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SQuAD
Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.
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0ea3c7202ddc4265ae6324c4b61fa5db
What do architecture schools look at more and more nowadays?
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[ "the environment" ]
SQuAD
Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.
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f5a7b871c6884de1a3e4973dbb3d86ab
Who was the first to design architecture environmentally?
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{ "text": [ "Frank Lloyd Wright" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 644 ], "end": [ 661 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 101 ], "end": [ 103 ] } ] }
[ "Frank Lloyd Wright" ]
SQuAD
Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.
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869ef985df33409abc5167c93873155b
Who was known for focusing on the environment in the 1960s?
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{ "text": [ "Buckminster Fuller" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 680 ], "end": [ 697 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 109 ], "end": [ 110 ] } ] }
[ "Buckminster Fuller" ]
SQuAD
Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue, with profound effect on the architectural profession. Many developers, those who support the financing of buildings, have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design, rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost. Major examples of this can be found in Passive solar building design, greener roof designs, biodegradable materials, and more attention to a structure's energy usage. This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment. Sustainability in architecture was pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright, in the 1960s by Buckminster Fuller and in the 1970s by architects such as Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn in the US and Brenda and Robert Vale in the UK and New Zealand. There has been an acceleration in the number of buildings which seek to meet green building sustainable design principles. Sustainable practices that were at the core of vernacular architecture increasingly provide inspiration for environmentally and socially sustainable contemporary techniques. The U.S. Green Building Council's LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system has been instrumental in this.
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3eb5e08b31ff4b4198853009d572770b
What organization's rating system promotes sustainability?
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{ "text": [ "The U.S. Green Building Council" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 1130 ], "end": [ 1160 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 182 ], "end": [ 186 ] } ] }
[ "The U.S. Green Building Council" ]
SQuAD
Some countries were not included for various reasons, such as being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. Besides the states with limited recognition, the following states were also not included.
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79366487f3854e26bfc7c01e5436e885
What three reasons were mentioned for countries being excluded?
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{ "text": [ "being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 162 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 30 ] } ] }
[ "being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication" ]
SQuAD
Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.
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068fca09f460474eb5b607d3b01f8a44
What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe?
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{ "text": [ "The Mediterranean climate" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 143 ], "end": [ 167 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 26 ] } ] }
[ "The Mediterranean climate" ]
SQuAD
Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.
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c0ba1317dbc24c958f4a6a23556c8a0b
Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate?
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{ "text": [ "Western and Southern coastal regions" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 268 ], "end": [ 303 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ] }
[ "Western and Southern coastal regions" ]
SQuAD
Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as well as the Mediterranean islands. Those areas of Mediterranean climate present similar vegetations and landscapes throughout, including dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.
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d9b61b304dca4254b35000b5e14b4c38
What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate?
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{ "text": [ "vegetations and landscapes" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 406 ], "end": [ 431 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 69 ], "end": [ 71 ] } ] }
[ "vegetations and landscapes" ]
SQuAD
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.
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e5a411b9e4ad4960a853496b38a4d621
The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what?
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{ "text": [ "national performance and ranking" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 347 ], "end": [ 378 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ] }
[ "national performance and ranking" ]
SQuAD
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.
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2a0972a6074a4a16aabd22f91f35f2b5
Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development?
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{ "text": [ "Western" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 146 ], "end": [ 152 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 23 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "Western" ]
SQuAD
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.
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The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development?
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[ "global" ]
SQuAD
The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification in the categorisation of 'low', 'medium', 'high' or 'very high' human development countries.
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dc83cef3b64a46029759e95c62722312
Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism?
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[ "egalitarianism" ]
SQuAD
The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties.
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What is another term for Greek?
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[ "Hellenic" ]
SQuAD
The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties.
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dd6395b1e4d34170a55a954d5f9667a1
Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language?
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{ "text": [ "Cyprus" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 94 ], "end": [ 99 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 17 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "Cyprus" ]
SQuAD
Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.
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When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance?
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[ "14th century" ]
SQuAD
Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.
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In what city did the Renaissance begin?
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[ "Florence" ]
SQuAD
Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.
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What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance?
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{ "text": [ "science and theology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 193 ], "end": [ 212 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 30 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "science and theology" ]
SQuAD
Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge.
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cc6bdeebb1df4e559a2e7c42bf01b459
The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations?
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[ "Greek and Roman" ]
SQuAD
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles.
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a82ae85a991c4401bbd213015596130e
In what year did World War I begin?
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{ "text": [ "1914" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "1914" ]
SQuAD
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles.
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6bba756d266b4cebaf5d16e304580679
When did a victor emerge in World War I?
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{ "text": [ "1918" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 180 ], "end": [ 183 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 33 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "1918" ]
SQuAD
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles.
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8d9fff3d19974fafb728865a97dbfed5
At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war?
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{ "text": [ "the Paris Peace Conference" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 193 ], "end": [ 218 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "the Paris Peace Conference" ]
SQuAD
The domestic TV BBC television channels are broadcast without any commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence.
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9071f24f767d46f2aabd5f6998538a95
What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC?
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{ "text": [ "30%" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 133 ], "end": [ 135 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "30%" ]
SQuAD
Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.
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87600cdbd2ff4c1c8171167b7ed84501
What language is used in Macedonia?
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{ "text": [ "Macedonian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 273 ], "end": [ 282 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 52 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ] }
[ "Macedonian" ]
SQuAD
Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.
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59c06ed8b06b42b5ae6a62d302fd089c
What do people speak in Bulgaria?
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{ "text": [ "Bulgarian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 134 ], "end": [ 142 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "Bulgarian" ]
SQuAD
Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia.
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8255e1df1e434053bc09af23a073be7c
Slovene is a major language in what country?
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{ "text": [ "Slovenia" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 259 ], "end": [ 266 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ] }
[ "Slovenia" ]
SQuAD
The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
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82d55e3cce0341a29f355453d931882d
What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe?
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{ "text": [ "The Late Middle Ages" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 3 ] } ] }
[ "The Late Middle Ages" ]
SQuAD
The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
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08b2e1a5469f44a8962852fac6f9f09a
What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages?
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{ "text": [ "the Black Death" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 87 ], "end": [ 101 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ] }
[ "the Black Death" ]
SQuAD
The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
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aa091e25b12d4ca490a61809c69cce44
Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages?
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{ "text": [ "the Ottoman Empire" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 319 ], "end": [ 336 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 58 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }
[ "the Ottoman Empire" ]
SQuAD
The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, a Turkish state originating in Anatolia, encroached steadily on former Byzantine lands, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
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f727263a31284e4c9b64e9044f2c48f8
When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople?
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[ "1453" ]
SQuAD
European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.
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539d80c084f3497fa1db2ab7847107f7
What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World?
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{ "text": [ "the rise of colonial empires" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 5 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "the rise of colonial empires" ]
SQuAD
European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.
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28c8750e1d83428299ac6ec45d44b4fc
What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies?
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{ "text": [ "the Columbian Exchange" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 75 ], "end": [ 96 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "the Columbian Exchange" ]
SQuAD
European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.
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e5368d3db9a84da387d9c9c7a1aa75d8
What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies?
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{ "text": [ "manufacturing" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 233 ], "end": [ 245 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "manufacturing" ]
SQuAD
European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture.
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f80c44e24274442f8e2afd5331a30a4b
Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing?
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{ "text": [ "the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 158 ], "end": [ 199 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain" ]
SQuAD
European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe are:
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40faa435d0ab44eb8f372376b63823d1
What does TDM stand for?
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{ "text": [ "Tourism Decision Metrics" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 71 ], "end": [ 94 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "Tourism Decision Metrics" ]
SQuAD
European Travel Commission divides the European region on the basis of Tourism Decision Metrics (TDM) model. Countries which belong to the Southern/Mediterranean Europe are:
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2fb242370b12443cb673bd15fe757b57
Which group uses TDM as a metric?
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{ "text": [ "European Travel Commission" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "European Travel Commission" ]
SQuAD
English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese).
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2682f162f8d944849105cabd7216f474
What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe?
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[ "English" ]
SQuAD
English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese).
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1cd34ed01ce44853a74e8083cc5069c3
Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar?
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{ "text": [ "Spanish" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 181 ], "end": [ 187 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 35 ] } ] }
[ "Spanish" ]
SQuAD
English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese).
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63a625cc7b274813b05c6a4be42eaf5e
Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta?
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{ "text": [ "Maltese" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 214 ], "end": [ 220 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 42 ], "end": [ 42 ] } ] }
[ "Maltese" ]
SQuAD
The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.
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f1258389af0e4e988b6a2300c94154fc
What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity?
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[ "the Crusades" ]
SQuAD
The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.
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74d6036975d24a83941e754d0f1ff541
When did Crusaders invade Constantinople?
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[ "1204" ]
SQuAD
The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.
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2cb145f1f8fc4268bbf80e9acf62b3f0
Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders?
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[ "Genoa and Venice" ]
SQuAD
The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.
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6653160b9be448328fe36bc85e0753e6
What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula?
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{ "text": [ "The Reconquista" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 669 ], "end": [ 683 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 120 ], "end": [ 121 ] } ] }
[ "The Reconquista" ]
SQuAD
The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Europe. Their Sack of Constantinople in 1204 brought an abrupt end to the Byzantine Empire. Though it would later be re-established, it would never recover its former glory. The Crusaders would establish trade routes that would develop into the Silk Road and open the way for the merchant republics of Genoa and Venice to become major economic powers. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom.
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e6c95c236d234169985ac094d90240d3
What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople?
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{ "text": [ "the Byzantine Empire" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 387 ], "end": [ 406 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 68 ], "end": [ 70 ] } ] }
[ "the Byzantine Empire" ]
SQuAD
The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology.
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Who was the leader of BBC Television in 2006?
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[ "Jana Bennett" ]
SQuAD
The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology.
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What did BBC Television get absorbed into?
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[ "BBC Vision" ]
SQuAD
The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006. The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology.
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What caused the move of BBC Television into the BBC VIsion unit?
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{ "text": [ "the onset of new media outlets and technology" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 190 ], "end": [ 234 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 37 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "the onset of new media outlets and technology" ]
SQuAD
In February 2016, it was confirmed by BBC Worldwide that Keeping Up Appearances is the corporation's most exported television programme, being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters.
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As of early 2016, what BBC show has been sold outside of the country the most times?
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[ "Keeping Up Appearances" ]
SQuAD
In February 2016, it was confirmed by BBC Worldwide that Keeping Up Appearances is the corporation's most exported television programme, being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters.
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How many sales of Keeping Up Appearances have been made to non-British buyers?
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[ "nearly 1000" ]
SQuAD
In February 2016, it was confirmed by BBC Worldwide that Keeping Up Appearances is the corporation's most exported television programme, being sold nearly 1000 times to overseas broadcasters.
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Who announced the status of Keeping Up Appearances as the most exported BBC show?
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{ "text": [ "BBC Worldwide" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 50 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "BBC Worldwide" ]
SQuAD
There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.
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What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania?
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{ "text": [ "Albanian" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 55 ], "end": [ 62 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "Albanian" ]
SQuAD
There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.
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What type of language is Maltese?
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[ "Semitic" ]
SQuAD
There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France.
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Where is Basque Country located?
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[ "northern Spain and southwestern France" ]
SQuAD
The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:
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On what date was the 2009 Human Development Report released?
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[ "October 5, 2009" ]
SQuAD
The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:
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What period is covered by the 2009 Human Development Report?
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{ "text": [ "period up to 2007" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 90 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 21 ] } ] }
[ "period up to 2007" ]
SQuAD
The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:
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What was another title for the 2009 Human Development Report?
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{ "text": [ "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 124 ], "end": [ 174 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ] }
[ "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development" ]
SQuAD
The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:
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What new category was added in the 2009 Human Development Report?
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{ "text": [ "very high human development" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 242 ], "end": [ 268 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 52 ] } ] }
[ "very high human development" ]
SQuAD
The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as developed countries. They are:
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How does the 2009 Human Development Report refer to countries that rank "very high"?
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[ "developed countries" ]
SQuAD
The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.
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7808f1564e7348f78f7927afa329727b
What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe?
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{ "text": [ "Romance languages" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 86 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "Romance languages" ]
SQuAD
The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.
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8769f821a1034a2490d48a5e87467672
What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found?
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{ "text": [ "Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 339 ], "end": [ 372 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 72 ] } ] }
[ "Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican" ]
SQuAD
The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.
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ecf8fa9ba86447c09a5029248fb55d66
Where can people who speak Catalan be found?
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{ "text": [ "eastern Spain" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 613 ], "end": [ 625 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 120 ], "end": [ 121 ] } ] }
[ "eastern Spain" ]
SQuAD
The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.
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fc97db911b644f629cf17c53ee5675f7
What language is spoken in northwest Spain?
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{ "text": [ "Galician" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 632 ], "end": [ 639 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 124 ], "end": [ 124 ] } ] }
[ "Galician" ]
SQuAD
The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50 million people in Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican; and Spanish, which is spoken by over 40 million people in Spain and Gibraltar. Other common romance languages include: Romanian, which is spoken in Romania and Moldova; Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal; Catalan, which is spoken in eastern Spain; and Galician, which is spoken in northwestern Spain.
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2fdecdb9c506473aad998e123295c8be
How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers?
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{ "text": [ "over 40 million" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 407 ], "end": [ 421 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 81 ], "end": [ 83 ] } ] }
[ "over 40 million" ]
SQuAD
According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, when production was halted by the war.
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9292f1bcfe774d259d66dce17f2fd8e9
How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939?
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{ "text": [ "18,999" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 69 ], "end": [ 74 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 10 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "18,999" ]
SQuAD
BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded.
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ddc5a1e25bad4445bcf2e156e2cfdb59
When did BBC Japan begin broadcasting?
{ "tokens": [ "When", "did", "BBC", "Japan", "begin", "broadcasting", "?" ], "offsets": [ 0, 5, 9, 13, 19, 25, 37 ] }
{ "text": [ "December 2004" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 70 ], "end": [ 82 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "December 2004" ]
SQuAD
BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded.
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d4dc32daf17945f19aefb0bf61c96575
When did BBC Japan shut down?
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{ "text": [ "April 2006" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 88 ], "end": [ 97 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "April 2006" ]
SQuAD
BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded.
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c931911791b84e03a58d6ebe27c5de87
What was the genre of BBC Japan?
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{ "text": [ "general entertainment" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 16 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "general entertainment" ]
SQuAD
The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.
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e19ec8d7078a448f9f0c5dcd4b6f7bb1
Which group took control in 1933?
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{ "text": [ "The Nazi regime" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "The Nazi regime" ]
SQuAD
The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.
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b2212200916b428c89b1f55b399bce41
Who led the Nazis?
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{ "text": [ "Adolf Hitler" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 22 ], "end": [ 33 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "Adolf Hitler" ]
SQuAD
The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.
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22a32e0687574d07811099d0e4c3283e
Which country did Hitler align Germany with?
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{ "text": [ "Italy" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 85 ], "end": [ 89 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 17 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "Italy" ]
SQuAD
The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.
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89494dac42dd4b2ebeff1209f7bf3999
Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started?
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{ "text": [ "Mussolini" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 73 ], "end": [ 81 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "Mussolini" ]
SQuAD
The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Union and became communist states. The major non-communist Southern European countries joined a US-led military alliance (NATO) and formed the European Economic Community amongst themselves. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. Yugoslavia was neutal.
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9cf1e6d1a73e410295e5bae954ff3f5c
What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called?
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{ "text": [ "the Warsaw Pact" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 593 ], "end": [ 607 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 108 ] } ] }
[ "the Warsaw Pact" ]
SQuAD
Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.
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34dc05f1aee24a9597be68ae5fb6f503
What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2011 report?
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{ "text": [ "unavailability of certain crucial data" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 65 ], "end": [ 102 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "unavailability of certain crucial data" ]
SQuAD
Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2011 report: North Korea, Marshall Islands, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino, South Sudan, Somalia and Tuvalu.
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0d868061b0ed477f9a39cb65dd3454c9
Which East Asian dictatorship was excluded from the 2011 report?
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{ "text": [ "North Korea" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 186 ], "end": [ 196 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 32 ] } ] }
[ "North Korea" ]
SQuAD
As a division within the BBC, Television was formerly known as BBC Vision for a few years in the early 21st century, until its name reverted to Television in 2013. It is responsible for the commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels, and is led by Danny Cohen.
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16ebbd9cff8143ef9aa7eedb48d9ae20
When did BBC Vision change back to BBC Television?
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{ "text": [ "2013" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 158 ], "end": [ 161 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ] }
[ "2013" ]
SQuAD
As a division within the BBC, Television was formerly known as BBC Vision for a few years in the early 21st century, until its name reverted to Television in 2013. It is responsible for the commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels, and is led by Danny Cohen.
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cdcbb4651a9244a98b3be919dcca7b37
Who is the current head of BBC Television?
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{ "text": [ "Danny Cohen" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 311 ], "end": [ 321 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ] }
[ "Danny Cohen" ]
SQuAD
As a division within the BBC, Television was formerly known as BBC Vision for a few years in the early 21st century, until its name reverted to Television in 2013. It is responsible for the commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels, and is led by Danny Cohen.
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a8a15bc8635b4d408d0a2ac6d57331bc
What are the four responsibilities of BBC Television?
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{ "text": [ "commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 190 ], "end": [ 242 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 44 ] } ] }
[ "commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting" ]
SQuAD
The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.
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96b27cb79f9b429b80dfc8a69aceba36
Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?
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{ "text": [ "Portugal and Spain" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "Portugal and Spain" ]
SQuAD
The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.
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7ada360bd26543c982869a6fd02e6d64
When did religious conflict end in Europe?
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{ "text": [ "1648" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 249 ], "end": [ 252 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "1648" ]
SQuAD
The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.
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d1943d8f72fe4276a58e926c573210de
Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?
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[ "Spain and France" ]
SQuAD
The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.
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59d279e92305405499a32eab27576d9c
Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?
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{ "text": [ "Galileo Galilei" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 764 ], "end": [ 778 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 139 ], "end": [ 140 ] } ] }
[ "Galileo Galilei" ]
SQuAD
The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.
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45df64f04bc14032b79b7e7fc3c8a855
Who was responsible for creating the first radio?
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{ "text": [ "Guglielmo Marconi" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 945 ], "end": [ 961 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 171 ], "end": [ 172 ] } ] }
[ "Guglielmo Marconi" ]
SQuAD
Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).
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85d9a21fcba64a3fb422d458ee3154b6
What does EU stand for?
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{ "text": [ "European Union" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 18 ], "end": [ 19 ] } ] }
[ "European Union" ]
SQuAD
Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).
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17161b3081bb4f84b6ffc3c0341b6c3d
What was the European Union tasked with managing?
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{ "text": [ "market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 239 ], "end": [ 301 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 47 ], "end": [ 55 ] } ] }
[ "market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism" ]
SQuAD
Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).
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2091dbe6b1f944aea72d040652977f5e
When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union?
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{ "text": [ "1989" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 418 ], "end": [ 421 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 76 ], "end": [ 76 ] } ] }
[ "1989" ]
SQuAD
Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).
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847f59cb14db4024922a73eda94cbec2
When did the USSR dissolve?
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{ "text": [ "1991" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 474 ], "end": [ 477 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 87 ], "end": [ 87 ] } ] }
[ "1991" ]
SQuAD
Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. As a consequence, Europe's integration deepened, the continent became depolarised, and the European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries – Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013).
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33996f1acffc4b4d841a666e491ab496
In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union?
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{ "text": [ "2013" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 712 ], "end": [ 715 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 128 ], "end": [ 128 ] } ] }
[ "2013" ]
SQuAD
Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter—in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.
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086f7f548aca47f38a9174cc162bb0b9
How far from its studio could the BBC's broadcast originally reach?
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{ "text": [ "40 kilometres" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 60 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 10 ] } ] }
[ "40 kilometres" ]
SQuAD
Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter—in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.
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ca3389b4760b47cb9c02ded97517fce6
In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States?
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{ "text": [ "1938" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 209 ], "end": [ 212 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 39 ] } ] }
[ "1938" ]
SQuAD
Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter—in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.
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2c2c50ba325c4a828ff985c574ca1c68
What company did the U.S. engineers who saw the BBC broadcast work for?
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{ "text": [ "RCA" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 245 ], "end": [ 247 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "RCA" ]
SQuAD
Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter—in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.
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b4cd520f6e894dc8b0c3bc90880768ac
What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal?
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{ "text": [ "a British television set" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 290 ], "end": [ 313 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 55 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ] }
[ "a British television set" ]
SQuAD
The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown (at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937.
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1191263db297477eb7cedf7d7309f0ad
For how long did the BBC alternate different broadcasting systems?
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{ "text": [ "six months" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 58 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 12 ] } ] }
[ "six months" ]
SQuAD
The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown (at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937.
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79cf68f9fc1d4ea1b6907b627f6e6b2e
What kind of camera was used to broadcast live shows under the Baird system?
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{ "text": [ "Farnsworth image dissector" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 196 ], "end": [ 221 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }
[ "Farnsworth image dissector" ]
SQuAD
The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown (at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937.
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23e701c1739747188c5b00031a8eb29d
When was the Baird system officially abandoned?
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{ "text": [ "13 February 1937" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 346 ], "end": [ 361 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 61 ], "end": [ 63 ] } ] }
[ "13 February 1937" ]
SQuAD
The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.
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052218d548e64e4bb9d4a2445d71ad58
Where was the BBC's first studio located?
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{ "text": [ "Broadcasting House, London" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 74 ], "end": [ 99 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 15 ] } ] }
[ "Broadcasting House, London" ]
SQuAD
The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.
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4c7f6c3b2e2749e0825bcb4d9bf397a7
What was the medium that brought the BBC's signal to the transmitter?
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[ "telephone line" ]
SQuAD
The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.
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0eb358c5be8448f4bf16ea2449e8af67
What term characterizes the type of broadcast made by the BBC prior to late 1935?
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[ "electromechanical" ]
SQuAD
The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.
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29421907aff24292a2bdf80c98609d12
Where was the BBC's second studio located?
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[ "16 Portland Place, London" ]
SQuAD
The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.
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00fadefcba68496fbb013e8aff9c98dc
When did the BBC first change studios?
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{ "text": [ "February 1934" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 190 ], "end": [ 202 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 36 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "February 1934" ]
SQuAD
In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online.
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f8343caaa462482c81c933d38cb6ecb2
When did the BBC start exploring the use of internet streaming?
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{ "text": [ "2008" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 6 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 1 ], "end": [ 1 ] } ] }
[ "2008" ]
SQuAD
In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online.
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0b3b8b6312f34f09a506d20e2889b55b
When was full coverage of the BBC's standard programming launched in online stream format?
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{ "text": [ "November 2008" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 95 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "November 2008" ]