8 / Kate Plus 8
Little People, Big World
Supernanny
World's Strictest Parents
17 Kids and Counting
Split Ends
The Biggest Loser
The Rachael Ray Show
Toddlers & Tiaras
Extreme Couponing
Mystery Diagnosis
Dating Naked (Brazil)
References
External links
Discovery Home & Health Latin America
Home Health
Warner Bros. Discovery networks
Television channels and stations established in 1998
Defunct Australian television channels
English-language television stations in Australia
ms:Discovery Real Time
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5376325
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adony
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Adony
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Adony (also Duna·adony, Duna-Adony; ) is a town in Fejér county, Hungary.
Twin towns – sister cities
Adony is twinned with:
Oberweser, Germany (1995)
Szczekociny, Poland (2001)
Cehu Silvaniei, Romania (2009)
People
Teréz Csillag, actress
References
External links
in Hungarian
Aerialphotgraphs of Adony
The jewish community in Adony On JewishGen website.
Populated places in Fejér County
Shtetls
Jewish communities in Hungary
Jewish communities destroyed in the Holocaust
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5376327
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek%20Vesel%C3%BD
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František Veselý
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František Veselý (7 December 1943, in Prague – 30 October 2009) was a Czech football player. He played on the right wing and was known for his technique. He spent his best football years playing for SK Slavia Prague.
He played for Czechoslovakia, for whom he appeared in 34 matches and scored three goals. He was a participant in the 1970 FIFA World Cup and in the 1976 UEFA European Championship, where Czechoslovakia won the gold medal. In extra time of the semi final of EURO 1976 against the Netherlands, he provided a pass to Zdeněk Nehoda, who scored to give Czechoslovakia a 2–1 lead. He then scored himself as the game finished 3–1 and the team reached the final.
Veselý died of heart failure on 30 October 2009 at the age of 65.
References
Zemřel František Veselý, legendu fotbalu zradilo srdce
1943 births
2009 deaths
Czechoslovak footballers
Czech footballers
Czechoslovakia international footballers
1970 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 1976 players
UEFA European Championship-winning players
Footballers from Prague
Austrian Football Bundesliga players
SK Slavia Prague players
Dukla Prague footballers
SK Rapid Wien players
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Czechoslovak expatriate footballers
Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Association football forwards
First Vienna FC players
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3985958
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian%20Gurvitz
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Adrian Gurvitz
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Adrian Curtis Gurvitz (; born 26 June 1949) is an English singer, songwriter, musician and record producer. His prolific songwriting ability has gained him hits with Eddie Money's No. 1 Billboard Mainstream Rock hit "The Love in Your Eyes" and with his own song "Classic", a No. 8 UK hit single, as well as the top 10 UK Rock Chart single "Race with the Devil", with his band the Gun. He also co-wrote the track "Even If My Heart Would Break" from the Grammy Award-winning soundtrack The Bodyguard. His early bands the Gun, Three Man Army and the Baker Gurvitz Army were major influences to the first wave of the British hard rock circuit. Gurvitz also gained notability as a lead guitarist, known for his intricate, hard-driving solos. Gurvitz was placed at No. 9 by Chris Welch of Melody Maker’s "Best Guitarists in the World" list.
Early life
Gurvitz's father was the tour manager for Cliff Richard and the Shadows and the Kinks. Adrian started playing guitar at the age of eight and by age 15, he was touring in early bands like Screaming Lord Sutch, Billie Davis, and Crispian St. Peters. In 1967, he and his band Rupert's People, released the single "Reflections of Charles Brown" on Columbia Records. The song charted on the Australian pop charts at No. 13 in August 1967. It only just failed to reach the main chart in the UK, being listed as a "breaker" underneath the chart for three weeks in August 1967. (He was known by the surname Curtis until the early 1970s after which he returned to his original name Gurvitz).
Career
As the lead guitarist and singer of the band the Gun, Gurvitz had his first major hit with "Race with the Devil" at age 18. Issued as a single in October 1968, it reached the top 10 on the UK Singles Chart and, in March 1969, it also became a big hit in many European countries. Jimi Hendrix quoted the song's riff during his song "Machine Gun" at the Isle of Wight Festival in 1970. "Race with the Devil" has been covered by Judas Priest (on the remastered CD version of Sin After Sin), Black Oak Arkansas (on the album Race with the Devil), Girlschool (on the album Demolition), and Church of Misery (on their 1996 demo, released as a split album with Acrimony, and on their full-length LP Vol. 1). Their debut album artwork cover is noteworthy as it was Roger Dean's first. After their second album, 'Gunsight, the band disbanded.
Not long after the Gun disbanded, Gurvitz began work on his first solo album, which turned into Three Man Army's debut album, A Third of a Lifetime. Three Man Army were signed to Reprise and Warner Bros. Records. The debut album featured several drummers, including Band of Gypsys drummer Buddy Miles.
Shortly after Jimi Hendrix's death, Miles invited Gurvitz to join his band, the Buddy Miles Express, on its US tour. The tour lasted for two solid years and they played in front of 50,000 people a night. On tour, Gurvitz contributed to Miles' 1973 album Chapter VII. It was during this tour that Gurvitz met Ginger Baker, drummer for Cream.
Gurvitz returned to the UK from his tour with Buddy Miles and met back up with his brother and Three Man Army bandmate Paul Gurvitz. Tony Newman, who had previously played with Sounds Incorporated and Rod Stewart, joined for the group's next two albums, Mahesha and Three Man Army Three. At the end of the third album, he teamed up to form the Baker Gurvitz Army with Ginger Baker.
The Baker Gurvitz Army signed to Vertigo Records in the UK and signed with Atlantic in the United States. Their album, Baker Gurvitz Army went gold, peaked at No. 22 on the UK Albums Chart and also entered the US Billboard 200 chart. They went on to produce two more gold albums together, Elysian Encounter (1975) and Hearts on Fire (1976).
Gurvitz was asked by drummer Graeme Edge of the Moody Blues to join his band, the Graeme Edge Band. He wanted Gurvitz to help write, sing and produce his next two albums, Kick Off Your Muddy Boots and Paradise Ballroom, which both charted in the US. The albums were released by Threshold and the cover illustrations were by Joe Petagno.
In 1979, Gurvitz went solo and recorded two albums with Jet Records. He recorded Sweet Vendetta with US studio musicians Jeff, Joe and Steve Porcaro, and David Paich who started the band Toto two years earlier. He later issued Il Assassino in 1980. After his deal with Jet Records ended, he signed with EMI/Rak in Europe and Geffen Records in the US. There he released his third album, Classic. Gurvitz reached success with the song "Classic", reaching No. 8 on the UK Singles Chart. "Classic" was one of the most played ballads in England in 1982. The follow-up single was "Your Dream".
During this time, Gurvitz wrote for Mickie Most's publishing company Rak Music Publishing. There, Gurvitz wrote songs for Earle Brown, Hot Chocolate, and in 1982 he wrote the England World Cup Squad song "England, We'll Fly the Flag" which was on the AA-side of "This Time (We'll Get It Right)", which hit No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart.Although the single had been released with "This Time (We'll Get It Right)" as A-side and "England, We'll Fly the Flag" as AA-side, only the A-side charted.
Gurvitz moved to the States and wrote Eddie Money's hit, "The Love in Your Eyes". It reached number 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Gurvitz signed to Warner Chappell Music, where he wrote tracks for artists like Steve Perry, REO Speedwagon and Chicago. In 1992, he wrote "Even If My Heart Would Break", recorded by Aaron Neville and Kenny G. The song appeared in the film The Bodyguard and on its soundtrack album. The Bodyguards soundtrack is recognized as being one of the top 5 best-selling albums of all time. It won a Grammy for Best Album of the Year in 1994 and has sold over 45 million copies worldwide. Also, Kenny G included the song on his platinum album Breathless.
In 2000, Gurvitz formed an American-British pop girl group, No Secrets. One of the members of the group was his daughter, Carly Lewis. They signed to Jive Records and their song, "Kids in America" peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart. It was also featured on the Jimmy Neutron movie soundtrack. No Secrets joined Aaron Carter in Toronto for the shooting of his video for "Oh Aaron", and they also collaborated in the taping of the song, providing background vocals. Gurvitz was hired by Walt Disney Records to produce and write songs for many of their in-house pop stars such as Jesse McCartney, Cheetah Girls and Anne Hathaway. He produced many of the Disneymania soundtracks, which landed him three gold albums.
In 2011, Gurvitz produced the song "Stevie on the Radio" for Pixie Lott featuring Stevie Wonder on the album Young Foolish Happy. The album went gold in the UK.
Most recently, Gurvitz has worked with Ziggy Marley and Andra Day, among others. He is currently working as an executive at Buskin Records which he founded alongside Jeffrey Evans, and with Warner Bros. Records in which Buskin has a partnership deal.
Discography
Albums
Solo
Sweet Vendetta (1979, Jet)
The Way I Feel (1979, Jet)
Il Assassino (1980, Jet)
Classic (1982, RAK/ Geffen)
Acoustic Heart (1996, Playfull)
No Compromise (2000, Playfull)
Classic Songs (Compilation) (2000, Playfull)
Bands
The Gun
Gun (CBS, 1968)
Gun Sight (CBS, 1969)
Three Man Army
A Third of a Lifetime (One Way Records, 1971)
Mahesha (issued in the US as Three Man Army) (Reprise/Polydor, 1973)
Three Man Army Two (Reprise/Polydor, 1974)
Three Man Army 3 (Revisited Records, SPV 304222CD – Recorded 1973-4 released 2005)
The Baker Gurvitz Army
Baker Gurvitz Army (Vertigo/Atlantic, 1974)
Elysian Encounter (Atco/Vertigo, 1975)
Hearts of Fire (Repertoire/Vertigo, 1976)
The Graeme Edge Band, featuring Adrian Gurvtiz
Kick Off Your Muddy Boots (Threshold, 1975)
Paradise Ballroom (London/Decca, 1977)
Singles
"Untouchable and Free" (1979)
"The Way I Feel" (1979)
"She's in Command" (1979)
"Classic" (1982) UK No. 8, AUS No. 12
"Your Dream" (1982) UK No. 61
"Clown" (1982)
"Corner of Love" (1983)
"Hello Mum" (1983)
Songwriting credits/album appearances
The England World Cup Squad - "England, We'll Fly The Flag" (1982)
Hot Chocolate – Love Shot ("I'm Sorry", "Friend of Mine") (1983)
Eddie Money – "The Love in Your Eyes" (1989) No. 24 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart
REO Speedwagon – The Second Decade of Rock and Roll 1981 to 1991 ("All Heaven Broke Loose") (1991)
Henry Lee Summer – Way Past Midnight ("So Desperately") (1991)
The Bodyguard Soundtrack – Kenny G and Aaron Neville – "Even if My Heart Would Break" (1992)
Kenny G – Breathless ("Even if My Heart Would Break") (1992)
Steve Perry – "It Won't Be You" (B-side to "Missing You" single) (1994)
Various Artists – Überdosis G'fühl 2 ("Classic") (1997)
Youssou N’Dour – Joko: From Village To Town ("My Hope is in You") (1999)
CeCe Winans – self-titled album ("More Than What I Wanted", "Looking Back at You") (2001) US Top Gospel Album No. 2
Bent – "Magic Love" (2002)
No Secrets – No Secrets ("Hot", "I Know What I Want", "No Secrets") (2002)
CeCe Winans – Throne Room (2003) US Top Gospel Album No. 1
Bob Sinclar – Born in 69 ("The Way I Feel") (2009)
Pixie Lott featuring Stevie Wonder – Young Foolish Happy ("Stevie on the Radio") (2011)
Emii featuring Snoop Dogg – "Mr. Romeo" (2011)
Andra Day – Cheers to the Fall (2015)
Transviolet – Transviolet EP (2015)
Albums/singles and songwriting achievements
This section shows the chart appearances and sales certifications of Gurvitz' work with bands he's been a member of, his solo work and albums/singles by other artists in which he has contributed as songwriter.
See also
Hard rock
Blues rock
Adult contemporary music
References
External links
Adrian Gurvitz's homepage
1949 births
Living people
English rock guitarists
English male guitarists
English male singers
English record producers
English songwriters
British soft rock musicians
People from Stoke Newington
Jet Records artists
Rak Records artists
Geffen Records artists
Screaming Lord Sutch and the Savages members
British male songwriters
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