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3984801
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%20Terry
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Lee Terry
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Lee Raymond Terry (born January 29, 1962) is a former American politician and a senior law firm adviser. From 1999 to 2015, he served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for as a member of the Republican Party. Since 2015, Terry reactivated his law license and is a senior adviser to the government relations and public group for the international law firm Kelley Drye & Warren.
Early life
Terry was born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Mary Chalone (née Courtney) and Leland Roy Terry, however Lee was raised by Janet Terry (née Ickes) and his father Leland Terry. He graduated from Omaha Northwest High School. He then attended the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. He received his J.D. from Creighton University School of Law in 1987. He worked as a private practice attorney specializing in civil matters before entering politics. He was a member of the Omaha City Council from 1991 to 1999, and served for two years as president and another two years as vice president of the body. While on the city council, Terry advocated using private-public partnerships as a way to lower taxation within Omaha.
U.S. House of Representatives
Elections
1998
In 1998, incumbent Republican Representative Jon Lynn Christensen retired to run for governor of Nebraska. Terry ran to succeed him, winning the Republican primary with a plurality, 40%, in a three-way race. Attorney Steve Kupka came second with 30%, businessman Brad Kuiper came third with 27% and three other candidates took the remaining 4%. In the general election, Terry defeated Democratic nominee Michael Scott, a television anchor, 67% to 34%.
2000–2004
In 2000, Terry defeated Democratic State Senator Shelley Kiel, 66% to 31%. In 2002, he defeated Democratic businessman Jim Simon, 63% to 33%. In 2004, he defeated Democratic State Senator Nancy Thompson, 61% to 36%.
2006
In 2006, he faced his first primary contest since 1998, defeating Steven Laird, who had run against Terry in 1998 and taken 1% in the primary. Terry defeated him again, 84% to 16%. In the general election, Lee faced Democratic businessman Jim Esch. In an election that saw Democrats make sweeping gains and retake control of the House after 12 years of a Republican majority, Terry defeated Esch by just 55% to 45%.
2008
In 2008, Terry faced another primary challenge from Steven Laird, defeating him by 84% to 16%. He also faced a rematch in the general election against Jim Esch. The election was concurrent with the 2008 presidential election. Nebraska is one of two states that uses the Congressional District Method in presidential elections: the winner of the statewide popular vote receives two electoral votes and the winner in each congressional district receives one vote. The Democratic nominee, Barack Obama, therefore targeted the district in case the Electoral College was otherwise tied. That effort made Terry even more vulnerable. CQ Politics forecast the race as 'Leans Republican', The Cook Political Report ranked it 'Republican Toss-Up' and The Rothenberg Political Report rated it 'Toss-Up/Tilt Democratic'. In response, Terry appealed to Obama supporters, dubbing them "Obama-Terry voters", and emphasizing that he would work with Obama if he won the election. National Committees and outside groups spent millions of dollars on the race and Terry's supporters tried to paint Esch as a "liberal", a supporter of gay marriage and insufficiently opposed to abortion. Ultimately, Terry was reelected by just 52% to 48%.
2010
In 2010, Terry faced another primary challenge, this one from Matt Sakalosky, a Tea Party challenger who accused Terry of being "insufficiently conservative". Terry refused to debate him and Sakalosky struggled to raise money but ended up taking 37% of the vote to Terry's 63%. In the general election, Esch declined to seek another rematch with Terry and so he faced Democratic State Senator Tom White. In a year that saw the Republicans make widespread gains and retake the House, Terry defeated White 61% to 39%.
2012
Terry was considered a potential candidate for the United States Senate in 2012 but declined to run, instead seeking an eighth House term. In the primary, he emerged victorious with 59% of the vote. The anti-Terry vote was split between former University of Nebraska football player Brett Lindstrom, who took 23%, and University of Nebraska professor Jack Heidel, with 11%. Glenn Freeman and Paul Anderson took 4% and 2% respectively. After redistricting following the 2010 United States Census, Nebraska Republicans redrew the state's congressional map and made the 2nd district more Republican, so Obama's reelection campaign did not target the district as heavily as in 2008. Polling showed that Obama was still competitive in the district; he ultimately lost it, 53% to 46%. In the congressional election, Terry faced Democrat John Ewing, the Douglas County Treasurer. Terry outspent Ewing four to one and Ewing, who received no help from national Democrats, outperformed Obama and lost by just 51% to 49%.
2014
Terry defeated businessman Dan Frei in the primary by just under 6% of the votes, after outspending Frei by around 20 to 1 in the primary campaign.
State Senator Brad Ashford defeated Terry in the general election, 49% to 46%. Terry was one of only two incumbent House Republicans to lose their seat in the general election that year, the other being Steve Southerland of Florida.
Tenure
When Terry first ran for Congress in 1998, he signed a pledge sponsored by Americans for Limited Government to limit himself to three terms in office. After winning the primary and general elections, Terry reneged on his promise, saying that he had signed the pledge because "term limits is an important issue and that was the way I wanted to signify my dedication to the issue." He ended up serving eight terms in the House.
On May 10, 2006, Terry appeared on the Better Know a District segment of the satirical news program The Colbert Report. He expressed his longtime support for alternative energy, specifically advocating the development of a hydrogen economy. Terry later teamed up with Stephen Colbert to submit an op-ed to the Los Angeles Times.
Terry is a staunch advocate of federal prohibition of online poker. In 2006, he cosponsored H.R. 4777, the Internet Gambling Prohibition and Enforcement Act, and H.R. 4411, the Goodlatte-Leach Internet Gambling Prohibition Act. Poker rights blogger Rich Muny, a board member of the Poker Players Alliance, rated Terry "F" on support for poker rights. Muny also included him on his "Leach List"—a list of anti-poker Representatives who are projected to be in tough reelection fights in 2008 (named for former Rep. Jim Leach (R-IA), sponsor of numerous efforts to ban online poker).
In 2009, Terry was named one of the most bipartisan members of the House of Representatives by The Hill and was named a "heavyweight" in telecommunications and media policy in the 111th Congress.
While running for reelection in 2010, Terry, who had previously been a strong supporter of privatizing Social Security, came out against it. He signed a pledge that he would "oppose any effort to privatize Social Security, in whole or in part."
Terry was initially a co-sponsor and supporter of the Stop Online Piracy Act. Under pressure from internet campaigns, he later rescinded his support for the bill. Terry voted in favor of the Cyber Intelligence Sharing and Protection Act (CISPA), a bill often compared to SOPA by its critics.
During the United States federal government shutdown of 2013, Terry refused to give up his salary. He was asked if he would continue to collect his paychecks and replied, "dang straight". He said that he needed his paycheck to pay for his "nice house" and his child's college education, adding that "we cannot handle it. Giving our paycheck away when you still worked and earned it? That's just not going to fly."
He later apologized for the statement and said he would put his salary on hold. Terry voted to pass a clean CR and end the government shutdown.
Terry has voted to repeal the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare.
In 2013, Terry introduced a bill to grant approval for the northern portion of the Keystone Pipeline to Canada.
Committee assignments
Committee on Energy and Commerce
Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade (Chairman)
Subcommittee on Communications and Technology
Subcommittee on Energy and Power
Caucuses and other memberships
Personal life
Terry lives in West Omaha with his wife, Robyn, and their three sons, Nolan, Ryan, and Jack. He is of Russian Jewish descent through his maternal grandmother.
References
External links
1962 births
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Creighton University School of Law alumni
Living people
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Nebraska
Nebraska lawyers
Nebraska Republicans
Omaha City Council members
Lawyers from Omaha, Nebraska
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
University of Nebraska alumni
20th-century American lawyers
21st-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
21st-century American politicians
American United Methodists
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3984810
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Bowes
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Richard Bowes
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Richard "Rick" Dirrane Bowes (born 1944) is an American author of science fiction and fantasy.
Biography
Bowes was born in 1944 in Boston, Massachusetts. He attended school both in Boston and on Long Island, New York. His brother is fine artist, David Bowes. In his third year, he took writing courses with Mark Eisenstein at Hofstra University. After graduation, Bowes moved to Manhattan where he has lived since 1965, doing the usual jumble of things that writers do in order to earn a living. He launched his Speculative Fiction writing career in the early 1980s and published novels Warchild, Feral Cell and Goblin Market.
In 1992, Bowes began writing a series of semi-autobiographical stories narrated by Kevin Grierson. These stories were published primarily in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, and later became the novel Minions of the Moon. One story, "Streetcar Dreams," won the World Fantasy Award for Best Novella in 1998. The novel itself won the Lambda Literary Award in 2000.
A short fiction collection, Transfigured Night and Other Stories, was published by Time Warner in 2001. It included the original novella My Life in Speculative Fiction. These stories plus recent material appeared in Streetcar Dreams and Other Midnight Fancies from England's PS Publishing in 2006.
In recent years, Bowes has written a series of stories about Time Rangers and the Gods, which have formed the mosaic novel From the Files of the Time Rangers, published September 2005 by Golden Gryphon Press. Two of the stories - novelettes "The Ferryman’s Wife" and "The Mask of the Rex", both originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, were finalists for the prestigious Nebula Award, in 2002 and 2003 respectively. Other Time Rangers stories have appeared in Sci Fiction and Black Gate.
In 2013 Bowes published the novel/story cycle Dust Devils on a Quiet Street, about a group of writers in New York City before, during, and after 9/11. Dust Devil appeared on the World Fantasy and Lambda Award short lists.
The first chapter is his widely reprinted 2005 short story "There's a Hole in the City", which won the 2006 StorySouth Million Writers Award, The International Horror Guild Award and was nominated for a Nebula.
"If Angels Fight" won the Novella 2009 World Fantasy Award. The story was published in the February 2008 edition of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction. "I Needs Must Part, the Policeman Said" was nominated in the Best Novella category for the 2010 World Fantasy Awards. The story ran in the December 2009 edition of F&SF.
Bibliography
Feral Cell
Goblin Market
Minions of the Moon
Transfigured Night and Other Stories
Streetcar Dreams and Other Midnight Fancies
Dust Devils on a Quiet Street (2013)
References
External links
Richard Bowes official site
Golden Gryphon Press official site - About From the Files of the Time Rangers
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
Hofstra University alumni
Living people
American LGBT novelists
American male short story writers
The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction people
American gay writers
World Fantasy Award-winning writers
1944 births
20th-century American short story writers
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3984826
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan%20University%20of%20Medical%20Sciences
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Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
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Isfahan University of Medical Sciences also known as Medical University of Isfahan (MUI) (, Danushgah-e 'lum-e Pezeshki-ye vâ Xedâmat-e Behedashti-ye Dârmati-ye Esfehan) is a university specializing in basic medical sciences, clinical science, and health services, located in Isfahan, Iran.
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences is one of the Iranian medical schools. Admission to the university is limited to students with top scores on the national entrance examination, administered yearly by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (Iran).
Isfahan ?? University of Medical Sciences was founded by Great Avicenna(Ibn_sina), under the patronage of the Kakouid ruler Alla-al-Dowleh in 1024/1025. It soon became one of the leading educational centers of the historic Muslim world. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), was established in 1946, as the Isfahan Higher School of Health Education. In 1950, the Isfahan Faculty of Medicine was inaugurated and students were admitted for the M.D. degrees after a 6-year medical training course.. Today, the university campus is located on Hezarjarib Street in southern Isfahan.
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences provides undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate programs in 10 faculties and 75 main departments. The student body consists of about 10,000 students from all 31 provinces of Iran and some foreign countries. Funding for Isfahan University of Medical Sciences is provided by the government (via the ministry of health and medical education) and through some private investments.
History
The idea to establish the modern university came from doctors at the Amin Hospital in 1939. Finally, the hospital's board of directors approved a plan to establish the Isfahan Higher Institute of Health in 1946. Isfahan University of Medical Sciences was established as a modern institution in 1946 under the name "The Higher Institute of Health" and later was elevated to the "School of Medicine".
In September of the same year, an ad signed by lecturer Dr. Jelveh, then caretaker of Isfahan Province Health and Medical Treatment Department, was published in local newspapers calling on prospective students to enroll in the new institute.
The first classes were held at the old Sa'di High School (now the Soureh Institute). Many more students enrolled in subsequent years. Therefore, the institute had to find a larger campus to accommodate the growing number of new students. As a result, the Isfahan University was founded to accommodate these students and establish new faculties.
On October 29, 1950, the first series of classes were held at the new campus, named the University of Isfahan. The newly established school of Medicine at Sa'di School and Literature College on Shahzadeh Ebrahim Street joined the University of Isfahan and relocated themselves to the main campus.
The university later offered programs in human sciences, engineering and medical sciences. Related programs of medical sciences, although they were the parent programs of Isfahan University, were then separated from the University of Isfahan and became an independent university named Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS) in 1985.
With 12 hospitals and 75 departments, the university is currently a regional health care provider and the main medical center in Isfahan Province and central Iran.
Schools
School of Health
School of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Medicine
School of Nutrition & Food Sciences
School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
School of Dentistry
School of Rehabilitation Sciences
School of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences
School of Allied Medical Sciences
School of Management & Medical Information Sciences
Research
International cooperation with the German partners in the following fields is of special importance
Development of Novel Therapeutics and Diagnostics/ Theranostics
Artificial Intelligence and Information Technology in Medicine
Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy
Big Data to Knowledge
Precision Medicine
Medical Robotics
Several cooperation projects in recent years have been initiated with German universities. To name a few examples of successful projects:
Student exchange in the field of IT with the University of Passau running since 2015
joint international conference on climate protection with the strong involvement of professors from Germany
Joint research project in the field of intercultural communication in cooperation with HU Berlin (in work).
IUMS has one of the largest network of research in medical sciences. Besides the research done in different departments of its faculties, it is now handling several research centers in central Iran.
MUI Journals
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) currently publishes 14 peer reviewed journals in different fields of basic and clinical, medical and paramedical sciences. Many of these journals are indexed by international indexers.
Online management services for editorial workflow of university journals were established in 2004 and became fully operational by 2005.
Hospitals
MUI governs 17 training hospitals which provide health services for the people of Isfahan province and also neighboring provinces. Students, Externs, interns and residents are trained in these hospitals by attending faculty of MUI training hospitals.
See also
Education in Iran
Higher Education in Iran
International rankings of Iran
Science and technology in Iran
List of universities in Iran
List of medical schools in the Middle East
List of Iranian scientists and scholars
Ministry of Health and Medical Education
Health care in Iran
References
Medical schools in Iran
Universities in Iran
Educational institutions established in 1946
Education in Isfahan
Universities in Isfahan Province
1946 establishments in Iran
Buildings and structures in Isfahan
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3984830
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohby%20Riddle
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Tohby Riddle
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Tohby Riddle is an Australian artist and writer/illustrator of picture books and illustrated books that have been published in many countries, and translated into many languages, around the world. His work has been translated by Haruki Murakami and he has been nominated for the 2022 Hans Christian Andersen Medal.
Riddle's picture books include The Great Escape from City Zoo, The Royal Guest, Nobody Owns the Moon, My Uncle's Donkey and Unforgotten. Other books include The Greatest Gatsby: a visual book of grammar, the Word Spy books written by Ursula Dubosarsky and illustrated by Riddle, the novel The Lucky Ones, and two cartoon collections, What's the Big Idea? and Pink Freud. The cartoon collections are selected from his work as the weekly cartoonist for Good Weekend magazine (Sydney Morning Herald and Melbourne's Age), a position he held for nearly ten years from 1997–2006.
In 2005 he became editor of The School Magazine, a literary magazine for children founded in 1916, in which his illustrations, non-fiction pieces and poems have also appeared regularly. In 2009 he won the Patricia Wrightson Prize in the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards with Ursula Dubosarsky for their book The Word Spy.
In 2018, Riddle's book My Uncle's Donkey was translated into a Japanese edition by one of the world's greatest living writers Haruki Murakami after Mr Murakami discovered the book in a Melbourne bookshop on a visit to Australia. This edition was published in December 2018 by Asunaro Shobo.
In December 2020 Riddle was nominated by Australia for the 2022 Hans Christian Andersen Award.
As an artist, Riddle's paintings have continued to gain a following since a sell-out show in 2018. A large solo exhibition, titled Silent Light, is scheduled for January 15–February 27 2022 at the Blue Mountains Cultural Centre, in Katoomba, NSW, Australia.
List of books
Careful With that Ball, Eugene! (1989, US 1991, UK 1991)
A Most Unusual Dog (1992, US 1993)
Arnold Z Jones Could Really Play the Trumpet (1993, reprinted 2000)
The Royal Guest (1993)
50 Fairies You Ought to Know About (1995, Germany 2004)
The Tip at the End of the Street (1996). IBBY Australia Ena Noel encouragement award for Children's Literature; Children's Book Council of Australia Notable Book 1997
The Great Escape from City Zoo (1997, US 1999). Shortlisted for the Children's Book Council of Australia Picture Book of the Year 1998, and the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards 1999
The Singing Hat (2000, US 2001). Honour book in the Children's Book Council of Australia Picture Book of the Year awards for 2001; Joint winner of the Wilderness Society of Australia's Environment Award 2001, Picture Books category; Australian Publishers Association Design Awards, 2000, winner of Best Designed Children's Cover; Highly commended in Best Designed Children's Picture Book category; Commended in the Best Designed Jacket of the Year category
What’s the Big Idea? (2003) Highly commended in the Australian Publishers Association Design Awards for 2003, in the Best Designed Illustrated Book category
Irving the Magician (2005) Shortlist, 2006 Picture Book of the Year, Children's Book Council of Australia
The Great Escape from City Zoo (2007, reissue)
Dog and Bird See the Moon (2007)
The Royal Guest (2007, reissue)
Nobody Owns the Moon (2008) Shortlisted, NSW Premier's Literary Awards. Shortlisted, Children's Book Council of Australia Picture Book of the Year awards for 2009
The Word Spy (2008, with Ursula Dubosarsky). Winner, Patricia Wrightson Prize, NSW Premier's Literary Awards, 2009; Honour Book, Eve Pownall Book of the Year 2009, Children's Book Council of Australia Awards
The Lucky Ones (2009)
Return of the Word Spy (2010, with Ursula Dubosarsky). Winner, Eve Pownall Book of the Year 2009, Children's Book Council of Australia Awards
My Uncle's Donkey (2010) Picture Book of the Year 2011, Honour award, Children's Book Council of Australia Awards
Unforgotten (2012) Shortlisted, NSW Premier's Literary awards
The Greatest Gatsby: a visual book of grammar (2015) Shortlisted, NSW Premier's Literary awards; Shortlisted, Prime Minister's Literary Awards; Selected as a White Raven, International Youth Library, Germany
Milo: a moving story (2016)
Here Comes Stinkbug! (2018) Honour Book, Children's Book Council of Australia Awards
Yahoo Creek: an Australian mystery (2019) Shortlisted, Eve Pownall Book of the Year, Children's Book Council of Australia Awards; Finalist, Best Graphic Novel/Illustrated Work, Aurealis Awards 2019
Nobody Owns the Moon (2019, 10th anniversary reissue)
The Astronaut's Cat (2020) Longlisted, Best Designed Children's Illustrated Book, Australian Book Design Awards 2021
The March of the Ants (2021, with Ursula Dubosarsky)
References
External links
Profile at Penguin Books Australia.
Australian cartoonists
Living people
Australian children's book illustrators
Australian children's writers
20th-century Australian writers
20th-century Australian artists
20th-century Australian male writers
21st-century Australian writers
21st-century Australian artists
21st-century Australian male writers
Year of birth missing (living people)
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3984833
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple%20%28electrical%29
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Ripple (electrical)
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Ripple (specifically ripple voltage) in electronics is the residual periodic variation of the DC voltage within a power supply which has been derived from an alternating current (AC) source. This ripple is due to incomplete suppression of the alternating waveform after rectification. Ripple voltage originates as the output of a rectifier or from generation and commutation of DC power.
Ripple (specifically ripple current or surge current) may also refer to the pulsed current consumption of non-linear devices like capacitor-input rectifiers.
As well as these time-varying phenomena, there is a frequency domain ripple that arises in some classes of filter and other signal processing networks. In this case the periodic variation is a variation in the insertion loss of the network against increasing frequency. The variation may not be strictly linearly periodic. In this meaning also, ripple is usually to be considered an incidental effect, its existence being a compromise between the amount of ripple and other design parameters.
Ripple is wasted power, and has many undesirable effects in a DC circuit: it heats components, causes noise and distortion, and may cause digital circuits to operate improperly. Ripple may be reduced by an electronic filter, and eliminated by a voltage regulator.
Voltage ripple
A non-ideal DC voltage waveform can be viewed as a composite of a constant DC component (offset) with an alternating (AC) voltage—the ripple voltage—overlaid. The ripple component is often small in magnitude relative to the DC component, but in absolute terms, ripple (as in the case of HVDC transmission systems) may be thousands of volts. Ripple itself is a composite (non-sinusoidal) waveform consisting of harmonics of some fundamental frequency which is usually the original AC line frequency, but in the case of switched-mode power supplies, the fundamental frequency can be tens of kilohertz to megahertz. The characteristics and components of ripple depend on its source: there is single-phase half- and full-wave rectification, and three-phase half- and full-wave rectification. Rectification can be controlled (uses Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs)) or uncontrolled (uses diodes). There is in addition, active rectification which uses transistors.
Various properties of ripple voltage may be important depending on application: the equation of the ripple for Fourier analysis to determine the constituent harmonics; the peak (usually peak-to-peak) value of the voltage; the root mean square (RMS) value of the voltage which is a component of power transmitted; the ripple factor γ, the ratio of RMS value to DC voltage output; the conversion ratio (also called the rectification ratio or "efficiency") η, the ratio of DC output power to AC input power; and form-factor, the ratio of the RMS value of the output voltage to the average value of the output voltage. Analogous ratios for output ripple current may also be computed.
An electronic filter with high impedance at the ripple frequency may be used to reduce ripple voltage and increase or decrease DC output; such a filter is often called a smoothing filter.
The initial step in AC to DC conversion is to send the AC current through a rectifier. The ripple voltage output is very large in this situation; the peak-to-peak ripple voltage is equal to the peak AC voltage minus the forward voltage of the rectifier diodes. In the case of an SS silicon diode, the forward voltage is 0.7V; for vacuum tube rectifiers, forward voltage usually ranges between 25 and 67V (5R4). The output voltage is a sine wave with the negative half-cycles inverted. The equation is:
The Fourier expansion of the function is:
Several relevant properties are apparent on inspection of the Fourier series:
the constant (largest) term must be the DC voltage
the fundamental (line frequency) is not present
the expansion consists of only even harmonics of the fundamental
the amplitude of the harmonics is proportional to where is the order of the harmonic
the term for the second-order harmonic is often used to represent the entire ripple voltage to simplify computation
The output voltages are:
where
is the time-varying voltage across the load, for period 0 to T
is the period of , may be taken as radians
The ripple factor is:
The form factor is:
The peak factor is:
The conversion ratio is:
The transformer utilization factor is:
Filtering
Reducing ripple is only one of several principal considerations in power supply filter design. The filtering of ripple voltage is analogous to filtering other kinds of signals. However, in AC/DC power conversion as well as DC power generation, high voltages and currents or both may be output as ripple. Therefore, large discrete components like high ripple-current rated electrolytic capacitors, large iron-core chokes and wire-wound power resistors are best suited to reduce ripple to manageable proportions before passing the current to an IC component like a voltage regulator, or on to the load. The kind of filtering required depends on the amplitude of the various harmonics of the ripple and the demands of the load. For example, a moving coil (MC) input circuit of a phono preamplifier may require that ripple be reduced to no more than a few hundred nanovolts (10−9V). In contrast, a battery charger, being a wholly resistive circuit, does not require any ripple filtering. Since the desired output is direct current (essentially 0Hz), ripple filters are usually configured as low pass filters characterized by shunt capacitors and series chokes. Series resistors may replace chokes for reducing the output DC voltage, and shunt resistors may be used for voltage regulation.
Filtering in power supplies
Most power supplies are now switched mode designs. The filtering requirements for such power supplies are much easier to meet owing to the high frequency of the ripple waveform. The ripple frequency in switch-mode power supplies is not related to the line frequency, but is instead a multiple of the frequency of the chopper circuit, which is usually in the range of 50kHz to 1MHz.
Capacitor vs choke input filters
A capacitor input filter (in which the first component is a shunt capacitor) and choke input filter (which has a series choke as the first component) can both reduce ripple, but have opposing effects on voltage and current, and the choice between them depends on the characteristics of the load. Capacitor input filters have poor voltage regulation, so are preferred for use in circuits with stable loads and low currents (because low currents reduce ripple here). Choke input filters are preferred for circuits with variable loads and high currents (since a choke outputs a stable voltage and higher current means less ripple in this case).
The number of reactive components in a filter is called its order. Each reactive component reduces signal strength by 6dB/octave above (or below for a high-pass filter) the corner frequency of the filter, so that a 2nd-order low-pass filter for example, reduces signal strength by 12dB/octave above the corner frequency. Resistive components (including resistors and parasitic elements like the DCR of chokes and ESR of capacitors) also reduce signal strength, but their effect is linear, and does not vary with frequency.
A common arrangement is to allow the rectifier to work into a large smoothing capacitor which acts as a reservoir. After a peak in output voltage the capacitor supplies the current to the load and continues to do so until the capacitor voltage has fallen to the value of the now rising next half-cycle of rectified voltage. At that point the rectifier conducts again and delivers current to the reservoir until peak voltage is again reached.
As a function of load resistance
If the RC time constant is large in comparison to the period of the AC waveform, then a reasonably accurate approximation can be made by assuming that the capacitor voltage falls linearly. A further useful assumption can be made if the ripple is small compared to the DC voltage. In this case the phase angle through which the rectifier conducts will be small and it can be assumed that the capacitor is discharging all the way from one peak to the next with little loss of accuracy.
With the above assumptions the peak-to-peak ripple voltage can be calculated as:
The definition of capacitance and current are
where is the amount of charge. The current and time is taken from start of capacitor discharge until the minimum voltage on a full wave rectified signal as shown on the figure to the right. The time would then be equal to half the period of the full wave input.
Combining the three equations above to determine gives,
Thus, for a full-wave rectifier:
where
is the peak-to-peak ripple voltage
is the current in the circuit
is the source (line) frequency of the AC power
is the capacitance
For the RMS value of the ripple voltage, the calculation is more involved as the shape of the ripple waveform has a bearing on the result. Assuming a sawtooth waveform is a similar assumption to the ones above. The RMS value of a sawtooth wave is where is peak voltage. With the further approximation that is , it yields the result:
where
where
is the ripple factor
is the resistance of the load
For the approximated formula, it is assumed that XC ≪ R; this is a little larger than the actual value because a sawtooth wave comprises odd harmonics that aren't present in the rectified voltage.
As a function of series choke
Another approach to reducing ripple is to use a series choke. A choke has a filtering action and consequently produces a smoother waveform with fewer high-order harmonics. Against this, the DC output is close to the average input voltage as opposed to the voltage with the reservoir capacitor which is close to the peak input voltage. Starting with the Fourier term for the second harmonic, and ignoring higher-order harmonics,
the ripple factor is given by:
For
This is a little less than 0.483 because higher-order harmonics were omitted from consideration. (See Inductance.)
There is a minimum inductance (which is relative to the resistance of the load) required in order for a series choke to continuously conduct current. If the inductance falls below that value, current will be intermittent and output DC voltage will rise from the average input voltage to the peak input voltage; in effect, the inductor will behave like a capacitor. That minimum inductance, called the critical inductance is where R is the load resistance and f the line frequency. This gives values of L = R/1131 (often stated as R/1130) for 60Hz mains rectification, and L = R/942 for 50Hz mains rectification. Additionally, interrupting current to an inductor will cause its magnetic flux to collapse exponentially; as current falls, a voltage spike composed of very high harmonics results which can damage other components of the power supply or circuit. This phenomenon is called flyback voltage.
The complex impedance of a series choke is effectively part of the load impedance, so that lightly loaded circuits have increased ripple (just the opposite of a capacitor input filter). For that reason, a choke input filter is almost always part of an LC filter section, whose ripple reduction is independent of load current. The ripple factor is:
where
In high voltage/low current circuits, a resistor may replace the series choke in an LC filter section (creating an RC filter section). This has the effect of reducing the DC output as well as ripple. The ripple factor is
if RL >> R, which makes an RC filter section practically independent of load
where
is the resistance of the filter resistor
Similarly because of the independence of LC filter sections with respect to load, a reservoir capacitor is also commonly followed by one resulting in a low-pass Π-filter. A Π-filter results in a much lower ripple factor than a capacitor or choke input filter alone. It may be followed by additional LC or RC filter sections to further reduce ripple to a level tolerable by the load. However, use of chokes is deprecated in contemporary designs for economic reasons.
Voltage regulation
A more common solution where good ripple rejection is required is to use a reservoir capacitor to reduce the ripple to something manageable and then pass the current through a voltage regulator circuit. The regulator circuit, as well as providing a stable output voltage, will incidentally filter out nearly all of the ripple as long as the minimum level of the ripple waveform does not go below the voltage being regulated to. Switched-mode power supplies usually include a voltage regulator as part of the circuit.
Voltage regulation is based on a different principle than filtering: it relies on the peak inverse voltage of a diode or series of diodes to set a maximum output voltage; it may also use one or more voltage amplification devices like transistors to boost voltage during sags. Because of the non-linear characteristics of these devices, the output of a regulator is free of ripple. A simple voltage regulator may be made with a series resistor to drop voltage followed by a shunt zener diode whose Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) sets the maximum output voltage; if voltage rises, the diode shunts away current to maintain regulation.
Effects of ripple
Ripple is undesirable in many electronic applications for a variety of reasons:
ripple represents wasted power that cannot be utilized by a circuit that requires direct current
ripple will cause heating in DC circuit components due to current passing through parasitic elements like ESR of capacitors
in power supplies, ripple voltage requires peak voltage of components to be higher; ripple current requires parasitic elements of components to be lower and dissipation capacity to be higher (components will be bigger, and quality will have to be higher)
transformers that supply ripple current to capacitive input circuits will need to have VA ratings that exceed their load (watt) ratings
The ripple frequency and its harmonics are within the audio band and will therefore be audible on equipment such as radio receivers, equipment for playing recordings and professional studio equipment.
The ripple frequency is within television video bandwidth. Analogue TV receivers will exhibit a pattern of moving wavy lines if too much ripple is present.
The presence of ripple can reduce the resolution of electronic test and measurement instruments. On an oscilloscope it will manifest itself as a visible pattern on screen.
Within digital circuits, it reduces the threshold, as does any form of supply rail noise, at which logic circuits give incorrect outputs and data is corrupted.
Ripple current
Ripple current is a periodic non-sinusoidal waveform derived from an AC power source characterized by high amplitude narrow bandwidth pulses.
The pulses coincide with peak or near peak amplitude of an accompanying sinusoidal voltage waveform.
Ripple current results in increased dissipation in parasitic resistive portions of circuits like ESR of capacitors, DCR of transformers and inductors, internal resistance of storage batteries. The dissipation is proportional to the current squared times resistance (I2R). The RMS value of ripple current can be many times the RMS of the load current.
Frequency-domain ripple
Ripple in the context of the frequency domain refers to the periodic variation in insertion loss with frequency of a filter or some other two-port network. Not all filters exhibit ripple, some have monotonically increasing insertion loss with frequency such as the Butterworth filter. Common classes of filter which exhibit ripple are the Chebyshev filter, inverse Chebyshev filter and the Elliptical filter. The ripple is not usually strictly linearly periodic as can be seen from the example plot. Other examples of networks exhibiting ripple are impedance matching networks that have been designed using Chebyshev polynomials. The ripple of these networks, unlike regular filters, will never reach 0 dB at minimum loss if designed for optimum transmission across the passband as a whole.
The amount of ripple can be traded for other parameters in the filter design. For instance, the rate of roll-off from the passband to the stopband can be increased at the expense of increasing the ripple without increasing the order of the filter (that is, the number of components has stayed the same). On the other hand, the ripple can be reduced by increasing the order of the filter while at the same time maintaining the same rate of roll-off.
See also
Rectifier, a non-linear device that is a principal source of ripple
Dynamo, the instrument of DC power generation, whose output contains a large ripple component
Ringing (signal), the natural response time domain analog of frequency domain ripple
Notes
References
Ryder, J D, Electronic Fundamentals & Applications, Pitman Publishing, 1970.
Millman-Halkias, Integrated Electronics, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha, 1972.
Matthaei, Young, Jones, Microwave Filters, Impedance-Matching Networks, and Coupling Structures McGraw-Hill 1964.
Electric power
Filter theory
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3984839
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple
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Ripple
|
Ripple may refer to:
Science and technology
Capillary wave, commonly known as ripple, a wave traveling along the phase boundary of a fluid
Ripple, more generally a disturbance, for example of spacetime in gravitational waves
Ripple (electrical), residual periodic variation in DC voltage during ac to dc conversion
Ripple current, pulsed current draw caused by some non-linear devices and circuits
Frequency-domain ripple
Ringing (signal), oscillation of a signal, particularly in the step response
Polarization ripples, appearing after irradiation of a solid by energy flux (laser, ions, etc.)
Ripple marks, as identified in sediments and sedimentary rocks
Ripple (payment protocol), a real-time payment system by Ripple Labs
Ripple control, a form of electrical load management
Various brainwave patterns, including those which follow sharp waves in the hippocampus
Ripple I and Ripple II, 1962 US nuclear bomb tests in Operation Dominic
Organizations
Ripple (charitable organisation), a non-profit click-to-donate internet site and search engine
Ripple Labs, the firm that created the Ripple payment protocol
Ripple Foods, a brand of pea-protein dairy alternative products
Arts and entertainment
"Ripple" (Naruto episode), an episode in an anime series
The Ripple (newspaper), the student newspaper at the University of Leicester
Ripple (My Little Pony)
Ripples (TV series)
Ripples (musical), a musical comedy theatrical production
Ripple, a phenomenon in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure
Music
Ripple (band), an American soul/funk band
"Ripple" (song), a 1970 song by the Grateful Dead from their album American Beauty
"Ripple", a song from the album Priest=Aura by The Church
"Ripples...", a song from the album A Trick of the Tail by Genesis
Places
Ripple, Kent, a village in England
Ripple, Worcestershire, a village in England
Ripples, New Brunswick, Canada
Ripple River, US
Other uses
Ripple effect, the socio-educational phenomenon
USS Ripple, several US Navy ships
Ripple, a former brand of flavored fortified wine
People with the surname
Jimmy Ripple (1909–1959), baseball player
Kenneth Francis Ripple (born 1943), Senior United States Circuit Judge
Mark Ripple (born 1967), businessperson and author
Richard E. Ripple (1931–2010), American educational psychologist
Charlie Ripple (1920–1979), pitcher in Major League Baseball
Ezra H. Ripple (1842–1909), Pennsylvania businessman, politician and soldier
John Ripple (1897–1965), college football player
William J. Ripple (born 1952), professor of ecology
See also
Ripple tank, a glass tank of water demonstrating the basic properties of waves
Raspberry Ripple, a flavour of ice-cream
Ripple Island (disambiguation)
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3984849
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hougoumont%20%28ship%29
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Hougoumont (ship)
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Hougoumont was the last convict ship to transport convicts to Australia.
A three-masted full-rigged ship of the type commonly known as a Blackwall Frigate, Hougoumont was constructed at Moulmein, Burma in 1852. The ship's original owner was Duncan Dunbar, a highly successful ship owner who entered the convict transport trade in the 1840s, providing nearly a third of the ships that transported convicts to Western Australia.
The nineteenth century author W. Clark Russell claimed to have served on the Hougoumont for three years.
Hougoumont was chartered by the French as a troop carrier during the Crimean War, during which time it was renamed Baraguey d'Hilliers after the French general Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers, as its original name was connected with the Battle of Waterloo and would have been offensive to the French. After the Crimean War ended in 1856, it was renamed Hougoumont.
In the 1860s, the Emigration Commission accepted a tender for Hougoumont to carry government-assisted emigrants to Australia. In September 1863, ten men and five women were removed from the ship to the St Georges infirmary, Wapping, diagnosed with "Insanity". Several were later transferred to the Colney Hatch Asylum.
On 9 June 1866 the vessel began a voyage from Plymouth to Port Adelaide, carrying 335 emigrants. It arrived on 16 September.
Hougoumont'''s most famous voyage occurred in 1867, after it was chartered to transport convicts to Western Australia. By this time, it was owned by Luscombe of London. A number of convicts boarded the ship at Sheerness, Kent, on 30 September. It then sailed along the south coast of England to Portland, where more convicts were boarded. It departed Portsmouth on 12 October 1867 with 280 convicts and 108 passengers on board. Most of the passengers were pensioner guards and their families. The ship's captain was William Cozens and the surgeon-superintendent was Dr William Smith. After a largely uneventful voyage of 89 days, during which time one convict died, Hougoumont docked at Fremantle, Western Australia on 10 January 1868.
Amongst the convicts were 62 Fenian political prisoners, transported for their part in the Fenian Rising of 1867. About 17 of these were military Fenians. The transportation of political prisoners contravened the agreement between the United Kingdom and Western Australia, and news of their impending arrival caused panic in Western Australia. The fact that military Fenians were transported was also highly unusual, given the British Government's previous firm policy not to transport military prisoners.
The presence of Fenians amongst the convicts meant that there were many more literate convicts on board than was usual for such a voyage. Consequently, a number of journals of the voyage are extant: that of Denis Cashman has been known of for many years, and that of John Casey and the memoirs of Thomas McCarthy Fennell have recently been discovered and published. Numerous letters survive, and many articles about the voyage were later written by Fenians who went on to become journalists, such as John Boyle O'Reilly. Also, during the voyage a number of the Fenians entertained themselves by producing seven editions of a shipboard newspaper entitled The Wild Goose, which survive in the State Library of New South Wales.
Little is known of Hougoumont's later service, but there are records of emigrants arriving in Melbourne on board Hougoumont in 1869. The ship was still listed in Lloyd's Register in 1883, but is not in the 1889/90 volume.
In the 1880s Hougoumont was used as a storage vessel during the building of the Forth Bridge.
It was used as a hospital ship in the Firth of Forth in the mid-1880s for smallpox sufferers, with numerous records in the National Records of Scotland listing it as such as place of death.
Many pictures purporting to be "the" Hougoumont are in fact of a later steel four-masted barque also named Hougomont, 2428 tons, built at Greenock in 1897, and hulked at Stenhouse Bay in South Australia in 1932.
See also
Convicts transported on board Hougoumont'' include:
Thomas Berwick
John Boyle O'Reilly
James Wilson (Irish Nationalist)
Thomas McCarthy Fennell
Joseph Nunan
Hugh Francis Brophy
For other convict ship voyages to Western Australia:
List of convict ship voyages to Western Australia.
Notes
References
Lloyds Register 1868
RCAHMS website
Convict ships to Western Australia
Individual sailing vessels
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3984893
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange%20Attraction
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Strange Attraction
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"Strange Attraction" is a single released by the British group the Cure in 1996 on Elektra Records. The song was initially released on the album Wild Mood Swings, and was released as a single in the United States and Australia.
History
No music video was filmed to promote the single, believed to be because Robert Smith felt the last video for a single release exclusively in the US, "Fascination Street", was not what the band were aiming for. Because of that "Strange Attraction" remains the only The Cure single (not counting original mix of "Boys Don't Cry") without a music video.
Track listing
"Strange Attraction [Adrian Sherwood Album Mix]"
"The 13th" [Feels Good Mix]
"This is a Lie" [Ambient Mix]
"Gone!" [Critter Mix]
"Strange Attraction" [Strange Mix]
Personnel
Robert Smith: vocals, guitar
Simon Gallup: bass
Perry Bamonte: keyboards
Roger O'Donnell: keyboards
Jason Cooper: drums
Charts
References
The Cure songs
1996 singles
1996 songs
Songs written by Robert Smith (musician)
Songs written by Jason Cooper
Songs written by Roger O'Donnell
Songs written by Simon Gallup
Songs written by Perry Bamonte
Elektra Records singles
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3984898
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Complete%20Blue%20Horizon%20Sessions%201967%E2%80%931969
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The Complete Blue Horizon Sessions 1967–1969
|
The Complete Blue Horizon Sessions 1967–1969 is a boxed set by British blues rock band Fleetwood Mac, released in 1999. It is a six-CD compilation of previously released material, plus outtakes and unreleased tracks from the band's early line-up, coming in a longbox with individually boxed CDs and a booklet of extensive notes and anecdotes, written by the record's producer Mike Vernon. It represents the entire recorded output of Fleetwood Mac while they were signed to the Blue Horizon label.
Track listing
CD 1 – Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac
"My Heart Beat Like a Hammer" [Take 2 master with studio talk] – 3:31
"Merry Go Round" [Take 2 master with studio talk] – 4:19
"Long Grey Mare" – 2:15
"Hellhound on My Trail" [Take 1 complete master] – 2:04
"Shake Your Moneymaker" [Master with studio talk] – 3:11
"Looking for Somebody" – 2:50
"No Place to Go" – 3:20
"My Baby's Good to Me" – 2:50
"I Loved Another Woman" – 2:55
"Cold Black Night" – 3:15
"The World Keep on Turning" – 2:27
"Got to Move" – 3:19
"My Heart Beat Like a Hammer" [Take 1] – 3:42
"Merry Go Round" [Take 1] – 0:54
"I Loved Another Woman" [Takes 1–4] – 6:08
"I Loved Another Woman" [Take 5 (Master Remix) and 6] – 5:08
"Cold Black Night" [Takes 1–5, and 6 (Master Remix)] – 5:28
"You're So Evil" – 3:05
"I'm Coming Home to Stay" – 2:27
CD 2 – Mr. Wonderful
"Stop Messin' Round" [Take 4 master (album) remix with studio talk] – 2:34
"I've Lost My Baby" – 4:15
"Rollin' Man" – 2:52
"Dust My Broom" – 2:51
"Love That Burns" – 5:01
"Doctor Brown" – 3:43
"Need Your Love Tonight" – 3:26
"If You Be My Baby" – 3:52
"Evenin' Boogie" – 2:40
"Lazy Poker Blues" – 2:34
"Coming Home" – 2:38
"Trying So Hard to Forget" – 4:45
"Stop Messin' Round" [Takes 1–3] – 4:32
"Stop Messin' Round" [Take 5 master (single) remix] – 2:47
"I Held My Baby Last Night" – 4:26
"Mystery Boogie" – 2:51
CD 3 – The Pious Bird of Good Omen
"Need Your Love So Bad" (Version #2) [Take 4 remix] – 6:55
"Rambling Pony" [Master remix] – 3:32
"I Believe My Time Ain't Long" [Master remix with studio talk] – 3:01
"The Sun is Shining" – 3:10
"Albatross" – 3:10
"Black Magic Woman" – 2:46
"Jigsaw Puzzle Blues" – 1:33
"Like Crying" – 2:29
"Need Your Love So Bad" (Version #1) [Takes 1–3] – 11:33
"Need Your Love So Bad" (Version #2) [Takes 1–2] – 13:06
"Need Your Love So Bad" (Version #2) [Take 3] – 6:18
"Need Your Love So Bad" (USA Version) – 6:18
CD 4 – Blues Jam in Chicago — Volume One
"Watch Out" – 4:15
"Ooh Baby" – 4:05
"South Indiana" [Take 1] – 3:14
"South Indiana" [Take 2] – 3:47
"Last Night" – 4:56
"Red Hot Jam" [Take 1 with studio talk] – 5:55
"Red Hot Jam" – 6:02
"I'm Worried" – 3:44
"I Held My Baby Last Night" – 5:16
"Madison Blues" – 4:55
"I Can't Hold Out" – 4:49
"Bobby's Rock" – 3:59
"I Need Your Love" [Take 2 master with studio talk] – 4:32
"Horton's Boogie Woogie" [Take 1] – 3:37
"I Got the Blues" [Master with false start] – 4:53
CD 5 – Blues Jam in Chicago — Volume Two
"World's in a Tangle" – 5:25
"Talk with You" – 3:28
"Like It This Way" – 4:24
"Someday Soon Baby" – 7:36
"Hungry Country Girl" – 5:43
"Black Jack Blues" – 5:08
"Everyday I Have the Blues" – 4:55
"Rockin' Boogie" – 3:58
"My Baby's Gone" – 4:04
"Sugar Mama" [Take 1] – 0:49
"Sugar Mama" – 6:08
"Homework" – 3:19
"Honey Boy Blues" – 2:20
"I Need Your Love" [Take 1] – 2:15
"Horton's Boogie Woogie" [Take 2] – 3:40
"Have a Good Time" – 4:54
"That's Wrong" – 4:12
"Rock Me Baby" – 3:23
CD 6 – The Original Fleetwood Mac
"Drifting" – 3:31
"Leaving Town Blues" [Take 5 master remix] – 3:09
"Watch Out" [Take 2 master remix] – 4:46
"A Fool No More" [Takes 1–7, and 8 (master alternative mix)] – 7:59
"Mean Old Fireman" [Take 1 and 2 (master alternative mix)] – 4:06
"Can't Afford to Do It" – 2:02
"Fleetwood Mac" (Mono) – 3:54
"Worried Dream" [Take 1 master remix] – 6:55
"Love That Woman" [Alternative mix] – 2:32
"Allow Me One More Show" [Alternative Mix] – 2:58
"First Train Home" (Mono) – 4:05
"Rambling Pony #2" [Alternative Mix] – 2:53
"Watch Out" [Take 1] – 3:06
"Something Inside of Me" – 3:54
"Something Inside of Me" [Take 2] – 4:05
"Something Inside of Me" [Take 3] – 4:16
"One Sunny Day" [Master remix] – 3:11
"Without You" – 4:30
"Coming Your Way" [Take 6] – 2:59
Credits
Peter Green – vocals, guitar, harmonica
Jeremy Spencer – vocals, guitar, piano
Danny Kirwan – guitar, vocals
John McVie – bass guitar
Mick Fleetwood – drums, percussion
Bob Brunning – bass guitar
Christine Perfect – piano
David Howard, Roland Vaughan, Steve Gregory, Johnny Almond – saxophone
Duster Bennett – harmonica
Extra personnel on CDs 4–5 only
Walter Horton – vocals, harmonica
Buddy Guy – guitar
'Honey Boy' Edwards – vocals, guitar
Willie Dixon – upright bass
J. T. Brown – saxophone, vocals
Otis Spann – vocals, piano
S. P. Leary – drums
Producer – Mike Vernon
Engineer – Mike Ross
Assistant producer CDs 4–5 – Marshall Chess
Engineer CDs 4–5 – Stu Black
References
Albums produced by Mike Vernon (record producer)
Fleetwood Mac compilation albums
1999 compilation albums
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5375599
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC%20Futsal%20Asian%20Cup
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AFC Futsal Asian Cup
|
The AFC Futsal Asian Cup, previously the AFC Futsal Championship, is the premier international futsal competition for the Asian Football Confederation national teams. It was first held in 1999 and was played annually until 2008; since then it has been played biennially. From 2021, the tournament will be rebranded from the "AFC Futsal Championship" to the "AFC Futsal Asian Cup".
Iran and Japan are the dominant nations being the only two nations to have won the tournament and Iran is the only nation to have never finished outside the top four. Iran, champions of 12 of the 15 editions of the competition, won 7 straight editions before their streak was broken by Japan. Japan have won the other 3 editions of the competition. It is a qualification for the FIFA Futsal World Cup.
Kazakhstan switched to UEFA since 2002.
Format
History
Results
Performance by nations
* = hosts
Medal summary
All-time table
As 2018
Participating nations
Comprehensive team results by tournament
Legend
– Champions
– Runners-up
– Third place
– Fourth place
– Semifinals
QF – Quarterfinals
R2 – Round 2
R1 – Round 1
q – Qualified for upcoming tournament
•• – Qualified but withdrew
• – Did not qualify
× – Did not enter
× – Withdrew / Banned / Entry not accepted by FIFA
– To be determined
– Hosts
FIFA Futsal World Cup
Legends
1st – Champions
2nd – Runners-up
3rd – Third place
4th – Fourth place
QF – Quarterfinals
R2 – Round 2 (1989–2008, second group stage, top 8; 2012–present: knockout round of 16)
R1 – Round 1
– Hosts
Q – Qualified for upcoming tournament
Awards
Most Valuable Players
Top scorers
Fair play award
See also
AFC U-20 Futsal Asian Cup
AFC Futsal Club Championship
AFC Women's Futsal Asian Cup
References
External links
AFC Futsal Championship
RSSSF – AFC Futsal Championship
Futsal
International futsal competitions
Futsal competitions in Asia
Asian championships
1999 establishments in Asia
Recurring sporting events established in 1999
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3984900
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuqrah
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Shuqrah
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Shuqrah (), also Shaqrāʾ () or Shuqrāʾ (), is a coastal town in southern Yemen. It was the capital of the Fadhli Sultanate until the capital moved to Zinjibar in 1962, although the royal residence remained in Shuqrah.
See also
Hadhramaut / Sarat Mountains
Harra es-Sawad
References
Populated places in Abyan Governorate
Populated coastal places in Yemen
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5375614
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine%20exploration
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Mine exploration
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Mine exploration is a hobby in which people visit abandoned mines, quarries, and sometimes operational mines. Enthusiasts usually engage in such activities for the purpose of exploration and documentation, sometimes through the use of surveying and photography. In this respect, mine exploration might be considered a type of amateur industrial archaeology. In many ways, however, it is closer to caving, with many participants actively interested in exploring both mines and caves. Mine exploration typically requires equipment such as helmets, head lamps, Wellington boots, and climbing gear.
Mine exploration typically involves less crawling and more walking than caving, since mines were purposefully excavated to allow human access. Some disused mines have been adapted for tourism, or use by organized outdoor recreation groups. Conversely, gaining access to other mines may require technical skills such as rappelling or single rope technique. Such techniques may also be used inside a mine to explore a winze, shaft, or steep incline. Similarly, some traverses and slopes may be roped for safety, particularly if organized groups are taken into the mine.
Mine exploration shares some interests with Urban Exploration, primarily that of gaining access to abandoned or sometimes restricted locations. Mine explorers share an unspoken code of ethics, that of leaving sites in the same condition as they were found. A common phrase illustrating this viewpoint is the Baltimore Grotto caving society's motto: "take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints." This is similar to the Leave No Trace ethos followed in much of modern outdoor recreation.
Rationale
Like many hobbies or sports, mine exploration appeals to a specific subset of people. An interest in industrial archaeology may be a motivating factor for some enthusiasts. Relics and artifacts found in abandoned mine workings may include equipment such as pumps, cranes, drills, narrow gauge railway tracks, wagons and locomotives. Abandoned mines may occasionally contain larger features such as timber bridges, cable railways, or waterwheels.
Photography is often a significant component of enthusiasts' motivation for exploration. Underground photography requires specialized techniques such as light painting or an 'open flash.' Such techniques may require considerable practice for mastery.
Access
There are many abandoned mines in the world – for example, it is estimated that there are approximately 500,000 abandoned mines in the United States alone, with Nevada having the largest percentage of this number. However, access to many of these is not possible for a variety of reasons, including:
Restricted Access: Legal access to explore mines is not always possible, even though it may be physically possible to get in. The sites of old mines are often taken over by the public bodies such as the Forestry Commission, National Trust or by private land owners who consider the liability risks of access to be sufficient to justify blocking off access permanently, a common approach being to bulldoze the adits and cap any shafts. In other instances, entrances may be gated in order to restrict access to those approved by the landowner.
Re-use: The sites of old mines are sometimes taken over for new uses such as data storage or mushroom cultivation, or re-mining: the owner will rarely permit public access.
Collapse: As workings age, the roofs of passageways and chambers can fail. In doing so, the collapsed area itself is no longer accessible and any workings beyond that point will become inaccessible if there remains no other way around. There are many mines that have suffered a small collapse right at the entrance (often the most vulnerable part) sealing off significant sized workings beyond.
Flooding: Almost all working mines require pumps to remove water, with the exception of those being self-draining via deep drainage adits. Once a mine is abandoned, the pumps are usually turned off and the mine slowly fills with water until a level is reached where water can drain out: this is usually the lowest adit. However, it is possible to find flooded sections in mines which are above a dry adit as workings are often very complex: in some cases reservoirs may have been created in higher chambers to provide power for machinery below.
Technical Limitations: Some mines are easy 'walkabouts', while others require expertise, skill and equipment to explore; for example SRT may be needed to gain access via a vertical shaft.
Potential dangers
Mine exploration is considered a dangerous activity by many. In the United States, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) has run an annual "Stay Out-Stay Alive" national public safety campaign to warn children about the dangers of exploring and playing on mine property. They claim that since 1999, nearly 150 children and adults have died in recreational accidents at active and abandoned mine and quarry sites, although the majority of these were not related to mine exploration.
Many accidents by inexperienced curiosity-seekers cause reactions by government agencies to close mines. In most cases, a mine entrance will be fenced and warning signs erected, but the BLM, NPS and other organizations are increasingly resorting to bulldozing, plugging or gating mine entrances, denying everyone access. Most mine closures of this nature are done in areas near large population centers and parks that receive a large number of visitors, such as Death Valley.
Common features in a mine include drifts (horizontal tunnels), shafts (vertical tunnels) and winzes or air vents that are much smaller and can be at any angle underground. Climbing through these shafts, tunnels, and winzes can be very dangerous due to their unseen entrances and exits. A drift with a portal to the outside is called an adit.
Stopes (areas where ore was removed) usually follow the ore vein and are often at steep angles to horizontal. Many stopes are shored with wooden 2x4s or 4x4s. Contrary to what one might think, the wood isn't there to keep the stope from collapsing, but rather to hold loose rock in place. Some stopes are narrow and convoluted (explorers like to call them "spider holes"); others resemble giant rooms. Many stopes have a lot of loose material on or around them.
Raises are often used to transit vertically between levels of a mine. A raise is often a 6–12 foot square vertical shaft divided into two sections. One half is a straight drop to the bottom and is used for haulage, and the other section is a series of platforms, 10 or more feet apart, with holes cut in them in an alternating manner. Beneath each hole is a ladder leading to the next platform. This style of construction affords safety: if one falls off the ladder, the fall is only to the next platform, not the bottom of the shaft.
Mines were generally constructed and maintained to be safe while they were operational. After they are abandoned, workings may decay to a point where they could become dangerous. For instance, some support structures may have been removed before abandonment for re-use elsewhere, or supporting pillars may have been quarried away, leaving the chambering unstable. Ventilation and water pumping systems that once maintained safe working conditions are removed.
There are a number of potential hazards that mine explorers face:
Surface shafts: the ground around abandoned mine shafts and open pits may be weak and could cave-in without warning. Undergrowth may hide shafts, while timber used for capping may have rotted to a point where it will collapse if weight is put on it. Even scarier is the so-called "ant-lion trap" effect: loose earth around a surface shaft crumbles away over time, leaving a funnel-shaped drop-off around the shaft. If a curious person attempts to look down the shaft, he or she could begin sliding into it with nothing to stop the fall.
Collapses: the effects of blasting, weathering, and earthquakes destabilize once-strong bedrock through time. Portals (adits) in particular are affected, but tunnel and chamber roofs and walls can also destabilize. Support timber props, ladders and other similar structures may appear safe but could have degraded. Similarly, waste rock tipped down chambers may be unstable and rockslides may occur if they are walked on.
Darkness: As with most underground places, the darkness in a mine is total. If you lose light, it may be difficult or impossible to exit the mine. An experienced explorer will carry at least three independent sources of illumination and a set of spare batteries.
Falling down vertical openings is the most common cause of death and injury in abandoned mines. Winzes are vertical or inclined shafts sunk from a tunnel and these can be hidden by darkness, water, loose debris or false floors. False floors may also be present in substantial lengths of tunnel, where the floor level has been worked (understopped). Such floors may be supported by rotten wood, but surfaced with rock and not clearly distinguishable from a solid floor.
Water: Water in mines is often deep and can be dangerously cold; if it fills an area with steep sides, then it may not be easy to climb out. Seemingly shallow water can conceal sharp objects, drop-offs, and other hazards. Furthermore, a wet mine can rot or rust timbers, shoring and ladders, making conditions hazardous. Desert mines tend to be dry and therefore relatively safe in this regard; however, dry rot can weaken wood. All ladders and wooden floors should be tested before trusting body weight to them.
Bad Air: Old mine workings may be hazardous due to pockets of blackdamp (still air with low oxygen levels), or high concentrations of methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide which can displace oxygen, poison someone outright, or create an explosion. Coal mines are especially prone to containing these gases. The mines of the Comstock Lode Nevada are also very prone to this.
Explosives such as dynamite, black powder or blasting caps may have been abandoned in old mines. Many explosives become increasingly unstable with age and could be detonated by the slightest movement or even the vibrations from a footfall.
Wildlife: Snakes, various mammals, and bats can call a mine home.
Hazardous chemicals: Mines dug in wet areas give underground water a path to percolate through rock and exit via the tunnel systems. In some areas, the mine water can contain various types of heavy metals. Bacterial action can create acids and other compounds that are hazardous to humans. Acid mine drainage is of great concern in some areas. Also, mills and other processing areas may contain traces of cyanide and mercury compounds that were once used to separate precious metals from the ore.
Remoteness: Most mines are a long way from medical assistance, and depending on the circumstances, just getting to the surface could be an ordeal if one is injured.
In spite of the potential risks involved in mine exploration, the danger to the experienced mine explorer is relatively low: as the MHSA state, the majority of accidents involve people who are unprepared.
Locations
United States
There are thought to be approximately 500,000 mines within the United States. Listed below are regions containing a high number of both abandoned and operational mines:
New York and New Jersey: The Highlands Region.
Pennsylvania: The Coal Region.
California: The Mojave Desert, Death Valley, and the surrounding areas.
Nevada
Arizona
Utah: The Wasatch Range and Tintic Mountains
Montana
Colorado
Alaska
West Virginia
United Kingdom
Britain's man-made underground world is extensive. Some abandoned mines range as deep as 1.1 km. Some of the more extensive tunnel systems span mountain ranges or extend underneath populous cities.
Some typical mine exploration locations and type of mines are:
Bath stone – Corsham, Combe Down.
Slate mines – North Wales, The Lake District.
Lead Mines – Nenthead, Cumbria, The Lake District and Derbyshire.
Tin Mines – Devon, Cornwall, Geevor Tin Mine
Iron ore Mines and natural caves mined for ore in the Forest of Dean
Coal Mines – Drift Mines in the South Wales Coalfield
Canada
Some examples of mines frequented by explorers includes:
British Columbia – There are hundreds of explored and unexplored mines in British Columbia.
Monarch/Kicking Horse Mine Field BC
Mineral King Panoroama BC
Remac West Kootenays, BC
Russia
Moscow oblast and adjacent regions – tens of 19th-century limestone quarries.
Samara region – 20th century limestone quarries.
Leningradskaya oblast – sandstone quarries.
See also
Mining
Speleology
Mine rescue
References
External links
Mine Exploration and Hiking with Tom and Julie - Abandoned mine exploration in the Western U.S.
Exploring Abandoned Mines and Unusual Places – Video explorations and documentations of abandoned mines throughout the United States.
AditNow – Photographic database of mine exploration and forum
CAMCE – California Association of Mine and Cave Exploring
Iron Miners – Exploring mines in the mid-Atlantic region of the U.S.
Mine Explorer – Photographic database of mine exploration
Mojave Underground Abandoned Mine Exploration in the Western U.S.
Nettleden.com
Solitude Underground Exploring Abandonments Below
Subterranea Britannica
Underground Explorers California Abandoned Mine Exploration
Wilderness Utah – Mine exploration in Utah
Interactive map of coal mines in West Virginia - Interactive map of coal mines in West Virginia
Caving
Subterranea (geography)
Hobbies
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3984907
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association%20of%20American%20Weather%20Observers
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Association of American Weather Observers
|
The Association of American Weather Observers was a group of amateur weather observers from around the United States. Their aim was to educate the public on weather awareness and to simply share stories among themselves on recent extreme weather that they viewed at their location.
The AAWO originally began in 1983 in Westwood, New Jersey as a group of weather enthusiasts came together in October of that year to create the organization. This iteration disbanded in 1993 due to conflicts of interests. In 2005, a new organization under the same name was created. Unlike the first, the new AAWO had yet to create a President and Board of directors. The AAWO that was established in 1983 and ended in 1993 is in no way affiliated with nor associated with the later organization that was established in 2005. However, some who were prominent members of the first AAWO had shown support for the new surge in bringing back the organization.
Education, communication, cooperation
When the AAWO began in 1983, their motto was "Education, Communication, Cooperation" and opened the door for amateur weather observers from all over the United States to communicate with each other via the American Weather Observer newspaper publication. Before the AAWO there was no nationally recognized organization for the amateur weather hobbyist to share stories and observational data among each other. The group not only had individual memberships, but also had a lengthy list of affiliate organizations that were mostly local or regional groups from within the U.S.. The restart of the AAWO in 2005 had the same basic plans as the old group had in 1983. One of the differences between the group created in 1983 versus 2005 is, in 2005, the American Weather Observer publication was owned and operated by the AAWO, where the publication created in 1984 was a separate entity owned by the Belvidere Republican in Belvidere, Illinois, and only affiliated themselves with the AAWO organization created in 1983 as the newspapers official network.
Timeline
1983: The Association of American Weather Observers (AAWO) was created.
1984: The AAWO began a monthly publication, in conjunction with the Belvidere Republican in Belvidere, Illinois, in the format of a newspaper called the American Weather Observer (AWO). Weather-related stories and weather observations recorded by the membership would be the major content of the newspaper.
1993: The American Weather Observer (monthly publication of the AAWO) announced its separation from the AAWO in their June issue and became a "stand-alone" publication. Meanwhile, the board members of the AAWO, in an official letter to their affiliate organizations, announced the ending of the AAWO.
2005: The AAWO, under a new format, made a return on September 20 in the form of a web site https://web.archive.org/web/20060614230631/http://www.aawo.net/
2006: The AAWO begins a newsletter style publication under the same name used by the old AAWO, The American Weather Observer, in a periodic newsletter style format.
2010: On June 16, the Association of American Weather Observers ceased operations.
Former Affiliate Organizations Of The Previous AAWO In 1992
Akin AAWO Chapter
American Meteorological Society
Appalachian Weather Network
Atlantic Coast Observer Network
Barton ATC, (Murfreesboro, Tennessee)
Blue Hill Observatory Weather Club
Commercial Weather Services Association
Junior's Chapter-AAWO
KBIM Sun Country Weather Watchers (Roswell, New Mexico)
KCNC-TV Weather Watchers (Denver, Colorado)
KECI-TV Weather Watchers (Missoula, Montana)
KGW-TV Weather Network (Portland, Oregon)
KKTV-Weather Spotters (Colorado Springs, Colorado)
KSEE-24 Association of Central California Weather Observers (Fresno, California)
KFOR Television Weather Watchers (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma)
KVUE-TV 24 Weather Watchers (Austin, Texas)
KXLY's Pacific Northwest Weather Observers (Spokane, Washington)
Long Island Weather Observers
Mount Washington (New Hampshire) Observatory
Mid-Hudson Valley Weather Observers (Fishkill, New York)
National Weather Association
North Dakota Cooperative Rain Gauge Network
North Jersey Weather Observers
Northeast Ohio AMS Chapter
Ocala Star-Banner Weather Watchers (Ocala, Florida)
Pennsylvania State University Chapter of the AMS)
Rockland Climate Center (New York)
27's Weather Watchers (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania)
Skywatchers Club of California)
Virginia Weather Observation Network (Central Virginia AMS)
WDIV-TV 4 Weather Watchers (Detroit, Michigan)
WDBJ Weather Watchers (Roanoke, Virginia)
WESH-TV Weather Watchers (Daytona Beach, Florida)
Western New York AMS Chapter (Buffalo, New York)
WITI-TV6 Weather Watchers (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
WKBT-TV Weather Watchers (La Crosse, Wisconsin)
WOKR-TV 13 Weather Spotters (Rochester, New York)
WTMJ-TV Weather Center Observers (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
Publication
The American Weather Observer was a newsletter publication presented by the Association of American Weather Observers(AAWO).
Each issue had articles pertaining to significant weather events and was also a communications forum for the AAWO membership. The newsletter was mailed out in paperback format and was available on line at their web site in Adobe Acrobat format.
See also
Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP)
References
External links
American Weather Observer
Environmental organizations based in the United States
Meteorological societies
Hobbyist organizations
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5375618
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichikawa%20Gakuen
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Ichikawa Gakuen
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is a large (2500 students) private school in Moto-kita-kata (本北方), Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan. The school is sometimes mistaken for a public school due to its name: Ichikawa Junior High School, Ichikawa High School or Ichikawa for short. The private school is managed by the Ichikawa Gakuen School Corporation.
History
In 1937, Yonekichi Koga (古賀米吉 Koga Yonekichi) opened the school in Yawata-aza-shinden (currently known as Higashi-sugano 4-chome), Ichikawa, Chiba. That was the beginning of Ichikawa Gakuen. The school had only male students since after the last war; however, the school became coeducational when the school moved to its present location in the spring of 2003.
The school has relationships with John McGlashan College in Dunedin, New Zealand, as well as others in Shanghai, China, the Philippines and Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada.
Famous alumni
Hideki Takahashi - actor
Kenta Satoi - actor
Keisuke Onishi - founder and CEO (Navitime Japan)
Ikuo Suhoh - CEO (Burning Productions)
Tatsuo Kawamura - founder and chairman (K-Dash)
Takeshi Ebihara - cartoonist
Hirotami Murakoshi - DPJ member of the House of Representatives of Japan
Other
The school also manages three kindergartens in the Ichikawa area.
Gallery
External links
Ichikawa Gakuen Website
Private schools in Japan
Educational institutions established in 1937
Education in Chiba Prefecture
1937 establishments in Japan
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5375624
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver%20Park
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Culver Park
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Culver Park was the park located in Ludington, Michigan during the early 20th century that was used, among other things, as the local fair grounds. Culver Park was the home field for the Ludington Mariners during the late 1910s and early to mid-1920s. The park was demolished sometime after 1931 and is now the site of the Ludington Municipal Marina.
References
Buildings and structures in Mason County, Michigan
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3984911
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zac%20Taylor
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Zac Taylor
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Zachary William Taylor (born May 10, 1983) is an American football coach who is the head coach for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). Beginning his NFL career as an offensive assistant, he was the quarterbacks coach for the Los Angeles Rams when they made a Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl LIII. Taylor was named Cincinnati's head coach the following season in 2019, where he went 6–25–1 in his first two years. In 2021, he led the Bengals to their first playoff win since 1990, ending the longest active drought in the four major North American sports, en route to an appearance in Super Bowl LVI, the franchise's first since 1988.
College career
Early collegiate career
Despite Taylor's record-setting career at Norman High School in Norman, Oklahoma, few colleges recruited him. Even his hometown school, the Oklahoma Sooners, passed him over. In 2002, he signed with the Wake Forest Demon Deacons, where he redshirted his first year and filled in as a backup position the next, completing the only pass he attempted in those two years. From there he transferred to Butler Community College in Kansas, where he had a breakout season, leading Butler to the NJCAA championship game and earning second-team NJCAA All-American honors.
Nebraska
After his 2004 season Taylor looked at multiple NCAA Division I schools, including Memphis, Marshall and Nebraska. Nebraska had abandoned their long standing running/option offense for an entirely new, West Coast offense led by newly appointed coach Bill Callahan. The Huskers had a rebuilding season in 2004, going 5–6 and missing a bowl bid for the first time since 1968. His recruitment late in the 2004–05 off-season by the Huskers was described as a "lucky break" due to the Huskers' lack of quarterbacks at the time.
Taylor had a rough start, statistically speaking, in his 2005 year at Nebraska, completing 39 of 89 passes for 399 yards with a touchdown and three interceptions in his first three games. In his fourth game however, Taylor had a breakout day against Iowa State, throwing for a school record 431 yards on 36 of 55 passing with two touchdowns. The 36 completions was also a school record at the time. He would struggle again five weeks later throwing for only 117 yards against Kansas as the Cornhuskers lost to the Jayhawks for the first time in 37 years. He would have up and down performances throughout the season, ending in a 30–3 win against Colorado where he threw 392 yards, and a come-from-behind 32–28 win against the Michigan Wolverines in the Alamo Bowl, where he threw a Nebraska bowl record 3 touchdown passes. Taylor broke the school record for passing yards in a season with 2,653 yards on 55.1% of his passes being complete.
In his 2006 opener against Louisiana Tech, Taylor showed significant improvement over his season-opener the previous year, completing 22 of 33 attempts for 287 yards with three touchdowns and one interception. The game after, against Nicholls State, Taylor once again showed his precision in passing the ball, finishing 19 of 23 for 202 yards and a new career-best in four touchdown passes.
Taylor led the Nebraska Cornhuskers to a record of 9–3 with an appearance in the 2006 Big 12 Championship Game, facing off against the Oklahoma Sooners. Taylor passed for 2,789 yards and 24 touchdown passes during the regular season and earned Big 12 Offensive Player of the Year.
Statistics
Playing career
Taylor went undrafted in the 2007 NFL Draft. He was signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers but was cut, according to Taylor, as he was packing to leave for training camp. Taylor then went to Canada and joined the Winnipeg Blue Bombers in the CFL. He spent the season on the team's practice roster, but did not return for the 2008 season. The Blue Bombers lost the 95th Grey Cup that season.
Coaching career
Texas A&M
Returning from Canada, Tayor became a graduate assistant and then tight ends coach at Texas A&M, serving four years under head coach Mike Sherman, his mentor and father-in-law.
Miami Dolphins
On January 30, 2012, Taylor was named assistant quarterbacks coach for the NFL's Miami Dolphins. On November 30, 2015, he was promoted to the team's interim offensive coordinator, after the firing of the previous offensive coordinator, Bill Lazor. During the five games Taylor served as offensive coordinator, the Dolphins went 2–3 and averaged 17 points per game, a slight regress from their per-game average under Lazor, though Interim Coach Dan Campbell still had positive things to say of Taylor's performance.
University of Cincinnati
In January 2016, Taylor was hired by University of Cincinnati Bearcats head coach Tommy Tuberville to be the Bearcats' offensive coordinator. According to Taylor, Jim Turner, who had been an offensive line coach for the Dolphins, was the one who connected him with Tuberville. Taylor was seen as a "rising star in the coaching ranks" by the Bearcats, thanks to his experience in the NFL and his job developing Miami Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill. Under Taylor's mentoring Tannehill became only the second Miami quarterback with multiple 3,000-yard seasons, as well as totaling the third-most passing yards for a quarterback in his first four seasons in NFL history, with 15,460.
Los Angeles Rams
In 2017, Taylor was hired by Los Angeles Rams head coach Sean McVay as assistant wide receivers coach. In 2018, he was promoted to quarterbacks coach. That season, Taylor coached quarterback Jared Goff to the NFC Championship and an appearance in Super Bowl LIII on February 3, 2019.
Cincinnati Bengals
2019 season
On February 4, 2019, Taylor was hired as head coach by the Cincinnati Bengals. He lost in his coaching debut to the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 21–20. He and the Bengals lost their next ten games, posting an 0–11 record, the worst start to a season in franchise history. Starting quarterback Andy Dalton was benched ahead of a Week 10 matchup against the Baltimore Ravens. Rookie Ryan Finley started the next three weeks, but after being ineffective, Dalton was renamed the starter before the Week 13 game against the New York Jets. By beating the Jets 22–6, Taylor recorded his first win as the Bengals' coach and snapped a franchise-record thirteen-game losing streak dating back to the previous season. The following week, the Bengals lost to the Cleveland Browns in Taylor's first head-to-head matchup against the division rivals by a score of 27–19. After a Week 16, 38–35 loss to the Miami Dolphins in overtime, the 1–14 Bengals secured the first overall pick in the 2020 NFL Draft. Taylor and the Bengals finished the season 2–14 following a 33–23 win over the Browns in Week 17, matching a franchise-worst record set in 2002.
2020 season
Taylor went into the 2020 season with first-overall pick Joe Burrow as the team's starting quarterback. It was also the first time since 2010 the Bengals season began and Andy Dalton wasn't on the roster, having been signed by the Dallas Cowboys in the offseason. On September 13, 2020, the Bengals lost their first game of the season to the Los Angeles Chargers by a score of 16–13. Taylor and the Bengals saw their first win of the season in a week four 33–25 win against the Jacksonville Jaguars. A subsequent week five loss to the Baltimore Ravens by a score of 27–3 dropped Taylor's road record with the Bengals to 0–11–1. During week seven, Taylor and the Bengals had a 34–31 lead against the Cleveland Browns with one minute left, but lost by a score of 37–34 following a touchdown drive by the Browns. It was the fifth time this season the Bengals lost a game despite having a lead during the fourth quarter. The following week, however, the Bengals pulled off a major upset win against the Tennessee Titans by a score of 31–20.
During a Week 11 game against the Washington Football Team, Burrow suffered a season-ending leg injury. With Finley playing the rest of the game, Taylor and the Bengals went on to lose 20–9. The Bengals' next win would be a Week 15 Monday Night Football matchup against the heavily favored Pittsburgh Steelers. With Finley at quarterback, the Bengals went on to defeat the Steelers 27–17. It was also Finley's first start of the season after Brandon Allen was elevated from the practice squad to be the starter following Burrow's injury. The Bengals went on to win the following week against the Houston Texans by a score of 37–31 with Allen as quarterback. It was the first road win of Taylor's tenure with the Bengals (the team's first since 2018) and also the first winning streak of Taylor's head coaching career. The Bengals finished with a 4–11–1 record, marking the third straight season the Bengals finished 4th and last in the AFC North. The following day, Bengals owner Mike Brown confirmed Taylor would return as head coach for the 2021 season.
2021 season
Taylor began his third season with a healthy Joe Burrow under center, having recovered from his leg injury the previous year. Facing the Minnesota Vikings in Week 1, the Bengals won on a last second field goal in overtime by rookie kicker Evan McPherson. Facing the 4–1 Green Bay Packers at home in Week 5, Taylor and his Bengals scored a game-tying touchdown with 3:27 to play at 22–22. Packers kicker Mason Crosby missed 3 field goals in a 4-minute span, including a go-ahead 36-yarder with 2:12 to play, a 51-yard game-winner as time expired, and a 40-yard game-winner as Burrow threw an interception on the first play of overtime. Unfortunately, McPherson missed two tries as well, including a 57-yarder with 0:26 to play in regulation, and a 49-yarder in overtime after Crosby's third miss. The Packers drove down the field one last time and Crosby scored on a 49-yard try with 1:55 left in overtime to drop the Bengals to 3–2. In a Week 16 matchup against the Ravens, the Bengals defeated them 41–21, giving them their first winning season since 2015. The following week, Taylor helped secure the Bengals' first AFC North division title since 2015 when they defeated the Kansas City Chiefs. Taylor then led the Bengals to their first playoff win since the 1990 season after they beat the Las Vegas Raiders 26–19 in the Wild Card Round. In the Divisional Round, the Bengals beat the top-seeded Tennessee Titans 19–16 for their first road playoff win in franchise history and advanced to their first AFC Championship Game since 1988. In the AFC Championship Game, the Bengals defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 27–24 in overtime to reach their first Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXIII. In Super Bowl LVI, the Bengals lost 23-20 to the Los Angeles Rams. Following the conclusion of the season, Taylor signed a contract extension through 2026. While the details weren't disclosed, prior to the extension, Taylor's $3.5 million annual salary was the lowest amongst the 32 head coaches in the NFL.
Head coaching record
Personal life
In 2008, Taylor married Sarah Sherman, daughter of former Green Bay Packers' head coach Mike Sherman. They have four children together.
Taylor has three siblings, including Jacksonville Jaguars offensive coordinator Press Taylor. Their father, Sherwood, was a defensive back and captain for Oklahoma and head coach Barry Switzer from 1977 to 1979.
References
External links
Cincinnati Bengals bio
Nebraska Cornhuskers bio
1983 births
Living people
American football quarterbacks
Sportspeople from Norman, Oklahoma
Wake Forest Demon Deacons football players
Nebraska Cornhuskers football players
American players of Canadian football
Canadian football quarterbacks
Cincinnati Bengals head coaches
National Football League offensive coordinators
Winnipeg Blue Bombers players
Butler Grizzlies football players
Texas A&M Aggies football coaches
Miami Dolphins coaches
Cincinnati Bearcats football coaches
Los Angeles Rams coaches
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3984922
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich%20Hilgenfeldt
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Erich Hilgenfeldt
|
Georg Paul Erich Hilgenfeldt (born 2 July 1897 in Heinitz/Ottweiler; likely died in April/May 1945 in Berlin) was a high Nazi Party government official.
Life
Early life and education
Hilgenfeldt was born on 2 July 1897 in Heinitz. He went to the Oberrealschule in Saarbrücken, whereafter he went to Halle until Obersekunda (roughly Grade or Year 11) on the "Frankesch" endowment.
Personal life
Married on 24 April 1922 to Marie-Charlotte Köhler, they separated around 1935 and finally divorced 30 November 1940. They had two children together, Reinhard (2 March 1923 – killed in action 2 November 1943 at the Trigno River area 1 km south of Tufillo/Italy) and another boy (1 October 1927). Hildgenfeldt then remarried on 6 December 1940 to Leopoldine Statischek (23 September 1907 at Novi Sad/Serbia – suicide by poison ? April/May 1945 at Berlin) from Wien.
World War I service and employment
Hilgenfeldt served in the First World War as an officer and pilot. After school, he was first an office staffer in the timber industry and head of sales for a building business. From 1928, Hilgenfeldt was a staffer at the Reich Statistical Office.
Nazi Party service
On 1 August 1929, Hilgenfeldt became an NSDAP member (no. 143642), and by 1932 he had become NSDAP Kreisleiter (District Leader) and by 1933 NSDAP Gauinspektor for Inspektion I Groß-Berlin. By 1931 he was a municipal councillor for Berlin-Welmersdorf.
Hilgenfeldt worked as office head at the NSDAP Office for People's Welfare and in close association with the Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt (NSV), or the National Socialist People's Welfare. By organizing a charity drive to celebrate Hitler's Birthday on 20 April 1931, Joseph Goebbels named him the head of the NSV. The NSV was named the single Nazi Party welfare organ in May 1933. On 21 September 1933 he was appointed as Reich Commissioner for the Winterhilfswerk (Winter Support Programme). Under Hilgenfeldt the programme was massively expanded, so that the régime deemed it worthy to be called the "greatest social institution in the world." One method of expansion was to absorb, or in NSDAP parlance coordinate, already existing but non-Nazi charity organizations. NSV was the second largest Nazi group organization by 1939, second only to the German Labor Front.
From November of the same year, Hilgenfeldt was a member of the Reich Work Chamber (Reichsarbeitskammer), as well as the Academy for German Law and Honorary Judge at the Supreme Honour and Disciplinary Court. As NSV leader, he was also Reich Women's Leader (Reichsfrauenführerin) Gertrud Scholtz-Klink's superior. Also by virtue of his NSV office, he was the head of the German union of private charitable organizations, which included among its members the Protestant Inner Mission organization and the Catholic Caritas, as well as the NSV itself. From 1933, he also served in the Prussian Landtag as well as being a member of the Reichstag.
Hilgenfeldt spoke at the Nuremberg Party Rally in 1936, during the Third Session of the Party Conference.
On 9 September 1937, Hilgenfeldt became SS member no. 289225, and then in 1939 a Brigadeführer in the Waffen-SS, and moreover a Main Office Leader.
In the course of Hilgenfeldt's career, he was not only made an honorary judge, but also appointed Chairman of the Reich Association for Offender Support (Reichsverband für Straffälligenbetreuung). Furthermore, he was also awarded the Danziger Kreuz, First Class. He ultimately reached the rank of Gruppenführer.
Death
Hilgenfeldt went missing in May 1945. He is thought to have committed suicide in Berlin, but the circumstances of his death are still unclear.
Hilgenfeldt had a sister named Hedwig who officially declared Erich and his wife Leopoldine dead at the register's office in Berlin-Charlottenburg, in 1957.
Notes
References
The Party Roll of Honor 1936 accessed 27 June 2007
Further reading
External links
Newsletter Behindertenpolitik
1897 births
1940s missing person cases
1945 deaths
German military personnel killed in World War II
Members of the Reichstag of Nazi Germany
Missing in action of World War II
Missing person cases in Germany
Nazi Party officials
SS-Gruppenführer
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3984934
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeler%20High%20School%20%28Indiana%29
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Wheeler High School (Indiana)
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Wheeler High School is a public high school located in Union Township, west of Valparaiso, Indiana, United States. The school is attached to Union Township Middle School and was previously located in Wheeler, Indiana. It is a part of the Union Township School Corporation.
Academics
Vocational education
Wheeler High School features a Law Enforcement Career Academy. This program is available to all juniors and seniors and is intended for students wishing to pursue careers in Police, Courts, or Corrections. Students at all area schools are allowed to enroll. The students can also receive three college credits from Vincennes University.
Junior and senior students may also take vocational classes at other area schools via the Porter County Vocational Education program.
Fine arts
Wheeler High School has a choir, band (marching band, pep and colorguard) art department, and drama department.
Athletics
Wheeler High School offers multiple athletic teams during the academic year and includes an indoor swimming pool, a fieldhouse, and a standard gym on campus. Athletic teams are known as the Bearcats and the school has won state championships in boys basketball (2010) and softball (2010).
Boys sports
Baseball
Basketball
Bowling
Cross Country
Football
Golf
Soccer
Swimming and Diving
Tennis
Track and Field
Wrestling
Girls sports
Basketball
Bowling
Cheerleading
Cross Country
Soccer
Softball
Tennis
Track and Field
Volleyball
Swimming
Demographics
In the 2009–2010 school year, Wheeler High was 49.4% female and 50.6% male. The racial breakdown was:
White 89.9%
Black 1.7%
Hispanic 2.9%
Asian 0.5%
Native American 0.5%
Multiracial 4.4%
Notable Alumni
Jared Arambula - Paralympic Men's Basketball player
Becca Bruszewski - Women's Basketball player
Accomplishments
2010 IHSAA Boys Basketball Class 2A Champions
2010 IHSAA Girls Softball Class 2A Champions
See also
List of high schools in Indiana
References
External links
Union Township School Corporation website
Public high schools in Indiana
Schools in Porter County, Indiana
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3984939
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tellers%20Organ%20Company
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Tellers Organ Company
|
Tellers Organ Company was a manufacturer of pipe organs in Erie, Pennsylvania. From 1906 to 1973, the company produced over 1,100 organs throughout the United States and Puerto Rico.
History
The company was founded by two brothers, Henry and Ignatius Tellers, and William Sommerhof. Prior to this, the two Tellers brothers worked at Milwaukee, Wisconsin based Schuelke Organ Company until 1892. They moved to Erie and went to work for the Felgemaker Organ Company for the next 14 years, where they met Sommerhof.
In 1906, the three men established Tellers Organ Company. In 1911, the company changed its name to Tellers-Sommerhof Organ Company. Sommerhof would sell his interest in the company to A. E. Kent, another former Felgemaker employee, in 1918. The company's name was then changed to Tellers-Kent Organ Company. Felgemaker also ceased operations that year. Tellers-Kent assumed all the open contracts and service agreement work from Felgemaker. The company was known as Tellers-Kent for a number of years until the name changed back to Tellers Organ Company.
The company would eventually become a pioneer in the combination pipe/electronic organ fields and would come to produce the Conn-Tellers Electro-Pipe Combination Organ. The company later became an authorized Rodgers Instruments dealer.
Lawrence Phelps purchased the Tellers factory in 1973 and established the Lawrence Phelps & Associates organ building firm. Phelps would produce organs in Erie until the company went out of business in 1981.
Churches that have installed Tellers' organs
St. Alban's Episcopal Chapel, Salisbury, Maryland, installed 1969
St. John's United Church of Christ, Jonestown, Pennsylvania, installed 1961
Ninth Street Christian Church, Logansport, Indiana, installed 1952
St. Boniface Church, Rochester, New York, installed 1961
St. Paul Lutheran Church, Millington, Michigan, purchased 1965
References
Pipe organ building companies
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States
Companies based in Erie, Pennsylvania
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3984940
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie%20Touchet
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Marie Touchet
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Marie Touchet (1549 – 28 March 1638), Dame de Belleville, was the only mistress of Charles IX of France.
Life
Although born to a bourgeois family at Orléans, the daughter of Marie Mathy and a Huguenot lieutenant Jean Touchet, she "held her row at court as well as any of the first class ladies" (Le Laboureur, historian). Her anagrammed name was even Je Charme Tout meaning "I charm all." Henry III, King of Navarre was responsible for this clever wordplay.
By her late teens, she was mistress to Charles IX. In 1573 she bore the king a son, Charles de Valois. It would be his only son, for just one year later the king died, at which time his and Marie's son was entrusted to the care of his younger brother and successor, Henry III of France. The new king was faithful to his dead brother's wishes and raised little Charles dutifully. Marie Touchet received a pension for her services to Charles IX, and continued as a part of the royal circle.
Marie went on to marry the marquis d'Entragues, Charles Balzac d'Entragues, and had two daughters, Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues and Marie-Charlotte de Balzac d’Entragues. Both daughters would follow in their mother's footsteps, later becoming the mistresses of Henry IV of France. Marie died in Paris.
Children
With Charles IX, King of France, she had:
Charles de Valois
With her husband Charles Balzac d'Entragues, she had:
Catherine Henriette de Balzac d'Entragues
Marie-Charlotte de Balzac d’Entragues
References
Sources
1549 births
1638 deaths
People from Orléans
Mistresses of French royalty
Marie
Charles IX of France
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3984943
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudas%20Baths
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Rudas Baths
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Rudas Bath or Rudas fürdő is a thermal bath in Budapest, Hungary which is claimed to have medicinal properties. It was first built in 1550, during the time of Ottoman rule. To date, it retains many of the key elements of a Turkish bath, exemplified by its Turkish dome and octagonal pool. It is located at Döbrentei tér 9 on the Buda side of Erzsébet Bridge. The bath has six therapy pools and one swimming pool where the temperature is in between . The components of slightly radioactive thermal water includes sulfate, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate and a significant amount of fluoride ion. A sight-seeing brochure claims the water can help to treat degenerative joint illnesses, chronic and sub-acute joint inflammations, vertebral disk problems, neuralgia and lack of calcium in the bone system.
The baths were used by Sokollu Mustafa Pasha, Beylerbeyi (governor) of Buda Vilayet of the Ottomans between 1566 and 1578. This is inscribed in Hungarian in the baths, on a stone standing atop the Juve spring, which is believed by locals to have a rejuvenating effect on people.
The baths were used as a location for the opening scene of the 1988 action movie Red Heat, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and James Belushi.
It re-opened at the beginning of 2006, after a comprehensive renovation of its interior.
The baths are open to women only on Tuesdays, to men the rest of the week, and both men and women on the weekend. The attached swimming pool is always open to both men and women.
Gallery
Notes
External links
Budapest Spas and Hot Springs entry on Rudas Baths
Aerial photographs
Ottoman architecture in Hungary
Thermal baths in Budapest
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3984946
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubicon%20International%20Services
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Rubicon International Services
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Rubicon International Services Ltd is a British private military and private security company based in London, which was acquired by Aegis Defence Services on 28 October 2005. The public announcement was made on 4 November 2005. John Davidson, Managing Director of Rubicon, joined the AEGIS board and assumed the appointment of Director of Operations.
Rubicon International Services was founded in 1996 by John Davidson, a former special forces soldier. Before its 2005 acquisition by Aegis Defence Systems, it operated in more than 50 countries. Rubicon provides security services in high-risk areas, such as protecting foreign workers in Iraq during the Iraq War.
The other shareholder was Paddy Nicoll, who sold his security systems consultancy, Diplomatic Protection Ltd, to Rubicon in 2000. Paddy Nicoll retired from the Army in 1996, having served with the Black Watch.
References
British companies established in 1996
Companies based in London
Security companies of the United Kingdom
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3984952
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast%20Markup%20Language
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Broadcast Markup Language
|
Broadcast Markup Language, or BML, is an XML-based standard developed by Japan's Association of Radio Industries and Businesses as a data broadcasting specification for digital television broadcasting. It is a data-transmission service allowing text to be displayed on a 1seg TV screen.
The text contains news, sports, weather forecasts, emergency warnings such as Earthquake Early Warning, etc. free of charge. It was finalized in 1999, becoming ARIB STD-B24 Data Coding and Transmission Specification for Digital Broadcasting.
The STD-B24 specification is derived from an early draft of XHTML 1.0 strict, which it extends and alters. Some subset of CSS 1 and 2 is supported, as well as ECMAScript.
Example BML header:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="EUC-JP" ?>
<!DOCTYPE bml PUBLIC "+//ARIB STD-B24:1999//DTD BML Document//JA" "bml_1_0.dtd">
<?bml bml-version="1.0" ?>
Since version 1.0 in 1999, BML standard has gone through several revisions, and , it is on version 5.0. However, due to a large installed user base of receivers which only support the original 1.0 specification, broadcasters are not able to introduce new features defined in later revisions.
See also
ARIB STD B24 character set
Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting
1seg
Ginga (SBTVD Middleware)
Further reading
Broadcast Markup Language (BML) at OASIS
External links
Official changelog for ARIB STD-B24
STD-B24 and others, List of ARIB Standards in the Field of Broadcasting (ARIB)
Broadcast engineering
Digital television
High-definition television
Industry-specific XML-based standards
Interactive television
ISDB
Satellite television
Japanese inventions
Telecommunications-related introductions in 1999
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3984967
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal%20Province
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Bengal Province
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Bengal Province or Province of Bengal, may refer to the Imperial Province of the Bengal region under two periods of imperial rule in South Asia:
Bengal Subah (1574–1765), Province (Subah) of the Mughal Empire
Bengal Presidency (1765–1947), Presidency of the British Indian Empire
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3984978
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernice%20MacNaughton%20High%20School
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Bernice MacNaughton High School
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Bernice MacNaughton High School (usually abbreviated as Bernice MacNaughton, MacNaughton, or BMHS), is a high school in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada.
Name
Bernice MacNaughton High School was named after Dr. L. Bernice MacNaughton, a Moncton teacher, and was formerly known as Dr. L. Bernice MacNaughton High School.
History
Founded in 1975 as a trade school, Bernice MacNaughton originally accommodated 1,400 students. It became the MacNaughton Science & Technology Center (MSTC) in 1994 but was reestablished as a high school in 1999, consisting only of grade nine students. 2003 saw the first graduating class of BMHS. MacNaughton underwent an extensive multi-million dollar renovation between 2000 and 2003; additions included construction of a new gymnasium and several classrooms, landscaping, additional lighting, and driveway resurfacing. The auditorium was renovated in 2006. By 2008, a new roof for the school's cafeteria had been completed.
In November 2012, the City of Moncton announced that it would contribute $750,000 toward a new artificial turf sports field on MacNaughton's grounds. The Province of New Brunswick later announced that it would invest a further $400,000 toward the sports field, which was used as a training ground for the 2014 FIFA Under-20 Women's World Cup.
Facilities
MacNaughton is located in Moncton's West end and is within walking distance of the city's walking trails and Centennial Park. Its campus offers access to cross-country ski trails and two sports fields. The school features a large, central cafeteria and foyer, and the auditorium can support fully orchestrated theatrical and musical productions. BMHS also has several science laboratories, special woodworking and metalworking shops, two art rooms, a darkroom, several computer labs, and two music rooms.
Academic life
Courses
Bernice MacNaughton High School runs on a two-semester arrangement. Most courses run on a full-semester basis, but some grade nine specialty courses (e.g. physical education, visual arts) are half-semester courses. MacNaughton offers students a wide variety of courses, from aviation technology to Mandarin, as well as three Advanced Placement courses: Chemistry, English Literature and Composition, and Psychology. Classes commence at 08:45 (AST) and end at 15:30 AST. Students take five sixty-minute courses every day, with an hour-long break between the third and fourth classes and seven- or eight-minute breaks between all other classes.
In 2008, BMHS implemented a thirty-minute directed learning period, known colloquially as "Period 6", in order to allow fellow Clan members to jointly study, work on homework, or seek extra help. During the 2009–2010 school year, the directed learning period was moved to 10:54 AST, between the second and third period. In the 2012–2013 school year, the directed learning period was rotated throughout the day as a function of the day of the week. The directed learning period was removed in the 2013–2014 school year.
House system
Upon arrival at MacNaughton, students are automatically and randomly sorted into one of four houses called "Clans", in reference to the Highland Scottish clans Campbell, MacDonald, MacLeod, and Stewart. Eight twelfth grade students are appointed to lead each Clan.
Extracurricular activities
BMHS offers a wide array of extracurricular activities:
Athletics
MacNaughton offers a wide selection of sports clubs and organized teams at the junior varsity and senior varsity, male and female, levels. These vary from year to year and include:
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
Cross country
Curling
Field hockey
Football
Golf
Rugby union
Soccer
Track and field
Volleyball
Wrestling
Bernice MacNaughton has captured New Brunswick Interscholastic Athletic Association (NBIAA) sports titles in 12 man football (2004, 2006–2008, 2011), girls' field hockey (2005), AAA junior girls' basketball (2005–2006), AAA senior girls' basketball (2007), junior men's wrestling (2005), and AAA senior boys' volleyball (2007).
Bike Club
The BMHS Bike Club was an after-school program where members built custom motorcycles and bicycles. In 2008, they completed a custom bobber motorcycle, dubbed "Betty".
Breakfast club
The BMHS breakfast club serves a free breakfast to students on school mornings.
Reach for the Top
BMHS's intermediate and senior Reach for the Top teams compete in provincial tournaments.
School newspaper
The school newspaper has undergone frequent name changes. The latest edition, entitled The Highlander, was published in 2014.
Student government
BMHS's students' union consists of thirteen positions:
President
Vice-President
Senior Treasurer
Junior Treasurer
School Spirit
Student Activities
Extra Curricular Activities and Liaison
2 At Large Positions
Secretary
Grade 9 Representative
Grade 10 Representative
Grade 11 Representative
Grade 12 Representative
Membership in the school's Student Government is mandatory, and students are admitted as ordinary members of the Government upon payment of the school's nominal tuition fee. Elections for the upcoming year are held on the first Friday after May Day (May 1) of the previous year. The Senior Treasurer is chosen via interview. Grade Representatives are selected in October.
Yearbook
The annual BMHS yearbook is entitled ceilidh.
Theatrical productions
Musical productions
Bernice MacNaughton has performed fourteen musicals and one collection of Broadway show tunes:
Oliver! (2003)
Nunsense (2003)
The Sound of Music (2004)
Nunsense 2: The Second Coming (2005)
Broadway meets the Bard, a collection of Broadway songs and Shakespeare excerpts (December 2005)
Grease (2006)
West Side Story (April 18–21, 2007)
Crazy for You (April 23–26, 2008)
Bye Bye Birdie (April 22–25, 2009)
White Christmas (December 9–12, 2009)
The Phantom of the Opera (April 6–8, 2011)
The Drowsy Chaperone (December 7–10, 2011)
Grease (2013)
Sympathy Jones (November 20–23, 2013)
Carrie: The Musical (November 26–29, 2014)
Shrek The Musical (2015)
Mamma Mia! (2018)
Dramatic productions
Bernice MacNaughton has presented several dramatic productions:
Lord of the Flies (2001)
Our Town (November 28–December 1, 2007)
Scenes from an Italian Restaurant, an original composition consisting of a series of ten-minute plays (November 2008)
Scenes in the Key of Life, an original composition consisting of a series of ten-minute plays and musical performances (2010)
Ralph's Basement, an original composition (June 3–5, 2010)
Alien Grunge Love (2014)
Notable alumni
Courtney Sarault - Canadian short track speed skater, won many world medals.
Danielle Doris - Canadian Olympian who won gold at the 2020 Para-Olympics.
See also
Anglophone East School District
References
External links
BMHS Website
Anglophone East School District Website
Educational institutions established in 1975
High schools in Moncton
1975 establishments in New Brunswick
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3985052
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovo%20%28Moscow%20Metro%29
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Perovo (Moscow Metro)
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Perovo () is a Moscow Metro station on Kalininsko-Solntsevskaya Line. It was opened on 30 December 1979 along with the Kalininsky radius at a depth of nine metres.
Name
Named after Perovo District in the Eastern Administrative Okrug.
Building
The architects Nina Aleshina and Volovich adopted a single-vault design with hinged aluminium lighting elements. The decorative design of the station is devoted to the Russian folk arts. The walls are decorated with blocks with screw-threaded rocks, and original patterns above the entrance portals (by L. Novikova and B. Filatov). The walls are revetted with white marble above and black gabbro below. The floor, which has several high marble stalls surrounded by benches, is faced with grey, black and brown granite.
The station has two exits, both interlinked with the underground subways under the Zelyony Avenue and 2nd Vladimirskaya street. Presently the station has a relatively low passenger traffic of 49300 passengers.
External links
Moscow Metro stations
Railway stations in Russia opened in 1979
Kalininsko–Solntsevskaya line
Railway stations located underground in Russia
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3985082
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Mathieson
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Jean Mathieson
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Jean Mathieson (born in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian animator. Mathieson is listed in Colombo's Canadian References as Canada’s first independent, commercial, non National Film Board, woman animator. She switched from the University of Toronto to The Ontario College of Art where in four years she earned her A.O.C.A. After graduation, she trained as an animator in Canada’s fledgling animation industry. Subsequently, she partnered with Al Guest and continued to pioneer as the first woman in Canadian animation combining writer, director, and producer.
Toronto
Profiled in Chatelaine magazine when she worked as lead animator on Rocket Robin Hood, she went on to work at the CBC doing animation for Lorne Michaels and Hart Pomerantz as well as Wayne and Shuster. While at the CBC she did a stint at the National Research Council in Ottawa, pioneering CG animation on their mainframe computer - then the largest computer in Canada. In 1977 she was the presenter of the Animation Award at the Canadian Film Awards. Together with her partner Al Guest, she helped found The Canadian Animation Producers Association with Al Guest the first president and Jean Mathieson the founding secretary.
The pair produced more than 4,000 television commercials, theatrical shorts, television series and sponsored films, winning more than 100 awards. Although known primarily for animation, they have also produced and directed live action commercials with their company in London, England as well as live action TV shows in the U.S. Among their live productions produced in Canada were 130 episodes of The Bonnie Prudden Show (U.S. syndication) and 195 episodes of The Ed Allen Show (U.S. syndication).
Among their animated productions produced in Canada were: 78 episodes of The Undersea Adventures of Captain Nemo, (CBS) 52 episodes of Rocket Robin Hood (CBC & international syndication), 20 episodes of The Toothbrush Family (CBS), 20 episodes of The Sunrunners (Ontario Education Channel)and 26 episodes of The Hilarious House of Frightenstein (U.S. syndication) and the Inuit special Ukaliq. Their music video "A Routine Day" made for the band "Klaatu" is considered the first animated music video.
Hollywood
Subsequently they moved to Hollywood, California where they designed and built a complete motion-control system and produced special effects for numerous commercials and the films Alligator, Any Which Way You Can, Body Heat, and One from the Heart, for which they also produced the logo animation for Francis Ford Coppola's Zoetrope Studios.
Dublin
On the recommendation and financing of their New York distributor, Don Taffner. they went to Dublin, Ireland and partnered in setting up a major animation facility, Emerald City Productions, from scratch in a country that had no animation history. Providing the design and specifications for a complete reconstruction of the premises, supervising all purchasing and installation of the equipment as well as designing the furniture, they set about to recruit and train the entire staff, from animators and background artists to camera operators and editors.
While training the staff, Al Guest and Jean Mathieson wrote, produced and directed all the studio's output including the following one-hour specials based on classic books: Oliver Twist (BBC), Ghost Stories From The Pickwick Papers (Syndication), The Phantom of the Opera (HBO), Ben-Hur (Syndication), Les Misérables (HBO), A Tale of Two Cities (Syndication), The Canterville Ghost (Syndication), Around the World in Eighty Days (Syndication), The Call of the Wild (with Global Television Network, Canada), and Brer Rabbit Tales (Syndication).
Manila, Hong Kong & Guangzhou
After commuting from Los Angeles to their Dublin studio every six weeks for four years, they sold the studio to an English company and moved to Palm Springs. There they were commissioned by Syd Banks, to write a live action motion picture screenplay based on the life of Emily Brontë, Emily's Story - Wuthering Heights, to be produced by Denis Heroux, the producer of The Black Robe and Atlantic City.
Their animation activity did not stop however, and they wrote, directed and produced Brer Rabbit's Xmas Carol, The Outrageous Adventures of Brer Rabbit, and Mighty Bigfoot, for which they also designed all the characters.
These productions were all made with studios in Manila and Guangzhou, China, which necessitated numerous trips to the studios by Guest & Mathieson to maintain their "hands-on" production style. The animated commercials they produced during this period were all done in L.A. on their computers.
Los Angeles
In 1998 they were appointed to the faculty of Mount San Antonio College in the new Digital Animation Production course where they taught courses in Animation Principles - Beginning and Advanced, Inbetweening, Storyboard, Layout, Animation script writing, Drawing the Figure in Motion, and CGI Environment (Maya). Although certified as professors at Mount San Antonio College, they left teaching after a year to produce and direct a trailer section of their script - Emily's Story - Wuthering Heights, as a combination live-action & CGI production.
Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou & Suzhou
In 2000, Guest & Mathieson spent 13 months directing and producing Flutemaster. A ground-breaking animated series originating in California and produced in China, it was a hit running Prime Time on the Chinese network CCTV, where, as one of the most popular programs ever aired, it reached an audience of 140 million viewers during its broadcast in 2004. Guest and Mathieson designed characters, the logo, and art directed the "look" of the series and its promotion. They also trained Chinese concept, storyboard, and background artists in contemporary American animation style, procedures and technical standards.
While in Beijing they were invited to the Beijing Broadcasting Institute where they gave an address. Their concept of making the main character a skateboarder resulted in the show being sold around the world as "Skateboy".
Back to Hollywood
After completing a 2D series Going Buggs based on their movie Planet of the Buggs, which was created and directed by their son William S. Mathieson, they created a CGI pilot - Oh No, Domingo! doing the production overseas. At the same time, a live action horror film they wrote - House of Darkness - was completed in Montreal. The rock band "KLAATU" recently released a DVD of songs animated by Guest and Mathieson along with personal interviews where they both discuss the rotoscope animation technique they used. Jean Mathieson now works in the Videogame industry where she is credited as Jean Guest on Ratchet & Clank: Size Matters, Secret Agent Clank, Jak and Daxter: The Lost Frontier, DreamWorks Super Star Kartz, Phineas and Ferb the Movie: Across the 2nd Dimension, and "Disney Princess: My Fairytale Adventure". Al Guest and Jean Mathieson continue to write and develop new projects together.
Bibliography
CARTOONS: ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF CINEMA ANIMATION by Giannalberto Bendazzi - Indiana University Press 1995,
CARTOON CAPERS by Karen Mazurkewich - McArthur and Company 1999
COLOMBO'S CANADIAN REFERENCES by John Robert Colombo - Oxford University Press 1976
PRESS RELEASE - World Wide Pictures Corporation
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FANTASY by John Clute and John Grant - Macmillan 1999
FRIGHT XMAS by Alan-Bertanellson Jones - AuthorHouse 2010
MORE THEATRE: M-Z by Alvin H. Marill and William T. Leonard - Scarecrow Press 1993
SELF-PORTRAIT:ESSAYS ON THE CANADIAN AND QUEBEC CINEMAS - Pierre Veronneau & Piers Handling - The Canadian Film Institute 1980
CINEMA CANADA - ISSUES 34-47 - Canadian Society of Cinematographers 1977
THE CHRISTMAS ENCYCLOPAEDIA - William D. Crump - McFarland & Co 2006
LES CINEMAS CANADIENS - Pierre Veronneau - Lherminier 1978
VOYAGE AU FOND DES MERS (French Edition) - Max Phillipe Morel - lulu.com 2012
BIBLE AND CINEMA: FIFTY KEY FILMS - Adele Reinhatz - (Routledge Key Guides) 2012
THE UNDERGROUNDS OF THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA: SUBLIMATION AND THE GOTHIC IN LEROUX'S NOVEL AND ITS PROGENY - Jerrold E. Hogle - 2002
BEN-HUR - Lew Wallace and David Mayer - (Oxford World's Classics) - 1998
External links
Artists from Toronto
Film directors from Toronto
Canadian animators
Canadian animated film directors
Canadian women film directors
Canadian women animators
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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3985083
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly%20Boulevard
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Beverly Boulevard
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Beverly Boulevard is one of the main east-west thoroughfares in Los Angeles, in the U.S. state of California. It begins off Santa Monica Boulevard in Beverly Hills and ends on the Lucas Avenue overpass near downtown Los Angeles to become 1st Street. A separate Beverly Boulevard (carrying Montebello Transit line 40) begins off 3rd Street and Pomona Boulevard in East Los Angeles, runs through Montebello and Pico Rivera, and becomes Turnbull Canyon Road in Whittier near Rose Hills Memorial Park.
Background
Work on paving Beverly Boulevard through Northwest Los Angeles began in the 1910s, making it one of Los Angeles's first boulevards.
The Boulevard's most famous stretch is in West Hollywood, where it passes Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and the Beverly Center Mall (at the intersection with La Cienega Boulevard). In addition, much of the Fairfax District is centered on Beverly Boulevard. The Grove is southeast of Beverly and Fairfax. The intersection of Beverly and La Cienega is the center of the studio zone (also known as the "thirty-mile zone"), the area that Los Angeles-based entertainment industry unions consider as "local" for purposes of work rules.
Beverly Boulevard runs parallel to Melrose Avenue to the north and 3rd Street to the south. It passes directly through the Wilshire Country Club.
The famous CBS Television City is located on the corner of Beverly and Fairfax, opposite The Grove. Original Tommy's, a famous Southern California burger chain, is located at the corner of Rampart and Beverly Boulevards. Also situated on Beverly Boulevard are studios belonging to Westlake Recording Studios, noted as the site where music albums such as Michael Jackson's Thriller were recorded.
La Cienega Design Quarter
The area of Beverly Boulevard that intersects La Cienega Boulevard and its satellite streets is part of the La Cienega Design Quarter. Its shops and galleries house many antiques, furniture, rugs, accessories, and art.
Education and transportation
Belmont High School is located at Beverly Boulevard and Belmont Avenue.
Metro Local line 14 operates on Beverly Boulevard.
The Metro B Line serves an underground station at Vermont Avenue.
External links
References
Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Boulevards in the United States
Central Los Angeles
Fairfax, Los Angeles
Streets in Hollywood, Los Angeles
Montebello, California
Pico Rivera, California
Streets in West Hollywood, California
Westside (Los Angeles County)
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3985090
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20B.%20Hayward
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Thomas B. Hayward
|
Admiral Thomas Bibb Hayward (May 3, 1924 – March 3, 2022) was Chief of Naval Operations for the United States Navy from July 1, 1978, until June 30, 1982, after which he retired from military service.
Naval career
Shortly after the commencement of World War II, Hayward enlisted in the U.S. Navy V-5 aviation program and was called to active duty as a naval aviation cadet in 1943, anticipating that he would shortly be flying combat in the South Pacific. However, when roughly halfway through the flight training syllabus, he competed for and was accepted to attend the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, to position himself for a career in the U.S. Navy at war's end. He graduated from the Academy in July 1947, and was assigned to the as an engineering officer. In 1949, he returned to flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and received his United States Naval Aviator wings in July 1950. The Korean War having begun, as a lieutenant junior grade, he reported to VF-51 and flew from the decks of the aircraft carriers and , flying 146 combat missions, and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, seven Air Medals, and two Navy Commendation Medals with Combat "V" for Valor. One of Hayward's squadron mates in VF-51 was future astronaut Neil Armstrong, who became his lifelong friend.
Following his Korean tour, Hayward became a Navy test pilot, a lead instructor in the forerunner to the Navy Fighter Weapons School, also known as TOPGUN, and Commanding Officer of VF-103. He also attended the Naval War College in 1958. In 1959 he was one of the 32 finalists for NASA Astronaut Group 1, but ultimately was not selected.
In 1965–66, as Commander Carrier Air Wing Ten (CW-10), Hayward flew 36 combat missions in Vietnam, flying from the deck of , receiving the Legion of Merit and three Air Medals. In 1967, he attended the National War College and obtained a master's degree in Foreign Affairs from George Washington University. As a captain, Hayward returned to Vietnam as Commanding Officer of the and later as Commanding Officer of the , for which he was awarded the Legion of Merit.
Hayward then had tours of duty as commander of the United States Seventh Fleet from 1975 to 1976, and then Commander in Chief of the United States Pacific Fleet from August 12, 1976, to May 9, 1978.
As Chief of Naval Operations, Hayward is best remembered for his "Pride in the Navy" priority: the emphasis on rebuilding readiness of both active and reserve forces; restoring priority in mine warfare; and his success in the zero tolerance "Not in my Navy" drug program.
In 1981, he was awarded the Society of Experimental Test Pilots James H. Doolittle Award. In January 2007, the United States Naval Academy Alumni Association announced Admiral Thomas B. Hayward as one of four recipients of its 2007 Distinguished Graduate Award.
Corporate career and retirement
After retirement from the Navy, his primary efforts were in the field of education, where he helped co-found companies focused on reading and math solutions K-12, masters and doctorates in education, and both domestic and international distance learning for college and higher ed. He also served on the board of advisors of the Code of Support Foundation, a nonprofit military services organization.
In 2021, Hayward was among 124 retired generals and admirals who signed an open letter which said that the U.S. "has taken a hard left turn toward socialism and a Marxist form of tyrannical government"; the letter also endorsed the false claim that the 2020 election had been stolen from President Donald Trump.
Death
Hayward died on March 3, 2022, at the age of 97 in Seattle, Washington.
Awards and decorations
References
1924 births
2022 deaths
United States Navy admirals
Chiefs of Naval Operations
United States Navy personnel of the Korean War
United States Navy personnel of the Vietnam War
American Korean War pilots
American Vietnam War pilots
United States Naval Aviators
American test pilots
Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Air Medal
United States Naval Academy alumni
People from Glendale, California
United States Navy personnel of World War II
Military personnel from California
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3985093
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melrose%20Avenue
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Melrose Avenue
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Melrose Avenue is a shopping, dining and entertainment destination in Los Angeles that starts at Santa Monica Boulevard, at the border between Beverly Hills and West Hollywood. It ends at Lucile Avenue in Silver Lake. Melrose runs north of Beverly Boulevard and south of Santa Monica Boulevard.
Paved in 1909, Melrose Avenue's namesake comes from the Massachusetts town of the same name.
Its most famous section, known as the Melrose District, is the West End through West Hollywood and Hollywood.
At the corner of Fairfax and Melrose is Fairfax High School, which marks the start of the Fairfax District.
One of the most famous landmarks located on Melrose Avenue is Paramount Pictures.
Metro Local line 10 operates on Melrose Avenue.
Melrose District
The eastern end of the district, which runs from Fairfax to Highland Avenue, became a popular underground and new wave shopping area in the early 1980s. Pioneered by adventurous independent retailers and restaurateurs, Melrose Avenue captured the global imagination as the birthplace of Southern California's New Wave and Punk cultures. Rapid notoriety quickly lured movie stars, moguls, and style seekers, leading the press to dub Melrose Avenue "the new Rodeo Drive." Ready for its close-up, the avenue enjoyed its share of TV and movie cameos, and appeared regularly on Jay Leno's "Jaywalking" segments of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, in addition to shows such as Entourage and LA Ink.
Melrose District got its notoriety in the 1990s soap opera Melrose Place by Aaron Spelling.
As a constantly evolving merchant district, it has featured stores such as Vinyl Fetish, Harvey's On Melrose, Golden Girls Rattan Furniture and Retail Slut. They all closed several years ago. Harvey's made a comeback after 20 years, but on Beverly. The Burger That Ate L.A., a landmark fast food stand, was in recent years replaced with a Starbucks.
The original Johnny Rockets opened in this end of Melrose in 1986. Long-term stakeholders like The Groundlings, l.a.Eyeworks, Angeli Caffe and Sportie LA have shown continued dedication to the community. In 2005, musician and director Joe Hahn, member of the rock band Linkin Park, opened his concept retail store SURU on the 7600 block of Melrose. Canadian designer John Fluevog opened on Melrose in 2003. As one of the city's most walking-friendly neighborhoods, this must-see destination has maintained its reputation for an original, alternative and independent experience for more than three decades.
Since 1997, the "Melrose Trading Post" outdoor flea market has created opportunities for Fairfax High School and the surrounding neighborhood. Every Sunday 250+ local vendors, collectors, artisans, and artists gather in the parking lot on the corner of Melrose and Fairfax Avenues to celebrate the thriving community culture. Food vendors and live music round out this weekly local event hosted by the Greenway Arts Alliance. Money raised by this nonprofit organization from the low-cost patron admission and vendor booth fees fuel a thriving arts education program on the FHS campus called the Institute for the Arts at Greenway.
At the corner of Highland and Melrose is what has been described by the Los Angeles Times as the "boss of LA's Italian dining scene", Osteria Mozza, which marks the eastern end of the Fairfax District.
In 2020, The Melrose Business Improvement District (Melrose BID) Association is tasked with working to enhance the commercial vitality of Melrose Avenue between Highland and Fairfax Avenues by providing improvements and activities throughout the district using state issued funds. "Uplift Melrose" was issued $50 million by the state. LA city Council member Paul Koretz declined the proposal and declined the state funds.
Melrose Heights
The Western End, popularly referred to as Melrose Heights, runs from La Cienega Blvd. to Fairfax Avenue and features a variety of upscale restaurants, boutiques such as the Kardashian sisters boutique D-A-S-H and salons such as Elixir (teahouse), The Bodhi Tree Bookstore (metaphysical and New Age books), Fred Segal, Plush Home, and The Improv. Melrose Heights is also home to several high-end designer stores, such as Marc Jacobs, Diane von Fürstenberg, Carolina Herrera, Mulberry, Sergio Rossi, Alexander McQueen, Oscar de la Renta, BCBG Max Azria, Paul Smith, Temperley London, John Varvatos, Balenciaga, Diesel, Vivienne Westwood and Vera Wang.
Melrose Place
North of the intersection with La Cienega Boulevard is Melrose Place, a branch of the main avenue made famous thanks to the soap opera of the same name. In reality, Melrose Place features no residences and has historically been home to antique shops, boutiques and salons.
La Cienega Design Quarter
The area of Melrose Avenue that intersects La Cienega Boulevard and its satellite streets is part of the La Cienega Design Quarter. Its shops and galleries house many antiques, furniture, rugs, accessories and art.
References
Sources
Melrose Avenue Official Guide
Melrose Avenue Merchant Alliance (MAMA)
Huffington Post - October 8 2010
Music Video by Bobby Valentino performing 'Slow Down'
External links
Streets in Los Angeles
Streets in Los Angeles County, California
Shopping districts and streets in Greater Los Angeles
Economy of Los Angeles
Landmarks in Los Angeles
Streets in Hollywood, Los Angeles
East Hollywood, Los Angeles
Streets in West Hollywood, California
Westside (Los Angeles County)
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3985108
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushkalavati
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Pushkalavati
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Pushkalavati (Urdu: ; Sanskrit: ; Prākrit: ; ) or Pushkaravati (Sanskrit: ; Pāli: ), and later Shaikhan Dheri (), was the capital of the Gandhara kingdom, situated in what is now Pakistan. Its ruins are located on the outskirts of the modern city of Charsadda, in Charsadda District, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 28 kilometres (17 miles) northeast of Peshawar. Its ruins are located on the banks of Swat River, near its junction with Kabul River, with the earliest archaeological remains from 1400 to 800 BCE in Bala Hisar mound. Pushkalavati became an Achaemenid regional capital around 600 BCE, and it remained an important city through to the 2nd century CE.
Etymology
Pushkalavati (Sanskrit: पुष्कलावती, ) means Lotus City in Sanskrit. According to Hindu mythology as per the Ramayana, it was named Pushkalavati because it was founded by Pushkala, the son of Bharat.
The region around ancient Pushkulavati was recorded in the Zoroastrian Zend Avesta as Vaēkərəta, or the seventh most beautiful place on earth created by Ahura Mazda. It was known as the "crown jewel" of Bactria, and held sway over nearby ancient Taxila'.
Ruins
The ruins of Pushkalavati consist of many stupas and the sites of two ancient cities.
Bala Hisar
Bala Hisar site () in this area was first inhabited in the 2nd-millennium BCE. The C14 dating of early deposits in Bala Hisar, bearing "Soapy red"/red burnished ware, is 1420-1160 BCE, and this early phase lasted from 1400 to 800 BCE, the second phase took place until around 500 BCE featuring bowls in typical "grooved" red burnished ware.
In later 6th century BCE, Pushkalavati became the capital of the Achaemenid Gandhara satrapy following the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley. The location was first excavated in 1902 by the archaeologist John Marshall. Sir Mortimer Wheeler conducted some excavations there in 1962, and identified an occupation from the Achaemenid period and various Achaemenid remains.
According to Arrian, the city then surrendered in 327/326 BCE to Alexander the Great, who established a garrison in it.
In 630 CE, Xuanzang visited the area and described a stupa built by Ashoka, which remains unidentified and undiscovered.
Peucela and Shaikhan Dheri
The Bactrian Greeks built a new city (Peucela () or Peucelaitis () at the mound currently known as Shaikhan Dheri (), which lies one kilometre north from Bala Hissar on the other side of Sambor River, the branch of River Jinde. This city was established in the second century BCE until the second century CE, occupied by Parthian, Sakas and Kushans.
Two early Buddhist manuscripts recently found in the region, known as avadanas, written in Gandhari language around 1st century CE (now in the British Library Collection of Gandharan Scrolls) mention the name of the city as Pokhaladi.
In the 2nd century CE, river changed its course and city was flooded. The town moved to the site of the modern village of Rajjar. The last reference to Pushkalavati as Po-shi-ki-lo-fa-ti was recorded in the account of the Chinese pilgrim Hiuen Tsang in 7th century C.E., and subsequently, after the region was conquered by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1001 AD, the name Gandhara was not used anymore, and in all probability the following period is when Pushkalavati became known as Shaikhan Dheri, as Dheri means mound/hill in Pashto, which is related to Persian language.
The former city's ruins were partly excavated by Ahmad Hasan Dani in 1960s. There are still many mounds at Mir Ziarat, at Rajar and Shahr-i-Napursan which are still unexcavated.
Pushkalavati and Prang
The city of Pushkalavati was situated at the confluence of Swat and Kabul rivers. Three different branches of Kabul river meet there. That specific place is still called Prang and considered sacred. A grand graveyard is situated to the north of Prang where the local people bring their dead for burial. This graveyard is considered to be among the largest graveyards in the world.
Pushkalavati in the Ramayana
In the concluding portion of the (Ramayana) Uttarakhanda or Supplemental Book, the descendants of Rama and his brothers are described as the founders of the great cities and kingdoms which flourished in Western India.
Bharata the brother of Rama had two sons, Taksha and Pushkala. The former founded Taksha-sila or Taxila, to the east of the Indus, and known to Alexander and the Greeks as Taxila. The latter founded Pushkala-vati or Pushkalavati, to the west of the Indus, and known to Alexander and the Greeks as Peukelaotis. Thus according to Hindu legend, the sons of Bharat founded kingdoms that flourished on either side of the Indus river.
See also
History of Peshawar
Pushkalavati Museum
References
External links
Investigating ancient Pushkalavati Pushkalavati Archaeological Research Project
Map of Gandhara archaeological sites, from the Huntington Collection, Ohio State University (large file)
Archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Buddhist sites in Pakistan
Populated places in Charsadda District, Pakistan
Former populated places in Pakistan
Places in the Ramayana
Gandhara
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3985110
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific%20Boychoir
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Pacific Boychoir
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The Pacific Boychoir was formed in 1998 with 6 boys, and it now includes more than 175 singers from ages 4 to 18. The New York Times said the PBA goes “beyond the reach of most youth choirs” and the Los Angeles Times described the PBA quality of sound and musicianship as “astonishing.”
The PBA has appeared frequently with the San Francisco Symphony, performing under the direction of Michael Tilson Thomas, Kurt Masur, Robert Spano, David Robertson, Andy Brown, James Conlon, Charles Dutoit, Herbert Blomstedt, and Vance George, performing works by Beethoven, Britten, Orff, Wagner, Mahler, Liszt, Mendelssohn, and Berlioz. Along with the San Francisco Girls Chorus, the PBA recorded Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 3 with the SFS, which won the Grammy Award for Best Classical Album in 2004. In January 2010, the San Francisco Symphony recording of Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 8, featuring the San Francisco Symphony Chorus, the San Francisco Girls Chorus, and the PBA, was awarded Grammy Awards for Best Choral Performance and Best Classical Album.
The success of the chorus led to the formation in 2004 of the Pacific Boychoir Academy, the only full-time boys' chorus school on the west coast of North America. The choir school integrates a full academic curriculum with daily musical instruction for boys in grades 4-8. The choir school students learn sightreading, music theory and repertoire, as well as Math, English, History, Science, Art, PE, and Languages. The choir school has one of the lowest student:teacher ratios for independent schools in the Bay Area, and is a member of the East Bay Independent Schools Association (EBISA).
The chorus is divided into multiple groups: three training groups, two performing groups, and two groups for older boys whose voices have begun to change. The after school choirs rehearse up to four hours per week, and the day school choristers rehearse up to 15 hours per week.
The PBA has performed at venues such as Davies Symphony Hall, Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the Shanghai Oriental Arts Center, Basilica San Marco in Venice, Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Teatro Polyteama in Jundiai Brasil, Dvorak Hall in Prague, Jackson Hall at the Mondavi Center in Davis California, Herbst Theater in San Francisco, the Forbidden City Concert Hall in Beijing, Chartres Cathedral, Linder Auditorium in Johannesburg, Sala São Paulo, Teatro Municipal in Rio de Janeiro, Zellerbach Hall in Berkeley, Yoshi's (jazz club), on Public Radio International (PRI), on Danish National Radio, at Grace Cathedral, at professional sporting events, and also has several self-produced concerts annually. In 2007, the PBA presented the first performances of Rachmaninoff's Vespers (originally written for boys choir) by an American boys choir.
Choirs from the PBA have performed in California, Arizona, New Mexico, Hawaii, Kentucky, Washington, Oregon, Washington DC, Maryland, Florida, Georgia, and Alabama, and have traveled to France, Germany, the Czech Republic, China, Lithuania, Hungary, Latvia, Russia, Estonia, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa, and Brazil. They have multiple CDs, a live CD, Christmas music by Benjamin Britten, two spirituals CDs, and a recording of two of Bach's "Lutheran Masses". They have sung with the San Francisco Symphony, the Moscow Chamber Orchestra, American Bach Soloists, Lithuanian State Orchestra, Marcus Shelby Jazz Orchestra, The Berkeley Symphony, the orchestras of UC Berkeley and UC Davis, as well as with several top boy's choirs around the world, including the Vienna Boys' Choir and the Drakensberg Boys Choir.
The PBA has also performed with comedian Zach Galifianakis, is the voice of the Yahoo! yodel, has sung for the Chabad Telethon, performs dozens of free school performances every year, and published quite possibly the first ever choir tour blog, in July 2001
The Founding Music Director is Kevin Fox, who sings with the American Bach Soloists and the Grace Cathedral Choir of Men and Boys.
Boys' and men's choirs
Choirs of children
Music schools in California
Choirs in the San Francisco Bay Area
Musical groups established in 1998
Men in the United States
1998 establishments in California
Musical groups from Oakland, California
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3985113
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bittium%20%28company%29
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Bittium (company)
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Bittium Corporation is a Finnish company headquartered in Oulu.
Bittium is an engineering company in wireless businesses. Bittium specialises in the development of secure communications and connectivity solutions.
The company's customer segments include the telecommunications, Internet of Things, and defense industries.
On 28 January 2013 Anite plc of the U.K. announced it would acquire the Elektrobit System Test Ltd. subsidiary from Elektrobit Corporation (EB), representing the Propsim portion of EB's business. The acquisition was effective 1 February 2013.
On May 19, 2015, Elektrobit announced the sale of its automotive business segment to Continental AG for US$680 million. The sale includes the Elektrobit brand and all automotive segment assets. Elektrobit's wireless business was renamed Bittium Corporation. The acquisition was effective 1 July 2015.
On November 10, 2016, Bittium announced the acquisition of Mega Electronics Ltd and MegaKoto Ltd, Finnish companies based in Kuopio. Mega Electronics Ltd, founded in 1983, is an ISO13485 certified medical device manufacturing company. The company is specialised in biosignal measuring for cardiology, neurology, rehabilitation, occupational health and sports medicine. MegaKoto Ltd provides arrhythmia monitoring services for its customers such as primary care centers, private clinics and hospitals.
Bittium products and services
Bittium's products are:
Bittim Tactical Wireless IP Network,
Bittium Tough VoIP,
Bittium Specialized Device Platform,
Bittium Tough Mobile,
Bittium SafeMove.
See also
List of Finnish companies
References
Companies based in Oulu
Electronics companies of Finland
Medical technology companies of Finland
Companies listed on Nasdaq Helsinki
Technology companies established in 1985
Finnish brands
Finnish companies established in 1985
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3985158
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Dunphy
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Don Dunphy
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Don Dunphy (July 5, 1908 – July 22, 1998) was an American television and radio sports announcer specializing in boxing broadcasts. Dunphy was noted for his fast-paced delivery and enthusiasm for the sport. It is estimated that he did "blow-by-blow" action for over 2,000 fights, including historic bouts like the 1971 Fight of the Century between Muhammad Ali and Joe Frazier. The Friday Night Fights were broadcast every Friday evening from (radio and television (1939–1981) 9 P.M. to 10:45 P.M on ABC.
In 1984, Dunphy was part of the American Sportscasters Association Hall of Fame's inaugural class which included sportscasting legends Red Barber, Ted Husing, Graham McNamee and Bill Stern. He was also a member of the organization's Board of Directors. He was elected in 1986 to the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Hall of Fame.
Dunphy was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1988 and had a memorable cameo appearance in the 1971 Woody Allen movie Bananas. He appears as the commentator in the 1977 biopic of Muhammad Ali, "The Greatest". He also called all of the fights in the 1980 United Artists film Raging Bull, which was directed by Martin Scorsese. In 1982, he won the Sam Taub Award for Excellence in Broadcasting Journalism in boxing. He is a member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame.
Dunphy was a star track athlete and went on to graduate from Manhattan College in 1930. In 1984, he was inducted into the Manhattan College Athletic Hall of Fame.
His son, Don Dunphy Jr., was an executive producer of Eyewitness News on WABC-TV in New York City in its early years, and later became vice president of news services at ABC. His other son, Bob Dunphy, has been a director of Showtime Championship Boxing since 1989. In 2015 he directed the Mayweather-Pacquiao fight, the highest-grossing pay-per-view event in history.
He is buried in the Cemetery of the Holy Rood in Westbury, New York.
Selected filmography
Joe Frazier vs. Manuel Ramos (1968) - Himself - Ringside Commentator
Mac Foster vs. Jerry Quarry (1970) - Himself - Ringside Commentator
Dick Tiger vs. Emile Griffith (1970) - Himself - Ring Announcer
Bananas (1971) - Don Dunphy
Floyd Patterson vs. Oscar Bonavena (1972) - Himself - Ring Announcer
Muhammad Ali vs. Joe Frazier III (1975) - Himself - Ringside Commentator
The Greatest (1977) - Commentator
Matilda (1978) - Ringside announcer
Thomas Hearns vs. Pipino Cuevas (1980) - Himself - Ringside Commentator
Raging Bull (1980) - Himself - Radio Announcer for Dauthuille Fight
The Last Fight (1983) - Radio Fight Announcer
The Fighter (2010) - Fight Announcer (final film role)
References
External links
Dunphy, Don - 1984 Hall of Fame Inductee
1908 births
1998 deaths
American horse racing announcers
American sports announcers
Boxing commentators
Burials at the Cemetery of the Holy Rood
College football announcers
International Boxing Hall of Fame inductees
Major League Baseball broadcasters
Manhattan College alumni
National Basketball Association broadcasters
National Football League announcers
New York Giants announcers
New York Giants (NL) announcers
New York Knicks announcers
New York Yankees announcers
Sportspeople from New York City
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3985160
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9%20%28singer%29
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André (singer)
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André Sergeyi Hovnanyan (; born July 8, 1979), better known by the mononym André () is an Armenian singer. Andre is currently one of the most popular pop stars of Armenia, winning the Best Male Singer trophy at various Armenia Music Awards in 2004–2018.
Andre started singing at the age of three using a chair as his first stage and his family as his first audience. Three years later he was enrolled into a musical school. Although a war was taking its toll on the country and its people, the only guiding light and hope for Andre was the music and his dream of singing. These events led him to write his first song “Prayer” at the early age of nine.
Upon winning the musical contest “Road to Renaissance” at the age of fifteen, he laid the foundation of his professional career. While working for 5 years at the State Theater of Music, he pursued his education at the Yerevan State Conservatory of Music and obtained his PHD. Though his journey began on a small stage, he has gone on to perform on many stages while conquering the hearts of millions throughout the world.
Besides, he has been a judge in several big television shows like “Pop Idol”, “My name is…”, “Premiere” and “The X Factor”. During “The X Factor” his team became an absolute winner and he made a world record in “The X Factor” history. Andre also has his own reality show called “Andrenaline”
Since 2005 Andre's producer is Anush Hovnanyan.
Early life
At the age of three André started singing with his family as audience. Three years later he began taking piano classes, and at the age of nine he wrote his first song, which he called Prayer, showing his appreciation towards God. His professional singing career started at the age of 15 when he won the music contest Road to Renaissance. For the last few years, André has been the lead vocalist of the pop-jazz band Karabakh, with whom he has toured all over Armenia and the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He has participated in numerous music festivals in Asia, Eastern Europe and the United States, winning many of them and finishing top three in a few others. He performed a track with Australian R&B/Pop Singer Samantha Jade titled Come Back.
Armenia enters Eurovision
In 2006 he was the first artist to represent Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest, performing one of the 37 songs in Athens. There André sang "Without Your Love", a mixture between modern Western and traditional Armenian music. The song was composed by an Armenian celebrity, Armen Martirosyan, the conductor of the Armenian Jazz Orchestra. The instrumentation and arrangement was done by one of Armenian music business' most highly regarded persons, Ara Torosyan. The producer and director of the song and Andre's performance at Eurovision was Anush Hovnanyan. ARMTV presented their Eurovision Song Contest 2006 entry to the public on March 15, 2006. After qualifying through the semi-final André finished in 8th place in the competition with 129 points.
Discography
Albums
Es em (It's Me) (2003)
Miayn Ser (Only Love) (2005)
1000x (1000 times) (2006)
My Love to You (DVD) (2008)
Yerjankutyan Gaghtnik (2008)
ANDREnaline (2010)
Im Hogi (2014)
Singles
My Love To You (2005)
Without Your Love (2006)
Awards and nominations
This is a list of the awards won by the Armenian singer André.
2001 – International music contest “Golden Skif” – Donetsk, Ukraine – The first runner-up
2001 – International music contest “Golden shlyager” – Mogilev, Belarus – Third runner-up
2002 – International music festival "Voice of Asia" – Almaty, Kazakhstan
2003 – International Youth music festival “Festos” – Moscow, Russia – Golden Diploma Award
2003 – Shanghai Asia International Music Festival - Shanghai, China – Excellent New Singer
2003 – Armenian Song of the Year – Moscow, Russia – The greatest contributor in Armenian Music
2003 – Best Song of the Year at Hit FM Radio for song “Antsa – gnatsi”
2004 – World Championships of Performing Arts – Hollywood, USA – 3 golden and 1 silver medals, is found "The Champion of the world"
2004 – Krunk pan-Armenian music festival – Yerevan, Armenia – Best singer of the year
2004 – “Golden Qnar” contest/festival – Yerevan, Armenia – Best Song of the Year “My love to you”
2005 – National Music awards – Best singer of the year
2005 – Los Angeles, USA – The Key of Glendale
2006 – Moscow, Russia – Person of the year
2006 – Tashir 2006 – Moscow, Russia – Prize "Avance"
2006 – M Club Music awards – Kodak Theatre, Hollywood, USA – Best Male singer & Best Armenian International artist – The Varduhi Vardanyan Achievement Award
2009 – Tashir 2009 – Moscow, Russia – Singer of Decade
2009 - Armenian music awards & M Club music awards - Nokia Theatre, USA - The ambassador of Armenian music
See also
List of awards received by André
Eurovision Song Contest 2006
References
21st-century Armenian male singers
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Armenia
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2006
People from Stepanakert
Armenian pop singers
1979 births
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3985161
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge%20Singers
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Cambridge Singers
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The Cambridge Singers is an English mixed voice chamber choir formed in 1981 by their director John Rutter with the primary purpose of making recordings under their own label Collegium Records.
The group initially comprised former singers from the Choir of Clare College, Cambridge, where Rutter had previously been the music director.
They have been involved in the last four Fresh Aire albums (about "mankind's curiosities") of the Mannheim Steamroller band, by composer Chip Davis, but they are primarily a classical choral group.
They have recorded several highly acclaimed Christmas albums, including Christmas Day in the Morning, Christmas Night: Carols of the Nativity, Christmas Star, Christmas with the Cambridge Singers, and The Cambridge Singers Christmas Album.
List of albums
Gloria (1983 and 2005) with Philip Jones Brass Ensemble and City of London Sinfonia
Fauré: Requiem and other sacred music (1984, 1988 and 2010)
Hurry to Bethlehem: The Christmas Music of John Rutter (1985) with City of London Sinfonia
There Is Sweet Music (1986, 2002)
Christmas Night (1987) with City of London Sinfonia
Flora gave me fairest flowers (1987, 2003)
Faire is the Heaven (1988)
Poulenc Sacred Music (1988, 2002) with City of London Sinfonia
Treasures of English Church Music (1988)
Ave Verum Corpus (1989, 2002)
Christmas with the Cambridge Singers (1989) with City of London Sinfonia
Hail! Gladdening Light (1991)
Rutter Magnificat (1991, 2017) with City of London Sinfonia
Fancies (1992, 2005)
Three Musical Fables (1992, 2003) with The King's Singers and City of London Sinfonia
Rutter Requiem and Magnificat (1998)
Hail! Queen of Heaven (2002), formerly Ave Gracia Plena (1992)
Cambridge Singers A Cappella (1993, 2002)
Images of Christ (1995)
Stillness and Sweet Harmony (1996)
Christmas Star (1997)
Sing, Ye Heavens (2000) with City of London Sinfonia
Feel the Spirit (2001, 2013) with the BBC Concert Orchestra and Melanie Marshall (mezzo soprano)
The John Rutter Christmas Album (2002)
Mass of the Children (2003) with Cantate Youth Choir, City of London Sinfonia, Joanne Lunn (soprano) and Roderick Williams (baritone)
The Cambridge Singers Christmas Album (2003) with City of London Sinfonia
Be thou my Vision (2004) with City of London Sinfonia
The Sprig of Thyme (2005) with City of London Sinfonia, formerly The Lark in the Clear Air (1993)
Lighten Our Darkness (2006) with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, recorded in the Lady Chapel of Ely Cathedral
Handel: Messiah (Highlights) (2007) with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
Handel: Messiah (2007) with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
A Christmas Festival (2008), with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra and Farnham Youth Choir
The Sacred Flame (2009) with La Nuova Musica
A Song in Season (2010) with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
This is the Day (2012) with Aurora Orchestra
Sea Change (2013): the choral music of Richard Rodney Bennett
O Praise the Lord of Heaven (2013)
A Double Celebration (2014) with City of London Sinfonia
The Gift of Life (2015) with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra
Visions and Requiem (2016) with Choristers of the Temple Church, Aurora Orchestra and Kerson Leong (violin)
Stanford and Howells Remembered (2020), formerly I will lift up mine eyes (1992): music by Charles Stanford and Herbert Howells
A Banquet of Voices (1994, and re-released in September 2020)
I Sing of a Maiden (2021)
References
External links
John Rutter website
Singers.com's listing of Cambridge Singers albums, with reviews
Cambridge choirs
Musical groups established in 1981
1981 establishments in England
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3985169
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20XP-9
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Boeing XP-9
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The Boeing XP-9 (company Model 96) was the first monoplane fighter aircraft produced by the United States aircraft manufacturing company Boeing. It incorporated sophisticated structural refinements that were influential in later Boeing designs. The sole prototype exhibited unsatisfactory characteristics with its lack of pilot visibility directly leading to its cancellation.
Design and development
The XP-9 was designed in 1928 to meet the requirements of a US Army request for a monoplane fighter. Its primary contribution to aircraft design was its semi-monocoque construction, which would become a standard for future aircraft. Boeing employed the structural features of the XP-9 into their contemporary P-12 biplane fighter when the P-12E variant incorporated a semi-monocoque metal fuselage structure similar to that of the XP-9. The undercarriage arrangement of the P-12C had also been first tried out on the XP-9 and then transferred into the production model.
Operational history
The prototype XP-9, marked A 028-386, was first flown on 18 November 1930. It had impressive stats on the specification sheet, but it quickly became apparent that its large (6 ft chord) wing, which was placed atop the fuselage directly in front of the pilot, obstructed downward visibility so badly that simple landing maneuvers were hazardous. Test pilots at the Army Test Centre at Wright Field found that the XP-9's inherent instability was so severe that immediate modifications were requested to increase the size of the vertical tail. An enlarged vertical tail surface with smooth metal skinning was introduced, but failed to effect any significant improvement, and this revised XP-9 was grounded for instructional airframe use in August 1931, after only 15 hours of test flying, due to the impossibility of its being landed safely.
Variants
Model 96, XP-9 one built
Y1P-9 option for five service test aircraft under the P-12D contract, option was not taken up
Operators (planned)
United States Army
Specifications (Boeing XP-9)
See also
References
Notes
Bibliography
Eden, Paul and Moeng, Soph. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2002. .
Pedigree of Champions: Boeing Since 1916, Third Edition (booklet). Seattle, WA: The Boeing Company, 1969.
External links
United States Air Force Museum: Boeing XP-9
Boeing P-09
P-09, Boeing
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
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3985174
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCGS%20Des%20Groseilliers
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CCGS Des Groseilliers
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CCGS Des Groseilliers is a in the Canadian Coast Guard. The vessel is named after Médard Chouart des Groseilliers (1618–1669) a close associate of Pierre-Esprit Radisson in explorations west of the Great Lakes and the founding of the British Hudson's Bay Company. The ship entered service in 1982. The vessel has participated in a number of research voyages, including Ice Station SHEBA. As part of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment conducted in the Arctic Ocean from October 1997 to October 1998 to provide polar input to global climate models, Des Groseilliers was allowed to be frozen into the ice for the Arctic winter, to serve as a base for scientific researchers.
Design and description
The Pierre Radisson class were designed for Coast Guard operations in the Arctic Ocean. Des Groseilliers has a standard displacement of and fully loaded. The vessel has a and a . The ship is long overall with a beam of and a draught of .
The vessel is propelled by two fixed-pitch propellers and one bow thruster powered by a diesel-electric system comprising six Alco M251F diesel engines that when driving the shafts create and six GEC generators creating 11.1 megawatts sustained, powering two motors that when driving the shafts create . The vessel is also equipped with one Caterpillar 398 emergency generator. This gives the vessel a maximum speed of . The vessel can carry of diesel fuel and has a range of at and can stay at sea for up to 108 days.
Des Groseilliers is equipped with a Sperry navigational radar operating on the E/F and I bands. The icebreaker has a flight deck and a hangar which originally accommodated one light helicopter of the MBB Bo 105 or Bell 206L types, but currently accommodates the Bell 429 GlobalRanger and Bell 412EPI which were acquired by the Canadian Coast Guard in the 2010s to replace the older helicopters. The ship can carry of aviation fuel for the helicopters. The vessel is certified as Arctic Class 3 and has a complement of 35 with 10 officers and 25 crew and 40 additional berths.
Operational history
The third vessel in the class, Des Groseilliers was ordered in December 1979 as part of the Canadian government's efforts to stimulate shipbuilding in Canada. The ship was constructed by Port Weller Dry Docks at their shipyard in Port Weller, Ontario with the yard number 68 and was launched on 20 February 1982. The vessel was commissioned in August 1982 and completed in October. The ship replaced the aging icebreaker in the Laurentian Region. The vessel is registered in Ottawa, Ontario and homeported at Quebec City, Quebec. During the winter, Des Groseilliers is assigned to icebreaking and ship escort operations in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the St. Lawrence and Saguenay Rivers and supports icebreaking operations in the Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes. During the summer the icebreaker sails to the Canadian Arctic to escort commercial vessels, maintain navigation aids in the region, search and rescue, and support scientific missions.
In 1983, Des Groseilliers made her first voyage to the Arctic. In April 1984, after the opening of the navigation season on the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes, the area froze up, driving six cargo ships ashore and a further eighteen became stuck in the ice. Five icebreakers were assigned to aid the merchant vessels, however, they proved unable to meet the task. Des Groseilliers and were sent to their aid, with Des Groseilliers arriving on 11 April and worked to free the stuck vessels and provide safe passage until 29 April. The following year, the icebreaker escorted the icebreaking cargo ship to Cameron Island in the Arctic to load 100,000 barrels of oil.
As part of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment in 1997, and Des Groseilliers sailed through the Northwest Passage to meet in Alaskan waters. Sir Wilfrid Laurier then escorted Des Groseilliers to a point where Des Groseillierss engines were shut off on 2 October and the ship was left with a minimum crew and a group of international scientists. The vessel was then left to drift in the pack ice for a year and dubbed Ice Station SHEBA. Landing strips were constructed on the ice and throughout the winter the vessel was visited by Twin Otter aircraft bringing equipment and replacement personnel and scientists. In Spring 1998, the ice that enclosed the ship began to crack and the landing strips could no longer be used. The icebreaker had been expected to drift in circles, however, the vessel drifted towards Russian waters. During the summer, the vessel was supported by helicopters from the United States Coast Guard vessels and . Louis S. St-Laurent returned on 9 October 1998 with additional crew and the two vessels sailed south, with Des Groseilliers returning to Quebec City on 4 November.
In spring 2008, Des Groseilliers collided with the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society vessel, , in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, during the annual seal hunt. Paul Watson, head of the society, claimed that the icebreaker had rammed the society's research vessel. However, a spokesman for the department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada claimed that the research vessel "grazed" the icebreaker.
In January 2019, Des Groseillers and were both deployed to the Saint Lawrence River after large ice jams closed the shipping lane, trapping merchant vessels in Montreal and Trois-Rivières, Quebec.
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
CCGS Des Groseilliers
Pierre Radisson-class icebreakers
1982 ships
Ships built in Ontario
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20in%20the%20Heartland
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Murder in the Heartland
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Murder in the Heartland is a television miniseries that aired on ABC in 1993. It was based on the 1957–58 murder spree carried out by 19-year-old Charles Starkweather throughout Nebraska and Wyoming. Starkweather is played by Tim Roth. The first half of the miniseries covers the murders. The second half covers the trials of Starkweather and Caril Ann Fugate, his 14-year-old girlfriend accomplice. Their increasingly disparate versions of events are contrasted as the trials unfold.
The film received strong praise from critics and Emmy nominations.
Production
The entire film was shot on location in and around McKinney and Dallas, Texas.
Brian Dennehy was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie. Ronald Victor Garcia was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie.
An edited version of the production saw a limited release on VHS.
See also
The Sadist, a 1963 film by James Landis.
Terrence Malick's 1973 movie Badlands, and the title song from Bruce Springsteen's 1982 album Nebraska.
The 1994 film Natural Born Killers was also partly inspired by these events.
The 2004 film Starkweather directed by Bryon Werner.
External links
Murder in the Heartland at Allmovie
1993 television films
1993 films
American television films
Films directed by Robert Markowitz
Films set in the 1960s
Biographical films about criminals
Films about capital punishment
ABC Motion Pictures films
Cultural depictions of male criminals
Cultural depictions of American men
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3985183
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20rule%20in%20Burma
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British rule in Burma
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British rule in Burma lasted from 1824 to 1948, from the successive three Anglo-Burmese wars through the creation of Burma as a province of British India to the establishment of an independently administered colony, and finally independence. The region under British control was known as British Burma. Various portions of Burmese territories, including Arakan (Rakhine State) or Tenasserim were annexed by the British after their victory in the First Anglo-Burmese War; Lower Burma was annexed in 1852 after the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The annexed territories were designated the minor province (a chief commissionership) of British India in 1862.
After the Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885, Upper Burma was annexed, and the following year, the province of Burma in British India was created, becoming a major province (a lieutenant-governorship) in 1897. This arrangement lasted until 1937, when Burma began to be administered separately by the Burma Office under the Secretary of State for India and Burma. British rule was disrupted during the Japanese occupation of much of the country during World War II. Burma achieved independence from British rule on 4 January 1948.
Burma is sometimes referred to as "the Scottish Colony" owing to the heavy role played by Scotsmen in colonising and running the country, one of the most notable being Sir James Scott. It was also known for the heavy role played by Indian elites in managing and administering the colony, especially while it was still a part of the British Raj; some historians have called this a case of co-colonialism.
Prior to British conquest
Because of its location, trade routes between China and India passed through the country, keeping Burma wealthy through trade, although self-sufficient agriculture was still the basis of the economy. Indian merchants travelled along the coasts and rivers (especially the Irrawaddy River) throughout the regions where the majority of Burmese lived, bringing Indian cultural influences into the country that still exist there today. As Burma had been one of the first Southeast Asian countries to adopt Buddhism on a large scale, it continued under the British as the officially patronised religion of most of the population.
Before the British conquest and colonisation, the ruling Konbaung dynasty practised a tightly centralized form of government. The king was the chief executive with the final say on all matters, but he could not make new laws and could only issue administrative edicts. The country had two codes of law, the Dhammathat and the Hluttaw, the centre of government, was divided into three branches—fiscal, executive, and judicial. In theory, the king was in charge of all of the Hluttaw, but none of his orders got put into place until the Hluttaw approved them, thus checking his power. Further dividing the country, provinces were ruled by governors, who were appointed by the Hluttaw, and villages were ruled by hereditary headmen approved by the king.
Arrival of the British
Conflict began between Burma and the British when the Konbaung dynasty decided to expand into Arakan in the state of Assam, close to British-held Chittagong in India. This led to the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26). The British dispatched a large seaborne expedition that took Rangoon without a fight in 1824. In Danuphyu, at the Ayeyarwadddy Delta, Burmese General Maha Bandula was killed and his armies routed. Burma was forced to cede Assam and other northern provinces. The 1826 Treaty of Yandabo formally ended the First Anglo-Burmese War, the longest and the most expensive war in the history of British India. Fifteen thousand European and Indian soldiers died, together with an unknown number of Burmese army and civilian casualties. The campaign cost the British between 5 and 13 million pounds sterling (between 18 and 48 billion in 2020 U.S. dollars) which led to an economic crisis in British India in 1833.
In 1852, the Second Anglo-Burmese War was provoked by the British, who sought the teak forests in Lower Burma as well as a port between Calcutta and Singapore. After 25 years of peace, British and Burmese fighting started afresh and continued until the British occupied all of Lower Burma. The British were victorious in this war and as a result obtained access to the teak, oil, and rubies of their newly conquered territories.
In Upper Burma, the still unoccupied part of the country, King Mindon had tried to adjust to the thrust of imperialism. He enacted administrative reforms and made Burma more receptive to foreign interests. But the British initiated the Third Anglo-Burmese War, which lasted less than two weeks during November 1885. The British government justified their actions by claiming that the last independent king of Burma, Thibaw Min, was a tyrant and that he was conspiring to give France more influence in the country. British troops entered Mandalay on 28 November 1885. Thus, after three wars gaining various parts of the country, the British occupied all the area of present-day Myanmar, making the territory a Province of British India on 1 January 1886.
Early British rule
Burmese armed resistance continued sporadically for several years, and the British commander had to coerce the High Court of Justice to continue to function. Though war officially ended after only a couple of weeks, resistance continued in northern Burma until 1890, with the British finally resorting to systematic destruction of villages and appointment of new officials to finally halt all guerrilla activity.
Traditional Burmese society was drastically altered by the demise of the monarchy and the separation of religion and state. Intermarriage between Europeans and Burmese gave birth to an indigenous Eurasian community known as the Anglo-Burmese who would come to dominate the colonial society, hovering above the Burmese but below the British.
After Britain took over all of Burma, they continued to send tribute to China to avoid offending them, but this unknowingly lowered the status they held in Chinese minds. It was agreed at the Burma convention in 1886 that China would recognise Britain's occupation of Upper Burma while Britain continued the Burmese payment of tribute every ten years to Peking.
Administration
The British controlled their new province through direct rule, making many changes to the previous governmental structure. The monarchy was abolished, King Thibaw sent into exile, and religion and state separated. This was particularly harmful, because the Buddhist monks, collectively known as the Sangha, were strongly dependent on the sponsorship of the monarchy. At the same time, the monarchy was given legitimacy by the Sangha, and monks as representatives of Buddhism gave the public the opportunity to understand national politics to a greater degree.
The British also implemented a secular education system. The colonial Government of India, which was given control of the new colony, founded secular schools, teaching in both English and Burmese, while also encouraging Christian missionaries to visit and found schools. In both of these types of schools, Buddhism and traditional Burmese culture was frowned upon.
Administrative divisions
The province of Burma, after 1885 was administered as follows:
Ministerial Burma (Burma proper)
Tenasserim Division (Toungoo, Thaton, Amherst, Salween, Tavoy, and Mergui Districts)
Arakan Division (Akyab, Northern Arakan or Arakan Hill Tracts, Kyaukpyu and Sandoway Districts)
Pegu Division (Rangoon City, Hanthawaddy, Pegu, Tharrawaddy and Prome Districts)
Irrawaddy Division (Bassein, Henzada, Thayetmyo, Maubin, Myaungmya and Pyapon Districts)
Scheduled Areas (Frontier Areas)
Shan States
Pakokku Chin Hills
Kachin tracts
The "Frontier Areas", also known as the "Excluded Areas" or the "Scheduled Areas", compose the majority of states within Burma today. They were administered separately by the British with a Burma Frontier Service and later united with Burma proper to form Myanmar's geographic composition today. The Frontier Areas were inhabited by ethnic minorities such as the Chin, the Shan, the Kachin and the Karenni.
By 1931 Burma had 9 divisions, split into a number of districts.
Arakan Division (Akyab, Arakan Hill, Kyaukpyu and Sandoway Districts)
Minbu Division ( Magway, Minbu and Thayetmyo Districts)
Mandalay Division (Kyaukse, Mandalay, Meiktila and Myingyan Districts)
Tenasserim Division (Toungoo, Thaton, Amherst, Salween, Tavoy, and Mergui Districts)
Pegu Division (Rangoon City, Hanthawaddy, Pegu, Tharrawaddy and Prome Districts)
Irrawaddy Division (Bassein, Henzada, Maubin, Myaungmya and Pyapon Districts)
Sagaing Division (Bhamo, Lower Chindwin, Upper Chindwin, Katha, Myitkyina, Sagaing Districts, the Hukawng Valley and The Triangle Native areas)
Federated Shan States (Northern, Eastern, Central, Myelat, Karenni, Kengtung and Yawnghwe)
Pakokku Hill Tracts (Chin Hills, Manipur, Lushai Hills, Pakokku District, Cachar and Jaintia )
Economy
The traditional Burmese economy was one of redistribution with the prices of the most important commodities set by the state. For the majority of the population, trade was not as important as self-sufficient agriculture, but the country's position on major trade routes from India to China meant that it did gain a significant amount of money from facilitating foreign trade. With the arrival of the British, the Burmese economy became tied to global market forces and was forced to become a part of the colonial export economy.
Burma's annexation ushered in a new period of economic growth. The economic nature of society also changed dramatically. The British began exploiting the rich soil of the land around the Irrawaddy delta and cleared away the dense mangrove forests. Rice, which was in high demand in Europe, especially after the building of the Suez Canal in 1869, was the main export. To increase the production of rice, many Burmese migrated from the northern heartland to the delta, shifting the population concentration and changing the basis of wealth and power.
To prepare the new land for cultivation, farmers borrowed money from Indian moneylenders called chettiars at high interest rates, as British banks would not grant mortgages. The Indian moneylenders offered mortgage loans but foreclosed on them quickly if the borrowers defaulted.
At the same time, thousands of Indian labourers migrated to Burma (Burmese Indians) and, because of their willingness to work for less money, quickly displaced Burmese farmers. As the Encyclopedia Britannica states: "Burmese villagers, unemployed and lost in a disintegrating society, sometimes took to petty theft and robbery and were soon characterized by the British as lazy and undisciplined. The level of dysfunction in Burmese society was revealed by the dramatic rise in homicides."
With this quickly growing economy came industrialisation to a certain degree, with a railway being built throughout the valley of the Irrawaddy, and hundreds of steamboats travelled along the river. All of these modes of transportation were owned by the British. Thus, although the balance of trade was in favour of British Burma, the society was changed so fundamentally that many people did not gain from the rapidly growing economy.
The civil service was largely staffed by Anglo-Burmese and Indians, and the ethnic Burmese were excluded almost entirely from military service, which was staffed primarily with Indians, Anglo-Burmese, Karens and other Burmese minority groups. A British General Hospital Burmah was set up in Rangoon in 1887. Though the country prospered, the Burmese people largely failed to reap the rewards. (See George Orwell's novel Burmese Days for a fictional account of the British in Burma.) An account by a British official describing the conditions of the Burmese people's livelihoods in 1941 describes the Burmese hardships:
“Foreign landlordism and the operations of foreign moneylenders had led to increasing exportation of a considerable proportion of the country’s resources and to the progressive impoverishment of the agriculturist and of the country as a whole…. The peasant had grown factually poorer and unemployment had increased….The collapse of the Burmese social system led to a decay of the social conscience which, in the circumstances of poverty and unemployment caused a great increase in crime.”
Nationalist movement
By the turn of the century, a nationalist movement began to take shape in the form of the Young Men's Buddhist Association (YMBA), modelled after the YMCA, as religious associations were allowed by the colonial authorities. They were later superseded by the General Council of Burmese Associations (GCBA) which was linked with Wunthanu athin or National Associations that sprang up in villages throughout Burma Proper. Between 1900 and 1911 the "Irish Buddhist" U Dhammaloka publicly challenged Christianity and imperial power, leading to two trials for sedition.
A new generation of Burmese leaders arose in the early twentieth century from amongst the educated classes, some of whom were permitted to go to London to study law. They returned with the belief that the Burmese situation could be improved through reform. Progressive constitutional reform in the early 1920s led to a legislature with limited powers, a university and more autonomy for Burma within the administration of India. Efforts were undertaken to increase the representation of Burmese in the civil service. Some people began to feel that the rate of change was not fast enough and the reforms not extensive enough.
In 1920 a student strike broke out in protest against the new University Act which the students believed would only benefit the elite and perpetuate colonial rule. 'National Schools' sprang up across the country in protest against the colonial education system, and the strike came to be commemorated as 'National Day'. There were further strikes and anti-tax protests in the later 1920s led by the Wunthanu athins. Prominent among the political activists were Buddhist monks (hpongyi), such as U Ottama and U Seinda in the Arakan who subsequently led an armed rebellion against the British and later the nationalist government after independence, and U Wisara, the first martyr of the movement to die after a protracted hunger strike in prison.
In December 1930, a local tax protest by Saya San in Tharrawaddy quickly grew into first a regional and then a national insurrection against the government. Lasting for two years, the Galon Rebellion, named after the mythical bird Garuda – enemy of the Nagas i.e. the British – emblazoned on the pennants the rebels carried, required thousands of British troops to suppress along with promises of further political reform. The eventual trial of Saya San, who was executed, allowed several future national leaders, including Dr Ba Maw and U Saw, who participated in his defence, to rise to prominence.
In May 1930, the Dobama Asiayone (We Burmans Association) was founded, whose members called themselves thakin (an ironic name as thakin means "master" in the Burmese language – rather like the Indian 'sahib' – proclaiming that they were the true masters of the country entitled to the term usurped by the colonial masters). The second university student strike in 1936 was triggered by the expulsion of Aung San and Ko Nu, leaders of the Rangoon University Students Union, for refusing to reveal the name of the author who had written an article in their university magazine, making a scathing attack on one of the senior university officials. It spread to Mandalay leading to the formation of the All Burma Students Union. Aung San and Nu subsequently joined the Thakin movement progressing from student to national politics.
Separation from India
The British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as some Burmese felt that this was a ploy to exclude them from any further Indian reforms. Ba Maw served as the first prime minister of Burma, but he was forced out by U Saw in 1939, who served as prime minister from 1940 until he was arrested on 19 January 1942 by the British for communicating with the Japanese.
A wave of strikes and protests that started from the oilfields of central Burma in 1938 became a general strike with far-reaching consequences. In Rangoon student protesters, after successfully picketing the Secretariat, the seat of the colonial government, were charged by the British mounted police wielding batons and killing Rangoon University student. In Mandalay, the police shot into a crowd of protesters led by Buddhist monks killing 17 people. The movement became known as Htaung thoun ya byei ayeidawbon (the '1300 Revolution' named after the Burmese calendar year), and 20 December, the day the first martyr Aung Kyaw fell, commemorated by students as 'Bo Aung Kyaw Day'.
World War II
The Empire of Japan invaded Burma in December 1941 and by the end of 1942 controlled much of the colony. In 1943 the State of Burma was proclaimed in Rangoon, with the government ran as a puppet state under Japanese control, led by head of state Ba Maw who escaped from prison in April 1942. Japan never succeeded in fully conquering all of the colony, however, and insurgent activity was pervasive, though not as much of an issue as it was in other former colonies. By 1945, British-led troops, mainly from the British Indian Army, had regained control over most of the colony with Rangoon being recaptured in May 1945.
From the Japanese surrender to Aung San's assassination
The surrender of the Japanese brought a military administration to Burma. The British administration sought to try Aung San and other members of the British Indian Army for treason and collaboration with the Japanese. Lord Mountbatten realised that a trial was an impossibility considering Aung San's popular appeal. After the war ended, the British Governor, Colonel Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith, returned. The restored government established a political programme that focused on the physical reconstruction of the country and delayed discussion of independence. The Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) opposed the government leading to political instability in the country. A rift had also developed in the AFPFL between the communists and Aung San together with the socialists over strategy, which led to Than Tun being forced to resign as general secretary in July 1946 and the expulsion of the CPB from the AFPFL the following October.
Dorman-Smith was replaced by Major-General
Sir Hubert Rance as the new governor, and the Rangoon police went on strike. The strike, starting in September 1946, then spread from the police to government employees and came close to becoming a general strike. Rance calmed the situation by meeting with Aung San and convincing him to join the Governor's Executive Council along with other members of the AFPFL. The new executive council, which now had increased credibility in the country, began negotiations for Burmese independence, which were concluded successfully in London as the Aung San-Attlee Agreement on 27 January 1947.
The agreement left parts of the communist and conservative branches of the AFPFL dissatisfied, sending the Red Flag Communists led by Thakin Soe underground and the conservatives into opposition. Aung San also succeeded in concluding an agreement with ethnic minorities for a unified Burma at the Panglong Conference on 12 February, celebrated since as 'Union Day'. Shortly after, rebellion broke out in the Arakan led by the veteran monk U Seinda, and it began to spread to other districts. The popularity of the AFPFL, dominated by Aung San and the socialists, was eventually confirmed when it won an overwhelming victory in the April 1947 constituent assembly elections.
Then a momentous event stunned the nation on 19 July 1947. U Saw, a conservative pre-war Prime Minister of Burma, engineered the assassination of Aung San and several members of his cabinet including his eldest brother Ba Win, the father of today's National League for Democracy exile-government leader Dr Sein Win, while meeting in the Secretariat. Since then, 19 July has been commemorated as Martyrs' Day in Burma. Thakin Nu, the Socialist leader, was now asked to form a new cabinet, and he presided over Burmese independence instituted under the Burma Independence Act 1947 on 4 January 1948. Burma chose to become a fully independent republic, and not a British Dominion upon independence. This was in contrast to the independence of India and Pakistan which both resulted in the attainment of dominion status. This may have been on account of anti-British popular sentiment being strong in Burma at the time.
See also
List of colonial heads of Burma
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Encyclopædia Britannica. Web. 1 March 2010. <https://web.archive.org/web/20110726001100/http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/35/4035-004-4ECC016C.gif%3E.
Guyot, James F. "Myanmar." The World Book Encyclopedia; Vol. 13. Chicago: World Book, 2004. 970-70e. Print.
Marshall, Andrew. The Trouser People: A Story of Burma in the Shadow of the Empire. Washington D.C.: Counterpoint, 2002. Print.
"Myanmar (Burma) – Charles' George Orwell Links." Charles' George Orwell Links – Biographies, Essays, Novels, Reviews, Images. Web. 4 March 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20110923185216/http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/articles/col-burma.htm
"Myanmar." Encyclopædia Britannica. 15th ed. 2005. Print.
Tucker, Shelby. Burma: The Curse of Independence. London: Pluto, 2001. Print.
Further reading
Baird-Murray, Maureen [1998]. A World Overturned: a Burmese Childhood 1933–47. London: Constable. Memoirs of the Anglo-Irish-Burmese daughter of a Burma Frontier Service officer, including her stay in an Italian convent during the Japanese occupation.
Desai, Walter Sadgun (1968). History of the British Residency in Burma. London: Gregg International. .
Harvey, Godfrey (1992). British Rule in Burma 1824–1942. London: AMS Pr. .
( http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4729301/Cite)
External links
Michael W. Charney: Burma, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Former countries in Burmese history
Burma
Burma
History of Myanmar
Burmese monarchy
Former countries in Southeast Asia
19th century in Burma
20th century in Myanmar
States and territories established in 1824
States and territories disestablished in 1948
1824 establishments in Burma
1824 establishments in British India
1948 disestablishments in Burma
Scotland and the British Empire
Former countries of the Cold War
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3985195
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM1111%20Mid-Range%20Munition
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XM1111 Mid-Range Munition
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The XM1111 Mid-Range Munition (MRM) was a 120 mm precision guided munition developed for the Rheinmetall 120mm Gun (known as the "M256" in the US military) used by several Western tanks. It was also intended to fulfill a requirement for Future Combat Systems (canceled) for a long-range, Beyond Line of Sight tank munition.
The U.S. Army awarded two contracts in a competition to validate the requirement, one for a kinetic energy penetrator round (MRM-KE) and one for a chemical energy HEAT warhead round (MRM-CE).
In December 2007, Raytheon's CE-based concept was awarded the system-design-and-development contract to develop the round. Valued at $232.3 million, the 63-month contract covered system design and development.
The Mid-Range Munition was cancelled in 2009 along with Future Combat Systems.
MRM-KE
The MRM-KE (Mid-Range Munition-Kinetic Energy) was an implementation of the MRM under development by Alliant Techsystems, Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems and HR Textron.
The missile/projectile was designed to be used as a high-velocity penetrator for line-of-sight and beyond-line-of-sight shots. In line of sight, it would operate using laser guidance or a millimeter wave seeker. In BLOS, the shell would be fired in a ballistic arc, and would seek out its own targets.
The missile used a kinetic energy penetrator to penetrate enemy armor. This effect was improved by a rocket motor that sped the munition up. It steered with impulse thrusters.
MRM-KE used technology developed as part of the X-Rod and XM1007 Tank Extended Range Munition (TERM) programs, both of which have been cancelled.
Timeline
April 2004: Successful test firing of the system.
May 2006: Successful high Mach flight maneuver test at Yuma Proving Grounds.
July 2007: ATK Forms "Team MRM" to compete for the U.S. Army's XM1111 Mid-Range Munition Program.
MRM-CE
The missile/projectile was to be a high-velocity multiple-mission projectile for line-of-sight and beyond-line-of-sight shots. In line of sight, it would operate using laser guidance or an uncooled imaging infrared seeker (IIR). In BLOS, the shell would be fired in a ballistic arc, and would glide to seek out its own targets. The BLOS mission could be autonomous or use FO directed target designation.
The MRM-CE uses a dual-mode MMW, imaging infrared (IIR) autonomous seeker or SAL is used to acquire and guide towards the target with high accuracy. The dual-mode seeker was developed and successfully demonstrated during a two-year, Army-managed science and technology program. MRM-CE refined seeker technology developed as part of the XM1007 Tank Extended Range Munition (TERM) program.
For a beyond-line-of-sight mission, the chemical energy warhead was a better solution; with proven lethality against the primary target of threat armor, and better effects against the secondary targets of buildings, fortifications, and light armor than a less versatile kinetic energy penetrator.
Specifications
Warhead: Shaped charge HEAT.
Guidance: Dual-mode MMW/imaging infrared or Semi-active laser.
Program status
September 2006: A U.S. M1 tank fired an MRM-CE round which hit a moving T-72 tank at a range of 8,600 meters.
March 2007: Successful test firing using dual-mode seeker fusion.
December 2007: Raytheon Wins Army XM-1111 Development Contract.
See also
List of gun-launched missiles
M982 Excalibur, 155 mm extended range guided artillery shell
References
External links
More ammo for US Army - The Engineer Online
MRM - Deagel
MRM - Global Security
Missile Systems - Precision Guided Projectiles - Raytheon
Anti-tank weapons
Anti-tank rounds
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3985197
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahbaz%20Garhi
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Shahbaz Garhi
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Shahbaz Garhi, or Shahbazgarhi, is a village and historic site located in Mardan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is at an altitude of 293 metres (964 feet).
It is about 12 km from Mardan city. It has mountains, green trees, open fields and a small river in the centre of the village.
In old times all these facilities made it attractive for the army and travelers to dig in their tents here, stay for few days and organize their further strategy. The historic Stones of Ashoka (commonly known to the native people by the name of Hkule Gutt), and other sites like Mekha Sanda (male buffalo, female buffalo) are worth visiting.
Location
Shahbaz Garhi is situated on the junction of three ancient routes;
Kabul to Pushkalavati (modern Charsadda)
Swat through Buner
Taxila through Hund on the bank of Indus River.
Situated on the modern Mardan-Swabi Road, the town was once a thriving Buddhist city surrounded by monasteries and stupas.
Ancient rock edicts
Ashokan inscriptions
The town is the location of ancient rock-inscriptions that are cut into two large rock boulders and written in the Kharosthi script. They retain immense historical importance, as they appear to be the first examples of writing in South Asia. They were constructed during the 3rd Century BC (272-231 BC), during the reign of Ashoka, the famous Mauryan emperor, inscribed in the Kharoshthi script.
The rock edicts were added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on 30 January 2004 in the Cultural category.
The translation of the text is written on a board nearby the rocks. The sight is a famous tourist spot for people who are interested in history.
The town is the location of ancient rock-inscriptions that are cut into two large rock boulders and written in the Kharosthi script. They retain immense historical importance, as they appear to be the first examples of writing in South Asia. They were constructed during the 3rd Century BC, during the reign of Ashoka, the famous Mauryan emperor.
The rock edicts were added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on 30 January 2004 in the Cultural category.
References
External links
Map of Gandhara archeological sites, from the Huntington Collection, Ohio State University (large file)
Gandhari.org Complete text of the Shahbazgarhi edicts
Mardan District
Archaeological sites in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Former populated places in Pakistan
Edicts of Ashoka
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3985198
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancies
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Fancies
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Fancies is a cycle of six choral settings by John Rutter, created around whimsical themes and based on text from poets such as Shakespeare, Thomas Campion (1567–1620), Edward Lear (1812–1888) and others. The collection was originally written in 1971 and remastered in 2005.
Track listing
Fancies – for choir and chamber orchestra
(1) Tell me, where is fancy bred – 1:44
(2) There is a garden in her face – 3:52
(3) The urchins' song – 2:00
(4) Riddle song – 3:13
(5) Midnight's bell – 2:16
(6) The bellman's song – 2:45
Baritone solo: Simon Davies
Suite Antique - for flute, harpsichord and strings
By John Rutter
Flute: Duke Dobing, Harpsichord: Wayne Marshall
(1) Prelude – 3:20
(2) Ostinato – 1:37
(3) Aria – 3:03
(4) Waltz – 3:02
(5)Chanson – 3:10
(6) Rondeau – 2:43
Five Childhood Lyrics – for unaccompanied choir
By John Rutter
(1) Monday's child – 2:53
(2) The owl and the pussy-cat – 1:42
(3) Windy nights – 1:08
(4) Matthew, Mark, Luke and John – 1:46
Soprano solo: Caroline Ashton
(5) Sing a song of sixpence 1:42
When Icicles Hang – for choir and orchestra
By John Rutter
(1) Icicles – 3:54
(2) Winter nights – 2:30
(3) Good ale – 2:43
(4) Blow, blow, thou winter wind – 3:52
(5) Winter awakeneth all my care – 5:53
Tenor solo: Nicholas Wilson, Flute: Duke Dobing
(6) Hay, ay – 2:21
References
External links
2005 classical albums
Compositions by John Rutter
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern%20Football%20League%20%28South%20Australia%29
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Southern Football League (South Australia)
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The Southern Football League (SFL) is an Australian rules football league in South Australia. The League was formed, as the Southern Football Association, in 1886. The league is a not-for-profit organisation.
The league is a suburban competition which also acts as a feeder competition for the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) and in turn the Australian Football League (AFL). Some AFL players from the SFL are Adam Cooney, Nathan Eagleton, Ben Rutten, Dean Brogan and Andrew Mackie. SANFL clubs that have recruitment zones linked to the Southern Football League are West Adelaide Football Club, Glenelg Football Club and South Adelaide Football Club.
Grades
The SFL consists of:
Former Grades
League history
The Southern Football League was previously known as the Southern Football Association until 1963. Originally a country league, with urban expansion it has more recently become a suburban league in Adelaide's far southern suburbs.
The League was formed (as Southern Football Association) in 1886 with competing clubs being Aldinga, McLaren Vale, Sellicks Hill and Willunga. In the early 1900s the participating clubs were Aldinga, Hillside (called McLaren Flat from 1946), McLaren Vale, Morphett Vale, Noarlunga and Willunga.
In 1919 the participating clubs were Aldinga, Hillside, McLaren Vale, Morphett Vale, Noarlunga, Reynella and Willunga.
In 1964 the Association changed its name to Southern Football League and participating clubs were Aldinga, McLaren Flat, McLaren Vale, Morphett Vale, Mount Bold, Myponga, Noarlunga, Port Noarlunga, Reynella, Willunga, Yankalilla and Christies Beach Juniors.
The League came to national attention on 11 July 2009, when an SFL match between Port Noarlunga and Reynella was abandoned as a result of a freak tornado.
The League once again came to attention in 2012 when it cancelled its Junior Carnivals due to umpire abuse and poor spectator behavior. This led to a campaign based around respect and protection of umpires.
2015 was Edwardstown last season in the league, they transferred to the Channel 9 Adelaide Football League.
2016 was Morphettville Park and Brighton D&OS last season in the league, they transferred to the Channel 9 Adelaide Football League.
2017 Hackham were in recess. Port Noarlunga got ejected from the finals after playing an ineligible player in the semi final.
League Timeline (1922-)
Current Clubs
Former clubs
Clubs that have previously competed in the league include:
Players Recruited to AFL/VFL
Senior premierships winners
Division 1
1886–1891 Unknown
1892 Willunga
1893 Willunga Undefeated
1894 Willunga
1895 Willunga
1896 Sellick's Hill
1897 Willunga
1898 Willunga Undefeated
1899 Willunga Undefeated
1900 In Recess
1901 Willunga
1902 Willunga
1903 Willunga
1904 Willunga
1905 McLaren Vale
1906 McLaren Vale
1907 Sellick's Hill
1908 McLaren Vale
1909 Willunga
1910 Willunga
1911 Willunga
1912 Willunga
1913–1914 In Recess
1915 McLaren Vale
1916–1918 In Recess
1919 Willunga
1920 McLaren Vale
1921 Noarlunga
1922 Noarlunga
1923 Willunga
1924 McLaren Vale
1925 Noarlunga
1926 Noarlunga
1927 Aldinga
1928 Aldinga
1929 Aldinga
1930 Aldinga
1931 Aldinga
1932 Aldinga
1933 Hillside
1934 Aldinga
1935 Hillside
1936 Willunga
1937 Hillside Undefeated
1938 Willunga
1939 Hillside Undefeated
1940 Season Abandoned
1941–1945 In Recess
1946 McLaren Flat
1947 McLaren Flat
1948 Willunga
1949 Willunga
1950 Willunga
1951 Willunga
1952 Willunga
1953 Myponga
1954 Willunga
1955 Willunga
1956 Willunga
1957 Myponga
1958 McLaren Vale
1959 McLaren Vale
1960 Myponga
1961 Willunga
1962 Yankalilla
1963 Yankalilla
1964 Willunga
1965 Port Noarlunga
1966 McLaren Flat
1967 Christies Beach
1968 Christies Beach
1969 Reynella
1970 Noarlunga
1971 Christies Beach Undefeated
1972 Christies Beach
1973 Port Noarlunga
1974 Christies Beach
1975 Reynella
1976 McLaren Flat
1977 Reynella
1978 Morphett Vale
1979 Morphett Vale
1980 Morphett Vale
1981 Morphett Vale
1982 Noarlunga
1983 Christies Beach
1984 Willunga
1985 Port Noarlunga
1986 Noarlunga
1987 Plympton
1988 Plympton
1989 Plympton
1990 Morphettville Park
1991 Noarlunga
1992 Happy Valley
1993 Happy Valley
1994 Christies Beach
1995 Happy Valley
1996 Happy Valley
1997 Port Noarlunga
1998 Happy Valley
1999 Happy Valley
2000 Marion
2001 Noarlunga
2002 Brighton District and Old Scholars
2003 Happy Valley
2004 Morphett Vale
2005 Morphett Vale
2006 Morphett Vale
2007 Morphett Vale Undefeated
2008 Cove
2009 Morphett Vale
2010 Reynella
2011 Brighton Bombers
2012 Happy Valley
2013 Reynella
2014 Noarlunga
2015 Reynella
2016 Flagstaff Hill
2017 Flagstaff Hill
2018 Flagstaff Hill
2019 Flagstaff Hill
2020 Flagstaff Hill Undefeated
2021 Flagstaff Hill Undefeated
Division 2
1977 Reynella C
1978 Morphett Vale C
1979 Morphett Vale C
1980 McLaren Vale
1981 McLaren Vale
1982 Kangarilla
1983 McLaren Flat
1984 Meadows
1985 Flagstaff Hill
1986 O'Sullivan Beach
1987 Kangarilla
1988 McLaren Flat
1989 McLaren Flat
1990 Hackham
1991 Aldinga
1992 Mawson
1993 Aldinga
1994 Meadows
1995 McLaren Vale
1996 O'Sullivan Beach
1997 O'Sullivan Beach
1998 Cove
1999 Kangarilla
2000 Kangarilla
2001 Lonsdale
Mail Medal
Each season the Mail Medal is awarded to the player adjudged the Fairest and Most Brilliant by the umpires on a 3-2-1 match voting system. The Mail Medal is named after the Sunday Mail newspaper.
Ken Donne Medal
The Ken Donne Medal was the equivalent medal awarded for the Division 2 competition between 1977-2001.
125 Year Celebrations
125 Year Team
To celebrate the 125th season of the SFL, the "SFL 125 Year Team" was named in 2011.
Greatest Exports Team
Along with the 125 Year Team, the SFL also announced a team of their "Greatest Exports", a collection of players that had previously played in the SFL but had gone on to achieve at a higher level. One player, Hendrick "Taffy" Waye was selected in both the 125 Year Team and the Greatest Exports Team.
Key: Adel – Adelaide Crows (AFL), Ald – Aldinga, BDOS – Brighton Bombers/Brighton District and Old Scholars, BrisL – Brisbane Lions (AFL), CB – Christies Beach, Clrmt – Claremont (WAFL), Fitz – Fitzroy (VFL/AFL), FH – Flagstaff Hill, Flat – McLaren Flat/Hillside, Freo – Fremantle (AFL), Glen – Glenelg (SANFL), Glchy – Glenorchy (TANFL/TFL/TSL), GWS – (AFL), Hack – Hackham, Haw – Hawthorn (VFL/AFL), HV – Happy Valley, Kang – Kangarilla, Mar – Marion, Maw – Lonsdale/Mawson, Melb – Melbourne (AFL/VFL), MV – Morphett Vale, Noar – Noarlunga, Nwd – Norwood (SANFL), NM – North Melbourne/Kangaroos (AFL/VFL), OSB – O'Sullivan Beach, Ply – Plympton, PortM – Port Adelaide (SANFL), PortP – Port Adelaide (AFL), PtN – Port Noarlunga, Rey – Reynella, Rich – Richmond (AFL/VFL), South – South Adelaide (SANFL), Sturt – Sturt (SANFL), Syd – Sydney Swans/South Melbourne (AFL/VFL), Vale – McLaren Vale, WB – Western Bulldogs/Footscray (AFL/VFL), WCE – West Coast (AFL/VFL), West – West Adelaide (SANFL), Will – Willunga, WWT – Woodville-West Torrens (SANFL)
Hall of Fame
The Southern Football League Hall of Fame was established in 2007 in order to provide due recognition to those who have given outstanding service to Australian Football throughout the League history since its establishment in 1886.
Membership is granted to Players, Umpires, Coaches, Administrators, Support Staff and any persons who have provided outstanding service to Australian Football through the Southern Football League or its clubs and, because of the nature of the League, combinations of all types of service is considered.
After the initial inauguration a maximum of five (5) candidates each year are selected by the Hall of Fame Committee for approval by the League Directors.
The general criterion for selection is to have exceptionally served Australian Football through the Southern Football League for a minimum period of 25 years (which do not need to be consecutive).
There may be some exceptions to the general rule and the Hall of Fame Committee shall have the right to nominate these to the Directors for endorsement.
ELITE PLAYERS – Players who have given exceptional service shall be considered (for example the winning of three (3) Mail Medals in "A" Grade is considered exceptional).
SPECIAL SERVICES – Persons who provide special services to Football in exceptional or unusual capacities.
ELITE COACHES – Coaches with exceptional records of coaching within the League.
SFL Hall of Fame Members
Key: Ald – Aldinga, BB – Brighton Bombers/Brighton District and Old Scholars, CB – Christies Beach, Cove – Cove, CSLFUP – Combined Southern Leagues Football Umpires Panel, FH -Flagstaff Hill, Flat – McLaren Flat/Hillside, Hack – Hackham, HV – Happy Valley, Kang – Kangarilla, Mar – Marion, Maw – Lonsdale/Mawson, MV – Morphett Vale, MVP – Morphettville Park, Noar – Noarlunga, OSB – O'Sullivan Beach, OSBL – O'Sullivan Beach-Lonsdale, Ply – Plympton, PtN – Port Noarlunga, Rey – Reynella, SFL – Southern Football League, STA - Southern Trainers Association, Vale – McLaren Vale, Will – Willunga
Grand Finals
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2021
Flagtsaff Hill 12 - 11 - 83 defeated Morphett Vale 2 - 5 - 17
Flagstaff Hill Goal Kickers: D. Butcher 3, R. Mountford 2, M. Johnson 2, D. Kearsley, T. Carney, B. Heyward-Ferors, B. Patterson, M. Walton
Best PLayers, M. Johnson, S. Theraldson, M. Walton, D. Kearsley, A. Shearer, T. Carney
Morphett Vale Goal Kickers: D. Noble, J. Dal Santo
Best Players: J. Dal Santo, C. Lock, D. Bode, B. Sowter, J. Dorshorst, A. Baker
J. H. Warren Medal: Mitchell Johnson
Umpires Field: Alex Cornelius, Harry Marshall, Simon Thompson
Boundary: Mark Ames, Hayden Sutton, Austin Robertson, Nicolas Thompson
Goal: Joshua Goldswothy, Jacob Crossfield
Venue: Flinders University Stadium, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2020
Flagstaff Hill 18 - 13 - 121 defeated Noarlunga 9 - 1 - 55
Flagstaff Hill Goal Kickers: D. Butcher 4, S. Smith 3, T. Carney 2, B. Rossi 2, R. Mountford 2, D Kearsley, M. Shearer, B. Heyward-Ferors, N. Beenham, M. Johnson
Best PLayers: S. Theraldson, D. Kearsley, B. Patterson, B. Rossi, C. Puiatti, D. Webb
Noarlunga Goal Kickers: V. Robertson 3, R. Martell 3, J. Beard, S. Miller, J. Birch
Best PLayers: V. Robertson, R. Martell, Z. Williams, S. Carlyle, B, Goldfinch
J. H. Warren Medal: David Kearsley
Umpires Field: Alex Cornelius, Simon Thompson, Dennis Rice
Boundary: Joel Stone, Dylan Worrall, Mark Ames, Craig White
Goal: Darren Hincks, Stephen Young
Venue: Flinders University Stadium, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2019
Noarlunga 7 - 6 - 48 defeated by Flagstaff Hill 12 - 9 - 81
Noarlunga Goal Kickers: T. Milera 2, N. Mott 2, V. Robertson, T. Mott, R. Martell
Best PLayers: S. Hamilton, J. Brown, B. Goldfinch, J. Thewlis
Flagstaff Hill Goal Kickers: M. Hollis 3, M. Renfrey 2, S. Smith 2, D. Butcher, S. Osmond, B. Rossi, C. Puiatti, M. Johnson
Best PLayers: S. Theraldson, D. Kearsley, M. Hollis, M. Renfrey, D. Webb, C. Davies
J. H. Warren Medal: Mark Hollis
Umpires Field: David Popplewell, Mark Jensen, Mark Neville
Boundary: Craig White, Jayden Dunning, James Holmes, Evan Salter
Goal: Trevor Abblett, Stephen Young
Venue: Flinders University Stadium, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2018
Flagstaff Hill 21 - 16 - 142 defeated Reynella 6 - 6 - 42
Flagstaff Hill Goal Kickers: J. Vandermeer 4, S. Osmond 3, S. Smith 3, B. Rossi 3, D. Bucher 2, M. Shearer, M. Johnson, A. Albanese, J. Albanese, J. Vandermmer, B. Heyward-Ferors
Best PLayers: M. Shearer, M. Fazekas, S. Osmond, S. Heatley, S. Theraldson, M. Renfrey
Reynella Goal Kickers: B. Lockett 3, C. Semple 3
Best PLayers: C. Ellison, S. Hamilton, M. Portlock, C. Semple, S. Farrelly, R. Mahony
J. H. Warren Medal: Micahel Shearer
Umpires Field: Grant Reilly, Brendon Caruso, Matthew Browne
Boundary: Liam Trouptsidis, Nathan Rohrlach, Evan Salter, Jayden Dunning
Goal: Kym Marshall, Stephen Young
Venue: Flinders University Stadium, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2017
Flagstaff Hill 13 - 16 - 94 defeated Noarlunga 8 - 9 - 57
Flagstaff Hill Goal Kickers: S. Smith 3, D. Buthcer 2, J. Vandermeer, S. Heatley, J. Albanese, M. Shearer, M. Johnson, B. Patterson, S. Osmond, B. Kirk
Best PLayers: S. Smith, S. Osmond, B. Kirk, M. Hollis, J. Albanese, M. Fazekas
Noarlunga Goal Kickers: V. Robertson 3, A. Wurst 2, T. Ferguson 2, S. Carlyle
Best Players: N. Mott, V. Robertson, S. Carlyle, S. Miller, T. Caudle
J. H. Warren Medal: Samuel Osmond
Umpires Field: David Popplewell, Jason Thompson, Jarryd Simister
Boundary: Kane Marshall, Nathan Rohrlach, Matthew Rohrlach
Goal: Michael Greer, Scott Brand
Venue: Flinders University Stadium, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2016
Flagstaff Hill 7 - 11 - 53 defeated Morphett Vale 6 - 4 - 40
Flagstaff Hill Goal Kickers: M. Raitt 3, J. Vandermeer 2, C. Schorn 2
Best Players: M. Shearer, S. Theraldson, B. Kirk, J. Vandermeer, D. Kearsley, M. Edwards
Morphett Vale Goal Kickers: D. Iljcesen 2, S. Byrne, D. Loveridge, N. Baly
Best PLayers: B. Baly, T. Bennetts, M. Bode, M. Smith, M. Hodge, W. Carroll
J. H. Warren Medal: Michael Shearer
Venue: Flinders University Stadium, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2015
Reynella 18.7-115 defeated Brighton Districts and Old Scholars 8.8-56
Reynella Goal Kickers: J. McEntee 5, C. Bradwell, C. Ellison, A. Broadbent 3 each, C. Semple, J. Carter, M. Doughty, R. Mahony 1 each
Best Players: L. McEntee, C. Ellison, R. Mahony, R. Frick, A. Broadbent, S. Bradshaw
Brighton Districts and Old Scholars Goal Kickers: J. Carger 2, L. Price, T. Hall, J. Spurling, B. Brookman, E. Drew, T. Hoare 1 each
Best Players: W. Rivers, D. De Blaquiere, D. Lang, B. Hillier, E. Drew, J. Carger
J. H. Warren Medal: Luke McEntee(Reynella)
Venue: Hickinbotham Oval, Noarlunga Centre
Attendance: 4300
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2014
Noarlunga 10.7-67 defeated Reynella 9.9-63
Noarlunga Goal Kickers: W. Johncock 4, L. Moreen 2, S. Dean, S. Miller, M. Despott, C. Minns
Best Players: W. Johncock, T. Caudle, S. Miller, S. Dean, M. Despott, C. Hudson
Reynella Goal Kickers: D. Paddick 2, J. McEntee 2, S. Karran, J. Carter, S. Ward, C. Semple, B. Thompson
Best Players: L. Ciampa, D. Paddick, J. Guy, S. Bradshaw, A. Broadbent, B. Lockett
J. H. Warren Medal: Waylon Johncock (Noarlunga)
Umpires Field: Brendon Caruso, Jarryd Simister
Boundary: Jarryd Hoppo, Corey Sawtell, Harry Marshall, Darryl Seidel
Goal: Michael Greer, Darren Hinkcs
Venue: Hickinbotham Oval, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2013
Reynella 12.11-83 defeated Morphettville Park 8.10-58
Reynella Goal Kickers: B. McKeough, C. Semple 3 each, S. Prescott 2, B. Tilley, C. Bradwell, A. Broadbent, S. Karran 1 each
Best Players: D. Lock, J. Farrier, D. Prescott, B. Tilley, J. Guy, M. Doughty
Morphettville Park Goal Kickers: S. Morris 3, D. Longman 2, N. Wiese, S. Wiese, E. Schneider 1 each
Best Players: T. Cranston, S. Morris, S. Talbot, B. Murphy, P. Bennett, J. Ruwoldt
J. H. Warren Medal: Jason Farrier (Reynella)
Venue: Hickinbotham Oval, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2012
Happy Valley 14.16-100 defeated Brighton 7.8-50Happy Valley Goal Kickers: J. Eagleton 4, J. Hiatt-Harrex 3, D. Sukkel 3, T. Grund, N. Eagleton, N. Petersen-Gray, B. Squire
Best Players: S. McKenzie, J. Brown, M. Mahar, J. Eagleton, A. Huebner.Brighton Goal Kickers: C. Norsworthy 2, B. King, M. Baker, G. Phillips, M. Pethick, C. Mauger
Best Players: J. Bell, C. Norsworthy, E. Thorpe, M. Baker, T. Alexander, W. Rivers.Venue: Hickinbotham Oval, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2011BRIGHTON BOMBERS 13.6 (84) defeated MORPHETT VALE 6.9 (45) Brighton Bombers Goal Kickers: C. Norsworthy 3, T. Rigney, L. Sharpe 2 each, T. Alexander, W. Rivers, J. Tucker, T. Johnstone, G. Phillips, J. Beugelaar 1 each
Best Players: L. Sharpe, E. Drew, M. Whitford, C. Norsworthy, W. Rivers, T. JohnstoneMorphett ValeGoal Kickers: S. Byrne 2, K. Hewitt, S. Saunders, N. Bayly, D. Sampson 1 each
Best Players: M. Nadilo, M. Zaluski, D. Earl, B. Bayly, T. Bennetts, S. HillVenue: Hickinbotham Oval, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2010REYNELLA 13.11 (89) defeated BRIGHTON 9.5 (59)Reynella
Goal Kickers: B.McKeough 3, A.Procter 2, E.Ware 2, S.Bradshaw, L.Ciampa, J.Carter, J.Newnham, T.Cece, S.Middleton.
Best Players: S.Bradshaw, D.Prescott, S.Prescott, E.Ware, J.Baylis, A.Broadbent Brighton
Goal Kickers: J.Tucker 2, B.Brookman 2, W.Bradley, R.Miles, J.Degenhardt, L.Keller, B.King.
Best Players: J.Rogers, M.Whitford, B.King, R.Miles Umpires: Aaron Bennett, David PopplewellAttendance: 3,600 Venue: Hickinbotham Oval, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2009MORPHETT VALE 10.13 (73) defeated REYNELLA 5.4 (34)Morphett Vale Goal Kickers: S.Pollard 6, A.Rigg 1, N.Bayly 1, W.Pittman 1, M.Joraslafsky 1
Best Players: N.Bayly, J.Sampson, S.PollardVenue: Hickinbotham Oval, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2007MORPHETT VALE 11.9 (75) defeated BRIGHTON 3.6 (24)Morphett Vale Goal Kickers: N.Bayly 4, S.Pollard 2, T.Howell 2, S.Lock 1, M.Bode 1, M.Short 1
Best Players: M.Bode, C.Smith, B.BaylyVenue: Hickinbotham Oval, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2006MORPHETT VALE 14.8 (92) defeated REYNELLA 9.6 (60)Morphett Vale Goal Kickers: W.Pittman 5, S.Pollard 3, M.Short 1, N.Bayly 1, B.Bayly 1, D.Earl 1, S.Hill 1, J.Kurtz 1Best Players: M.Nadilo, B.Bayly, W.PittmanVenue: Hickinbotham Oval, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2005MORPHETT VALE 16.13 (109) defeated REYNELLA 10.7 (67)Morphett Vale Goal Kickers: S.Pollard 3, M.Short 3, R.Beeching 3, A.Hill 2, M.Ritter 2, M.Nadilo 1, A.Landorf 1, D.Earl 1Best Players: A.Hill, M.Zaluski, N.MitchellVenue: Hickinbotham Oval, Noarlunga Centre
Southern Football League 'A' Grade Grand Final 2004MORPHETT VALE 11.10 (76) defeated BRIGHTON 8.6 (54)Morphett Vale Goal Kickers: S.Pollard 6, A.Stagg 2, A.Landorf 1, C.Smith 1, M.Short 1
Best Players: S.Fishlock, M.Short, S.PollardVenue: Port Noarlunga Oval, Port Noarlunga
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Grand Final 1952WILLUNGA 14.10 (94) defeated REYNELLA 9.8 (62) Date: 9 September 1952Best on Ground Trophy: Jim Walding (Willunga)Venue: Willunga Oval, Willunga
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Grand Final 1948WILLUNGA 19.11 (125) defeated McLAREN VALE 8.8 (56)Willunga
Best Players: M. Elbourne, H. Haskett, L. BinneyDate: 4 September 1948
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Grand Final 1947McLAREN FLAT 11.11 (77) defeated WILLUNGA 9.8 (62)McLaren Flat Goal Kickers: Robertson 4, Penny 3, Emma 2, N. Chapman, I. Chapman 1 each
Best Players: N. Chapman, D. Wylie, M. Robertson, C. CameronWillungaGoal Kickers: Corbett, Hailstone, Haskett 2 each, W. Aldam, Branson, Halliday 1 each
Best Players: E. McLaughlin, W. Binney, E. Aldam, F. GageDate: 6 September 1947Venue: Aldinga Oval, Aldinga
B-Grade – Willunga defeated McLaren Vale
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Grand Final 1939HILLSIDE 13.10 (88) defeated WILLUNGA 8.10 (58)Hillside Goal Kickers: R. Townsend 5, I. Chapman 3, Holloway, R. Branson, White 2 each, S. Penney 1
Best Players: Holloway, K. Bagshaw, R. Burgan, R. Branson.WillungaGoal Kickers: L. Corbett 4, A. Martin, J. Branson, R. Clift, E. Aldam 1 each
Best Players: M. Corbett, R. Clift, J. Little, G. Miller.Date: 2 September 1939
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Grand Final 1937HILLSIDE 17.13 (115) defeated WILLUNGA 9.8 (62)Hillside Goal Kickers: R. Townsend 5, Robertson 4, K. Bagshaw, Osborne 2 each, Holloway, R. Burgean, Broughton, G. Townsend
Best Players: Penny, R. Branson, Holloway, K. Bagshaw.WillungaGoal Kickers: D. Atkinson, Jones 2 each, Hailstone, L. Corbett, Harris, Dyer, Giles.
Best Players: Dyer, M. Hailstone, Dowling, Blacker.Date: 4 September 1937
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Grand Final 1936WILLUNGA 11.11 (77) defeated HILLSIDE 9.15 (69)Willunga Goal Kickers: L. Corbett, T. Corbett 3 each, Hailstone 2, Blacker, Little, Atkinson.
Best Players: Little, M. Corbett, Hailstone, DowlingHillsideGoal Kickers: Ward 5, Townsend 2, Wickham, Osmond.
Best Players: K. Bagshaw, Branson, H. Bagshaw, Ward.Date: 12 September 1936
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Grand Final 1933HILLSIDE 15.12 (102) defeated WILLUNGA 4.9 (33)Hillside Goal Kickers: H. Bagshaw 6, H. Hobbs 5, R. Wickham 3, Ken Bagshaw 1
Best Players: Osmond, Hobbs, Keith Bradshaw, H. BagshawWillungaGoal Kickers: McKinnon 2, T. Corbett, E. Elbourne 1 each
Best Players: McKinnon, M. Corbett, J. Edwards, Dodd, G. DyerVenue: McLaren Vale Oval, McLaren Vale
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Grand Final 1930ALDINGA 13.8 (86) defeated McLAREN VALE 9.13 (67) Aldinga Goal Kickers: H. Eatts 5, W. Pethick 2, C. Lovelock, L. Lovelock, K. Culley, H. Eatts, V. Branson, R. Stone 1 each
Best Players: H. Leaker, A. Scott, H. EattsMcLaren ValeGoal Kickers: F. Maguire 4, R. Freeman, F. Price, E. Roe, P. Roe, R. Hyde 1 each
Best Players: C. Sparrow, E. Martin, M. Harris
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Challenge Final 1927ALDINGA 5.13 (43) defeated HILLSIDE 6.6 (36)Aldinga Best Players: Pethick, H. Gotts, C. Lovelock, L. Lovelock, Leaker, StoneHillside Best Players: W. Rowe, Sauerbier, Hugo, Wickham, G. Rowe, ElliotDate: 26 September 1927Umpire: Mr. HillBest on Ground: W. Rowe (Hillside)Venue: Willunga Oval, Willunga
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Challenge Final 1920MCLAREN VALE 4.5 (29) defeated NOARLUNGA 3.9 (27)McLaren Vale Best Players: Waye, Waye, W. Murdoch, Samuels, S. Hyde, R. Hunt, F. Price, J. BaldockNoarlunga Best Players: J. Antonio, P. Furler, R. Furler, W. Furler, H. Asplin, L. DungeyDate: 4 September 1920Umpire: C. L. CornishBest on Ground: J. Antonio (Noarlunga)Attendance: 1,000+ Venue: Willunga Oval, Willunga
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Deciding Match 1908McLAREN VALE 6.11 (47) defeated WILLUNGA 4.6 (30) McLaren Vale Best Players: N. King, E. Wheaton, R. Oliver, the Dunstone brothersWillunga Best Players: S. WayeAttendance: nearly 1,000 Venue: McLaren Vale Oval, McLaren Vale
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Grand Final 1907SELLICK'S HILL 6.9 (45) defeated WILLUNGA 4.6 (30) Umpire: Mr. KneeboneVenue: Aldinga Oval, Aldinga
Southern Football Association 'A' Grade Grand Final 1895WILLUNGA 4.6 (30) defeated SELLICK’S HILL 2.5 (23)Result protested by Sellick's Hill
Result upheld. Venue:' Aldinga Oval, Aldinga
J. H. Warren Medal
The Jim Warren Medal is awarded to the play adjudged Best on Ground in a Southern Football League Division 1 Grand Final.
Leading Goalkickers
Division 1
The Leading Goalkicker in the Division 1 A-Grade competition is awarded the Herb Metcalf Trophy.
Division 2
Bibliography
Encyclopedia of South Australian country football clubs compiled by Peter Lines.
South Australian country football digest'' by Peter Lines
Notes
References
External links
Southern Football League Official Site
Australian rules football competitions in South Australia
1886 establishments in Australia
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5375637
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Iron%20Fan%20%281941%20film%29
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Princess Iron Fan (1941 film)
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Princess Iron Fan (), is the first Chinese animated feature film. It is also considered the first Asian animated feature film. The film is based on an episode of the 16th-century novel Journey to the West. It was directed in Shanghai under difficult conditions in the thick of World War II by Wan Guchan and Wan Laiming (the Wan brothers) and was released on November 19, 1941. The film later became influential in the development of East Asian animation, including Japanese anime and Chinese animation.
Plot
The story was liberally adapted from a short sequence in the popular Chinese novel Journey to the West. Princess Iron Fan is a main character.
Specifically, the film focused on the duel between the Monkey King and a vengeful princess, whose fan is desperately needed to quench the flames that surround a peasant village.
Creators
Background
The Wan family twins Wan Laiming and Wan Guchan with their brothers Wan Chaochen and Wan Dihuan were the first animators in China. After the release of their first "real" cartoon, Uproar in the Studio (1926), they continued to dominate China's animation industry for the next several decades. In the late 1930s, with Shanghai under Japanese occupation, they began work on China's first feature-length animated film. In 1939, the Wan brothers saw Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and set the standard in attempting to create a film of equal quality for the nation's honor.
The film took three years, 237 artists and 350,000 yuan to make. Although Disney and Fleischer influence is apparent, there is also a distinct Chinese flavor in the film - a flavor that would grow much stronger with the Wan brothers' subsequent films in the following decades. Rotoscoping was used extensively to save money, and the eyes of the live actors are often visible in the faces of the animated characters.
By 1940, the film would render past 20,000 frames, using up more than 200 thousand pieces of paper (400ream＝500×400). They shot over of footage. And the final piece would contain of footage which can be shown in 80 minutes. The Wan brothers also invited the following actors and actresses for sound dubbing (白虹),(严月玲),(姜明),(韩兰根),(殷秀岑). At the time, they were at the Xinhua Film Company animation department since it was the only remaining production company left during the period of the Japanese occupation. The manager of the company who help financed the film was Zhang Shankun.
Princess Iron Fan became the first animated feature film to be made in China. Upon completion the film was screened by the Chinese union film company.
Influence
Princess Iron Fan'''s influences were far-reaching; it was swiftly exported to wartime Japan, inspiring the 16-year-old Osamu Tezuka to become a comics artist and prompting the Japanese Navy to commission Japan's own first feature-length animated film, 1945's Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors (the earlier film Momotaro's Sea Eagles is three minutes shy of being feature-length).
See also
History of Animation
History of Chinese Animation
Chinese Animation
List of animated feature films
List of films in the public domain in the United States
References
Further reading
Jonathan Clements. (2002). "Chinese Animation". Nickelodeon Magazine.
Travel Channel China. (2004). "Extensive Info on Wan Brothers". Tieshangongzhu first-length cartoon''.
External links
(another version)
Completed English subtitles for the film
A few stills from the movie
1941 animated films
1941 films
Chinese animated films
Rotoscoped films
Chinese black-and-white films
Films based on Journey to the West
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5375653
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judi%20Andersen
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Judi Andersen
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Judi Andersen Harrison (née Andersen; born October 11, 1958) is an American actress, model, and beauty pageant titleholder from Hawaii who was crowned Miss USA 1978. Andersen was born in Honolulu, and attended Punahou School before moving to Millbrook, New York to study fashion design at Bennett College.
In 1977, Andersen was crowned Miss Hawaii USA 1978 and earned the right to represent Hawaii at Miss USA 1978 in Charleston, South Carolina. She went on to win the title, becoming the third woman from Hawaii to be crowned Miss USA. As Miss USA, Andersen represented the United States at Miss Universe 1978 in Acapulco, Mexico. Despite receiving the highest scores in interview and swimsuit, in addition to having the highest averaged semifinal score, Andersen placed as the first runner-up to Margaret Gardiner of South Africa; this was the best result for an American delegate at Miss Universe since Amanda Jones placed as the first runner-up at Miss Universe 1973.
Andersen ended her reign as Miss USA after crowning Mary Therese Friel of New York as Miss USA 1979. Afterwards, she began an acting career and appeared in television shows such as Fantasy Island, Magnum, P.I. and Jake and the Fatman, and also served as a judge at Miss USA 1980. Later in her career, Andersen returned to Hawaii and owned and operated a chiropractic clinic.
References
External links
Miss USA official website
1958 births
20th-century American actresses
American beauty pageant winners
American chiropractors
American female models
American television actresses
Bennett College (New York) alumni
Female models from Hawaii
Living people
Miss Universe 1978 contestants
Miss USA winners
Actresses from Honolulu
Punahou School alumni
21st-century American women
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3985205
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Crook
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David Crook
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David Crook (14 August 1910 – 1 November 2000) was a British-born Communist ideologue, activist and spy, long resident in China. A committed Marxist from 1931, he joined the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), then was recruited by the NKVD, the Soviet secret police, and was sent to China during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). There he met and married his wife, Isabel, a teacher and social activist. Following the Second World War and the Chinese Civil War, the couple stayed in China and taught English.
In 1959, the Crooks published Revolution in a Chinese Village, Ten Mile Inn and in 1966 came The First Years of Yangyi Commune. The British Sinologist Delia Davin wrote that through that "classic study" and other writings and talks, the Crooks "provided a positive picture of China to the outside world at a time when cold war simplifications were the norm." The Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist-Leninist) called Revolution a "seminal work, which has been bringing the achievements and challenges of the Chinese agrarian revolution to life for English-speaking readers since 1959." Crook died at 90 after spending his last five decades in China, his political beliefs largely unshaken despite five years' imprisonment during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976).
Biography
Youth and education
Crook was born in London in 1910. "My father was a Jewish cockney Royalist, raised in the East End of London, by immigrant parents who fled Czarist Russia to avoid anti-Semitism and conscription into a pork-eating army," wrote Crook in his autobiography. Crook was educated at Cheltenham College and graduated from Columbia University in 1935 and participated in protest against Nazi Germany on campus.
International Communist
After being wounded on his first day at the front in Spain, he was returned to a hospital in Madrid. While in Madrid, he was recruited by the NKVD to spy on those whom the Stalinists called Trotskyites, a group which included George Orwell. Crook later expressed regret for his part in the deaths of innocent members of the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM).
The NKVD then sent him to China. There he taught English at Saint John's University, Shanghai to spy on a Trotskyite whose arguments in fact began to convince him. Crook proceeded to Chengdu and was there when it was bombed by the Japanese. While there he met his future wife, Isabel Brown, daughter of Canadian missionaries.
Hitler's invasion of Russia in June 1941 ended this fling with Trotskyism. Upon his return to England, Crook re-joined the British Communist Party and joined the Royal Air Force, then married Isabel. During the war, he worked for British intelligence throughout Asia and contacted local communist movements.
Residing in China
After study at University of London, the Crooks returned to China to teach English in a rural school which trained staff for the foreign service of the future government. They observed and participated in the land reform movements carried out by the Chinese Communist Party in North China villages and produced a "thick description" which they published in their widely cited Ten Mile Village (1959).
They entered Beijing with the victorious Communists at "Liberation" in 1949 and for the next forty years, the Crooks taught at the Peking First Foreign Languages Institute (now the Beijing Foreign Studies University).
Despite his long-time loyalty to the Chinese Communist Party, Crook was imprisoned in 1967 by Red Guards during the Cultural Revolution. When he was freed in 1973 he found his captors sincere but misguided. After his death, his wife told China Daily that "He was well aware that 'revolution is not a dinner party' so he never blamed China for his lengthy stay in Qincheng prison."
Crook was convinced by reading George Orwell, on whom he had spied in Spain in the 1930s. In 1989, the Crooks criticized the suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests. While Crook remarks in his autobiography, written in 1990, that he still believes what he mentioned in his 75th birthday (in 1985) speech: "Some people say they are disillusioned by the negative aspects of Chinese society today. But Chairman Mao said (in 1949) our past work is only the first step on a long march of 10,000 li... Over the years I have come to realize that the re-making of a society of hundreds of millions of people, steeped in centuries of feudalism, cannot be accomplished quickly and easily, without setbacks and mistakes. But I am confident that by the end of this century - which with a bit of luck I may live to see... this China, which Isabel and I love, which has become our second homeland, will be creating a strong socialist society, and in the course of its modernization will strive to avoid the evils, suffering, ugliness and injustice which have beset modernization elsewhere."
Personal life
Crook died in Beijing in 2000. He was survived by his wife, Isabel, and their three sons. One of his sons, Paul Crook, has given extensive interviews about his experience growing up as a foreigner in China during the cultural revolution.
Notes
Further reading
Li Zhengling 李正凌 et al. (eds.). Kēlǔkè fūfù zài Zhōngguó 柯鲁克夫妇在中国 : David and Isabel Crook in China. Wàiyǔ jiàoxué yǔ yánjiū chūbǎnshè 外语教学与研究出版社, ²2010, . In Chinese and English, with articles by Israel Epstein, Sidney Shapiro etc.
"Reconstructing the Foreign Teacher: The Nativization of David Crook in Beijing," Craig K. JACOBSEN Frontiers of Education in China 7.3 (2012) 443–463
Julian Voloj, Henrik Rehr: David Crook. Souvenirs d’une révolution. Paris: Urban China, 2018; .
Publications
Isabel Crook and David Crook. Revolution in a Chinese Village, Ten Mile Inn. (London,: Routledge and Paul, International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction, 1959. .
Isabel Crook and David Crook. The First Years of Yangyi Commune. (London,: Routledge & K. Paul, International Library of Sociology and Social Reconstruction, 1966. ISBN
Isabel Crook and David Crook. Ten Mile Inn : Mass Movement in a Chinese Village. (New York: Pantheon Books, The Pantheon Asia Library 1st, 1979.
北京外国语大学英语系词典组. Chinese-English Dictionary. 外语教学与研究出版社, 1994. .
External links
Hampstead Heath to Tian An Men – The autobiography of David Crook
Brief chronology of David Crook's Life and An Obituary in The Guardian
1910 births
2000 deaths
Writers from London
British emigrants to China
English communists
British people of the Spanish Civil War
British spies for the Soviet Union
Double agents
International Brigades personnel
British intelligence operatives
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Beijing Foreign Studies University faculty
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5375659
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Hotel%20%28Singaporean%20TV%20series%29
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The Hotel (Singaporean TV series)
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The Hotel () is a Singapore Chinese drama which was telecast on Singapore's television station, Mediacorp, in 2001. It was released in December 2001 and was slated to be the blockbuster for the year 2001. The series has been rerun on MediaCorp Channel 8 and also on AZN Television. It stars Edmund Chen , Ivy Lee , Chen Hanwei , Jacelyn Tay , Chen Liping , May Phua & Yang Libing as the casts of this series.
This series is unique as it has a large ensemble guest cast featuring over 95% of MediaCorp Channel 8 artistes appearing as hotel guests, including Zoe Tay, Gurmit Singh (Phua Chu Kang), Xiang Yun and many others. Most artistes' character names were similar to their own and, unusual for a drama series, their names were introduced on screen, not only in the credits at the end.
Synopsis
The Hotel revolves around a family-run business named Queen's Hotel which has been around for 2 decades. It is Christmas time and the staff are busy running the hotel and preparing for guests. Jointly run by Seto (Ivy Lee), her sister, Rainbow (Jacelyn Tay), brother, Ah Boy (Andi Lim) and sister-in-law Lychee (Yang Libing), their 3-star hotel goes downhill due to poor management. Alarmed at the poor financial situation, sleeping major shareholders and Emil (Edmund Chen) and his younger brother Sunny (Chen Hanwei) step in to salvage the failing business. Emil introduces a series of budget cuts, which results in friction between the brothers and Seto's family. He strives to instill professionalism and a customer-oriented attitude into his staff, but his straight-talking demeanour makes him much hated, especially by Seto.
Very different in character, Seto and Emil do not see eye to eye with each other on many issues. Emil however admires Rainbow's frankness and decides to court her. Seto, who deems men as good-for-nothings, is unexpectedly drawn to Sunny's manliness. Sunny and Rainbow are dreadfully worried about the affections of each other's elder siblings; they pose as lovers in order to fend them off. However, the two of them fall genuinely in love instead, leaving Seto and Emil devastated.
As fate would have it, a series of events in the hotel dissolves the animosity between Seto and Emil and they soon develop feelings for each other. However, pride prevents them from admitting their feelings.
Under Emil's management, the hotel business sees some improvement. A businessman offers to take over the hotel but is rejected by Emil as his beloved has a stake in it as well. Just as he finally decides to express his love for Seto openly, the hotel is served with a lawsuit by a mysterious lawyer who turns out to have a long-buried grudge against Emil and Sunny.
Main cast
Star appearances
External links
The Hotel on Mediacorp website
Theme Song on YouTube
Singapore Chinese dramas
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5375660
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20Mental%20Octopus
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Positive Mental Octopus
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Positive Mental Octopus is a music video compilation from the funk rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers and was released in 1990 by EMI. The compilation was only released on VHS. It was superseded by the 1992 What Hits!? VHS and later DVD, which contained all the videos from this compilation and more not included in this release.
The release was given the 18 certificate by the British Board of Film Classification.
Track listing
"Taste the Pain"
"Higher Ground"
"Knock Me Down"
"Fight Like a Brave"
"Fire" (live)
"Jungle Man"
"Catholic School Girls Rule"
"True Men Don't Kill Coyotes"
Red Hot Chili Peppers video albums
1990 video albums
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3985207
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild%20Cat%20%28Seminole%29
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Wild Cat (Seminole)
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Wild Cat, also known as Coacoochee or Cowacoochee (from Creek Kowakkuce "bobcat, wildcat") (c. 1807/1810–1857) was a leading Seminole chieftain during the later stages of the Second Seminole War and the nephew of Micanopy.
Background
Wild Cat's exact year and place of birth is not agreed upon. Many local scholars believe he was born in 1807 on an island in big Lake Tohopekaliga, south of present-day Orlando. Some scholars say Wild Cat was born around 1810 to King Philip (or Ee-mat-la) and his wife in Yulaka, a Seminole village along the St. Johns River in northern Florida. Still others suggest that he was born near present-day Apopka, Florida. Wild Cat may have had a twin sister who died at birth. As a twin, he was regarded by the tribe as being particularly gifted.
As tensions mounted between the Seminole and local settlers following the purchase of Florida by the United States in 1821, the bands encouraged the escape of slaves from neighboring Georgia to disrupt settlement in Florida by European Americans. The latter were taking over former Seminole territory.
At the start of the Second Seminole War, the nineteen-year-old Wild Cat gained prominence leading a band of Seminole and Black Seminole until his father was captured in 1837 and imprisoned in Fort Marion.
In October 1837, Wild Cat appeared before American forces in a ceremonial peace headdress, claiming to be an emissary of the war chief Osceola. After he negotiated with Colonel Thomas S. Jesup, American authorities agreed to peace talks, but when the Seminole representatives arrived to treat, Jessup ordered their arrest. While imprisoned at Fort Marion, Wild Cat escaped with nineteen other Seminole. They reportedly fasted for six days until they could slide between the bars of their jail cell; they then dropped from the walls into the moat on the outside of the fort.
After Osceola was imprisoned, Wild Cat emerged as the leading commander of the war among the Seminole, fighting with Alligator and Arpeika against Colonel Zachary Taylor at the inconclusive Battle of Lake Okeechobee on December 25, 1837 before retreating to the Everglades. In 1841, two years after his father had died while being deported to Indian Territory, Wild Cat agreed to meet American authorities for peace negotiations. After negotiating with Lieutenant William T. Sherman's commanding officer, Major Childs, at the Indian River post of Fort Pierce, Wild Cat agreed to be transported to Fort Gibson in Oklahoma's Indian Territory, along with his remaining two hundred followers. Growing depressed over his forced surrender, he was said to have stated, "I was in hopes I would be killed in battle, but a bullet never reached me."
Traveling to Washington, D.C. in 1843 with Alligator as part of a Seminole delegation, Wild Cat failed to gain financial aid for the Seminole. The tribe had suffered a series of floods on their reservation, as well as slave raids by neighboring Creek. (The latter captured free blacks and Indians and sold them to southern slave holders, although Indian slavery had long been prohibited). This devastated the black and Indian Seminole. Conditions continued to worsen until 1849.
That year Wild Cat left the reservation with about one hundred followers, consisting of Seminole and Black Seminole, who included some refugee slaves, and escaped to Texas. Joined by about one thousand Kickapoo, Wild Cat's band eventually established a new community in Mexico. The government awarded the tribe an area of land in recognition for their service against Apache and Comanche raiders. Earning a commission as Colonel in the Mexican army, Wild Cat would live with the Seminole in Alto, Mexico until his death of smallpox in 1857. His son Gato Chiquito (in Spanish), or Young Wild Cat, was chosen as chief.
Legacy
On May 29, 2012 an application was registered at the US Bureau of Geographic Names to name a stretch of unnamed barrier islands on the Florida East Coast for this chief.
Quotes
"I speak for myself, for I am free. Each of the others also speak for themselves. We are a choir of voices that will drown out your lies."
References
Johansen, Bruce E. and Donald A. Grinde, Jr. The Encyclopedia of Native American Biography, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1997.
1857 deaths
19th-century births
Deaths from smallpox
Escapees from United States federal government detention
Native American leaders
Native Americans imprisoned at Fort Marion
Native Americans of the Seminole Wars
People from Apopka, Florida
Pre-statehood history of Florida
Seminole tribe
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5375672
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleshmarket%20Close
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Fleshmarket Close
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Fleshmarket Close is a 2004 crime novel by Ian Rankin, and is named after a real close in Edinburgh between the High Street and Market Street, crossing Cockburn Street. It is the fifteenth of the Inspector Rebus novels. "Fleshmarket" is the Scots term for butcher's market. It was released in the US under the title Fleshmarket Alley. The novel was the basis for the second episode in the second Rebus television series starring Ken Stott which was aired in 2006.
Plot summary
Detective Inspector John Rebus has no desk to work from, as a hint from his superiors that he should consider retirement, but he and his protégée Siobhan Clarke are still investigating some seemingly unconnected cases. The sister of a dead rape victim is missing; skeletons turn up embedded in a concrete floor; a Kurdish journalist is brutally murdered; and the son of a Glasgow gangster has moved into the Edinburgh vice scene.
The book uses two new settings: a sink estate divided between the indigenous population and refugees (based on Wester Hailes), and a small town whose economy is dominated by an internment camp for asylum seekers (based on Dungavel).
2004 British novels
Inspector Rebus novels
Royal Mile
Novels set in Edinburgh
Orion Books books
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3985228
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Cousins
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David Cousins
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Air Chief Marshal Sir David Cousins, (born 20 January 1942) is a British retired senior Royal Air Force (RAF) commander.
Early life and education
Cousins was born in 1942, the son of Peter and Irene Cousins. He was educated at St. Edward's College, Malta, Prince Rupert School in Wilhelmshaven, Germany, after which he attended the Royal Air Force College and Open University.
RAF career
Cousins joined the RAF in 1961 and spent three years at Royal Air Force College Cranwell. He then had a number of operational flying tours, initially flying Lightnings in the air defence role in the UK and with RAF Germany and then Buccaneers for RAF Germany. In 1983 he became Station Commander at RAF Laarbruch, home to two RAF Squadrons flying Jaguars and Tornados.
He then held a number of staff appointments in air plans, operational requirements and operations. Following attendance at the Royal College of Defence Studies, he held a number of senior air rank positions on the Air Staff at the Ministry of Defence, in the MoD Procurement Executive, as Commandant of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell and, from 1994, as Air Officer Commanding No. 38 (Transport) Group. He was appointed Air Member for Personnel on the Air Force Board and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Personnel and Training Command in May 1995 and served in that role until he retired in August 1998.
Cousins has served as Honorary Air Commodore of No. 7630 (Volunteer Reserve) Intelligence Squadron, Royal Auxiliary Air Force since August 2008: the unit provides support for intelligence analysis and briefings. He has also served as the controller of the RAF Benevolent Fund.
Family
In 1966, he married Mary Cousins, daughter of Rev. A. W. S. Holmes. They have two sons and a daughter. He has 7 grandchildren- notably his grandson, Marcus Hall-Taylor, is a famous DJ going by the name of MARCDOG.
References
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Royal Air Force air marshals
Living people
Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell
Honorary air commodores
Commandants of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell
1942 births
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5375682
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20disambiguation
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Memory disambiguation
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Memory disambiguation is a set of techniques employed by high-performance out-of-order execution microprocessors that execute memory access instructions (loads and stores) out of program order. The mechanisms for performing memory disambiguation, implemented using digital logic inside the microprocessor core, detect true dependencies between memory operations at execution time and allow the processor to recover when a dependence has been violated. They also eliminate spurious memory dependencies and allow for greater instruction-level parallelism by allowing safe out-of-order execution of loads and stores.
Background
Dependencies
When attempting to execute instructions out of order, a microprocessor must respect true dependencies between instructions. For example, consider a simple true dependence:
1: add $1, $2, $3 # R1 <= R2 + R3
2: add $5, $1, $4 # R5 <= R1 + R4 (dependent on 1)
In this example, the add instruction on line 2 is dependent on the add instruction on line 1 because the register R1 is a source operand of the addition operation on line 2. The add on line 2 cannot execute until the add on line 1 completes. In this case, the dependence is static and easily determined by a microprocessor, because the sources and destinations are registers. The destination register of the add instruction on line 1 (R1) is part of the instruction encoding, and so can be determined by the microprocessor early on, during the decode stage of the pipeline. Similarly, the source registers of the add instruction on line 2 (R1 and R4) are also encoded into the instruction itself and are determined in decode. To respect this true dependence, the microprocessor's scheduler logic will issue these instructions in the correct order (instruction 1 first, followed by instruction 2) so that the results of 1 are available when instruction 2 needs them.
Complications arise when the dependence is not statically determinable. Such non-static dependencies arise with memory instructions (loads and stores) because the location of the operand may be indirectly specified as a register operand rather than directly specified in the instruction encoding itself.
1: store $1, 2($2) # Mem[R2+2] <= R1
2: load $3, 4($4) # R3 <= Mem[R4+4] (possibly dependent on 1, possible same address as above)
Here, the store instruction writes a value to the memory location specified by the value in the address (R2+2), and the load instruction reads the value at the memory location specified by the value in address (R4+4). The microprocessor cannot statically determine, prior to execution, if the memory locations specified in these two instructions are different, or are the same location, because the locations depend on the values in R2 and R4. If the locations are different, the instructions are independent and can be successfully executed out of order. However, if the locations are the same, then the load instruction is dependent on the store to produce its value. This is known as an ambiguous dependence.
Out-of-order execution and memory access operations
Executing loads and stores out of order can produce incorrect results if a dependent load/store pair was executed out of order. Consider the following code snippet, given in MIPS assembly:
1: div $27, $20
2: sw $27, 0($30)
3: lw $08, 0($31)
4: sw $26, 0($30)
5: lw $09, 0($31)
Assume that the scheduling logic will issue an instruction to the execution unit when all of its register operands are ready. Further assume that registers $30 and $31 are ready: the values in $30 and $31 were computed a long time ago and have not changed. However, assume $27 is not ready: its value is still in the process of being computed by the div (integer divide) instruction. Finally, assume that registers $30 and $31 hold the same value, and thus all the loads and stores in the snippet access the same memory word.
In this situation, the sw $27, 0($30) instruction on line 2 is not ready to execute, but the lw $08, 0($31) instruction on line 3 is ready. If the processor allows the lw instruction to execute before the sw, the load will read an old value from the memory system; however, it should have read the value that was just written there by the sw. The load and store executed out of program order, but there was a memory dependence between them that was violated.
Similarly, assume that register $26 is ready. The sw $26, 0($30) instruction on line 4 is also ready to execute, and it may execute before the preceding lw $08, 0($31) on line 3. If this occurs, the lw $08, 0($31) instruction will read the wrong value from the memory system, since a later store instruction wrote its value there before the load executed.
Characterization of memory dependencies
Memory dependencies come in three flavors:
Read-After-Write (RAW) dependencies: Also known as true dependencies, RAW dependencies arise when a load operation reads a value from memory that was produced by the most recent preceding store operation to that same address.
Write-After-Read (WAR) dependencies: Also known as anti dependencies, WAR dependencies arise when a store operation writes a value to memory that a preceding load reads.
Write-After-Write (WAW) dependencies: Also known as output dependencies, WAW dependencies arise when two store operations write values to the same memory address.
The three dependencies are shown in the preceding code segment (reproduced for clarity):
1: div $27, $20
2: sw $27, 0($30)
3: lw $08, 0($31)
4: sw $26, 0($30)
5: lw $09, 0($31)
The lw $08, 0($31) instruction on line 3 has a RAW dependence on the sw $27, 0($30) instruction on line 2, and the lw $09, 0($31) instruction on line 5 has a RAW dependence on the sw $26, 0($30) instruction on line 4. Both load instructions read the memory address that the preceding stores wrote. The stores were the most recent producers to that memory address, and the loads are reading that memory address's value.
The sw $26, 0($30) instruction on line 4 has a WAR dependence on the lw $08, 0($31) instruction on line 3 since it writes the memory address that the preceding load reads from.
The sw $26, 0($30) instruction on line 4 has a WAW dependence on the sw $27, 0($30) instruction on line 2 since both stores write to the same memory address.
Memory disambiguation mechanisms
Modern microprocessors use the following mechanisms, implemented in hardware, to resolve ambiguous dependences and recover when a dependence was violated.
Avoiding WAR and WAW dependencies
Values from store instructions are not committed to the memory system (in modern microprocessors, CPU cache) when they execute. Instead, the store instructions, including the memory address and store data, are buffered in a store queue until they reach the retirement point. When a store retires, it then writes its value to the memory system. This avoids the WAR and WAW dependence problems shown in the code snippet above where an earlier load receives an incorrect value from the memory system because a later store was allowed to execute before the earlier load.
Additionally, buffering stores until retirement allows processors to speculatively execute store instructions that follow an instruction that may produce an exception (such as a load of a bad address, divide by zero, etc.) or a conditional branch instruction whose direction (taken or not taken) is not yet known. If the exception-producing instruction has not executed or the branch direction was predicted incorrectly, the processor will have fetched and executed instructions on a "wrong path." These instructions should not have been executed at all; the exception condition should have occurred before any of the speculative instructions executed, or the branch should have gone the other direction and caused different instructions to be fetched and executed. The processor must "throw away" any results from the bad-path, speculatively-executed instructions when it discovers the exception or branch misprediction. The complication for stores is that any stores on the bad or mispredicted path should not have committed their values to the memory system; if the stores had committed their values, it would be impossible to "throw away" the commit, and the memory state of the machine would be corrupted by data from a store instruction that should not have executed.
Thus, without store buffering, stores cannot execute until all previous possibly-exception-causing instructions have executed (and not caused an exception) and all previous branch directions are known. Forcing stores to wait until branch directions and exceptions are known significantly reduces the out-of-order aggressiveness and limits ILP (Instruction level parallelism) and performance. With store buffering, stores can execute ahead of exception-causing or unresolved branch instructions, buffering their data in the store queue but not committing their values until retirement. This prevents stores on mispredicted or bad paths from committing their values to the memory system while still offering the increased ILP and performance from full out-of-order execution of stores.
Store to load forwarding
Buffering stores until retirement avoids WAW and WAR dependencies but introduces a new issue. Consider the following scenario: a store executes and buffers its address and data in the store queue. A few instructions later, a load executes that reads from the same memory address to which the store just wrote. If the load reads its data from the memory system, it will read an old value that would have been overwritten by the preceding store. The data obtained by the load will be incorrect.
To solve this problem, processors employ a technique called store-to-load forwarding using the store queue. In addition to buffering stores until retirement, the store queue serves a second purpose: forwarding data from completed but not-yet-retired ("in-flight") stores to later loads. Rather than a simple FIFO queue, the store queue is really a Content-Addressable Memory (CAM) searched using the memory address. When a load executes, it searches the store queue for in-flight stores to the same address that are logically earlier in program order. If a matching store exists, the load obtains its data value from that store instead of the memory system. If there is no matching store, the load accesses the memory system as usual; any preceding, matching stores must have already retired and committed their values. This technique allows loads to obtain correct data if their producer store has completed but not yet retired.
Multiple stores to the load's memory address may be present in the store queue. To handle this case, the store queue is priority encoded to select the latest store that is logically earlier than the load in program order. The determination of which store is "latest" can be achieved by attaching some sort of timestamp to the instructions as they are fetched and decoded, or alternatively by knowing the relative position (slot) of the load with respect to the oldest and newest stores within the store queue.
RAW dependence violations
Detecting RAW dependence violations
Modern out-of-order CPUs can use a number of techniques to detect a RAW dependence violation, but all techniques require tracking in-flight loads from execution until retirement. When a load executes, it accesses the memory system and/or store queue to obtain its data value, and then its address and data are buffered in a load queue until retirement. The load queue is similar in structure and function to the store queue, and in fact in some processors may be combined with the store queue in a single structure called a load-store queue, or LSQ. The following techniques are used or have been proposed to detect RAW dependence violations:
Load queue CAM search
With this technique, the load queue, like the store queue, is a CAM searched using the memory access address, and keeps track of all in-flight loads. When a store executes, it searches the load queue for completed loads from the same address that are logically later in program order. If such a matching load exists, it must have executed before the store and thus read an incorrect, old value from the memory system/store queue. Any instructions that used the load's value have also used bad data. To recover if such a violation is detected, the load is marked as "violated" in the retirement buffer. The store remains in the store queue and retirement buffer and retires normally, committing its value to the memory system when it retires. However, when the violated load reaches the retirement point, the processor flushes the pipeline and restarts execution from the load instruction. At this point, all previous stores have committed their values to the memory system. The load instruction will now read the correct value from the memory system, and any dependent instructions will re-execute using the correct value.
This technique requires an associative search of the load queue on every store execution, which consumes circuit power and can prove to be a difficult timing path for large load queues. However, it does not require any additional memory (cache) ports or create resource conflicts with other loads or stores that are executing.
Disambiguation at retirement
With this technique, load instructions that have executed out-of-order are re-executed (they access the memory system and read the value from their address a second time) when they reach the retirement point. Since the load is now the retiring instruction, it has no dependencies on any instruction still in-flight; all stores ahead of it have committed their values to the memory system, and so any value read from the memory system is guaranteed to be correct. The value read from memory at re-execution time is compared to the value obtained when the load first executed. If the values are the same, the original value was correct and no violation has occurred. If the re-execution value differs from the original value, a RAW violation has occurred and the pipeline must be flushed because instructions dependent on the load have used an incorrect value.
This technique is conceptually simpler than the load queue search, and it eliminates a second CAM and its power-hungry search (the load queue can now be a simple FIFO queue). Since the load must re-access the memory system just before retirement, the access must be very fast, so this scheme relies on a fast cache. No matter how fast the cache is, however, the second memory system access for every out-of-order load instruction does increase instruction retirement latency and increases the total number of cache accesses that must be performed by the processor. The additional retire-time cache access can be satisfied by re-using an existing cache port; however, this creates port resource contention with other loads and stores in the processor trying to execute, and thus may cause a decrease in performance. Alternatively, an additional cache port can be added just for load disambiguation, but this increases the complexity, power, and area of the cache. Some recent work (Roth 2005) has shown ways to filter many loads from re-executing if it is known that no RAW dependence violation could have occurred; such a technique would help or eliminate such latency and resource contention.
A minor benefit of this scheme (compared to a load-queue search) is that it will not flag a RAW dependence violation and trigger a pipeline flush if a store that would have caused a RAW dependence violation (the store's address matches an in-flight load's address) has a data value that matches the data value already in the cache. In the load-queue search scheme, an additional data comparison would need to be added to the load-queue search hardware to prevent such a pipeline flush.
Avoiding RAW dependence violations
CPUs that fully support out-of-order execution of loads and stores must be able to detect RAW dependence violations when they occur. However, many CPUs avoid this problem by forcing all loads and stores to execute in-order, or by supporting only a limited form of out-of-order load/store execution. This approach offers lower performance compared to supporting full out-of-order load/store execution, but it can significantly reduce the complexity of the execution core and caches.
The first option, making loads and stores go in-order, avoids RAW dependences because there is no possibility of a load executing before its producer store and obtaining incorrect data. Another possibility is to effectively break loads and stores into two operations: address generation and cache access. With these two separate but linked operations, the CPU can allow loads and stores to access the memory system only once all previous loads and stores have had their address generated and buffered in the LSQ. After address generation, there are no longer any ambiguous dependencies since all addresses are known, and so dependent loads will not be executed until their corresponding stores complete. This scheme still allows for some "out-of-orderness" — the address generation operations for any in-flight loads and stores can execute out-of-order, and once addresses have been generated, the cache accesses for each load or store can happen in any order that respects the (now known) true dependences.
Additional Issues
Memory dependence prediction
Processors that fully support out-of-order load/store execution can use an additional, related technique, called memory dependence prediction, to attempt to predict true dependences between loads and stores before their addresses are known. Using this technique, the processor can prevent loads that are predicted to be dependent on an in-flight store from executing before that store completes, avoiding a RAW dependence violation and thus avoiding the pipeline flush and the performance penalty that is incurred. See the memory dependence prediction article for more details.
See also
Instruction pipeline
Out-of-order execution
CPU cache
Memory dependence prediction
Computer architecture
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5375689
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Iron%20Fan%20%28disambiguation%29
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Princess Iron Fan (disambiguation)
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Princess Iron Fan is a fictional character from the Chinese classic novel Journey to the West.
Princess Iron Fan may also refer to:
Princess Iron Fan (1941 film), an animated film
Princess Iron Fan (1966 film), a live action film
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3985231
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Altar%20of%20the%20Dead
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The Altar of the Dead
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"The Altar of the Dead" is a short story by Henry James, first published in his collection Terminations in 1895. A fable of literally life and death significance, the story explores how the protagonist tries to keep the remembrance of his dead friends, to save them from being forgotten entirely in the rush of everyday events. He meets a woman who shares his ideals, only to find that the past places what seems to be an impassable barrier between them. Although James was not religious in any conventional sense, the story shows a deep spirituality in its treatment of mortality and the transcendent power of unselfish love.
Plot summary
Aging George Stransom holds sacred the memory of the great love of his life, Mary Antrim, who died before they could be married. One day Stransom happens to read of the death of Acton Hague, a former friend who had done him a terrible harm. Stransom starts to dwell on the many friends and acquaintances he is now losing to death. He begins to light candles at a side altar in a Catholic church, one for each of his Dead, except Hague.
Later he notices a woman who regularly appears at the church and sits before his altar. He intuitively understands that she too honours her Dead, and they very gradually become friends. However Stransom later discovers that her Dead number only one: Acton Hague. Hague had wronged her too, but she has forgiven him. When his friend realises Stransom's feelings about Hague, she declares that she can no longer honour Hague at Stransom's altar. Stransom cannot bring himself to resolve the issue by forgiving Hague and adding a candle for him. This disagreement drives the two friends apart. Stransom's friend ceases visiting the altar, and Stransom himself can find no peace there.
Months later, Stransom, now dying, visits his altar one last time. Collapsing before the altar, he has a vision of Mary Antrim, and it seems that Mary Antrim is asking him to forgive Hague: "[H]e felt his buried face grow hot as with some communicated knowledge that had the force of a reproach. It suddenly made him contrast that very rapture with the bliss he had refused to another. This breath of the passion immortal was all that other had asked; the descent of Mary Antrim opened his spirit with a great compunctious throb for the descent of Acton Hague."
He turns and sees his friend, who has finally become reconciled to him, having decided to visit the altar to honour not her own Dead but Stransom's. Stransom, dying, tries to tell her that he is ready to add a candle for Hague, but is able only to say "One more, just one more". The story ends with his face showing "the whiteness of death." Thus Stransom's last words are rendered ambiguous.
Key themes
As James got older himself, the deaths of his relatives and friends—especially his sister Alice James and fellow-novelist Constance Fenimore Woolson—began to turn his thoughts to how the "waves sweep dreadfully over the dead—they drop out and their names are unuttered." His Notebooks show this idea crystallizing into the story of a man who would make an actual private religion of remembrance of his dead.
But the story is far from a morbid, obsessive essay on death. The relationship between Stransom and his fellow-worshipper shows how forgiveness and love can overcome the wrongs of the past. The story is a parable for the living even more than an homage to the dead.
Critical evaluation
Critics have generally rated this tale very high among James' works, with some calling it a "glorious fable," "magnificently written," and "one of his finest." James himself proudly placed the story at the head of volume 17 of the New York Edition (1907–09) of his fiction, before even "The Beast in the Jungle". The tale has appeared in a number of later anthologies.
So it is a little odd that in his Notebooks James seemed dissatisfied with the story after he had started work on it. Some have speculated that James had not yet imagined the back-story of Acton Hague and Stransom's unnamed woman friend when he expressed his impatience with the tale. James was unable to place the story in any magazine, something which many critics have found almost ridiculous for work of such quality.
Adaptations
François Truffaut directed the 1978 film La Chambre verte (The Green Room) based on "The Altar of the Dead". The director himself played the protagonist, with Nathalie Baye as the woman he befriends.
References
Introduction to Henry James: Stories of the Supernatural by Leon Edel (New York: Taplinger Publishing Company 1970)
The Notebooks of Henry James edited by F.O. Matthiessen and Kenneth Murdock (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press 1981)
The Tales of Henry James by Edward Wagenknecht (New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. 1984)
A Henry James Encyclopedia by Robert L. Gale (New York: Greenwood Press 1989)
Further reading
Donald R. Burleson. "Symmetry in Henry James's "The Altar of the Dead"". Studies in Weird Fiction, 1 No 1 (Summer 1986), 29-32.
External links
Terminations, public domain book, at One More Library
Note on the texts of "The Altar of the Dead" at the Library of America web site
1895 short stories
Short stories adapted into films
Short stories by Henry James
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3985235
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangerin%20Organ%20Company
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Wangerin Organ Company
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The Wangerin Organ Company (1912-1942) was a manufacturer of pipe organs based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was a continuation of the company after the partnership of Adolph Wangerin and George J. Weickhardt, Wangerin-Weickhardt, ended with the death of Weickhardt in 1919. It had previously also been known as the Hann-Wangerin-Weickhardt company. Many of its organs are still played in churches today.
During the theater organ boom in the 1920s, when the Barton Organ Company of Oshkosh, Wisconsin could not keep up with the production demand, the Wangerin factory first loaned them factory space, and later was sub-contracted to build organs for them.
During World War II, when manufacture of musical instruments was banned in 1942 in order to focus on the war effort, the Wangerin-Weickhardt Company built wooden airplane parts and other war-related goods. The firm did not resume organ building after the war, so it effectively ceased operation as an organ builder in 1942.
Some Wangerin organ locations
St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception Catholic Church (Portage, Wisconsin)
Holy Cross Church (Kaukauna, Wisconsin)
Madison Masonic Center (Madison, Wisconsin) - 1925
Freeport Masonic Temple (Freeport, Illinois) - 1928 two small organs (two manual 9 stop) and one large organ (3 manual, 32 stop)
Praise Church (Beaver Dam, Wisconsin)
St. Anthony Roman Catholic Church (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) (Schuelke/Wangerin/Erickson)
Saint John's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) (Barckhoff/Wangerin)
St. Lucas Evangelical Lutheran Church (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) (Schuelke/Wangerin/Verlinden/Sipe)
St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) (Wangerin, 1913 / Verlinden, 1949)
St. Stephen Lutheran Church (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
St. John's United Church of Christ (Monroe, Wisconsin) - 1923
Mosinee United Methodist Church (Mosinee, Wisconsin) - 1928
Sacred Heart Catholic Church (Dubuque, Iowa)
Saint Joseph's Catholic Church (Mason City, Iowa)
Saint Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church (St. Peter, Minnesota) - 1939 (Replaced in 1983 by J. Walker Organ from Essex, England) The Walker organ was subsequently damaged in the 1998 tornado and it was sent back to Walker to be rebuilt. As of 2014 it stands in the balcony of the new church built following the tornado. The pedal division, formerly at the floor behind the swell, is now elevated to provide a walkway behind the organ.
St. Vibiana's Cathedral (Los Angeles) Parts of this instrument were incorporated into the new organ by Dobson in the present Cathedral.
St. Louis Catholic Church (Caledonia, Wisconsin)
Wesley United Methodist Church (Ottumwa, Iowa)
St. John's Lutheran Church (Woodstock, Illinois)
St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Indianapolis, Indiana)
St Mary's Church (Fond du Lac, Wisconsin)
St Mary's Church (Menasha, Wisconsin)
St. Louis Catholic Church (Washburn, Wisconsin)
St. Michael Catholic Church (Fort Loramie, Ohio)
St. Lukes Episcopal Church (Hastings, Minnesota)
St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Tolleston, Indiana)/(Gary, Indiana)
St. Peters Lutheran Church (Hilbert, Wisconsin)
Immanuel Lutheran Church LCMS (Spring Valley Township, McPherson County, Kansas). A two-manual Himers organ purchased after it was removed from a former theater.
References
External links
Organs Made in Milwaukee: Adolph Wangerin Combines Hobby and Business
Organ Historical Society Pipe Organ Database - Wangerin Organ Co.
Aerial Age Weekly (May 6, 1918)
Wangerin Co. Turns Its Hand to War Goods
Pipe organ building companies
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Milwaukee
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5375711
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Naming%20of%20the%20Dead
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The Naming of the Dead
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The Naming of the Dead is a crime novel by Ian Rankin. It is the sixteenth of the Inspector Rebus novels. It is set in Edinburgh in July 2005, in the week of the G8 summit in Gleneagles.
Plot summary
An underlying thread throughout the book is that of familial relationships; the book opens with Detective Inspector John Rebus attending the funeral of his brother Michael, who has died suddenly from a stroke. The parents of Detective Sergeant Siobhan Clarke arrive in Edinburgh as part of the protests, demonstrations, and scuffles that surrounded the G8 summit at Gleneagles, keeping the police busy. Clarke defied her parents by becoming a police officer; she now wants to feel like a daughter.
Rebus is nearing retirement ("nobody would blame you for coasting"), and becomes sidelined until the apparent suicide of MP Ben Webster occurs at a high-level meeting in Edinburgh Castle. It emerges that Webster was campaigning against the arms trade, and Richard Pennen of Pennen Industries, a dealer in weapons technology, comes under suspicion.
At the same time, a serial killer seems to be killing former offenders, helped by a website set up by the family of a victim. Clues have been deliberately left at Clootie Well (duplicated from the Black Isle to Auchterarder for the purposes of the plot), a place where items of clothing are traditionally left for luck.
Siobhan Clarke is placed in charge of the investigation, although she is outranked by Rebus, and finds herself having to compromise with Edinburgh gangster Morris Cafferty (for whom one of the victims was working as a bouncer) in hunting down the identity of the riot policeman who apparently assaulted her mother at a demonstration. Cafferty is also getting older, though his insecurity is balanced somewhat by his having had a biography ghost-written by local journalist Mairie Henderson. She is enlisted by Rebus and Clarke to help solve the crimes.
The new Chief Constable of Lothian and Borders Police, James Corbyn, is keen to put any potential controversy from the investigation of these sordid crimes on hold until the focus of the world's media has moved on. He puts Rebus and Clarke under suspension when they disobey him and they need to rely on Ellen Wylie for help.
David Steelforth, the London-based Special Branch (SO12) Commander who is overseeing the policing of the G8 summit, seems to be holding back Rebus' work at every turn. Rebus and Clarke blow the cover of one of his agents. Former preacher Councillor Gareth Tench seems to Rebus to be involved due to his apparent closeness to one of the suspects, Niddrie thug Keith Carberry.
Rebus and Clarke pursue their investigation daily, and sometimes hourly, against the background of the 31st G8 summit, seen from both the police side and that of the protestors; among the events referred to are the epic and peaceful Make Poverty History march, the 7/7 London bombings, the 2012 Olympic bid and George W. Bush falling off his bicycle whilst waving at police officers: " 'Did we just do that?' Siobhan asked quietly." Clarke also attends two concerts, the Live8 Final Push and the 2005 T in the Park.
The title refers to: the ceremony Clarke's ageing left-wing parents attend, where the names of a sampling of the dead from the Iraq War are read out; the list of victims created by Rebus and Clarke as they try to unravel the crime; and also to John Rebus' evocation of grief in naming the many of his own friends and family who have died in the course of his life.
By the end of the book, Clarke realises that she has grown closer than ever to understanding Rebus:
"It's not enough, is it?" she repeated. "Just...symbolic...because there's nothing else you can do."
"What are you talking about?" he asked, with a smile.
"The naming of the dead," she told him, resting her head against his shoulder. (p.410.)
She increasingly fears that she is becoming more like him:
"obsessed and sidelined, thrawn and distrusted. Rebus had lost family and friends. When he went out drinking, he did so on his own, standing quietly at the bar, facing the row of optics."
Literary significance and criticism
The book, which shows how crime permeates society, has been called "Ian Rankin's finest novel... more than a crime novel". Rebus was compared with Raymond Chandler's fictional detective Philip Marlowe and the book described as "dark, murky and less immediate than his other novels, but still zinging with wit and his inimitable gift for plot. His richest and most complex work to date".
There are also references in the book to the TV series Columbo, of which Rankin is a fan.
References
External links
2006 British novels
Inspector Rebus novels
Novels set in Edinburgh
Fiction set in 2005
Orion Books books
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5375718
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleksandr%20Ksenofontov
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Oleksandr Ksenofontov
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Oleksandr Ksenofontov (or Xenophontov) () (born 14 April 1968) is a Ukrainian record producer and lyricist. He is the husband of the winner of the Eurovision Song Contest 2004, Ruslana. Ksenofontov wrote the lyrics to the winning song, "Wild Dances". They have been married since 28 December 1995. He is also a lead singer of legendary Ukrainian rock group Tea Fan Club (Club of Amateurs of Tea or Клуб Шанувальників Чаю). Together with Ruslana, he is the owner of the Luxen Company.
He is the author of the lyrics of most Ruslana's Ukrainian songs.
References
1968 births
Musicians from Lviv
Ukrainian record producers
Living people
Eurovision Song Contest winners
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3985239
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobot%20Adrenaline
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Bobot Adrenaline
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Formed in 2001, Bobot Adrenaline is an American, Los Angeles-based political rock band with punk aggressions, featuring Pepper Berry from the now defunct Buck.
After five songs released on several Geykido Comet Records compilations (one being This Just In... Benefit For Indy Media) the band went into the studio and recorded their debut EP, Unfurled, in 2007. It was produced by Tommy Stinson. Unfurled was released on August 27, 2008 on CD Baby.
In 2009, the band signed with Southern California punk record label Basement Records in order to release their second album, Dumb Bomb in 2010.
Members
Pepper Berry – vocals, guitars
Corey Mac – bass
Bryan Panzeri – drums
Former members
Debo – drums
Mike Wasson – drums
Discography
This Just In... Benefit For Indy Media
Six Steps To A Better You: Six Band CD
Unfurled (2008)
Chemical X DVD Music Video Compilation (2008)
Dumb Bomb (2010)
In other media
Bobot Adrenaline’s anti-death penalty anthem "Penalty Box" was featured in the video game Tony Hawk's American Wasteland. Also, the band's "Wasted Youth" was featured on the 2010 re-release of Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 2 for the iPhone OS.
Press
ONE OF THE TOP 5 RECORDS OF 2008
"[UNFURLED is] beat pounding and harmonizing from track to track". -- BIG WHEEL MAGAZINE
"Bobot Adrenaline proves pop punk and a social
consciousness aren't mutually exclusive."—PUNK PLANET
... Bobot Adrenaline stepped up, a sweet trio of LA pop punks who crooned about bullies, anarchists, sham elections, the death penalty and Bulgarian rock. They were great and bouncy, stuff destined for airplay on our mental radio station... -- OC WEEKLY
"...diversity of influences and creative
spark inherent in their tunes..."—RAZORCAKE
Even better were LA’s Bobot Adrenaline, with their brainy, soaring punk tunes that touched on such political matters as war, war and war—more specifically, at least on "Radio Tikrit," the one tune they bothered to intro, about covert, CIA-run stations that broadcast American propaganda to the Iraqis, an excellent, kick-in-the-sack number with a great, "Guns of Brixton"-like shuffle. -- OC WEEKLY
In other anti-war news, Green Day, John Mellencamp, Bobot Adrenaline, Anti-Flag (with the Donots), Courtesy, and, as previously reported, the Beastie Boys, have also posted anti-war songs on their websites. -- DELUSIONS OF ADEQUACY NEWS
Bobot go for a Dangerhouse [Records]-type of sound. -- MAXIMUM ROCK N ROLL
External links
Bobot Adrenaline official site
Bobot Adrenaline on MySpace
Bobot Adrenaline on Buzzplay.com
GC Records
Geykido Comet Records
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Pop punk groups from California
Punk rock groups from California
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3985242
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Allaire
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Jean Allaire
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Jean Allaire (born 1930) was the author of the Allaire Report, and subsequently in 1994 the first leader of the fiscally conservative, autonomist provincial level political party in Quebec, the Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ). Allaire resigned within a few months for health reasons and was succeeded by Mario Dumont.
Prior to joining the ADQ, Allaire was an influential member of the Quebec Liberal Party. He and Mario Dumont, organized a group a Liberal dissidents called the Network of Liberals for the No, that campaigned against the Charlottetown Accord.
This faction was disillusioned with the Liberals's stance on Canadian federalism and became the base of the ADQ.
In April 2007, Allaire signed a manifesto that urges Quebec to choose an electoral system in which a significant number of seats would be determined by proportional representation instead of plurality.
In 2012, he was a member of the Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) after the ADQ merged with the CAQ.
Footnotes
1930 births
Living people
Lawyers in Quebec
Quebec political party leaders
French Quebecers
Coalition Avenir Québec politicians
21st-century Canadian politicians
Canadian political party founders
Action démocratique du Québec politicians
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5375719
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine%20sarcoma
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Uterine sarcoma
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The uterine sarcomas form a group of malignant tumors that arises from the smooth muscle or connective tissue of the uterus.
Signs and symptoms
Clinically, uterine sarcomas and leiomyomas (fibroids) both have similar symptoms such as increased uterine size, abdominal pain and vaginal bleeding so it can be difficult to tell them apart. Unusual or postmenopausal bleeding may be a sign of uterine sarcoma and needs to be investigated. Other signs include pelvic pain, pressure, and unusual discharge. A nonpregnant uterus that enlarges quickly is suspicious. However, none of the signs are specific. Specific screening test have not been developed; a Pap smear is a screening test for cervical cancer and not designed to detect uterine sarcoma.
Histology
Tumoral entities include leiomyosarcomas, endometrial stromal sarcomas, carcinosarcomas and "other" sarcomas.
If the lesion originates from the stroma of the uterine lining it is an endometrial stromal sarcoma.
If the uterine muscle cell is the originator the tumor is a uterine leiomyosarcoma.
Carcinosarcomas comprise both malignant epithelial and malignant sarcomatous components.
Diagnosis
By using T2*-weighted imaging, MRI is able to differentiate distinguishing features of leiomyomas from uterine sarcomas. Investigations by the physician include imaging (ultrasound, CAT scan, MRI) and, if possible, obtaining a tissue diagnosis by biopsy, hysteroscopy, or D&C.
Ultimately the diagnosis is established by the histologic examination of the specimen. Typically malignant lesions have >10 mitosis per high power field. In contrast, a uterine leiomyoma as a benign lesion would have < 5 mitoses per high power field.
Classification
Leiomyosarcomas are now staged using the 2009 FIGO staging system (previously they were staged like endometrial carcinomas) at the time of surgery.
Stage I: tumor is limited to the uterus
IA: ≤5 cm in greatest dimension
IB: >5 cm
Stage II: tumor extends beyond the uterus, but within the pelvis
IIA: involves adnexa of uterus
IIB: involves other pelvic tissues
Stage III: tumor infiltrates abdominal tissues
IIIA: 1 site
IIIB: >1 site
IIIC: regional lymph node metastasis
Stage IVA: invades bladder or rectum
Stage IVB: distant metastasis (including intra-abdominal or inguinal lymph nodes; excluding adnexa, pelvic and abdominal tissues)
Endometrial stromal sarcomas and uterine adenosarcomas are classified as above, with the exception of different classifications for Stage I tumors.
Stage I: the tumor is limited to the uterus
IA: limited to endometrium/endocervix
IB: invades <½ myometrium
IC: invades ≥½ myometrium
Finally, malignant mixed Müllerian tumors, a type of carcinosarcoma, are staged similarly to endometrial carcinomas.
Stage I: the tumor is limited to the uterus
IA: invades <½ myometrium
IB: invades ≥½ myometrium
Stage II: invades cervical stroma, but no extension beyond the uterus
Stage III: local and/or regional spread
IIIA: invades uterine serosa and/or adnexa
IIIB: vaginal and/or parametrial involvement
IIIC: metastases to pelvic and/or paraaortic lymph nodes
IIIC1: positive pelvic nodes
IIIC2: positive para-aortic lymph nodes
Stage IVA: invades bladder and/or bowel mucosa
Stage IVB: distant metastases (including intra-abdominal metastases and/or inguinal lymph nodes)
Management
Therapy is based on staging and patient condition and utilizes one or more of the following approaches.
Surgery is the mainstay of therapy if feasible involving total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Other approaches include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy.
Prognosis is relatively poor.
Epidemiology
Uterine sarcoma is rare, out of all malignancies of the uterine body only about 4% will be uterine sarcomas. Generally, the cause of the lesion is not known, however, patients with a history of pelvic radiation are at higher risk. Most tumors occur after menopause.
Women who take long-term tamoxifen are at higher risk.
See also
Uterine fibroids
Leiomyosarcoma
References
External links
Leiomyosarcoma of the Uterus: A Review
Gynaecological cancer
Sarcoma
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3985250
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20Fox%20%281987%20video%20game%29
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Sky Fox (1987 video game)
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Sky Fox is a 1987 arcade game developed by Jaleco and licensed to Nichibutsu. It was originally released in Japan and Europe as Exerizer (エクセライザー) as an indirect follow-up to Jaleco's 1983's Exerion and 1984's Exerion II: Zorni. It is a fixed shooter setting the player in the role of a space pilot fighting against female alien invaders and space monsters under their control. The game was mostly well-received by Western game critics, albeit some criticized it for its depiction of women.
Gameplay
The game is a fixed shooter in the style of Galaga and Phoenix, but with eight-way movement across the screen and parallax scrolling for the starry backgrounds. At the player's disposal to fight the approaching enemies, some of them made in pseudo-depth 2.5D graphics with scaled sprites, is a small space fighter capable of firing two types of projectiles: the unlimited but slow rockets and the fast laser shots that are limited by draining the ship's power. The power can be refilled, and the ship itself upgraded, through collecting the power-ups that appear after destroying certain enemies.
The game can be played by up to two players in alternating turns. Similar as in Gorf, it features several different types of waves (stages). For instance, one stage features space witches saddle-perched on either serpentine Chinese dragons or Western-style winged dragons: the dragons must to be hit repeatedly in the weak point of their heads to be killed, after which the riders themselves can be shot for a score bonus. The player progresses through most of them by either destroying all the enemies (resulting in the score bonus and power-up awards) or alternatively just surviving their attacks for a long enough time.
Reception
The game has been received mostly positively upon its release. In Japan, Game Machine listed Sky Fox on their April 1, 1987 issue as being the twelfth most-successful table arcade unit of the month. The Italian edition of Zzap! called it a treat "for those who love the space shooter genre, ensuring a good fun for a sufficient period of time." A review by Clare Edgeley of Computer and Video Games called it "a weird mish-mash of ideas from best-sellers of the past - the dragons have been borrowed from Space Harrier, and there are many scenes reminiscent of that golden oldie, Space Invaders." She complemented its colorful graphics and verdicted that "the game does offer a fast and relatively addictive shoot 'em up."
Commodore User, however, refused to even score this "slickly-executed" but "otherwise boring game", accusing its "warped " creators of promoting sexual assault due to in their opinion "tasteless", "highly objectionable" and "offensive" stage featuring a group of female enemies who are only vulnerable when they open up their cloaks "and expose their sparsely-clad bodies in the spreadeagle position. The method of dispatching them is to score a direct hit between their splayed legs." The reviewer described it as an act to "humiliate and belittle women in the most violent, degrading way, by subjecting them to sexual violence," and implied this "cheap 'n' nasty" game's "presence in arcades" to be "dangerous" for British society. Sinclair User arcade section remembered it as a "sexist shoot'em up".
According to a retrospective review in Retro Gamer, when compared to much of Jaleco's other arcade titles, Sky Fox "can be seen as a bit of diamond in the rough, as it's a nicely presented little-known vertical shooter that plays like a mixture of Galaxian and Space Harrier." The reviewer felt the game's need of "banking and consideration to attacking enemies is a neat mechanic, which, coupled with Sky Foxs nice visuals and humorous enemy designs (bikini-clad dragon riders in space manage to be more off-the-wall than Space Harrier'''s enemies), makes it an enjoyable little shooter," and recommended Cave's Espgaluda II as a "converted alternative".
See alsoSalamander'', another 1980s arcade shooter featuring serpents in space.
References
External links
1987 video games
Alien invasions in video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Video games about dragons
Fixed shooters
Jaleco games
Nihon Bussan games
Science fantasy video games
Video games developed in Japan
Video games with 2.5D graphics
Video games about witchcraft
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3985254
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20George
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Ann George
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Ann George (5 March 1903 – 8 September 1989) was an English actress best known for her role as Amy Turtle in the television soap opera Crossroads.
Early life and career
George was born in Smethwick, and entered show business as a singer appearing in musicals such as The Belle of New York and The Desert Song and featured in the Gilbert and Sullivan show D'Oyly Carte. She loved to sing and made a special appearance at Birmingham Town Hall singing in Handel's Messiah.
Ann George also had her own cabaret act singing and telling jokes. After her first husband, George Snape, died, she took his first name as her stage name.
Career at Crossroads
George joined the cast of Crossroads in 1965 as Amy Turtle. She got the part after apparently complaining to ATV producers that there were not enough true Birmingham accents. She first appeared on-screen in 1966, working for Kitty Jarvis (Beryl Johnstone) at the newsagent's shop. She later became a cleaning lady at the Crossroads Motel, working for formidable housekeeper Mrs Loomis. Critics derided George's performance; Crossroads was shot as live, and the low budget meant that the recording could not be edited and retakes were rare. Any slips made had to remain for the transmission, and Amy Turtle was known for answering the telephone with the show's catchphrase – "Crossroads Motel, can I help you?" – five seconds before the phone would actually ring. In 1976, George was dropped from Crossroads; there followed a photograph of her in The Sun, waving her fists outside the ATV Studios. In the storyline, Amy was convicted of shoplifting, but only later did the truth become known: that it was a cry for help, as her son Billy had been killed in tragic circumstances. One of her last performances was a storyline in which Amy broke into Coventry Cathedral at nightfall in order to mourn her son. Following this, the character emigrated to Texas to live with her ephee and cope with her grief.
The character is most famously remembered for a plot that never happened. The storyline of Amy Turtle being arrested for being a Soviet double agent, Amelia Turtleovski, was never broadcast. Crossroads Appreciation Society researchers, working through the show's script documents, discovered that Amy was never arrested, nor was she accused of any crime – simply that a Russian guest at the motel mistook her for Amelia, and left Amy baffled by his reaction to her.
During these years George worked in clubs and pantomimes, before briefly returning to the programme in 1987. Crossroads was now produced by William Smethurst, who insisted on bringing Amy back in an attempt to boost ratings. It was unsuccessful, and the show was axed the following year.
According to Victoria Wood, the character of Mrs Overall in her soap opera parody Acorn Antiques was half-inspired by the Amy Turtle character (Mrs Overall was played by Julie Walters, who hailed from the same town as George: Smethwick).
Later years and death
One of her last interviews took place on LWT's The Six O'Clock Show where she talked enthusiastically about her return to the show in 1987, as well as the small fees paid to the series' actors. George was also given the opportunity to address her reputation for forgetting her lines, and made it quite clear that she wasn't the only cast member to suffer with this problem.
Ann George became ill towards the end of the 1980s while still appearing in Crossroads, and after a long battle with cancer she died on 8 September 1989, leaving her second husband Gordon Buckingham and a son, George Jr by her first marriage. At the time of her death The Noele Gordon and Crossroads Appreciation Society hailed her as the Queen Mum of the soap.
References
External links
1903 births
1989 deaths
English television actresses
Actresses from Birmingham, West Midlands
People from Smethwick
20th-century British actresses
20th-century English women
20th-century English people
20th-century British businesspeople
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5375720
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%20Taylor
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Paula Taylor
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Punlapa Margaret Taylor-Buttery (January 20, 1983), also known as Paula Taylor () or Thai name Punlapa Supa-aksorn (; ), is a Thai actress, model, and presenter of British descent.
Personal life
Taylor was born in Chulalongkorn hospital, Bangkok, Thailand. Two weeks after she was born, the family moved to Australia. Her mother is of Thai descent and her father is of British descent. She grew up in Perth, Western Australia and at the age of 9, after her parents' divorce, moved to Brisbane, Queensland. Taylor got a bachelor in Business Administration from Assumption University
Career
While visiting her family in Thailand, she was asked if she would be interested in doing some modelling. She started her career in several commercials and small Thai movies before becoming a regular VJ for Channel V Thailand. Discovered by television producer Tanawat Wansom, she quickly rose to fame and became a sought-after television hostess and presenter. In 2006, she co-starred in the Thai romance comedy film The Memory.
The Amazing Race Asia 2
Taylor also participated in The Amazing Race Asia 2 with her childhood friend Natasha Monks. At the 9th leg they came in last but it was a non-elimination leg. In Leg 10, however, which was in Hungary, they came last for the second time, leading them to be the 6th eliminated pair. They finished 5th in the race.
On the Amazing Race Asia 3, she appeared alongside host Allan Wu as the local greeter at the Pit Stop of the first leg.
Present
Taylor made her Hollywood debut starring opposite William Hurt and Cary Elwes in the 2011 film Hellgate. Due to her exposure in the Amazing Race Asia, her face and name have become familiar in several Southeast Asian countries. In 2009 she landed the starring role in a film starring Filipino comedian Vic Sotto in Love On Line where she plays a version of herself. She was also a guest host on Eat Bulaga! in which Sotto is a regular. She appears on the Philippine TV Sunday variety show SOP. She currently resides in Hong Kong and London and is mainly focusing on raising her children but she still travels around Asia for commercials and television guest appearances.
Personal life
Taylor married Anglo-Chinese businessman Edward Buttery in December 2010. They have a daughter, Lyla Jane Buttery (born on May 18, 2011 in the UK), a son, Luca Christopher Buttery (born in 2015 in the UK) and daughter, Louella Louise Buttery (born April 2018).
Filmography
Movies
Television
Music videos
"Yah Lop Tah" by JR-Voy
"Sexy" by Paradox
"Tell Me Your Name" by Christian Bautista
Maak Maai by Bie The Star
References
External links
1983 births
Paula Taylor
Living people
Paula Taylor
Paula Taylor
Paula Taylor
Paula Taylor
Paula Taylor
Paula Taylor
VJs (media personalities)
The Amazing Race contestants
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5375727
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godrevy%20Lighthouse
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Godrevy Lighthouse
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Godrevy Lighthouse was built in 1858–1859 on Godrevy Island in St Ives Bay, Cornwall. Standing approximately off Godrevy Head, it marks the Stones reef, which has been a hazard to shipping for centuries.
History
The Stones claimed many ships, prompting calls for a lighthouse to be built, but nothing came of plans until the wreck of the iron screw steamer SS Nile during a storm on 30 November 1854. All of her passengers and crew, numbering about 40 people in total, were lost.
The disaster prompted fresh calls for a light to be built. Richard Short, a St Ives master mariner, wrote to the Shipping and Mercantile Gazette the day after the news of the sinking broke to note: "[H]ad there been a light on Godrevy Island, which the inhabitants of this town have often applied for, it would not doubt have been the means of warning the ill-fated ship of the dangerous rocks she was approaching. Many applications have been made from time to time concerning the erection of a light to warn mariners against this dangerous reef, but it has never been attended to, and to that account may be attributed the destruction of hundreds of lives and a mass of property ... Scarcely a month passes by in the winter season without some vessel striking on these rocks, and hundreds of poor fellows have perished there in dark dreary nights without one being left to tell the tale."
Further though less lethal accidents followed, prompting a local clergyman, the Rev. J.W. Murray of Hayle, to start a petition to Trinity House to build a lighthouse on the island. The petitioners were informed in October 1856 that Trinity House had agreed to build the Godrevy Lighthouse. By December 1857, James Sutcliffe had been appointed as the engineer for the project, with James Walker contracted to design the lighthouse. Its construction took around a year at a cost of £7,082 15s 12d and the light began operating on 1 March 1859.
Description
The lighthouse is a white octagonal tower, high and made of rubble stone bedded in mortar. It is situated almost in the centre of the island and was originally provided with cottages for the keepers. The first light was an oil lamp within a large (first-order) revolving catadioptric optic by Henri Lepaute of Paris, which flashed white every ten seconds; it consisted of 24 Fresnel lens panels with multiple rows of reflecting prisms above and below. There was also a fixed red light below the main light, which could be seen over a 45-degree arc of danger from the reef. The main light's rotation was powered by a clockwork motor, driven by a large weight that descended down a cavity in the wall of the tower. The lights had a range of seventeen and fifteen miles respectively. A fog bell was also provided,. which sounded once every five seconds.
Originally, the lighthouse was staffed by two keepers at a time, working two months on and one month off, but landing keepers by boat was always a perilous activity at Godrevy and in 1933 the lighthouse was automated: a new second-order fixed catadioptric lens was installed together with an acetylene burner activated by a sun valve; the new light had a flashing characteristic and a red sector was incorporated which replaced the subsidiary red light. The fog bell was deactivated at the same time. By 1939 the keepers had been withdrawn and their cottages were subsequently demolished.
In 1995, the lighthouse was modernised and converted to solar powered operation. In 2012 Trinity House discontinued use of the light within the tower, replacing it with an LED light mounted on a steel platform nearby on the rocks. Godrevy is still listed by Trinity House as a lighthouse, and the tower is maintained by them as a daymark. The new light maintains the same pattern as its predecessor, flashing white/red every ten seconds, with the red sector only being visible in the arc of danger from the reef. The range of the light is around .
Godrevy Light by Charles Thomas and Jessica Mann describes the history of this lighthouse and shows the many works of art it inspired. One of those whom the lighthouse is said to have inspired was Virginia Woolf, author of To the Lighthouse – although she locates the lighthouse in the Hebrides. She first visited on 12 September 1892, signing the visitors' book, as did pre–Raphaelite painter William Holman Hunt who was in the same party. The lighthouse's visitors' book, containing the signature of Virginia Stephen (Woolf), was sold at auction at Bonhams on 22 November 2011 for £10,250.
See also
List of lighthouses in England
References
Further reading
Godrevy Light by Charles Thomas with Jessica Mann, Truro: Twelveheads Press, 2009
Godrevy Lighthouses - Worldwide Lighthouses
External links
Godrevy information at Trinity House
Lighthouses completed in 1859
Lighthouses in Cornwall
Grade II listed lighthouses
Grade II listed buildings in Cornwall
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5375743
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HC%20Dukla%20Jihlava
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HC Dukla Jihlava
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HC Dukla Jihlava, founded in 1956, is an ice hockey team in the Czech Republic. It won the Czechoslovak Extraliga title 12 times: six consecutive championships beginning in 1967, then in 1974, four consecutive championships beginning in 1982, and again in 1991. As of 2019, HC Dukla Jihlava plays in the Czech 1. liga after being relegated from the Czech Extraliga in 2017–18.
Some of its prominent players have included Jaroslav Holík, Jiří Holík, Jan Klapáč, Jan Suchý, Ladislav Šmíd senior, Miloš Podhorský, Jan Hrbatý, Josef Augusta, Milan Chalupa, Jaroslav Benák, Petr Vlk, Libor Dolana, Igor Liba, Oldřich Válek, Dominik Hašek, Jiří Crha and Bedřich Ščerban.
Honours
Domestic
Czech 1. Liga
Winners (4): 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2015–16, 2021–22
Runners-up (3): 2001–02, 2002–03, 2016–17
3rd place (4): 2000–01, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2018–19
Czechoslovak Extraliga
Winners (12): 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1969–70, 1970–71, 1971–72, 1973–74, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85, 1990–91
Runners-up (7): 1965–66, 1972–73, 1976–77, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1985–86, 1986–87
3rd place (5): 1961–62, 1963–64, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1987–88
International
IIHF European Cup
Runners-up (5): 1967–68, 1970–71, 1974–75, 1982–83, 1983–84
3rd place (1): 1984–85
Spengler Cup
Winners (5): 1965, 1966, 1968, 1978, 1982
Runners-up (5): 1970, 1971, 1977, 1983, 1984
External links
Ice hockey teams in the Czech Republic
Ice hockey teams in Czechoslovakia
Military sports clubs
Sport in Jihlava
Ice hockey clubs established in 1956
1956 establishments in Czechoslovakia
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5375769
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Witton
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West Witton
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West Witton is a village and civil parish in the Richmondshire district of North Yorkshire, England. Located in Wensleydale in the Yorkshire Dales it lies on the A684 (the main road between Leyburn and Hawes).
The civil parish also includes the hamlet of Swinithwaite. The population of the parish at the 2011 Census was 347. In 2015, North Yorkshire County Council estimated the population to be 340.
The educator Eric James, Baron James of Rusholme, lived in West Witton, and after his death had his ashes scattered there.
History
There was a settlement at West Witton during the Iron Age and the Roman occupation of Britain.
West Witton was originally known simply as Witton, and was mentioned (as Witun) in the Doomsday Book. The name is Old English, from widu and tūn, meaning "wood settlement", suggesting a place where wood was felled or worked. By the late 12th century the village became known as West Witton to distinguish it from another Witton, now known as East Witton, down Wensleydale.
The parish church of St Bartholomew dates back to 1281 but was largely rebuilt in the 19th century. It was under the governance of Jervaulx Abbey until the dissolution of the monasteries, when the patronage of the parish passed to the crown, before being sold to the Earl of Sunderland. The old vicarage is now an hotel.
Burning of Bartle
The village is famous locally for its "Burning of Bartle" ceremony held on the Saturday nearest 24 August (St Bartholomew's Day).
A larger than life effigy of 'Bartle' is paraded around the village, complete with glowing eyes. Bartle stops at various strategic places to recite the doggerel, before finally being burnt at Grassgill End to much merry singing.
The doggerel is:
On Penhill Crags he tore his rags;
Hunter's Thorn he blew his horn;
Capplebank Stee happened a misfortune and brak' his knee;
Grisgill Beck he brak' his neck;
Wadham's End he couldn't fend;
Grassgill End we'll mak' his end.
Shout, lads, shout.
At Grassgill end they burn the Bartle effigy. This celebration has its similarities to Guy Fawkes night. One local folk-story is that Bartle was the sheep-stealing Penhill Giant.
Popular culture
St Bartholomew's Church was featured in the British television series All Creatures Great and Small, in the episode "Cats and Dogs". Meanwhile, when filming in Yorkshire, several of the cast stayed at West Witton's pub, the Heifer.
References
External links
Village Community Website
Official Burning Bartle site
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Wensleydale
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3985255
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HaShir%20Shelanu
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HaShir Shelanu
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HaShir Shelanu (, lit. Our Song) was an Israeli daily comical musical telenovela starring Ninet Tayeb that took place for four seasons on the yes-5 Israeli Movie Channel (Arutz Ha'kolnoa Hayisraeli) and repeating on Channel 2. The last episode was broadcast in April 2007.The series was a dizzying success.
General plot
Season 1
118 episodes
Ninet (Ninet Tayeb) is a young, unknown girl from the country who comes to Tel-Aviv and works with her cousin Ronnie (Niv Raz) at his cafeteria in Yardena Tamir's (Alisa Rosen) Academy of Music. After school hours are over Ninet goes to the classroom and sings. Her talent is revealed accidentally by the music teacher, Doron Sadeh (Sa'ar Badishi) who has her enrolled in the school. Ninet falls in love with Zohar Lahat (Ran Danker) and the couple go on a rocky road towards happiness disturbed mainly by Noa Shahar (Efrat Baumwald) who wants Zohar for herself. Her best friend Dana Snir (Aliyana Bakyer) and her mother Naomi (Hana Laslow) help her by driving Zohar and Ninet apart.
Season 2
100 episodes
Three years after graduating from the academy, Ninet and Zohar became the country's most well-known couple and they plan to get married. They have moved into the luxury "Sun and Beach" apartment complex in Tel-Aviv and, surprisingly enough, their friends from the academy have also moved into the complex. Due to the ending of the first season in which Givon (Guy Zu-Aretz) was killed while trying to murder Ninet and frame Naomi, his brother Ariel (Oshri Cohen) and sister (Yael Sharoni) are in town and plan their revenge on Ninet, Naomi and Noa. While conspiring to assassinate them, Ariel falls in love with Ninet.
Season 3
73 episodes
At the beginning of the third season viewers discover that the first two seasons of the show were actually a TV show called her song. The two leading actors in her song, Rani Aviv who played Zohar Lahat (Ran Danker) and Yonatan Barak who played Ariel Silver (Oshri Cohen), are preparing to enter the army a day after they finished filming the last episode of the second season. Rani goes to the paratroopers' unit and Jonathan goes to a military band. Ninet is forced to perform service work in the band after her partner indicted her for an act he committed himself. All the other characters from the first two seasons occasionally appear by their real names. New characters join the show. At the end of the season Ninet and Yotam start dating after a rivalry.
(The reason the series' plot changed was due to Ninet's tight schedules and she could not continue the third season as regularly as in the other seasons, and yet the creators did not want to replace Ninet with another actress. In addition, the second season ended with a full ending and was planned to be the final season. Towards the middle of the third season Ninet returns to play her main character regularly until the end of the serie.)
Season 4
75 episodes
Ninet and Yotam have been in a relationship for six months. Karin and Tamara were unconscious for half a year. Tamara loses her memory. Shuki has cancer and wants Ninet to become the band's director, Ninet responds to Shuki's request and is forced to direct the band and work with Karin (the band's officer). Karin Koren discovers that Yotam murdered her on purpose. Karin assures Yotam that she will not tell anyone he shot her if he starts dating her and leaves Ninet. Later in the season it is revealed that the shooting investigation supervisor, Nora Spector, is Karin's mother. Karin blackmails Yotam that if he does not kill Ninet she will tell her all the secrets. Yotam starts cheating on Ninet, Ninet has a relationship with Rani who feels lonely and they both find solace in each other. At the end of the series Yotam almost kills Ninet after he confesses to her and reveals to her all the secrets and secrets of Karin, but he is unable and willing to kill Karin, Karin shoots Tamara (who then survives), Yotam shoots Karin and rescues Ninet. After Yotam and Ninet exchanged glances, IDF soldiers fired at Yotam.
Cast
External links
2004 Israeli television series debuts
2007 Israeli television series endings
Comedy-drama television series
Israeli drama television series
Israeli LGBT-related television shows
Israeli telenovelas
Musical television series
Yes (Israel) original programming
Television series about fictional musicians
Television series about show business
Television series about television
2000s Israeli television series
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3985261
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasowe%20railway%20station
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Leasowe railway station
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Leasowe railway station is situated near the village of Leasowe, Wirral, England. It lies on the West Kirby branch of the Wirral Line, part of the Merseyrail network.
Location
The station is in Reeds Lane, on the edge of Moreton and around 500 metres south of the village of Leasowe which is on the north Wirral coast. It is just 1 km east of Moreton station on the same line, and has a Park and ride facility for commuters to Liverpool.
History
Leasowe station was originally opened on the Hoylake Railway in 1870, as Leasowe Crossing without a proper platform, but it closed less than two years later. The station opened again on 5 May 1894, when the line from Bidston (1.5 km to the east) to Moreton was doubled. It was built by the Wirral Railway on their line from Birkenhead Park to West Kirby.
Through electric services to Liverpool Central commenced on 13 March 1938, when the LMS electrified the lines from Birkenhead Park to West Kirby. The service was provided by the then-new LMS electric multiple units. However, on Sunday mornings, the service was provided by the older Mersey Railway electric units, which had until then only run from Liverpool to Birkenhead Park. The platform buildings were replaced in 1938, rebuilt in a similar style to those along the line towards West Kirby, and a footbridge was added. The signal box, used to operate the level crossing and replacing a cabin on the westbound platform, was moved to the opposite side of Reeds Lane and was also improved at the time.
The station did not have a goods yard; it just had two lines straight through. Nonetheless, freight did pass through the station from the nearby Cadbury factory, also in Moreton. The 8-lever signal box was in use until 24 July 1994, and demolished afterwards.
Facilities
The station is staffed, during all opening hours, and has platform CCTV. Each of the two platforms has a waiting room. There is a payphone, booking office and live departure and arrival screens, for passenger information. The station has a free "Park and Ride" car park, with 204 spaces, lighting columns and CCTV to meet Merseytravel's Travelsafe requirements, as well as a cycle rack. There is step-free access, to the booking office and platforms, for wheelchairs and prams.
Services
Current services are every 15 minutes (Monday to Saturday daytime) to West Kirby and Liverpool. At other times, trains operate every 30 minutes. These services are provided by Merseyrail's fleet of Class 507 and Class 508 EMUs.
The station also has a number of connecting Merseytravel bus services.
Gallery
References
Sources
External links
Railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral
Former Wirral Railway stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1870
Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1872
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1894
Railway stations served by Merseyrail
1866 establishments in England
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5375784
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burleigh%20Waters%2C%20Queensland
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Burleigh Waters, Queensland
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Burleigh Waters is a suburb in the City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. In the , Burleigh Waters had a population of 14,310 people.
Geography
Burleigh Waters lies within the Gold Coast Electorate Division 12 which also includes Burleigh Heads, Burleigh Waters, Andrews, Stephens and Reedy Creek. In south is Marymount College as well as two large shopping centres.
The Gold Coast canal and waterway system network allows access form Burleigh Waters to The Broadwater and the Pacific Ocean. Five lakes have been created and named in Burleigh Waters:
Lake Heron ()
Miami Lake ()
Swan Lake ()
Pelican Lake ()
Burleigh Lake ()
The canal system is tidal, and during years of heavy rains and flood, homes on the Burleigh Waters canal can face flooding.
Stephens Swamp is a wetland ().
There is a foot-and-cycle bridge between Dunlin Drive Link Park across Burleigh Lake to Burleigh Lake Park ().
History
Stephens Swamp occupied much of present-day Burleigh Waters into the 1990s. It was named after Thomas Blacket Stephens, a local landholder who began draining the swamp land in 1861.
In the 1950s the Isle of Capri was one of the first canal estates constructed on the Gold Coast for waterfront living. Developers have expanded the popular estates ever since. Prior to the eastern inland development of the Varsity Lakes area, Burleigh Waters was the southernmost point of the Gold Coast canal and waterway system. Burleigh Waters developed in stages, starting in the 1970s. One section, Burleigh Waters Estate was a canal extension developed by Hooker Corporation with partner BMD Group during the late 1970s. The Hooker Corporation collapsed and Mr Power's BMD Group was paid out at 60c in the dollar a few years later. Privately built homes were being constructed by the time Pacific Fair opened in 1977 and continued with the expansion of the suburb. As a result of drainage and land reclamation, Stephens Swamp was eventually replaced by a series of man-made lakes that gives the suburb its name.
The suburb of Burleigh Waters was officially named and bounded on 1 June 1981. The name Burleigh is taken from Burleigh Head, originally named Burly Head by surveyor James Warner in 1840.
The Infant Saviour Primary School opened in Burleigh Heads in 1935 and closed in 1973 when it was replaced by Marymount Primary School in Burleigh Waters.
Marymount College opened in 1967.
Caningeraba State School opened on 27 January 1987 with 130 students. It was built to relieve the pressure of increasing student numbers at Burleigh Heads State School.
The Burleigh Waters Library opened in 1991.
For decades a local urban myth maintained that sharks were seen as far south in the canal waterways as Burleigh Waters. Alleged sightings and stories were locally spread, but balanced with scepticism. In February 2003, a Burleigh Waters man was fatally attacked in shallow canal waters by a bull whaler shark. These sharks are also known as Zambezi whaler and are very aggressive. After the attack, the public was warned not to risk swimming in any Gold Coast canals but rather to swim safely at the beach, between the flags.
At the , Burleigh Waters had a population of 13,868, 52.3% female and 47.7% male. The median age of the Burleigh Waters population was 40 years, 3 years above the national median of 37. 71.8% of people living in Burleigh Waters were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were New Zealand 7.4%, England 5.5%, Scotland 0.9%, South Africa 0.6%, Germany 0.6%. 88.6% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.6% Japanese, 0.6% Spanish, 0.5% German, 0.5% Cantonese, 0.5% Italian.
In the , Burleigh Waters had a population of 14,310 people.
Education
Caningeraba State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at Whistler Drive (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 1112 students with 77 teachers (68 full-time equivalent) and 37 non-teaching staff (23 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Marymount Primary School is a Catholic primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 261-283 Reedy Creek Road (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 998 students with 59 teachers (51 full-time equivalent) and 38 non-teaching staff (25 full-time equivalent).
Marymount College is a Catholic secondary (7-12) school for boys and girls at 261-283 Reedy Creek Road (). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 1,225 students with 98 teachers (93 full-time equivalent) and 52 non-teaching staff (39 full-time equivalent).
There is no government secondary school in Burleigh Waters. The nearest government secondary schools are Miami State High School in neighbouring Miami to the north-east and Varsity College in neighbouring Varsity Lakes to the west.
Amenities
The Gold Coast City Council operates a public library on the northern corner of Christine Avenue and Galeen Drive ().
Burleigh Town Post Office is in the Stockland Burleigh Heads shopping centre on Reedy Creek Road (). Burleigh Post Shop is at 6 Classic Way ().
Mary Mother of Mercy Catholic Church is at 3 Sunlight Drive (). It is part of the Burleigh Heads Catholic Parish within the Archdiocese of Brisbane.
References
External links
Suburbs of the Gold Coast, Queensland
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3985264
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater%20Manchester%20Waste%20Disposal%20Authority
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Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority
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The Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority (GMWDA) was England’s largest Waste Disposal Authority, responsible for the management and disposal of municipal waste from Greater Manchester. It dealt with 1.1 million tonnes of waste produced each year, from approximately 1 million households and population of over 2.27 million in the metropolitan districts of Bolton, Bury, Manchester, Oldham, Rochdale, Salford, Stockport, Tameside and Trafford — though part of Greater Manchester, the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan administers its own waste disposal operations, however they were represented on the authority for administration purposes. The waste came primarily from household waste collections and 20 Household Waste Recycling Centres (HWRCs) provided and serviced by the GMWDA. It handled around 4% of the nation's municipal waste.
The GMWDA was created under the Local Government Act 1985 to carry out the waste management functions and duties of the Greater Manchester County Council after its abolition in 1986. The Authority Membership was composed of councillors from across Greater Manchester. Its headquarters were in Oldham. The GMWDA also operated the Recycle for Greater Manchester organisation, its initiatives and website. Following the creation of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority in 2011, GMWDA was an integral part of a pilot local government strategy to demonstrate competence in tackling climate change, energy, water, green infrastructure, transport, waste and other issues affecting the Greater Manchester Statutory City Region.
On 1 April 2018 the GMWDA was abolished and its functions and all property, rights and liabilities were transferred to the Greater Manchester Combined Authority.
History
The Greater Manchester Waste Disposal Authority was formed in 1986.
Strategy
The Authority aimed to deliver at least 50% recycling and 75% diversion from landfill through its contractual guarantee with Viridor Laing (Greater Manchester) Limited.
Greater Manchester Waste PFI contract
In April 2009, the GMWDA signed a 25-year private finance initiative (PFI) waste and recycling contract with Viridor Laing (Greater Manchester) Limited, a partnership between Viridor and John Laing. Since then, a network of 42 recycling and waste management facilities across 24 sites have been constructed. The construction cost was £640 million over five years.
The facilities include:
20 HWRCs
Materials Recovery Facility which sorts the kerbside recyclable materials (commingled) into different material types, from where they are sent for recycling
Existing Transfer Loading Station
Two existing green waste shredding facilities
Five Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) facilities, four with Anaerobic Digestion which process organic material to produce gases which generate renewable power, and compost-like material
Four In-vessel composting facilities which treat garden and food waste to produce compost
Existing Thermal Recovery Facility in Bolton which treats residual waste which cannot be recycled
Four public education centres (two existing and two new) provide educational resources for school, community and other interested groups.
Residual waste that cannot be recycled, instead of being sent to landfill, was processed into Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF), through the MBT process, for use by chemical producer Ineos Chlor for energy production at its plant at Runcorn. The 275,000 tonnes of fuel fed to the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plant produced electricity and steam, replacing energy generated from non-renewable sources.
See also
Bolton Incinerator, a waste treatment processing plant in Bolton
Keep Britain Tidy, an environmental charity based in Wigan
References
External links
www.gmwda.gov.uk
www.recycleforgreatermanchester.com
Waste Management Manchester
Waste organizations
Organisations based in Oldham
Waste disposal authorities
Environment of Greater Manchester
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5375792
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Benfleet
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South Benfleet
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South Benfleet is a town and former civil parish, now in the unparished area of Benfleet, in the Castle Point district of Essex, England, 30 miles east of London. It is adjacent to the village of North Benfleet. The Benfleet SS7 post town includes South Benfleet, Thundersley, New Thundersley and Hadleigh. The Battle of Benfleet took place here between the Vikings and Saxons in 894. In 1951 the parish had a population of 8191.
The community is directly north of Canvey Island and is served by Benfleet railway station. It hosts South Benfleet Primary School, which was used temporarily to house local residents during the widespread flooding of 1953.
At the junction of Saint Mary’s Church and The Anchor pub is the site of the UK’s first "overrunable" mini roundabout.
History
In Roman times the reclaimed area which is now Canvey Island was joined to the mainland by a road providing access from Benfleet at low tides to Camulodunum (Colchester) and Londinium (London). The A130 road from Sadlers Farm roundabout to Canvey Island follows the route of the original Roman road. Its construction in 1971 brought to light a number of artifacts dating back to the early settlements in the area.
The name of the town originates from the time of the Saxon settlers in the 5th Century, when the area was largely marshland. They named the area Beamfleote, meaning "tree stream", being the area where the creeks from the River Thames adjoined the wooded area to the north. The current spelling was adopted at the time the railway service was brought to the area and a railway station built for the town. Throughout the intervening period various documented versions of the names has been 'Benfleota', 'Beamflet', 'Bemflet', 'Bienflet' and 'Bemfleet'. The last was used on John Norden's maps in the 17th Century.
In Saxon times the village became known as South Benfleet when a new settlement, which became known as Little Benfleet, developed to the north of the original settlement. The new settlement did not last, and its site, which has since become known as North Benfleet, is now largely rural.
The railway was brought to the town in 1855. The new Benfleet railway station connected the town with Southend-on-Sea to the east and London Fenchurch Street station.
In July 2002 Castle Point District Council named a 6-mile cycle way, from near Benfleet railway station to near Leigh-on-Sea railway station, the "de Neumann Way" after Captain Peter de Neumann, GM.
Battle of Benfleet
The Battle of Benfleet took place between the Saxons and Danish Vikings in 894. This was towards the end of the Saxon period, and the Thames and other waterways made the area vulnerable to Viking attacks. Benfleet was used as a Viking base. However, the Vikings were defeated in the battle by the army of King Alfred under the command of his son Edward the Elder and his son-in-law Earl Aethelred of Mercia. Subsequently a church was built by the Saxons in thanksgiving for the victory over the Vikings. St Mary's is the most recent church building occupying this site and is a Grade I listed building.
In December 2008 a sculpture commemorating the battle was erected in Ferry Road, South Benfleet.
Geography
Local towns
Southend-on-Sea
Basildon
Pitsea
Canvey Island
Hadleigh
Leigh-on-Sea
Thundersley
New Thundersley
Rayleigh
Governance
Since the abolition of the Benfleet Urban District and the parish of South Benfleet on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972, South Benfleet, along with Canvey Island, Hadleigh, and Thundersley has formed the parliamentary constituency and local government district and borough of Castle Point. As of the 2010 general election, the Member of Parliament representing the parliamentary constituency of Castle Point is Rebecca Harris of the Conservative Party. South Benfleet elects 1 seat to Essex County Council. As of 2009, the seat is held by Colin Riley of the Conservative Party. Within Castle Point Borough Council, South Benfleet is represented by nine councillors elected from the wards of Appleton, St. Mary, and Boyce.
Transport
Benfleet railway station is served by the London, Tilbury and Southend railway line, currently run by c2c rail. By road the A13 and A12/A127/A130 connect the town to London.
Notable people
Ron Martin – Southend United Chairman
Ashley George Old the war artist is buried there
Nicola Willis - Olympic gymnast
Landmarks
The Church of England in Benfleet is served by the Church of St Mary the Virgin. The public houses located in the Monument and St Mary's area of the town include The Anchor, The Hoy and Helmet and the Half Crown. Further north is the Benfleet Tavern. There is also a range of restaurants in the South Benfleet conservation area.
Benfleet Water Tower () is a brick built structure built in 1903, which is 30m high with a 22m mast sited on the roof. All radio equipment is housed within the tower. Being on a prominent hilltop, some 137m amsl, this is an exceptional radio transmission and reception site. Coverage includes the whole estuary, including the Isle of Grain, Medway Towns, Southend, Bradwell, Danbury etc. This site provides both Highband and Lowband CBS systems.
Sport
Benfleet FC are members of the Essex Olympian Football League. The First Team play in Senior Division 1 and Seconds in the Reserve Division 2. There is also a third team who compete in the Mid-Essex Division 3. The club play their home fixtures at Woodside Park Extension at the top of Manor Road. Fixtures are organised on a Saturday afternoon, with some mid-week fixtures towards the end of the season.
Benfleet is the home to Sceptre League Division 1 Sunday team Benfleet FC, who finished 8th in 2010/2011 season.
Benfleet FC (Sunday) managed to win the Mike Wigget Cup in 2009/2010 season, beating Shoebury Boys 4-2 in the final at Burroughs Park, Great Wakering.
Benfleet Vikings RFC are the town's local rugby club, formed in 2013, with Senior, Youth, and Minis sides. The senior side currently compete in the Shepherd Neame Essex Merit League 6 East and play their home fixtures on Saturdays at Richmond Park, off of Brook Road.
Benfleet is also home to South Benfleet United F.C., a football club formed in 1978 for youth football but is now a mens and veterans (over 35's) club. Their mens team currently play in the Sceptre League and their veterans teams are in the Premier Division and Division 3 of the Southend Borough Combination Veterans League.
Benfleet Cricket Club (established 1948) currently play their home matches at Woodside Park at the top of Manor Road. Members of the Hambro Financial Cricket League (formerly Shepherd Neame Essex League), they currently field 5 adult teams on a Saturday, 2 adult teams on a Sunday, and teams at u9, u11, u13 and u15 age groups in competitions organised by the South Essex Cricket Participation Group.
Images
See also
North Benfleet
References
Norman M. Chisman, D.P.A., Bygone Benfleet, Phillimore, 1991
https://www.benfleethistory.org.uk/content/browse-articles/streets-and-roads/the-worlds-first-mini-roundabout-was-installed-in-benfleet
External links
Populated places in Essex
Former civil parishes in Essex
Castle Point
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational%20Federation%20of%20Australia%20and%20New%20Zealand
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Congregational Federation of Australia and New Zealand
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The Congregational Federation of Australia and New Zealand is a Congregational denomination originally comprising fourteen congregations in New South Wales and Queensland but now including congregations in New Zealand.
History
Forty congregations of the Congregational Union of Australia decided not to join the Uniting Church in Australia in 1977, and some formed the New South Wales based Fellowship of Congregational Churches. Other remained independent. Others formed the Queensland Congregational Fellowship.
In July 1995 the ecumenically minded congregations left the Fellowship of Congregational Churches because of its conservative and non-ecumenical orientation and with other churches who had remained outside the Uniting Church including the Queensland Congregational Fellowship formed the Congregational Federation of Australia, now the Congregational Federation of Australia and New Zealand. The Federation has also attracted Samoan, Western Samoan, Filipino and Tokelauan churches meeting in Australia and New Zealand.
Affiliations
National Council of Churches in Australia
International Congregational Fellowship
World Communion of Reformed Churches
References
Source: Description of The Congregational Federation of NSW at Uniting Church in Australia, Christian Unity site "Appendix 2. Understanding the Member Churches of the NSW Ecumenical Council"
Members of the World Communion of Reformed Churches
Christian organizations established in 1995
Christian denominations in Australia
Reformed denominations in Oceania
Congregational denominations established in the 20th century
Congregationalism
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3985283
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%20Marko
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Sharon Marko
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Sharon Marko (born March 1953) is a former candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives from the Second District of Minnesota. She ran for the DFL party nomination, opposite Coleen Rowley, but announced the end of her campaign after less than two months, saying she had entered the race too late and that her current duties in the Minnesota Senate didn't leave her enough time to campaign.
Marko's exit left Rowley no significant competitors for the 2nd district DFL candidacy. Rowley won the candidacy, but lost the general election to two-term incumbent Republican congressman John Kline.
Marko entered the race on February 1, 2006, seven months later than her DFL rival, Rowley. Commenting on Rowley, Marko said "I've just noticed the occasional lack of professional ability." She announced her withdrawal from the campaign on March 29.
Marko is a veteran local and state lawmaker. She spent three years on the Clearwater city council, eight years in the Minnesota House, and the past four years in the Minnesota Senate. She has held senior leadership positions in the Minnesota legislature.
Marko is married and has two children. She holds a BA from Indiana University. She lives in Surprise, Arizona where she serves as mayor under her married name of Wolcott.
External links
Marko to challenge Rowley in DFL primary, Minnesota Public Radio.
Marko out of 2nd District congressional race, Minnesota Public Radio.
Senator Sharon Marko (DFL) District 57, at Minnesota Senate website.
Living people
Members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Minnesota state senators
Minnesota Democrats
Women state legislators in Minnesota
1953 births
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American politicians
21st-century American women politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parikh
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Parikh
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Parikh is a name found among Hindus of the Bania caste and also Jains. In means assayer in the Gujarati language and has its roots in the Sanskrit word for examiner. Both the Oswal and Porwal communities of India have clans called Parekh.
People bearing the name, who may or may not be affiliated with the above communities, include:
Shrenu Parikh, Indian television actress.
Narhari Parikh, Indian freedom fighter and social reformer
Rahul Parikh, American pediatrician
Rasiklal Chhotalal Parikh, Gujarati writer, Poet, and Indologist
Rohit Jivanlal Parikh, Indian-American mathematician and logician
Himanshu Parikh, Indian architect
Jayant Parikh, Indian Painter, Printmaker, and Muralist
Vasant Parikh, Indian politician and social worker
Deepak Parikh, CEO of Clariant Chemicals India
Tej Parikh, former Chief Economist, Institute of Directors
References
Social groups of Gujarat
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5375797
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newbiggin%2C%20south%20Wensleydale
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Newbiggin, south Wensleydale
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Newbiggin is a village and civil parish in Bishopdale, a side dale on the south side of Wensleydale, in the Yorkshire Dales in North Yorkshire, England. The population was estimated at 80 in 2012.
The name Newbiggin derived from the words 'niwe', which is Old English for 'new' and 'bigging', a word from Middle English, said to mean 'building'. This translates to New Building in today's language.
History
Newbiggin once belonged to Jervaulx Abbey.
Newbiggin is home to a number of 18th-century houses, one of the more notable ones is in the north end of the parish. This house in particular has a doorway which is said to have: "a cambered lintel with a quatrefoil in each angle and moulded jambs". Above this door there is an inscription dated 1636. This dates the house back almost 400 years now, and some of its key features such as its original three light mullioned window still remains to this day.
Furthermore, there was once a school, named 'The Free School' in Newbiggin which was founded by Elizabeth Withay in the year 1748. This was endowed with 3 acres of land, and rented at £7 a year. This would equate to around £596.12 in 2005.
On 5 July 2014, the Tour de France Stage 1 from Leeds to Harrogate passed through the village. It was also the location for the first intermediate stage sprint, at the point, won by Jens Voigt of Trek Factory Racing.
Governance
Newbiggin was a township of the ancient parish of Aysgarth, and became a separate civil parish in 1866. It now shares a grouped parish council, the Aysgarth & District Parish Council, with Aysgarth, Bishopdale, Thoralby and Thornton Rust.
Population
Newbiggin has had a relatively small population throughout history. At the 2011 census the combined population of the parishes of Newbiggin and Bishopdale parishes was 108, of which Newbiggin was estimated at 80 and Bishopdale at 30. In 1881 the population of Newbiggin was only 60 people. The average age of the population is also relatively high, with 46.3% of those living there being 60 or over and the mean age being 53.5. Of the total population who are aged 16–74, there are 31 people who are economically active (both part-time and full-time). Strangely enough, all of these 31 are actually self-employed.
Health and education
Newbiggin is home mainly to the older population, with just under half of its population being under the age of 60. The majority of those living there are healthy with no long lasting illnesses that restrict them, however, nine of those living there are subject to long lasting illnesses that limit them in the long term.
There are only 4 full-time students living in Newbiggin, and therefore there are no schools in the area itself. However, just 1.2 miles away, West Burton Church of England Primary School is the closest for primary children, and around 8 miles away, The Wensleydale School and Sixth Form, would be the closest school for the elder children and teenagers.
Transport
Newbiggin has no public transport that enters the parish. The nearest village with a bus service is Worton, around a 20–25-minute walk away.
The nearest railway station to Newbiggin is Garsdale railway station which is away.
References
External links
Villages in North Yorkshire
Civil parishes in North Yorkshire
Wensleydale
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5375816
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eithne%20Farry
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Eithne Farry
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Eithne Farry is the former literary editor of ELLE. She is the author of "Yeah, I Made it Myself". She was a backing singer with Talulah Gosh and has reviewed a book for Marie Claire.
Works
Yeah, I Made it Myself: DIY Fashion for the Not Very Domestic Goddess. (2006), W&N. .
Lovely Things to Make for Girls of Slender Means. (2010), W&N. .
Co-author of the Encyclopedia of Singles with Philip Dodd, Michael Heatley and Martin Noble; Paul Du Noyer as the General Editor.
References
External links
¡Viva las craftivistas! at The Guardian, 29 May 2006
The Late Show, BBC Radio London
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
British magazine editors
British non-fiction writers
British rock singers
British literary critics
Women literary critics
British radio personalities
British literary editors
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3985322
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle%20duality%20relation
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Wave–particle duality relation
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The wave–particle duality relation, often loosely referred to as the Englert–Greenberger–Yasin duality relation, or the Englert–Greenberger relation, relates the visibility, , of interference fringes with the definiteness, or distinguishability, , of the photons' paths in quantum optics. As an inequality:
Although it is treated as a single relation, it actually involves two separate relations, which mathematically look very similar. The first relation, derived by Greenberger and Yasin in 1988, is expressed as . It was later extended to, providing an equality for the case of pure quantum states by Jaeger, Shimony, and Vaidman in 1995. This relation involves correctly guessing which of the two paths the particle would have taken, based on the initial preparation. Here can be called the predictability. A year later Englert, in 1996, derived a related relation dealing with experimentally acquiring knowledge of the two paths using an apparatus, as opposed to predicting the path based on initial preparation. This relation is . Here is called the distinguishability.
The significance of the relations is that they express quantitatively the complementarity of wave and particle viewpoints in double-slit experiments. The complementarity principle in quantum mechanics, formulated by Niels Bohr, says that the wave and particle aspects of quantum objects cannot be observed at the same time. The wave–particle duality relations makes Bohr's statement more quantitative – an experiment can yield partial information about the wave and particle aspects of a photon simultaneously, but the more information a particular experiment gives about one, the less it will give about the other. The predictability which expresses the degree of probability with which path of the particle can be correctly guessed, and the distinguishability which is the degree to which one can experimentally acquire information about the path of the particle, are measures of the particle information, while the visibility of the fringes is a measure of the wave information. The relations shows that they are inversely related, as one goes up, the other goes down.
The mathematics of two-slit diffraction
This section reviews the mathematical formulation of the double-slit experiment. The formulation is in terms of the diffraction and interference of waves. The culmination of the development is a presentation of two numbers that characterizes the visibility of the interference fringes in the experiment, linked together as the Englert–Greenberger duality relation. The next section will discuss the orthodox quantum mechanical interpretation of the duality relation in terms of wave–particle duality. Of this experiment, Richard Feynman once said that it "has in it the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality it contains the only mystery."
The wave function in the Young double-aperture experiment can be written as
The function
is the wave function associated with the pinhole at A centered on ; a similar relation holds for pinhole B. The variable is a position in space downstream of the slits. The constants and are proportionality factors for the corresponding wave amplitudes, and is the single hole wave function for an aperture centered on the origin. The single-hole wave-function is taken to be that of Fraunhofer diffraction; the pinhole shape is irrelevant, and the pinholes are considered to be idealized. The wave is taken to have a fixed incident momentum :
where is the radial distance from the pinhole.
To distinguish which pinhole a photon passed through, one needs some measure of the distinguishability between pinholes. Such a measure is given by
where and are the probabilities of finding that the particle passed through aperture A and aperture B respectively.
Since the Born probability measure is given by
and
then we get:
We have in particular for two symmetric holes and for a single aperture (perfect distinguishability). In the far-field of the two pinholes the two waves interfere and produce fringes. The intensity of the interference pattern at a point y in the focal plane is given by
where is the momentum of the particle along the y direction, is a fixed phase shift, and is the separation between the two pinholes. The angle α from the horizontal is given by where is the distance between the aperture screen and the far field analysis plane. If a lens is used to observe the fringes in the rear focal plane, the angle is given by where is the focal length of the lens.
The visibility of the fringes is defined by
where and denote the maximum and minimum intensity of the fringes respectively. By the rules of constructive and destructive interference we have
Equivalently, this can be written as
And hence we get, for a single photon in a pure quantum state, the duality relation
There are two extremal cases with a straightforward intuitive interpretation: In a single hole experiment, the fringe visibility is zero (as there are no fringes). That is, but since we know (by definition) which hole the photon passed through. On the other hand, for a two slit configuration, where the two slits are indistinguishable with , one has perfect visibility with and hence . Hence in both these extremal cases we also have .
The above presentation was limited to a pure quantum state. More generally, for a mixture of quantum states, one will have
For the remainder of the development, we assume the light source is a laser, so that we can assume holds, following from the coherence properties of laser light.
Complementarity
The mathematical discussion presented above does not require quantum mechanics at its heart. In particular, the derivation is essentially valid for waves of any sort. With slight modifications to account for the squaring of amplitudes, the derivation could be applied to, for example, sound waves or water waves in a ripple tank.
For the relation to be a precise formulation of Bohr complementarity, one must introduce wave–particle duality in the discussion. This means one must consider both wave and particle behavior of light on an equal footing. Wave–particle duality implies that one must A) use the unitary evolution of the wave before the observation and B) consider the particle aspect after the detection (this is called the Heisenberg–von Neumann collapse postulate). Indeed, since one could only observe the photon in one point of space (a photon can not be absorbed twice) this implies that the meaning of the wave function is essentially statistical and cannot be confused with a classical wave (such as those that occur in air or water).
In this context the direct observation of a photon in the aperture plane precludes the following recording of the same photon in the focal plane (F). Reciprocally the observation in (F) means that we did not absorb the photon before. If both holes are open this implies that we don't know where we would have detected the photon in the aperture plane. defines thus the predictability of the two holes A and B.
A maximal value of predictability means that only one hole (say A) is open. If now we detect the photon at (F), we know that that photon would have been detected in A necessarily. Conversely, means that both holes are open and play a symmetric role. If we detect the photon at (F), we don't know where the photon would have been detected in the aperture plane and characterizes our ignorance.
Similarly, if then and this means that a statistical accumulation of photons at (F) builds up an interference
pattern with maximal visibility. Conversely, implies and thus, no fringes appear after a statistical recording of several photons.
The above treatment formalizes wave particle duality for the double-slit experiment.
See also
Afshar experiment
Quantum entanglement
Quantum indeterminacy
References and notes
Further reading
Demonstrates that quantum interference effects are destroyed by irreversible object-apparatus correlations ("measurement"), not by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle itself. See also
External links
Quantum optics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwood%20Town%20Hall
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Norwood Town Hall
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The Norwood Town Hall is the council seat of the City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters, and the building includes a number of other venues. It is located at 175 The Parade in Norwood, an inner-eastern suburb of greater Adelaide, South Australia, five minutes east of the city centre. The current town hall building was completed in 1883, with the large concert hall added at the back between 1914 and 1918.
The former City of Kensington and Norwood was the first outside of the City of Adelaide to receive the right to set up their own municipal corporation. The charter of the town was given on 7 July 1853 by the Governor, Sir Henry Young, and the original town hall building, constructed in 1859, was the first town hall built in South Australia.
The current building was designed by Alfred Wells, who then worked as an architectural draughtsman for the firm Bayer and Withall, after his design had won a competition held in 1881. The classical style building opened in 1883 and included civic offices and a banqueting hall to service the growing town.
The Town Hall clock, which was gifted by then mayor Sir Edwin Thomas Smith in 1890, is a local landmark.
The Town Hall's concert hall was added during World War I, instigated by then mayor Henry J. Holden. At that time, it was the largest venue of the type in the state.
Films were screened in the hall from 7 May 1897. In the 1940s the building became part of D. Clifford Theatres Ltd and was later taken over by Greater Union Cinemas.
The building was listed in the South Australian Heritage Register on 28 November 1985.
The concert hall is featured in the film Shine, with Geoffrey Rush playing the role of the pianist David Helfgott, who is seen in the movie playing the music of Franz Liszt. The Bösendorfer grand piano loaned by the Australian Society of Keyboard Music had to be winched up to the first floor hall. The piano is now stored in the Pilgrim Church, Flinders Street in Adelaide, where it is used for recitals each week.
References
Buildings and structures in Adelaide
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3985324
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB%20Milton
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CB Milton
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CB Milton, aka Clarence Bekker (born Clarence Becker Milton, 11 April 1968, in Suriname), is a Dutch electronic music vocalist, who became known in the early 1990s. He is best known for the singles "It's a Loving Thing", "Send Me an Angel" and "Open Your Heart". In the UK Singles Chart, "It's a Loving Thing" reached No. 34 in a remixed version in March 1995, and "Hold On (If You Believe in Love)" peaked at No. 62 in August that year. He also recorded three albums, It's My Loving Thing (1994), The Way to Wonderland (1996) and From Here to There (1998) for the Byte Records label in Antwerp, Belgium.
CB Milton was identified as Clarence Bekker of the Netherlands on the disc and DVD created by Playing for Change released in April 2009. He participated with various other artists on the songs "Stand by Me" (Ben E. King) and "Don't Worry" (Pierre Minetti) on the album. He is also part of the Playing for Change band, brought together to promote the disc.
Clarence performed at the Dutch 5 May Concert in Amsterdam.
Discography
Singles
Collaborations
Albums
References
External links
Clarence Bekker official website
Discogs.com biography
Bekker's page on the Playing for Change site
1968 births
Living people
Dutch dance musicians
21st-century Dutch male singers
20th-century Surinamese male singers
Surinamese emigrants to the Netherlands
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5375822
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Boucher
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Billy Boucher
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William Martin Boucher (November 10, 1899 – November 10, 1958) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Boucher played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Hamilton Tigers, Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins and New York Americans from 1921 to 1928. With the Canadiens he won the Stanley Cup in 1924. His brothers Bobby, Frank and Georges were also professional ice hockey players and all four were members of Stanley Cup championship teams.
Playing career
He played in the National Hockey League for the Hamilton Tigers, Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins and New York Americans. He also played for the New Haven Eagles and Bronx Tigers of the Canadian-American Hockey League. Boucher signed with the Canadiens in 1921, and scored 17 goals in his rookie season. Boucher scored 24 goals in 24 games in his second season. In his third season, 1923–24 Boucher was placed on a line with rookie Howie Morenz and Aurele Joliat in a high-scoring trio. Boucher led the Canadiens in scoring, and runner-up in the league. The team defeated defending champion Ottawa in the NHA playoffs and the Calgary Tigers in the Stanley Cup Final. When the team played its first game in the Montreal Forum in November 1924, Boucher scored the first goal in the facility, and the first hat trick. In the 1926–27 season, Boucher was loaned to the Boston Bruins before being traded to the New York Americans, where he finished his NHL career.
Personal life
Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Billy was one of six sons born to Tom Boucher and Annie Carroll: Billy, Bobby, Carroll, Frank, George and Joseph and two sisters, Irene and Lily. His paternal grandfather, Antoine Boucher was French while his other grandparents were of Irish descent. Tom Boucher played rugby football, winning the Canadian championship in 1894, 1896, 1897 and 1901 with teams in Ottawa. Boucher attended St. Joseph's Separate School in Ottawa. Boucher married Theresa Payette in 1921. They had two sons: E. William and Robert J., and daughter June.
After finishing with hockey, Boucher returned to Ottawa and worked for the Defence Department of the Canadian government. Boucher died of a heart attack on his 59th birthday, November 10, 1958. Boucher was buried in Notre Dame Cemetery in Ottawa.
Career statistics
Regular season and playoffs
References
Notes
External links
Montreal Canadiens profile of Billy Boucher
1899 births
1958 deaths
Boston Bruins players
Bronx Tigers players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Ice hockey people from Ontario
Montreal Canadiens players
New Haven Eagles players
New York Americans players
Sportspeople from Ottawa
Stanley Cup champions
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5375862
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shady%2C%20New%20York
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Shady, New York
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Shady is a hamlet in Ulster County, New York, United States. It is part of the town of Woodstock and lies on New York State Route 212.
The community was named for the fact nearby high ridges often block direct sunlight.
Notable people
Albert Grossman (1926-1986), music producer and manager for Bob Dylan, Paul Butterfield, and Janis Joplin
Henry Cowell, composer (1897-1965)
Sidney Robertson Cowell, folk song collector and wife of Henry Cowell (1903-1995)
Alf Evers, local historian (1905-2004)
Andrée Ruellan, painter (1905-2006)
Henny Youngman, comedian (1906–1998)
Charles Libove, violinist (1926 - 2008)
Nina Lugovoy, pianist
References
Woodstock, New York
Hamlets in New York (state)
Hamlets in Ulster County, New York
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3985345
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookwood%20High%20School%20%28Snellville%2C%20Georgia%29
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Brookwood High School (Snellville, Georgia)
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Brookwood High School is a public secondary school in Snellville, Georgia, in suburban Atlanta, part of the Gwinnett County School System. Brookwood serves several areas of southern Gwinnett County, including Snellville, Lawrenceville, and Lilburn.
History
Planning for Brookwood High School was started in 1977 to lessen the overcrowding of nearby South Gwinnett High School and Parkview High School. A committee of educators from Gwinnett County met to create and discuss specifications for the facility. The school officially opened in 1981 under principal Emmett Lawson.
The school derived its name from its location on the intersection of Holly Brook Road (a section of this road is now Webb Gin House Road) and Dogwood Road. The school colors, maroon and gold, were based on the colors of Florida State University. The original school mascot had a horseshoe around the bronco, which was later removed. The administration had suggested that Brookwood be the Brookwood Bears. The original mascot was a drawing of an entire bronco, but the current logo uses only a bronco's head. The runner-up mascot choice was the Bruins, and the second place color scheme was baby blue and gold.
Athletics
Club sports
Brookwood hosts club sports including the Inferno Ultimate Frisbee Team and ice hockey. These teams compete against other high schools and in tournaments.
Extracurriculars
Literary and debate
Brookwood was the 1999 AAAA State Literary Champion and the 2006 AAAAA State Debate Champion.
School publications
The Brookwood High student paper, The Sentinel, features school, political, and entertainment articles. The publication was discontinued after the 2019-2020 school year due to lack of support.
The yearbook, also student-run, is called Cayuse. A literature club produces a yearly magazine, Pegasus, which is released alongside the yearbook. The magazine features short stories, essays, songs, and poetry written and submitted by students.
Science Olympiad
Brookwood High School's Science Olympiad team has won the Georgia State Tournament eleven times, from 2008-2009 and 2011-2019.
Math Team
For several years in a row, the Brookwood High School Math Team has been invited to attend the Georgia Council of Teachers of Mathematics State Tournament.
Feeder schools
Brookwood is the high school of the Brookwood cluster, a group of schools which feed into one primary high school for an area in Gwinnett County. The middle schools that feed into Brookwood are Alton C. Crews Middle School and Five Forks Middle School. Crews Middle has two elementary school feeders, Brookwood Elementary (which is located next door to Brookwood High) and Craig Elementary. Five Forks Middle has students from RD Head Elementary and Gwin Oaks Elementary, along with some students from Brookwood and Craig Elementary.
Notable alumni
Robby Bostain (born 1984) – American-Israeli basketball player
Jason Bulger – former MLB pitcher
Rennie Curran – college football linebacker for the University of Georgia, drafted by the Tennessee Titans (3rd Round—97th overall) in the 2010 NFL; former linebacker for the Edmonton Eskimos of the CFL
Jason Elam – retired NFL placekicker who played for the Atlanta Falcons and the Denver Broncos; was tied with Tom Dempsey for the second-longest field goal in NFL history (63 yards)
Jennifer Ferrin – Daytime Emmy-nominated actress, As the World Turns, 2003–06
Joe Gebbia - Co-founder of Airbnb.com
Stephon Heyer – former NFL lineman for Washington Redskins
Sean Johnson - Major League Soccer goalkeeper for New York City FC
Michael Kelly – Emmy award-nominated actor in The Sopranos, The Changeling, Person of Interest and House of Cards
Cameron Lynch - NFL player for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, St. Louis Rams, Los Angeles Rams
Nick Moore - long snapper for the Baltimore Ravens
Cedric Mullins - Major League Baseball player for the Baltimore Orioles
Jackson Pearce – author
Amy Robach – anchor of ABC's Good Morning America
Lucas Sims - Major League Baseball pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds
Troy Snitker - MLB hitting coach for Houston Astros, son of current Atlanta Braves manager Brian Snitker
Amanda Weir – Olympic swimmer; two-time silver medalist in the 2004 Olympic Games; American record holder in the women's 100m freestyle
Mansfield Wrotto – college football lineman for Georgia Tech; NFL lineman
Walker Zimmerman - Major League Soccer player for Nashville SC and the United States men's national soccer team
References
External links
Brookwood High School
Gwinnett County Public Schools
Public high schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Schools in Gwinnett County, Georgia
1981 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Educational institutions established in 1981
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5375864
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton%20East%2C%20Victoria
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Brighton East, Victoria
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Brighton East is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 12 km south-east from Melbourne's central business district. Its local government area is the City of Bayside. At the , Brighton East had a population of 15,814.
Brighton East lies further inland from the coast of Port Philip Bay than Brighton, its affluent, neighbouring community to the west. Its boundaries are Nepean Highway in the northwest, North Road in the north, Thomas Street in the east, Nepean Highway in the southeast, South Road in the south, and Hampton Street in the west.
Brighton East is known for its spacious parklands, most notably Dendy Park, one of Victoria's 10 biggest parks and outdoor recreation areas, Hurlingham Park, and Landcox Park.
History
A massacre of at least 60 Bunurong people is believed to have taken place on the site of present-day Hurlingham Park and Landcox Park in the early 1830s, at a place known as Warrowen (various spellings, meaning "place of sorrow" or "incessant weeping"). It was "well known to early settlers, is mentioned in histories of Brighton, and pioneers' accounts – it was commonplace information in early Melbourne history".
Educational institutions
Brighton East is home to St. Finbar's Primary School (Catholic), Brighton Secondary College, Haileybury College, Gardenvale Primary School and St Leonard's College. Near Brighton East is Bentleigh West Primary School.
Sport
East Brighton United Football Club (senior Football Federation Victoria club known locally as "The Vampires"), Brighton Soccer Club (the largest Soccer Club in Victoria) and Brighton District Cricket Club are based at Dendy Park. East Brighton Vampires Football Club, competing in the Moorabbin Saints Football League and Brighton Union Cricket Club, competing in the South East Cricket Association, are based at Hurlingham Park. Brighton Bowls Club is situated on the northeastern boundary of Dendy Park.
See also
City of Brighton (Victoria) – the former local government area of which Brighton East was a part.
References
External links
Bayside City Council Website
Brighton Soccer Club (Vic) Inc
East Brighton United Football Club Website
Suburbs of Melbourne
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3985353
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy%20You
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Enemy You
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Enemy You was an American punk rock band from San Francisco, California, United States, that formed in 1997.
Biography
Prior to their formation, David Jones, the main songwriter in Enemy You, recorded several releases with his pop punk band After School Special on Mutant Pop Records. The group never toured or played a show, but still had a small dedicated following. In 1997, Enemy You was formed and began rehearsing together. They were heavily inspired by Bad Religion and other melodic punk acts. After Enemy You began writing tunes together as a band they received interest from Ben Weasel and his fledgling label, Panic Button Records. Weasel would often call Fat Wreck Chords, and heard about the band through Chris, who was the bassist for Enemy You, and an employee at Fat Wreck Chords. This led to their debut appearance on the four-way split dubbed Four On The Floor alongside Screeching Weasel, Teen Idols and Moral Crux. This was followed by their debut album, Where No One Knows My Name, in 1999. Based on the album's success the band was asked to open for a number of notable punk bands including Bouncing Souls, Lagwagon, Bad Religion, T.S.O.L., Mad Caddies, and NOFX. The band released a 7-inch on the Fat Club series on Fat Wreck Chords. They followed that with an 1980s-themed seven inch EP that came out on Geykido Comet Records, titled "Video to Radio." Geykido Comet Records re-released the EP in 2017, with all the proceeds going to suicide prevention. Around this time, guitarist, Ken Yamazaki, started to play guitar for the Hardcore punk band, Western Addiction. He still stayed with Enemy You, though. In 2005 the band released their second album, Stories Never Told on Red Scare Industries. David was friends with label owner, Toby Jeg, and the label also eventually re-released [Where No One Knows My Name. Enemy You then signed with Nitro Records. Their third studio album, Fade Away was released as an iTunes Store exclusive on December 2, 2008, after being shelved for a few years. Vocalist David Jones committed suicide in March 2015.
Members
David Jones – lead vocals, guitar
Ken Yamazaki – guitar
Joe Yamazaki – drums
Chris Matulich – bass guitar
Discography
Albums
1999: Where No One Knows My Name - Panic Button/Lookout
2004: Stories Never Told - Red Scare
2008: Fade Away (iTunes Exclusive) - Nitro Records
EPs
Fat Club seven inch - Fat Wreck Chords 2001
Video To Radio seven inch - Geykido Comet Records 2002
Compilation appearances
Four on the Floor - Panic Button/Lookout 1998
Short Music for Short People - Fat Wreck Chords 1999
Thrasher Video "Scorchin' Summer" Thrasher magazine 2002
8 Ball Zine Compilation (Spain) 2003
Every Dog Will Have Its Day - Adeline Records 2004
Radio Disaster Vol. 8 V/A - Basement Records 2004
This Just In... Benefit For Indy Media - Geykido Comet Records 2005
AMP Presents Vol. 4 Pop Punk - American Music Press (AMP) 2005
Wrecktrospective - Fat Wreck Chords 2009
References
External links
Redscare
Nitro
Geykido Comet Records
Geykido Comet Records
Musical groups from San Francisco
Pop punk groups from California
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5375865
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skala%20Eresou
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Skala Eresou
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Skala Eresou (), also transliterated as Skala Eressou, is a seaside village on the island of Lesbos in Greece, part of the community of Eresos. Since the 1980s it has become a popular destination for lesbian tourists.
Overview
"Skala Eresou" means "the skala of Eresos", where skala means "landing place for boats".
The village has two access roads, one from the north and one from the west. Both lead towards the central square, which is paved with flagstones, but due to the one-way system, vehicle access is restricted. On the outskirts of the village, there are several large car parks which can accommodate cars while people visit the village.
The volcanic character of the west side of Lesbos is shown in the dark grey color of the beach, which extends for almost three kilometers from a small harbour in the east to the headland in the west. In 2006, the beach of Skala Eresou was again awarded the Blue Flag, for the cleanliness of its waters and its beach.
There are many small family hotels and also self-catering apartments for rent, which are distributed either within the village or just on the outskirts. There is also a dispensary, a pharmacy, a large number of restaurants and bars together with several tourist offices. Every summer, Eresos has a large number of visitors, both Greeks and foreigners. Many lesbian women make the pilgrimage to Skala Eresou in order to visit the birthplace of Sappho.
The village of Skala Eresou offers all kinds of alternative events throughout the summer, from tai-chi lessons on the beach to reiki, shiatsu or ayurvedic massage. A "Women festival" takes place in Skala Eresou every September, attracting women from all over the world.
In terms of transport, there are daily buses in the summer. But the most convenient way to travel to the village is by taxi from the airport or the port of Mytilene. The trip by taxi will cost somewhere in the region of 100 euro at the time of writing.
Famous people
The town is famed in history for being the birthplace of Sappho, the legendary lyric poet also called the "Tenth Muse." Skala Eresou was also the home town for the ancient Greek philosopher Phanias, who was a pupil of Aristotle, and of Theophrastus, the father of classical botany. The ancient city walls are still visible from when it was an important trading centre.
References
Populated places in Lesbos
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5375877
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20de%20Labarri%C3%A8re
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René de Labarrière
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René de Labarrière (28 January 1899 – 6 July 1948) was a French army officer, considered to be the first United Nations soldier killed in action. He died in Palestine after driving over a land mine.
On 6 October 1998 he was honoured by Kofi Annan in the UN's headquarters in New York City, posthumously receiving the second Dag Hammarskjöld medal.
References
French officials of the United Nations
1899 births
1948 deaths
People from Carcassonne
French military personnel killed in action
Deaths by explosive device
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5375881
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wechsler%20Preschool%20and%20Primary%20Scale%20of%20Intelligence
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Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
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The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) is an intelligence test designed for children ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 7 months developed by David Wechsler in 1967. It is a descendant of the earlier Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children tests. Since its original publication the WPPSI has been revised three times in 1989, 2002, (followed by the UK version in 2003) and 2012. The current version, WPPSI–IV, published by Pearson Education, is a revision of the WPPSI-R (Wechsler, 1989) and the WPPSI-III (Wechsler, 2002). It provides subtest and composite scores that represent intellectual functioning in verbal and performance cognitive domains, as well as providing a composite score that represents a child’s general intellectual ability (i.e., Full Scale IQ).
History
The original WPPSI (Wechsler, 1967) was developed as an intelligence measure for 4-6:6yr olds in response to an increasing need for the assessment of preschoolers. The WPPSI was divided into eleven subtests, all of which were retained in the revision in 1989. The WPPSI-R expanded the age range to 3–7 years 3 months and introduced a new subtest, Object Assembly. WPPSI-III incorporates a number of significant changes. Additional subtests have been designed to enhance the measurement of Fluid Reasoning (see Carroll, 1997) these are; Matrix Reasoning, Picture Concepts and Word Reasoning. Measures of Processing Speed have also been taken from the WISC-III, adapted for use with younger children and included as new subtests (Coding & Symbol Search). The age range has been lowered to 2 years 6 months, and has also been divided into two bands: 2 years 6 months - 3 years 11 months and 4–7 years 3 months, this was done in recognition of the substantial changes in cognitive development that occur during early childhood. The WPPSI-IV added the new Working Memory subtests of Picture Memory and Bug Search and the new Processing Speed subtests of Bug Search, Animal Coding, and Cancellation. It also simplified and shortened instructions.
Test Format
The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence consist of 15 subtests. They are designated as one of three types: core, supplemental, or optional. The core subtests are required for the computation of the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ. The supplemental subtests provide additional information about cognitive abilities or can be used as replacement for inappropriate subtests. The optional subtests provide additional information about cognitive functioning but cannot be used as replacements for core subtests.
Block Design - while viewing a constructed model or a picture in a stimulus book, the child uses one- or two-color blocks to re-create the design within a specified time limit.
Information - for Picture Items, the child responds to a question by choosing a picture from four response options. For Verbal Items, the child answers questions that address a broad range of general knowledge topics.
Matrix Reasoning - the child looks at an incomplete matrix and selects the missing portion from 4 or 5 response options.
Bug Search - the child uses an ink dauber to mark the image of a bug in the search group that matches the target bug.
Picture Memory - the child is presented with a stimulus page of one or more pictures for a specific time and then selects the picture from options on a response page.
Similarities - the child is read an incomplete sentence containing two concepts that share a common characteristic. The child is asked to complete the sentence by providing a response that reflects the shared characteristic.
Picture Concepts - the child is presented with two or three rows of pictures and chooses one picture from each row to form a group with a common characteristic.
Cancellation - the child scans two arrangements of objects and marks target objects.
Zoo Locations - the child views one or more animal cards placed on a zoo layout and then places each card in the previously displayed locations.
Object Assembly - the child is presented with the pieces of a puzzle in a standard arrangement and fits the pieces together to form a meaningful whole within 90 seconds.
Vocabulary - for Picture Items, the child names pictures that are displayed in a stimulus book. For Verbal Items, the child gives definitions for words that the examiner reads aloud.
Animal Coding - the child marks shapes that correspond to pictured animals.
Comprehension - the child answers questions based on his or her understanding of general principles and social situations.
Receptive Vocabulary - the child looks at a group of four pictures and points to the one the examiner names aloud.
Picture Naming - the child names pictures that are displayed in a stimulus book.
The WPPSI–IV provides Verbal and Performance IQ scores as well as a Full Scale IQ score. In addition, the Processing Speed Quotient (known as the Processing Speed Index on previous Wechsler scales) can be derived for children aged 4 – 7 years 3 months, and a General Language Composite can be determined for children in both age bands (2 years 6 months – 3 years 11 months & 4–7 years 3 months). Children in the 2 years 6 months – 3 years 11 months age band are administered only five of the subtests: Receptive Vocabulary, Block Design, Information, Object Assembly, and Picture Naming.
Quotient and Composite scores have a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Subtest scaled scores have a mean of 10 and a standard deviation of 3. For Quotient and Composite score:
This is true for most Wechsler Scales with the exception of the WIAT-III.
Uses
The WPPSI can be used in several ways, for example:
As an assessment of general intellectual functioning.
As part of an assessment to identify intellectual giftedness.
To identify cognitive delay and learning difficulties.
The clinical utility of the WPPSI-III can be improved and a richer picture of general function achieved when combined with other assessments. For example, when paired with the Children’s Memory Scale (CMS: Cohen, 1997) a measure of learning and memory functioning in children or the WIAT-II a measure of academic achievement, information can be gained on both cognitive ability and academic achievement in young children. Combinations such as these would potentially be of use in educational settings and inform educational interventions. A further potentially useful pairing includes the used of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS; Harrison & Oakland, 2003); this pairing can result in information on cognitive and adaptive functioning, both of which are required for a proper diagnosis of learning difficulties. The Wechsler tests can also been used to identify intellectual giftedness, and are commonly accepted as qualifying evidence for high-IQ societies, such as Intertel and Mensa.
However, it is important to consider and recognise the limitations of using assessments. Some studies show that intelligence tests such as the WPPSI-III, especially for pre-K level, are unreliable and their results vary widely with various factors such as retesting, practice (familiarization), test administrator, time and place. There are claims that some commercially available materials improve results simply by eliminating negative factors through familiarization which in turn puts children at a comfortable frame of mind.
Psychometric Properties
The US standardisation of the WPPSI-III included 1,700 children aged 2 years 6 months – 7 years 3 months. The reliability coefficients for the WPPSI-III US composite scales range from .89 to .95. The UK sample for the WPPSI-III was collected between 2002–2003 and contained 805 children in an attempt to accurately represent the most current UK population of children aged 2 years 6 months to 7 years 3 months according to the 2001 UK census data. The UK validation project was conducted at City University under the direction of Professor John Rust.
The WPPSI-III has been formally linked with the WIAT-II (The Psychological Corporation, 2001). The relationship between the WPPSI-III and the WPPSI-R, WISC-III, BSID-II, DAS, WIAT-II and CMS was also explored in order to evaluate the assessment’s reliability. A number of special group studies were also carried out during standardisation in order to improve the clinical utility of the tool. These studies included children with intellectual disability, developmental delay, language disorders, motor impairment, ADHD and those classed as gifted.
Translations
The WPPSI-III has been translated and adapted for use with different populations including Spanish, French (and French Canadian), German, Italian, Swedish, Korean, Taiwanese (Chinese version), Japanese, Canadian, Australian, Dutch, Norwegian and Hebrew.
See also
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
Harcourt Assessment
References
The Psychological Corporation. (2001). Wechsler Individual Achievement Test – Second edition. San Antonio, TX: Author.
Cohen, M. J. (1997). Children’s Memory Scale. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Harrison, P. L., & Oakland, T. (2003). Adaptive Behavior Assessment System – Second Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1989). Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Wechsler, D. (1967). Manual for the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Carroll, J.B. (1997). The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities. In D.P. Flanagan, J.L. Genshaft, & P.L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (pp. 122–130). New York : The Guilford Press.
Gregory, R.J. (2007). Testing special populations: Infant and preschool assessment. Psychological Testing. Pearson Education, Inc.
Footnotes
Cognitive tests
Intelligence tests
Neuropsychological tests
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3985361
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suan%20cai
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Suan cai
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Suancai (also called suan tsai and Chinese sauerkraut; ) is a traditional Chinese pickled Chinese cabbage (napa cabbage) or Chinese mustard, used for a variety of purposes. Suancai is a unique form of paocai, due to the ingredients used and the method of production.
History
In China, the earliest record of Chinese traditional Suan cai production is in the Book of Odes (or Classic of Poetry), dating back to 11th to 7th centuries BC. During that time period, fermented vegetables are used as a sacrifice in the worship ceremony of the ancestors. In the poem Xin Nan Shan (), there is the description of how ancient Chinese produce suan cai by pickling gourds:In the midst of the fields are the huts, 中田有廬、
And along the bounding divisions are gourds. 疆場有瓜。
The fruit(s) is sliced and pickled, 是剝是菹、
To be presented to our great ancestors, 獻之皇祖。
That their distant descendant may have long life, 曾孫壽考、
And receive the blessing of Heaven. 受天之祜。
—Classic of Poetry (translated by Xuepen Sun and Xiaoqian Zheng, in Shi Jing [Book of Odes])In the 7th century BC, the workers building the Great Wall of China lived on cabbages and rice. In order to preserve vegetables in winter, they began adding rice wine to the cabbages, which in turn fermented the cabbages and made the food sour.
A Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534 AD) agricultural book, Ch’i Min Yao Shu, illustrates the detailed procedure of producing 18 types of suan cai using different vegetables. Some of the vegetables are plain while others add salt in the suan cai. This indicates that suan cai were commonly accepted and widely eaten by Chinese people during that time.
Production
Two distinct types of suancai are found in China:
Northern China has used Napa cabbage () as the traditional vegetable of choice.
Southern and Western China uses the thick stalk varieties of Chinese mustard () variety to make suancai.
Production of suancai differs from other paocai in that the vegetable is compressed. This is accomplished by placing a heavyweight such as a large rock on top of the cover of the container so that the Chinese cabbage inside the container is slowly pressed as fermentation takes place. The processing of the vegetable helps to create a distinct flavor.
Suancai is often used in cooking with meat, especially pork. It is said to neutralize the grease of meat.
During wintertime, cabbages, infiltrated by salt, are preserved in jars and crocks to wait for fermentation. The fermentation process will be around one month “at ambient temperature”. There are two main methods for spontaneous fermentation by autochthonous microbiota—homemade and industrial processes. In the fermentation of suancai, salt plays an important role in affecting the growth and metabolism of microbes. The higher the salt concentration, the better quality and flavor for suancai.
Nutrients
Adding nutrients to Suan Cai can reduce the fermentation time and nitrite content of Suan Cai, for example, Asp, Thr, Glu, Cys, Tyr, Mg2+, Mn2+ and inosine. With the condition of 10 °C, the fermentation time of Suan Cai is reduced by 5 days compared with that of unsupplemented Suan Cai, and the nitrite content of Suan Cai supplemented with these nutrients was approximately 0.7 times less than that of Suan Cai without supplemented nutrients.
Regional
Muslim regions in mainland China and Taiwan
In Chinese Islamic cuisine, suancai can top off noodle soups, especially beef noodle soup.
Hunan
In Hunan, suancai is frequently made with ginger and chilies (typical of Hunan cuisine).
Guangdong and Hong Kong
In Cantonese cuisine, it is served in a small dish, often as an appetizer, and usually free. Sometimes it can be available in mini-containers on the dining table. There are also Cantonese variations such as salted suancai ().
Northeast China
In Northeastern Chinese cuisine, suancai is made from napa cabbage or head cabbage and has a taste similar to sauerkraut. As part of the cuisine in Manchuria, it is used with dumplings and boiled, or stir fried. More frequently, suancai is used to make suancai and pork stew.
Hot pot
In hot pot cuisine, it is often one of the ingredients.
Sichuan
In Sichuan cuisine, the dish Suancai yu () uses suancai. This dish is served in a broth.
In Thailand
Suancai has also been incorporated into Thai cuisine, where it is known as phak kat dong (ผักกาดดอง) when only the upper stem and leaf are used'. Most often used in Thai-Chinese dishes, it can also be served as an ingredient in a Thai salad, or as a condiment such as with khao soi, a northern Thai curry-noodle soup. The chopped sour leaf and upper stem is combined with scrambled egg in the dish pak khat dong pat kai. When the dish includes only the main stem and tuber of the cabbage (in the style of zha cai), it is called chee chuan chai in Thai.
In Vietnam
Pickled cabbage or dưa cải chua is a traditional staple in northern Vietnamese cuisine. It is used in dishes such as canh cải chua (sour cabbage soup) or cơm rang dưa bò (fried rice with beef and pickles).
Comparison
Suancai is similar to a fermented-cabbage dish, sauerkraut, which is common in the cuisines of Central and Eastern Europe.
In popular culture
A popular sitcom and namesake song depicting lives in Northeast China, entitled "Cui Hua Shang Suancai" (翠花, 上酸菜, literally "Cui Hua, serve the suancai") debuted in 2001, and the phrase Cui Hua Shang Suancai became a popular catch phrase. Cui Hua became synonymous with a person from Northeast China. A company in China registered "Cui Hua" brand packaged suancai. In Vietnam called this traditional dish is "dưa cải muối" derived form the Chinese suan cai. Dưa cải muối often eaten directly or stir-fried with meat (pork, beef, seafood) or cooked in soup.
See also
Sauerkraut – A finely cut raw cabbage fermented by various lactic acid bacteria
Kimchi – a Korean dish made with fermented cabbage in chili peppers
References
External links
A common type of jiecai 芥菜 that is used to make suan cai
A photo series of the process after salting
A photo series containing jiecai harvest and suaicai production
Suancai sold in a tub in Hongkong
Cabbage dishes
Cantonese cuisine
Chinese Islamic cuisine
Chinese pickles
Northeastern Chinese cuisine
Plant-based fermented foods
Vegetable dishes
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3985364
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie%20Brimberry
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Nellie Brimberry
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Nell Butner Brimberry of Albany, Georgia, became the first Postmistress of a major United States Post Office in 1910.
In 1911 she inaugurated the first airmail flight in the U.S. and struck the first airmail stamp. This preceded the first transcontinental airmail flight by nine years.
She played a significant role in the agricultural history of the South when she secured for pecan growers the privilege of sealing their product in packages to be distributed by mail.
References
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY - NOMINATION FORM, United States National Park Service
People from Albany, Georgia
Georgia (U.S. state) postmasters
Year of birth missing
Year of death missing
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5375890
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haywood%20Yancey%20Riddle
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Haywood Yancey Riddle
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Haywood Yancey Riddle (June 20, 1834 – March 28, 1879) was an American politician, attorney, and educator who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th congressional district.
Early life and education
Riddle was born in Van Buren, Tennessee, the son of Wylie Jones and Ruth Bowers Riddle. He completed preparatory studies and graduated from Union University in Murfreesboro, Tennessee in 1854.
Career
He was an adjunct professor of mathematics and languages at Union University. He graduated from Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee in 1857 and was admitted to the bar in Ripley, Mississippi the same year.
When Riddle moved to Smith County, Tennessee in 1858, he engaged in agricultural pursuits. He enlisted in the Confederate Army as a private in 1861 and served throughout the war. In the last year, he was on the staffs of Brigadier Generals Wright and Mackall.
Riddle moved to Lebanon, Tennessee, in Wilson County in 1865 to practice law, but he was employed as a deputy clerk in the chancery clerk's office for five years. He was appointed clerk for a term of six years in 1870 and served until December 20, 1875.
Elected as a Democrat to the Forty-fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Samuel M. Fite, Riddle was then re-elected to the Forty-fifth Congress and served from December 14, 1875, to March 3, 1879.
Personal life
He married Martha G. Skelton and they had four children, Haywood Yancy Jr., Henry Shelton, Jennie Wren, and Rubie.
Riddle died in Lebanon, Tennessee, on March 28, 1879, and is interred at Cedar Grove Cemetery.
References
External links
1834 births
1879 deaths
Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee
Tennessee Democrats
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
19th-century American politicians
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5375896
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeboard%20%28disambiguation%29
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Freeboard (disambiguation)
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Freeboard may refer to:
Freeboard (nautical), the height of a ship's deck above the water level
Freeboard (skateboard), a six-wheeled skateboard designed to act like a snowboard on pavement
Sea ice freeboard, the height of an ice floe above the water surface, used in measuring sea ice thickness
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3985372
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideaki%20Miyamura
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Hideaki Miyamura
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Hideaki Miyamura (born 1955) is a Japanese-born American potter working in New Hampshire. Miyamura is best known for his unique iridescent glazes, including a compelling gold glaze, the "starry night" glaze on a black background, and a blue hare's fur glaze.
Miyamura was born in Niigata, Japan, as the son of an architect and civil engineer. Miyamura wanted to be a medical doctor but believed the schooling was too expensive. Instead, he traveled to the United States and studied at Western Michigan University. Studying art history at Western Michigan, Miyamura became interested in art. After college, Miyamura decided to take up pottery in Japan.
Miyamura spent over five years working with master potter Shurei Miura of Yamanashi, Japan. During that time, he experimented with over ten thousand test pieces, using countless formulas to develop original glazes. Through this process, he developed glazes that he describes as "yohen tenmoku," after a Chinese pottery tradition. More recently, he has conducted over two thousand additional test cases.
Many of his glazes are inspired by the tenmoku style of 12th and 13th Century Chinese glazes used on tea bowls in monasteries on Mount Tianmu in the Zhejiang province in China. Some have argued that his work is also influenced by Scandinavian pottery.
Miyamura's studio pottery appears in the permanent collections of more than a dozen museums, predominantly in the United States, including the Art Institute of Chicago, the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, the Peabody Essex Museum, the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, the Newark Museum of Art, and the Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian Institution. Pucker Gallery in Boston has presented multiple exhibitions of his work, and his work has also been shown by the Gallery Camino Real in Boca Raton, Florida.
He studied at Western Michigan University, and then later in his life he studied at the Japanese Master Potter Shurei Miura.
Sources
K.T. Anders, "Hideaki Miyamura: A Man of 10,000 Glazes," 12 Clay Times No. 2 (March/April 2006).
Pucker Gallery, Pursuing the Eye of Heaven: Ceramics by Hideaki Miyamura, Introduction by Andrew L. Maske (Boston: 2005).
External links
Artist's web site
Pucker Gallery
Japanese potters
American artists of Japanese descent
1955 births
Living people
Western Michigan University alumni
People from Niigata (city)
Japanese emigrants to the United States
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3985373
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosam
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Eurosam
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Eurosam GIE is a European manufacturer of anti-air missiles. Eurosam was established in June 1989 for the development of the Famille de missiles Sol-Air Futurs (Future Surface-to-Air Family of missiles or FSAF). Eurosam was initially a joint venture between Aérospatiale, Alenia and Thomson-CSF. Now Aérospatiale is a part of MBDA (more precisely of the French branch of MBDA), and Missile and Missile Systems activities of Alenia are now the Italian branch of MBDA. Thomson CSF is now the Thales Group. Thus Eurosam is owned by MBDA France and MBDA Italy (66% share split between both) as well as Thales Group (33%).
Aster missiles
As originally envisaged under the contract for Phase 1 (signed in May 1990) the FSAF involved the use of the Aster 15 and Aster 30 missiles in the following applications:
SAAM (Système Anti-Air Missile) naval autodefence
SAAM-FR — using the Aster 15 on the
SAAM-IT — using the Aster 15 on the
SAMP/T (Sol-Air Moyenne Portée Terrestre) or Ground-to-Air Medium Range Missile System
Using Aster 30 missiles in batteries and Arabel radar
Ground-launched systems
GBAD system, with dual ABT and ATBM capability, SAMP/T is a fully autonomous, self-propelled system with truck-mounted modules. Each system typically includes a fire control unit, with a multi-function radar (MRI) and an Engagement Module (ME), and launching elements, with up to 6 vertical launch platforms (MLT) using for Aster 30 missiles. SAMP/T boasts the unique capability of being able to simultaneously engage TBMs and ABTs coming from any direction.
Naval systems
On 17 November 2011 the French Navy air defence frigate Chevalier Paul successfully tested its PAAMS air defence system. It was the longest range intercept to date for the Eurosam system, with any PAAMS system, whether Italian, British or French. Meanwhile, HMS Defender, the Royal Navy's fifth Type 45 destroyer, equipped with the PAAMS (UK) system christened Sea Viper, completed its initial sea trials before returning to the shipyard, in Glasgow.
Anti-air application
In August 1999 FSAF was extended to include PAAMS, the Principal Anti Air Missile System. PAAMS uses both Aster 15 and Aster 30 missiles for self-defence, local area defence and long range area defence. PAAMS is managed by EUROPAAMS, a joint venture between Eurosam (66%) and MBDA subsidiary UKAMS (33%). MBDA also owns 66% of Eurosam, in effect giving it a 77% share of the project. MBDA is itself owned by BAE, EADS and Finmeccanica. PAAMS is fitted in the 4 French/Italian Horizon frigates and 6 British Type 45 destroyers.
"Building block" architecture
Eurosam's air-defence systems are based on a modular architecture, with specific modules or "building blocks" which can be combined to precisely tailor each system. A basic system consists of one multi-function radar, a command and control post with Mara computers and Magics operator consoles, and a vertical launch system. Additional sub-systems can be added to optimize the basic system's capabilities for specific missions, such as naval extended area defense or anti-ballistic missile defense.
Applications
In March 1998 Saudi Arabia signed a contract for the SAAM system (Aster 15) to be fitted to its DCN Al Riyadh-class frigates.
In August 2011 Turkey's national air and missile competition has attracted bids from a U.S. partnership of Raytheon and Lockheed Martin, offering the Patriot air defense system; Russia's Rosoboronexport, marketing the S-300; China's CPMIEC (China Precision Machinery Export-Import Corp.), offering its HQ-9; and Eurosam's SAMP/T Aster 30. Eurosam has delivered to date 14 units to Italy and France, including 2 First of Class units. France will deploy 10 SAMP/T in 5 air defence squadrons, 4 of which are currently equipped or being equipped. The Italian Army will regroup 5 SAMP/T units in one Regiment, in Mantova, with 4 already delivered. MBDA has offered to sell the Arabel radar to Poland with the Arabel radar 30. Poland's MON has announced the Wisla program's finalists: Raytheon's ‘PATRIOT with options’ offer, and EuroSAM's SAMP/T Mamba system that uses the Aster-30
On 5 January 2018, France and Turkey signed a project definition study contract with Eurosam for a future Long Range Air and Missile Defense System (LORAMIDS). Turkey would also participate, through companies Aselsan and Roketsan, in development work on the mid-life update (MLU) phase of the SAMP/T Aster 30, Block 1NT.
References
Defence companies of Europe
Aerospace companies of Europe
Guided missile manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Paris
Thales Group joint ventures
France–Italy relations
France–Turkey relations
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3985384
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratelli%20Ruffatti
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Fratelli Ruffatti
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Famiglia Artigiana Fratelli Ruffatti (Ruffatti Brothers, Family of Artisans) is a manufacturer of pipe organs based in Padua, Italy.
History
In 1940, Antonio Ruffatti and his two brothers founded the firm of Famiglia Artigiana Fratelli Ruffatti (Ruffatti Brothers, Family of Artisans) the full and original name of the company which remains unchanged. The firm has produced more than five hundred instruments of all sizes, in Europe, North America, Africa, Asia and Australia. The lineage and heritage of Fratelli Ruffatti continues in the twenty-first century with the second generation of Ruffatti brothers, Francesco Ruffatti and Piero Ruffatti, the sons of Antonio, who joined the firm as partners in 1968. Since their father's retirement in 1992, Francesco and Piero have shared the responsibility of running Fratelli Ruffatti.
Design and philosophy
Each Fratelli Ruffatti organ is unique. The tonal planning of each instrument takes into consideration the ideas and musical needs of the customer as well as the space available and the acoustic environment. The primary objective of the aesthetic design is to blend with the existing architecture. Although most Ruffatti instruments utilize the traditional mechanical action, they also produce instruments with electro-pneumatic and all-electric actions. While Ruffatti's continue to refine the sounds of Italian principals and flutes, they have added a wide variety of European and American organ sounds previously unknown in Italy, making their instruments international.
After manufacture and before shipping, each organ is completely assembled in the erecting room of the factory. Every part of the instrument is then checked to avoid any structural work to be completed at the installation site.
Ruffatti installations
The company is well known for the high profile instruments it has installed over the years - such as the organ at the Crystal Cathedral, the organ at the Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima in Fátima, Portugal, and the 117-rank organ designed by Diane Bish for the Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Spivey Hall, Clayton State University - Atlanta, Georgia, US
Brigham Young University-Idaho - Rexburg, Idaho, US
Crystal Cathedral - Garden Grove, California
Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption - San Francisco, California, US.
San Francisco Symphony, Davies Symphony Hall - San Francisco, California, US.
Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima - Fátima, Portugal.
Friendship Missionary Baptist Church, Charlotte, North Carolina, US.
Coral Ridge Presbyterian Church, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, US.
Uppsala Cathedral, Uppsala, Sweden
Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción - Aguascalientes, México
First Presbyterian Church, Naples, Official Website, Installation by Central Music
Centennial Chapel, Olivet Nazarene University - Bourbonnais, Illinois, US.
St Mel's Cathedral Longford Ireland.
References
External links
Fratelli Ruffatti Official website
Ruffatti Organ at Coral Ridge
Ruffatti Organ at Brigham Young University-Idaho
Davies Symphony Hall (San Francisco) Ruffatti organ
S.F. Symphony's mighty Ruffatti organ to get a big birthday workout -BNet Article
R
Companies based in Padua
Manufacturing companies established in 1940
1940 establishments in Italy
Design companies established in 1940
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of Italy
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3985387
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic%20revolution
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Democratic revolution
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A democratic revolution is a political science term denoting a revolution in which a democracy is instituted, replacing a previous non-democratic government, or in which revolutionary change is brought about through democratic means.
According to Tocqueville a democracy, as well as other forms of regimes, is a social condition. It holds a moral, philosophical, social and political orientation of a people. It is a way of behaving. This means that revolution in general shape behaviour. For democratic revolution, this behaviour gets more free and equal.
Tocqueville's idea of a democratic revolution is that it is a steady advance of equality, which means that over time all people will be more equal.
Democratic revolutions can be divided into different approaches.
The first approach holds the development of liberation from the autocratic or dictatorship rule. The idea arises that power should be distributed more equally.
The second approach can be found in the importance of market and the realization that emerged that socialism was not the best way of ruling a state. This idea of a popular traditional revolution arises when people get enthusiastic about the abolition or fundamental transformation of communist welfare states
The third approach derived from Western social scientists and is in relation to new ways of thinking about changes in the direction of the democracy. This can be seen as change where democracies need to be 'crafted' from above, by forming restrictions. This transformation paradigm holds the importance of strategic skills of elite actors. Mostly in combination with sheer luck, they find a way of manoeuvring under profound uncertainty. On the other hand, change can come from below, as seen in the third wave of democratization. This is what is called social forces. Mass mobilization is put together from below, mostly by the working class
What makes democratic revolutions different from other forms of revolution is the lack of violence, in most cases. Democratic revolution is not harsh and does not make negative judgements on other cultures or regime types, yet it incorporates a clear notion of reform. Other societies are becoming better and better.
Moreover, revolution is a notion implying sudden discontinuity and movement to a new regime. It is to be said that whenever there is no new regime, a revolution has failed. Democratic revolution, in contrast, does not necessarily imply how long the process will take. Formlessness is an intrinsic problem of democratic revolutions. When transitions can be (mis)interpreted as a long process, it becomes difficult to recede landmarks of failure or success into the flux of political and economic events. It is hard to know when a party is winning because there are no particular great victories or defeats that serve as milestones. An example lies in the democratic revolution of Brazil: “the genius of the Brazilian transformation is that it is virtually impossible to say at what point Brazil stopped being a dictatorship and became a democracy”.
Concepts
It involves revising a country's constitution to allow for the people to have the power to have:
Government be bound to hold a referendum on an issue given a certain percentage of electorate support via petition
Government be bound to holding a vote of no confidence given a certain percentage of electorate support for a recall to election.
Government to be held to set terms in office
Examples
Carnation Revolution
Mongolian Revolution of 1990
Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević
Peaceful Revolution
People Power Revolution
Romanian Revolution
Singing Revolution
Tunisian Revolution
Velvet Revolution
See also
Colour revolution
References
Democracy
Political terminology
Revolution terminology
Revolutions by type
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3985400
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kot%20Diji
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Kot Diji
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The ancient site at Kot Diji (; ) was the forerunner of the Indus Civilization. The occupation of this site is attested already at 3300 BCE. The remains consist of two parts; the citadel area on high ground (about )), and outer area. The Pakistan Department of Archaeology excavated at Kot Diji in 1955 and 1957.
Located about ) south of Khairpur in the province of Sindh, Pakistan, it is on the east bank of the Indus opposite Mohenjo-daro.
The site is situated at the foot of the Rohri Hills where a fort (Kot Diji Fort) was built around 1790 by the Talpur dynasty ruler of Upper Sindh, Mir Suhrab, who reigned from 1783 to 1830 AD. This fort built on the ridge of a steep narrow hill is well-preserved.
Cultural context
The earliest site of this culture is Kunal (4000 BCE) in Haryana which is older than Rehman Dheri (3300 BCE). The type site, the first excavated site of this type of culture is Kot Diji. Rehman Dheri, which was considered oldest example of this culture, is now the second oldest example of this culture after Kunal was excavated and found to be older than Rehman Dher with similar older cultural artifacts then the Rehman Dheri.
Kot Diji and Amri are close to each other in Sindh, they earlier developed indigenous culture which had common elements, later they came in contact with Harappan culture and fully developed into Harappan culture. Earliest examples of artifacts belonging to this culture were found at Rehman Dheri, however, later excavations found the oldest example of this culture at Kunal. These are cultural ancestor to site at Harappa. These sites have pre-Harappan indigenous cultural levels, distinct from the culture of Harappa, these are at Banawali (level I), Kot Diji (level 3A), Amri (level II). Rehman Dheri also has a pre Kot Diji phase (RHD1 3300-28 BCE) which are not part of IVC culture. Kot Diji has two later phases that continue into and alongside Mature Harappan Phase (RHDII and RHDII 2500-2100 BCE). Fortified towns found here are dated as follows.
Kunal (5000/4000 BCE- ), in Hisar district of Haryana in India is the earliest site found with layers in phase I dating back to 5000 BCE and 4000 BCE, site's culture is an older ancestry of the Pre-Harappan site of Rehman Dheri which was dated to 3300 BC. A button seal was discovered at Kunal during 1998-99 excavations by Archaeological Survey of India. The seal is similar to the Rehman Dheri examples. It contained a picture of two deer on one side, and geometrical pattern on other side. The similar specimen from Rehman-Dheri is datable to , which makes Kunal site an older ancestor of Rehman Dheri. The second phase of Kunal corresponds to post-neolithic phase of Hakra culture' (also called Early Harappan Phase, c.3300-2800 BCE or c.5000-2800 BCE) was also found.
Kot Diji (3300 BCE), is the type site, located in Sindh in Pakistan.
Amri (3600–3300 BCE), also has non-Harappan phases daring 6000 BC to 4000 BC, and later Harappan Phses till 1300 BCE.
Kalibangan (3500 BC – 2500 BC), in northwest Rajasthan in India on Ghaggar River.
Rehman Dheri, 3300 BCE, near Dera Ismail Khan and close to River Zhob Valleyin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan.
Kot Diji culture (3300–2600 BCE)Kot Diji culture''': Based on the pottery found here, it is classified as a separate archaeological culture / subculture.
The site covers . The earliest occupation of this site is termed 'Kot Dijian', which is pre-Harappan, or early formative Harappan.
At the earliest layer, Kot Diji I (2605 BC), copper and bronze were not used. The houses and fortifications were made from unbaked mud-bricks. Lithic material, such as leaf-shaped chert arrowheads, shows parallels with Mundigak layers II-IV. The pottery seems to anticipate Harappan Ware. Later, bronze was used, but only for personal ornaments. Also, use of the potters wheel was already in evidence.
The Early Harappan phase construction consists of two clearly defined areas. There is a citadel on high ground for the elites separated by a defensive wall with bastions at regular intervals. This area measures about . The outer area, or the city proper, consisted of houses of mud bricks on stone foundations.
Pottery found from this site has designs with horizontal and wavy lines, or loops and simple triangular patterns. Other objects found are pots, pans, storage jars, toy carts, balls, bangles, beads, terracotta figurines of mother goddess and animals, bronze arrowheads, and well-fashioned stone implements. A particularly interesting find at Kot Diji is a toy cart, which shows that the potter's wheel permitted the use of wheels for bullock carts.
Progress towards Harappa Phase
Glazed steatite beads were produced. There was a clear transition from the earlier Ravi pottery to what is commonly referred to as Kot Diji pottery. Red slip and black painted designs replaced polychrome decorations of the Ravi Phase. Then, there was a gradual transformation into what is commonly referred to as Harappa Phase pottery.
Early Indus script may have appeared at Kot Diji on pottery and on a sealing. The use of inscribed seals and the standardization of weights may have occurred during the Kot Diji period.
Late Kot-Diji type pots were found as far as Burzahom in Jammu and Kashmir.
Massive burning
There are obvious signs of extensive burns over the entire site, including both the lower habitation area and the high mound (the fortified town), which were also observed at other Early Harappan sites: Period III at Gumla, Period II at Amri, Period I at Naushero. Signs of cleavage were observed at Early Harappan phase Period I at Kalibangan. The cause of the disruptions and/or abandonment of these sites toward the end of the Early Harappan phase remains unexplained.
Rani Kot (600-1843 AD)
According to legends, the wall existed during Umayyad rule and later under the Abbasid rule. The Soomro tribe inhabited the fort and later the Samma tribe positioned large infantry formations inside the fort.
The Mughal Emirs armed the walls of the fort with cannons and muskets. They were the first to renovate the entire structure. The Kalhora tribe later gained control of the fort, and finally the Talpurs saw the fort as a strategic asset especially during the reign of Mir Fatih Ali Khan Talpur, until they were defeated and overthrown by the British Empire, in 1843 AD.
The first radiocarbon date from charcoal included in the mortar of a collapsed pillar lying overturned in the riverbed at Sann (Eastern) Gate, Ranikot, confirms that at least this sector of
the fort was built, or repaired, between the beginning of the 18th century and the beginning of 19th century, that is between the beginning of the Kalhoras and the beginning of the Talpurs rule.
The present note, without positively solving the much debated issue of the age of the fort, points to a new line of research on the topic, which deserves future work, in order to collect more
organic material for absolute dating. An Acacia charcoal sample collected from the above exposed surface was sent to Groningen Radiocarbon Laboratory (NL) for AMS dating. It yielded the following result 160±30 uncal BP (GrA-44671). Although its calibration is rather problematic, given that the curve at this point is highly fluctuating with several interceptions, most probabilities indicate that the pillar was erected between cal AD 1720 and 1828 (47.6% at 2 sigmas, according to OxCal 4.10: BRONK RAMSEY, 2009),although another interception suggests a much more recent date (fig.6).
See also
Sothi
Indus Valley civilization
List of Indus Valley Civilization sites
List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization
Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization
Notes
Bibliography
P. Biagi and E. Starnini 2021 - Indus Civilization. In Smith, C. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer Nature, Switzerland: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_3491-1
Khan, F. A. 2002. The Glory that was Kot Diji Culture of Pakistan. An Archaeological Outline. Khairpur, Shah Abdul Latif University, Department of Archaeology.
Occomano C. 1995 - Kot Dihi: stratigraphic and micromorphological features of the west section of the citadel area. Ancient Sindh, 2: 85–92.
Madella M. 1995 - A preliminary study of phytolith analysis, agriculture and use of plants at Kot Diji (Sindh-Pakistan). Ancient Sindh, 2: 93–108.
External links
Ravi and Kot Diji Phase Developments harappa.com
Archaeological sites in Sindh
Pre-Indus Valley civilisation sites
Former populated places in Pakistan
Indus Valley civilisation sites
Ghost towns in Pakistan
Talukas of Sindh
Khairpur District
Amri-Nal culture
Kot Diji culture
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3985426
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Risson
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Robert Risson
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Major General Sir Robert Joseph Henry Risson, (20 April 1901 – 19 July 1992) was an Australian engineer, soldier, and tramway administrator. After university he worked for the Brisbane Tramways Trust, later under the auspice of Brisbane City Council, as an engineer and administrator. During World War II Risson served in the Middle East and New Guinea. Following the war he returned to the Brisbane tramways, and became chairman of the Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board from 1949 to 1970. In this position he defended trams, and is considered a major factor in the survival of Melbourne's tram system. Risson had ties with a myriad of professional and community organisations, including the Freemasons, where he served as Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Victoria in the mid 1970s. Risson was decorated for his service, holding the rank of major general and being knighted.
Early life
Robert Joseph Henry Risson was born on 20 April 1901 in Ma Ma Creek, Queensland. He attended Gatton State High School, passing the Senior Public Examination in November 1918, and matriculated to The University of Queensland where he studied Civil Engineering. He graduated in 1922/3 and obtained a Bachelor of Engineering (civil). At university Risson studied at King's College and participated in social events, debates, and became involved with the University of Queensland Rugby Club, becoming president by 1933.
Risson's engagement to Gwendolyn (Gwen) Spurgin was announced in November 1930. The wedding was held on 12 May 1934 in St John's Cathedral, Brisbane, and the couple honeymooned in Melbourne. During the 1920s Gwen also attended The University of Queensland, where she played hockey representing both the University and Australia. Gwen later coached the University of Queensland Women's Hockey Club.
Brisbane Tramways Trust
In June 1923 Risson was employed by the Brisbane Tramways Trust as a junior civil engineer, at an annual wage of £250. Risson's duties with the Brisbane tramways were altered in 1927, following the adoption of a report by Brisbane City Council, which was at that stage in control of Brisbane's tram network. In 1933 Risson assisted the Brisbane Tramways constructional engineer in overseeing track renewal in central Brisbane, and was Permanent Way Engineer by 1939.
Risson fought in active service during World War II, but returned to work with the Brisbane tramways following the war. He worked within Brisbane City Council's Transport Department and rose to Assistant General Manager. During late 1948 Risson was Acting General Manager. Brisbane's tramways undertook an expansion and modernisation program following World War II, introducing modern vehicles and utilising mass-concrete tram track construction methods.
Following Risson's departure to Melbourne to head the Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board, it took Brisbane City Council three years to find a replacement. G.A. Preston, an engineer, was announced as Risson's successor in February 1953, and was subsequently elevated to general manager from 1 January 1954; a position to which "Risson was considered the logical successor".
Military career
Risson's military career started on 15 May 1933, when he was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Australian Engineers, which became the Royal Australian Engineers in 1936. He was promoted to captain on 7 September 1936. On 13 October 1939, following the outbreak of the Second World War, Risson enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force (AIF), with the rank of major, receiving the AIF service number QX6062.
Risson was sent to the Middle East, where he commanded the 2/3rd Field Company, and then the 7th Division Engineers from 29 May 1941 to 23 January 1942, engaging in the 1941 Siege of Tobruk, where he played a vital role in improving defences, and then in the Syria–Lebanon campaign. On 24 January 1942 he assumed command of the 9th Division Engineers, which he led in the First Battle of El Alamein and the Second Battle of El Alamein. After the 9th Division returned home in 1943, he was promoted to brigadier on 23 March 1943, and became Chief Engineer of II Corps, participating in the New Guinea campaign. He became Chief Engineer of I Corps on 12 April 1944, when the corps number changed. He was temporarily attached to Allied Land Forces Headquarters (LHQ) from 21 May 1944 to 1 July 1944, but returned to command the engineers in the 1945 Borneo campaign.
While Risson was overseas, Gwen also participated in the war effort, commanding Brisbane's Women's Air Training Corps in 1940. She stated the goal was for women to do the jobs of men on the ground, "releas[ing] them for actual flying." She was sent to Melbourne for administrative training in 1941.
Risson continued his military career after the Second World War with the Citizen Military Forces (CMF), commanding the 4th Infantry Brigade. In July 1953 he was promoted to the rank of major general, and appointed General Officer Commanding the 3rd Division. He held that post until 1956, and served as the CMF Member of the Military Board from 1957 to 1958.
Awards
Risson was decorated five times for his service during the Second World War. He received a Distinguished Service Order in 1943, alongside 28 other members of the 9th Division also honoured, for their role at El Alamein; was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1942 for his role in the Siege of Tobruk, and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1945 for his work in New Guinea; and was Mentioned in Despatches in 1941 and 1943 for actions in Syria and El Alamein, respectively. Risson was also awarded the Efficiency Decoration.
Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board
Following Hector Hercules Bell's decision in 1949 to retire as Melbourne and Metropolitan Tramways Board chairman, the State Government of Victoria, in April 1949, empowered a committee to start vetting applications for his replacement. Risson was announced as the incoming MMTB chairman in June 1949, assuming the role on 1 October, and becoming the MMTB's third chairman. He was initially paid £2,500 per year.
Risson made operational changes to the MMTB Throughout the 1950s. He introduced operating efficiencies, with his military training influencing his managerial style. Bell's promised PCC tram began operation in 1950, but remained a one-off, with more W-class trams being built instead, the last entering service in 1956. Risson's reopening of Bourke St trams, with the justification of economic advantage, and is lauded as his greatest achievement. Risson also made use of migration agreements to bolster low employee numbers, even purchasing dwellings to house new arrivals.
Risson's era saw ongoing industrial disputes, regarding pay, bus operation (following one protracted industrial dispute, the Arbitration Commission ruled that there be two-person operation of 31+ seat buses), and even the implementation of a summer uniform. There were also cuts to all-night and Sunday tram services, and the abandonment of the Point Ormond line, and Footscray system. These cuts were part of Risson's economy drive, justified by low patronage and a need to decrease costs.
Legacy
Risson was a defender of trams at a time when they were falling out of favour across Australia. He is often regarded as a major factor in the retention of Melbourne's tram network, which now has a route length of , making it the largest tram network in the world. Academic Graeme Turnbull argues that "the view has been frequently expressed that the retention of the Melbourne tramway system during this period, is due almost solely to Sir Robert's strong management." While academic John Legge wrote in 2006 that "Melbourne's tram network in the years after the war found that Risson still knew how to fight. Premiers as tough as Henry Bolte backed away from such a contest." Further, Victorian Transport Minister Alan Brown called Risson "the man who deserves full credit for saving out city's trams" in 1994, and columnist Bruce Guthrie described Risson as "the man who saved our trams."
To honour Risson's legacy the tram terminus in Elizabeth Street was named after him by Brown in 1994. The first D1-class tram (number 3501), officially launched on 2 August 2002, was fitted with plaques near the front doors stating that it had been "named in honour of Sir Robert J.H. Risson...", but they were removed when the tram was re-decorated in PTV livery in June 2014.
Personal life
Risson participated in a variety of organisations through his life. Risson became a Freemason in 1961, holding a number of positions including as Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of Victoria between 1974 and 1976. He was a fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers; Institution of Engineers of Australia; Australian Institute of Management; and a member of the Institute of Transport. Further, he was Chief Commissioner of the Australian Boy Scouts Association from 1958 to 1963; President of the Good Neighbour Council from 1963 to 1968; Chairman of the National Fitness Council from 1961 to 1971; and inaugural chair of the Duke of Edinburgh's Award in 1963. Risson died on 19 July 1992 in Murrumbeena, Victoria.
Honours
In addition to his honours during active service in the Second World War, Risson was made an Officer of the Order of St John, a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1958, and was conferred the honour of Knight Bachelor during the Queen's Birthday ceremonies in 1970.
See also
Alexander Cameron – inaugural chairman of the MMTB, who presided from 1919 to 1935
References
Further reading
External links
Search of Risson's WW2 Honours and Awards, Australian War Memorial.
21 Australian Infantry Brigade amphibious training, 1944 video clip featuring Risson, Australian War Memorial.
HRH Duke of Gloucester visits 1 Aust Corps Troops, 1945 video clip featuring Risson, Australian War Memorial.
The Duke of Gloucester's visit to Atherton, 1945 video clip featuring Risson, Australian War Memorial.
Collection of media featuring Risson, Australian War Memorial.
1901 births
1992 deaths
Military personnel from Queensland
Australian military engineers
Australian Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath
20th-century Australian engineers
Australian Freemasons
Australian generals
Australian Knights Bachelor
Australian Army personnel of World War II
Australian people in rail transport
Australian public servants
People from Queensland
Trams in Melbourne
University of Queensland alumni
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3985430
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku%20Khanate
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Baku Khanate
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Baku Khanate (), was an autonomous Muslim khanate under Iranian suzerainty, which existed between 1747 and 1806. Originally a province of Safavid empire, it became practically independent after the assassination of Nader Shah and weakening of central authority in Iran due to the struggle for power. Its territory now lies within present-day Azerbaijan,
History
During the Russo-Persian War (1722-23), Baku, which was previously in Safavid possession, was occupied by Russian troops. However, when they heard of Nader Shah Afshar's military successes in Persia, and of the threat, he posed to Russia, they agreed to cede Baku to Persia again in 1735. The Shah appointed Mirza Muhammad Khan I, son of the influential tribal chief Dargah Quli Khan (who descended from Afshari Qizilbash who were granted lands near Baku in 1592), to become a feudal Khan. At this point, the Khan was practically and officially a vassal of the Persian Shah; however, it became independent in 1747, when Mirza Muhammad rose up against the Afsharid Persian Empire after Nader Shah Afshar's death in the same year. As the Empire was still in disarray after the Shah's death, the revolt easily succeeded, and although Baku formally stayed a vassal of the Iranian Shahs, the Khan was practically independent in his actions and decisions.
In 1768, the Khan of Quba, Fath 'Ali Khan, took Baku by force, and after an occupation of two years he installed his brother Abd Allah Beg, former puppet Khan of Shirvan, as the new Khan, turning Baku into a new dependency. However, in 1772 Mirza Muhammad's son Malik Muhammad Khan reclaimed Baku and became the new Khan. After his rule, which lasted until his death in 1783, his son Mirza Muhammad Khan II became Khan, but in 1791 the throne was asserted by Mirza Muhammad's uncle, Muhammad Quli Khan (father of writer Abbasgulu Bakikhanov). After a short rule of two years, he, in turn, lost the throne to his nephew Husayn Quli Khan, who was the son of his brother Hadjli Ali Quli. On 13 June 1796, a Russian flotilla entered Baku Bay, and a garrison of Russian troops was forcedly placed inside the city. Later, however, Tsar Pavel I ordered the cessation of the campaign and the withdrawal of Russian forces following the death of his predecessor, Tsarina Catherine the Great. In March 1797, the tsarist troops left Baku. Using this situation to his advantage, Mirza Muhammad Khan II came and took the Khanate back; however, he was deposed a second time in 1801, again by Husayn, who took power again. Mirza Muhammad fled and became the Khan of Quba from 1809 until 1810.
In the Russo-Persian War (1804-13), Russian forces led by general Pavel Tsitsianov sieged Baku and attempted to take in January 1806. However, when the keys of the city were given to the general, a cousin of Husayn Quli Khan shot him dead. Left without a leader, the Russians retreated, originally delaying the occupation of the city for a year, but they came back and took the city in October that year, led by general Bulgakov. Husayn Quli Khan had fled the city in between the sieges, and although he kept on claiming the Khanate as his, the Russians annexed it shortly after the siege. In the Treaty of Gulistan (1813), the Qajar Persians recognized the Russian annexation of their Caucasian vassals, including Baku, and gave up all their claims; however, it took several years before the Russians actually formed a new administration in Baku.
List of Khans
See also
Khanates of the Caucasus
Quba Khanate
Shirvan Khanate
Russo-Persian War (1804-13)
Russian conquest of the Caucasus
History of Tat people
References
Sources
18th century in Azerbaijan
Khanates of the South Caucasus
History of Baku
History of Tats
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3985441
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucaipa%20Companies
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Yucaipa Companies
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The Yucaipa Companies, LLC is an American private equity firm founded in 1986 by Ronald Burkle. It specializes in private equity and venture capital, with a focus on middle-market companies, growth capital, industry consolidation, leveraged buyouts, and turnaround investments. It generally invests $25–$300 million in companies with $300–$500 million in revenues.
Yucaipa has a history of leveraged buyouts in supermarket and grocery chains, beginning with Jurgensen's Markets in 1986. After several standalone investments in the late 1980s, it went on to lead the consolidation of West Coast retail that occurred during the 1990s due in part to the rise of discount centers like Wal-Mart. In October 2014, The Yucaipa Companies acquired British retailer Tesco's Fresh & Easy chain five years after it had entered the U.S. market.
History
1987: Food 4 Less grocery franchise of Kansas City acquired for $35 million
1989: Boys Markets acquired for $375 million
1991: Alpha Beta California supermarket chain acquired for $271 million
1994: Smitty's Phoenix-based supermarket operator acquired for $138 million
1994: Ralphs Grocery Co. Southern California supermarket chain acquired for $1.5 billion; Alpha Beta and Boys outlets subsequently rebranded as Ralphs
1997: Ralphs/Food 4 Less merged with Fred Meyer
1998: Fred Meyer sold to Kroger for $8 billion
1995: Dominick's, a Chicago-based grocery store chain, acquired for $750 million
1998: Dominick's sold for $1.85 billion to Safeway
1999: invests $3 million in GameSpy, and $25 million in Cyrk, Inc.
2004: TDS Logistics purchased by Yucaipa (according to TDS Logistics site )
2004: Yucaipa along with Piccadily Restaurant Investment Group, LLC a special purpose entity formed by Ramy El-Batrawi acquires Piccadilly Restaurants
2005: Yucaipa becomes the majority shareholder in Aloha Airlines in a $100 million bid to purchase the airline.
2005: acquires 40% stake in Pathmark for $150 million
2007: acquires stake in The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company as part of GA&P's acquisition of Pathmark
2008: acquires stake in Barnes & Noble
2009: Yucaipa doubles its stake in Barnes & Noble to 16.8% during e-reader war with Amazon.com, citing corporate governance concerns
2012: divests Barnes & Noble shares to Yucaipa investors
2011: increases stake in The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company as part of a restructuring following its bankruptcy
2012: Stake in Barneys New York
2014: Acquired Fresh & Easy from Tesco
Aloha Airlines purchase
In February 2006, Aloha Airlines was taken into private ownership by Yucaipa Companies and Aloha Investment Group, LLC head by Ramy El-Batrawi. After 61 years in business, passenger operations shut down on March 31, 2008, due to rising fuel prices, new competition for inter-island travel, a tightening credit market, and dwindling interest by investors in the airline industry.
In January 2011 Yucaipa won federal Bankruptcy Court approval to buy the Aloha name and other intellectual property for $1.5 million with a stipulation that it not resell the name to Mesa Air Group, the parent of go! Mokulele. It was unknown what the plans were for the Aloha name.
Caught in the pink slime controversy and with interim chief executive Ron Allen citing "ongoing media attention" that has "dramatically reduced the demand for all ground beef products" in 2012, Yucaipa's AFA declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Based in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, AFA at the time the controversy broke had about 850 employees and annual revenues of $958 million.
Controversy
Former U.S. President Bill Clinton, a close friend of founder Ron Burkle, was an advisor to Yucaipa. From 2003 to 2006, Bill and Hillary Clintons' tax returns show total Yucaipa partnership income of $12.5 million. According to the 2007 summary provided by Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign, the Clintons earned $2.75 million from the Yucaipa partnership.
References
1986 establishments in California
Aloha Airlines
Barnes & Noble
American companies established in 1986
Financial services companies established in 1986
Companies based in Los Angeles
GameSpy
Holding companies of the United States
Private equity firms of the United States
The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company
Venture capital firms of the United States
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