subset
stringclasses 6
values | context
stringlengths 16
17.7k
| context_tokens
sequence | qid
stringlengths 32
32
| question
stringlengths 1
717
| question_tokens
sequence | detected_answers
sequence | answers
sequencelengths 1
25
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SQuAD | The president is the civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States. He has the authority to command them to take appropriate military action in the event of a sudden crisis. However, only the Congress is explicitly granted the power to declare war per se, as well as to raise, fund and maintain the armed forces. Congress also has the duty and authority to prescribe the laws and regulations under which the armed forces operate, such as the Uniform Code of Military Justice, and requires that all Generals and Admirals appointed by the president be confirmed by a majority vote of the Senate before they can assume their office. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"president",
"is",
"the",
"civilian",
"Commander",
"in",
"Chief",
"of",
"the",
"Army",
"and",
"Navy",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"He",
"has",
"the",
"authority",
"to",
"command",
"them",
"to",
"take",
"appropriate",
"military",
"action",
"in",
"the",
"event",
"of",
"a",
"sudden",
"crisis",
".",
"However",
",",
"only",
"the",
"Congress",
"is",
"explicitly",
"granted",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"declare",
"war",
"per",
"se",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"to",
"raise",
",",
"fund",
"and",
"maintain",
"the",
"armed",
"forces",
".",
"Congress",
"also",
"has",
"the",
"duty",
"and",
"authority",
"to",
"prescribe",
"the",
"laws",
"and",
"regulations",
"under",
"which",
"the",
"armed",
"forces",
"operate",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"Uniform",
"Code",
"of",
"Military",
"Justice",
",",
"and",
"requires",
"that",
"all",
"Generals",
"and",
"Admirals",
"appointed",
"by",
"the",
"president",
"be",
"confirmed",
"by",
"a",
"majority",
"vote",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
"before",
"they",
"can",
"assume",
"their",
"office",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
17,
21,
30,
40,
43,
49,
52,
56,
61,
65,
70,
73,
77,
84,
90,
92,
95,
99,
103,
113,
116,
124,
129,
132,
137,
149,
158,
165,
168,
172,
178,
181,
183,
190,
196,
198,
205,
207,
212,
216,
225,
228,
239,
247,
251,
257,
260,
268,
272,
276,
278,
280,
283,
288,
291,
294,
299,
301,
306,
310,
319,
323,
329,
335,
337,
346,
351,
355,
359,
364,
368,
378,
381,
391,
395,
400,
404,
416,
422,
428,
432,
438,
445,
452,
454,
459,
462,
466,
474,
479,
482,
491,
498,
500,
504,
513,
518,
522,
531,
535,
544,
554,
557,
561,
571,
574,
584,
587,
589,
598,
603,
606,
610,
617,
624,
629,
633,
640,
646,
652
]
} | e3c2df8bc7074b44aaab2f31a85768c2 | Who has the responsibility to confirm Generals and Admirals? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"has",
"the",
"responsibility",
"to",
"confirm",
"Generals",
"and",
"Admirals",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
27,
30,
38,
47,
51,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Senate"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
606
],
"end": [
615
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
114
],
"end": [
115
]
}
]
} | [
"the Senate"
] |
SQuAD | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology. | {
"tokens": [
"Around",
"the",
"beginning",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
",",
"a",
"general",
"dissatisfaction",
"with",
"the",
"emphasis",
"on",
"revivalist",
"architecture",
"and",
"elaborate",
"decoration",
"gave",
"rise",
"to",
"many",
"new",
"lines",
"of",
"thought",
"that",
"served",
"as",
"precursors",
"to",
"Modern",
"Architecture",
".",
"Notable",
"among",
"these",
"is",
"the",
"Deutscher",
"Werkbund",
",",
"formed",
"in",
"1907",
"to",
"produce",
"better",
"quality",
"machine",
"made",
"objects",
".",
"The",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"profession",
"of",
"industrial",
"design",
"is",
"usually",
"placed",
"here",
".",
"Following",
"this",
"lead",
",",
"the",
"Bauhaus",
"school",
",",
"founded",
"in",
"Weimar",
",",
"Germany",
"in",
"1919",
",",
"redefined",
"the",
"architectural",
"bounds",
"prior",
"set",
"throughout",
"history",
",",
"viewing",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"a",
"building",
"as",
"the",
"ultimate",
"synthesis",
"—",
"the",
"apex",
"—",
"of",
"art",
",",
"craft",
",",
"and",
"technology",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
21,
24,
28,
33,
40,
42,
44,
52,
68,
73,
77,
86,
89,
100,
113,
117,
127,
138,
143,
148,
151,
156,
160,
166,
169,
177,
182,
189,
192,
203,
206,
213,
225,
227,
235,
241,
247,
250,
254,
264,
272,
274,
281,
284,
289,
292,
300,
307,
315,
323,
328,
335,
337,
341,
346,
349,
353,
364,
367,
378,
385,
388,
396,
403,
407,
409,
419,
424,
428,
430,
434,
442,
448,
450,
458,
461,
467,
469,
477,
480,
484,
486,
496,
500,
514,
521,
527,
531,
542,
549,
551,
559,
563,
572,
575,
577,
586,
589,
593,
602,
611,
612,
616,
620,
621,
624,
627,
629,
634,
636,
640,
650
]
} | 021442bcbfc84c6488ec9a0c07c99b3b | At what century's start did revivalist fall into disfavor? | {
"tokens": [
"At",
"what",
"century",
"'s",
"start",
"did",
"revivalist",
"fall",
"into",
"disfavor",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
15,
18,
24,
28,
39,
44,
49,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"20th"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
28
],
"end": [
31
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
5
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"20th"
] |
SQuAD | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology. | {
"tokens": [
"Around",
"the",
"beginning",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
",",
"a",
"general",
"dissatisfaction",
"with",
"the",
"emphasis",
"on",
"revivalist",
"architecture",
"and",
"elaborate",
"decoration",
"gave",
"rise",
"to",
"many",
"new",
"lines",
"of",
"thought",
"that",
"served",
"as",
"precursors",
"to",
"Modern",
"Architecture",
".",
"Notable",
"among",
"these",
"is",
"the",
"Deutscher",
"Werkbund",
",",
"formed",
"in",
"1907",
"to",
"produce",
"better",
"quality",
"machine",
"made",
"objects",
".",
"The",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"profession",
"of",
"industrial",
"design",
"is",
"usually",
"placed",
"here",
".",
"Following",
"this",
"lead",
",",
"the",
"Bauhaus",
"school",
",",
"founded",
"in",
"Weimar",
",",
"Germany",
"in",
"1919",
",",
"redefined",
"the",
"architectural",
"bounds",
"prior",
"set",
"throughout",
"history",
",",
"viewing",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"a",
"building",
"as",
"the",
"ultimate",
"synthesis",
"—",
"the",
"apex",
"—",
"of",
"art",
",",
"craft",
",",
"and",
"technology",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
21,
24,
28,
33,
40,
42,
44,
52,
68,
73,
77,
86,
89,
100,
113,
117,
127,
138,
143,
148,
151,
156,
160,
166,
169,
177,
182,
189,
192,
203,
206,
213,
225,
227,
235,
241,
247,
250,
254,
264,
272,
274,
281,
284,
289,
292,
300,
307,
315,
323,
328,
335,
337,
341,
346,
349,
353,
364,
367,
378,
385,
388,
396,
403,
407,
409,
419,
424,
428,
430,
434,
442,
448,
450,
458,
461,
467,
469,
477,
480,
484,
486,
496,
500,
514,
521,
527,
531,
542,
549,
551,
559,
563,
572,
575,
577,
586,
589,
593,
602,
611,
612,
616,
620,
621,
624,
627,
629,
634,
636,
640,
650
]
} | 76dbd59062e845368ae48c12c11f6a04 | What new type of architecture was starting to come into being at this time? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"new",
"type",
"of",
"architecture",
"was",
"starting",
"to",
"come",
"into",
"being",
"at",
"this",
"time",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
14,
17,
30,
34,
43,
46,
51,
56,
62,
65,
70,
74
]
} | {
"text": [
"Modern Architecture"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
206
],
"end": [
224
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
33
],
"end": [
34
]
}
]
} | [
"Modern Architecture"
] |
SQuAD | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology. | {
"tokens": [
"Around",
"the",
"beginning",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
",",
"a",
"general",
"dissatisfaction",
"with",
"the",
"emphasis",
"on",
"revivalist",
"architecture",
"and",
"elaborate",
"decoration",
"gave",
"rise",
"to",
"many",
"new",
"lines",
"of",
"thought",
"that",
"served",
"as",
"precursors",
"to",
"Modern",
"Architecture",
".",
"Notable",
"among",
"these",
"is",
"the",
"Deutscher",
"Werkbund",
",",
"formed",
"in",
"1907",
"to",
"produce",
"better",
"quality",
"machine",
"made",
"objects",
".",
"The",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"profession",
"of",
"industrial",
"design",
"is",
"usually",
"placed",
"here",
".",
"Following",
"this",
"lead",
",",
"the",
"Bauhaus",
"school",
",",
"founded",
"in",
"Weimar",
",",
"Germany",
"in",
"1919",
",",
"redefined",
"the",
"architectural",
"bounds",
"prior",
"set",
"throughout",
"history",
",",
"viewing",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"a",
"building",
"as",
"the",
"ultimate",
"synthesis",
"—",
"the",
"apex",
"—",
"of",
"art",
",",
"craft",
",",
"and",
"technology",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
21,
24,
28,
33,
40,
42,
44,
52,
68,
73,
77,
86,
89,
100,
113,
117,
127,
138,
143,
148,
151,
156,
160,
166,
169,
177,
182,
189,
192,
203,
206,
213,
225,
227,
235,
241,
247,
250,
254,
264,
272,
274,
281,
284,
289,
292,
300,
307,
315,
323,
328,
335,
337,
341,
346,
349,
353,
364,
367,
378,
385,
388,
396,
403,
407,
409,
419,
424,
428,
430,
434,
442,
448,
450,
458,
461,
467,
469,
477,
480,
484,
486,
496,
500,
514,
521,
527,
531,
542,
549,
551,
559,
563,
572,
575,
577,
586,
589,
593,
602,
611,
612,
616,
620,
621,
624,
627,
629,
634,
636,
640,
650
]
} | e0336635743c438990bc6f0b8d6943fa | When did the Deutscher Werkbund get its start? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"the",
"Deutscher",
"Werkbund",
"get",
"its",
"start",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
23,
32,
36,
40,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"1907"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
284
],
"end": [
287
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
46
],
"end": [
46
]
}
]
} | [
"1907"
] |
SQuAD | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology. | {
"tokens": [
"Around",
"the",
"beginning",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
",",
"a",
"general",
"dissatisfaction",
"with",
"the",
"emphasis",
"on",
"revivalist",
"architecture",
"and",
"elaborate",
"decoration",
"gave",
"rise",
"to",
"many",
"new",
"lines",
"of",
"thought",
"that",
"served",
"as",
"precursors",
"to",
"Modern",
"Architecture",
".",
"Notable",
"among",
"these",
"is",
"the",
"Deutscher",
"Werkbund",
",",
"formed",
"in",
"1907",
"to",
"produce",
"better",
"quality",
"machine",
"made",
"objects",
".",
"The",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"profession",
"of",
"industrial",
"design",
"is",
"usually",
"placed",
"here",
".",
"Following",
"this",
"lead",
",",
"the",
"Bauhaus",
"school",
",",
"founded",
"in",
"Weimar",
",",
"Germany",
"in",
"1919",
",",
"redefined",
"the",
"architectural",
"bounds",
"prior",
"set",
"throughout",
"history",
",",
"viewing",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"a",
"building",
"as",
"the",
"ultimate",
"synthesis",
"—",
"the",
"apex",
"—",
"of",
"art",
",",
"craft",
",",
"and",
"technology",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
21,
24,
28,
33,
40,
42,
44,
52,
68,
73,
77,
86,
89,
100,
113,
117,
127,
138,
143,
148,
151,
156,
160,
166,
169,
177,
182,
189,
192,
203,
206,
213,
225,
227,
235,
241,
247,
250,
254,
264,
272,
274,
281,
284,
289,
292,
300,
307,
315,
323,
328,
335,
337,
341,
346,
349,
353,
364,
367,
378,
385,
388,
396,
403,
407,
409,
419,
424,
428,
430,
434,
442,
448,
450,
458,
461,
467,
469,
477,
480,
484,
486,
496,
500,
514,
521,
527,
531,
542,
549,
551,
559,
563,
572,
575,
577,
586,
589,
593,
602,
611,
612,
616,
620,
621,
624,
627,
629,
634,
636,
640,
650
]
} | dcf89e7ded864b81be9644cf7d042e08 | What was the point of the Deutscher Werkbund? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"point",
"of",
"the",
"Deutscher",
"Werkbund",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
22,
26,
36,
44
]
} | {
"text": [
"to produce better quality machine made objects"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
289
],
"end": [
334
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
47
],
"end": [
53
]
}
]
} | [
"to produce better quality machine made objects"
] |
SQuAD | Around the beginning of the 20th century, a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture. Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund, formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects. The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here. Following this lead, the Bauhaus school, founded in Weimar, Germany in 1919, redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history, viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesis—the apex—of art, craft, and technology. | {
"tokens": [
"Around",
"the",
"beginning",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
",",
"a",
"general",
"dissatisfaction",
"with",
"the",
"emphasis",
"on",
"revivalist",
"architecture",
"and",
"elaborate",
"decoration",
"gave",
"rise",
"to",
"many",
"new",
"lines",
"of",
"thought",
"that",
"served",
"as",
"precursors",
"to",
"Modern",
"Architecture",
".",
"Notable",
"among",
"these",
"is",
"the",
"Deutscher",
"Werkbund",
",",
"formed",
"in",
"1907",
"to",
"produce",
"better",
"quality",
"machine",
"made",
"objects",
".",
"The",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"profession",
"of",
"industrial",
"design",
"is",
"usually",
"placed",
"here",
".",
"Following",
"this",
"lead",
",",
"the",
"Bauhaus",
"school",
",",
"founded",
"in",
"Weimar",
",",
"Germany",
"in",
"1919",
",",
"redefined",
"the",
"architectural",
"bounds",
"prior",
"set",
"throughout",
"history",
",",
"viewing",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"a",
"building",
"as",
"the",
"ultimate",
"synthesis",
"—",
"the",
"apex",
"—",
"of",
"art",
",",
"craft",
",",
"and",
"technology",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
21,
24,
28,
33,
40,
42,
44,
52,
68,
73,
77,
86,
89,
100,
113,
117,
127,
138,
143,
148,
151,
156,
160,
166,
169,
177,
182,
189,
192,
203,
206,
213,
225,
227,
235,
241,
247,
250,
254,
264,
272,
274,
281,
284,
289,
292,
300,
307,
315,
323,
328,
335,
337,
341,
346,
349,
353,
364,
367,
378,
385,
388,
396,
403,
407,
409,
419,
424,
428,
430,
434,
442,
448,
450,
458,
461,
467,
469,
477,
480,
484,
486,
496,
500,
514,
521,
527,
531,
542,
549,
551,
559,
563,
572,
575,
577,
586,
589,
593,
602,
611,
612,
616,
620,
621,
624,
627,
629,
634,
636,
640,
650
]
} | 28794c9b52bb4a89abefeacd4f6c36cb | In 1919 what school opened in Weimar, Germany? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1919",
"what",
"school",
"opened",
"in",
"Weimar",
",",
"Germany",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
13,
20,
27,
30,
36,
38,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Bauhaus school"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
430
],
"end": [
447
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
72
],
"end": [
74
]
}
]
} | [
"the Bauhaus school"
] |
SQuAD | Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. | {
"tokens": [
"Many",
"architects",
"resisted",
"modernism",
",",
"finding",
"it",
"devoid",
"of",
"the",
"decorative",
"richness",
"of",
"historical",
"styles",
".",
"As",
"the",
"first",
"generation",
"of",
"modernists",
"began",
"to",
"die",
"after",
"WWII",
",",
"a",
"second",
"generation",
"of",
"architects",
"including",
"Paul",
"Rudolph",
",",
"Marcel",
"Breuer",
",",
"and",
"Eero",
"Saarinen",
"tried",
"to",
"expand",
"the",
"aesthetics",
"of",
"modernism",
"with",
"Brutalism",
",",
"buildings",
"with",
"expressive",
"sculptural",
"facades",
"made",
"of",
"unfinished",
"concrete",
".",
"But",
"an",
"even",
"new",
"younger",
"postwar",
"generation",
"critiqued",
"modernism",
"and",
"Brutalism",
"for",
"being",
"too",
"austere",
",",
"standardized",
",",
"monotone",
",",
"and",
"not",
"taking",
"into",
"account",
"the",
"richness",
"of",
"human",
"experience",
"offered",
"in",
"historical",
"buildings",
"across",
"time",
"and",
"in",
"different",
"places",
"and",
"cultures",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
16,
25,
34,
36,
44,
47,
54,
57,
61,
72,
81,
84,
95,
101,
103,
106,
110,
116,
127,
130,
141,
147,
150,
154,
160,
164,
166,
168,
175,
186,
189,
200,
210,
215,
222,
224,
231,
237,
239,
243,
248,
257,
263,
266,
273,
277,
288,
291,
301,
306,
315,
317,
327,
332,
343,
354,
362,
367,
370,
381,
389,
391,
395,
398,
403,
407,
415,
423,
434,
444,
454,
458,
468,
472,
478,
482,
489,
491,
503,
505,
513,
515,
519,
523,
530,
535,
543,
547,
556,
559,
565,
576,
584,
587,
598,
608,
615,
620,
624,
627,
637,
644,
648,
656
]
} | 930998d5e021401a959ffee09c63570a | What aspect of historical styles did a lot of architects find lacking in modernist styles? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"aspect",
"of",
"historical",
"styles",
"did",
"a",
"lot",
"of",
"architects",
"find",
"lacking",
"in",
"modernist",
"styles",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
15,
26,
33,
37,
39,
43,
46,
57,
62,
70,
73,
83,
89
]
} | {
"text": [
"decorative richness"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
61
],
"end": [
79
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
10
],
"end": [
11
]
}
]
} | [
"decorative richness"
] |
SQuAD | Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. | {
"tokens": [
"Many",
"architects",
"resisted",
"modernism",
",",
"finding",
"it",
"devoid",
"of",
"the",
"decorative",
"richness",
"of",
"historical",
"styles",
".",
"As",
"the",
"first",
"generation",
"of",
"modernists",
"began",
"to",
"die",
"after",
"WWII",
",",
"a",
"second",
"generation",
"of",
"architects",
"including",
"Paul",
"Rudolph",
",",
"Marcel",
"Breuer",
",",
"and",
"Eero",
"Saarinen",
"tried",
"to",
"expand",
"the",
"aesthetics",
"of",
"modernism",
"with",
"Brutalism",
",",
"buildings",
"with",
"expressive",
"sculptural",
"facades",
"made",
"of",
"unfinished",
"concrete",
".",
"But",
"an",
"even",
"new",
"younger",
"postwar",
"generation",
"critiqued",
"modernism",
"and",
"Brutalism",
"for",
"being",
"too",
"austere",
",",
"standardized",
",",
"monotone",
",",
"and",
"not",
"taking",
"into",
"account",
"the",
"richness",
"of",
"human",
"experience",
"offered",
"in",
"historical",
"buildings",
"across",
"time",
"and",
"in",
"different",
"places",
"and",
"cultures",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
16,
25,
34,
36,
44,
47,
54,
57,
61,
72,
81,
84,
95,
101,
103,
106,
110,
116,
127,
130,
141,
147,
150,
154,
160,
164,
166,
168,
175,
186,
189,
200,
210,
215,
222,
224,
231,
237,
239,
243,
248,
257,
263,
266,
273,
277,
288,
291,
301,
306,
315,
317,
327,
332,
343,
354,
362,
367,
370,
381,
389,
391,
395,
398,
403,
407,
415,
423,
434,
444,
454,
458,
468,
472,
478,
482,
489,
491,
503,
505,
513,
515,
519,
523,
530,
535,
543,
547,
556,
559,
565,
576,
584,
587,
598,
608,
615,
620,
624,
627,
637,
644,
648,
656
]
} | 0bf2605761bb4b47ab39e9c2a0076960 | Who were three architects who influenced Brutalism? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"were",
"three",
"architects",
"who",
"influenced",
"Brutalism",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
15,
26,
30,
41,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
210
],
"end": [
255
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
34
],
"end": [
42
]
}
]
} | [
"Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen"
] |
SQuAD | Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. | {
"tokens": [
"Many",
"architects",
"resisted",
"modernism",
",",
"finding",
"it",
"devoid",
"of",
"the",
"decorative",
"richness",
"of",
"historical",
"styles",
".",
"As",
"the",
"first",
"generation",
"of",
"modernists",
"began",
"to",
"die",
"after",
"WWII",
",",
"a",
"second",
"generation",
"of",
"architects",
"including",
"Paul",
"Rudolph",
",",
"Marcel",
"Breuer",
",",
"and",
"Eero",
"Saarinen",
"tried",
"to",
"expand",
"the",
"aesthetics",
"of",
"modernism",
"with",
"Brutalism",
",",
"buildings",
"with",
"expressive",
"sculptural",
"facades",
"made",
"of",
"unfinished",
"concrete",
".",
"But",
"an",
"even",
"new",
"younger",
"postwar",
"generation",
"critiqued",
"modernism",
"and",
"Brutalism",
"for",
"being",
"too",
"austere",
",",
"standardized",
",",
"monotone",
",",
"and",
"not",
"taking",
"into",
"account",
"the",
"richness",
"of",
"human",
"experience",
"offered",
"in",
"historical",
"buildings",
"across",
"time",
"and",
"in",
"different",
"places",
"and",
"cultures",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
16,
25,
34,
36,
44,
47,
54,
57,
61,
72,
81,
84,
95,
101,
103,
106,
110,
116,
127,
130,
141,
147,
150,
154,
160,
164,
166,
168,
175,
186,
189,
200,
210,
215,
222,
224,
231,
237,
239,
243,
248,
257,
263,
266,
273,
277,
288,
291,
301,
306,
315,
317,
327,
332,
343,
354,
362,
367,
370,
381,
389,
391,
395,
398,
403,
407,
415,
423,
434,
444,
454,
458,
468,
472,
478,
482,
489,
491,
503,
505,
513,
515,
519,
523,
530,
535,
543,
547,
556,
559,
565,
576,
584,
587,
598,
608,
615,
620,
624,
627,
637,
644,
648,
656
]
} | c01d02d9023c4714afeb143321882685 | What material was used in Brutalist structures? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"material",
"was",
"used",
"in",
"Brutalist",
"structures",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
14,
18,
23,
26,
36,
46
]
} | {
"text": [
"unfinished concrete"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
370
],
"end": [
388
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
60
],
"end": [
61
]
}
]
} | [
"unfinished concrete"
] |
SQuAD | Many architects resisted modernism, finding it devoid of the decorative richness of historical styles. As the first generation of modernists began to die after WWII, a second generation of architects including Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen tried to expand the aesthetics of modernism with Brutalism, buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete. But an even new younger postwar generation critiqued modernism and Brutalism for being too austere, standardized, monotone, and not taking into account the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures. | {
"tokens": [
"Many",
"architects",
"resisted",
"modernism",
",",
"finding",
"it",
"devoid",
"of",
"the",
"decorative",
"richness",
"of",
"historical",
"styles",
".",
"As",
"the",
"first",
"generation",
"of",
"modernists",
"began",
"to",
"die",
"after",
"WWII",
",",
"a",
"second",
"generation",
"of",
"architects",
"including",
"Paul",
"Rudolph",
",",
"Marcel",
"Breuer",
",",
"and",
"Eero",
"Saarinen",
"tried",
"to",
"expand",
"the",
"aesthetics",
"of",
"modernism",
"with",
"Brutalism",
",",
"buildings",
"with",
"expressive",
"sculptural",
"facades",
"made",
"of",
"unfinished",
"concrete",
".",
"But",
"an",
"even",
"new",
"younger",
"postwar",
"generation",
"critiqued",
"modernism",
"and",
"Brutalism",
"for",
"being",
"too",
"austere",
",",
"standardized",
",",
"monotone",
",",
"and",
"not",
"taking",
"into",
"account",
"the",
"richness",
"of",
"human",
"experience",
"offered",
"in",
"historical",
"buildings",
"across",
"time",
"and",
"in",
"different",
"places",
"and",
"cultures",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
16,
25,
34,
36,
44,
47,
54,
57,
61,
72,
81,
84,
95,
101,
103,
106,
110,
116,
127,
130,
141,
147,
150,
154,
160,
164,
166,
168,
175,
186,
189,
200,
210,
215,
222,
224,
231,
237,
239,
243,
248,
257,
263,
266,
273,
277,
288,
291,
301,
306,
315,
317,
327,
332,
343,
354,
362,
367,
370,
381,
389,
391,
395,
398,
403,
407,
415,
423,
434,
444,
454,
458,
468,
472,
478,
482,
489,
491,
503,
505,
513,
515,
519,
523,
530,
535,
543,
547,
556,
559,
565,
576,
584,
587,
598,
608,
615,
620,
624,
627,
637,
644,
648,
656
]
} | 1f6027d328a94eaea2d75359b05bc729 | Who disagreed with the aesthetic of Brutalism? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"disagreed",
"with",
"the",
"aesthetic",
"of",
"Brutalism",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
19,
23,
33,
36,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"postwar generation"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
415
],
"end": [
432
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
68
],
"end": [
69
]
}
]
} | [
"postwar generation"
] |
SQuAD | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. | {
"tokens": [
"Architects",
"such",
"as",
"Mies",
"van",
"der",
"Rohe",
",",
"Philip",
"Johnson",
"and",
"Marcel",
"Breuer",
"worked",
"to",
"create",
"beauty",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"inherent",
"qualities",
"of",
"building",
"materials",
"and",
"modern",
"construction",
"techniques",
",",
"trading",
"traditional",
"historic",
"forms",
"for",
"simplified",
"geometric",
"forms",
",",
"celebrating",
"the",
"new",
"means",
"and",
"methods",
"made",
"possible",
"by",
"the",
"Industrial",
"Revolution",
",",
"including",
"steel",
"-",
"frame",
"construction",
",",
"which",
"gave",
"birth",
"to",
"high",
"-",
"rise",
"superstructures",
".",
"By",
"mid",
"-",
"century",
",",
"Modernism",
"had",
"morphed",
"into",
"the",
"International",
"Style",
",",
"an",
"aesthetic",
"epitomized",
"in",
"many",
"ways",
"by",
"the",
"Twin",
"Towers",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"'s",
"World",
"Trade",
"Center",
"designed",
"by",
"Minoru",
"Yamasaki",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
16,
19,
24,
28,
32,
36,
38,
45,
53,
57,
64,
71,
78,
81,
88,
95,
101,
104,
108,
117,
127,
130,
139,
149,
153,
160,
173,
183,
185,
193,
205,
214,
220,
224,
235,
245,
250,
252,
264,
268,
272,
278,
282,
290,
295,
304,
307,
311,
322,
332,
334,
344,
349,
350,
356,
368,
370,
376,
381,
387,
390,
394,
395,
400,
415,
417,
420,
423,
424,
431,
433,
443,
447,
455,
460,
464,
478,
483,
485,
488,
498,
509,
512,
517,
522,
525,
529,
534,
541,
544,
548,
552,
555,
561,
567,
574,
583,
586,
593,
601
]
} | 1e27b2dd7b024cf1b4c9c82246bbf0af | What made it possible to design architecture through new means and methods? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"made",
"it",
"possible",
"to",
"design",
"architecture",
"through",
"new",
"means",
"and",
"methods",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
22,
25,
32,
45,
53,
57,
63,
67,
74
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Industrial Revolution"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
307
],
"end": [
331
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
48
],
"end": [
50
]
}
]
} | [
"the Industrial Revolution"
] |
SQuAD | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. | {
"tokens": [
"Architects",
"such",
"as",
"Mies",
"van",
"der",
"Rohe",
",",
"Philip",
"Johnson",
"and",
"Marcel",
"Breuer",
"worked",
"to",
"create",
"beauty",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"inherent",
"qualities",
"of",
"building",
"materials",
"and",
"modern",
"construction",
"techniques",
",",
"trading",
"traditional",
"historic",
"forms",
"for",
"simplified",
"geometric",
"forms",
",",
"celebrating",
"the",
"new",
"means",
"and",
"methods",
"made",
"possible",
"by",
"the",
"Industrial",
"Revolution",
",",
"including",
"steel",
"-",
"frame",
"construction",
",",
"which",
"gave",
"birth",
"to",
"high",
"-",
"rise",
"superstructures",
".",
"By",
"mid",
"-",
"century",
",",
"Modernism",
"had",
"morphed",
"into",
"the",
"International",
"Style",
",",
"an",
"aesthetic",
"epitomized",
"in",
"many",
"ways",
"by",
"the",
"Twin",
"Towers",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"'s",
"World",
"Trade",
"Center",
"designed",
"by",
"Minoru",
"Yamasaki",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
16,
19,
24,
28,
32,
36,
38,
45,
53,
57,
64,
71,
78,
81,
88,
95,
101,
104,
108,
117,
127,
130,
139,
149,
153,
160,
173,
183,
185,
193,
205,
214,
220,
224,
235,
245,
250,
252,
264,
268,
272,
278,
282,
290,
295,
304,
307,
311,
322,
332,
334,
344,
349,
350,
356,
368,
370,
376,
381,
387,
390,
394,
395,
400,
415,
417,
420,
423,
424,
431,
433,
443,
447,
455,
460,
464,
478,
483,
485,
488,
498,
509,
512,
517,
522,
525,
529,
534,
541,
544,
548,
552,
555,
561,
567,
574,
583,
586,
593,
601
]
} | 1b9f5444bf5f4e7b8c15d20a30f87720 | What new type of construction allowed the making of skyscrapers? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"new",
"type",
"of",
"construction",
"allowed",
"the",
"making",
"of",
"skyscrapers",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
14,
17,
30,
38,
42,
49,
52,
63
]
} | {
"text": [
"steel-frame construction"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
344
],
"end": [
367
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
53
],
"end": [
56
]
}
]
} | [
"steel-frame construction"
] |
SQuAD | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. | {
"tokens": [
"Architects",
"such",
"as",
"Mies",
"van",
"der",
"Rohe",
",",
"Philip",
"Johnson",
"and",
"Marcel",
"Breuer",
"worked",
"to",
"create",
"beauty",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"inherent",
"qualities",
"of",
"building",
"materials",
"and",
"modern",
"construction",
"techniques",
",",
"trading",
"traditional",
"historic",
"forms",
"for",
"simplified",
"geometric",
"forms",
",",
"celebrating",
"the",
"new",
"means",
"and",
"methods",
"made",
"possible",
"by",
"the",
"Industrial",
"Revolution",
",",
"including",
"steel",
"-",
"frame",
"construction",
",",
"which",
"gave",
"birth",
"to",
"high",
"-",
"rise",
"superstructures",
".",
"By",
"mid",
"-",
"century",
",",
"Modernism",
"had",
"morphed",
"into",
"the",
"International",
"Style",
",",
"an",
"aesthetic",
"epitomized",
"in",
"many",
"ways",
"by",
"the",
"Twin",
"Towers",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"'s",
"World",
"Trade",
"Center",
"designed",
"by",
"Minoru",
"Yamasaki",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
16,
19,
24,
28,
32,
36,
38,
45,
53,
57,
64,
71,
78,
81,
88,
95,
101,
104,
108,
117,
127,
130,
139,
149,
153,
160,
173,
183,
185,
193,
205,
214,
220,
224,
235,
245,
250,
252,
264,
268,
272,
278,
282,
290,
295,
304,
307,
311,
322,
332,
334,
344,
349,
350,
356,
368,
370,
376,
381,
387,
390,
394,
395,
400,
415,
417,
420,
423,
424,
431,
433,
443,
447,
455,
460,
464,
478,
483,
485,
488,
498,
509,
512,
517,
522,
525,
529,
534,
541,
544,
548,
552,
555,
561,
567,
574,
583,
586,
593,
601
]
} | 8be40de0194946ba86fee4dff72ea966 | What style came after Modernism? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"style",
"came",
"after",
"Modernism",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
16,
22,
31
]
} | {
"text": [
"International Style"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
464
],
"end": [
482
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
77
],
"end": [
78
]
}
]
} | [
"International Style"
] |
SQuAD | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. | {
"tokens": [
"Architects",
"such",
"as",
"Mies",
"van",
"der",
"Rohe",
",",
"Philip",
"Johnson",
"and",
"Marcel",
"Breuer",
"worked",
"to",
"create",
"beauty",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"inherent",
"qualities",
"of",
"building",
"materials",
"and",
"modern",
"construction",
"techniques",
",",
"trading",
"traditional",
"historic",
"forms",
"for",
"simplified",
"geometric",
"forms",
",",
"celebrating",
"the",
"new",
"means",
"and",
"methods",
"made",
"possible",
"by",
"the",
"Industrial",
"Revolution",
",",
"including",
"steel",
"-",
"frame",
"construction",
",",
"which",
"gave",
"birth",
"to",
"high",
"-",
"rise",
"superstructures",
".",
"By",
"mid",
"-",
"century",
",",
"Modernism",
"had",
"morphed",
"into",
"the",
"International",
"Style",
",",
"an",
"aesthetic",
"epitomized",
"in",
"many",
"ways",
"by",
"the",
"Twin",
"Towers",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"'s",
"World",
"Trade",
"Center",
"designed",
"by",
"Minoru",
"Yamasaki",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
16,
19,
24,
28,
32,
36,
38,
45,
53,
57,
64,
71,
78,
81,
88,
95,
101,
104,
108,
117,
127,
130,
139,
149,
153,
160,
173,
183,
185,
193,
205,
214,
220,
224,
235,
245,
250,
252,
264,
268,
272,
278,
282,
290,
295,
304,
307,
311,
322,
332,
334,
344,
349,
350,
356,
368,
370,
376,
381,
387,
390,
394,
395,
400,
415,
417,
420,
423,
424,
431,
433,
443,
447,
455,
460,
464,
478,
483,
485,
488,
498,
509,
512,
517,
522,
525,
529,
534,
541,
544,
548,
552,
555,
561,
567,
574,
583,
586,
593,
601
]
} | 4df236c50879465baa802dd10635b8ed | What is an example of International Style? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"an",
"example",
"of",
"International",
"Style",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
11,
19,
22,
36,
41
]
} | {
"text": [
"Twin Towers"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
529
],
"end": [
539
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
88
],
"end": [
89
]
}
]
} | [
"Twin Towers"
] |
SQuAD | Architects such as Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson and Marcel Breuer worked to create beauty based on the inherent qualities of building materials and modern construction techniques, trading traditional historic forms for simplified geometric forms, celebrating the new means and methods made possible by the Industrial Revolution, including steel-frame construction, which gave birth to high-rise superstructures. By mid-century, Modernism had morphed into the International Style, an aesthetic epitomized in many ways by the Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center designed by Minoru Yamasaki. | {
"tokens": [
"Architects",
"such",
"as",
"Mies",
"van",
"der",
"Rohe",
",",
"Philip",
"Johnson",
"and",
"Marcel",
"Breuer",
"worked",
"to",
"create",
"beauty",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"inherent",
"qualities",
"of",
"building",
"materials",
"and",
"modern",
"construction",
"techniques",
",",
"trading",
"traditional",
"historic",
"forms",
"for",
"simplified",
"geometric",
"forms",
",",
"celebrating",
"the",
"new",
"means",
"and",
"methods",
"made",
"possible",
"by",
"the",
"Industrial",
"Revolution",
",",
"including",
"steel",
"-",
"frame",
"construction",
",",
"which",
"gave",
"birth",
"to",
"high",
"-",
"rise",
"superstructures",
".",
"By",
"mid",
"-",
"century",
",",
"Modernism",
"had",
"morphed",
"into",
"the",
"International",
"Style",
",",
"an",
"aesthetic",
"epitomized",
"in",
"many",
"ways",
"by",
"the",
"Twin",
"Towers",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"'s",
"World",
"Trade",
"Center",
"designed",
"by",
"Minoru",
"Yamasaki",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
16,
19,
24,
28,
32,
36,
38,
45,
53,
57,
64,
71,
78,
81,
88,
95,
101,
104,
108,
117,
127,
130,
139,
149,
153,
160,
173,
183,
185,
193,
205,
214,
220,
224,
235,
245,
250,
252,
264,
268,
272,
278,
282,
290,
295,
304,
307,
311,
322,
332,
334,
344,
349,
350,
356,
368,
370,
376,
381,
387,
390,
394,
395,
400,
415,
417,
420,
423,
424,
431,
433,
443,
447,
455,
460,
464,
478,
483,
485,
488,
498,
509,
512,
517,
522,
525,
529,
534,
541,
544,
548,
552,
555,
561,
567,
574,
583,
586,
593,
601
]
} | dd4ff841069a4e51950fbaabacf77260 | Who designed the Twin Towers? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"designed",
"the",
"Twin",
"Towers",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
17,
22,
28
]
} | {
"text": [
"Minoru Yamasaki"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
586
],
"end": [
600
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
99
],
"end": [
100
]
}
]
} | [
"Minoru Yamasaki"
] |
SQuAD | Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United Arab Emirates, and Seychelles. | {
"tokens": [
"Countries",
"in",
"the",
"top",
"quartile",
"of",
"HDI",
"(",
"\"",
"very",
"high",
"human",
"development",
"\"",
"group",
")",
"with",
"a",
"missing",
"IHDI",
":",
"New",
"Zealand",
",",
"Chile",
",",
"Japan",
",",
"Hong",
"Kong",
",",
"Singapore",
",",
"Taiwan",
",",
"Liechtenstein",
",",
"Brunei",
",",
"Andorra",
",",
"Qatar",
",",
"Barbados",
",",
"United",
"Arab",
"Emirates",
",",
"and",
"Seychelles",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
21,
30,
33,
37,
38,
39,
44,
49,
55,
66,
68,
73,
75,
80,
82,
90,
94,
96,
100,
107,
109,
114,
116,
121,
123,
128,
132,
134,
143,
145,
151,
153,
166,
168,
174,
176,
183,
185,
190,
192,
200,
202,
209,
214,
222,
224,
228,
238
]
} | 8302e42b31c24babab715b0289fb46a2 | Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"Caribbean",
"nation",
"is",
"in",
"the",
"top",
"quartile",
"of",
"HDI",
"(",
"but",
"missing",
"IHDI",
")",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
16,
23,
26,
29,
33,
37,
46,
49,
53,
54,
58,
66,
70,
71
]
} | {
"text": [
"Barbados"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
192
],
"end": [
199
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
43
],
"end": [
43
]
}
]
} | [
"Barbados"
] |
SQuAD | Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Chile, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Andorra, Qatar, Barbados, United Arab Emirates, and Seychelles. | {
"tokens": [
"Countries",
"in",
"the",
"top",
"quartile",
"of",
"HDI",
"(",
"\"",
"very",
"high",
"human",
"development",
"\"",
"group",
")",
"with",
"a",
"missing",
"IHDI",
":",
"New",
"Zealand",
",",
"Chile",
",",
"Japan",
",",
"Hong",
"Kong",
",",
"Singapore",
",",
"Taiwan",
",",
"Liechtenstein",
",",
"Brunei",
",",
"Andorra",
",",
"Qatar",
",",
"Barbados",
",",
"United",
"Arab",
"Emirates",
",",
"and",
"Seychelles",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
21,
30,
33,
37,
38,
39,
44,
49,
55,
66,
68,
73,
75,
80,
82,
90,
94,
96,
100,
107,
109,
114,
116,
121,
123,
128,
132,
134,
143,
145,
151,
153,
166,
168,
174,
176,
183,
185,
190,
192,
200,
202,
209,
214,
222,
224,
228,
238
]
} | ad4baa18972d40309a01a520b9111f61 | Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"Caribbean",
"nation",
"is",
"in",
"the",
"top",
"quartile",
"of",
"HDI",
"(",
"but",
"missing",
"IHDI",
")",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
16,
23,
26,
29,
33,
37,
46,
49,
53,
54,
58,
66,
70,
71
]
} | {
"text": [
"Barbados"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
192
],
"end": [
199
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
43
],
"end": [
43
]
}
]
} | [
"Barbados"
] |
SQuAD | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"modern",
"architecture",
"was",
"first",
"practiced",
",",
"it",
"was",
"an",
"avant",
"-",
"garde",
"movement",
"with",
"moral",
",",
"philosophical",
",",
"and",
"aesthetic",
"underpinnings",
".",
"Immediately",
"after",
"World",
"War",
"I",
",",
"pioneering",
"modernist",
"architects",
"sought",
"to",
"develop",
"a",
"completely",
"new",
"style",
"appropriate",
"for",
"a",
"new",
"post",
"-",
"war",
"social",
"and",
"economic",
"order",
",",
"focused",
"on",
"meeting",
"the",
"needs",
"of",
"the",
"middle",
"and",
"working",
"classes",
".",
"They",
"rejected",
"the",
"architectural",
"practice",
"of",
"the",
"academic",
"refinement",
"of",
"historical",
"styles",
"which",
"served",
"the",
"rapidly",
"declining",
"aristocratic",
"order",
".",
"The",
"approach",
"of",
"the",
"Modernist",
"architects",
"was",
"to",
"reduce",
"buildings",
"to",
"pure",
"forms",
",",
"removing",
"historical",
"references",
"and",
"ornament",
"in",
"favor",
"of",
"functionalist",
"details",
".",
"Buildings",
"displayed",
"their",
"functional",
"and",
"structural",
"elements",
",",
"exposing",
"steel",
"beams",
"and",
"concrete",
"surfaces",
"instead",
"of",
"hiding",
"them",
"behind",
"decorative",
"forms",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
25,
29,
35,
44,
46,
49,
53,
56,
61,
62,
68,
77,
82,
87,
89,
102,
104,
108,
118,
131,
133,
145,
151,
157,
161,
162,
164,
175,
185,
196,
203,
206,
214,
216,
227,
231,
237,
249,
253,
255,
259,
263,
264,
268,
275,
279,
288,
293,
295,
303,
306,
314,
318,
324,
327,
331,
338,
342,
350,
357,
359,
364,
373,
377,
391,
400,
403,
407,
416,
427,
430,
441,
448,
454,
461,
465,
473,
483,
496,
501,
503,
507,
516,
519,
523,
533,
544,
548,
551,
558,
568,
571,
576,
581,
583,
592,
603,
614,
618,
627,
630,
636,
639,
653,
660,
662,
672,
682,
688,
699,
703,
714,
722,
724,
733,
739,
745,
749,
758,
767,
775,
778,
785,
790,
797,
808,
813
]
} | b7a0916f73b24056b2bf80773fbe7116 | What kind of movement was modern architecture in the beginning? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"kind",
"of",
"movement",
"was",
"modern",
"architecture",
"in",
"the",
"beginning",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
22,
26,
33,
46,
49,
53,
62
]
} | {
"text": [
"avant-garde movement"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
56
],
"end": [
75
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
10
],
"end": [
13
]
}
]
} | [
"avant-garde movement"
] |
SQuAD | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"modern",
"architecture",
"was",
"first",
"practiced",
",",
"it",
"was",
"an",
"avant",
"-",
"garde",
"movement",
"with",
"moral",
",",
"philosophical",
",",
"and",
"aesthetic",
"underpinnings",
".",
"Immediately",
"after",
"World",
"War",
"I",
",",
"pioneering",
"modernist",
"architects",
"sought",
"to",
"develop",
"a",
"completely",
"new",
"style",
"appropriate",
"for",
"a",
"new",
"post",
"-",
"war",
"social",
"and",
"economic",
"order",
",",
"focused",
"on",
"meeting",
"the",
"needs",
"of",
"the",
"middle",
"and",
"working",
"classes",
".",
"They",
"rejected",
"the",
"architectural",
"practice",
"of",
"the",
"academic",
"refinement",
"of",
"historical",
"styles",
"which",
"served",
"the",
"rapidly",
"declining",
"aristocratic",
"order",
".",
"The",
"approach",
"of",
"the",
"Modernist",
"architects",
"was",
"to",
"reduce",
"buildings",
"to",
"pure",
"forms",
",",
"removing",
"historical",
"references",
"and",
"ornament",
"in",
"favor",
"of",
"functionalist",
"details",
".",
"Buildings",
"displayed",
"their",
"functional",
"and",
"structural",
"elements",
",",
"exposing",
"steel",
"beams",
"and",
"concrete",
"surfaces",
"instead",
"of",
"hiding",
"them",
"behind",
"decorative",
"forms",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
25,
29,
35,
44,
46,
49,
53,
56,
61,
62,
68,
77,
82,
87,
89,
102,
104,
108,
118,
131,
133,
145,
151,
157,
161,
162,
164,
175,
185,
196,
203,
206,
214,
216,
227,
231,
237,
249,
253,
255,
259,
263,
264,
268,
275,
279,
288,
293,
295,
303,
306,
314,
318,
324,
327,
331,
338,
342,
350,
357,
359,
364,
373,
377,
391,
400,
403,
407,
416,
427,
430,
441,
448,
454,
461,
465,
473,
483,
496,
501,
503,
507,
516,
519,
523,
533,
544,
548,
551,
558,
568,
571,
576,
581,
583,
592,
603,
614,
618,
627,
630,
636,
639,
653,
660,
662,
672,
682,
688,
699,
703,
714,
722,
724,
733,
739,
745,
749,
758,
767,
775,
778,
785,
790,
797,
808,
813
]
} | 97a4f63a03a940e7ae751d82909908e8 | Who was the new movement meant to suit the needs of? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"new",
"movement",
"meant",
"to",
"suit",
"the",
"needs",
"of",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
16,
25,
31,
34,
39,
43,
49,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"the middle and working classes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
327
],
"end": [
356
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
57
],
"end": [
61
]
}
]
} | [
"the middle and working classes"
] |
SQuAD | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"modern",
"architecture",
"was",
"first",
"practiced",
",",
"it",
"was",
"an",
"avant",
"-",
"garde",
"movement",
"with",
"moral",
",",
"philosophical",
",",
"and",
"aesthetic",
"underpinnings",
".",
"Immediately",
"after",
"World",
"War",
"I",
",",
"pioneering",
"modernist",
"architects",
"sought",
"to",
"develop",
"a",
"completely",
"new",
"style",
"appropriate",
"for",
"a",
"new",
"post",
"-",
"war",
"social",
"and",
"economic",
"order",
",",
"focused",
"on",
"meeting",
"the",
"needs",
"of",
"the",
"middle",
"and",
"working",
"classes",
".",
"They",
"rejected",
"the",
"architectural",
"practice",
"of",
"the",
"academic",
"refinement",
"of",
"historical",
"styles",
"which",
"served",
"the",
"rapidly",
"declining",
"aristocratic",
"order",
".",
"The",
"approach",
"of",
"the",
"Modernist",
"architects",
"was",
"to",
"reduce",
"buildings",
"to",
"pure",
"forms",
",",
"removing",
"historical",
"references",
"and",
"ornament",
"in",
"favor",
"of",
"functionalist",
"details",
".",
"Buildings",
"displayed",
"their",
"functional",
"and",
"structural",
"elements",
",",
"exposing",
"steel",
"beams",
"and",
"concrete",
"surfaces",
"instead",
"of",
"hiding",
"them",
"behind",
"decorative",
"forms",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
25,
29,
35,
44,
46,
49,
53,
56,
61,
62,
68,
77,
82,
87,
89,
102,
104,
108,
118,
131,
133,
145,
151,
157,
161,
162,
164,
175,
185,
196,
203,
206,
214,
216,
227,
231,
237,
249,
253,
255,
259,
263,
264,
268,
275,
279,
288,
293,
295,
303,
306,
314,
318,
324,
327,
331,
338,
342,
350,
357,
359,
364,
373,
377,
391,
400,
403,
407,
416,
427,
430,
441,
448,
454,
461,
465,
473,
483,
496,
501,
503,
507,
516,
519,
523,
533,
544,
548,
551,
558,
568,
571,
576,
581,
583,
592,
603,
614,
618,
627,
630,
636,
639,
653,
660,
662,
672,
682,
688,
699,
703,
714,
722,
724,
733,
739,
745,
749,
758,
767,
775,
778,
785,
790,
797,
808,
813
]
} | b6c7c23822844a19b13fa7b6c9bedf79 | Whose needs were no longer relevant to the new style? | {
"tokens": [
"Whose",
"needs",
"were",
"no",
"longer",
"relevant",
"to",
"the",
"new",
"style",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
12,
17,
20,
27,
36,
39,
43,
47,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"the rapidly declining aristocratic order"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
461
],
"end": [
500
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
77
],
"end": [
81
]
}
]
} | [
"the rapidly declining aristocratic order"
] |
SQuAD | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"modern",
"architecture",
"was",
"first",
"practiced",
",",
"it",
"was",
"an",
"avant",
"-",
"garde",
"movement",
"with",
"moral",
",",
"philosophical",
",",
"and",
"aesthetic",
"underpinnings",
".",
"Immediately",
"after",
"World",
"War",
"I",
",",
"pioneering",
"modernist",
"architects",
"sought",
"to",
"develop",
"a",
"completely",
"new",
"style",
"appropriate",
"for",
"a",
"new",
"post",
"-",
"war",
"social",
"and",
"economic",
"order",
",",
"focused",
"on",
"meeting",
"the",
"needs",
"of",
"the",
"middle",
"and",
"working",
"classes",
".",
"They",
"rejected",
"the",
"architectural",
"practice",
"of",
"the",
"academic",
"refinement",
"of",
"historical",
"styles",
"which",
"served",
"the",
"rapidly",
"declining",
"aristocratic",
"order",
".",
"The",
"approach",
"of",
"the",
"Modernist",
"architects",
"was",
"to",
"reduce",
"buildings",
"to",
"pure",
"forms",
",",
"removing",
"historical",
"references",
"and",
"ornament",
"in",
"favor",
"of",
"functionalist",
"details",
".",
"Buildings",
"displayed",
"their",
"functional",
"and",
"structural",
"elements",
",",
"exposing",
"steel",
"beams",
"and",
"concrete",
"surfaces",
"instead",
"of",
"hiding",
"them",
"behind",
"decorative",
"forms",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
25,
29,
35,
44,
46,
49,
53,
56,
61,
62,
68,
77,
82,
87,
89,
102,
104,
108,
118,
131,
133,
145,
151,
157,
161,
162,
164,
175,
185,
196,
203,
206,
214,
216,
227,
231,
237,
249,
253,
255,
259,
263,
264,
268,
275,
279,
288,
293,
295,
303,
306,
314,
318,
324,
327,
331,
338,
342,
350,
357,
359,
364,
373,
377,
391,
400,
403,
407,
416,
427,
430,
441,
448,
454,
461,
465,
473,
483,
496,
501,
503,
507,
516,
519,
523,
533,
544,
548,
551,
558,
568,
571,
576,
581,
583,
592,
603,
614,
618,
627,
630,
636,
639,
653,
660,
662,
672,
682,
688,
699,
703,
714,
722,
724,
733,
739,
745,
749,
758,
767,
775,
778,
785,
790,
797,
808,
813
]
} | 5dcb591d61144556a5f65fed7a6a2442 | What sort of details did the Modernists' want in their buildings? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"sort",
"of",
"details",
"did",
"the",
"Modernists",
"'",
"want",
"in",
"their",
"buildings",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
21,
25,
29,
39,
41,
46,
49,
55,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"functionalist"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
639
],
"end": [
651
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
105
],
"end": [
105
]
}
]
} | [
"functionalist"
] |
SQuAD | When modern architecture was first practiced, it was an avant-garde movement with moral, philosophical, and aesthetic underpinnings. Immediately after World War I, pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order, focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order. The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details. Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements, exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms. | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"modern",
"architecture",
"was",
"first",
"practiced",
",",
"it",
"was",
"an",
"avant",
"-",
"garde",
"movement",
"with",
"moral",
",",
"philosophical",
",",
"and",
"aesthetic",
"underpinnings",
".",
"Immediately",
"after",
"World",
"War",
"I",
",",
"pioneering",
"modernist",
"architects",
"sought",
"to",
"develop",
"a",
"completely",
"new",
"style",
"appropriate",
"for",
"a",
"new",
"post",
"-",
"war",
"social",
"and",
"economic",
"order",
",",
"focused",
"on",
"meeting",
"the",
"needs",
"of",
"the",
"middle",
"and",
"working",
"classes",
".",
"They",
"rejected",
"the",
"architectural",
"practice",
"of",
"the",
"academic",
"refinement",
"of",
"historical",
"styles",
"which",
"served",
"the",
"rapidly",
"declining",
"aristocratic",
"order",
".",
"The",
"approach",
"of",
"the",
"Modernist",
"architects",
"was",
"to",
"reduce",
"buildings",
"to",
"pure",
"forms",
",",
"removing",
"historical",
"references",
"and",
"ornament",
"in",
"favor",
"of",
"functionalist",
"details",
".",
"Buildings",
"displayed",
"their",
"functional",
"and",
"structural",
"elements",
",",
"exposing",
"steel",
"beams",
"and",
"concrete",
"surfaces",
"instead",
"of",
"hiding",
"them",
"behind",
"decorative",
"forms",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
25,
29,
35,
44,
46,
49,
53,
56,
61,
62,
68,
77,
82,
87,
89,
102,
104,
108,
118,
131,
133,
145,
151,
157,
161,
162,
164,
175,
185,
196,
203,
206,
214,
216,
227,
231,
237,
249,
253,
255,
259,
263,
264,
268,
275,
279,
288,
293,
295,
303,
306,
314,
318,
324,
327,
331,
338,
342,
350,
357,
359,
364,
373,
377,
391,
400,
403,
407,
416,
427,
430,
441,
448,
454,
461,
465,
473,
483,
496,
501,
503,
507,
516,
519,
523,
533,
544,
548,
551,
558,
568,
571,
576,
581,
583,
592,
603,
614,
618,
627,
630,
636,
639,
653,
660,
662,
672,
682,
688,
699,
703,
714,
722,
724,
733,
739,
745,
749,
758,
767,
775,
778,
785,
790,
797,
808,
813
]
} | 52b9f2db22924c9e959041453c28ab72 | What details did Modernists' do away with? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"details",
"did",
"Modernists",
"'",
"do",
"away",
"with",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
17,
27,
29,
32,
37,
41
]
} | {
"text": [
"historical references and ornament"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
592
],
"end": [
625
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
98
],
"end": [
101
]
}
]
} | [
"historical references and ornament"
] |
SQuAD | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Human",
"Development",
"Index",
"(",
"HDI",
")",
"is",
"a",
"composite",
"statistic",
"of",
"life",
"expectancy",
",",
"education",
",",
"and",
"income",
"per",
"capita",
"indicators",
",",
"which",
"are",
"used",
"to",
"rank",
"countries",
"into",
"four",
"tiers",
"of",
"human",
"development",
".",
"A",
"country",
"scores",
"higher",
"HDI",
"when",
"the",
"life",
"expectancy",
"at",
"birth",
"is",
"longer",
",",
"the",
"education",
"period",
"is",
"longer",
",",
"and",
"the",
"income",
"per",
"capita",
"is",
"higher",
".",
"The",
"HDI",
"was",
"developed",
"by",
"the",
"Pakistani",
"economist",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
",",
"often",
"framed",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"whether",
"people",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"\"",
"be",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"do",
"\"",
"desirable",
"things",
"in",
"their",
"life",
",",
"and",
"was",
"published",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Development",
"Programme",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
22,
28,
29,
32,
34,
37,
39,
49,
59,
62,
67,
77,
79,
88,
90,
94,
101,
105,
112,
122,
124,
130,
134,
139,
142,
147,
157,
162,
167,
173,
176,
182,
193,
195,
197,
205,
212,
219,
223,
228,
232,
237,
248,
251,
257,
260,
266,
268,
272,
282,
289,
292,
298,
300,
304,
308,
315,
319,
326,
329,
335,
337,
341,
345,
349,
359,
362,
366,
376,
386,
393,
396,
399,
401,
407,
414,
417,
423,
426,
434,
441,
445,
450,
453,
454,
456,
458,
462,
463,
465,
467,
477,
484,
487,
493,
497,
499,
503,
507,
517,
520,
524,
531,
539,
551,
560
]
} | 10c1592297e543829a14620a5b5bae93 | Which three statistics does the HDI compile? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"three",
"statistics",
"does",
"the",
"HDI",
"compile",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
12,
23,
28,
32,
36,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"life expectancy, education, and income per capita"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
62
],
"end": [
110
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"life expectancy, education, and income per capita"
] |
SQuAD | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Human",
"Development",
"Index",
"(",
"HDI",
")",
"is",
"a",
"composite",
"statistic",
"of",
"life",
"expectancy",
",",
"education",
",",
"and",
"income",
"per",
"capita",
"indicators",
",",
"which",
"are",
"used",
"to",
"rank",
"countries",
"into",
"four",
"tiers",
"of",
"human",
"development",
".",
"A",
"country",
"scores",
"higher",
"HDI",
"when",
"the",
"life",
"expectancy",
"at",
"birth",
"is",
"longer",
",",
"the",
"education",
"period",
"is",
"longer",
",",
"and",
"the",
"income",
"per",
"capita",
"is",
"higher",
".",
"The",
"HDI",
"was",
"developed",
"by",
"the",
"Pakistani",
"economist",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
",",
"often",
"framed",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"whether",
"people",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"\"",
"be",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"do",
"\"",
"desirable",
"things",
"in",
"their",
"life",
",",
"and",
"was",
"published",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Development",
"Programme",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
22,
28,
29,
32,
34,
37,
39,
49,
59,
62,
67,
77,
79,
88,
90,
94,
101,
105,
112,
122,
124,
130,
134,
139,
142,
147,
157,
162,
167,
173,
176,
182,
193,
195,
197,
205,
212,
219,
223,
228,
232,
237,
248,
251,
257,
260,
266,
268,
272,
282,
289,
292,
298,
300,
304,
308,
315,
319,
326,
329,
335,
337,
341,
345,
349,
359,
362,
366,
376,
386,
393,
396,
399,
401,
407,
414,
417,
423,
426,
434,
441,
445,
450,
453,
454,
456,
458,
462,
463,
465,
467,
477,
484,
487,
493,
497,
499,
503,
507,
517,
520,
524,
531,
539,
551,
560
]
} | b9a2a1b1d74e426b93a640a06b67660e | Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy? | {
"tokens": [
"Does",
"a",
"high",
"ranking",
"on",
"the",
"HDI",
"indicate",
"shorter",
"or",
"longer",
"life",
"expectancy",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
7,
12,
20,
23,
27,
31,
40,
48,
51,
58,
63,
73
]
} | {
"text": [
"longer"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
260
],
"end": [
265
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
48
],
"end": [
48
]
}
]
} | [
"longer"
] |
SQuAD | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Human",
"Development",
"Index",
"(",
"HDI",
")",
"is",
"a",
"composite",
"statistic",
"of",
"life",
"expectancy",
",",
"education",
",",
"and",
"income",
"per",
"capita",
"indicators",
",",
"which",
"are",
"used",
"to",
"rank",
"countries",
"into",
"four",
"tiers",
"of",
"human",
"development",
".",
"A",
"country",
"scores",
"higher",
"HDI",
"when",
"the",
"life",
"expectancy",
"at",
"birth",
"is",
"longer",
",",
"the",
"education",
"period",
"is",
"longer",
",",
"and",
"the",
"income",
"per",
"capita",
"is",
"higher",
".",
"The",
"HDI",
"was",
"developed",
"by",
"the",
"Pakistani",
"economist",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
",",
"often",
"framed",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"whether",
"people",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"\"",
"be",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"do",
"\"",
"desirable",
"things",
"in",
"their",
"life",
",",
"and",
"was",
"published",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Development",
"Programme",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
22,
28,
29,
32,
34,
37,
39,
49,
59,
62,
67,
77,
79,
88,
90,
94,
101,
105,
112,
122,
124,
130,
134,
139,
142,
147,
157,
162,
167,
173,
176,
182,
193,
195,
197,
205,
212,
219,
223,
228,
232,
237,
248,
251,
257,
260,
266,
268,
272,
282,
289,
292,
298,
300,
304,
308,
315,
319,
326,
329,
335,
337,
341,
345,
349,
359,
362,
366,
376,
386,
393,
396,
399,
401,
407,
414,
417,
423,
426,
434,
441,
445,
450,
453,
454,
456,
458,
462,
463,
465,
467,
477,
484,
487,
493,
497,
499,
503,
507,
517,
520,
524,
531,
539,
551,
560
]
} | caaf94619e754768be36067fee186417 | Who developed the HDI? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"developed",
"the",
"HDI",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
18,
21
]
} | {
"text": [
"Mahbub ul Haq"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
386
],
"end": [
398
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
72
],
"end": [
74
]
}
]
} | [
"Mahbub ul Haq"
] |
SQuAD | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Human",
"Development",
"Index",
"(",
"HDI",
")",
"is",
"a",
"composite",
"statistic",
"of",
"life",
"expectancy",
",",
"education",
",",
"and",
"income",
"per",
"capita",
"indicators",
",",
"which",
"are",
"used",
"to",
"rank",
"countries",
"into",
"four",
"tiers",
"of",
"human",
"development",
".",
"A",
"country",
"scores",
"higher",
"HDI",
"when",
"the",
"life",
"expectancy",
"at",
"birth",
"is",
"longer",
",",
"the",
"education",
"period",
"is",
"longer",
",",
"and",
"the",
"income",
"per",
"capita",
"is",
"higher",
".",
"The",
"HDI",
"was",
"developed",
"by",
"the",
"Pakistani",
"economist",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
",",
"often",
"framed",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"whether",
"people",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"\"",
"be",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"do",
"\"",
"desirable",
"things",
"in",
"their",
"life",
",",
"and",
"was",
"published",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Development",
"Programme",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
22,
28,
29,
32,
34,
37,
39,
49,
59,
62,
67,
77,
79,
88,
90,
94,
101,
105,
112,
122,
124,
130,
134,
139,
142,
147,
157,
162,
167,
173,
176,
182,
193,
195,
197,
205,
212,
219,
223,
228,
232,
237,
248,
251,
257,
260,
266,
268,
272,
282,
289,
292,
298,
300,
304,
308,
315,
319,
326,
329,
335,
337,
341,
345,
349,
359,
362,
366,
376,
386,
393,
396,
399,
401,
407,
414,
417,
423,
426,
434,
441,
445,
450,
453,
454,
456,
458,
462,
463,
465,
467,
477,
484,
487,
493,
497,
499,
503,
507,
517,
520,
524,
531,
539,
551,
560
]
} | da66cd28096d4a6e943f6b5023dc7169 | What entity publishes the HDI? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"entity",
"publishes",
"the",
"HDI",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
22,
26,
29
]
} | {
"text": [
"United Nations Development Programme"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
524
],
"end": [
559
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
104
],
"end": [
107
]
}
]
} | [
"United Nations Development Programme"
] |
SQuAD | The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. A country scores higher HDI when the life expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life, and was published by the United Nations Development Programme. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Human",
"Development",
"Index",
"(",
"HDI",
")",
"is",
"a",
"composite",
"statistic",
"of",
"life",
"expectancy",
",",
"education",
",",
"and",
"income",
"per",
"capita",
"indicators",
",",
"which",
"are",
"used",
"to",
"rank",
"countries",
"into",
"four",
"tiers",
"of",
"human",
"development",
".",
"A",
"country",
"scores",
"higher",
"HDI",
"when",
"the",
"life",
"expectancy",
"at",
"birth",
"is",
"longer",
",",
"the",
"education",
"period",
"is",
"longer",
",",
"and",
"the",
"income",
"per",
"capita",
"is",
"higher",
".",
"The",
"HDI",
"was",
"developed",
"by",
"the",
"Pakistani",
"economist",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
",",
"often",
"framed",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"whether",
"people",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"\"",
"be",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"do",
"\"",
"desirable",
"things",
"in",
"their",
"life",
",",
"and",
"was",
"published",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Development",
"Programme",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
22,
28,
29,
32,
34,
37,
39,
49,
59,
62,
67,
77,
79,
88,
90,
94,
101,
105,
112,
122,
124,
130,
134,
139,
142,
147,
157,
162,
167,
173,
176,
182,
193,
195,
197,
205,
212,
219,
223,
228,
232,
237,
248,
251,
257,
260,
266,
268,
272,
282,
289,
292,
298,
300,
304,
308,
315,
319,
326,
329,
335,
337,
341,
345,
349,
359,
362,
366,
376,
386,
393,
396,
399,
401,
407,
414,
417,
423,
426,
434,
441,
445,
450,
453,
454,
456,
458,
462,
463,
465,
467,
477,
484,
487,
493,
497,
499,
503,
507,
517,
520,
524,
531,
539,
551,
560
]
} | 23dd275bef4a46528b8b143ee5a886ca | Does a high ranking on the HDI indicate shorter or longer life expectancy at birth? | {
"tokens": [
"Does",
"a",
"high",
"ranking",
"on",
"the",
"HDI",
"indicate",
"shorter",
"or",
"longer",
"life",
"expectancy",
"at",
"birth",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
7,
12,
20,
23,
27,
31,
40,
48,
51,
58,
63,
74,
77,
82
]
} | {
"text": [
"longer"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
260
],
"end": [
265
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
48
],
"end": [
48
]
}
]
} | [
"longer"
] |
SQuAD | A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"new",
"index",
"was",
"released",
"on",
"December",
"18",
",",
"2008",
".",
"This",
"so",
"-",
"called",
"\"",
"statistical",
"update",
"\"",
"covered",
"the",
"period",
"up",
"to",
"2006",
"and",
"was",
"published",
"without",
"an",
"accompanying",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
".",
"The",
"update",
"is",
"relevant",
"due",
"to",
"newly",
"released",
"estimates",
"of",
"purchasing",
"power",
"parities",
"(",
"PPP",
")",
",",
"implying",
"substantial",
"adjustments",
"for",
"many",
"countries",
",",
"resulting",
"in",
"changes",
"in",
"HDI",
"values",
"and",
",",
"in",
"many",
"cases",
",",
"HDI",
"ranks",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
6,
12,
16,
25,
28,
37,
39,
41,
45,
47,
52,
54,
55,
62,
63,
75,
81,
83,
91,
95,
102,
105,
108,
113,
117,
121,
131,
139,
142,
155,
161,
173,
179,
181,
185,
192,
195,
204,
208,
211,
217,
226,
236,
239,
250,
256,
265,
266,
269,
270,
272,
281,
293,
305,
309,
314,
323,
325,
335,
338,
346,
349,
353,
360,
363,
365,
368,
373,
378,
380,
384,
389
]
} | 23c04e7ae64e4429ad0f3ac0d14e0734 | What type of update was released on December 18, 2008? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"type",
"of",
"update",
"was",
"released",
"on",
"December",
"18",
",",
"2008",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
20,
24,
33,
36,
45,
47,
49,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"statistical update"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
63
],
"end": [
80
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
16
],
"end": [
17
]
}
]
} | [
"statistical update"
] |
SQuAD | A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"new",
"index",
"was",
"released",
"on",
"December",
"18",
",",
"2008",
".",
"This",
"so",
"-",
"called",
"\"",
"statistical",
"update",
"\"",
"covered",
"the",
"period",
"up",
"to",
"2006",
"and",
"was",
"published",
"without",
"an",
"accompanying",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
".",
"The",
"update",
"is",
"relevant",
"due",
"to",
"newly",
"released",
"estimates",
"of",
"purchasing",
"power",
"parities",
"(",
"PPP",
")",
",",
"implying",
"substantial",
"adjustments",
"for",
"many",
"countries",
",",
"resulting",
"in",
"changes",
"in",
"HDI",
"values",
"and",
",",
"in",
"many",
"cases",
",",
"HDI",
"ranks",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
6,
12,
16,
25,
28,
37,
39,
41,
45,
47,
52,
54,
55,
62,
63,
75,
81,
83,
91,
95,
102,
105,
108,
113,
117,
121,
131,
139,
142,
155,
161,
173,
179,
181,
185,
192,
195,
204,
208,
211,
217,
226,
236,
239,
250,
256,
265,
266,
269,
270,
272,
281,
293,
305,
309,
314,
323,
325,
335,
338,
346,
349,
353,
360,
363,
365,
368,
373,
378,
380,
384,
389
]
} | 46d43993ad9546b6b4af9e5035c270d4 | What was the index published on December 18, 2008 lacking? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"index",
"published",
"on",
"December",
"18",
",",
"2008",
"lacking",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
29,
32,
41,
43,
45,
50,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"an accompanying Human Development Report"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
139
],
"end": [
178
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
33
]
}
]
} | [
"an accompanying Human Development Report"
] |
SQuAD | A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"new",
"index",
"was",
"released",
"on",
"December",
"18",
",",
"2008",
".",
"This",
"so",
"-",
"called",
"\"",
"statistical",
"update",
"\"",
"covered",
"the",
"period",
"up",
"to",
"2006",
"and",
"was",
"published",
"without",
"an",
"accompanying",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
".",
"The",
"update",
"is",
"relevant",
"due",
"to",
"newly",
"released",
"estimates",
"of",
"purchasing",
"power",
"parities",
"(",
"PPP",
")",
",",
"implying",
"substantial",
"adjustments",
"for",
"many",
"countries",
",",
"resulting",
"in",
"changes",
"in",
"HDI",
"values",
"and",
",",
"in",
"many",
"cases",
",",
"HDI",
"ranks",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
6,
12,
16,
25,
28,
37,
39,
41,
45,
47,
52,
54,
55,
62,
63,
75,
81,
83,
91,
95,
102,
105,
108,
113,
117,
121,
131,
139,
142,
155,
161,
173,
179,
181,
185,
192,
195,
204,
208,
211,
217,
226,
236,
239,
250,
256,
265,
266,
269,
270,
272,
281,
293,
305,
309,
314,
323,
325,
335,
338,
346,
349,
353,
360,
363,
365,
368,
373,
378,
380,
384,
389
]
} | 76b1eafc51af41f39eba57c104e69a22 | What period was covered by the statistical update index released in December of 2008? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"period",
"was",
"covered",
"by",
"the",
"statistical",
"update",
"index",
"released",
"in",
"December",
"of",
"2008",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
16,
24,
27,
31,
43,
50,
56,
65,
68,
77,
80,
84
]
} | {
"text": [
"up to 2006"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
102
],
"end": [
111
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
22
],
"end": [
24
]
}
]
} | [
"up to 2006"
] |
SQuAD | Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados. | {
"tokens": [
"Countries",
"in",
"the",
"top",
"quartile",
"of",
"HDI",
"(",
"\"",
"very",
"high",
"human",
"development",
"\"",
"group",
")",
"with",
"a",
"missing",
"IHDI",
"include",
":",
"New",
"Zealand",
",",
"Liechtenstein",
",",
"Japan",
",",
"Hong",
"Kong",
",",
"Singapore",
",",
"Taiwan",
",",
"United",
"Arab",
"Emirates",
",",
"Andorra",
",",
"Brunei",
",",
"Malta",
",",
"Qatar",
",",
"Bahrain",
",",
"Chile",
",",
"Argentina",
"and",
"Barbados",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
21,
30,
33,
37,
38,
39,
44,
49,
55,
66,
68,
73,
75,
80,
82,
90,
95,
102,
104,
108,
115,
117,
130,
132,
137,
139,
144,
148,
150,
159,
161,
167,
169,
176,
181,
189,
191,
198,
200,
206,
208,
213,
215,
220,
222,
229,
231,
236,
238,
248,
252,
260
]
} | d05bc12cf268427ea306fff95380cdd1 | Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"Caribbean",
"nation",
"is",
"in",
"the",
"top",
"quartile",
"of",
"HDI",
"(",
"but",
"missing",
"IHDI",
")",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
16,
23,
26,
29,
33,
37,
46,
49,
53,
54,
58,
66,
70,
71
]
} | {
"text": [
"Barbados"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
252
],
"end": [
259
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
54
],
"end": [
54
]
}
]
} | [
"Barbados"
] |
SQuAD | Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI include: New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados. | {
"tokens": [
"Countries",
"in",
"the",
"top",
"quartile",
"of",
"HDI",
"(",
"\"",
"very",
"high",
"human",
"development",
"\"",
"group",
")",
"with",
"a",
"missing",
"IHDI",
"include",
":",
"New",
"Zealand",
",",
"Liechtenstein",
",",
"Japan",
",",
"Hong",
"Kong",
",",
"Singapore",
",",
"Taiwan",
",",
"United",
"Arab",
"Emirates",
",",
"Andorra",
",",
"Brunei",
",",
"Malta",
",",
"Qatar",
",",
"Bahrain",
",",
"Chile",
",",
"Argentina",
"and",
"Barbados",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
21,
30,
33,
37,
38,
39,
44,
49,
55,
66,
68,
73,
75,
80,
82,
90,
95,
102,
104,
108,
115,
117,
130,
132,
137,
139,
144,
148,
150,
159,
161,
167,
169,
176,
181,
189,
191,
198,
200,
206,
208,
213,
215,
220,
222,
229,
231,
236,
238,
248,
252,
260
]
} | ac0e94b7dc5940b7b5f0eeb71e9a12db | Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"Caribbean",
"nation",
"is",
"in",
"the",
"top",
"quartile",
"of",
"HDI",
"(",
"but",
"missing",
"IHDI",
")",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
16,
23,
26,
29,
33,
37,
46,
49,
53,
54,
58,
66,
70,
71
]
} | {
"text": [
"Barbados"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
252
],
"end": [
259
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
54
],
"end": [
54
]
}
]
} | [
"Barbados"
] |
SQuAD | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks. | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"the",
"emerging",
"knowledge",
"in",
"scientific",
"fields",
"and",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"new",
"materials",
"and",
"technology",
",",
"architecture",
"and",
"engineering",
"began",
"to",
"separate",
",",
"and",
"the",
"architect",
"began",
"to",
"concentrate",
"on",
"aesthetics",
"and",
"the",
"humanist",
"aspects",
",",
"often",
"at",
"the",
"expense",
"of",
"technical",
"aspects",
"of",
"building",
"design",
".",
"There",
"was",
"also",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"gentleman",
"architect",
"\"",
"who",
"usually",
"dealt",
"with",
"wealthy",
"clients",
"and",
"concentrated",
"predominantly",
"on",
"visual",
"qualities",
"derived",
"usually",
"from",
"historical",
"prototypes",
",",
"typified",
"by",
"the",
"many",
"country",
"houses",
"of",
"Great",
"Britain",
"that",
"were",
"created",
"in",
"the",
"Neo",
"Gothic",
"or",
"Scottish",
"Baronial",
"styles",
".",
"Formal",
"architectural",
"training",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
",",
"for",
"example",
"at",
"École",
"des",
"Beaux",
"-",
"Arts",
"in",
"France",
",",
"gave",
"much",
"emphasis",
"to",
"the",
"production",
"of",
"beautiful",
"drawings",
"and",
"little",
"to",
"context",
"and",
"feasibility",
".",
"Effective",
"architects",
"generally",
"received",
"their",
"training",
"in",
"the",
"offices",
"of",
"other",
"architects",
",",
"graduating",
"to",
"the",
"role",
"from",
"draughtsmen",
"or",
"clerks",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
18,
28,
31,
42,
49,
53,
57,
62,
65,
69,
79,
83,
93,
95,
108,
112,
124,
130,
133,
141,
143,
147,
151,
161,
167,
170,
182,
185,
196,
200,
204,
213,
220,
222,
228,
231,
235,
243,
246,
256,
264,
267,
276,
282,
284,
290,
294,
299,
303,
308,
311,
315,
316,
326,
335,
337,
341,
349,
355,
360,
368,
376,
380,
393,
407,
410,
417,
427,
435,
443,
448,
459,
469,
471,
480,
483,
487,
492,
500,
507,
510,
516,
524,
529,
534,
542,
545,
549,
553,
560,
563,
572,
581,
587,
589,
596,
610,
619,
622,
626,
631,
638,
640,
644,
652,
655,
661,
665,
670,
671,
676,
679,
685,
687,
692,
697,
706,
709,
713,
724,
727,
737,
746,
750,
757,
760,
768,
772,
783,
785,
795,
806,
816,
825,
831,
840,
843,
847,
855,
858,
864,
874,
876,
887,
890,
894,
899,
904,
916,
919,
925
]
} | e4b8cea8b38d43a6929e8d3c1fdc6142 | What two fields began to grow apart? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"two",
"fields",
"began",
"to",
"grow",
"apart",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
16,
22,
25,
30,
35
]
} | {
"text": [
"architecture and engineering"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
95
],
"end": [
122
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
16
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"architecture and engineering"
] |
SQuAD | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks. | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"the",
"emerging",
"knowledge",
"in",
"scientific",
"fields",
"and",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"new",
"materials",
"and",
"technology",
",",
"architecture",
"and",
"engineering",
"began",
"to",
"separate",
",",
"and",
"the",
"architect",
"began",
"to",
"concentrate",
"on",
"aesthetics",
"and",
"the",
"humanist",
"aspects",
",",
"often",
"at",
"the",
"expense",
"of",
"technical",
"aspects",
"of",
"building",
"design",
".",
"There",
"was",
"also",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"gentleman",
"architect",
"\"",
"who",
"usually",
"dealt",
"with",
"wealthy",
"clients",
"and",
"concentrated",
"predominantly",
"on",
"visual",
"qualities",
"derived",
"usually",
"from",
"historical",
"prototypes",
",",
"typified",
"by",
"the",
"many",
"country",
"houses",
"of",
"Great",
"Britain",
"that",
"were",
"created",
"in",
"the",
"Neo",
"Gothic",
"or",
"Scottish",
"Baronial",
"styles",
".",
"Formal",
"architectural",
"training",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
",",
"for",
"example",
"at",
"École",
"des",
"Beaux",
"-",
"Arts",
"in",
"France",
",",
"gave",
"much",
"emphasis",
"to",
"the",
"production",
"of",
"beautiful",
"drawings",
"and",
"little",
"to",
"context",
"and",
"feasibility",
".",
"Effective",
"architects",
"generally",
"received",
"their",
"training",
"in",
"the",
"offices",
"of",
"other",
"architects",
",",
"graduating",
"to",
"the",
"role",
"from",
"draughtsmen",
"or",
"clerks",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
18,
28,
31,
42,
49,
53,
57,
62,
65,
69,
79,
83,
93,
95,
108,
112,
124,
130,
133,
141,
143,
147,
151,
161,
167,
170,
182,
185,
196,
200,
204,
213,
220,
222,
228,
231,
235,
243,
246,
256,
264,
267,
276,
282,
284,
290,
294,
299,
303,
308,
311,
315,
316,
326,
335,
337,
341,
349,
355,
360,
368,
376,
380,
393,
407,
410,
417,
427,
435,
443,
448,
459,
469,
471,
480,
483,
487,
492,
500,
507,
510,
516,
524,
529,
534,
542,
545,
549,
553,
560,
563,
572,
581,
587,
589,
596,
610,
619,
622,
626,
631,
638,
640,
644,
652,
655,
661,
665,
670,
671,
676,
679,
685,
687,
692,
697,
706,
709,
713,
724,
727,
737,
746,
750,
757,
760,
768,
772,
783,
785,
795,
806,
816,
825,
831,
840,
843,
847,
855,
858,
864,
874,
876,
887,
890,
894,
899,
904,
916,
919,
925
]
} | c02328210b2b44f0b8c88f580ad5d4be | What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"did",
"architects",
"often",
"neglect",
"in",
"their",
"pursuit",
"of",
"aesthetics",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
20,
26,
34,
37,
43,
51,
54,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"technical aspects of building design"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
246
],
"end": [
281
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
41
],
"end": [
45
]
}
]
} | [
"technical aspects of building design"
] |
SQuAD | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks. | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"the",
"emerging",
"knowledge",
"in",
"scientific",
"fields",
"and",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"new",
"materials",
"and",
"technology",
",",
"architecture",
"and",
"engineering",
"began",
"to",
"separate",
",",
"and",
"the",
"architect",
"began",
"to",
"concentrate",
"on",
"aesthetics",
"and",
"the",
"humanist",
"aspects",
",",
"often",
"at",
"the",
"expense",
"of",
"technical",
"aspects",
"of",
"building",
"design",
".",
"There",
"was",
"also",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"gentleman",
"architect",
"\"",
"who",
"usually",
"dealt",
"with",
"wealthy",
"clients",
"and",
"concentrated",
"predominantly",
"on",
"visual",
"qualities",
"derived",
"usually",
"from",
"historical",
"prototypes",
",",
"typified",
"by",
"the",
"many",
"country",
"houses",
"of",
"Great",
"Britain",
"that",
"were",
"created",
"in",
"the",
"Neo",
"Gothic",
"or",
"Scottish",
"Baronial",
"styles",
".",
"Formal",
"architectural",
"training",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
",",
"for",
"example",
"at",
"École",
"des",
"Beaux",
"-",
"Arts",
"in",
"France",
",",
"gave",
"much",
"emphasis",
"to",
"the",
"production",
"of",
"beautiful",
"drawings",
"and",
"little",
"to",
"context",
"and",
"feasibility",
".",
"Effective",
"architects",
"generally",
"received",
"their",
"training",
"in",
"the",
"offices",
"of",
"other",
"architects",
",",
"graduating",
"to",
"the",
"role",
"from",
"draughtsmen",
"or",
"clerks",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
18,
28,
31,
42,
49,
53,
57,
62,
65,
69,
79,
83,
93,
95,
108,
112,
124,
130,
133,
141,
143,
147,
151,
161,
167,
170,
182,
185,
196,
200,
204,
213,
220,
222,
228,
231,
235,
243,
246,
256,
264,
267,
276,
282,
284,
290,
294,
299,
303,
308,
311,
315,
316,
326,
335,
337,
341,
349,
355,
360,
368,
376,
380,
393,
407,
410,
417,
427,
435,
443,
448,
459,
469,
471,
480,
483,
487,
492,
500,
507,
510,
516,
524,
529,
534,
542,
545,
549,
553,
560,
563,
572,
581,
587,
589,
596,
610,
619,
622,
626,
631,
638,
640,
644,
652,
655,
661,
665,
670,
671,
676,
679,
685,
687,
692,
697,
706,
709,
713,
724,
727,
737,
746,
750,
757,
760,
768,
772,
783,
785,
795,
806,
816,
825,
831,
840,
843,
847,
855,
858,
864,
874,
876,
887,
890,
894,
899,
904,
916,
919,
925
]
} | 3e1fd08ac5e343b38f7d67a0cbd71372 | What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"a",
"term",
"for",
"an",
"architect",
"who",
"catered",
"to",
"the",
"wealthy",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
11,
16,
20,
23,
33,
37,
45,
48,
52,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"\"gentleman architect\""
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
315
],
"end": [
335
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
54
],
"end": [
57
]
}
]
} | [
"\"gentleman architect\""
] |
SQuAD | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks. | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"the",
"emerging",
"knowledge",
"in",
"scientific",
"fields",
"and",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"new",
"materials",
"and",
"technology",
",",
"architecture",
"and",
"engineering",
"began",
"to",
"separate",
",",
"and",
"the",
"architect",
"began",
"to",
"concentrate",
"on",
"aesthetics",
"and",
"the",
"humanist",
"aspects",
",",
"often",
"at",
"the",
"expense",
"of",
"technical",
"aspects",
"of",
"building",
"design",
".",
"There",
"was",
"also",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"gentleman",
"architect",
"\"",
"who",
"usually",
"dealt",
"with",
"wealthy",
"clients",
"and",
"concentrated",
"predominantly",
"on",
"visual",
"qualities",
"derived",
"usually",
"from",
"historical",
"prototypes",
",",
"typified",
"by",
"the",
"many",
"country",
"houses",
"of",
"Great",
"Britain",
"that",
"were",
"created",
"in",
"the",
"Neo",
"Gothic",
"or",
"Scottish",
"Baronial",
"styles",
".",
"Formal",
"architectural",
"training",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
",",
"for",
"example",
"at",
"École",
"des",
"Beaux",
"-",
"Arts",
"in",
"France",
",",
"gave",
"much",
"emphasis",
"to",
"the",
"production",
"of",
"beautiful",
"drawings",
"and",
"little",
"to",
"context",
"and",
"feasibility",
".",
"Effective",
"architects",
"generally",
"received",
"their",
"training",
"in",
"the",
"offices",
"of",
"other",
"architects",
",",
"graduating",
"to",
"the",
"role",
"from",
"draughtsmen",
"or",
"clerks",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
18,
28,
31,
42,
49,
53,
57,
62,
65,
69,
79,
83,
93,
95,
108,
112,
124,
130,
133,
141,
143,
147,
151,
161,
167,
170,
182,
185,
196,
200,
204,
213,
220,
222,
228,
231,
235,
243,
246,
256,
264,
267,
276,
282,
284,
290,
294,
299,
303,
308,
311,
315,
316,
326,
335,
337,
341,
349,
355,
360,
368,
376,
380,
393,
407,
410,
417,
427,
435,
443,
448,
459,
469,
471,
480,
483,
487,
492,
500,
507,
510,
516,
524,
529,
534,
542,
545,
549,
553,
560,
563,
572,
581,
587,
589,
596,
610,
619,
622,
626,
631,
638,
640,
644,
652,
655,
661,
665,
670,
671,
676,
679,
685,
687,
692,
697,
706,
709,
713,
724,
727,
737,
746,
750,
757,
760,
768,
772,
783,
785,
795,
806,
816,
825,
831,
840,
843,
847,
855,
858,
864,
874,
876,
887,
890,
894,
899,
904,
916,
919,
925
]
} | 34c3f9e9bbf44e7a91ab503968594ae7 | What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"did",
"19th",
"century",
"formal",
"architectural",
"training",
"neglect",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
14,
22,
29,
43,
52,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"context and feasibility"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
760
],
"end": [
782
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
128
],
"end": [
130
]
}
]
} | [
"context and feasibility"
] |
SQuAD | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gentleman architect" who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes, typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles. Formal architectural training in the 19th century, for example at École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility. Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects, graduating to the role from draughtsmen or clerks. | {
"tokens": [
"With",
"the",
"emerging",
"knowledge",
"in",
"scientific",
"fields",
"and",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"new",
"materials",
"and",
"technology",
",",
"architecture",
"and",
"engineering",
"began",
"to",
"separate",
",",
"and",
"the",
"architect",
"began",
"to",
"concentrate",
"on",
"aesthetics",
"and",
"the",
"humanist",
"aspects",
",",
"often",
"at",
"the",
"expense",
"of",
"technical",
"aspects",
"of",
"building",
"design",
".",
"There",
"was",
"also",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"\"",
"gentleman",
"architect",
"\"",
"who",
"usually",
"dealt",
"with",
"wealthy",
"clients",
"and",
"concentrated",
"predominantly",
"on",
"visual",
"qualities",
"derived",
"usually",
"from",
"historical",
"prototypes",
",",
"typified",
"by",
"the",
"many",
"country",
"houses",
"of",
"Great",
"Britain",
"that",
"were",
"created",
"in",
"the",
"Neo",
"Gothic",
"or",
"Scottish",
"Baronial",
"styles",
".",
"Formal",
"architectural",
"training",
"in",
"the",
"19th",
"century",
",",
"for",
"example",
"at",
"École",
"des",
"Beaux",
"-",
"Arts",
"in",
"France",
",",
"gave",
"much",
"emphasis",
"to",
"the",
"production",
"of",
"beautiful",
"drawings",
"and",
"little",
"to",
"context",
"and",
"feasibility",
".",
"Effective",
"architects",
"generally",
"received",
"their",
"training",
"in",
"the",
"offices",
"of",
"other",
"architects",
",",
"graduating",
"to",
"the",
"role",
"from",
"draughtsmen",
"or",
"clerks",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
18,
28,
31,
42,
49,
53,
57,
62,
65,
69,
79,
83,
93,
95,
108,
112,
124,
130,
133,
141,
143,
147,
151,
161,
167,
170,
182,
185,
196,
200,
204,
213,
220,
222,
228,
231,
235,
243,
246,
256,
264,
267,
276,
282,
284,
290,
294,
299,
303,
308,
311,
315,
316,
326,
335,
337,
341,
349,
355,
360,
368,
376,
380,
393,
407,
410,
417,
427,
435,
443,
448,
459,
469,
471,
480,
483,
487,
492,
500,
507,
510,
516,
524,
529,
534,
542,
545,
549,
553,
560,
563,
572,
581,
587,
589,
596,
610,
619,
622,
626,
631,
638,
640,
644,
652,
655,
661,
665,
670,
671,
676,
679,
685,
687,
692,
697,
706,
709,
713,
724,
727,
737,
746,
750,
757,
760,
768,
772,
783,
785,
795,
806,
816,
825,
831,
840,
843,
847,
855,
858,
864,
874,
876,
887,
890,
894,
899,
904,
916,
919,
925
]
} | 8c1735ee1e2b425babbe6d42564f54d0 | Where did most architects learn their trade? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"did",
"most",
"architects",
"learn",
"their",
"trade",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
15,
26,
32,
38,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"in the offices of other architects"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
840
],
"end": [
873
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
138
],
"end": [
143
]
}
]
} | [
"in the offices of other architects"
] |
SQuAD | The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"report",
"showed",
"a",
"small",
"increase",
"in",
"world",
"HDI",
"in",
"comparison",
"with",
"last",
"year",
"'s",
"report",
".",
"This",
"rise",
"was",
"fueled",
"by",
"a",
"general",
"improvement",
"in",
"the",
"developing",
"world",
",",
"especially",
"of",
"the",
"least",
"developed",
"countries",
"group",
".",
"This",
"marked",
"improvement",
"at",
"the",
"bottom",
"was",
"offset",
"with",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"HDI",
"of",
"high",
"income",
"countries",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
18,
20,
26,
35,
38,
44,
48,
51,
62,
67,
72,
76,
79,
85,
87,
92,
97,
101,
108,
111,
113,
121,
133,
136,
140,
151,
156,
158,
169,
172,
176,
182,
192,
202,
207,
209,
214,
221,
233,
236,
240,
247,
251,
258,
263,
265,
274,
277,
281,
284,
289,
296,
305
]
} | ffe2d4c96e5746498821966020a8513a | Which countries experienced a decrease in HDI? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"countries",
"experienced",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"HDI",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
16,
28,
30,
39,
42,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"high income countries"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
284
],
"end": [
304
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
52
],
"end": [
54
]
}
]
} | [
"high income countries"
] |
SQuAD | The 2010 Human Development Report was the first to calculate an Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), which factors in inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development (income, life expectancy, and education). Below is a list of countries in the top quartile by IHDI: | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"2010",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"to",
"calculate",
"an",
"Inequality",
"-",
"adjusted",
"Human",
"Development",
"Index",
"(",
"IHDI",
")",
",",
"which",
"factors",
"in",
"inequalities",
"in",
"the",
"three",
"basic",
"dimensions",
"of",
"human",
"development",
"(",
"income",
",",
"life",
"expectancy",
",",
"and",
"education",
")",
".",
"Below",
"is",
"a",
"list",
"of",
"countries",
"in",
"the",
"top",
"quartile",
"by",
"IHDI",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
15,
27,
34,
38,
42,
48,
51,
61,
64,
74,
75,
84,
90,
102,
108,
109,
113,
114,
116,
122,
130,
133,
146,
149,
153,
159,
165,
176,
179,
185,
197,
198,
204,
206,
211,
221,
223,
227,
236,
237,
239,
245,
248,
250,
255,
258,
268,
271,
275,
279,
288,
291,
295
]
} | 8cfa62beea0b43b4aaf95815dbdffc11 | In the IHDI, inequality is factored into what three human development dimensions? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"the",
"IHDI",
",",
"inequality",
"is",
"factored",
"into",
"what",
"three",
"human",
"development",
"dimensions",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
11,
13,
24,
27,
36,
41,
46,
52,
58,
70,
80
]
} | {
"text": [
"income, life expectancy, and education"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
198
],
"end": [
235
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
34
],
"end": [
40
]
}
]
} | [
"income, life expectancy, and education"
] |
SQuAD | For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories: | {
"tokens": [
"For",
"its",
"official",
"works",
"and",
"publications",
",",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Organization",
"groups",
"countries",
"under",
"a",
"classification",
"of",
"regions",
".",
"The",
"assignment",
"of",
"countries",
"or",
"areas",
"to",
"specific",
"groupings",
"is",
"for",
"statistical",
"convenience",
"and",
"does",
"not",
"imply",
"any",
"assumption",
"regarding",
"political",
"or",
"other",
"affiliation",
"of",
"countries",
"or",
"territories",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
".",
"Southern",
"Europe",
",",
"as",
"grouped",
"for",
"statistical",
"convenience",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"(",
"the",
"sub",
"-",
"regions",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"UN",
")",
",",
"includes",
"following",
"countries",
"and",
"territories",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
17,
23,
27,
39,
41,
45,
52,
60,
73,
80,
90,
96,
98,
113,
116,
123,
125,
129,
140,
143,
153,
156,
162,
165,
174,
184,
187,
191,
203,
215,
219,
224,
228,
234,
238,
249,
259,
269,
272,
278,
290,
293,
303,
306,
318,
321,
325,
332,
339,
341,
350,
356,
358,
361,
369,
373,
385,
397,
400,
404,
411,
419,
420,
424,
427,
428,
436,
446,
449,
453,
455,
456,
458,
467,
477,
487,
491,
502
]
} | 5a582dc3302c45c283805643fecad5b3 | What term is used by the UNO to divide groups of nations? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"term",
"is",
"used",
"by",
"the",
"UNO",
"to",
"divide",
"groups",
"of",
"nations",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
18,
21,
25,
29,
32,
39,
46,
49,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"regions"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
116
],
"end": [
122
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
17
]
}
]
} | [
"regions"
] |
SQuAD | For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories: | {
"tokens": [
"For",
"its",
"official",
"works",
"and",
"publications",
",",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Organization",
"groups",
"countries",
"under",
"a",
"classification",
"of",
"regions",
".",
"The",
"assignment",
"of",
"countries",
"or",
"areas",
"to",
"specific",
"groupings",
"is",
"for",
"statistical",
"convenience",
"and",
"does",
"not",
"imply",
"any",
"assumption",
"regarding",
"political",
"or",
"other",
"affiliation",
"of",
"countries",
"or",
"territories",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
".",
"Southern",
"Europe",
",",
"as",
"grouped",
"for",
"statistical",
"convenience",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"(",
"the",
"sub",
"-",
"regions",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"UN",
")",
",",
"includes",
"following",
"countries",
"and",
"territories",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
17,
23,
27,
39,
41,
45,
52,
60,
73,
80,
90,
96,
98,
113,
116,
123,
125,
129,
140,
143,
153,
156,
162,
165,
174,
184,
187,
191,
203,
215,
219,
224,
228,
234,
238,
249,
259,
269,
272,
278,
290,
293,
303,
306,
318,
321,
325,
332,
339,
341,
350,
356,
358,
361,
369,
373,
385,
397,
400,
404,
411,
419,
420,
424,
427,
428,
436,
446,
449,
453,
455,
456,
458,
467,
477,
487,
491,
502
]
} | 724a4f8b0c3649d69fbe211b7f691cd0 | What is the reason for the UNO's division into regions? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"reason",
"for",
"the",
"UNO",
"'s",
"division",
"into",
"regions",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
19,
23,
27,
30,
33,
42,
47,
54
]
} | {
"text": [
"statistical convenience"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
191
],
"end": [
213
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
30
],
"end": [
31
]
}
]
} | [
"statistical convenience"
] |
SQuAD | For its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization groups countries under a classification of regions. The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories by the United Nations. Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations (the sub-regions according to the UN), includes following countries and territories: | {
"tokens": [
"For",
"its",
"official",
"works",
"and",
"publications",
",",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Organization",
"groups",
"countries",
"under",
"a",
"classification",
"of",
"regions",
".",
"The",
"assignment",
"of",
"countries",
"or",
"areas",
"to",
"specific",
"groupings",
"is",
"for",
"statistical",
"convenience",
"and",
"does",
"not",
"imply",
"any",
"assumption",
"regarding",
"political",
"or",
"other",
"affiliation",
"of",
"countries",
"or",
"territories",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
".",
"Southern",
"Europe",
",",
"as",
"grouped",
"for",
"statistical",
"convenience",
"by",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"(",
"the",
"sub",
"-",
"regions",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"UN",
")",
",",
"includes",
"following",
"countries",
"and",
"territories",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
17,
23,
27,
39,
41,
45,
52,
60,
73,
80,
90,
96,
98,
113,
116,
123,
125,
129,
140,
143,
153,
156,
162,
165,
174,
184,
187,
191,
203,
215,
219,
224,
228,
234,
238,
249,
259,
269,
272,
278,
290,
293,
303,
306,
318,
321,
325,
332,
339,
341,
350,
356,
358,
361,
369,
373,
385,
397,
400,
404,
411,
419,
420,
424,
427,
428,
436,
446,
449,
453,
455,
456,
458,
467,
477,
487,
491,
502
]
} | f9360dcd8e83473c8a9ee85ea38db445 | What smaller unit makes up the southern Europe region? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"smaller",
"unit",
"makes",
"up",
"the",
"southern",
"Europe",
"region",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
18,
24,
27,
31,
40,
47,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"sub-regions"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
424
],
"end": [
434
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
66
],
"end": [
68
]
}
]
} | [
"sub-regions"
] |
SQuAD | The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"list",
"below",
"displays",
"the",
"top",
"-",
"ranked",
"country",
"from",
"each",
"year",
"of",
"the",
"Human",
"Development",
"Index",
".",
"Norway",
"has",
"been",
"ranked",
"the",
"highest",
"twelve",
"times",
",",
"Canada",
"eight",
"times",
",",
"followed",
"by",
"Japan",
"which",
"has",
"been",
"ranked",
"highest",
"three",
"times",
".",
"Iceland",
"has",
"been",
"ranked",
"highest",
"twice",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
15,
24,
28,
31,
32,
39,
47,
52,
57,
62,
65,
69,
75,
87,
92,
94,
101,
105,
110,
117,
121,
129,
136,
141,
143,
150,
156,
161,
163,
172,
175,
181,
187,
191,
196,
203,
211,
217,
222,
224,
232,
236,
241,
248,
256,
261
]
} | f22b6843fe414c6b84e655d82adcbffd | Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"country",
"has",
"been",
"ranked",
"highest",
"the",
"most",
"number",
"of",
"times",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
14,
18,
23,
30,
38,
42,
47,
54,
57,
62
]
} | {
"text": [
"Norway"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
94
],
"end": [
99
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
18
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"Norway"
] |
SQuAD | The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"list",
"below",
"displays",
"the",
"top",
"-",
"ranked",
"country",
"from",
"each",
"year",
"of",
"the",
"Human",
"Development",
"Index",
".",
"Norway",
"has",
"been",
"ranked",
"the",
"highest",
"twelve",
"times",
",",
"Canada",
"eight",
"times",
",",
"followed",
"by",
"Japan",
"which",
"has",
"been",
"ranked",
"highest",
"three",
"times",
".",
"Iceland",
"has",
"been",
"ranked",
"highest",
"twice",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
15,
24,
28,
31,
32,
39,
47,
52,
57,
62,
65,
69,
75,
87,
92,
94,
101,
105,
110,
117,
121,
129,
136,
141,
143,
150,
156,
161,
163,
172,
175,
181,
187,
191,
196,
203,
211,
217,
222,
224,
232,
236,
241,
248,
256,
261
]
} | 9b7b244bc48f47aca4688beff2f455d6 | Which country has received the top rank twice? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"country",
"has",
"received",
"the",
"top",
"rank",
"twice",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
14,
18,
27,
31,
35,
40,
45
]
} | {
"text": [
"Iceland"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
224
],
"end": [
230
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
42
],
"end": [
42
]
}
]
} | [
"Iceland"
] |
SQuAD | Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences. | {
"tokens": [
"Since",
"the",
"1980s",
",",
"as",
"the",
"complexity",
"of",
"buildings",
"began",
"to",
"increase",
"(",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"structural",
"systems",
",",
"services",
",",
"energy",
"and",
"technologies",
")",
",",
"the",
"field",
"of",
"architecture",
"became",
"multi",
"-",
"disciplinary",
"with",
"specializations",
"for",
"each",
"project",
"type",
",",
"technological",
"expertise",
"or",
"project",
"delivery",
"methods",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"there",
"has",
"been",
"an",
"increased",
"separation",
"of",
"the",
"'",
"design",
"'",
"architect",
"[",
"Notes",
"1",
"]",
"from",
"the",
"'",
"project",
"'",
"architect",
"who",
"ensures",
"that",
"the",
"project",
"meets",
"the",
"required",
"standards",
"and",
"deals",
"with",
"matters",
"of",
"liability.[Notes",
"2",
"]",
"The",
"preparatory",
"processes",
"for",
"the",
"design",
"of",
"any",
"large",
"building",
"have",
"become",
"increasingly",
"complicated",
",",
"and",
"require",
"preliminary",
"studies",
"of",
"such",
"matters",
"as",
"durability",
",",
"sustainability",
",",
"quality",
",",
"money",
",",
"and",
"compliance",
"with",
"local",
"laws",
".",
"A",
"large",
"structure",
"can",
"no",
"longer",
"be",
"the",
"design",
"of",
"one",
"person",
"but",
"must",
"be",
"the",
"work",
"of",
"many",
".",
"Modernism",
"and",
"Postmodernism",
"have",
"been",
"criticised",
"by",
"some",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"architectural",
"profession",
"who",
"feel",
"that",
"successful",
"architecture",
"is",
"not",
"a",
"personal",
",",
"philosophical",
",",
"or",
"aesthetic",
"pursuit",
"by",
"individualists",
";",
"rather",
"it",
"has",
"to",
"consider",
"everyday",
"needs",
"of",
"people",
"and",
"use",
"technology",
"to",
"create",
"liveable",
"environments",
",",
"with",
"the",
"design",
"process",
"being",
"informed",
"by",
"studies",
"of",
"behavioral",
",",
"environmental",
",",
"and",
"social",
"sciences",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
15,
17,
20,
24,
35,
38,
48,
54,
57,
66,
67,
70,
76,
79,
90,
97,
99,
107,
109,
116,
120,
132,
133,
135,
139,
145,
148,
161,
168,
173,
174,
187,
192,
208,
212,
217,
225,
229,
231,
245,
255,
258,
266,
275,
282,
284,
287,
295,
297,
303,
307,
312,
315,
325,
336,
339,
343,
344,
350,
352,
362,
363,
369,
370,
372,
377,
381,
382,
389,
391,
401,
405,
413,
418,
422,
430,
436,
440,
449,
459,
463,
469,
474,
482,
485,
502,
503,
505,
509,
521,
531,
535,
539,
546,
549,
553,
559,
568,
573,
580,
593,
604,
606,
610,
618,
630,
638,
641,
646,
654,
657,
667,
669,
683,
685,
692,
694,
699,
701,
705,
716,
721,
727,
731,
733,
735,
741,
751,
755,
758,
765,
768,
772,
779,
782,
786,
793,
797,
802,
805,
809,
814,
817,
821,
823,
833,
837,
851,
856,
861,
872,
875,
880,
888,
891,
895,
909,
920,
924,
929,
934,
945,
958,
961,
965,
967,
975,
977,
990,
992,
995,
1005,
1013,
1016,
1030,
1032,
1039,
1042,
1046,
1049,
1058,
1067,
1073,
1076,
1083,
1087,
1091,
1102,
1105,
1112,
1121,
1133,
1135,
1140,
1144,
1151,
1159,
1165,
1174,
1177,
1185,
1188,
1198,
1200,
1213,
1215,
1219,
1226,
1234
]
} | 539e08d7b91d4af1879bc80990dc54a7 | About when did architecture begin specializing? | {
"tokens": [
"About",
"when",
"did",
"architecture",
"begin",
"specializing",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
15,
28,
34,
46
]
} | {
"text": [
"Since the 1980s"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
14
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
2
]
}
]
} | [
"Since the 1980s"
] |
SQuAD | Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences. | {
"tokens": [
"Since",
"the",
"1980s",
",",
"as",
"the",
"complexity",
"of",
"buildings",
"began",
"to",
"increase",
"(",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"structural",
"systems",
",",
"services",
",",
"energy",
"and",
"technologies",
")",
",",
"the",
"field",
"of",
"architecture",
"became",
"multi",
"-",
"disciplinary",
"with",
"specializations",
"for",
"each",
"project",
"type",
",",
"technological",
"expertise",
"or",
"project",
"delivery",
"methods",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"there",
"has",
"been",
"an",
"increased",
"separation",
"of",
"the",
"'",
"design",
"'",
"architect",
"[",
"Notes",
"1",
"]",
"from",
"the",
"'",
"project",
"'",
"architect",
"who",
"ensures",
"that",
"the",
"project",
"meets",
"the",
"required",
"standards",
"and",
"deals",
"with",
"matters",
"of",
"liability.[Notes",
"2",
"]",
"The",
"preparatory",
"processes",
"for",
"the",
"design",
"of",
"any",
"large",
"building",
"have",
"become",
"increasingly",
"complicated",
",",
"and",
"require",
"preliminary",
"studies",
"of",
"such",
"matters",
"as",
"durability",
",",
"sustainability",
",",
"quality",
",",
"money",
",",
"and",
"compliance",
"with",
"local",
"laws",
".",
"A",
"large",
"structure",
"can",
"no",
"longer",
"be",
"the",
"design",
"of",
"one",
"person",
"but",
"must",
"be",
"the",
"work",
"of",
"many",
".",
"Modernism",
"and",
"Postmodernism",
"have",
"been",
"criticised",
"by",
"some",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"architectural",
"profession",
"who",
"feel",
"that",
"successful",
"architecture",
"is",
"not",
"a",
"personal",
",",
"philosophical",
",",
"or",
"aesthetic",
"pursuit",
"by",
"individualists",
";",
"rather",
"it",
"has",
"to",
"consider",
"everyday",
"needs",
"of",
"people",
"and",
"use",
"technology",
"to",
"create",
"liveable",
"environments",
",",
"with",
"the",
"design",
"process",
"being",
"informed",
"by",
"studies",
"of",
"behavioral",
",",
"environmental",
",",
"and",
"social",
"sciences",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
15,
17,
20,
24,
35,
38,
48,
54,
57,
66,
67,
70,
76,
79,
90,
97,
99,
107,
109,
116,
120,
132,
133,
135,
139,
145,
148,
161,
168,
173,
174,
187,
192,
208,
212,
217,
225,
229,
231,
245,
255,
258,
266,
275,
282,
284,
287,
295,
297,
303,
307,
312,
315,
325,
336,
339,
343,
344,
350,
352,
362,
363,
369,
370,
372,
377,
381,
382,
389,
391,
401,
405,
413,
418,
422,
430,
436,
440,
449,
459,
463,
469,
474,
482,
485,
502,
503,
505,
509,
521,
531,
535,
539,
546,
549,
553,
559,
568,
573,
580,
593,
604,
606,
610,
618,
630,
638,
641,
646,
654,
657,
667,
669,
683,
685,
692,
694,
699,
701,
705,
716,
721,
727,
731,
733,
735,
741,
751,
755,
758,
765,
768,
772,
779,
782,
786,
793,
797,
802,
805,
809,
814,
817,
821,
823,
833,
837,
851,
856,
861,
872,
875,
880,
888,
891,
895,
909,
920,
924,
929,
934,
945,
958,
961,
965,
967,
975,
977,
990,
992,
995,
1005,
1013,
1016,
1030,
1032,
1039,
1042,
1046,
1049,
1058,
1067,
1073,
1076,
1083,
1087,
1091,
1102,
1105,
1112,
1121,
1133,
1135,
1140,
1144,
1151,
1159,
1165,
1174,
1177,
1185,
1188,
1198,
1200,
1213,
1215,
1219,
1226,
1234
]
} | e6379717f019412ab17d52b677d6da10 | Who can no longer design a large structure? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"can",
"no",
"longer",
"design",
"a",
"large",
"structure",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
11,
18,
25,
27,
33,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"one person"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
782
],
"end": [
791
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
137
],
"end": [
138
]
}
]
} | [
"one person"
] |
SQuAD | Since the 1980s, as the complexity of buildings began to increase (in terms of structural systems, services, energy and technologies), the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type, technological expertise or project delivery methods. In addition, there has been an increased separation of the 'design' architect [Notes 1] from the 'project' architect who ensures that the project meets the required standards and deals with matters of liability.[Notes 2] The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated, and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability, sustainability, quality, money, and compliance with local laws. A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many. Modernism and Postmodernism have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession who feel that successful architecture is not a personal, philosophical, or aesthetic pursuit by individualists; rather it has to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments, with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral, environmental, and social sciences. | {
"tokens": [
"Since",
"the",
"1980s",
",",
"as",
"the",
"complexity",
"of",
"buildings",
"began",
"to",
"increase",
"(",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"structural",
"systems",
",",
"services",
",",
"energy",
"and",
"technologies",
")",
",",
"the",
"field",
"of",
"architecture",
"became",
"multi",
"-",
"disciplinary",
"with",
"specializations",
"for",
"each",
"project",
"type",
",",
"technological",
"expertise",
"or",
"project",
"delivery",
"methods",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"there",
"has",
"been",
"an",
"increased",
"separation",
"of",
"the",
"'",
"design",
"'",
"architect",
"[",
"Notes",
"1",
"]",
"from",
"the",
"'",
"project",
"'",
"architect",
"who",
"ensures",
"that",
"the",
"project",
"meets",
"the",
"required",
"standards",
"and",
"deals",
"with",
"matters",
"of",
"liability.[Notes",
"2",
"]",
"The",
"preparatory",
"processes",
"for",
"the",
"design",
"of",
"any",
"large",
"building",
"have",
"become",
"increasingly",
"complicated",
",",
"and",
"require",
"preliminary",
"studies",
"of",
"such",
"matters",
"as",
"durability",
",",
"sustainability",
",",
"quality",
",",
"money",
",",
"and",
"compliance",
"with",
"local",
"laws",
".",
"A",
"large",
"structure",
"can",
"no",
"longer",
"be",
"the",
"design",
"of",
"one",
"person",
"but",
"must",
"be",
"the",
"work",
"of",
"many",
".",
"Modernism",
"and",
"Postmodernism",
"have",
"been",
"criticised",
"by",
"some",
"members",
"of",
"the",
"architectural",
"profession",
"who",
"feel",
"that",
"successful",
"architecture",
"is",
"not",
"a",
"personal",
",",
"philosophical",
",",
"or",
"aesthetic",
"pursuit",
"by",
"individualists",
";",
"rather",
"it",
"has",
"to",
"consider",
"everyday",
"needs",
"of",
"people",
"and",
"use",
"technology",
"to",
"create",
"liveable",
"environments",
",",
"with",
"the",
"design",
"process",
"being",
"informed",
"by",
"studies",
"of",
"behavioral",
",",
"environmental",
",",
"and",
"social",
"sciences",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
15,
17,
20,
24,
35,
38,
48,
54,
57,
66,
67,
70,
76,
79,
90,
97,
99,
107,
109,
116,
120,
132,
133,
135,
139,
145,
148,
161,
168,
173,
174,
187,
192,
208,
212,
217,
225,
229,
231,
245,
255,
258,
266,
275,
282,
284,
287,
295,
297,
303,
307,
312,
315,
325,
336,
339,
343,
344,
350,
352,
362,
363,
369,
370,
372,
377,
381,
382,
389,
391,
401,
405,
413,
418,
422,
430,
436,
440,
449,
459,
463,
469,
474,
482,
485,
502,
503,
505,
509,
521,
531,
535,
539,
546,
549,
553,
559,
568,
573,
580,
593,
604,
606,
610,
618,
630,
638,
641,
646,
654,
657,
667,
669,
683,
685,
692,
694,
699,
701,
705,
716,
721,
727,
731,
733,
735,
741,
751,
755,
758,
765,
768,
772,
779,
782,
786,
793,
797,
802,
805,
809,
814,
817,
821,
823,
833,
837,
851,
856,
861,
872,
875,
880,
888,
891,
895,
909,
920,
924,
929,
934,
945,
958,
961,
965,
967,
975,
977,
990,
992,
995,
1005,
1013,
1016,
1030,
1032,
1039,
1042,
1046,
1049,
1058,
1067,
1073,
1076,
1083,
1087,
1091,
1102,
1105,
1112,
1121,
1133,
1135,
1140,
1144,
1151,
1159,
1165,
1174,
1177,
1185,
1188,
1198,
1200,
1213,
1215,
1219,
1226,
1234
]
} | 6b8f0a67cc5645d38c9c57f9b84cc829 | What two architectural movements have come under criticism for their focus on individuality? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"two",
"architectural",
"movements",
"have",
"come",
"under",
"criticism",
"for",
"their",
"focus",
"on",
"individuality",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
23,
33,
38,
43,
49,
59,
63,
69,
75,
78,
91
]
} | {
"text": [
"Modernism and Postmodernism"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
823
],
"end": [
849
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
147
],
"end": [
149
]
}
]
} | [
"Modernism and Postmodernism"
] |
SQuAD | BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. | {
"tokens": [
"BBC",
"Television",
"is",
"a",
"service",
"of",
"the",
"British",
"Broadcasting",
"Corporation",
".",
"The",
"corporation",
",",
"which",
"has",
"operated",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"Kingdom",
"under",
"the",
"terms",
"of",
"a",
"Royal",
"charter",
"since",
"1927",
",",
"has",
"produced",
"television",
"programmes",
"from",
"its",
"own",
"since",
"1932",
",",
"although",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"its",
"regular",
"service",
"of",
"television",
"broadcasts",
"is",
"dated",
"to",
"2",
"November",
"1936",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
15,
18,
20,
28,
31,
35,
43,
56,
67,
69,
73,
84,
86,
92,
96,
105,
108,
112,
119,
127,
133,
137,
143,
146,
148,
154,
162,
168,
172,
174,
178,
187,
198,
209,
214,
218,
222,
228,
232,
234,
243,
247,
253,
256,
260,
268,
276,
279,
290,
301,
304,
310,
313,
315,
324,
328
]
} | e4302ebd400948b5b30bf92035beec57 | What is the acronym for British Broadcasting Corporation? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"acronym",
"for",
"British",
"Broadcasting",
"Corporation",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
20,
24,
32,
45,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"BBC"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
2
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
0
]
}
]
} | [
"BBC"
] |
SQuAD | BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. | {
"tokens": [
"BBC",
"Television",
"is",
"a",
"service",
"of",
"the",
"British",
"Broadcasting",
"Corporation",
".",
"The",
"corporation",
",",
"which",
"has",
"operated",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"Kingdom",
"under",
"the",
"terms",
"of",
"a",
"Royal",
"charter",
"since",
"1927",
",",
"has",
"produced",
"television",
"programmes",
"from",
"its",
"own",
"since",
"1932",
",",
"although",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"its",
"regular",
"service",
"of",
"television",
"broadcasts",
"is",
"dated",
"to",
"2",
"November",
"1936",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
15,
18,
20,
28,
31,
35,
43,
56,
67,
69,
73,
84,
86,
92,
96,
105,
108,
112,
119,
127,
133,
137,
143,
146,
148,
154,
162,
168,
172,
174,
178,
187,
198,
209,
214,
218,
222,
228,
232,
234,
243,
247,
253,
256,
260,
268,
276,
279,
290,
301,
304,
310,
313,
315,
324,
328
]
} | f71fd0e2b90d4ec48dd6d2bea966306f | Under what auspices does the BBC exist? | {
"tokens": [
"Under",
"what",
"auspices",
"does",
"the",
"BBC",
"exist",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
20,
25,
29,
33,
38
]
} | {
"text": [
"Royal charter"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
148
],
"end": [
160
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
26
],
"end": [
27
]
}
]
} | [
"Royal charter"
] |
SQuAD | BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. | {
"tokens": [
"BBC",
"Television",
"is",
"a",
"service",
"of",
"the",
"British",
"Broadcasting",
"Corporation",
".",
"The",
"corporation",
",",
"which",
"has",
"operated",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"Kingdom",
"under",
"the",
"terms",
"of",
"a",
"Royal",
"charter",
"since",
"1927",
",",
"has",
"produced",
"television",
"programmes",
"from",
"its",
"own",
"since",
"1932",
",",
"although",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"its",
"regular",
"service",
"of",
"television",
"broadcasts",
"is",
"dated",
"to",
"2",
"November",
"1936",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
15,
18,
20,
28,
31,
35,
43,
56,
67,
69,
73,
84,
86,
92,
96,
105,
108,
112,
119,
127,
133,
137,
143,
146,
148,
154,
162,
168,
172,
174,
178,
187,
198,
209,
214,
218,
222,
228,
232,
234,
243,
247,
253,
256,
260,
268,
276,
279,
290,
301,
304,
310,
313,
315,
324,
328
]
} | 54b2f0dbc98a4fb2b29f56b73d00de89 | When did the BBC start creating its own programming? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"the",
"BBC",
"start",
"creating",
"its",
"own",
"programming",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
17,
23,
32,
36,
40,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"1932"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
228
],
"end": [
231
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
39
],
"end": [
39
]
}
]
} | [
"1932"
] |
SQuAD | BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. | {
"tokens": [
"BBC",
"Television",
"is",
"a",
"service",
"of",
"the",
"British",
"Broadcasting",
"Corporation",
".",
"The",
"corporation",
",",
"which",
"has",
"operated",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"Kingdom",
"under",
"the",
"terms",
"of",
"a",
"Royal",
"charter",
"since",
"1927",
",",
"has",
"produced",
"television",
"programmes",
"from",
"its",
"own",
"since",
"1932",
",",
"although",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"its",
"regular",
"service",
"of",
"television",
"broadcasts",
"is",
"dated",
"to",
"2",
"November",
"1936",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
15,
18,
20,
28,
31,
35,
43,
56,
67,
69,
73,
84,
86,
92,
96,
105,
108,
112,
119,
127,
133,
137,
143,
146,
148,
154,
162,
168,
172,
174,
178,
187,
198,
209,
214,
218,
222,
228,
232,
234,
243,
247,
253,
256,
260,
268,
276,
279,
290,
301,
304,
310,
313,
315,
324,
328
]
} | 51207c54199f45efb638e9c8a848f66b | On what date did the BBC being its regular TV broadcasts? | {
"tokens": [
"On",
"what",
"date",
"did",
"the",
"BBC",
"being",
"its",
"regular",
"TV",
"broadcasts",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
13,
17,
21,
25,
31,
35,
43,
46,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"2 November 1936"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
313
],
"end": [
327
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
54
],
"end": [
56
]
}
]
} | [
"2 November 1936"
] |
SQuAD | BBC Television is a service of the British Broadcasting Corporation. The corporation, which has operated in the United Kingdom under the terms of a Royal charter since 1927, has produced television programmes from its own since 1932, although the start of its regular service of television broadcasts is dated to 2 November 1936. | {
"tokens": [
"BBC",
"Television",
"is",
"a",
"service",
"of",
"the",
"British",
"Broadcasting",
"Corporation",
".",
"The",
"corporation",
",",
"which",
"has",
"operated",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"Kingdom",
"under",
"the",
"terms",
"of",
"a",
"Royal",
"charter",
"since",
"1927",
",",
"has",
"produced",
"television",
"programmes",
"from",
"its",
"own",
"since",
"1932",
",",
"although",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"its",
"regular",
"service",
"of",
"television",
"broadcasts",
"is",
"dated",
"to",
"2",
"November",
"1936",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
15,
18,
20,
28,
31,
35,
43,
56,
67,
69,
73,
84,
86,
92,
96,
105,
108,
112,
119,
127,
133,
137,
143,
146,
148,
154,
162,
168,
172,
174,
178,
187,
198,
209,
214,
218,
222,
228,
232,
234,
243,
247,
253,
256,
260,
268,
276,
279,
290,
301,
304,
310,
313,
315,
324,
328
]
} | 3d69b959a3dd422dbe340feeb3c9245a | In what country is the BBC headquartered? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"country",
"is",
"the",
"BBC",
"headquartered",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
16,
19,
23,
27,
40
]
} | {
"text": [
"United Kingdom"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
112
],
"end": [
125
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"United Kingdom"
] |
SQuAD | Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). | {
"tokens": [
"Beginning",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"1950s",
"and",
"1960s",
",",
"architectural",
"phenomenology",
"emerged",
"as",
"an",
"important",
"movement",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"reaction",
"against",
"modernism",
",",
"with",
"architects",
"like",
"Charles",
"Moore",
"in",
"the",
"USA",
",",
"Christian",
"Norberg",
"-",
"Schulz",
"in",
"Norway",
",",
"and",
"Ernesto",
"Nathan",
"Rogers",
"and",
"Vittorio",
"Gregotti",
"in",
"Italy",
",",
"who",
"collectively",
"popularized",
"an",
"interest",
"in",
"a",
"new",
"contemporary",
"architecture",
"aimed",
"at",
"expanding",
"human",
"experience",
"using",
"historical",
"buildings",
"as",
"models",
"and",
"precedents",
".",
"Postmodernism",
"produced",
"a",
"style",
"that",
"combined",
"contemporary",
"building",
"technology",
"and",
"cheap",
"materials",
",",
"with",
"the",
"aesthetics",
"of",
"older",
"pre",
"-",
"modern",
"and",
"non",
"-",
"modern",
"styles",
",",
"from",
"high",
"classical",
"architecture",
"to",
"popular",
"or",
"vernacular",
"regional",
"building",
"styles",
".",
"Robert",
"Venturi",
"famously",
"defined",
"postmodern",
"architecture",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"decorated",
"shed",
"\"",
"(",
"an",
"ordinary",
"building",
"which",
"is",
"functionally",
"designed",
"inside",
"and",
"embellished",
"on",
"the",
"outside",
")",
",",
"and",
"upheld",
"it",
"against",
"modernist",
"and",
"brutalist",
"\"",
"ducks",
"\"",
"(",
"buildings",
"with",
"unnecessarily",
"expressive",
"tectonic",
"forms",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
22,
28,
32,
37,
39,
53,
67,
75,
78,
81,
91,
100,
103,
107,
113,
122,
130,
139,
141,
146,
157,
162,
170,
176,
179,
183,
186,
188,
198,
205,
206,
213,
216,
222,
224,
228,
236,
243,
250,
254,
263,
272,
275,
280,
282,
286,
299,
311,
314,
323,
326,
328,
332,
345,
358,
364,
367,
377,
383,
394,
400,
411,
421,
424,
431,
435,
445,
447,
461,
470,
472,
478,
483,
492,
505,
514,
525,
529,
535,
544,
546,
551,
555,
566,
569,
575,
578,
579,
586,
590,
593,
594,
601,
607,
609,
614,
619,
629,
642,
645,
653,
656,
667,
676,
685,
691,
693,
700,
708,
717,
725,
736,
749,
752,
754,
755,
765,
769,
771,
772,
775,
784,
793,
799,
802,
815,
824,
831,
835,
847,
850,
854,
861,
862,
864,
868,
875,
878,
886,
896,
900,
910,
911,
916,
918,
919,
929,
934,
948,
959,
968,
973,
974
]
} | b85461071e454ae2aa8c04db7ad9ee28 | When was the start of the architectural phenomenology movement? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"the",
"start",
"of",
"the",
" ",
"architectural",
"phenomenology",
"movement",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
22,
26,
27,
41,
55,
63
]
} | {
"text": [
"the late 1950s and 1960s"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
13
],
"end": [
36
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
2
],
"end": [
6
]
}
]
} | [
"the late 1950s and 1960s"
] |
SQuAD | Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). | {
"tokens": [
"Beginning",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"1950s",
"and",
"1960s",
",",
"architectural",
"phenomenology",
"emerged",
"as",
"an",
"important",
"movement",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"reaction",
"against",
"modernism",
",",
"with",
"architects",
"like",
"Charles",
"Moore",
"in",
"the",
"USA",
",",
"Christian",
"Norberg",
"-",
"Schulz",
"in",
"Norway",
",",
"and",
"Ernesto",
"Nathan",
"Rogers",
"and",
"Vittorio",
"Gregotti",
"in",
"Italy",
",",
"who",
"collectively",
"popularized",
"an",
"interest",
"in",
"a",
"new",
"contemporary",
"architecture",
"aimed",
"at",
"expanding",
"human",
"experience",
"using",
"historical",
"buildings",
"as",
"models",
"and",
"precedents",
".",
"Postmodernism",
"produced",
"a",
"style",
"that",
"combined",
"contemporary",
"building",
"technology",
"and",
"cheap",
"materials",
",",
"with",
"the",
"aesthetics",
"of",
"older",
"pre",
"-",
"modern",
"and",
"non",
"-",
"modern",
"styles",
",",
"from",
"high",
"classical",
"architecture",
"to",
"popular",
"or",
"vernacular",
"regional",
"building",
"styles",
".",
"Robert",
"Venturi",
"famously",
"defined",
"postmodern",
"architecture",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"decorated",
"shed",
"\"",
"(",
"an",
"ordinary",
"building",
"which",
"is",
"functionally",
"designed",
"inside",
"and",
"embellished",
"on",
"the",
"outside",
")",
",",
"and",
"upheld",
"it",
"against",
"modernist",
"and",
"brutalist",
"\"",
"ducks",
"\"",
"(",
"buildings",
"with",
"unnecessarily",
"expressive",
"tectonic",
"forms",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
22,
28,
32,
37,
39,
53,
67,
75,
78,
81,
91,
100,
103,
107,
113,
122,
130,
139,
141,
146,
157,
162,
170,
176,
179,
183,
186,
188,
198,
205,
206,
213,
216,
222,
224,
228,
236,
243,
250,
254,
263,
272,
275,
280,
282,
286,
299,
311,
314,
323,
326,
328,
332,
345,
358,
364,
367,
377,
383,
394,
400,
411,
421,
424,
431,
435,
445,
447,
461,
470,
472,
478,
483,
492,
505,
514,
525,
529,
535,
544,
546,
551,
555,
566,
569,
575,
578,
579,
586,
590,
593,
594,
601,
607,
609,
614,
619,
629,
642,
645,
653,
656,
667,
676,
685,
691,
693,
700,
708,
717,
725,
736,
749,
752,
754,
755,
765,
769,
771,
772,
775,
784,
793,
799,
802,
815,
824,
831,
835,
847,
850,
854,
861,
862,
864,
868,
875,
878,
886,
896,
900,
910,
911,
916,
918,
919,
929,
934,
948,
959,
968,
973,
974
]
} | 0261d31ead204b86ad07de8e9da6ec49 | What was architectural phenomenology reacting to? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
" ",
"architectural",
"phenomenology",
"reacting",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
10,
24,
38,
47,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"modernism"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
130
],
"end": [
138
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
20
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"modernism"
] |
SQuAD | Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). | {
"tokens": [
"Beginning",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"1950s",
"and",
"1960s",
",",
"architectural",
"phenomenology",
"emerged",
"as",
"an",
"important",
"movement",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"reaction",
"against",
"modernism",
",",
"with",
"architects",
"like",
"Charles",
"Moore",
"in",
"the",
"USA",
",",
"Christian",
"Norberg",
"-",
"Schulz",
"in",
"Norway",
",",
"and",
"Ernesto",
"Nathan",
"Rogers",
"and",
"Vittorio",
"Gregotti",
"in",
"Italy",
",",
"who",
"collectively",
"popularized",
"an",
"interest",
"in",
"a",
"new",
"contemporary",
"architecture",
"aimed",
"at",
"expanding",
"human",
"experience",
"using",
"historical",
"buildings",
"as",
"models",
"and",
"precedents",
".",
"Postmodernism",
"produced",
"a",
"style",
"that",
"combined",
"contemporary",
"building",
"technology",
"and",
"cheap",
"materials",
",",
"with",
"the",
"aesthetics",
"of",
"older",
"pre",
"-",
"modern",
"and",
"non",
"-",
"modern",
"styles",
",",
"from",
"high",
"classical",
"architecture",
"to",
"popular",
"or",
"vernacular",
"regional",
"building",
"styles",
".",
"Robert",
"Venturi",
"famously",
"defined",
"postmodern",
"architecture",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"decorated",
"shed",
"\"",
"(",
"an",
"ordinary",
"building",
"which",
"is",
"functionally",
"designed",
"inside",
"and",
"embellished",
"on",
"the",
"outside",
")",
",",
"and",
"upheld",
"it",
"against",
"modernist",
"and",
"brutalist",
"\"",
"ducks",
"\"",
"(",
"buildings",
"with",
"unnecessarily",
"expressive",
"tectonic",
"forms",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
22,
28,
32,
37,
39,
53,
67,
75,
78,
81,
91,
100,
103,
107,
113,
122,
130,
139,
141,
146,
157,
162,
170,
176,
179,
183,
186,
188,
198,
205,
206,
213,
216,
222,
224,
228,
236,
243,
250,
254,
263,
272,
275,
280,
282,
286,
299,
311,
314,
323,
326,
328,
332,
345,
358,
364,
367,
377,
383,
394,
400,
411,
421,
424,
431,
435,
445,
447,
461,
470,
472,
478,
483,
492,
505,
514,
525,
529,
535,
544,
546,
551,
555,
566,
569,
575,
578,
579,
586,
590,
593,
594,
601,
607,
609,
614,
619,
629,
642,
645,
653,
656,
667,
676,
685,
691,
693,
700,
708,
717,
725,
736,
749,
752,
754,
755,
765,
769,
771,
772,
775,
784,
793,
799,
802,
815,
824,
831,
835,
847,
850,
854,
861,
862,
864,
868,
875,
878,
886,
896,
900,
910,
911,
916,
918,
919,
929,
934,
948,
959,
968,
973,
974
]
} | 305182d0920c4db6a989f4317593ba9e | What were the architectural phenomenologists hoping to expand? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"were",
"the",
"architectural",
"phenomenologists",
"hoping",
"to",
"expand",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
28,
45,
52,
55,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"human experience"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
377
],
"end": [
392
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
61
],
"end": [
62
]
}
]
} | [
"human experience"
] |
SQuAD | Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). | {
"tokens": [
"Beginning",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"1950s",
"and",
"1960s",
",",
"architectural",
"phenomenology",
"emerged",
"as",
"an",
"important",
"movement",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"reaction",
"against",
"modernism",
",",
"with",
"architects",
"like",
"Charles",
"Moore",
"in",
"the",
"USA",
",",
"Christian",
"Norberg",
"-",
"Schulz",
"in",
"Norway",
",",
"and",
"Ernesto",
"Nathan",
"Rogers",
"and",
"Vittorio",
"Gregotti",
"in",
"Italy",
",",
"who",
"collectively",
"popularized",
"an",
"interest",
"in",
"a",
"new",
"contemporary",
"architecture",
"aimed",
"at",
"expanding",
"human",
"experience",
"using",
"historical",
"buildings",
"as",
"models",
"and",
"precedents",
".",
"Postmodernism",
"produced",
"a",
"style",
"that",
"combined",
"contemporary",
"building",
"technology",
"and",
"cheap",
"materials",
",",
"with",
"the",
"aesthetics",
"of",
"older",
"pre",
"-",
"modern",
"and",
"non",
"-",
"modern",
"styles",
",",
"from",
"high",
"classical",
"architecture",
"to",
"popular",
"or",
"vernacular",
"regional",
"building",
"styles",
".",
"Robert",
"Venturi",
"famously",
"defined",
"postmodern",
"architecture",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"decorated",
"shed",
"\"",
"(",
"an",
"ordinary",
"building",
"which",
"is",
"functionally",
"designed",
"inside",
"and",
"embellished",
"on",
"the",
"outside",
")",
",",
"and",
"upheld",
"it",
"against",
"modernist",
"and",
"brutalist",
"\"",
"ducks",
"\"",
"(",
"buildings",
"with",
"unnecessarily",
"expressive",
"tectonic",
"forms",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
22,
28,
32,
37,
39,
53,
67,
75,
78,
81,
91,
100,
103,
107,
113,
122,
130,
139,
141,
146,
157,
162,
170,
176,
179,
183,
186,
188,
198,
205,
206,
213,
216,
222,
224,
228,
236,
243,
250,
254,
263,
272,
275,
280,
282,
286,
299,
311,
314,
323,
326,
328,
332,
345,
358,
364,
367,
377,
383,
394,
400,
411,
421,
424,
431,
435,
445,
447,
461,
470,
472,
478,
483,
492,
505,
514,
525,
529,
535,
544,
546,
551,
555,
566,
569,
575,
578,
579,
586,
590,
593,
594,
601,
607,
609,
614,
619,
629,
642,
645,
653,
656,
667,
676,
685,
691,
693,
700,
708,
717,
725,
736,
749,
752,
754,
755,
765,
769,
771,
772,
775,
784,
793,
799,
802,
815,
824,
831,
835,
847,
850,
854,
861,
862,
864,
868,
875,
878,
886,
896,
900,
910,
911,
916,
918,
919,
929,
934,
948,
959,
968,
973,
974
]
} | 0efcd76445f04525b447832418582c3b | Who called postmodern architecture a "decorated shed"? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"called",
"postmodern",
"architecture",
"a",
"\"",
"decorated",
"shed",
"\"",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
22,
35,
37,
38,
48,
52,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"Robert Venturi"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
693
],
"end": [
706
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
110
],
"end": [
111
]
}
]
} | [
"Robert Venturi"
] |
SQuAD | Beginning in the late 1950s and 1960s, architectural phenomenology emerged as an important movement in the early reaction against modernism, with architects like Charles Moore in the USA, Christian Norberg-Schulz in Norway, and Ernesto Nathan Rogers and Vittorio Gregotti in Italy, who collectively popularized an interest in a new contemporary architecture aimed at expanding human experience using historical buildings as models and precedents. Postmodernism produced a style that combined contemporary building technology and cheap materials, with the aesthetics of older pre-modern and non-modern styles, from high classical architecture to popular or vernacular regional building styles. Robert Venturi famously defined postmodern architecture as a "decorated shed" (an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside), and upheld it against modernist and brutalist "ducks" (buildings with unnecessarily expressive tectonic forms). | {
"tokens": [
"Beginning",
"in",
"the",
"late",
"1950s",
"and",
"1960s",
",",
"architectural",
"phenomenology",
"emerged",
"as",
"an",
"important",
"movement",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"reaction",
"against",
"modernism",
",",
"with",
"architects",
"like",
"Charles",
"Moore",
"in",
"the",
"USA",
",",
"Christian",
"Norberg",
"-",
"Schulz",
"in",
"Norway",
",",
"and",
"Ernesto",
"Nathan",
"Rogers",
"and",
"Vittorio",
"Gregotti",
"in",
"Italy",
",",
"who",
"collectively",
"popularized",
"an",
"interest",
"in",
"a",
"new",
"contemporary",
"architecture",
"aimed",
"at",
"expanding",
"human",
"experience",
"using",
"historical",
"buildings",
"as",
"models",
"and",
"precedents",
".",
"Postmodernism",
"produced",
"a",
"style",
"that",
"combined",
"contemporary",
"building",
"technology",
"and",
"cheap",
"materials",
",",
"with",
"the",
"aesthetics",
"of",
"older",
"pre",
"-",
"modern",
"and",
"non",
"-",
"modern",
"styles",
",",
"from",
"high",
"classical",
"architecture",
"to",
"popular",
"or",
"vernacular",
"regional",
"building",
"styles",
".",
"Robert",
"Venturi",
"famously",
"defined",
"postmodern",
"architecture",
"as",
"a",
"\"",
"decorated",
"shed",
"\"",
"(",
"an",
"ordinary",
"building",
"which",
"is",
"functionally",
"designed",
"inside",
"and",
"embellished",
"on",
"the",
"outside",
")",
",",
"and",
"upheld",
"it",
"against",
"modernist",
"and",
"brutalist",
"\"",
"ducks",
"\"",
"(",
"buildings",
"with",
"unnecessarily",
"expressive",
"tectonic",
"forms",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
13,
17,
22,
28,
32,
37,
39,
53,
67,
75,
78,
81,
91,
100,
103,
107,
113,
122,
130,
139,
141,
146,
157,
162,
170,
176,
179,
183,
186,
188,
198,
205,
206,
213,
216,
222,
224,
228,
236,
243,
250,
254,
263,
272,
275,
280,
282,
286,
299,
311,
314,
323,
326,
328,
332,
345,
358,
364,
367,
377,
383,
394,
400,
411,
421,
424,
431,
435,
445,
447,
461,
470,
472,
478,
483,
492,
505,
514,
525,
529,
535,
544,
546,
551,
555,
566,
569,
575,
578,
579,
586,
590,
593,
594,
601,
607,
609,
614,
619,
629,
642,
645,
653,
656,
667,
676,
685,
691,
693,
700,
708,
717,
725,
736,
749,
752,
754,
755,
765,
769,
771,
772,
775,
784,
793,
799,
802,
815,
824,
831,
835,
847,
850,
854,
861,
862,
864,
868,
875,
878,
886,
896,
900,
910,
911,
916,
918,
919,
929,
934,
948,
959,
968,
973,
974
]
} | 377c44bf7b02446fa7b26f98fa878ad3 | What term did Venturi use for brutalist and mondernist buildings? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"term",
"did",
"Venturi",
"use",
"for",
"brutalist",
"and",
"mondernist",
"buildings",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
22,
26,
30,
40,
44,
55,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"\"ducks\""
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
910
],
"end": [
916
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
145
],
"end": [
147
]
}
]
} | [
"\"ducks\""
] |
SQuAD | The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
"for",
"2007/2008",
"was",
"launched",
"in",
"Brasília",
",",
"Brazil",
",",
"on",
"November",
"27",
",",
"2007",
".",
"Its",
"focus",
"was",
"on",
"\"",
"Fighting",
"climate",
"change",
":",
"Human",
"solidarity",
"in",
"a",
"divided",
"world",
".",
"\"",
"Most",
"of",
"the",
"data",
"used",
"for",
"the",
"report",
"are",
"derived",
"largely",
"from",
"2005",
"or",
"earlier",
",",
"thus",
"indicating",
"an",
"HDI",
"for",
"2005",
".",
"Not",
"all",
"UN",
"member",
"states",
"choose",
"to",
"or",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"provide",
"the",
"necessary",
"statistics",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
22,
29,
33,
43,
47,
56,
59,
67,
69,
75,
77,
80,
89,
91,
93,
97,
99,
103,
109,
113,
116,
117,
126,
134,
140,
142,
148,
159,
162,
164,
172,
177,
178,
180,
185,
188,
192,
197,
202,
206,
210,
217,
221,
229,
237,
242,
247,
250,
257,
259,
264,
275,
278,
282,
286,
290,
292,
296,
300,
303,
310,
317,
324,
327,
330,
334,
339,
342,
350,
354,
364,
374
]
} | b25cc88320d84888966ccd802f87cfaf | On what date was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report released? | {
"tokens": [
"On",
"what",
"date",
"was",
"the",
"2007/2008",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
"released",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
13,
17,
21,
31,
37,
49,
56,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"November 27, 2007"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
80
],
"end": [
96
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
14
],
"end": [
17
]
}
]
} | [
"November 27, 2007"
] |
SQuAD | The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
"for",
"2007/2008",
"was",
"launched",
"in",
"Brasília",
",",
"Brazil",
",",
"on",
"November",
"27",
",",
"2007",
".",
"Its",
"focus",
"was",
"on",
"\"",
"Fighting",
"climate",
"change",
":",
"Human",
"solidarity",
"in",
"a",
"divided",
"world",
".",
"\"",
"Most",
"of",
"the",
"data",
"used",
"for",
"the",
"report",
"are",
"derived",
"largely",
"from",
"2005",
"or",
"earlier",
",",
"thus",
"indicating",
"an",
"HDI",
"for",
"2005",
".",
"Not",
"all",
"UN",
"member",
"states",
"choose",
"to",
"or",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"provide",
"the",
"necessary",
"statistics",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
22,
29,
33,
43,
47,
56,
59,
67,
69,
75,
77,
80,
89,
91,
93,
97,
99,
103,
109,
113,
116,
117,
126,
134,
140,
142,
148,
159,
162,
164,
172,
177,
178,
180,
185,
188,
192,
197,
202,
206,
210,
217,
221,
229,
237,
242,
247,
250,
257,
259,
264,
275,
278,
282,
286,
290,
292,
296,
300,
303,
310,
317,
324,
327,
330,
334,
339,
342,
350,
354,
364,
374
]
} | cb2a3e995b7f43f78e57ba4b25b3973b | What was the focus of the 2007/2008 Human Development Report? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"focus",
"of",
"the",
"2007/2008",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
22,
26,
36,
42,
54,
60
]
} | {
"text": [
"Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
117
],
"end": [
176
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
24
],
"end": [
33
]
}
]
} | [
"Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world"
] |
SQuAD | The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
"for",
"2007/2008",
"was",
"launched",
"in",
"Brasília",
",",
"Brazil",
",",
"on",
"November",
"27",
",",
"2007",
".",
"Its",
"focus",
"was",
"on",
"\"",
"Fighting",
"climate",
"change",
":",
"Human",
"solidarity",
"in",
"a",
"divided",
"world",
".",
"\"",
"Most",
"of",
"the",
"data",
"used",
"for",
"the",
"report",
"are",
"derived",
"largely",
"from",
"2005",
"or",
"earlier",
",",
"thus",
"indicating",
"an",
"HDI",
"for",
"2005",
".",
"Not",
"all",
"UN",
"member",
"states",
"choose",
"to",
"or",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"provide",
"the",
"necessary",
"statistics",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
22,
29,
33,
43,
47,
56,
59,
67,
69,
75,
77,
80,
89,
91,
93,
97,
99,
103,
109,
113,
116,
117,
126,
134,
140,
142,
148,
159,
162,
164,
172,
177,
178,
180,
185,
188,
192,
197,
202,
206,
210,
217,
221,
229,
237,
242,
247,
250,
257,
259,
264,
275,
278,
282,
286,
290,
292,
296,
300,
303,
310,
317,
324,
327,
330,
334,
339,
342,
350,
354,
364,
374
]
} | 9ef2bff76d3f471dae5ea6e86d2caf3d | What is the most recent year that was included in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"recent",
"year",
"that",
"was",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"2007/2008",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
17,
24,
29,
34,
38,
47,
50,
54,
64,
70,
82,
88
]
} | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
242
],
"end": [
245
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
48
],
"end": [
48
]
}
]
} | [
"2005"
] |
SQuAD | The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
"for",
"2007/2008",
"was",
"launched",
"in",
"Brasília",
",",
"Brazil",
",",
"on",
"November",
"27",
",",
"2007",
".",
"Its",
"focus",
"was",
"on",
"\"",
"Fighting",
"climate",
"change",
":",
"Human",
"solidarity",
"in",
"a",
"divided",
"world",
".",
"\"",
"Most",
"of",
"the",
"data",
"used",
"for",
"the",
"report",
"are",
"derived",
"largely",
"from",
"2005",
"or",
"earlier",
",",
"thus",
"indicating",
"an",
"HDI",
"for",
"2005",
".",
"Not",
"all",
"UN",
"member",
"states",
"choose",
"to",
"or",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"provide",
"the",
"necessary",
"statistics",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
22,
29,
33,
43,
47,
56,
59,
67,
69,
75,
77,
80,
89,
91,
93,
97,
99,
103,
109,
113,
116,
117,
126,
134,
140,
142,
148,
159,
162,
164,
172,
177,
178,
180,
185,
188,
192,
197,
202,
206,
210,
217,
221,
229,
237,
242,
247,
250,
257,
259,
264,
275,
278,
282,
286,
290,
292,
296,
300,
303,
310,
317,
324,
327,
330,
334,
339,
342,
350,
354,
364,
374
]
} | 38d1d6b2068646ae8b84b5f64edd2a2d | The HDI in the 2007/2008 Human Development Report is for what year? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"HDI",
"in",
"the",
"2007/2008",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
"is",
"for",
"what",
"year",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
11,
15,
25,
31,
43,
50,
53,
57,
62,
66
]
} | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
242
],
"end": [
245
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
48
],
"end": [
48
]
}
]
} | [
"2005"
] |
SQuAD | The Human Development Report for 2007/2008 was launched in Brasília, Brazil, on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world." Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all UN member states choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
"for",
"2007/2008",
"was",
"launched",
"in",
"Brasília",
",",
"Brazil",
",",
"on",
"November",
"27",
",",
"2007",
".",
"Its",
"focus",
"was",
"on",
"\"",
"Fighting",
"climate",
"change",
":",
"Human",
"solidarity",
"in",
"a",
"divided",
"world",
".",
"\"",
"Most",
"of",
"the",
"data",
"used",
"for",
"the",
"report",
"are",
"derived",
"largely",
"from",
"2005",
"or",
"earlier",
",",
"thus",
"indicating",
"an",
"HDI",
"for",
"2005",
".",
"Not",
"all",
"UN",
"member",
"states",
"choose",
"to",
"or",
"are",
"able",
"to",
"provide",
"the",
"necessary",
"statistics",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
22,
29,
33,
43,
47,
56,
59,
67,
69,
75,
77,
80,
89,
91,
93,
97,
99,
103,
109,
113,
116,
117,
126,
134,
140,
142,
148,
159,
162,
164,
172,
177,
178,
180,
185,
188,
192,
197,
202,
206,
210,
217,
221,
229,
237,
242,
247,
250,
257,
259,
264,
275,
278,
282,
286,
290,
292,
296,
300,
303,
310,
317,
324,
327,
330,
334,
339,
342,
350,
354,
364,
374
]
} | 9862a0485e2c47f0b308e813b62adee8 | Where was the 2007/2008 Human Development Report launched? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"was",
"the",
"2007/2008",
"Human",
"Development",
"Report",
"launched",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
14,
24,
30,
42,
49,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"Brasília, Brazil"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
59
],
"end": [
74
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
11
]
}
]
} | [
"Brasília, Brazil"
] |
SQuAD | On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study. | {
"tokens": [
"On",
"the",
"following",
"table",
",",
"green",
"arrows",
"(",
")",
"represent",
"an",
"increase",
"in",
"ranking",
"over",
"the",
"previous",
"study",
",",
"while",
"red",
"arrows",
"(",
")",
"represent",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"ranking",
".",
"They",
"are",
"followed",
"by",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"spaces",
"they",
"moved",
".",
"Blue",
"dashes",
"(",
")",
"represent",
"a",
"nation",
"that",
"did",
"not",
"move",
"in",
"the",
"rankings",
"since",
"the",
"previous",
"study",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
17,
22,
24,
30,
37,
38,
40,
50,
53,
62,
65,
73,
78,
82,
91,
96,
98,
104,
108,
115,
116,
118,
128,
130,
139,
142,
149,
151,
156,
160,
169,
172,
176,
183,
186,
193,
198,
203,
205,
210,
217,
218,
220,
230,
232,
239,
244,
248,
252,
257,
260,
264,
273,
279,
283,
292,
297
]
} | b7dd436bbce94a50a73e72f579ebf2f3 | If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present? | {
"tokens": [
"If",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"a",
"country",
"'s",
"ranking",
",",
"which",
"indicator",
"will",
"be",
"present",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
9,
12,
14,
23,
26,
28,
35,
38,
45,
47,
53,
63,
68,
71,
78
]
} | {
"text": [
"red arrows"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
104
],
"end": [
113
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
20
],
"end": [
21
]
}
]
} | [
"red arrows"
] |
SQuAD | On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study. | {
"tokens": [
"On",
"the",
"following",
"table",
",",
"green",
"arrows",
"(",
")",
"represent",
"an",
"increase",
"in",
"ranking",
"over",
"the",
"previous",
"study",
",",
"while",
"red",
"arrows",
"(",
")",
"represent",
"a",
"decrease",
"in",
"ranking",
".",
"They",
"are",
"followed",
"by",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"spaces",
"they",
"moved",
".",
"Blue",
"dashes",
"(",
")",
"represent",
"a",
"nation",
"that",
"did",
"not",
"move",
"in",
"the",
"rankings",
"since",
"the",
"previous",
"study",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
17,
22,
24,
30,
37,
38,
40,
50,
53,
62,
65,
73,
78,
82,
91,
96,
98,
104,
108,
115,
116,
118,
128,
130,
139,
142,
149,
151,
156,
160,
169,
172,
176,
183,
186,
193,
198,
203,
205,
210,
217,
218,
220,
230,
232,
239,
244,
248,
252,
257,
260,
264,
273,
279,
283,
292,
297
]
} | 11bd48457884471db722b6a98133d243 | If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present? | {
"tokens": [
"If",
"there",
"is",
"an",
"increase",
"in",
"a",
"country",
"'s",
"ranking",
",",
"which",
"indicator",
"will",
"be",
"present",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
9,
12,
15,
24,
27,
29,
36,
39,
46,
48,
54,
64,
69,
72,
79
]
} | {
"text": [
"green arrows"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
24
],
"end": [
35
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
5
],
"end": [
6
]
}
]
} | [
"green arrows"
] |
SQuAD | Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography, climate, and flora. | {
"tokens": [
"Different",
"methods",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"define",
"southern",
"Europe",
",",
"including",
"its",
"political",
",",
"economic",
",",
"and",
"cultural",
"attributes",
".",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"can",
"also",
"be",
"defined",
"by",
"its",
"natural",
"features",
"—",
"its",
"geography",
",",
"climate",
",",
"and",
"flora",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
18,
22,
25,
30,
33,
40,
49,
55,
57,
67,
71,
80,
82,
90,
92,
96,
105,
115,
117,
126,
133,
137,
142,
145,
153,
156,
160,
168,
177,
179,
183,
192,
194,
201,
203,
207,
212
]
} | b28d71d9b41344ce94b110fbad3a19d8 | What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"three",
"characteristics",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"employed",
"to",
"characterize",
"southern",
"Europe",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
15,
31,
36,
40,
43,
52,
55,
68,
77,
83
]
} | {
"text": [
"political, economic, and cultural attributes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
71
],
"end": [
114
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"political, economic, and cultural attributes"
] |
SQuAD | Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography, climate, and flora. | {
"tokens": [
"Different",
"methods",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"define",
"southern",
"Europe",
",",
"including",
"its",
"political",
",",
"economic",
",",
"and",
"cultural",
"attributes",
".",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"can",
"also",
"be",
"defined",
"by",
"its",
"natural",
"features",
"—",
"its",
"geography",
",",
"climate",
",",
"and",
"flora",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
18,
22,
25,
30,
33,
40,
49,
55,
57,
67,
71,
80,
82,
90,
92,
96,
105,
115,
117,
126,
133,
137,
142,
145,
153,
156,
160,
168,
177,
179,
183,
192,
194,
201,
203,
207,
212
]
} | 1efa9c0b5b814d50b77c6b114e2d90e4 | What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"three",
"aspects",
"of",
"the",
"environment",
"of",
"southern",
"Europe",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"distinguish",
"the",
"region",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
15,
23,
26,
30,
42,
45,
54,
61,
66,
70,
73,
78,
81,
93,
97,
103
]
} | {
"text": [
"geography, climate, and flora"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
183
],
"end": [
211
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
32
],
"end": [
37
]
}
]
} | [
"geography, climate, and flora"
] |
SQuAD | The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Greek Orthodox. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"predominant",
"religion",
"is",
"southern",
"Europe",
"is",
"Christianity",
".",
"Christianity",
"spread",
"throughout",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"during",
"the",
"Roman",
"Empire",
",",
"and",
"Christianity",
"was",
"adopted",
"as",
"the",
"official",
"religion",
"of",
"the",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"in",
"the",
"year",
"380",
"AD",
".",
"Due",
"to",
"the",
"historical",
"break",
"of",
"the",
"Christian",
"Church",
"into",
"the",
"western",
"half",
"based",
"in",
"Rome",
"and",
"the",
"eastern",
"half",
"based",
"in",
"Constantinople",
",",
"different",
"branches",
"of",
"Christianity",
"are",
"prodominent",
"in",
"different",
"parts",
"of",
"Europe",
".",
"Christians",
"in",
"the",
"western",
"half",
"of",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"—",
"e.g.",
",",
"Portugal",
",",
"Spain",
",",
"Italy",
"—",
"are",
"generally",
"Roman",
"Catholic",
".",
"Christians",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"half",
"of",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"—",
"e.g.",
",",
"Greece",
",",
"Macedonia",
"—",
"are",
"generally",
"Greek",
"Orthodox",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
16,
25,
28,
37,
44,
47,
59,
61,
74,
81,
92,
101,
108,
115,
119,
125,
131,
133,
137,
150,
154,
162,
165,
169,
178,
187,
190,
194,
200,
207,
210,
214,
219,
223,
225,
227,
231,
234,
238,
249,
255,
258,
262,
272,
279,
284,
288,
296,
301,
307,
310,
315,
319,
323,
331,
336,
342,
345,
359,
361,
371,
380,
383,
396,
400,
412,
415,
425,
431,
434,
440,
442,
453,
456,
460,
468,
473,
476,
485,
492,
494,
498,
500,
508,
510,
515,
517,
523,
525,
529,
539,
545,
553,
555,
566,
569,
573,
581,
586,
589,
598,
605,
607,
611,
613,
619,
621,
631,
633,
637,
647,
653,
661
]
} | eac674ff92064497b09f5dd5be181706 | What is the main faith practiced in southern Europe? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"main",
"faith",
"practiced",
"in",
"southern",
"Europe",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
17,
23,
33,
36,
45,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"Christianity"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
47
],
"end": [
58
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
7
],
"end": [
7
]
}
]
} | [
"Christianity"
] |
SQuAD | The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Greek Orthodox. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"predominant",
"religion",
"is",
"southern",
"Europe",
"is",
"Christianity",
".",
"Christianity",
"spread",
"throughout",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"during",
"the",
"Roman",
"Empire",
",",
"and",
"Christianity",
"was",
"adopted",
"as",
"the",
"official",
"religion",
"of",
"the",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"in",
"the",
"year",
"380",
"AD",
".",
"Due",
"to",
"the",
"historical",
"break",
"of",
"the",
"Christian",
"Church",
"into",
"the",
"western",
"half",
"based",
"in",
"Rome",
"and",
"the",
"eastern",
"half",
"based",
"in",
"Constantinople",
",",
"different",
"branches",
"of",
"Christianity",
"are",
"prodominent",
"in",
"different",
"parts",
"of",
"Europe",
".",
"Christians",
"in",
"the",
"western",
"half",
"of",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"—",
"e.g.",
",",
"Portugal",
",",
"Spain",
",",
"Italy",
"—",
"are",
"generally",
"Roman",
"Catholic",
".",
"Christians",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"half",
"of",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"—",
"e.g.",
",",
"Greece",
",",
"Macedonia",
"—",
"are",
"generally",
"Greek",
"Orthodox",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
16,
25,
28,
37,
44,
47,
59,
61,
74,
81,
92,
101,
108,
115,
119,
125,
131,
133,
137,
150,
154,
162,
165,
169,
178,
187,
190,
194,
200,
207,
210,
214,
219,
223,
225,
227,
231,
234,
238,
249,
255,
258,
262,
272,
279,
284,
288,
296,
301,
307,
310,
315,
319,
323,
331,
336,
342,
345,
359,
361,
371,
380,
383,
396,
400,
412,
415,
425,
431,
434,
440,
442,
453,
456,
460,
468,
473,
476,
485,
492,
494,
498,
500,
508,
510,
515,
517,
523,
525,
529,
539,
545,
553,
555,
566,
569,
573,
581,
586,
589,
598,
605,
607,
611,
613,
619,
621,
631,
633,
637,
647,
653,
661
]
} | ea7b6816fa264710851534990fb416c9 | When did the Romans make Christianity their official religion? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"the",
"Romans",
"make",
"Christianity",
"their",
"official",
"religion",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
20,
25,
38,
44,
53,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"380 AD"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
219
],
"end": [
224
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
34
],
"end": [
35
]
}
]
} | [
"380 AD"
] |
SQuAD | The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Greek Orthodox. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"predominant",
"religion",
"is",
"southern",
"Europe",
"is",
"Christianity",
".",
"Christianity",
"spread",
"throughout",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"during",
"the",
"Roman",
"Empire",
",",
"and",
"Christianity",
"was",
"adopted",
"as",
"the",
"official",
"religion",
"of",
"the",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"in",
"the",
"year",
"380",
"AD",
".",
"Due",
"to",
"the",
"historical",
"break",
"of",
"the",
"Christian",
"Church",
"into",
"the",
"western",
"half",
"based",
"in",
"Rome",
"and",
"the",
"eastern",
"half",
"based",
"in",
"Constantinople",
",",
"different",
"branches",
"of",
"Christianity",
"are",
"prodominent",
"in",
"different",
"parts",
"of",
"Europe",
".",
"Christians",
"in",
"the",
"western",
"half",
"of",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"—",
"e.g.",
",",
"Portugal",
",",
"Spain",
",",
"Italy",
"—",
"are",
"generally",
"Roman",
"Catholic",
".",
"Christians",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"half",
"of",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"—",
"e.g.",
",",
"Greece",
",",
"Macedonia",
"—",
"are",
"generally",
"Greek",
"Orthodox",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
16,
25,
28,
37,
44,
47,
59,
61,
74,
81,
92,
101,
108,
115,
119,
125,
131,
133,
137,
150,
154,
162,
165,
169,
178,
187,
190,
194,
200,
207,
210,
214,
219,
223,
225,
227,
231,
234,
238,
249,
255,
258,
262,
272,
279,
284,
288,
296,
301,
307,
310,
315,
319,
323,
331,
336,
342,
345,
359,
361,
371,
380,
383,
396,
400,
412,
415,
425,
431,
434,
440,
442,
453,
456,
460,
468,
473,
476,
485,
492,
494,
498,
500,
508,
510,
515,
517,
523,
525,
529,
539,
545,
553,
555,
566,
569,
573,
581,
586,
589,
598,
605,
607,
611,
613,
619,
621,
631,
633,
637,
647,
653,
661
]
} | f984b18991614d36917651dad80921b3 | What denomination of Christianity is common in the western part of southern Europe? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"denomination",
"of",
"Christianity",
"is",
"common",
"in",
"the",
"western",
"part",
"of",
"southern",
"Europe",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
18,
21,
34,
37,
44,
47,
51,
59,
64,
67,
76,
82
]
} | {
"text": [
"Roman Catholic"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
539
],
"end": [
552
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
92
],
"end": [
93
]
}
]
} | [
"Roman Catholic"
] |
SQuAD | The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and the eastern half based in Constantinople, different branches of Christianity are prodominent in different parts of Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe — e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy — are generally Roman Catholic. Christians in the eastern half of Southern Europe — e.g., Greece, Macedonia — are generally Greek Orthodox. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"predominant",
"religion",
"is",
"southern",
"Europe",
"is",
"Christianity",
".",
"Christianity",
"spread",
"throughout",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"during",
"the",
"Roman",
"Empire",
",",
"and",
"Christianity",
"was",
"adopted",
"as",
"the",
"official",
"religion",
"of",
"the",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"in",
"the",
"year",
"380",
"AD",
".",
"Due",
"to",
"the",
"historical",
"break",
"of",
"the",
"Christian",
"Church",
"into",
"the",
"western",
"half",
"based",
"in",
"Rome",
"and",
"the",
"eastern",
"half",
"based",
"in",
"Constantinople",
",",
"different",
"branches",
"of",
"Christianity",
"are",
"prodominent",
"in",
"different",
"parts",
"of",
"Europe",
".",
"Christians",
"in",
"the",
"western",
"half",
"of",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"—",
"e.g.",
",",
"Portugal",
",",
"Spain",
",",
"Italy",
"—",
"are",
"generally",
"Roman",
"Catholic",
".",
"Christians",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"half",
"of",
"Southern",
"Europe",
"—",
"e.g.",
",",
"Greece",
",",
"Macedonia",
"—",
"are",
"generally",
"Greek",
"Orthodox",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
16,
25,
28,
37,
44,
47,
59,
61,
74,
81,
92,
101,
108,
115,
119,
125,
131,
133,
137,
150,
154,
162,
165,
169,
178,
187,
190,
194,
200,
207,
210,
214,
219,
223,
225,
227,
231,
234,
238,
249,
255,
258,
262,
272,
279,
284,
288,
296,
301,
307,
310,
315,
319,
323,
331,
336,
342,
345,
359,
361,
371,
380,
383,
396,
400,
412,
415,
425,
431,
434,
440,
442,
453,
456,
460,
468,
473,
476,
485,
492,
494,
498,
500,
508,
510,
515,
517,
523,
525,
529,
539,
545,
553,
555,
566,
569,
573,
581,
586,
589,
598,
605,
607,
611,
613,
619,
621,
631,
633,
637,
647,
653,
661
]
} | b8c42a5b15544acca2503e367bb8eb54 | Which denomination of Christianity is more common in the eastern part of Mediterranean Europe? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"denomination",
"of",
"Christianity",
"is",
"more",
"common",
"in",
"the",
"eastern",
"part",
"of",
"Mediterranean",
"Europe",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
19,
22,
35,
38,
43,
50,
53,
57,
65,
70,
73,
87,
93
]
} | {
"text": [
"Greek Orthodox"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
647
],
"end": [
660
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
112
],
"end": [
113
]
}
]
} | [
"Greek Orthodox"
] |
SQuAD | The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"HDI",
"has",
"extended",
"its",
"geographical",
"coverage",
":",
"David",
"Hastings",
",",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Economic",
"and",
"Social",
"Commission",
"for",
"Asia",
"and",
"the",
"Pacific",
",",
"published",
"a",
"report",
"geographically",
"extending",
"the",
"HDI",
"to",
"230",
"+",
"economies",
",",
"whereas",
"the",
"UNDP",
"HDI",
"for",
"2009",
"enumerates",
"182",
"economies",
"and",
"coverage",
"for",
"the",
"2010",
"HDI",
"dropped",
"to",
"169",
"countries",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
21,
25,
38,
46,
48,
54,
62,
64,
67,
71,
78,
86,
95,
99,
106,
117,
121,
126,
130,
134,
141,
143,
153,
155,
162,
177,
187,
191,
195,
198,
201,
203,
212,
214,
222,
226,
231,
235,
239,
244,
255,
259,
269,
273,
282,
286,
290,
295,
299,
307,
310,
314,
323
]
} | 42bf443583cd4d27b94227d9d5d1ef14 | How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"countries",
"were",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"2009",
"HDI",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
19,
24,
33,
36,
40,
45,
48
]
} | {
"text": [
"182"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
255
],
"end": [
257
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
44
],
"end": [
44
]
}
]
} | [
"182"
] |
SQuAD | The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"HDI",
"has",
"extended",
"its",
"geographical",
"coverage",
":",
"David",
"Hastings",
",",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Economic",
"and",
"Social",
"Commission",
"for",
"Asia",
"and",
"the",
"Pacific",
",",
"published",
"a",
"report",
"geographically",
"extending",
"the",
"HDI",
"to",
"230",
"+",
"economies",
",",
"whereas",
"the",
"UNDP",
"HDI",
"for",
"2009",
"enumerates",
"182",
"economies",
"and",
"coverage",
"for",
"the",
"2010",
"HDI",
"dropped",
"to",
"169",
"countries",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
21,
25,
38,
46,
48,
54,
62,
64,
67,
71,
78,
86,
95,
99,
106,
117,
121,
126,
130,
134,
141,
143,
153,
155,
162,
177,
187,
191,
195,
198,
201,
203,
212,
214,
222,
226,
231,
235,
239,
244,
255,
259,
269,
273,
282,
286,
290,
295,
299,
307,
310,
314,
323
]
} | 3841e4cd6c10484aa8e5af27f7291b1f | How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"countries",
"were",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"2010",
"HDI",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
19,
24,
33,
36,
40,
45,
48
]
} | {
"text": [
"169"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
310
],
"end": [
312
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
54
],
"end": [
54
]
}
]
} | [
"169"
] |
SQuAD | Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. | {
"tokens": [
"Cooler",
"climates",
"can",
"be",
"found",
"in",
"certain",
"parts",
"of",
"Southern",
"European",
"countries",
",",
"for",
"example",
"within",
"the",
"mountain",
"ranges",
"of",
"Spain",
"and",
"Italy",
".",
"Additionally",
",",
"the",
"north",
"coast",
"of",
"Spain",
"experiences",
"a",
"wetter",
"Atlantic",
"climate",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
16,
20,
23,
29,
32,
40,
46,
49,
58,
67,
76,
78,
82,
90,
97,
101,
110,
117,
120,
126,
130,
135,
137,
149,
151,
155,
161,
167,
170,
176,
188,
190,
197,
206,
213
]
} | f059b83429464826bbd0f124a76f2bec | Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"do",
"colder",
"areas",
"occur",
"within",
"southern",
"Europe",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
9,
16,
22,
28,
35,
44,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"mountain ranges of Spain and Italy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
101
],
"end": [
134
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
22
]
}
]
} | [
"mountain ranges of Spain and Italy"
] |
SQuAD | Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. | {
"tokens": [
"Cooler",
"climates",
"can",
"be",
"found",
"in",
"certain",
"parts",
"of",
"Southern",
"European",
"countries",
",",
"for",
"example",
"within",
"the",
"mountain",
"ranges",
"of",
"Spain",
"and",
"Italy",
".",
"Additionally",
",",
"the",
"north",
"coast",
"of",
"Spain",
"experiences",
"a",
"wetter",
"Atlantic",
"climate",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
16,
20,
23,
29,
32,
40,
46,
49,
58,
67,
76,
78,
82,
90,
97,
101,
110,
117,
120,
126,
130,
135,
137,
149,
151,
155,
161,
167,
170,
176,
188,
190,
197,
206,
213
]
} | b457dba1a9c24a7f802d708764726bc5 | Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"are",
"more",
"moist",
"areas",
"found",
"in",
"southern",
"Europe",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
15,
21,
27,
33,
36,
45,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"north coast of Spain"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
155
],
"end": [
174
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
27
],
"end": [
30
]
}
]
} | [
"north coast of Spain"
] |
SQuAD | Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. | {
"tokens": [
"Cooler",
"climates",
"can",
"be",
"found",
"in",
"certain",
"parts",
"of",
"Southern",
"European",
"countries",
",",
"for",
"example",
"within",
"the",
"mountain",
"ranges",
"of",
"Spain",
"and",
"Italy",
".",
"Additionally",
",",
"the",
"north",
"coast",
"of",
"Spain",
"experiences",
"a",
"wetter",
"Atlantic",
"climate",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
16,
20,
23,
29,
32,
40,
46,
49,
58,
67,
76,
78,
82,
90,
97,
101,
110,
117,
120,
126,
130,
135,
137,
149,
151,
155,
161,
167,
170,
176,
188,
190,
197,
206,
213
]
} | 40ece3a8805c4c8e909d285b34beeded | What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"term",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"describe",
"the",
"wet",
"area",
"of",
"North",
"Spain",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
17,
22,
25,
34,
38,
42,
47,
50,
56,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"Atlantic climate"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
197
],
"end": [
212
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
34
],
"end": [
35
]
}
]
} | [
"Atlantic climate"
] |
SQuAD | Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds. | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"definitions",
"of",
"southern",
"Europe",
",",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"Mediterranean",
"Europe",
",",
"include",
"the",
"countries",
"of",
"the",
"Iberian",
"peninsula",
"(",
"Spain",
"and",
"Portugal",
")",
",",
"the",
"Italian",
"peninsula",
",",
"southern",
"France",
"and",
"Greece",
".",
"Other",
"definitions",
"sometimes",
"include",
"the",
"Balkan",
"countries",
"of",
"southeast",
"Europe",
",",
"which",
"are",
"geographically",
"in",
"the",
"southern",
"part",
"of",
"Europe",
",",
"but",
"which",
"have",
"different",
"historical",
",",
"political",
",",
"economic",
",",
"and",
"cultural",
"backgrounds",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
17,
20,
29,
35,
37,
42,
48,
51,
65,
71,
73,
81,
85,
95,
98,
102,
110,
120,
121,
127,
131,
139,
140,
142,
146,
154,
163,
165,
174,
181,
185,
191,
193,
199,
211,
221,
229,
233,
240,
250,
253,
263,
269,
271,
277,
281,
296,
299,
303,
312,
317,
320,
326,
328,
332,
338,
343,
353,
363,
365,
374,
376,
384,
386,
390,
399,
410
]
} | 939702abac914abba8010f8ddff7b9d4 | What is another term for southern Europe | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"another",
"term",
"for",
"southern",
"Europe"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
16,
21,
25,
34
]
} | {
"text": [
"Mediterranean Europe"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
51
],
"end": [
70
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"Mediterranean Europe"
] |
SQuAD | Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds. | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"definitions",
"of",
"southern",
"Europe",
",",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"Mediterranean",
"Europe",
",",
"include",
"the",
"countries",
"of",
"the",
"Iberian",
"peninsula",
"(",
"Spain",
"and",
"Portugal",
")",
",",
"the",
"Italian",
"peninsula",
",",
"southern",
"France",
"and",
"Greece",
".",
"Other",
"definitions",
"sometimes",
"include",
"the",
"Balkan",
"countries",
"of",
"southeast",
"Europe",
",",
"which",
"are",
"geographically",
"in",
"the",
"southern",
"part",
"of",
"Europe",
",",
"but",
"which",
"have",
"different",
"historical",
",",
"political",
",",
"economic",
",",
"and",
"cultural",
"backgrounds",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
17,
20,
29,
35,
37,
42,
48,
51,
65,
71,
73,
81,
85,
95,
98,
102,
110,
120,
121,
127,
131,
139,
140,
142,
146,
154,
163,
165,
174,
181,
185,
191,
193,
199,
211,
221,
229,
233,
240,
250,
253,
263,
269,
271,
277,
281,
296,
299,
303,
312,
317,
320,
326,
328,
332,
338,
343,
353,
363,
365,
374,
376,
384,
386,
390,
399,
410
]
} | 93fc781415aa453f9b6dff3f1e53d798 | What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"name",
"for",
"the",
"stretch",
"of",
"land",
"on",
"which",
"Spain",
"and",
"Portugal",
"are",
"located",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
17,
21,
25,
33,
36,
41,
44,
50,
56,
60,
69,
73,
80
]
} | {
"text": [
"Iberian peninsula"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
102
],
"end": [
118
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"Iberian peninsula"
] |
SQuAD | Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds. | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"definitions",
"of",
"southern",
"Europe",
",",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"Mediterranean",
"Europe",
",",
"include",
"the",
"countries",
"of",
"the",
"Iberian",
"peninsula",
"(",
"Spain",
"and",
"Portugal",
")",
",",
"the",
"Italian",
"peninsula",
",",
"southern",
"France",
"and",
"Greece",
".",
"Other",
"definitions",
"sometimes",
"include",
"the",
"Balkan",
"countries",
"of",
"southeast",
"Europe",
",",
"which",
"are",
"geographically",
"in",
"the",
"southern",
"part",
"of",
"Europe",
",",
"but",
"which",
"have",
"different",
"historical",
",",
"political",
",",
"economic",
",",
"and",
"cultural",
"backgrounds",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
17,
20,
29,
35,
37,
42,
48,
51,
65,
71,
73,
81,
85,
95,
98,
102,
110,
120,
121,
127,
131,
139,
140,
142,
146,
154,
163,
165,
174,
181,
185,
191,
193,
199,
211,
221,
229,
233,
240,
250,
253,
263,
269,
271,
277,
281,
296,
299,
303,
312,
317,
320,
326,
328,
332,
338,
343,
353,
363,
365,
374,
376,
384,
386,
390,
399,
410
]
} | 194819f9c43c4e979612f34fd7718e31 | What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"nations",
"are",
"sometimes",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"scope",
"of",
"southern",
"Europe",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
17,
27,
36,
39,
43,
49,
52,
61,
67
]
} | {
"text": [
"Balkan countries"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
233
],
"end": [
248
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
39
],
"end": [
40
]
}
]
} | [
"Balkan countries"
] |
SQuAD | Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of Europe, but which have different historical, political, economic, and cultural backgrounds. | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"definitions",
"of",
"southern",
"Europe",
",",
"also",
"known",
"as",
"Mediterranean",
"Europe",
",",
"include",
"the",
"countries",
"of",
"the",
"Iberian",
"peninsula",
"(",
"Spain",
"and",
"Portugal",
")",
",",
"the",
"Italian",
"peninsula",
",",
"southern",
"France",
"and",
"Greece",
".",
"Other",
"definitions",
"sometimes",
"include",
"the",
"Balkan",
"countries",
"of",
"southeast",
"Europe",
",",
"which",
"are",
"geographically",
"in",
"the",
"southern",
"part",
"of",
"Europe",
",",
"but",
"which",
"have",
"different",
"historical",
",",
"political",
",",
"economic",
",",
"and",
"cultural",
"backgrounds",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
17,
20,
29,
35,
37,
42,
48,
51,
65,
71,
73,
81,
85,
95,
98,
102,
110,
120,
121,
127,
131,
139,
140,
142,
146,
154,
163,
165,
174,
181,
185,
191,
193,
199,
211,
221,
229,
233,
240,
250,
253,
263,
269,
271,
277,
281,
296,
299,
303,
312,
317,
320,
326,
328,
332,
338,
343,
353,
363,
365,
374,
376,
384,
386,
390,
399,
410
]
} | 71e5ee31c3504bd68b4cd3882f545919 | What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"area",
"of",
"France",
"is",
"considered",
"a",
"part",
"of",
"Mediterranean",
"Europe",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
20,
23,
34,
36,
41,
44,
58,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"southern France"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
165
],
"end": [
179
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
30
]
}
]
} | [
"southern France"
] |
SQuAD | The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"origins",
"of",
"the",
"HDI",
"are",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"annual",
"Development",
"Reports",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Development",
"Programme",
"(",
"UNDP",
")",
".",
"These",
"were",
"devised",
"and",
"launched",
"by",
"Pakistani",
"economist",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
"in",
"1990",
"and",
"had",
"the",
"explicit",
"purpose",
"\"",
"to",
"shift",
"the",
"focus",
"of",
"development",
"economics",
"from",
"national",
"income",
"accounting",
"to",
"people",
"-",
"centered",
"policies",
"\"",
".",
"To",
"produce",
"the",
"Human",
"Development",
"Reports",
",",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
"formed",
"a",
"group",
"of",
"development",
"economists",
"including",
"Paul",
"Streeten",
",",
"Frances",
"Stewart",
",",
"Gustav",
"Ranis",
",",
"Keith",
"Griffin",
",",
"Sudhir",
"Anand",
",",
"and",
"Meghnad",
"Desai",
".",
"Working",
"alongside",
"Nobel",
"laureate",
"Amartya",
"Sen",
",",
"they",
"worked",
"on",
"capabilities",
"and",
"functions",
"that",
"provided",
"the",
"underlying",
"conceptual",
"framework",
".",
"Haq",
"was",
"sure",
"that",
"a",
"simple",
"composite",
"measure",
"of",
"human",
"development",
"was",
"needed",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"convince",
"the",
"public",
",",
"academics",
",",
"and",
"politicians",
"that",
"they",
"can",
"and",
"should",
"evaluate",
"development",
"not",
"only",
"by",
"economic",
"advances",
"but",
"also",
"improvements",
"in",
"human",
"well",
"-",
"being",
".",
"Sen",
"initially",
"opposed",
"this",
"idea",
",",
"but",
"he",
"soon",
"went",
"on",
"to",
"help",
"Haq",
"develop",
"the",
"Index",
".",
"Sen",
"was",
"worried",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"going",
"to",
"be",
"difficult",
"to",
"capture",
"the",
"full",
"complexity",
"of",
"human",
"capabilities",
"in",
"a",
"single",
"index",
",",
"but",
"Haq",
"persuaded",
"him",
"that",
"only",
"a",
"single",
"number",
"would",
"shift",
"the",
"immediate",
"attention",
"of",
"politicians",
"from",
"economic",
"to",
"human",
"well",
"-",
"being",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
12,
15,
19,
23,
27,
33,
36,
40,
47,
59,
67,
70,
74,
81,
89,
101,
111,
112,
116,
117,
119,
125,
130,
138,
142,
151,
154,
164,
174,
181,
184,
188,
191,
196,
200,
204,
208,
217,
225,
226,
229,
235,
239,
245,
248,
260,
270,
275,
284,
291,
302,
305,
311,
312,
321,
329,
330,
332,
335,
343,
347,
353,
365,
372,
374,
381,
384,
388,
395,
397,
403,
406,
418,
429,
439,
444,
452,
454,
462,
469,
471,
478,
483,
485,
491,
498,
500,
507,
512,
514,
518,
526,
531,
533,
541,
551,
557,
566,
574,
577,
579,
584,
591,
594,
607,
611,
621,
626,
635,
639,
650,
661,
670,
672,
676,
680,
685,
690,
692,
699,
709,
717,
720,
726,
738,
742,
749,
752,
758,
761,
770,
774,
780,
782,
791,
793,
797,
809,
814,
819,
823,
827,
834,
843,
855,
859,
864,
867,
876,
885,
889,
894,
907,
910,
916,
920,
921,
926,
928,
932,
942,
950,
955,
959,
961,
965,
968,
973,
978,
981,
984,
989,
993,
1001,
1005,
1010,
1012,
1016,
1020,
1028,
1033,
1036,
1040,
1046,
1049,
1052,
1062,
1065,
1073,
1077,
1082,
1093,
1096,
1102,
1115,
1118,
1120,
1127,
1132,
1134,
1138,
1142,
1152,
1156,
1161,
1166,
1168,
1175,
1182,
1188,
1194,
1198,
1208,
1218,
1221,
1233,
1238,
1247,
1250,
1256,
1260,
1261,
1266
]
} | 886bbef364a6400fba61ca9ce7f1273a | In what year did Mahbub ul Haq devise and launch the HDI? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"year",
"did",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
"devise",
"and",
"launch",
"the",
"HDI",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
13,
17,
24,
27,
31,
38,
42,
49,
53,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"1990"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
191
],
"end": [
194
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
34
],
"end": [
34
]
}
]
} | [
"1990"
] |
SQuAD | The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"origins",
"of",
"the",
"HDI",
"are",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"annual",
"Development",
"Reports",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Development",
"Programme",
"(",
"UNDP",
")",
".",
"These",
"were",
"devised",
"and",
"launched",
"by",
"Pakistani",
"economist",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
"in",
"1990",
"and",
"had",
"the",
"explicit",
"purpose",
"\"",
"to",
"shift",
"the",
"focus",
"of",
"development",
"economics",
"from",
"national",
"income",
"accounting",
"to",
"people",
"-",
"centered",
"policies",
"\"",
".",
"To",
"produce",
"the",
"Human",
"Development",
"Reports",
",",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
"formed",
"a",
"group",
"of",
"development",
"economists",
"including",
"Paul",
"Streeten",
",",
"Frances",
"Stewart",
",",
"Gustav",
"Ranis",
",",
"Keith",
"Griffin",
",",
"Sudhir",
"Anand",
",",
"and",
"Meghnad",
"Desai",
".",
"Working",
"alongside",
"Nobel",
"laureate",
"Amartya",
"Sen",
",",
"they",
"worked",
"on",
"capabilities",
"and",
"functions",
"that",
"provided",
"the",
"underlying",
"conceptual",
"framework",
".",
"Haq",
"was",
"sure",
"that",
"a",
"simple",
"composite",
"measure",
"of",
"human",
"development",
"was",
"needed",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"convince",
"the",
"public",
",",
"academics",
",",
"and",
"politicians",
"that",
"they",
"can",
"and",
"should",
"evaluate",
"development",
"not",
"only",
"by",
"economic",
"advances",
"but",
"also",
"improvements",
"in",
"human",
"well",
"-",
"being",
".",
"Sen",
"initially",
"opposed",
"this",
"idea",
",",
"but",
"he",
"soon",
"went",
"on",
"to",
"help",
"Haq",
"develop",
"the",
"Index",
".",
"Sen",
"was",
"worried",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"going",
"to",
"be",
"difficult",
"to",
"capture",
"the",
"full",
"complexity",
"of",
"human",
"capabilities",
"in",
"a",
"single",
"index",
",",
"but",
"Haq",
"persuaded",
"him",
"that",
"only",
"a",
"single",
"number",
"would",
"shift",
"the",
"immediate",
"attention",
"of",
"politicians",
"from",
"economic",
"to",
"human",
"well",
"-",
"being",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
12,
15,
19,
23,
27,
33,
36,
40,
47,
59,
67,
70,
74,
81,
89,
101,
111,
112,
116,
117,
119,
125,
130,
138,
142,
151,
154,
164,
174,
181,
184,
188,
191,
196,
200,
204,
208,
217,
225,
226,
229,
235,
239,
245,
248,
260,
270,
275,
284,
291,
302,
305,
311,
312,
321,
329,
330,
332,
335,
343,
347,
353,
365,
372,
374,
381,
384,
388,
395,
397,
403,
406,
418,
429,
439,
444,
452,
454,
462,
469,
471,
478,
483,
485,
491,
498,
500,
507,
512,
514,
518,
526,
531,
533,
541,
551,
557,
566,
574,
577,
579,
584,
591,
594,
607,
611,
621,
626,
635,
639,
650,
661,
670,
672,
676,
680,
685,
690,
692,
699,
709,
717,
720,
726,
738,
742,
749,
752,
758,
761,
770,
774,
780,
782,
791,
793,
797,
809,
814,
819,
823,
827,
834,
843,
855,
859,
864,
867,
876,
885,
889,
894,
907,
910,
916,
920,
921,
926,
928,
932,
942,
950,
955,
959,
961,
965,
968,
973,
978,
981,
984,
989,
993,
1001,
1005,
1010,
1012,
1016,
1020,
1028,
1033,
1036,
1040,
1046,
1049,
1052,
1062,
1065,
1073,
1077,
1082,
1093,
1096,
1102,
1115,
1118,
1120,
1127,
1132,
1134,
1138,
1142,
1152,
1156,
1161,
1166,
1168,
1175,
1182,
1188,
1194,
1198,
1208,
1218,
1221,
1233,
1238,
1247,
1250,
1256,
1260,
1261,
1266
]
} | bcdc637dc28942ca93cf754772c8e22c | Who was initially opposed to the idea of creating the HDI? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"initially",
"opposed",
"to",
"the",
"idea",
"of",
"creating",
"the",
"HDI",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
18,
26,
29,
33,
38,
41,
50,
54,
57
]
} | {
"text": [
"Amartya Sen"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
566
],
"end": [
576
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
99
],
"end": [
100
]
}
]
} | [
"Amartya Sen"
] |
SQuAD | The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"origins",
"of",
"the",
"HDI",
"are",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"annual",
"Development",
"Reports",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Development",
"Programme",
"(",
"UNDP",
")",
".",
"These",
"were",
"devised",
"and",
"launched",
"by",
"Pakistani",
"economist",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
"in",
"1990",
"and",
"had",
"the",
"explicit",
"purpose",
"\"",
"to",
"shift",
"the",
"focus",
"of",
"development",
"economics",
"from",
"national",
"income",
"accounting",
"to",
"people",
"-",
"centered",
"policies",
"\"",
".",
"To",
"produce",
"the",
"Human",
"Development",
"Reports",
",",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
"formed",
"a",
"group",
"of",
"development",
"economists",
"including",
"Paul",
"Streeten",
",",
"Frances",
"Stewart",
",",
"Gustav",
"Ranis",
",",
"Keith",
"Griffin",
",",
"Sudhir",
"Anand",
",",
"and",
"Meghnad",
"Desai",
".",
"Working",
"alongside",
"Nobel",
"laureate",
"Amartya",
"Sen",
",",
"they",
"worked",
"on",
"capabilities",
"and",
"functions",
"that",
"provided",
"the",
"underlying",
"conceptual",
"framework",
".",
"Haq",
"was",
"sure",
"that",
"a",
"simple",
"composite",
"measure",
"of",
"human",
"development",
"was",
"needed",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"convince",
"the",
"public",
",",
"academics",
",",
"and",
"politicians",
"that",
"they",
"can",
"and",
"should",
"evaluate",
"development",
"not",
"only",
"by",
"economic",
"advances",
"but",
"also",
"improvements",
"in",
"human",
"well",
"-",
"being",
".",
"Sen",
"initially",
"opposed",
"this",
"idea",
",",
"but",
"he",
"soon",
"went",
"on",
"to",
"help",
"Haq",
"develop",
"the",
"Index",
".",
"Sen",
"was",
"worried",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"going",
"to",
"be",
"difficult",
"to",
"capture",
"the",
"full",
"complexity",
"of",
"human",
"capabilities",
"in",
"a",
"single",
"index",
",",
"but",
"Haq",
"persuaded",
"him",
"that",
"only",
"a",
"single",
"number",
"would",
"shift",
"the",
"immediate",
"attention",
"of",
"politicians",
"from",
"economic",
"to",
"human",
"well",
"-",
"being",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
12,
15,
19,
23,
27,
33,
36,
40,
47,
59,
67,
70,
74,
81,
89,
101,
111,
112,
116,
117,
119,
125,
130,
138,
142,
151,
154,
164,
174,
181,
184,
188,
191,
196,
200,
204,
208,
217,
225,
226,
229,
235,
239,
245,
248,
260,
270,
275,
284,
291,
302,
305,
311,
312,
321,
329,
330,
332,
335,
343,
347,
353,
365,
372,
374,
381,
384,
388,
395,
397,
403,
406,
418,
429,
439,
444,
452,
454,
462,
469,
471,
478,
483,
485,
491,
498,
500,
507,
512,
514,
518,
526,
531,
533,
541,
551,
557,
566,
574,
577,
579,
584,
591,
594,
607,
611,
621,
626,
635,
639,
650,
661,
670,
672,
676,
680,
685,
690,
692,
699,
709,
717,
720,
726,
738,
742,
749,
752,
758,
761,
770,
774,
780,
782,
791,
793,
797,
809,
814,
819,
823,
827,
834,
843,
855,
859,
864,
867,
876,
885,
889,
894,
907,
910,
916,
920,
921,
926,
928,
932,
942,
950,
955,
959,
961,
965,
968,
973,
978,
981,
984,
989,
993,
1001,
1005,
1010,
1012,
1016,
1020,
1028,
1033,
1036,
1040,
1046,
1049,
1052,
1062,
1065,
1073,
1077,
1082,
1093,
1096,
1102,
1115,
1118,
1120,
1127,
1132,
1134,
1138,
1142,
1152,
1156,
1161,
1166,
1168,
1175,
1182,
1188,
1194,
1198,
1208,
1218,
1221,
1233,
1238,
1247,
1250,
1256,
1260,
1261,
1266
]
} | b396ebecec6c469e9e458adcfc8ea9a1 | Mahbub ul Haq was hoping to shift the focus of development economics to what type of policies? | {
"tokens": [
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
"was",
"hoping",
"to",
"shift",
"the",
"focus",
"of",
"development",
"economics",
"to",
"what",
"type",
"of",
"policies",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
10,
14,
18,
25,
28,
34,
38,
44,
47,
59,
69,
72,
77,
82,
85,
93
]
} | {
"text": [
"people-centered policies"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
305
],
"end": [
328
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
53
],
"end": [
56
]
}
]
} | [
"people-centered policies"
] |
SQuAD | The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Development Reports of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies". To produce the Human Development Reports, Mahbub ul Haq formed a group of development economists including Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand, and Meghnad Desai. Working alongside Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, they worked on capabilities and functions that provided the underlying conceptual framework. Haq was sure that a simple composite measure of human development was needed in order to convince the public, academics, and politicians that they can and should evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being. Sen initially opposed this idea, but he soon went on to help Haq develop the Index. Sen was worried that it was going to be difficult to capture the full complexity of human capabilities in a single index, but Haq persuaded him that only a single number would shift the immediate attention of politicians from economic to human well-being. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"origins",
"of",
"the",
"HDI",
"are",
"found",
"in",
"the",
"annual",
"Development",
"Reports",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"Nations",
"Development",
"Programme",
"(",
"UNDP",
")",
".",
"These",
"were",
"devised",
"and",
"launched",
"by",
"Pakistani",
"economist",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
"in",
"1990",
"and",
"had",
"the",
"explicit",
"purpose",
"\"",
"to",
"shift",
"the",
"focus",
"of",
"development",
"economics",
"from",
"national",
"income",
"accounting",
"to",
"people",
"-",
"centered",
"policies",
"\"",
".",
"To",
"produce",
"the",
"Human",
"Development",
"Reports",
",",
"Mahbub",
"ul",
"Haq",
"formed",
"a",
"group",
"of",
"development",
"economists",
"including",
"Paul",
"Streeten",
",",
"Frances",
"Stewart",
",",
"Gustav",
"Ranis",
",",
"Keith",
"Griffin",
",",
"Sudhir",
"Anand",
",",
"and",
"Meghnad",
"Desai",
".",
"Working",
"alongside",
"Nobel",
"laureate",
"Amartya",
"Sen",
",",
"they",
"worked",
"on",
"capabilities",
"and",
"functions",
"that",
"provided",
"the",
"underlying",
"conceptual",
"framework",
".",
"Haq",
"was",
"sure",
"that",
"a",
"simple",
"composite",
"measure",
"of",
"human",
"development",
"was",
"needed",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"convince",
"the",
"public",
",",
"academics",
",",
"and",
"politicians",
"that",
"they",
"can",
"and",
"should",
"evaluate",
"development",
"not",
"only",
"by",
"economic",
"advances",
"but",
"also",
"improvements",
"in",
"human",
"well",
"-",
"being",
".",
"Sen",
"initially",
"opposed",
"this",
"idea",
",",
"but",
"he",
"soon",
"went",
"on",
"to",
"help",
"Haq",
"develop",
"the",
"Index",
".",
"Sen",
"was",
"worried",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"going",
"to",
"be",
"difficult",
"to",
"capture",
"the",
"full",
"complexity",
"of",
"human",
"capabilities",
"in",
"a",
"single",
"index",
",",
"but",
"Haq",
"persuaded",
"him",
"that",
"only",
"a",
"single",
"number",
"would",
"shift",
"the",
"immediate",
"attention",
"of",
"politicians",
"from",
"economic",
"to",
"human",
"well",
"-",
"being",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
12,
15,
19,
23,
27,
33,
36,
40,
47,
59,
67,
70,
74,
81,
89,
101,
111,
112,
116,
117,
119,
125,
130,
138,
142,
151,
154,
164,
174,
181,
184,
188,
191,
196,
200,
204,
208,
217,
225,
226,
229,
235,
239,
245,
248,
260,
270,
275,
284,
291,
302,
305,
311,
312,
321,
329,
330,
332,
335,
343,
347,
353,
365,
372,
374,
381,
384,
388,
395,
397,
403,
406,
418,
429,
439,
444,
452,
454,
462,
469,
471,
478,
483,
485,
491,
498,
500,
507,
512,
514,
518,
526,
531,
533,
541,
551,
557,
566,
574,
577,
579,
584,
591,
594,
607,
611,
621,
626,
635,
639,
650,
661,
670,
672,
676,
680,
685,
690,
692,
699,
709,
717,
720,
726,
738,
742,
749,
752,
758,
761,
770,
774,
780,
782,
791,
793,
797,
809,
814,
819,
823,
827,
834,
843,
855,
859,
864,
867,
876,
885,
889,
894,
907,
910,
916,
920,
921,
926,
928,
932,
942,
950,
955,
959,
961,
965,
968,
973,
978,
981,
984,
989,
993,
1001,
1005,
1010,
1012,
1016,
1020,
1028,
1033,
1036,
1040,
1046,
1049,
1052,
1062,
1065,
1073,
1077,
1082,
1093,
1096,
1102,
1115,
1118,
1120,
1127,
1132,
1134,
1138,
1142,
1152,
1156,
1161,
1166,
1168,
1175,
1182,
1188,
1194,
1198,
1208,
1218,
1221,
1233,
1238,
1247,
1250,
1256,
1260,
1261,
1266
]
} | 3e4eadbb0e484a358351a63d53c3ef46 | Which year was used for estimates in the 2011 report? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"year",
"was",
"used",
"for",
"estimates",
"in",
"the",
"2011",
"report",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
15,
20,
24,
34,
37,
41,
46,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"1990"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
191
],
"end": [
194
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
34
],
"end": [
34
]
}
]
} | [
"1990"
] |
SQuAD | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country. | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"countries",
"were",
"not",
"included",
"for",
"various",
"reasons",
",",
"mainly",
"the",
"unavailability",
"of",
"certain",
"crucial",
"data",
".",
"The",
"following",
"United",
"Nations",
"Member",
"States",
"were",
"not",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"2010",
"report",
".",
"Cuba",
"lodged",
"a",
"formal",
"protest",
"at",
"its",
"lack",
"of",
"inclusion",
".",
"The",
"UNDP",
"explained",
"that",
"Cuba",
"had",
"been",
"excluded",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"an",
"\"",
"internationally",
"reported",
"figure",
"for",
"Cuba",
"’s",
"Gross",
"National",
"Income",
"adjusted",
"for",
"Purchasing",
"Power",
"Parity",
"\"",
".",
"All",
"other",
"indicators",
"for",
"Cuba",
"were",
"available",
",",
"and",
"reported",
"by",
"the",
"UNDP",
",",
"but",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"one",
"indicator",
"meant",
"that",
"no",
"ranking",
"could",
"be",
"attributed",
"to",
"the",
"country",
".",
"The",
"situation",
"has",
"been",
"addressed",
"and",
",",
"in",
"later",
"years",
",",
"Cuba",
"has",
"ranked",
"as",
"a",
"High",
"Human",
"Development",
"country",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
15,
20,
24,
33,
37,
45,
52,
54,
61,
65,
80,
83,
91,
99,
103,
105,
109,
119,
126,
134,
141,
148,
153,
157,
166,
169,
173,
178,
184,
186,
191,
198,
200,
207,
215,
218,
222,
227,
230,
239,
241,
245,
250,
260,
265,
270,
274,
279,
288,
292,
295,
299,
304,
307,
310,
311,
327,
336,
343,
347,
351,
354,
360,
369,
376,
385,
389,
400,
406,
412,
413,
415,
419,
425,
436,
440,
445,
450,
459,
461,
465,
474,
477,
481,
485,
487,
491,
495,
500,
503,
507,
517,
523,
528,
531,
539,
545,
548,
559,
562,
566,
573,
575,
579,
589,
593,
598,
608,
611,
613,
616,
622,
627,
629,
634,
638,
645,
648,
650,
655,
661,
673,
680
]
} | cffe4527e6f24913affb813299433216 | What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"main",
"reason",
"that",
"countries",
"were",
"excluded",
"from",
"the",
"2010",
"report",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
17,
24,
29,
39,
44,
53,
58,
62,
67,
73
]
} | {
"text": [
"unavailability of certain crucial data"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
65
],
"end": [
102
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
11
],
"end": [
15
]
}
]
} | [
"unavailability of certain crucial data"
] |
SQuAD | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country. | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"countries",
"were",
"not",
"included",
"for",
"various",
"reasons",
",",
"mainly",
"the",
"unavailability",
"of",
"certain",
"crucial",
"data",
".",
"The",
"following",
"United",
"Nations",
"Member",
"States",
"were",
"not",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"2010",
"report",
".",
"Cuba",
"lodged",
"a",
"formal",
"protest",
"at",
"its",
"lack",
"of",
"inclusion",
".",
"The",
"UNDP",
"explained",
"that",
"Cuba",
"had",
"been",
"excluded",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"an",
"\"",
"internationally",
"reported",
"figure",
"for",
"Cuba",
"’s",
"Gross",
"National",
"Income",
"adjusted",
"for",
"Purchasing",
"Power",
"Parity",
"\"",
".",
"All",
"other",
"indicators",
"for",
"Cuba",
"were",
"available",
",",
"and",
"reported",
"by",
"the",
"UNDP",
",",
"but",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"one",
"indicator",
"meant",
"that",
"no",
"ranking",
"could",
"be",
"attributed",
"to",
"the",
"country",
".",
"The",
"situation",
"has",
"been",
"addressed",
"and",
",",
"in",
"later",
"years",
",",
"Cuba",
"has",
"ranked",
"as",
"a",
"High",
"Human",
"Development",
"country",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
15,
20,
24,
33,
37,
45,
52,
54,
61,
65,
80,
83,
91,
99,
103,
105,
109,
119,
126,
134,
141,
148,
153,
157,
166,
169,
173,
178,
184,
186,
191,
198,
200,
207,
215,
218,
222,
227,
230,
239,
241,
245,
250,
260,
265,
270,
274,
279,
288,
292,
295,
299,
304,
307,
310,
311,
327,
336,
343,
347,
351,
354,
360,
369,
376,
385,
389,
400,
406,
412,
413,
415,
419,
425,
436,
440,
445,
450,
459,
461,
465,
474,
477,
481,
485,
487,
491,
495,
500,
503,
507,
517,
523,
528,
531,
539,
545,
548,
559,
562,
566,
573,
575,
579,
589,
593,
598,
608,
611,
613,
616,
622,
627,
629,
634,
638,
645,
648,
650,
655,
661,
673,
680
]
} | bfa777b870424542b06d723f2faefc22 | Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"Caribbean",
"nation",
"protested",
"its",
"exclusion",
"from",
"the",
"2010",
"report",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
16,
23,
33,
37,
47,
52,
56,
61,
67
]
} | {
"text": [
"Cuba"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
186
],
"end": [
189
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
31
],
"end": [
31
]
}
]
} | [
"Cuba"
] |
SQuAD | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country. | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"countries",
"were",
"not",
"included",
"for",
"various",
"reasons",
",",
"mainly",
"the",
"unavailability",
"of",
"certain",
"crucial",
"data",
".",
"The",
"following",
"United",
"Nations",
"Member",
"States",
"were",
"not",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"2010",
"report",
".",
"Cuba",
"lodged",
"a",
"formal",
"protest",
"at",
"its",
"lack",
"of",
"inclusion",
".",
"The",
"UNDP",
"explained",
"that",
"Cuba",
"had",
"been",
"excluded",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"an",
"\"",
"internationally",
"reported",
"figure",
"for",
"Cuba",
"’s",
"Gross",
"National",
"Income",
"adjusted",
"for",
"Purchasing",
"Power",
"Parity",
"\"",
".",
"All",
"other",
"indicators",
"for",
"Cuba",
"were",
"available",
",",
"and",
"reported",
"by",
"the",
"UNDP",
",",
"but",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"one",
"indicator",
"meant",
"that",
"no",
"ranking",
"could",
"be",
"attributed",
"to",
"the",
"country",
".",
"The",
"situation",
"has",
"been",
"addressed",
"and",
",",
"in",
"later",
"years",
",",
"Cuba",
"has",
"ranked",
"as",
"a",
"High",
"Human",
"Development",
"country",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
15,
20,
24,
33,
37,
45,
52,
54,
61,
65,
80,
83,
91,
99,
103,
105,
109,
119,
126,
134,
141,
148,
153,
157,
166,
169,
173,
178,
184,
186,
191,
198,
200,
207,
215,
218,
222,
227,
230,
239,
241,
245,
250,
260,
265,
270,
274,
279,
288,
292,
295,
299,
304,
307,
310,
311,
327,
336,
343,
347,
351,
354,
360,
369,
376,
385,
389,
400,
406,
412,
413,
415,
419,
425,
436,
440,
445,
450,
459,
461,
465,
474,
477,
481,
485,
487,
491,
495,
500,
503,
507,
517,
523,
528,
531,
539,
545,
548,
559,
562,
566,
573,
575,
579,
589,
593,
598,
608,
611,
613,
616,
622,
627,
629,
634,
638,
645,
648,
650,
655,
661,
673,
680
]
} | 2588072bdd6f439aa7a06ecec1a1cad9 | What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"ranking",
"has",
"Cuba",
"been",
"given",
"since",
"the",
"situation",
"with",
"the",
"missing",
"data",
"was",
"addressed",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
17,
22,
27,
33,
39,
43,
53,
58,
62,
70,
75,
79,
88
]
} | {
"text": [
"High Human Development country"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
650
],
"end": [
679
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
120
],
"end": [
123
]
}
]
} | [
"High Human Development country"
] |
SQuAD | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"HDI",
"below",
"0.5",
"is",
"considered",
"to",
"represent",
"\"",
"low",
"development",
"\"",
".",
"All",
"22",
"countries",
"in",
"that",
"category",
"are",
"located",
"in",
"Africa",
".",
"The",
"highest",
"-",
"scoring",
"Sub",
"-",
"Saharan",
"countries",
",",
"Gabon",
"and",
"South",
"Africa",
",",
"are",
"ranked",
"119th",
"and",
"121st",
",",
"respectively",
".",
"Nine",
"countries",
"departed",
"from",
"this",
"category",
"this",
"year",
"and",
"joined",
"the",
"\"",
"medium",
"development",
"\"",
"group",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
6,
12,
16,
19,
30,
33,
43,
44,
48,
59,
60,
62,
66,
69,
79,
82,
87,
96,
100,
108,
111,
117,
119,
123,
130,
131,
139,
142,
143,
151,
160,
162,
168,
172,
178,
184,
186,
190,
197,
203,
207,
212,
214,
226,
228,
233,
243,
252,
257,
262,
271,
276,
281,
285,
292,
296,
297,
304,
315,
317,
322
]
} | 607ef6e79dbe4d0ba5780ffead38e11c | Under what number does a country need to fall in order to be considered a "low development" country? | {
"tokens": [
"Under",
"what",
"number",
"does",
"a",
"country",
"need",
"to",
"fall",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"be",
"considered",
"a",
"\"",
"low",
"development",
"\"",
"country",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
11,
18,
23,
25,
33,
38,
41,
46,
49,
55,
58,
61,
72,
74,
75,
79,
90,
92,
99
]
} | {
"text": [
"0.5"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
14
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
3
]
}
]
} | [
"0.5"
] |
SQuAD | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"HDI",
"below",
"0.5",
"is",
"considered",
"to",
"represent",
"\"",
"low",
"development",
"\"",
".",
"All",
"22",
"countries",
"in",
"that",
"category",
"are",
"located",
"in",
"Africa",
".",
"The",
"highest",
"-",
"scoring",
"Sub",
"-",
"Saharan",
"countries",
",",
"Gabon",
"and",
"South",
"Africa",
",",
"are",
"ranked",
"119th",
"and",
"121st",
",",
"respectively",
".",
"Nine",
"countries",
"departed",
"from",
"this",
"category",
"this",
"year",
"and",
"joined",
"the",
"\"",
"medium",
"development",
"\"",
"group",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
6,
12,
16,
19,
30,
33,
43,
44,
48,
59,
60,
62,
66,
69,
79,
82,
87,
96,
100,
108,
111,
117,
119,
123,
130,
131,
139,
142,
143,
151,
160,
162,
168,
172,
178,
184,
186,
190,
197,
203,
207,
212,
214,
226,
228,
233,
243,
252,
257,
262,
271,
276,
281,
285,
292,
296,
297,
304,
315,
317,
322
]
} | 944289be025a4d559e3e1457cedb75ea | On which continent are all 22 of the low development countries located? | {
"tokens": [
"On",
"which",
"continent",
"are",
"all",
"22",
"of",
"the",
"low",
"development",
"countries",
"located",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
9,
19,
23,
27,
30,
33,
37,
41,
53,
63,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"Africa"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
111
],
"end": [
116
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
22
],
"end": [
22
]
}
]
} | [
"Africa"
] |
SQuAD | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"HDI",
"below",
"0.5",
"is",
"considered",
"to",
"represent",
"\"",
"low",
"development",
"\"",
".",
"All",
"22",
"countries",
"in",
"that",
"category",
"are",
"located",
"in",
"Africa",
".",
"The",
"highest",
"-",
"scoring",
"Sub",
"-",
"Saharan",
"countries",
",",
"Gabon",
"and",
"South",
"Africa",
",",
"are",
"ranked",
"119th",
"and",
"121st",
",",
"respectively",
".",
"Nine",
"countries",
"departed",
"from",
"this",
"category",
"this",
"year",
"and",
"joined",
"the",
"\"",
"medium",
"development",
"\"",
"group",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
6,
12,
16,
19,
30,
33,
43,
44,
48,
59,
60,
62,
66,
69,
79,
82,
87,
96,
100,
108,
111,
117,
119,
123,
130,
131,
139,
142,
143,
151,
160,
162,
168,
172,
178,
184,
186,
190,
197,
203,
207,
212,
214,
226,
228,
233,
243,
252,
257,
262,
271,
276,
281,
285,
292,
296,
297,
304,
315,
317,
322
]
} | 41f5cedf33114ff2800eee5caaa4677d | What is Gabon's ranking? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"Gabon",
"'s",
"ranking",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
13,
16,
23
]
} | {
"text": [
"119th"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
197
],
"end": [
201
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
40
],
"end": [
40
]
}
]
} | [
"119th"
] |
SQuAD | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"HDI",
"below",
"0.5",
"is",
"considered",
"to",
"represent",
"\"",
"low",
"development",
"\"",
".",
"All",
"22",
"countries",
"in",
"that",
"category",
"are",
"located",
"in",
"Africa",
".",
"The",
"highest",
"-",
"scoring",
"Sub",
"-",
"Saharan",
"countries",
",",
"Gabon",
"and",
"South",
"Africa",
",",
"are",
"ranked",
"119th",
"and",
"121st",
",",
"respectively",
".",
"Nine",
"countries",
"departed",
"from",
"this",
"category",
"this",
"year",
"and",
"joined",
"the",
"\"",
"medium",
"development",
"\"",
"group",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
6,
12,
16,
19,
30,
33,
43,
44,
48,
59,
60,
62,
66,
69,
79,
82,
87,
96,
100,
108,
111,
117,
119,
123,
130,
131,
139,
142,
143,
151,
160,
162,
168,
172,
178,
184,
186,
190,
197,
203,
207,
212,
214,
226,
228,
233,
243,
252,
257,
262,
271,
276,
281,
285,
292,
296,
297,
304,
315,
317,
322
]
} | 39a9e7ab77c941bbb4df788659bfbfb4 | What is South Africa's ranking? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"South",
"Africa",
"'s",
"ranking",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
14,
20,
23,
30
]
} | {
"text": [
"121st"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
207
],
"end": [
211
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
42
],
"end": [
42
]
}
]
} | [
"121st"
] |
SQuAD | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"HDI",
"below",
"0.5",
"is",
"considered",
"to",
"represent",
"\"",
"low",
"development",
"\"",
".",
"All",
"22",
"countries",
"in",
"that",
"category",
"are",
"located",
"in",
"Africa",
".",
"The",
"highest",
"-",
"scoring",
"Sub",
"-",
"Saharan",
"countries",
",",
"Gabon",
"and",
"South",
"Africa",
",",
"are",
"ranked",
"119th",
"and",
"121st",
",",
"respectively",
".",
"Nine",
"countries",
"departed",
"from",
"this",
"category",
"this",
"year",
"and",
"joined",
"the",
"\"",
"medium",
"development",
"\"",
"group",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
6,
12,
16,
19,
30,
33,
43,
44,
48,
59,
60,
62,
66,
69,
79,
82,
87,
96,
100,
108,
111,
117,
119,
123,
130,
131,
139,
142,
143,
151,
160,
162,
168,
172,
178,
184,
186,
190,
197,
203,
207,
212,
214,
226,
228,
233,
243,
252,
257,
262,
271,
276,
281,
285,
292,
296,
297,
304,
315,
317,
322
]
} | 7f1deeea0c0045a0873066734c5d574d | What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"the",
"two",
"highest",
"ranking",
"Sub",
"-",
"Saharan",
"countries",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
17,
25,
33,
36,
37,
45,
54
]
} | {
"text": [
"Gabon and South Africa"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
162
],
"end": [
183
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
33
],
"end": [
36
]
}
]
} | [
"Gabon and South Africa"
] |
SQuAD | The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"period",
"known",
"as",
"classical",
"antiquity",
"began",
"with",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"city",
"-",
"states",
"of",
"Ancient",
"Greece",
".",
"Greek",
"influence",
"reached",
"its",
"zenith",
"under",
"the",
"expansive",
"empire",
"of",
"Alexander",
"the",
"Great",
",",
"spreading",
"throughout",
"Asia",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
17,
20,
30,
40,
46,
51,
55,
60,
63,
67,
71,
72,
79,
82,
90,
96,
98,
104,
114,
122,
126,
133,
139,
143,
153,
160,
163,
173,
177,
182,
184,
194,
205,
209
]
} | 49c74f83260e4bf08f16f3863a0d67a8 | What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"era",
"started",
"when",
"Ancient",
"Greek",
"cities",
"became",
"self",
"-",
"governing",
"entities",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
17,
22,
30,
36,
43,
50,
54,
55,
65,
73
]
} | {
"text": [
"classical antiquity"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
20
],
"end": [
38
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"classical antiquity"
] |
SQuAD | The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"period",
"known",
"as",
"classical",
"antiquity",
"began",
"with",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"city",
"-",
"states",
"of",
"Ancient",
"Greece",
".",
"Greek",
"influence",
"reached",
"its",
"zenith",
"under",
"the",
"expansive",
"empire",
"of",
"Alexander",
"the",
"Great",
",",
"spreading",
"throughout",
"Asia",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
17,
20,
30,
40,
46,
51,
55,
60,
63,
67,
71,
72,
79,
82,
90,
96,
98,
104,
114,
122,
126,
133,
139,
143,
153,
160,
163,
173,
177,
182,
184,
194,
205,
209
]
} | 7914c3e965f547f0a8d321b8bd4bc891 | What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"name",
"of",
"the",
"different",
"governments",
"forming",
"in",
"Ancient",
"Greece",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
18,
21,
25,
35,
47,
55,
58,
66,
72
]
} | {
"text": [
"city-states"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
67
],
"end": [
77
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
14
]
}
]
} | [
"city-states"
] |
SQuAD | The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"period",
"known",
"as",
"classical",
"antiquity",
"began",
"with",
"the",
"rise",
"of",
"the",
"city",
"-",
"states",
"of",
"Ancient",
"Greece",
".",
"Greek",
"influence",
"reached",
"its",
"zenith",
"under",
"the",
"expansive",
"empire",
"of",
"Alexander",
"the",
"Great",
",",
"spreading",
"throughout",
"Asia",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
17,
20,
30,
40,
46,
51,
55,
60,
63,
67,
71,
72,
79,
82,
90,
96,
98,
104,
114,
122,
126,
133,
139,
143,
153,
160,
163,
173,
177,
182,
184,
194,
205,
209
]
} | 6afbf190f82740c6950bb09ec953c164 | Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"responsible",
"for",
"the",
"bringing",
"Greek",
"culture",
"as",
"far",
"as",
"Asia",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
20,
24,
28,
37,
43,
51,
54,
58,
61,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"Alexander the Great"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
163
],
"end": [
181
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
29
],
"end": [
31
]
}
]
} | [
"Alexander the Great"
] |
SQuAD | During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Middle",
"Ages",
",",
"the",
"Eastern",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"survived",
",",
"though",
"modern",
"historians",
"refer",
"to",
"this",
"state",
"as",
"the",
"Byzantine",
"Empire",
".",
"In",
"Western",
"Europe",
",",
"Germanic",
"peoples",
"moved",
"into",
"positions",
"of",
"power",
"in",
"the",
"remnants",
"of",
"the",
"former",
"Western",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"and",
"established",
"kingdoms",
"and",
"empires",
"of",
"their",
"own",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
18,
22,
24,
28,
36,
42,
49,
57,
59,
66,
73,
84,
90,
93,
98,
104,
107,
111,
121,
127,
129,
132,
140,
146,
148,
157,
165,
171,
176,
186,
189,
195,
198,
202,
211,
214,
218,
225,
233,
239,
246,
250,
262,
271,
275,
283,
286,
292,
295
]
} | d81b9eb1745146daba94f985d4373f17 | What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"Eastern",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"in",
"the",
"Middle",
"Ages",
"called",
"by",
"contemporary",
"scholars",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
20,
26,
33,
36,
40,
47,
52,
59,
62,
75,
83
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Byzantine Empire"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
107
],
"end": [
126
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
21
]
}
]
} | [
"the Byzantine Empire"
] |
SQuAD | During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Middle",
"Ages",
",",
"the",
"Eastern",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"survived",
",",
"though",
"modern",
"historians",
"refer",
"to",
"this",
"state",
"as",
"the",
"Byzantine",
"Empire",
".",
"In",
"Western",
"Europe",
",",
"Germanic",
"peoples",
"moved",
"into",
"positions",
"of",
"power",
"in",
"the",
"remnants",
"of",
"the",
"former",
"Western",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"and",
"established",
"kingdoms",
"and",
"empires",
"of",
"their",
"own",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
18,
22,
24,
28,
36,
42,
49,
57,
59,
66,
73,
84,
90,
93,
98,
104,
107,
111,
121,
127,
129,
132,
140,
146,
148,
157,
165,
171,
176,
186,
189,
195,
198,
202,
211,
214,
218,
225,
233,
239,
246,
250,
262,
271,
275,
283,
286,
292,
295
]
} | 845924639be9431a97f20a834ae67727 | Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"took",
"over",
"the",
"remains",
"of",
"the",
"Western",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
14,
18,
26,
29,
33,
41,
47,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"Germanic peoples"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
148
],
"end": [
163
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
27
],
"end": [
28
]
}
]
} | [
"Germanic peoples"
] |
SQuAD | During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Middle",
"Ages",
",",
"the",
"Eastern",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"survived",
",",
"though",
"modern",
"historians",
"refer",
"to",
"this",
"state",
"as",
"the",
"Byzantine",
"Empire",
".",
"In",
"Western",
"Europe",
",",
"Germanic",
"peoples",
"moved",
"into",
"positions",
"of",
"power",
"in",
"the",
"remnants",
"of",
"the",
"former",
"Western",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"and",
"established",
"kingdoms",
"and",
"empires",
"of",
"their",
"own",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
18,
22,
24,
28,
36,
42,
49,
57,
59,
66,
73,
84,
90,
93,
98,
104,
107,
111,
121,
127,
129,
132,
140,
146,
148,
157,
165,
171,
176,
186,
189,
195,
198,
202,
211,
214,
218,
225,
233,
239,
246,
250,
262,
271,
275,
283,
286,
292,
295
]
} | c8225c1abb274899b125094b3de20bdd | What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"did",
"Germanic",
"people",
"create",
"in",
"place",
"of",
"the",
"Western",
"Roman",
"Empire",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
18,
25,
32,
35,
41,
44,
48,
56,
62,
68
]
} | {
"text": [
"kingdoms and empires of their own"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
262
],
"end": [
294
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
45
],
"end": [
50
]
}
]
} | [
"kingdoms and empires of their own"
] |
SQuAD | Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands. | {
"tokens": [
"Southern",
"Europe",
"'s",
"flora",
"is",
"that",
"of",
"the",
"Mediterranean",
"Region",
",",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"phytochoria",
"recognized",
"by",
"Armen",
"Takhtajan",
".",
"The",
"Mediterranean",
"and",
"Submediterranean",
"climate",
"regions",
"in",
"Europe",
"are",
"found",
"in",
"much",
"of",
"Southern",
"Europe",
",",
"mainly",
"in",
"Southern",
"Portugal",
",",
"most",
"of",
"Spain",
",",
"the",
"southern",
"coast",
"of",
"France",
",",
"Italy",
",",
"the",
"Croatian",
"coast",
",",
"much",
"of",
"Bosnia",
",",
"Montenegro",
",",
"Albania",
",",
"Macedonia",
",",
"Greece",
",",
"and",
"the",
"Mediterranean",
"islands",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
15,
18,
24,
27,
32,
35,
39,
53,
59,
61,
65,
68,
72,
84,
95,
98,
104,
113,
115,
119,
133,
137,
154,
162,
170,
173,
180,
184,
190,
193,
198,
201,
210,
216,
218,
225,
228,
237,
245,
247,
252,
255,
260,
262,
266,
275,
281,
284,
290,
292,
297,
299,
303,
312,
317,
319,
324,
327,
333,
335,
345,
347,
354,
356,
365,
367,
373,
375,
379,
383,
397,
404
]
} | 32e6b2117413452d9b2cf3285597c504 | What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"a",
"word",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"describe",
"the",
"plant",
"life",
"of",
"southern",
"Europe",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
10,
15,
20,
24,
27,
32,
35,
44,
48,
54,
59,
62,
71,
77
]
} | {
"text": [
"phytochoria"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
72
],
"end": [
82
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
14
],
"end": [
14
]
}
]
} | [
"phytochoria"
] |
SQuAD | Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, much of Bosnia, Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece, and the Mediterranean islands. | {
"tokens": [
"Southern",
"Europe",
"'s",
"flora",
"is",
"that",
"of",
"the",
"Mediterranean",
"Region",
",",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"phytochoria",
"recognized",
"by",
"Armen",
"Takhtajan",
".",
"The",
"Mediterranean",
"and",
"Submediterranean",
"climate",
"regions",
"in",
"Europe",
"are",
"found",
"in",
"much",
"of",
"Southern",
"Europe",
",",
"mainly",
"in",
"Southern",
"Portugal",
",",
"most",
"of",
"Spain",
",",
"the",
"southern",
"coast",
"of",
"France",
",",
"Italy",
",",
"the",
"Croatian",
"coast",
",",
"much",
"of",
"Bosnia",
",",
"Montenegro",
",",
"Albania",
",",
"Macedonia",
",",
"Greece",
",",
"and",
"the",
"Mediterranean",
"islands",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
15,
18,
24,
27,
32,
35,
39,
53,
59,
61,
65,
68,
72,
84,
95,
98,
104,
113,
115,
119,
133,
137,
154,
162,
170,
173,
180,
184,
190,
193,
198,
201,
210,
216,
218,
225,
228,
237,
245,
247,
252,
255,
260,
262,
266,
275,
281,
284,
290,
292,
297,
299,
303,
312,
317,
319,
324,
327,
333,
335,
345,
347,
354,
356,
365,
367,
373,
375,
379,
383,
397,
404
]
} | 51a2b597440843c3b0d093281e976828 | Who coined the term phytochoria? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"coined",
"the",
"term",
"phytochoria",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
15,
20,
31
]
} | {
"text": [
"Armen Takhtajan"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
98
],
"end": [
112
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"Armen Takhtajan"
] |
SQuAD | Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this. | {
"tokens": [
"Environmental",
"sustainability",
"has",
"become",
"a",
"mainstream",
"issue",
",",
"with",
"profound",
"effect",
"on",
"the",
"architectural",
"profession",
".",
"Many",
"developers",
",",
"those",
"who",
"support",
"the",
"financing",
"of",
"buildings",
",",
"have",
"become",
"educated",
"to",
"encourage",
"the",
"facilitation",
"of",
"environmentally",
"sustainable",
"design",
",",
"rather",
"than",
"solutions",
"based",
"primarily",
"on",
"immediate",
"cost",
".",
"Major",
"examples",
"of",
"this",
"can",
"be",
"found",
"in",
"Passive",
"solar",
"building",
"design",
",",
"greener",
"roof",
"designs",
",",
"biodegradable",
"materials",
",",
"and",
"more",
"attention",
"to",
"a",
"structure",
"'s",
"energy",
"usage",
".",
"This",
"major",
"shift",
"in",
"architecture",
"has",
"also",
"changed",
"architecture",
"schools",
"to",
"focus",
"more",
"on",
"the",
"environment",
".",
"Sustainability",
"in",
"architecture",
"was",
"pioneered",
"by",
"Frank",
"Lloyd",
"Wright",
",",
"in",
"the",
"1960s",
"by",
"Buckminster",
"Fuller",
"and",
"in",
"the",
"1970s",
"by",
"architects",
"such",
"as",
"Ian",
"McHarg",
"and",
"Sim",
"Van",
"der",
"Ryn",
"in",
"the",
"US",
"and",
"Brenda",
"and",
"Robert",
"Vale",
"in",
"the",
"UK",
"and",
"New",
"Zealand",
".",
"There",
"has",
"been",
"an",
"acceleration",
"in",
"the",
"number",
"of",
"buildings",
"which",
"seek",
"to",
"meet",
"green",
"building",
"sustainable",
"design",
"principles",
".",
"Sustainable",
"practices",
"that",
"were",
"at",
"the",
"core",
"of",
"vernacular",
"architecture",
"increasingly",
"provide",
"inspiration",
"for",
"environmentally",
"and",
"socially",
"sustainable",
"contemporary",
"techniques",
".",
"The",
"U.S.",
"Green",
"Building",
"Council",
"'s",
"LEED",
"(",
"Leadership",
"in",
"Energy",
"and",
"Environmental",
"Design",
")",
"rating",
"system",
"has",
"been",
"instrumental",
"in",
"this",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
14,
29,
33,
40,
42,
53,
58,
60,
65,
74,
81,
84,
88,
102,
112,
114,
119,
129,
131,
137,
141,
149,
153,
163,
166,
175,
177,
182,
189,
198,
201,
211,
215,
228,
231,
247,
259,
265,
267,
274,
279,
289,
295,
305,
308,
318,
322,
324,
330,
339,
342,
347,
351,
354,
360,
363,
371,
377,
386,
392,
394,
402,
407,
414,
416,
430,
439,
441,
445,
450,
460,
463,
465,
474,
477,
484,
489,
491,
496,
502,
508,
511,
524,
528,
533,
541,
554,
562,
565,
571,
576,
579,
583,
594,
596,
611,
614,
627,
631,
641,
644,
650,
656,
662,
664,
667,
671,
677,
680,
692,
699,
703,
706,
710,
716,
719,
730,
735,
738,
742,
749,
753,
757,
761,
765,
769,
772,
776,
779,
783,
790,
794,
801,
806,
809,
813,
816,
820,
824,
831,
833,
839,
843,
848,
851,
864,
867,
871,
878,
881,
891,
897,
902,
905,
910,
916,
925,
937,
944,
954,
956,
968,
978,
983,
988,
991,
995,
1000,
1003,
1014,
1027,
1040,
1048,
1060,
1064,
1080,
1084,
1093,
1105,
1118,
1128,
1130,
1134,
1139,
1145,
1154,
1161,
1164,
1169,
1170,
1181,
1184,
1191,
1195,
1209,
1215,
1217,
1224,
1231,
1235,
1240,
1253,
1256,
1260
]
} | ab44fddac3ac49fcac2c62d04684899b | What issue has moved to the forefront in recent years? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"issue",
"has",
"moved",
"to",
"the",
"forefront",
"in",
"recent",
"years",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
15,
21,
24,
28,
38,
41,
48,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"Environmental sustainability"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
27
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
1
]
}
]
} | [
"Environmental sustainability"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.