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SQuAD
Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.
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a0b1f93be6f948419bb3d6b68460d9fc
What was the doctrine called that allowed the three branches of government to check the powers of each other?
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SQuAD
An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]
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a9496236cee646eb81c69fdb7b804713
Who may license and regulate attorneys in Florida?
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SQuAD
An example of the second view at the State level is found in the view of the Florida Supreme Court, that only the Florida Supreme Court may license and regulate attorneys appearing before the courts of Florida, and only the Florida Supreme Court may set rules for procedures in the Florida courts.[citation needed] The State of New Hampshire also follows this system.[citation needed]
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75a470d4b3144a518c9a96e4654dbff3
Who sets the procedures to be followed in the Florida court system?
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SQuAD
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
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bac3e51c3cb5425189e97ddd77b9eff1
Who wrote the book Contrasts?
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SQuAD
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
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What year was Contrasts written in?
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[ "1836" ]
SQuAD
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
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03845962723d4df987b351b9824281d8
What was the name of Pugin's book?
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[ "Contrasts" ]
SQuAD
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
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f3de6922ca9340ed801e2dc6c5d91bcf
In what year was Contrasts written?
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[ "1836" ]
SQuAD
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
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2163f2cca42a4ef8b5f372a10807bda2
What world did Pugin dislike?
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[ "modern, industrial world" ]
SQuAD
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836) that, as the titled suggested, contrasted the modern, industrial world, which he disparaged, with an idealized image of neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture."
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860839eb8d154074b1b73a59ee02019d
What type of architecture did Pugin consider truly Christian?
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[ "Gothic" ]
SQuAD
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
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What are some philosophies that modern architects use?
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[ "rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology." ]
SQuAD
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
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Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what?
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[ "philosophies" ]
SQuAD
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
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Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence?
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[ "their approach to building design" ]
SQuAD
Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
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Which philosophy followed structuralism?
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[ "poststructuralism" ]
SQuAD
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
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dc5b7415557c4bee8c05c730b32bf3d7
When were the styles of arts created?
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{ "text": [ "16th century" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 645 ], "end": [ 656 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 117 ], "end": [ 118 ] } ] }
[ "16th century" ]
SQuAD
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
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96a1771b8647467db4d2e7dbebaaca5d
Who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects?
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[ "Vasari" ]
SQuAD
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
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b670dcee55a44651816d03d4918c811b
By the 18th century which languages was Vasaris book translated in?
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[ "Italian, French, Spanish and English" ]
SQuAD
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
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64a5c94ed7d6452687cb2055f5d0437a
In Vitruvius's mind, whose responsibility was it to see the principles carried out?
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[ "architect" ]
SQuAD
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
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d2fa465b88084e6fb91d55ba521b6fae
Who wrote De Re Aedificatoria?
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{ "text": [ "Leon Battista Alberti" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 115 ], "end": [ 135 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "Leon Battista Alberti" ]
SQuAD
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
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9915478c12924e8e86808367b598333b
What did Leon Battista Alberti consider most important for beauty?
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{ "text": [ "proportion" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 253 ], "end": [ 262 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "proportion" ]
SQuAD
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
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220fb6d8678d4e4397fcd9864da00445
What ideal proportion did Alberti promote?
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{ "text": [ "the Golden mean" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 393 ], "end": [ 407 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 71 ], "end": [ 73 ] } ] }
[ "the Golden mean" ]
SQuAD
According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was therefore an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially; and was based on universal, recognisable truths. The notion of style in the arts was not developed until the 16th century, with the writing of Vasari: by the 18th century, his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects had been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
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In what century did "style" as an artistic concept arise?
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{ "text": [ "16th" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 645 ], "end": [ 648 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 117 ], "end": [ 117 ] } ] }
[ "16th" ]
SQuAD
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
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Name one Asian architectural writer.
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{ "text": [ "Kao Gong Ji" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 49 ], "end": [ 59 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 9 ] } ] }
[ "Kao Gong Ji" ]
SQuAD
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
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What country produced the Kao Gong Ji?
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{ "text": [ "China" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 64 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 11 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "China" ]
SQuAD
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
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When was the Kao Gong Ji written?
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{ "text": [ "7th–5th centuries BCE" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 79 ], "end": [ 99 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "7th–5th centuries BCE" ]
SQuAD
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
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cdb38ba7d7544b5697e09ec25f785d0b
What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka?
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{ "text": [ "Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 143 ], "end": [ 170 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra" ]
SQuAD
Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka.
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India produced which early architectural text?
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{ "text": [ "Shilpa Shastras" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 120 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "Shilpa Shastras" ]
SQuAD
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
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Does Ruskin believe all buildings are works of architecture?
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{ "text": [ "not" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 103 ], "end": [ 105 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 20 ] } ] }
[ "not" ]
SQuAD
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
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d25d470a6dbb4ba6a1bad8ff2d79039b
What was most significant in architecture according to Ruskin?
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{ "text": [ "the aesthetic" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 12 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 4 ] } ] }
[ "the aesthetic" ]
SQuAD
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
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1bd07bff3fcb4a2695a4b41137c1750b
To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure?
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{ "text": [ "it is in some way \"adorned\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 143 ], "end": [ 169 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 27 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "it is in some way \"adorned\"" ]
SQuAD
For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least.
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What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional?
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{ "text": [ "string courses or rustication" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 250 ], "end": [ 278 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 51 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "string courses or rustication" ]
SQuAD
Richard Nixon used national security as a basis for his expansion of power. He asserted, for example, that "the inherent power of the President to safeguard the security of the nation" authorized him to order a wiretap without a judge's warrant. Nixon also asserted that "executive privilege" shielded him from all legislative oversight; furthermore, he impounded federal funds (that is to say, he refused to spend money that Congress had appropriated for government programs). In the specific cases aforementioned, however, the Supreme Court ruled against Nixon. This was also because of an ongoing criminal investigation into the Watergate tapes, even though they acknowledged the general need for executive privilege. Since then, Nixon's successors have sometimes asserted that they may act in the interests of national security or that executive privilege shields them from Congressional oversight. Though such claims have in general been more limited than Nixon's, one may still conclude that the presidency's power has been greatly augmented since the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
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Under what basis did Richard Nixon assert an expansion of the power of the President?
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[ "national security" ]
SQuAD
Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.
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Who was instrumental in creating Organic architecture?
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{ "text": [ "Frank Lloyd Wright" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 19 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "Frank Lloyd Wright" ]
SQuAD
Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.
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What are two of Wright's designs?
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{ "text": [ "Robie House and Fallingwater" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 236 ], "end": [ 263 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 42 ] } ] }
[ "Robie House and Fallingwater" ]
SQuAD
Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater.
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f82c2a4bafab4992aad9f389335238c8
What was Wright's intention regarding humans and nature?
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[ "to promote harmony" ]
SQuAD
Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.
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2f430d09eff74cd09a80c709018a5449
What kind of books did housebuilders use?
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{ "text": [ "pattern books and architectural journals" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 155 ], "end": [ 194 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 21 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "pattern books and architectural journals" ]
SQuAD
Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals.
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5c2a6a500dad449fa92b6b83c3dfb698
What type of design did these texts allow the builders to incorporate?
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[ "current architectural design" ]
SQuAD
It is said[by whom?] on one side of this debate that separation of powers means that powers are shared among different branches; no one branch may act unilaterally on issues (other than perhaps minor questions), but must obtain some form of agreement across branches. That is, it is argued that "checks and balances" apply to the Judicial branch as well as to the other branches.
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What term is used when one branch of government must get approval from at least one other branch of government?
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[ "checks and balances" ]
SQuAD
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
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How many bills did George Washington veto?
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[ "two" ]
SQuAD
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
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0ce438913b8649a0a2fc1f8219418bc7
How many bills did James Monroe veto?
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[ "one" ]
SQuAD
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
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7510f3f4f47f44bb8fd8a9bd5b366ae1
How many bills did Andrew Jackson veto
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[ "twelve" ]
SQuAD
The first six presidents of the United States did not make extensive use of the veto power: George Washington only vetoed two bills, James Monroe one, and John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams none. James Madison, a firm believer in a strong executive, vetoed seven bills. None of the first six Presidents, however, used the veto to direct national policy. It was Andrew Jackson, the seventh President, who was the first to use the veto as a political weapon. During his two terms in office, he vetoed twelve bills—more than all of his predecessors combined. Furthermore, he defied the Supreme Court in enforcing the policy of ethnically cleansing Native American tribes ("Indian Removal"); he stated (perhaps apocryphally), "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!"
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Who was the seventh President of the United States?
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{ "text": [ "Andrew Jackson" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 377 ], "end": [ 390 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 75 ], "end": [ 76 ] } ] }
[ "Andrew Jackson" ]
SQuAD
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
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What type of buildings were took the most effort to build?
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{ "text": [ "abbeys and cathedrals." ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 59 ], "end": [ 80 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 8 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "abbeys and cathedrals." ]
SQuAD
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
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ad40f352634c4a039c4e5c1b35ab8735
What were the most important buildings of the time?
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[ "abbeys and cathedrals" ]
SQuAD
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
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What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe?
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[ "clerics and tradesmen" ]
SQuAD
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
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732b89c02c774be69648cae52b4258c2
What style is Gothic?
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{ "text": [ "pan-European" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 217 ], "end": [ 228 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 34 ], "end": [ 36 ] } ] }
[ "pan-European" ]
SQuAD
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
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e5c1a972c77c47998c9f4530fbfee724
What is another pan-European style?
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{ "text": [ "Romanesque" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 237 ], "end": [ 246 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 38 ] } ] }
[ "Romanesque" ]
SQuAD
The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic.
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2f8cc7ef71e94df0bc1efd5b43e085eb
When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information?
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{ "text": [ "900 CE onwards" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 93 ], "end": [ 106 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 16 ] } ] }
[ "900 CE onwards" ]
SQuAD
Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
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429cb1e1e41d40ecac370bf90a912aa9
What kind of courts did congress establish?
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{ "text": [ "legislative courts" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 24 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 4 ], "end": [ 5 ] } ] }
[ "legislative courts" ]
SQuAD
Congress may establish "legislative courts," which do not take the form of judicial agencies or commissions, whose members do not have the same security of tenure or compensation as the constitutional court judges. Legislative courts may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. In Murray's Lessee v. Hoboken Land & Improvement Co. (1856), the Supreme Court held that a legislative court may not decide "a suit at the common law, or in equity, or admiralty," as such a suit is inherently judicial. Legislative courts may only adjudicate "public rights" questions (cases between the government and an individual and political determinations).
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411f36bf20ff45b6b2de040963adebae
What power are legislative courts not allowed to exercise?
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{ "text": [ "judicial power of the United States" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 255 ], "end": [ 289 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 44 ], "end": [ 49 ] } ] }
[ "judicial power of the United States" ]
SQuAD
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.
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596827d618f444fba9dcb2c1a8d82303
To what does congress attempt to limit executive officials?
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{ "text": [ "the performance of their duties" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 69 ], "end": [ 99 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 13 ] } ] }
[ "the performance of their duties" ]
SQuAD
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.
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9a0fb7449cf241bf8f661864dc31a853
What court case affirmed the mandates of the first and seventh sections of Article I of the Constitution?
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{ "text": [ "INS v. Chadha" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 146 ], "end": [ 158 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 25 ], "end": [ 27 ] } ] }
[ "INS v. Chadha" ]
SQuAD
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.
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c5da5f98c5d94b399aea5c8ba0b2c9b1
When was INS v Chadha tried before the Supreme Court?
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{ "text": [ "1983" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 161 ], "end": [ 164 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 29 ], "end": [ 29 ] } ] }
[ "1983" ]
SQuAD
Congress often writes legislation to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties, as laid out by the laws Congress passes. In INS v. Chadha (1983), the Supreme Court decided (a) The prescription for legislative action in Art. I, § 1—requiring all legislative powers to be vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and § 7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president, and, if he disapproves, to be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House—represents the Framers' decision that the legislative power of the Federal Government be exercised in accord with a single, finely wrought and exhaustively considered procedure. This procedure is an integral part of the constitutional design for the separation of powers. Further rulings clarified the case; even both Houses acting together cannot override Executive vetos without a 2⁄3 majority. Legislation may always prescribe regulations governing executive officers.
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9e14f7e9ebd441a58b36ee316991e05a
By what margin can congress over ride a Presidential veto?
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[ "two-thirds" ]
SQuAD
Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.
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fd3fc349a2fa4be783dd797d12635bc5
What are three new movements that have a focus on sustainability?
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{ "text": [ "New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 38 ], "end": [ 105 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 6 ], "end": [ 14 ] } ] }
[ "New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture" ]
SQuAD
Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.
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030be8c2512945f4944edbe2b82f356d
What kinds of buildings and building developments are the new movements not in favor of?
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[ "solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl." ]
SQuAD
Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.
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e97944f4726c4ae09057c20708f3e794
What are three things the new movements try to achieve?
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[ "smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design" ]
SQuAD
Concurrently, the recent movements of New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture promote a sustainable approach towards construction, that appreciates and develops smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design. This in contrast to modernist and globally uniform architecture, as well as leaning against solitary housing estates and suburban sprawl.
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3c2b83fbe5564c1284c201a55ec97569
What older architectural movements do the newer movements not go along with?
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[ "modernist and globally uniform architecture" ]
SQuAD
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details."
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cbaafb00929e4da7b58cd50676763e25
What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?
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{ "text": [ "Wayman v. Southard" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 196 ], "end": [ 213 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 35 ], "end": [ 37 ] } ] }
[ "Wayman v. Southard" ]
SQuAD
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details."
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af9da18423a64b298194c9091221eb19
In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?
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[ "1825" ]
SQuAD
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details."
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672e8885731d4ebcb132dfd3000e1ea6
Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?
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[ "John Marshall" ]
SQuAD
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a50ed705730f4f5484eb016ebbb79288
In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?
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[ "the judiciary" ]
SQuAD
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details."
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b362f5b81418410aac0838d65a3c5716
What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?
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[ "Wayman v. Southard" ]
SQuAD
Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details."
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99c59fc6c3094c019e0573b3c945b6d1
Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?
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[ "John Marshall" ]
SQuAD
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
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b7ac1bbc15324abea348d60cba929c10
What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries?
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[ "pantheistic religion" ]
SQuAD
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
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a99191764ad14bf98ee521559282cc49
Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity?
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[ "Buddhist architecture" ]
SQuAD
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
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88baa34650494a6ebb834a6aaaa07797
When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced?
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[ "3rd century BCE" ]
SQuAD
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
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3a94f23c729a4b4e8f13fe459a776399
What does Hindu temple architecture try to express?
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[ "the macrocosm and the microcosm" ]
SQuAD
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
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670664b86c77487b91e1ac23c93980e3
What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture?
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[ "the Shastras" ]
SQuAD
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
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b12f181031bc4407979ee42acbe3b45a
What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences
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[ "Buddhist" ]
SQuAD
The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is governed by concepts laid down in the Shastras, and is concerned with expressing the macrocosm and the microcosm. In many Asian countries, pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.
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3730e1bdf79a431cabc9ef5398c3352f
What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia?
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[ "pantheistic religion" ]
SQuAD
Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.
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f3d34e28e73b4137ac996f903955bce7
Which President attempted to pack the supreme court?
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[ "Franklin Roosevelt" ]
SQuAD
Several twentieth-century presidents have attempted to greatly expand the power of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, claimed that the president was permitted to do whatever was not explicitly prohibited by the law—in direct contrast to his immediate successor, William Howard Taft. Franklin Delano Roosevelt held considerable power during the Great Depression. Congress had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority; in Panama Refining v. Ryan, the Court for the first time struck down a Congressional delegation of power as violative of the doctrine of separation of powers. The aforementioned Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, another separation of powers case, was also decided during Franklin Roosevelt's presidency. In response to many unfavorable Supreme Court decisions, Roosevelt introduced a "Court Packing" plan, under which more seats would be added to the Supreme Court for the president to fill. Such a plan (which was defeated in Congress) would have seriously undermined the judiciary's independence and power.
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95e0879453bc471fb770561eff1d3242
Who had granted Franklin Roosevelt sweeping authority during the great depression?
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[ "Congress" ]
SQuAD
Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. One of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt CFLs as the main lamp source, as suggested by the Alliance for Climate Protection. Unlike incandescent lamps CFL's need a little time to 'warm up' and reach full brightness. Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming.
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029f7a168b9c44df8978d82e2088e2d7
What does CFL stand for?
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{ "text": [ "Compact fluorescent lamps" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 24 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 2 ] } ] }
[ "Compact fluorescent lamps" ]
SQuAD
Compact fluorescent lamps (aka 'CFLs') use less power to supply the same amount of light as an incandescent lamp, however they contain mercury which is a dispose hazard. Due to the ability to reduce electric consumption, many organizations have undertaken measures to encourage the adoption of CFLs. Some electric utilities and local governments have subsidized CFLs or provided them free to customers as a means of reducing electric demand. For a given light output, CFLs use between one fifth and one quarter of the power of an equivalent incandescent lamp. One of the simplest and quickest ways for a household or business to become more energy efficient is to adopt CFLs as the main lamp source, as suggested by the Alliance for Climate Protection. Unlike incandescent lamps CFL's need a little time to 'warm up' and reach full brightness. Care should be taken when selecting CFL's because not all of them are suitable for dimming.
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21319a2c7bb14db0a7ac5e55538d543a
Are all CFLs suitable for dimming?
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[ "not" ]
SQuAD
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
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1b54f8eb5ec2459d896fbb9660333259
When were architectural writings first made?
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{ "text": [ "ancient time" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 46 ], "end": [ 57 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 8 ] } ] }
[ "ancient time" ]
SQuAD
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
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ca34522fbc4843c49f39672b779c29e5
Aside from general advice what did the texts contain?
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[ "specific formal prescriptions" ]
SQuAD
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
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be9eb4fb75d6413584b2b4e7e37922eb
What is another term for specific formal prescriptions?
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[ "canons" ]
SQuAD
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
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When did Vitruvius write his canons?
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[ "1st-century BCE" ]
SQuAD
Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are religious.
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0f74813dd66b48818cd729152fc46e20
What is a significant early architectural canonical type?
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[ "religious" ]
SQuAD
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
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554a3940bf96478b8db2775a530d0558
From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge?
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{ "text": [ "civic ideals" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 106 ], "end": [ 117 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 17 ], "end": [ 18 ] } ] }
[ "civic ideals" ]
SQuAD
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
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adc1421958d541f2bf75f59b98787143
These civic ideas allowed what to come into being?
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{ "text": [ "new building types" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 163 ], "end": [ 180 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 26 ], "end": [ 28 ] } ] }
[ "new building types" ]
SQuAD
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
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3da2205d448246ab8337ffaa28ed9a59
What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on?
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[ "religious or empirical ones" ]
SQuAD
The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders.
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44d2a26911364ef885031a7b43c35691
What owes its development to the Classical orders?
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{ "text": [ "Architectural \"style\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 191 ], "end": [ 211 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 31 ], "end": [ 34 ] } ] }
[ "Architectural \"style\"" ]
SQuAD
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
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What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture?
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{ "text": [ "Egypt and Mesopotamia" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 48 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 9 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ] }
[ "Egypt and Mesopotamia" ]
SQuAD
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
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What are two examples of past civilizations?
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[ "Egypt and Mesopotamia" ]
SQuAD
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
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To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture?
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{ "text": [ "the divine and the supernatural" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 136 ], "end": [ 166 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 21 ], "end": [ 25 ] } ] }
[ "the divine and the supernatural" ]
SQuAD
In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or the state itself.
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7ad93d73123d4d1fa3544808b039820e
What does architectural monumentality often represent?
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{ "text": [ "political power" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 267 ], "end": [ 281 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 40 ], "end": [ 41 ] } ] }
[ "political power" ]
SQuAD
A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.
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5728d42e95244fa6981173b362cbc8ce
What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on?
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{ "text": [ "proportions and structure" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 127 ], "end": [ 151 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 22 ] } ] }
[ "proportions and structure" ]
SQuAD
A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the generalist.
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2f9d37d535a045cd85b59f357400fb49
Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time?
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{ "text": [ "generalist" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 314 ], "end": [ 323 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 54 ], "end": [ 54 ] } ] }
[ "generalist" ]
SQuAD
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
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5ad08ff6833d4f8a90869ac424afd7f5
What is the latin word for architecture?
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{ "text": [ "Architectural" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 244 ], "end": [ 256 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 45 ] } ] }
[ "Architectural" ]
SQuAD
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
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66801ecea3e9483ea73617c851efd37c
What is the Latin word for architecture?
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{ "text": [ "architectura" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 20 ], "end": [ 31 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 3 ], "end": [ 3 ] } ] }
[ "architectura" ]
SQuAD
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
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768a59411153433d826b033627cc9d39
What do you call the planning and building of buildings?
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{ "text": [ "Architecture" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 11 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 0 ], "end": [ 0 ] } ] }
[ "Architecture" ]
SQuAD
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
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035be3db60b1460a9ee853c4b49cc007
What structures can be viewed as both works of art and symbols of certain cultures?
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{ "text": [ "Architectural works" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 244 ], "end": [ 262 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 45 ], "end": [ 46 ] } ] }
[ "Architectural works" ]
SQuAD
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
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b81db50d66654d93a25412a8ddf55e92
Civilizations from the past cane often be identified by what surviving structures?
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{ "text": [ "architectural achievements" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 428 ], "end": [ 453 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 75 ], "end": [ 76 ] } ] }
[ "architectural achievements" ]
SQuAD
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
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ef23f548598b42bfa2dd86d9505db063
In what language does the word "architecture" have its origins?
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{ "text": [ "Greek" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 43 ], "end": [ 47 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 7 ], "end": [ 7 ] } ] }
[ "Greek" ]
SQuAD
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
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5e1e01ce23ed4a288bdf01518adffe08
What two words is "architecture" a combination of?
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{ "text": [ "ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\"" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 90 ], "end": [ 123 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 15 ], "end": [ 23 ] } ] }
[ "ἀρχι- \"chief\" and τέκτων \"builder\"" ]
SQuAD
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
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633284525e6f4cc19f25b73d04bbaad1
Architecture involves the creation of what?
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{ "text": [ "buildings and other physical structures" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 203 ], "end": [ 241 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 39 ], "end": [ 43 ] } ] }
[ "buildings and other physical structures" ]
SQuAD
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
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3ea494c6309d4ad4823269703c13d9aa
Aside from symbolizing cultures, what else are architectural works thought of as?
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{ "text": [ "as works of art" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 344 ], "end": [ 358 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 62 ], "end": [ 65 ] } ] }
[ "as works of art" ]
SQuAD
Architecture (Latin architectura, from the Greek ἀρχιτέκτων arkhitekton "architect", from ἀρχι- "chief" and τέκτων "builder") is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements.
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57034bc1f31b4bf0a35106c332f2d412
What can extant architectural works be used to identify?
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{ "text": [ "Historical civilizations" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 361 ], "end": [ 384 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 67 ], "end": [ 68 ] } ] }
[ "Historical civilizations" ]
SQuAD
The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program was released on November 4, 2010, and calculates HDI values based on estimates for 2010. Below is the list of the "very high human development" countries:
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c242fe31b72f41338c6f0bc55c536b5e
On what date was the 2010 Human Development Report released?
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{ "text": [ "November 4, 2010" ], "char_spans": [ { "start": [ 92 ], "end": [ 107 ] } ], "token_spans": [ { "start": [ 14 ], "end": [ 17 ] } ] }
[ "November 4, 2010" ]