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SQuAD
The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:
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aa79ee23d2074a4591dba9799f6e1e4c
Which year was used for estimates in the 2010 report?
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{ "text": [ "2010" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "2010" ]
SQuAD
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.
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37a439e324ce488ab435a0d57aff1369
Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?
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{ "text": [ "Army and Navy" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 153 ], "end": [ 165 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "Army and Navy" ]
SQuAD
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.
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ddc9e662ffc14d85bbf5e07d82200696
Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?
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{ "text": [ "Senate" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 310 ], "end": [ 315 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }
[ "Senate" ]
SQuAD
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.
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b18a763488364c91b57dbcbacb9c3f48
What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?
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{ "text": [ "impeachment" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 784 ], "end": [ 794 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 145 ], "end": [ 145 ] } ] }
[ "impeachment" ]
SQuAD
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.
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92cc5f609ff1457c91b06c73ae26cf9f
What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?
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{ "text": [ "quasi-judicial" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 939 ], "end": [ 952 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 171 ], "end": [ 173 ] } ] }
[ "quasi-judicial" ]
SQuAD
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.
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2ede073261aa4599a3c816712ffd5328
Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?
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{ "text": [ "Executive" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "Executive" ]
SQuAD
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.
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028e3fc2e6154407ab69b3e25a589707
Who has the authority to make treaties?
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[ "the President" ]
SQuAD
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.
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f03ad4d33301449f97c18890182d00c1
What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?
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[ "impeachment" ]
SQuAD
Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.
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96fef5bc49f640e98b6d986fc9468ba0
Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?
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[ "Congress" ]
SQuAD
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
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4f8df4feac9545f08230fc5dcd3a28bc
What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done?
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[ "shelter, security, worship" ]
SQuAD
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
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b57b744e6d4441719dfdeddfc9650f17
Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures?
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[ "knowledge" ]
SQuAD
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
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9ec4ba28d95844a3a80009ec7705ca1f
What was building considered?
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[ "a craft" ]
SQuAD
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
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3786f7aae3674954a21a02c558259cdd
What was the most valued type of building craft called?
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[ "architecture" ]
SQuAD
Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
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0f5a597c26f3433687e1df4e41ab3980
Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building?
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[ "building materials" ]
SQuAD
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
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c92220e6daad45c490394b9956fdab1d
Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function?
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[ "Nunzia Rondanini" ]
SQuAD
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
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27147fb99e5a47daa14fbce3a5492ce5
In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality?
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{ "text": [ "Through its aesthetic dimension" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ] }
[ "Through its aesthetic dimension" ]
SQuAD
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
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eaf85a9383c84557a5d6c4cbd5b34129
What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"?
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{ "text": [ "social life" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 249 ], "end": [ 259 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 40 ] } ] }
[ "social life" ]
SQuAD
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
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9480395d54154e0db421e7e423e89b82
What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini?
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[ "social development" ]
SQuAD
Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote social development.'
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70a1bdd3ab5145cc877db468fab3faca
What does architecture share with other sciences?
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{ "text": [ "functional aspects" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 87 ], "end": [ 104 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 13 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "functional aspects" ]
SQuAD
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
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034b9ec9b3b94d829e94551065fd56ed
What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world?
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{ "text": [ "vernacular buildings" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 312 ], "end": [ 331 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 53 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "vernacular buildings" ]
SQuAD
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
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971ad844b64e48d0b466f18be443796f
Why did the economy begin to expand?
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{ "text": [ "a surplus in production" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 449 ], "end": [ 471 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 80 ] } ] }
[ "a surplus in production" ]
SQuAD
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
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5898579a7681406f85a412db15a51146
Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made?
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{ "text": [ "trial and error" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 80 ], "end": [ 94 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "trial and error" ]
SQuAD
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
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5df57b9d8a1b4b5b808719b9a89653a4
What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet?
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{ "text": [ "vernacular" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 227 ], "end": [ 236 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }
[ "vernacular" ]
SQuAD
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
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d565e75f986b4c08b4d12da417284a0a
In what environment were many of the first human settlements?
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{ "text": [ "rural" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 435 ], "end": [ 439 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 73 ] } ] }
[ "rural" ]
SQuAD
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
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57ac528809864055ae42d49755ca8f7c
What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements?
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{ "text": [ "urbanization" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 514 ], "end": [ 525 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 88 ], "end": [ 88 ] } ] }
[ "urbanization" ]
SQuAD
It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacular buildings make up most of the built world that people experience every day. Early human settlements were mostly rural. Due to a surplus in production the economy began to expand resulting in urbanization thus creating urban areas which grew and evolved very rapidly in some cases, such as that of Çatal Höyük in Anatolia and Mohenjo Daro of the Indus Valley Civilization in modern-day Pakistan.
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0914d085f55d4486b23d2546a7b26693
At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand?
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[ "rapidly" ]
SQuAD
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
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4c91f3099feb41be951fece9f38bd943
What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen?
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[ "guilds" ]
SQuAD
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
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7ce9349747094cb9a643960d9e4f97ad
What records of the guilds are still in existence?
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[ "written contracts" ]
SQuAD
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
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cd241cca01c64f38ba08e5d1c597f0b4
What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with?
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[ "ecclesiastical buildings" ]
SQuAD
In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.
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f90de27949e34507ab2c08f6fa169473
What is another term for master mason?
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[ "Magister lathomorum" ]
SQuAD
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
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c55db356d13e4f88b0978ce874e8bfcb
What started with the Industrial Revolution?
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{ "text": [ "mass production and consumption" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "mass production and consumption" ]
SQuAD
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
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e05416f3f9cd43958a0b6f359e2a27b9
What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?
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{ "text": [ "ornamented products" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 147 ], "end": [ 165 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "ornamented products" ]
SQuAD
Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.
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e427af2e9b6d4a999ce5a8d6d170a6d7
As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?
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[ "Aesthetics" ]
SQuAD
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct."
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9a6473cebc564aebb5d3e81402c250d6
What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers?
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[ "UK" ]
SQuAD
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct."
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f0a4ed9fd15b4f6d98345b0e3895672e
What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK?
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{ "text": [ "parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 265 ], "end": [ 316 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 48 ] } ] }
[ "parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government" ]
SQuAD
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct."
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735c2c4616684b2b9ae1ceaba9ccbb7f
What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?
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{ "text": [ "separate and distinct" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1824 ], "end": [ 1844 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 337 ], "end": [ 339 ] } ] }
[ "separate and distinct" ]
SQuAD
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct."
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3bd24167fedb4e9da7947033de494229
What country's government served as a model for the United States Government?
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{ "text": [ "United Kingdom" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "United Kingdom" ]
SQuAD
Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct."
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a0a5efe79c2e4e598d3247cd1e1ffc3c
In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve?
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{ "text": [ "a member of the Court of Appeals" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1395 ], "end": [ 1426 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 260 ], "end": [ 266 ] } ] }
[ "a member of the Court of Appeals" ]
SQuAD
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
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01b4d48d268e4f8597d85c3428c63ce8
When was Renaissance Humanism developed?
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{ "text": [ "1400" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ] }
[ "1400" ]
SQuAD
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
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e060b7ec168447439713649f2c23eadc
When did the Classical learning revival begin?
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[ "1400 onwards" ]
SQuAD
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
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e3d829551c4a4c8ab756503e2766aa2c
What continent did this revival take place on?
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[ "Europe" ]
SQuAD
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
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59ab213ae5934f7593829ed42013dc30
What was the name for the time period?
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[ "Renaissance" ]
SQuAD
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
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7b938320fc4049eda0ceb1118fdb9697
What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize?
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{ "text": [ "role of the individual" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 182 ], "end": [ 203 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "role of the individual" ]
SQuAD
In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brunelleschi, Alberti, Michelangelo, Palladio – and the cult of the individual had begun. There was still no dividing line between artist, architect and engineer, or any of the related vocations, and the appellation was often one of regional preference.
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ce13c745f1564358bd0243fb5b964ee0
What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time?
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{ "text": [ "artist, architect and engineer" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 447 ], "end": [ 476 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 80 ] } ] }
[ "artist, architect and engineer" ]
SQuAD
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
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b5293c0eef5c4f659f3a82f576d8146a
What century was the architect Le Corbusier in?
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{ "text": [ "20th-century" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 89 ], "end": [ 100 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "20th-century" ]
SQuAD
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
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Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction?
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[ "Le Corbusier" ]
SQuAD
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
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When did Le Corbusier live and write?
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[ "20th-century" ]
SQuAD
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
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What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched?
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[ "heart" ]
SQuAD
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say: This is beautiful. That is Architecture".
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What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in?
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[ "I am happy" ]
SQuAD
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
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bcb4da54fe8b4786b7cadb01ba88a9f4
What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account?
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[ "functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic" ]
SQuAD
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
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In architecture what aspects are planned and designed?
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[ "form, space and ambience" ]
SQuAD
Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved. The practice of Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration. Documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and technical specifications, defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.
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Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve?
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[ "pragmatic aspects" ]
SQuAD
To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
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What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to?
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[ "art for art's sake" ]
SQuAD
To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
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44bb35a11648451280687bf99e1bbb99
What sort of quest lacks purpose?
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[ "quest for perfection or originality" ]
SQuAD
To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality".
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d3751ca8ce2148a8bad89b51304b3daf
What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest?
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[ "form" ]
SQuAD
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
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What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's?
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[ "European architecture" ]
SQuAD
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
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When was Islamic architecture first seen?
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[ "7th century CE" ]
SQuAD
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
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In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture?
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[ "Byzantium" ]
SQuAD
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
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What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill?
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{ "text": [ "religious and social needs" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 169 ], "end": [ 194 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ] }
[ "religious and social needs" ]
SQuAD
Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
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What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects?
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{ "text": [ "pointed arch" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 346 ], "end": [ 357 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 60 ], "end": [ 61 ] } ] }
[ "pointed arch" ]
SQuAD
The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:
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On what date was the 2014 Human Development Report released?
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{ "text": [ "July 24, 2014" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 104 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "July 24, 2014" ]
SQuAD
The 2014 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on July 24, 2014, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2013. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:
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Which year was used for estimates in the 2014 report?
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{ "text": [ "2013" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 156 ], "end": [ 159 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "2013" ]
SQuAD
The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."
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In what year did the Human Development Report introduce the IHDI?
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{ "text": [ "2010" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "2010" ]
SQuAD
The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."
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What does IHDI stand for?
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{ "text": [ "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 90 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index" ]
SQuAD
The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."
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Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?
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{ "text": [ "the IHDI" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 153 ], "end": [ 160 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 28 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "the IHDI" ]
SQuAD
The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While the simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for inequality)," and "the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum IHDI that could be achieved if there were no inequality)."
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Which measures the potential development, the HDI or the IHDI?
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{ "text": [ "the HDI" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 238 ], "end": [ 244 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ] }
[ "the HDI" ]
SQuAD
The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). In general, to transform a raw variable, say , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used:
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What entity makes the defining formula for the HDI well-known?
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{ "text": [ "the United Nations Development Programme" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "the United Nations Development Programme" ]
SQuAD
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
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Who wrote Seven Lamps of Architecture?
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{ "text": [ "John Ruskin" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 37 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "John Ruskin" ]
SQuAD
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
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Who was the author of Seven Lamps of Architecture?
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[ "John Ruskin" ]
SQuAD
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
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What was Ruskin's career?
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[ "art critic" ]
SQuAD
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
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When was Seven Lamps of Architecture published?
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[ "1849" ]
SQuAD
The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, and pleasure".
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What, according to Ruskin, should looking at architecture contribute to its viewer?
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{ "text": [ "to his mental health, power, and pleasure" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 289 ], "end": [ 329 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 64 ] } ] }
[ "to his mental health, power, and pleasure" ]
SQuAD
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."
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What does the IHDI specifically take into account?
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{ "text": [ "Inequality" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "Inequality" ]
SQuAD
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."
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Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
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{ "text": [ "the average level" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 88 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "the average level" ]
SQuAD
The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:
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On what date was the 2015 Human Development Report released?
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{ "text": [ "December 14, 2015" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 108 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "December 14, 2015" ]
SQuAD
The 2015 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on December 14, 2015, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2014. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:
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Which year was used for estimates in the 2015 report?
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{ "text": [ "2014" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 160 ], "end": [ 163 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "2014" ]
SQuAD
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."
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Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
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{ "text": [ "the average level" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 72 ], "end": [ 88 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "the average level" ]
SQuAD
LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools) EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
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What does LE stand for?
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[ "Life expectancy at birth" ]
SQuAD
LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools) EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
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What does MYS stand for?
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[ "Mean years of schooling" ]
SQuAD
LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools) EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
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What does EYS stand for?
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[ "Expected years of schooling" ]
SQuAD
LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or older has spent in schools) EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in schools throughout his life) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita
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What does GNIpc stand for?
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{ "text": [ "Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 240 ], "end": [ 298 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ] }
[ "Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita" ]
SQuAD
The 2011 Human Development Report was released on 2 November 2011, and calculated HDI values based on estimates for 2011. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries (equal to the top quartile):
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Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report?
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[ "2011" ]
SQuAD
Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.
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Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
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{ "text": [ "Cuba" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 215 ], "end": [ 218 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "Cuba" ]
SQuAD
Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.
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Is the top quartile of HDI considered "high" or "very high" human development?
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[ "very high" ]
SQuAD
One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.
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What school was a response to Brutalism?
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{ "text": [ "the school of metaphoric architecture" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "the school of metaphoric architecture" ]
SQuAD
One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.
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71c2ff23889a47a28b7a8921b0cef3f4
What are two examples of metaphoric architecture?
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{ "text": [ "biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 177 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture" ]
SQuAD
One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.
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6d489e8cbd9b4e37a71f16e99d74a6d5
What are biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture based after design wise?
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[ "nature" ]
SQuAD
One such reaction to the cold aesthetic of modernism and Brutalism is the school of metaphoric architecture, which includes such things as biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture, both using nature as the primary source of inspiration and design. While it is considered by some to be merely an aspect of postmodernism, others consider it to be a school in its own right and a later development of expressionist architecture.
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af30208666314b5194cbf42e43c4bcf9
What type of architecture do some consider metaphoric architecture to be a development of?
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[ "expressionist architecture" ]
SQuAD
The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.
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5464e8dc83a2489fa109471dbee433a0
Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire?
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{ "text": [ "Rome" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 247 ], "end": [ 250 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ] }
[ "Rome" ]
SQuAD
The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.
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1e1648f10f5848359ef9c8dd062bf8d7
Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire?
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{ "text": [ "Constantinople" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 291 ], "end": [ 304 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 56 ], "end": [ 56 ] } ] }
[ "Constantinople" ]
SQuAD
The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.
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4bd02336ab424a228020b9599adfed51
Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire?
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{ "text": [ "Germanic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 326 ], "end": [ 333 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ] }
[ "Germanic" ]
SQuAD
The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.
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83c60b6bdd1b43ca90314d9402dd140c
What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages?
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{ "text": [ "AD 476" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 409 ], "end": [ 414 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 77 ], "end": [ 78 ] } ] }
[ "AD 476" ]
SQuAD
The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks of the Germanic peoples of northern Europe led to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, a date which traditionally marks the end of the classical period and the start of the Middle Ages.
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6ec2908e167544c8b55c998867a064a9
By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections?
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{ "text": [ "300 AD" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 172 ], "end": [ 177 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "300 AD" ]
SQuAD
Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados.
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8184f7485c234187b500f6a05fa7c591
Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
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{ "text": [ "Barbados" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 254 ], "end": [ 261 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 55 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ] }
[ "Barbados" ]
SQuAD
Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.
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6c0ea1f601984f4bb865846b691e4b4c
What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2014 report?
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{ "text": [ "lack of necessary data" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "lack of necessary data" ]
SQuAD
Some countries were not included for various reasons, primarily the lack of necessary data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2014 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, Somalia, India, Pakistan, South Sudan, and Tuvalu.
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09859139da9442c0aa9ecfb9f288f844
Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2014 report?
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{ "text": [ "North Korea" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 173 ], "end": [ 183 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "North Korea" ]
SQuAD
The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:
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f9c7e7c2764a4300bd72de1f2d23eef0
On what date was the 2013 Human Development Report released?
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{ "text": [ "March 14, 2013" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 105 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "March 14, 2013" ]
SQuAD
The 2013 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on March 14, 2013, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2012. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:
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Which year was used for estimates in the 2013 report?
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[ "2012" ]
SQuAD
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
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Who is the commander and chief of the Army?
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[ "The president" ]
SQuAD
The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office.
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Who has the power to declare ware?
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[ "Congress" ]