subset
stringclasses 6
values | context
stringlengths 16
17.7k
| context_tokens
sequence | qid
stringlengths 32
32
| question
stringlengths 1
717
| question_tokens
sequence | detected_answers
sequence | answers
sequencelengths 1
25
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SQuAD | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers. | {
"tokens": [
"From",
"a",
"military",
"standpoint",
",",
"lighting",
"is",
"a",
"critical",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"battlefield",
"conditions",
".",
"Shadows",
"are",
"good",
"places",
"to",
"hide",
",",
"while",
"bright",
"areas",
"are",
"more",
"exposed",
".",
"It",
"is",
"often",
"beneficial",
"to",
"fight",
"with",
"the",
"Sun",
"or",
"other",
"light",
"source",
"behind",
"you",
",",
"giving",
"your",
"enemy",
"disturbing",
"visual",
"glare",
"and",
"partially",
"hiding",
"your",
"own",
"movements",
"in",
"backlight",
".",
"If",
"natural",
"light",
"is",
"not",
"present",
"searchlights",
"and",
"flares",
"can",
"be",
"used",
".",
"However",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"light",
"may",
"disclose",
"your",
"own",
"hidden",
"position",
"and",
"modern",
"warfare",
"have",
"seen",
"increased",
"use",
"of",
"night",
"vision",
"through",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"infrared",
"cameras",
"and",
"image",
"intensifiers",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
7,
16,
26,
28,
37,
40,
42,
51,
56,
59,
63,
75,
85,
87,
95,
99,
104,
111,
114,
118,
120,
126,
133,
139,
143,
148,
155,
157,
160,
163,
169,
180,
183,
189,
194,
198,
202,
205,
211,
217,
224,
231,
234,
236,
243,
248,
254,
265,
272,
278,
282,
292,
299,
304,
308,
318,
321,
330,
332,
335,
343,
349,
352,
356,
364,
377,
381,
388,
392,
395,
399,
401,
409,
413,
417,
420,
426,
430,
439,
444,
448,
455,
464,
468,
475,
483,
488,
493,
503,
507,
510,
516,
523,
531,
535,
539,
542,
551,
559,
563,
569,
581
]
} | b80224517cf84934920d9ca4e1e20fd3 | In a battlefield does not have natural light what could you use instead? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"a",
"battlefield",
"does",
"not",
"have",
"natural",
"light",
"what",
"could",
"you",
"use",
"instead",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
5,
17,
22,
26,
31,
39,
45,
50,
56,
60,
64,
71
]
} | {
"text": [
"searchlights and flares"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
364
],
"end": [
386
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
66
],
"end": [
68
]
}
]
} | [
"searchlights and flares"
] |
SQuAD | From a military standpoint, lighting is a critical part of the battlefield conditions. Shadows are good places to hide, while bright areas are more exposed. It is often beneficial to fight with the Sun or other light source behind you, giving your enemy disturbing visual glare and partially hiding your own movements in backlight. If natural light is not present searchlights and flares can be used. However the use of light may disclose your own hidden position and modern warfare have seen increased use of night vision through the use of infrared cameras and image intensifiers. | {
"tokens": [
"From",
"a",
"military",
"standpoint",
",",
"lighting",
"is",
"a",
"critical",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"battlefield",
"conditions",
".",
"Shadows",
"are",
"good",
"places",
"to",
"hide",
",",
"while",
"bright",
"areas",
"are",
"more",
"exposed",
".",
"It",
"is",
"often",
"beneficial",
"to",
"fight",
"with",
"the",
"Sun",
"or",
"other",
"light",
"source",
"behind",
"you",
",",
"giving",
"your",
"enemy",
"disturbing",
"visual",
"glare",
"and",
"partially",
"hiding",
"your",
"own",
"movements",
"in",
"backlight",
".",
"If",
"natural",
"light",
"is",
"not",
"present",
"searchlights",
"and",
"flares",
"can",
"be",
"used",
".",
"However",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"light",
"may",
"disclose",
"your",
"own",
"hidden",
"position",
"and",
"modern",
"warfare",
"have",
"seen",
"increased",
"use",
"of",
"night",
"vision",
"through",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"infrared",
"cameras",
"and",
"image",
"intensifiers",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
7,
16,
26,
28,
37,
40,
42,
51,
56,
59,
63,
75,
85,
87,
95,
99,
104,
111,
114,
118,
120,
126,
133,
139,
143,
148,
155,
157,
160,
163,
169,
180,
183,
189,
194,
198,
202,
205,
211,
217,
224,
231,
234,
236,
243,
248,
254,
265,
272,
278,
282,
292,
299,
304,
308,
318,
321,
330,
332,
335,
343,
349,
352,
356,
364,
377,
381,
388,
392,
395,
399,
401,
409,
413,
417,
420,
426,
430,
439,
444,
448,
455,
464,
468,
475,
483,
488,
493,
503,
507,
510,
516,
523,
531,
535,
539,
542,
551,
559,
563,
569,
581
]
} | 06dd4591bf534d2380829a3d2b1550a8 | Modern warfare has seen the increased use of what? | {
"tokens": [
"Modern",
"warfare",
"has",
"seen",
"the",
"increased",
"use",
"of",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
15,
19,
24,
28,
38,
42,
45,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"infrared cameras"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
542
],
"end": [
557
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
98
],
"end": [
99
]
}
]
} | [
"infrared cameras"
] |
SQuAD | A study conducted in 1972 and 1981, documented by Robert Ulrich, surveyed 23 surgical patients assigned to rooms looking out on a natural scene. The study concluded that patients assigned to rooms with windows allowing lots of natural light had shorter postoperative hospital stays, received fewer negative evaluative comments in nurses’ notes, and took fewer potent analegesics than 23 matched patients in similar rooms with windows facing a brick wall. This study suggests that due to the nature of the scenery and daylight exposure was indeed healthier for patients as opposed to those exposed to little light from the brick wall. In addition to increased work performance, proper usage of windows and daylighting crosses the boundaries between pure aesthetics and overall health. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"study",
"conducted",
"in",
"1972",
"and",
"1981",
",",
"documented",
"by",
"Robert",
"Ulrich",
",",
"surveyed",
"23",
"surgical",
"patients",
"assigned",
"to",
"rooms",
"looking",
"out",
"on",
"a",
"natural",
"scene",
".",
"The",
"study",
"concluded",
"that",
"patients",
"assigned",
"to",
"rooms",
"with",
"windows",
"allowing",
"lots",
"of",
"natural",
"light",
"had",
"shorter",
"postoperative",
"hospital",
"stays",
",",
"received",
"fewer",
"negative",
"evaluative",
"comments",
"in",
"nurses",
"’",
"notes",
",",
"and",
"took",
"fewer",
"potent",
"analegesics",
"than",
"23",
"matched",
"patients",
"in",
"similar",
"rooms",
"with",
"windows",
"facing",
"a",
"brick",
"wall",
".",
"This",
"study",
"suggests",
"that",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"nature",
"of",
"the",
"scenery",
"and",
"daylight",
"exposure",
"was",
"indeed",
"healthier",
"for",
"patients",
"as",
"opposed",
"to",
"those",
"exposed",
"to",
"little",
"light",
"from",
"the",
"brick",
"wall",
".",
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"increased",
"work",
"performance",
",",
"proper",
"usage",
"of",
"windows",
"and",
"daylighting",
"crosses",
"the",
"boundaries",
"between",
"pure",
"aesthetics",
"and",
"overall",
"health",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
8,
18,
21,
26,
30,
34,
36,
47,
50,
57,
63,
65,
74,
77,
86,
95,
104,
107,
113,
121,
125,
128,
130,
138,
143,
145,
149,
155,
165,
170,
179,
188,
191,
197,
202,
210,
219,
224,
227,
235,
241,
245,
253,
267,
276,
281,
283,
292,
298,
307,
318,
327,
330,
336,
338,
343,
345,
349,
354,
360,
367,
379,
384,
387,
395,
404,
407,
415,
421,
426,
434,
441,
443,
449,
453,
455,
460,
466,
475,
480,
484,
487,
491,
498,
501,
505,
513,
517,
526,
535,
539,
546,
556,
560,
569,
572,
580,
583,
589,
597,
600,
607,
613,
618,
622,
628,
632,
634,
637,
646,
649,
659,
664,
675,
677,
684,
690,
693,
701,
705,
717,
725,
729,
740,
748,
753,
764,
768,
776,
782
]
} | fb5d9363f89d4dc2a6fffbf49961d4f5 | Who documented 23 surgical patients assigned rooms looking out on a natural scene? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"documented",
"23",
"surgical",
"patients",
"assigned",
"rooms",
"looking",
"out",
"on",
"a",
"natural",
"scene",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
15,
18,
27,
36,
45,
51,
59,
63,
66,
68,
76,
81
]
} | {
"text": [
"Robert Ulrich"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
50
],
"end": [
62
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
10
],
"end": [
11
]
}
]
} | [
"Robert Ulrich"
] |
SQuAD | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"National",
"Council",
"on",
"Qualifications",
"for",
"the",
"Lighting",
"Professions",
"(",
"NCQLP",
")",
"offers",
"the",
"Lighting",
"Certification",
"Examination",
"which",
"tests",
"rudimentary",
"lighting",
"design",
"principles",
".",
"Individuals",
"who",
"pass",
"this",
"exam",
"become",
"‘",
"Lighting",
"Certified",
"’",
"and",
"may",
"append",
"the",
"abbreviation",
"LC",
"to",
"their",
"name",
".",
"This",
"certification",
"process",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"three",
"national",
"(",
"U.S.",
")",
"examinations",
"(",
"the",
"others",
"are",
"CLEP",
"and",
"CLMC",
")",
"in",
"the",
"lighting",
"industry",
"and",
"is",
"open",
"not",
"only",
"to",
"designers",
",",
"but",
"to",
"lighting",
"equipment",
"manufacturers",
",",
"electric",
"utility",
"employees",
",",
"etc",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
21,
24,
39,
43,
47,
56,
68,
69,
74,
76,
83,
87,
96,
110,
122,
128,
134,
146,
155,
162,
172,
174,
186,
190,
195,
200,
205,
212,
213,
222,
231,
233,
237,
241,
248,
252,
265,
268,
271,
277,
281,
283,
288,
302,
310,
313,
317,
320,
326,
335,
336,
340,
342,
355,
356,
360,
367,
371,
376,
380,
384,
386,
389,
393,
402,
411,
415,
418,
423,
427,
432,
435,
444,
446,
450,
453,
462,
472,
485,
487,
496,
504,
513,
515,
518
]
} | 7d19f2d8e7d34f0f9b207cb2c76e178c | Who offers the Lighting Certification Examination? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"offers",
"the",
"Lighting",
"Certification",
"Examination",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
15,
24,
38,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"NCQLP"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
69
],
"end": [
73
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
10
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"NCQLP"
] |
SQuAD | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"National",
"Council",
"on",
"Qualifications",
"for",
"the",
"Lighting",
"Professions",
"(",
"NCQLP",
")",
"offers",
"the",
"Lighting",
"Certification",
"Examination",
"which",
"tests",
"rudimentary",
"lighting",
"design",
"principles",
".",
"Individuals",
"who",
"pass",
"this",
"exam",
"become",
"‘",
"Lighting",
"Certified",
"’",
"and",
"may",
"append",
"the",
"abbreviation",
"LC",
"to",
"their",
"name",
".",
"This",
"certification",
"process",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"three",
"national",
"(",
"U.S.",
")",
"examinations",
"(",
"the",
"others",
"are",
"CLEP",
"and",
"CLMC",
")",
"in",
"the",
"lighting",
"industry",
"and",
"is",
"open",
"not",
"only",
"to",
"designers",
",",
"but",
"to",
"lighting",
"equipment",
"manufacturers",
",",
"electric",
"utility",
"employees",
",",
"etc",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
21,
24,
39,
43,
47,
56,
68,
69,
74,
76,
83,
87,
96,
110,
122,
128,
134,
146,
155,
162,
172,
174,
186,
190,
195,
200,
205,
212,
213,
222,
231,
233,
237,
241,
248,
252,
265,
268,
271,
277,
281,
283,
288,
302,
310,
313,
317,
320,
326,
335,
336,
340,
342,
355,
356,
360,
367,
371,
376,
380,
384,
386,
389,
393,
402,
411,
415,
418,
423,
427,
432,
435,
444,
446,
450,
453,
462,
472,
485,
487,
496,
504,
513,
515,
518
]
} | eecacf20dc524b39940c8f6bbeac1d0f | What does NCQLP stand for? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"NCQLP",
"stand",
"for",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
16,
22,
25
]
} | {
"text": [
"The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
66
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
8
]
}
]
} | [
"The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions"
] |
SQuAD | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"National",
"Council",
"on",
"Qualifications",
"for",
"the",
"Lighting",
"Professions",
"(",
"NCQLP",
")",
"offers",
"the",
"Lighting",
"Certification",
"Examination",
"which",
"tests",
"rudimentary",
"lighting",
"design",
"principles",
".",
"Individuals",
"who",
"pass",
"this",
"exam",
"become",
"‘",
"Lighting",
"Certified",
"’",
"and",
"may",
"append",
"the",
"abbreviation",
"LC",
"to",
"their",
"name",
".",
"This",
"certification",
"process",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"three",
"national",
"(",
"U.S.",
")",
"examinations",
"(",
"the",
"others",
"are",
"CLEP",
"and",
"CLMC",
")",
"in",
"the",
"lighting",
"industry",
"and",
"is",
"open",
"not",
"only",
"to",
"designers",
",",
"but",
"to",
"lighting",
"equipment",
"manufacturers",
",",
"electric",
"utility",
"employees",
",",
"etc",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
21,
24,
39,
43,
47,
56,
68,
69,
74,
76,
83,
87,
96,
110,
122,
128,
134,
146,
155,
162,
172,
174,
186,
190,
195,
200,
205,
212,
213,
222,
231,
233,
237,
241,
248,
252,
265,
268,
271,
277,
281,
283,
288,
302,
310,
313,
317,
320,
326,
335,
336,
340,
342,
355,
356,
360,
367,
371,
376,
380,
384,
386,
389,
393,
402,
411,
415,
418,
423,
427,
432,
435,
444,
446,
450,
453,
462,
472,
485,
487,
496,
504,
513,
515,
518
]
} | 7629cb68977e4d579b4b179d87c3fa02 | Which abbreviation can you append to your name after becoming Lighting Certified? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"abbreviation",
"can",
"you",
"append",
"to",
"your",
"name",
"after",
"becoming",
"Lighting",
"Certified",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
19,
23,
27,
34,
37,
42,
47,
53,
62,
71,
80
]
} | {
"text": [
"LC"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
265
],
"end": [
266
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
39
],
"end": [
39
]
}
]
} | [
"LC"
] |
SQuAD | The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions (NCQLP) offers the Lighting Certification Examination which tests rudimentary lighting design principles. Individuals who pass this exam become ‘Lighting Certified’ and may append the abbreviation LC to their name. This certification process is one of three national (U.S.) examinations (the others are CLEP and CLMC) in the lighting industry and is open not only to designers, but to lighting equipment manufacturers, electric utility employees, etc. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"National",
"Council",
"on",
"Qualifications",
"for",
"the",
"Lighting",
"Professions",
"(",
"NCQLP",
")",
"offers",
"the",
"Lighting",
"Certification",
"Examination",
"which",
"tests",
"rudimentary",
"lighting",
"design",
"principles",
".",
"Individuals",
"who",
"pass",
"this",
"exam",
"become",
"‘",
"Lighting",
"Certified",
"’",
"and",
"may",
"append",
"the",
"abbreviation",
"LC",
"to",
"their",
"name",
".",
"This",
"certification",
"process",
"is",
"one",
"of",
"three",
"national",
"(",
"U.S.",
")",
"examinations",
"(",
"the",
"others",
"are",
"CLEP",
"and",
"CLMC",
")",
"in",
"the",
"lighting",
"industry",
"and",
"is",
"open",
"not",
"only",
"to",
"designers",
",",
"but",
"to",
"lighting",
"equipment",
"manufacturers",
",",
"electric",
"utility",
"employees",
",",
"etc",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
21,
24,
39,
43,
47,
56,
68,
69,
74,
76,
83,
87,
96,
110,
122,
128,
134,
146,
155,
162,
172,
174,
186,
190,
195,
200,
205,
212,
213,
222,
231,
233,
237,
241,
248,
252,
265,
268,
271,
277,
281,
283,
288,
302,
310,
313,
317,
320,
326,
335,
336,
340,
342,
355,
356,
360,
367,
371,
376,
380,
384,
386,
389,
393,
402,
411,
415,
418,
423,
427,
432,
435,
444,
446,
450,
453,
462,
472,
485,
487,
496,
504,
513,
515,
518
]
} | da65a2024e6e40f88f9fa4246201036c | What other national examinations are available? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"other",
"national",
"examinations",
"are",
"available",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
20,
33,
37,
46
]
} | {
"text": [
"CLEP and CLMC"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
371
],
"end": [
383
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
60
],
"end": [
62
]
}
]
} | [
"CLEP and CLMC"
] |
SQuAD | In modern times, the name "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of the Diocese of Rome, who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel — the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the bishop of Rome, the pope. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"modern",
"times",
",",
"the",
"name",
"\"",
"cardinal",
"priest",
"\"",
"is",
"interpreted",
"as",
"meaning",
"a",
"cardinal",
"who",
"is",
"of",
"the",
"order",
"of",
"priests",
".",
"Originally",
",",
"however",
",",
"this",
"referred",
"to",
"certain",
"key",
"priests",
"of",
"important",
"churches",
"of",
"the",
"Diocese",
"of",
"Rome",
",",
"who",
"were",
"recognized",
"as",
"the",
"cardinal",
"priests",
",",
"the",
"important",
"priests",
"chosen",
"by",
"the",
"pope",
"to",
"advise",
"him",
"in",
"his",
"duties",
"as",
"Bishop",
"of",
"Rome",
"(",
"the",
"Latin",
"cardo",
"means",
"\"",
"hinge",
"\"",
")",
".",
"Certain",
"clerics",
"in",
"many",
"dioceses",
"at",
"the",
"time",
",",
"not",
"just",
"that",
"of",
"Rome",
",",
"were",
"said",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"key",
"personnel",
"—",
"the",
"term",
"gradually",
"became",
"exclusive",
"to",
"Rome",
"to",
"indicate",
"those",
"entrusted",
"with",
"electing",
"the",
"bishop",
"of",
"Rome",
",",
"the",
"pope",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
10,
15,
17,
21,
26,
27,
36,
42,
44,
47,
59,
62,
70,
72,
81,
85,
88,
91,
95,
101,
104,
111,
113,
123,
125,
132,
134,
139,
148,
151,
159,
163,
171,
174,
184,
193,
196,
200,
208,
211,
215,
217,
221,
226,
237,
240,
244,
253,
260,
262,
266,
276,
284,
291,
294,
298,
303,
306,
313,
317,
320,
324,
331,
334,
341,
344,
349,
350,
354,
360,
366,
372,
373,
378,
379,
380,
382,
390,
398,
401,
406,
415,
418,
422,
426,
428,
432,
437,
442,
445,
449,
451,
456,
461,
464,
467,
471,
475,
485,
487,
491,
496,
506,
513,
523,
526,
531,
534,
543,
549,
559,
564,
573,
577,
584,
587,
591,
593,
597,
601
]
} | 2fb18f198dc5417498c31f0a73e11df7 | What was the original definition of a cardinal priest? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"original",
"definition",
"of",
"a",
"cardinal",
"priest",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
22,
33,
36,
38,
47,
53
]
} | {
"text": [
"priests chosen by the pope"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
276
],
"end": [
301
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
53
],
"end": [
57
]
}
]
} | [
"priests chosen by the pope"
] |
SQuAD | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm). | {
"tokens": [
"Measurement",
"of",
"light",
"or",
"photometry",
"is",
"generally",
"concerned",
"with",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
"falling",
"on",
"a",
"surface",
"and",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"emerging",
"from",
"a",
"lamp",
"or",
"other",
"source",
",",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"colors",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"rendered",
"by",
"this",
"light",
".",
"The",
"human",
"eye",
"responds",
"differently",
"to",
"light",
"from",
"different",
"parts",
"of",
"the",
"visible",
"spectrum",
",",
"therefore",
"photometric",
"measurements",
"must",
"take",
"the",
"luminosity",
"function",
"into",
"account",
"when",
"measuring",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
".",
"The",
"basic",
"SI",
"unit",
"of",
"measurement",
"is",
"the",
"candela",
"(",
"cd",
")",
",",
"which",
"describes",
"the",
"luminous",
"intensity",
",",
"all",
"other",
"photometric",
"units",
"are",
"derived",
"from",
"the",
"candela",
".",
"Luminance",
"for",
"instance",
"is",
"a",
"measure",
"of",
"the",
"density",
"of",
"luminous",
"intensity",
"in",
"a",
"given",
"direction",
".",
"It",
"describes",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"that",
"passes",
"through",
"or",
"is",
"emitted",
"from",
"a",
"particular",
"area",
",",
"and",
"falls",
"within",
"a",
"given",
"solid",
"angle",
".",
"The",
"SI",
"unit",
"for",
"luminance",
"is",
"candela",
"per",
"square",
"metre",
"(",
"cd",
"/",
"m2",
")",
".",
"The",
"CGS",
"unit",
"of",
"luminance",
"is",
"the",
"stilb",
",",
"which",
"is",
"equal",
"to",
"one",
"candela",
"per",
"square",
"centimetre",
"or",
"10",
"kcd",
"/",
"m2",
".",
"The",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
"emitted",
"from",
"a",
"source",
"or",
"the",
"luminous",
"flux",
"is",
"measured",
"in",
"lumen",
"(",
"lm",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
12,
15,
21,
24,
35,
38,
48,
58,
63,
67,
74,
77,
84,
90,
98,
101,
103,
111,
115,
119,
126,
129,
135,
144,
149,
151,
156,
159,
165,
171,
173,
179,
184,
188,
195,
200,
204,
207,
216,
219,
224,
229,
231,
235,
241,
245,
254,
266,
269,
275,
280,
290,
296,
299,
303,
311,
319,
321,
331,
343,
356,
361,
366,
370,
381,
390,
395,
403,
408,
418,
422,
429,
432,
439,
444,
446,
450,
456,
459,
464,
467,
479,
482,
486,
494,
495,
497,
498,
500,
506,
516,
520,
529,
538,
540,
544,
550,
562,
568,
572,
580,
585,
589,
596,
598,
608,
612,
621,
624,
626,
634,
637,
641,
649,
652,
661,
671,
674,
676,
682,
691,
693,
696,
706,
710,
717,
720,
726,
731,
738,
746,
749,
752,
760,
765,
767,
778,
782,
784,
788,
794,
801,
803,
809,
815,
820,
822,
826,
829,
834,
838,
848,
851,
859,
863,
870,
876,
877,
879,
880,
882,
883,
885,
889,
893,
898,
901,
911,
914,
918,
923,
925,
931,
934,
940,
943,
947,
955,
959,
966,
977,
980,
983,
986,
987,
989,
991,
995,
1002,
1005,
1012,
1018,
1026,
1031,
1033,
1040,
1043,
1047,
1056,
1061,
1064,
1073,
1076,
1082,
1083,
1085,
1086
]
} | e5444242c9f44c3bbf52eda5c2181879 | What is the basic SI unit of measurement? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"basic",
"SI",
"unit",
"of",
"measurement",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
18,
21,
26,
29,
40
]
} | {
"text": [
"candela (cd)"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
486
],
"end": [
497
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
84
],
"end": [
87
]
}
]
} | [
"candela (cd)"
] |
SQuAD | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm). | {
"tokens": [
"Measurement",
"of",
"light",
"or",
"photometry",
"is",
"generally",
"concerned",
"with",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
"falling",
"on",
"a",
"surface",
"and",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"emerging",
"from",
"a",
"lamp",
"or",
"other",
"source",
",",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"colors",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"rendered",
"by",
"this",
"light",
".",
"The",
"human",
"eye",
"responds",
"differently",
"to",
"light",
"from",
"different",
"parts",
"of",
"the",
"visible",
"spectrum",
",",
"therefore",
"photometric",
"measurements",
"must",
"take",
"the",
"luminosity",
"function",
"into",
"account",
"when",
"measuring",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
".",
"The",
"basic",
"SI",
"unit",
"of",
"measurement",
"is",
"the",
"candela",
"(",
"cd",
")",
",",
"which",
"describes",
"the",
"luminous",
"intensity",
",",
"all",
"other",
"photometric",
"units",
"are",
"derived",
"from",
"the",
"candela",
".",
"Luminance",
"for",
"instance",
"is",
"a",
"measure",
"of",
"the",
"density",
"of",
"luminous",
"intensity",
"in",
"a",
"given",
"direction",
".",
"It",
"describes",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"that",
"passes",
"through",
"or",
"is",
"emitted",
"from",
"a",
"particular",
"area",
",",
"and",
"falls",
"within",
"a",
"given",
"solid",
"angle",
".",
"The",
"SI",
"unit",
"for",
"luminance",
"is",
"candela",
"per",
"square",
"metre",
"(",
"cd",
"/",
"m2",
")",
".",
"The",
"CGS",
"unit",
"of",
"luminance",
"is",
"the",
"stilb",
",",
"which",
"is",
"equal",
"to",
"one",
"candela",
"per",
"square",
"centimetre",
"or",
"10",
"kcd",
"/",
"m2",
".",
"The",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
"emitted",
"from",
"a",
"source",
"or",
"the",
"luminous",
"flux",
"is",
"measured",
"in",
"lumen",
"(",
"lm",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
12,
15,
21,
24,
35,
38,
48,
58,
63,
67,
74,
77,
84,
90,
98,
101,
103,
111,
115,
119,
126,
129,
135,
144,
149,
151,
156,
159,
165,
171,
173,
179,
184,
188,
195,
200,
204,
207,
216,
219,
224,
229,
231,
235,
241,
245,
254,
266,
269,
275,
280,
290,
296,
299,
303,
311,
319,
321,
331,
343,
356,
361,
366,
370,
381,
390,
395,
403,
408,
418,
422,
429,
432,
439,
444,
446,
450,
456,
459,
464,
467,
479,
482,
486,
494,
495,
497,
498,
500,
506,
516,
520,
529,
538,
540,
544,
550,
562,
568,
572,
580,
585,
589,
596,
598,
608,
612,
621,
624,
626,
634,
637,
641,
649,
652,
661,
671,
674,
676,
682,
691,
693,
696,
706,
710,
717,
720,
726,
731,
738,
746,
749,
752,
760,
765,
767,
778,
782,
784,
788,
794,
801,
803,
809,
815,
820,
822,
826,
829,
834,
838,
848,
851,
859,
863,
870,
876,
877,
879,
880,
882,
883,
885,
889,
893,
898,
901,
911,
914,
918,
923,
925,
931,
934,
940,
943,
947,
955,
959,
966,
977,
980,
983,
986,
987,
989,
991,
995,
1002,
1005,
1012,
1018,
1026,
1031,
1033,
1040,
1043,
1047,
1056,
1061,
1064,
1073,
1076,
1082,
1083,
1085,
1086
]
} | b4f21a29afc449a5a006fc64c5e12f51 | What is the SI unit for lumiance? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"SI",
"unit",
"for",
"lumiance",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
15,
20,
24,
32
]
} | {
"text": [
"cd/m2"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
877
],
"end": [
881
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
158
],
"end": [
160
]
}
]
} | [
"cd/m2"
] |
SQuAD | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm). | {
"tokens": [
"Measurement",
"of",
"light",
"or",
"photometry",
"is",
"generally",
"concerned",
"with",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
"falling",
"on",
"a",
"surface",
"and",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"emerging",
"from",
"a",
"lamp",
"or",
"other",
"source",
",",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"colors",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"rendered",
"by",
"this",
"light",
".",
"The",
"human",
"eye",
"responds",
"differently",
"to",
"light",
"from",
"different",
"parts",
"of",
"the",
"visible",
"spectrum",
",",
"therefore",
"photometric",
"measurements",
"must",
"take",
"the",
"luminosity",
"function",
"into",
"account",
"when",
"measuring",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
".",
"The",
"basic",
"SI",
"unit",
"of",
"measurement",
"is",
"the",
"candela",
"(",
"cd",
")",
",",
"which",
"describes",
"the",
"luminous",
"intensity",
",",
"all",
"other",
"photometric",
"units",
"are",
"derived",
"from",
"the",
"candela",
".",
"Luminance",
"for",
"instance",
"is",
"a",
"measure",
"of",
"the",
"density",
"of",
"luminous",
"intensity",
"in",
"a",
"given",
"direction",
".",
"It",
"describes",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"that",
"passes",
"through",
"or",
"is",
"emitted",
"from",
"a",
"particular",
"area",
",",
"and",
"falls",
"within",
"a",
"given",
"solid",
"angle",
".",
"The",
"SI",
"unit",
"for",
"luminance",
"is",
"candela",
"per",
"square",
"metre",
"(",
"cd",
"/",
"m2",
")",
".",
"The",
"CGS",
"unit",
"of",
"luminance",
"is",
"the",
"stilb",
",",
"which",
"is",
"equal",
"to",
"one",
"candela",
"per",
"square",
"centimetre",
"or",
"10",
"kcd",
"/",
"m2",
".",
"The",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
"emitted",
"from",
"a",
"source",
"or",
"the",
"luminous",
"flux",
"is",
"measured",
"in",
"lumen",
"(",
"lm",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
12,
15,
21,
24,
35,
38,
48,
58,
63,
67,
74,
77,
84,
90,
98,
101,
103,
111,
115,
119,
126,
129,
135,
144,
149,
151,
156,
159,
165,
171,
173,
179,
184,
188,
195,
200,
204,
207,
216,
219,
224,
229,
231,
235,
241,
245,
254,
266,
269,
275,
280,
290,
296,
299,
303,
311,
319,
321,
331,
343,
356,
361,
366,
370,
381,
390,
395,
403,
408,
418,
422,
429,
432,
439,
444,
446,
450,
456,
459,
464,
467,
479,
482,
486,
494,
495,
497,
498,
500,
506,
516,
520,
529,
538,
540,
544,
550,
562,
568,
572,
580,
585,
589,
596,
598,
608,
612,
621,
624,
626,
634,
637,
641,
649,
652,
661,
671,
674,
676,
682,
691,
693,
696,
706,
710,
717,
720,
726,
731,
738,
746,
749,
752,
760,
765,
767,
778,
782,
784,
788,
794,
801,
803,
809,
815,
820,
822,
826,
829,
834,
838,
848,
851,
859,
863,
870,
876,
877,
879,
880,
882,
883,
885,
889,
893,
898,
901,
911,
914,
918,
923,
925,
931,
934,
940,
943,
947,
955,
959,
966,
977,
980,
983,
986,
987,
989,
991,
995,
1002,
1005,
1012,
1018,
1026,
1031,
1033,
1040,
1043,
1047,
1056,
1061,
1064,
1073,
1076,
1082,
1083,
1085,
1086
]
} | 74ef90a11fc34dd5b199acaf75c24c89 | What is the CGS unit of lumiance? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"CGS",
"unit",
"of",
"lumiance",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
16,
21,
24,
32
]
} | {
"text": [
"stilb"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
918
],
"end": [
922
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
170
],
"end": [
170
]
}
]
} | [
"stilb"
] |
SQuAD | Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm). | {
"tokens": [
"Measurement",
"of",
"light",
"or",
"photometry",
"is",
"generally",
"concerned",
"with",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
"falling",
"on",
"a",
"surface",
"and",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"emerging",
"from",
"a",
"lamp",
"or",
"other",
"source",
",",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"colors",
"that",
"can",
"be",
"rendered",
"by",
"this",
"light",
".",
"The",
"human",
"eye",
"responds",
"differently",
"to",
"light",
"from",
"different",
"parts",
"of",
"the",
"visible",
"spectrum",
",",
"therefore",
"photometric",
"measurements",
"must",
"take",
"the",
"luminosity",
"function",
"into",
"account",
"when",
"measuring",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
".",
"The",
"basic",
"SI",
"unit",
"of",
"measurement",
"is",
"the",
"candela",
"(",
"cd",
")",
",",
"which",
"describes",
"the",
"luminous",
"intensity",
",",
"all",
"other",
"photometric",
"units",
"are",
"derived",
"from",
"the",
"candela",
".",
"Luminance",
"for",
"instance",
"is",
"a",
"measure",
"of",
"the",
"density",
"of",
"luminous",
"intensity",
"in",
"a",
"given",
"direction",
".",
"It",
"describes",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"that",
"passes",
"through",
"or",
"is",
"emitted",
"from",
"a",
"particular",
"area",
",",
"and",
"falls",
"within",
"a",
"given",
"solid",
"angle",
".",
"The",
"SI",
"unit",
"for",
"luminance",
"is",
"candela",
"per",
"square",
"metre",
"(",
"cd",
"/",
"m2",
")",
".",
"The",
"CGS",
"unit",
"of",
"luminance",
"is",
"the",
"stilb",
",",
"which",
"is",
"equal",
"to",
"one",
"candela",
"per",
"square",
"centimetre",
"or",
"10",
"kcd",
"/",
"m2",
".",
"The",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
"emitted",
"from",
"a",
"source",
"or",
"the",
"luminous",
"flux",
"is",
"measured",
"in",
"lumen",
"(",
"lm",
")",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
12,
15,
21,
24,
35,
38,
48,
58,
63,
67,
74,
77,
84,
90,
98,
101,
103,
111,
115,
119,
126,
129,
135,
144,
149,
151,
156,
159,
165,
171,
173,
179,
184,
188,
195,
200,
204,
207,
216,
219,
224,
229,
231,
235,
241,
245,
254,
266,
269,
275,
280,
290,
296,
299,
303,
311,
319,
321,
331,
343,
356,
361,
366,
370,
381,
390,
395,
403,
408,
418,
422,
429,
432,
439,
444,
446,
450,
456,
459,
464,
467,
479,
482,
486,
494,
495,
497,
498,
500,
506,
516,
520,
529,
538,
540,
544,
550,
562,
568,
572,
580,
585,
589,
596,
598,
608,
612,
621,
624,
626,
634,
637,
641,
649,
652,
661,
671,
674,
676,
682,
691,
693,
696,
706,
710,
717,
720,
726,
731,
738,
746,
749,
752,
760,
765,
767,
778,
782,
784,
788,
794,
801,
803,
809,
815,
820,
822,
826,
829,
834,
838,
848,
851,
859,
863,
870,
876,
877,
879,
880,
882,
883,
885,
889,
893,
898,
901,
911,
914,
918,
923,
925,
931,
934,
940,
943,
947,
955,
959,
966,
977,
980,
983,
986,
987,
989,
991,
995,
1002,
1005,
1012,
1018,
1026,
1031,
1033,
1040,
1043,
1047,
1056,
1061,
1064,
1073,
1076,
1082,
1083,
1085,
1086
]
} | c735f6131d9e48e483ba731c2f7049a4 | What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"useful",
"light",
"emitted",
"from",
"a",
"luminous",
"flux",
"measured",
"in",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
19,
22,
29,
35,
43,
48,
50,
59,
64,
73,
75
]
} | {
"text": [
"lumen (lm)"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
1076
],
"end": [
1085
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
203
],
"end": [
206
]
}
]
} | [
"lumen (lm)"
] |
SQuAD | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. | {
"tokens": [
"Commonly",
"called",
"'",
"light",
"bulbs",
"'",
",",
"lamps",
"are",
"the",
"removable",
"and",
"replaceable",
"part",
"of",
"a",
"light",
"fixture",
",",
"which",
"converts",
"electrical",
"energy",
"into",
"electromagnetic",
"radiation",
".",
"While",
"lamps",
"have",
"traditionally",
"been",
"rated",
"and",
"marketed",
"primarily",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"their",
"power",
"consumption",
",",
"expressed",
"in",
"watts",
",",
"proliferation",
"of",
"lighting",
"technology",
"beyond",
"the",
"incandescent",
"light",
"bulb",
"has",
"eliminated",
"the",
"correspondence",
"of",
"wattage",
"to",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"produced",
".",
"For",
"example",
",",
"a",
"60",
"W",
"incandescent",
"light",
"bulb",
"produces",
"about",
"the",
"same",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"as",
"a",
"13",
"W",
"compact",
"fluorescent",
"lamp",
".",
"Each",
"of",
"these",
"technologies",
"has",
"a",
"different",
"efficacy",
"in",
"converting",
"electrical",
"energy",
"to",
"visible",
"light",
".",
"Visible",
"light",
"output",
"is",
"typically",
"measured",
"in",
"lumens",
".",
"This",
"unit",
"only",
"quantifies",
"the",
"visible",
"radiation",
",",
"and",
"excludes",
"invisible",
"infrared",
"and",
"ultraviolet",
"light",
".",
"A",
"wax",
"candle",
"produces",
"on",
"the",
"close",
"order",
"of",
"13",
"lumens",
",",
"a",
"60",
"watt",
"incandescent",
"lamp",
"makes",
"around",
"700",
"lumens",
",",
"and",
"a",
"15-watt",
"compact",
"fluorescent",
"lamp",
"produces",
"about",
"800",
"lumens",
",",
"but",
"actual",
"output",
"varies",
"by",
"specific",
"design",
".",
"Rating",
"and",
"marketing",
"emphasis",
"is",
"shifting",
"away",
"from",
"wattage",
"and",
"towards",
"lumen",
"output",
",",
"to",
"give",
"the",
"purchaser",
"a",
"directly",
"applicable",
"basis",
"upon",
"which",
"to",
"select",
"a",
"lamp",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
16,
17,
23,
28,
29,
31,
37,
41,
45,
55,
59,
71,
76,
79,
81,
87,
94,
96,
102,
111,
122,
129,
134,
150,
159,
161,
167,
173,
178,
192,
197,
203,
207,
216,
226,
229,
235,
238,
244,
250,
261,
263,
273,
276,
281,
283,
297,
300,
309,
320,
327,
331,
344,
350,
355,
359,
370,
374,
389,
392,
400,
403,
407,
414,
417,
423,
431,
433,
437,
444,
446,
448,
451,
453,
466,
472,
477,
486,
492,
496,
501,
508,
511,
517,
520,
522,
525,
527,
535,
547,
551,
553,
558,
561,
567,
580,
584,
586,
596,
605,
608,
619,
630,
637,
640,
648,
653,
655,
663,
669,
676,
679,
689,
698,
701,
707,
709,
714,
719,
724,
735,
739,
747,
756,
758,
762,
771,
781,
790,
794,
806,
811,
813,
815,
819,
826,
835,
838,
842,
848,
854,
857,
860,
866,
868,
870,
873,
878,
891,
896,
902,
909,
913,
919,
921,
925,
927,
935,
943,
955,
960,
969,
975,
979,
985,
987,
991,
998,
1005,
1012,
1015,
1024,
1030,
1032,
1039,
1043,
1053,
1062,
1065,
1074,
1079,
1084,
1092,
1096,
1104,
1110,
1116,
1118,
1121,
1126,
1130,
1140,
1142,
1151,
1162,
1168,
1173,
1179,
1182,
1189,
1191,
1195
]
} | fd8e4b77fa854325abb2cac0241b21db | What is the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"removable",
"and",
"replaceable",
"part",
"of",
"a",
"light",
"fixture",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
22,
26,
38,
43,
46,
48,
54,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"light bulbs"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
27
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
4
]
}
]
} | [
"light bulbs"
] |
SQuAD | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. | {
"tokens": [
"Commonly",
"called",
"'",
"light",
"bulbs",
"'",
",",
"lamps",
"are",
"the",
"removable",
"and",
"replaceable",
"part",
"of",
"a",
"light",
"fixture",
",",
"which",
"converts",
"electrical",
"energy",
"into",
"electromagnetic",
"radiation",
".",
"While",
"lamps",
"have",
"traditionally",
"been",
"rated",
"and",
"marketed",
"primarily",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"their",
"power",
"consumption",
",",
"expressed",
"in",
"watts",
",",
"proliferation",
"of",
"lighting",
"technology",
"beyond",
"the",
"incandescent",
"light",
"bulb",
"has",
"eliminated",
"the",
"correspondence",
"of",
"wattage",
"to",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"produced",
".",
"For",
"example",
",",
"a",
"60",
"W",
"incandescent",
"light",
"bulb",
"produces",
"about",
"the",
"same",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"as",
"a",
"13",
"W",
"compact",
"fluorescent",
"lamp",
".",
"Each",
"of",
"these",
"technologies",
"has",
"a",
"different",
"efficacy",
"in",
"converting",
"electrical",
"energy",
"to",
"visible",
"light",
".",
"Visible",
"light",
"output",
"is",
"typically",
"measured",
"in",
"lumens",
".",
"This",
"unit",
"only",
"quantifies",
"the",
"visible",
"radiation",
",",
"and",
"excludes",
"invisible",
"infrared",
"and",
"ultraviolet",
"light",
".",
"A",
"wax",
"candle",
"produces",
"on",
"the",
"close",
"order",
"of",
"13",
"lumens",
",",
"a",
"60",
"watt",
"incandescent",
"lamp",
"makes",
"around",
"700",
"lumens",
",",
"and",
"a",
"15-watt",
"compact",
"fluorescent",
"lamp",
"produces",
"about",
"800",
"lumens",
",",
"but",
"actual",
"output",
"varies",
"by",
"specific",
"design",
".",
"Rating",
"and",
"marketing",
"emphasis",
"is",
"shifting",
"away",
"from",
"wattage",
"and",
"towards",
"lumen",
"output",
",",
"to",
"give",
"the",
"purchaser",
"a",
"directly",
"applicable",
"basis",
"upon",
"which",
"to",
"select",
"a",
"lamp",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
16,
17,
23,
28,
29,
31,
37,
41,
45,
55,
59,
71,
76,
79,
81,
87,
94,
96,
102,
111,
122,
129,
134,
150,
159,
161,
167,
173,
178,
192,
197,
203,
207,
216,
226,
229,
235,
238,
244,
250,
261,
263,
273,
276,
281,
283,
297,
300,
309,
320,
327,
331,
344,
350,
355,
359,
370,
374,
389,
392,
400,
403,
407,
414,
417,
423,
431,
433,
437,
444,
446,
448,
451,
453,
466,
472,
477,
486,
492,
496,
501,
508,
511,
517,
520,
522,
525,
527,
535,
547,
551,
553,
558,
561,
567,
580,
584,
586,
596,
605,
608,
619,
630,
637,
640,
648,
653,
655,
663,
669,
676,
679,
689,
698,
701,
707,
709,
714,
719,
724,
735,
739,
747,
756,
758,
762,
771,
781,
790,
794,
806,
811,
813,
815,
819,
826,
835,
838,
842,
848,
854,
857,
860,
866,
868,
870,
873,
878,
891,
896,
902,
909,
913,
919,
921,
925,
927,
935,
943,
955,
960,
969,
975,
979,
985,
987,
991,
998,
1005,
1012,
1015,
1024,
1030,
1032,
1039,
1043,
1053,
1062,
1065,
1074,
1079,
1084,
1092,
1096,
1104,
1110,
1116,
1118,
1121,
1126,
1130,
1140,
1142,
1151,
1162,
1168,
1173,
1179,
1182,
1189,
1191,
1195
]
} | 963345bd4a6548648e86004fc678f1d1 | What does a light bulb convert into electromagnetic radiation? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"a",
"light",
"bulb",
"convert",
"into",
"electromagnetic",
"radiation",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
12,
18,
23,
31,
36,
52,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"electrical energy"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
111
],
"end": [
127
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
21
],
"end": [
22
]
}
]
} | [
"electrical energy"
] |
SQuAD | Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are the removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation. While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts, proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example, a 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp. Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light. Visible light output is typically measured in lumens. This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on the close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. | {
"tokens": [
"Commonly",
"called",
"'",
"light",
"bulbs",
"'",
",",
"lamps",
"are",
"the",
"removable",
"and",
"replaceable",
"part",
"of",
"a",
"light",
"fixture",
",",
"which",
"converts",
"electrical",
"energy",
"into",
"electromagnetic",
"radiation",
".",
"While",
"lamps",
"have",
"traditionally",
"been",
"rated",
"and",
"marketed",
"primarily",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"their",
"power",
"consumption",
",",
"expressed",
"in",
"watts",
",",
"proliferation",
"of",
"lighting",
"technology",
"beyond",
"the",
"incandescent",
"light",
"bulb",
"has",
"eliminated",
"the",
"correspondence",
"of",
"wattage",
"to",
"the",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"produced",
".",
"For",
"example",
",",
"a",
"60",
"W",
"incandescent",
"light",
"bulb",
"produces",
"about",
"the",
"same",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"as",
"a",
"13",
"W",
"compact",
"fluorescent",
"lamp",
".",
"Each",
"of",
"these",
"technologies",
"has",
"a",
"different",
"efficacy",
"in",
"converting",
"electrical",
"energy",
"to",
"visible",
"light",
".",
"Visible",
"light",
"output",
"is",
"typically",
"measured",
"in",
"lumens",
".",
"This",
"unit",
"only",
"quantifies",
"the",
"visible",
"radiation",
",",
"and",
"excludes",
"invisible",
"infrared",
"and",
"ultraviolet",
"light",
".",
"A",
"wax",
"candle",
"produces",
"on",
"the",
"close",
"order",
"of",
"13",
"lumens",
",",
"a",
"60",
"watt",
"incandescent",
"lamp",
"makes",
"around",
"700",
"lumens",
",",
"and",
"a",
"15-watt",
"compact",
"fluorescent",
"lamp",
"produces",
"about",
"800",
"lumens",
",",
"but",
"actual",
"output",
"varies",
"by",
"specific",
"design",
".",
"Rating",
"and",
"marketing",
"emphasis",
"is",
"shifting",
"away",
"from",
"wattage",
"and",
"towards",
"lumen",
"output",
",",
"to",
"give",
"the",
"purchaser",
"a",
"directly",
"applicable",
"basis",
"upon",
"which",
"to",
"select",
"a",
"lamp",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
16,
17,
23,
28,
29,
31,
37,
41,
45,
55,
59,
71,
76,
79,
81,
87,
94,
96,
102,
111,
122,
129,
134,
150,
159,
161,
167,
173,
178,
192,
197,
203,
207,
216,
226,
229,
235,
238,
244,
250,
261,
263,
273,
276,
281,
283,
297,
300,
309,
320,
327,
331,
344,
350,
355,
359,
370,
374,
389,
392,
400,
403,
407,
414,
417,
423,
431,
433,
437,
444,
446,
448,
451,
453,
466,
472,
477,
486,
492,
496,
501,
508,
511,
517,
520,
522,
525,
527,
535,
547,
551,
553,
558,
561,
567,
580,
584,
586,
596,
605,
608,
619,
630,
637,
640,
648,
653,
655,
663,
669,
676,
679,
689,
698,
701,
707,
709,
714,
719,
724,
735,
739,
747,
756,
758,
762,
771,
781,
790,
794,
806,
811,
813,
815,
819,
826,
835,
838,
842,
848,
854,
857,
860,
866,
868,
870,
873,
878,
891,
896,
902,
909,
913,
919,
921,
925,
927,
935,
943,
955,
960,
969,
975,
979,
985,
987,
991,
998,
1005,
1012,
1015,
1024,
1030,
1032,
1039,
1043,
1053,
1062,
1065,
1074,
1079,
1084,
1092,
1096,
1104,
1110,
1116,
1118,
1121,
1126,
1130,
1140,
1142,
1151,
1162,
1168,
1173,
1179,
1182,
1189,
1191,
1195
]
} | 4d0227ab784e4dceaf604ae4600dfc53 | How many lemuns does a 15 watt fluorescent lamp produce? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"lemuns",
"does",
"a",
"15",
"watt",
"fluorescent",
"lamp",
"produce",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
16,
21,
23,
26,
31,
43,
48,
55
]
} | {
"text": [
"800 lumens"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
975
],
"end": [
984
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
164
],
"end": [
165
]
}
]
} | [
"800 lumens"
] |
SQuAD | Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for a work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Unfortunately, most of the lighting standards even today have been specified by industrial groups who manufacture and sell lighting, so that a historical commercial bias exists in designing most building lighting, especially for office and industrial settings. | {
"tokens": [
"Specification",
"of",
"illumination",
"requirements",
"is",
"the",
"basic",
"concept",
"of",
"deciding",
"how",
"much",
"illumination",
"is",
"required",
"for",
"a",
"given",
"task",
".",
"Clearly",
",",
"much",
"less",
"light",
"is",
"required",
"to",
"illuminate",
"a",
"hallway",
"compared",
"to",
"that",
"needed",
"for",
"a",
"word",
"processing",
"work",
"station",
".",
"Generally",
"speaking",
",",
"the",
"energy",
"expended",
"is",
"proportional",
"to",
"the",
"design",
"illumination",
"level",
".",
"For",
"example",
",",
"a",
"lighting",
"level",
"of",
"400",
"lux",
"might",
"be",
"chosen",
"for",
"a",
"work",
"environment",
"involving",
"meeting",
"rooms",
"and",
"conferences",
",",
"whereas",
"a",
"level",
"of",
"80",
"lux",
"could",
"be",
"selected",
"for",
"building",
"hallways",
".",
"If",
"the",
"hallway",
"standard",
"simply",
"emulates",
"the",
"conference",
"room",
"needs",
",",
"then",
"much",
"more",
"energy",
"will",
"be",
"consumed",
"than",
"is",
"needed",
".",
"Unfortunately",
",",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"lighting",
"standards",
"even",
"today",
"have",
"been",
"specified",
"by",
"industrial",
"groups",
"who",
"manufacture",
"and",
"sell",
"lighting",
",",
"so",
"that",
"a",
"historical",
"commercial",
"bias",
"exists",
"in",
"designing",
"most",
"building",
"lighting",
",",
"especially",
"for",
"office",
"and",
"industrial",
"settings",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
14,
17,
30,
43,
46,
50,
56,
64,
67,
76,
80,
85,
98,
101,
110,
114,
116,
122,
126,
128,
135,
137,
142,
147,
153,
156,
165,
168,
179,
181,
189,
198,
201,
206,
213,
217,
219,
224,
235,
240,
247,
249,
259,
267,
269,
273,
280,
289,
292,
305,
308,
312,
319,
332,
337,
339,
343,
350,
352,
354,
363,
369,
372,
376,
380,
386,
389,
396,
400,
402,
407,
419,
429,
437,
443,
447,
458,
460,
468,
470,
476,
479,
482,
486,
492,
495,
504,
508,
517,
525,
527,
530,
534,
542,
551,
558,
567,
571,
582,
587,
592,
594,
599,
604,
609,
616,
621,
624,
633,
638,
641,
647,
649,
662,
664,
669,
672,
676,
685,
695,
700,
706,
711,
716,
726,
729,
740,
747,
751,
763,
767,
772,
780,
782,
785,
790,
792,
803,
814,
819,
826,
829,
839,
844,
853,
861,
863,
874,
878,
885,
889,
900,
908
]
} | 96ffdd5ea7484b59b3bfd146d4c31371 | What is a basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"a",
"basic",
"concept",
"of",
"deciding",
"how",
"much",
"illumination",
"is",
"required",
"for",
"a",
"given",
"task",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
10,
16,
24,
27,
36,
40,
45,
58,
61,
70,
74,
76,
82,
86
]
} | {
"text": [
"Specification of illumination requirements"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
41
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
3
]
}
]
} | [
"Specification of illumination requirements"
] |
SQuAD | Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants. | {
"tokens": [
"Light",
"pollution",
"is",
"a",
"growing",
"problem",
"in",
"reaction",
"to",
"excess",
"light",
"being",
"given",
"off",
"by",
"numerous",
"signs",
",",
"houses",
",",
"and",
"buildings",
".",
"Polluting",
"light",
"is",
"often",
"wasted",
"light",
"involving",
"unnecessary",
"energy",
"costs",
"and",
"carbon",
"dioxide",
"emissions",
".",
"Light",
"pollution",
"is",
"described",
"as",
"artificial",
"light",
"that",
"is",
"excessive",
"or",
"intrudes",
"where",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"wanted",
".",
"Well",
"-",
"designed",
"lighting",
"sends",
"light",
"only",
"where",
"it",
"is",
"needed",
"without",
"scattering",
"it",
"elsewhere",
".",
"Poorly",
"designed",
"lighting",
"can",
"also",
"compromise",
"safety",
".",
"For",
"example",
",",
"glare",
"creates",
"safety",
"issues",
"around",
"buildings",
"by",
"causing",
"very",
"sharp",
"shadows",
",",
"temporarily",
"blinding",
"passersby",
"making",
"them",
"vulnerable",
"to",
"would",
"-",
"be",
"assailants",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
16,
19,
21,
29,
37,
40,
49,
52,
59,
65,
71,
77,
81,
84,
93,
98,
100,
106,
108,
112,
121,
123,
133,
139,
142,
148,
155,
161,
171,
183,
190,
196,
200,
207,
215,
224,
226,
232,
242,
245,
255,
258,
269,
275,
280,
283,
293,
296,
305,
311,
314,
317,
321,
327,
329,
333,
334,
343,
352,
358,
364,
369,
375,
378,
381,
388,
396,
407,
410,
419,
421,
428,
437,
446,
450,
455,
466,
472,
474,
478,
485,
487,
493,
501,
508,
515,
522,
532,
535,
543,
548,
554,
561,
563,
575,
584,
594,
601,
606,
617,
620,
625,
626,
629,
639
]
} | e4753349769b4cd89f798b69eb465e5b | What is known as artificial light that is excessive or intrusive? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"known",
"as",
"artificial",
"light",
"that",
"is",
"excessive",
"or",
"intrusive",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
14,
17,
28,
34,
39,
42,
52,
55,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"Light pollution"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0,
226
],
"end": [
14,
240
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0,
38
],
"end": [
1,
39
]
}
]
} | [
"Light pollution"
] |
SQuAD | Light pollution is a growing problem in reaction to excess light being given off by numerous signs, houses, and buildings. Polluting light is often wasted light involving unnecessary energy costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Light pollution is described as artificial light that is excessive or intrudes where it is not wanted. Well-designed lighting sends light only where it is needed without scattering it elsewhere. Poorly designed lighting can also compromise safety. For example, glare creates safety issues around buildings by causing very sharp shadows, temporarily blinding passersby making them vulnerable to would-be assailants. | {
"tokens": [
"Light",
"pollution",
"is",
"a",
"growing",
"problem",
"in",
"reaction",
"to",
"excess",
"light",
"being",
"given",
"off",
"by",
"numerous",
"signs",
",",
"houses",
",",
"and",
"buildings",
".",
"Polluting",
"light",
"is",
"often",
"wasted",
"light",
"involving",
"unnecessary",
"energy",
"costs",
"and",
"carbon",
"dioxide",
"emissions",
".",
"Light",
"pollution",
"is",
"described",
"as",
"artificial",
"light",
"that",
"is",
"excessive",
"or",
"intrudes",
"where",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"wanted",
".",
"Well",
"-",
"designed",
"lighting",
"sends",
"light",
"only",
"where",
"it",
"is",
"needed",
"without",
"scattering",
"it",
"elsewhere",
".",
"Poorly",
"designed",
"lighting",
"can",
"also",
"compromise",
"safety",
".",
"For",
"example",
",",
"glare",
"creates",
"safety",
"issues",
"around",
"buildings",
"by",
"causing",
"very",
"sharp",
"shadows",
",",
"temporarily",
"blinding",
"passersby",
"making",
"them",
"vulnerable",
"to",
"would",
"-",
"be",
"assailants",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
16,
19,
21,
29,
37,
40,
49,
52,
59,
65,
71,
77,
81,
84,
93,
98,
100,
106,
108,
112,
121,
123,
133,
139,
142,
148,
155,
161,
171,
183,
190,
196,
200,
207,
215,
224,
226,
232,
242,
245,
255,
258,
269,
275,
280,
283,
293,
296,
305,
311,
314,
317,
321,
327,
329,
333,
334,
343,
352,
358,
364,
369,
375,
378,
381,
388,
396,
407,
410,
419,
421,
428,
437,
446,
450,
455,
466,
472,
474,
478,
485,
487,
493,
501,
508,
515,
522,
532,
535,
543,
548,
554,
561,
563,
575,
584,
594,
601,
606,
617,
620,
625,
626,
629,
639
]
} | 23fe825e93de452aae0a2919af280715 | What causes sharp shadows around buildings? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"causes",
"sharp",
"shadows",
"around",
"buildings",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
18,
26,
33,
42
]
} | {
"text": [
"glare"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
487
],
"end": [
491
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
83
],
"end": [
83
]
}
]
} | [
"glare"
] |
SQuAD | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Illuminating",
"Engineering",
"Society",
"of",
"North",
"America",
"(",
"IESNA",
")",
",",
"in",
"conjunction",
"with",
"organizations",
"like",
"ANSI",
"and",
"ASHRAE",
",",
"publishes",
"guidelines",
",",
"standards",
",",
"and",
"handbooks",
"that",
"allow",
"categorization",
"of",
"the",
"illumination",
"needs",
"of",
"different",
"built",
"environments",
".",
"Manufacturers",
"of",
"lighting",
"equipment",
"publish",
"photometric",
"data",
"for",
"their",
"products",
",",
"which",
"defines",
"the",
"distribution",
"of",
"light",
"released",
"by",
"a",
"specific",
"luminaire",
".",
"This",
"data",
"is",
"typically",
"expressed",
"in",
"standardized",
"form",
"defined",
"by",
"the",
"IESNA",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
17,
29,
37,
40,
46,
54,
55,
60,
61,
63,
66,
78,
83,
97,
102,
107,
111,
117,
119,
129,
139,
141,
150,
152,
156,
166,
171,
177,
192,
195,
199,
212,
218,
221,
231,
237,
249,
251,
265,
268,
277,
287,
295,
307,
312,
316,
322,
330,
332,
338,
346,
350,
363,
366,
372,
381,
384,
386,
395,
404,
406,
411,
416,
419,
429,
439,
442,
455,
460,
468,
471,
475,
480
]
} | e752496fb8c444b9b1f48e52398f690a | What does the IESNA stand for? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"the",
"IESNA",
"stand",
"for",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
20,
26,
29
]
} | {
"text": [
"The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
52
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
6
]
}
]
} | [
"The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America"
] |
SQuAD | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Illuminating",
"Engineering",
"Society",
"of",
"North",
"America",
"(",
"IESNA",
")",
",",
"in",
"conjunction",
"with",
"organizations",
"like",
"ANSI",
"and",
"ASHRAE",
",",
"publishes",
"guidelines",
",",
"standards",
",",
"and",
"handbooks",
"that",
"allow",
"categorization",
"of",
"the",
"illumination",
"needs",
"of",
"different",
"built",
"environments",
".",
"Manufacturers",
"of",
"lighting",
"equipment",
"publish",
"photometric",
"data",
"for",
"their",
"products",
",",
"which",
"defines",
"the",
"distribution",
"of",
"light",
"released",
"by",
"a",
"specific",
"luminaire",
".",
"This",
"data",
"is",
"typically",
"expressed",
"in",
"standardized",
"form",
"defined",
"by",
"the",
"IESNA",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
17,
29,
37,
40,
46,
54,
55,
60,
61,
63,
66,
78,
83,
97,
102,
107,
111,
117,
119,
129,
139,
141,
150,
152,
156,
166,
171,
177,
192,
195,
199,
212,
218,
221,
231,
237,
249,
251,
265,
268,
277,
287,
295,
307,
312,
316,
322,
330,
332,
338,
346,
350,
363,
366,
372,
381,
384,
386,
395,
404,
406,
411,
416,
419,
429,
439,
442,
455,
460,
468,
471,
475,
480
]
} | 656d6743b4e44bb2be9151a2094defea | Who else publishes along with IESNA? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"else",
"publishes",
"along",
"with",
"IESNA",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
19,
25,
30,
35
]
} | {
"text": [
"ANSI and ASHRAE"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
102
],
"end": [
116
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
16
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"ANSI and ASHRAE"
] |
SQuAD | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Illuminating",
"Engineering",
"Society",
"of",
"North",
"America",
"(",
"IESNA",
")",
",",
"in",
"conjunction",
"with",
"organizations",
"like",
"ANSI",
"and",
"ASHRAE",
",",
"publishes",
"guidelines",
",",
"standards",
",",
"and",
"handbooks",
"that",
"allow",
"categorization",
"of",
"the",
"illumination",
"needs",
"of",
"different",
"built",
"environments",
".",
"Manufacturers",
"of",
"lighting",
"equipment",
"publish",
"photometric",
"data",
"for",
"their",
"products",
",",
"which",
"defines",
"the",
"distribution",
"of",
"light",
"released",
"by",
"a",
"specific",
"luminaire",
".",
"This",
"data",
"is",
"typically",
"expressed",
"in",
"standardized",
"form",
"defined",
"by",
"the",
"IESNA",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
17,
29,
37,
40,
46,
54,
55,
60,
61,
63,
66,
78,
83,
97,
102,
107,
111,
117,
119,
129,
139,
141,
150,
152,
156,
166,
171,
177,
192,
195,
199,
212,
218,
221,
231,
237,
249,
251,
265,
268,
277,
287,
295,
307,
312,
316,
322,
330,
332,
338,
346,
350,
363,
366,
372,
381,
384,
386,
395,
404,
406,
411,
416,
419,
429,
439,
442,
455,
460,
468,
471,
475,
480
]
} | 152f6e090acc490fadb5cef2ef9784ae | What defines photo metric data? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"defines",
"photo",
"metric",
"data",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
19,
26,
30
]
} | {
"text": [
"distribution of light released"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
350
],
"end": [
379
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
53
],
"end": [
56
]
}
]
} | [
"distribution of light released"
] |
SQuAD | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1849",
",",
"Dr.",
"Abraham",
"Gesner",
",",
"a",
"Canadian",
"geologist",
",",
"devised",
"a",
"method",
"where",
"kerosene",
"could",
"be",
"distilled",
"from",
"petroleum",
".",
"Earlier",
"coal",
"-",
"gas",
"methods",
"had",
"been",
"used",
"for",
"lighting",
"since",
"the",
"1820s",
",",
"but",
"they",
"were",
"expensive",
".",
"Gesner",
"'s",
"kerosene",
"was",
"cheap",
",",
"easy",
"to",
"produce",
",",
"could",
"be",
"burned",
"in",
"existing",
"lamps",
",",
"and",
"did",
"not",
"produce",
"an",
"offensive",
"odor",
"as",
"did",
"most",
"whale",
"oil",
".",
"It",
"could",
"be",
"stored",
"indefinitely",
",",
"unlike",
"whale",
"oil",
",",
"which",
"would",
"eventually",
"spoil",
".",
"The",
"American",
"petroleum",
"boom",
"began",
"in",
"the",
"1850s",
".",
"By",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"decade",
"there",
"were",
"30",
"kerosene",
"plants",
"operating",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"The",
"cheaper",
",",
"more",
"efficient",
"fuel",
"began",
"to",
"drive",
"whale",
"oil",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"market",
".",
"John",
"D.",
"Rockefeller",
"was",
"most",
"responsible",
"for",
"the",
"commercial",
"success",
"of",
"kerosene",
".",
"He",
"set",
"up",
"a",
"network",
"of",
"kerosene",
"distilleries",
"which",
"would",
"later",
"become",
"Standard",
"Oil",
",",
"thus",
"completely",
"abolishing",
"the",
"need",
"for",
"whale",
"-",
"oil",
"lamps",
".",
"These",
"types",
"of",
"lamps",
"may",
"catch",
"fire",
"or",
"emit",
"carbon",
"-",
"monoxide",
"and",
"sometimes",
"are",
"odorous",
"making",
"them",
"problematic",
"for",
"asthmatic",
"people",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
9,
13,
21,
27,
29,
31,
40,
49,
51,
59,
61,
68,
74,
83,
89,
92,
102,
107,
116,
118,
126,
130,
131,
135,
143,
147,
152,
157,
161,
170,
176,
180,
185,
187,
191,
196,
201,
210,
212,
218,
221,
230,
234,
239,
241,
246,
249,
256,
258,
264,
267,
274,
277,
286,
291,
293,
297,
301,
305,
313,
316,
326,
331,
334,
338,
343,
349,
352,
354,
357,
363,
366,
373,
385,
387,
394,
400,
403,
405,
411,
417,
428,
433,
435,
439,
448,
458,
463,
469,
472,
476,
481,
483,
486,
490,
494,
497,
501,
508,
514,
519,
522,
531,
538,
548,
551,
555,
562,
568,
570,
574,
581,
583,
588,
598,
603,
609,
612,
618,
624,
628,
632,
635,
639,
645,
647,
652,
655,
667,
671,
676,
688,
692,
696,
707,
715,
718,
726,
728,
731,
735,
738,
740,
748,
751,
760,
773,
779,
785,
791,
798,
807,
810,
812,
817,
828,
839,
843,
848,
852,
857,
858,
862,
867,
869,
875,
881,
884,
890,
894,
900,
905,
908,
913,
919,
920,
929,
933,
943,
947,
955,
962,
967,
979,
983,
993,
999
]
} | 4ff162a2e9424bc2bfcbb1cbdb584c5c | What devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"devised",
"a",
"method",
"where",
"kerosene",
"could",
"be",
"distilled",
"from",
"petroleum",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
15,
22,
28,
37,
43,
46,
56,
61,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"Dr. Abraham Gesner"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
26
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"Dr. Abraham Gesner"
] |
SQuAD | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1849",
",",
"Dr.",
"Abraham",
"Gesner",
",",
"a",
"Canadian",
"geologist",
",",
"devised",
"a",
"method",
"where",
"kerosene",
"could",
"be",
"distilled",
"from",
"petroleum",
".",
"Earlier",
"coal",
"-",
"gas",
"methods",
"had",
"been",
"used",
"for",
"lighting",
"since",
"the",
"1820s",
",",
"but",
"they",
"were",
"expensive",
".",
"Gesner",
"'s",
"kerosene",
"was",
"cheap",
",",
"easy",
"to",
"produce",
",",
"could",
"be",
"burned",
"in",
"existing",
"lamps",
",",
"and",
"did",
"not",
"produce",
"an",
"offensive",
"odor",
"as",
"did",
"most",
"whale",
"oil",
".",
"It",
"could",
"be",
"stored",
"indefinitely",
",",
"unlike",
"whale",
"oil",
",",
"which",
"would",
"eventually",
"spoil",
".",
"The",
"American",
"petroleum",
"boom",
"began",
"in",
"the",
"1850s",
".",
"By",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"decade",
"there",
"were",
"30",
"kerosene",
"plants",
"operating",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"The",
"cheaper",
",",
"more",
"efficient",
"fuel",
"began",
"to",
"drive",
"whale",
"oil",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"market",
".",
"John",
"D.",
"Rockefeller",
"was",
"most",
"responsible",
"for",
"the",
"commercial",
"success",
"of",
"kerosene",
".",
"He",
"set",
"up",
"a",
"network",
"of",
"kerosene",
"distilleries",
"which",
"would",
"later",
"become",
"Standard",
"Oil",
",",
"thus",
"completely",
"abolishing",
"the",
"need",
"for",
"whale",
"-",
"oil",
"lamps",
".",
"These",
"types",
"of",
"lamps",
"may",
"catch",
"fire",
"or",
"emit",
"carbon",
"-",
"monoxide",
"and",
"sometimes",
"are",
"odorous",
"making",
"them",
"problematic",
"for",
"asthmatic",
"people",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
9,
13,
21,
27,
29,
31,
40,
49,
51,
59,
61,
68,
74,
83,
89,
92,
102,
107,
116,
118,
126,
130,
131,
135,
143,
147,
152,
157,
161,
170,
176,
180,
185,
187,
191,
196,
201,
210,
212,
218,
221,
230,
234,
239,
241,
246,
249,
256,
258,
264,
267,
274,
277,
286,
291,
293,
297,
301,
305,
313,
316,
326,
331,
334,
338,
343,
349,
352,
354,
357,
363,
366,
373,
385,
387,
394,
400,
403,
405,
411,
417,
428,
433,
435,
439,
448,
458,
463,
469,
472,
476,
481,
483,
486,
490,
494,
497,
501,
508,
514,
519,
522,
531,
538,
548,
551,
555,
562,
568,
570,
574,
581,
583,
588,
598,
603,
609,
612,
618,
624,
628,
632,
635,
639,
645,
647,
652,
655,
667,
671,
676,
688,
692,
696,
707,
715,
718,
726,
728,
731,
735,
738,
740,
748,
751,
760,
773,
779,
785,
791,
798,
807,
810,
812,
817,
828,
839,
843,
848,
852,
857,
858,
862,
867,
869,
875,
881,
884,
890,
894,
900,
905,
908,
913,
919,
920,
929,
933,
943,
947,
955,
962,
967,
979,
983,
993,
999
]
} | 64ff89f6c1794563be721d7f601d301f | What year was it discovered that petroleum could be distilled into kerosene? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"year",
"was",
"it",
"discovered",
"that",
"petroleum",
"could",
"be",
"distilled",
"into",
"kerosene",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
17,
28,
33,
43,
49,
52,
62,
67,
75
]
} | {
"text": [
"1849"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
3
],
"end": [
6
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
1
]
}
]
} | [
"1849"
] |
SQuAD | In 1849, Dr. Abraham Gesner, a Canadian geologist, devised a method where kerosene could be distilled from petroleum. Earlier coal-gas methods had been used for lighting since the 1820s, but they were expensive. Gesner's kerosene was cheap, easy to produce, could be burned in existing lamps, and did not produce an offensive odor as did most whale oil. It could be stored indefinitely, unlike whale oil, which would eventually spoil. The American petroleum boom began in the 1850s. By the end of the decade there were 30 kerosene plants operating in the United States. The cheaper, more efficient fuel began to drive whale oil out of the market. John D. Rockefeller was most responsible for the commercial success of kerosene. He set up a network of kerosene distilleries which would later become Standard Oil, thus completely abolishing the need for whale-oil lamps. These types of lamps may catch fire or emit carbon-monoxide and sometimes are odorous making them problematic for asthmatic people. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"1849",
",",
"Dr.",
"Abraham",
"Gesner",
",",
"a",
"Canadian",
"geologist",
",",
"devised",
"a",
"method",
"where",
"kerosene",
"could",
"be",
"distilled",
"from",
"petroleum",
".",
"Earlier",
"coal",
"-",
"gas",
"methods",
"had",
"been",
"used",
"for",
"lighting",
"since",
"the",
"1820s",
",",
"but",
"they",
"were",
"expensive",
".",
"Gesner",
"'s",
"kerosene",
"was",
"cheap",
",",
"easy",
"to",
"produce",
",",
"could",
"be",
"burned",
"in",
"existing",
"lamps",
",",
"and",
"did",
"not",
"produce",
"an",
"offensive",
"odor",
"as",
"did",
"most",
"whale",
"oil",
".",
"It",
"could",
"be",
"stored",
"indefinitely",
",",
"unlike",
"whale",
"oil",
",",
"which",
"would",
"eventually",
"spoil",
".",
"The",
"American",
"petroleum",
"boom",
"began",
"in",
"the",
"1850s",
".",
"By",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"decade",
"there",
"were",
"30",
"kerosene",
"plants",
"operating",
"in",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"The",
"cheaper",
",",
"more",
"efficient",
"fuel",
"began",
"to",
"drive",
"whale",
"oil",
"out",
"of",
"the",
"market",
".",
"John",
"D.",
"Rockefeller",
"was",
"most",
"responsible",
"for",
"the",
"commercial",
"success",
"of",
"kerosene",
".",
"He",
"set",
"up",
"a",
"network",
"of",
"kerosene",
"distilleries",
"which",
"would",
"later",
"become",
"Standard",
"Oil",
",",
"thus",
"completely",
"abolishing",
"the",
"need",
"for",
"whale",
"-",
"oil",
"lamps",
".",
"These",
"types",
"of",
"lamps",
"may",
"catch",
"fire",
"or",
"emit",
"carbon",
"-",
"monoxide",
"and",
"sometimes",
"are",
"odorous",
"making",
"them",
"problematic",
"for",
"asthmatic",
"people",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
9,
13,
21,
27,
29,
31,
40,
49,
51,
59,
61,
68,
74,
83,
89,
92,
102,
107,
116,
118,
126,
130,
131,
135,
143,
147,
152,
157,
161,
170,
176,
180,
185,
187,
191,
196,
201,
210,
212,
218,
221,
230,
234,
239,
241,
246,
249,
256,
258,
264,
267,
274,
277,
286,
291,
293,
297,
301,
305,
313,
316,
326,
331,
334,
338,
343,
349,
352,
354,
357,
363,
366,
373,
385,
387,
394,
400,
403,
405,
411,
417,
428,
433,
435,
439,
448,
458,
463,
469,
472,
476,
481,
483,
486,
490,
494,
497,
501,
508,
514,
519,
522,
531,
538,
548,
551,
555,
562,
568,
570,
574,
581,
583,
588,
598,
603,
609,
612,
618,
624,
628,
632,
635,
639,
645,
647,
652,
655,
667,
671,
676,
688,
692,
696,
707,
715,
718,
726,
728,
731,
735,
738,
740,
748,
751,
760,
773,
779,
785,
791,
798,
807,
810,
812,
817,
828,
839,
843,
848,
852,
857,
858,
862,
867,
869,
875,
881,
884,
890,
894,
900,
905,
908,
913,
919,
920,
929,
933,
943,
947,
955,
962,
967,
979,
983,
993,
999
]
} | d75810fc931e4253b292db9ba4feb1e3 | What method of lighting have been used since 1820s? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"method",
"of",
"lighting",
"have",
"been",
"used",
"since",
"1820s",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
15,
24,
29,
34,
39,
45,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"coal-gas methods"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
126
],
"end": [
141
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
26
]
}
]
} | [
"coal-gas methods"
] |
SQuAD | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"Congress",
"has",
"the",
"sole",
"power",
"to",
"legislate",
"for",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Under",
"the",
"nondelegation",
"doctrine",
",",
"Congress",
"may",
"not",
"delegate",
"its",
"lawmaking",
"responsibilities",
"to",
"any",
"other",
"agency",
".",
"In",
"this",
"vein",
",",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"in",
"the",
"1998",
"case",
"Clinton",
"v.",
"City",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"that",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"delegate",
"a",
"\"",
"line",
"-",
"item",
"veto",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"President",
",",
"by",
"powers",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"government",
"by",
"the",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
13,
17,
22,
28,
31,
41,
45,
49,
56,
62,
64,
70,
74,
88,
96,
98,
107,
111,
115,
124,
128,
138,
155,
158,
162,
168,
174,
176,
179,
184,
188,
190,
194,
202,
208,
213,
216,
220,
225,
230,
238,
241,
246,
249,
253,
258,
263,
272,
278,
282,
291,
293,
294,
298,
299,
304,
308,
310,
313,
317,
326,
328,
331,
338,
345,
348,
352,
363,
366,
370,
382
]
} | f96c996171ea4a6e964410fc19e2f997 | What is the only branch of U.S. government imbued with lawmaking abilities? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"only",
"branch",
"of",
"U.S.",
"government",
"imbued",
"with",
"lawmaking",
"abilities",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
17,
24,
27,
32,
43,
50,
55,
65,
74
]
} | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
263,
0,
98
],
"end": [
270,
7,
105
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
48,
0,
17
],
"end": [
48,
0,
17
]
}
]
} | [
"Congress"
] |
SQuAD | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"Congress",
"has",
"the",
"sole",
"power",
"to",
"legislate",
"for",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Under",
"the",
"nondelegation",
"doctrine",
",",
"Congress",
"may",
"not",
"delegate",
"its",
"lawmaking",
"responsibilities",
"to",
"any",
"other",
"agency",
".",
"In",
"this",
"vein",
",",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"in",
"the",
"1998",
"case",
"Clinton",
"v.",
"City",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"that",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"delegate",
"a",
"\"",
"line",
"-",
"item",
"veto",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"President",
",",
"by",
"powers",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"government",
"by",
"the",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
13,
17,
22,
28,
31,
41,
45,
49,
56,
62,
64,
70,
74,
88,
96,
98,
107,
111,
115,
124,
128,
138,
155,
158,
162,
168,
174,
176,
179,
184,
188,
190,
194,
202,
208,
213,
216,
220,
225,
230,
238,
241,
246,
249,
253,
258,
263,
272,
278,
282,
291,
293,
294,
298,
299,
304,
308,
310,
313,
317,
326,
328,
331,
338,
345,
348,
352,
363,
366,
370,
382
]
} | 16ab6ebe64ef4e988424adab37d43464 | Which court case upheld the rule of nondelegation? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"court",
"case",
"upheld",
"the",
"rule",
"of",
"nondelegation",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
12,
17,
24,
28,
33,
36,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"Clinton v. City of New York"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
230
],
"end": [
256
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
41
],
"end": [
46
]
}
]
} | [
"Clinton v. City of New York"
] |
SQuAD | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"Congress",
"has",
"the",
"sole",
"power",
"to",
"legislate",
"for",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Under",
"the",
"nondelegation",
"doctrine",
",",
"Congress",
"may",
"not",
"delegate",
"its",
"lawmaking",
"responsibilities",
"to",
"any",
"other",
"agency",
".",
"In",
"this",
"vein",
",",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"in",
"the",
"1998",
"case",
"Clinton",
"v.",
"City",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"that",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"delegate",
"a",
"\"",
"line",
"-",
"item",
"veto",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"President",
",",
"by",
"powers",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"government",
"by",
"the",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
13,
17,
22,
28,
31,
41,
45,
49,
56,
62,
64,
70,
74,
88,
96,
98,
107,
111,
115,
124,
128,
138,
155,
158,
162,
168,
174,
176,
179,
184,
188,
190,
194,
202,
208,
213,
216,
220,
225,
230,
238,
241,
246,
249,
253,
258,
263,
272,
278,
282,
291,
293,
294,
298,
299,
304,
308,
310,
313,
317,
326,
328,
331,
338,
345,
348,
352,
363,
366,
370,
382
]
} | 345d139fefe345d7818a0f52e1053789 | When was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the Supreme Court? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"Clinton",
"v.",
"City",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"decided",
"by",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
17,
20,
25,
28,
32,
37,
45,
48,
52,
60,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"1998"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
220
],
"end": [
223
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
39
],
"end": [
39
]
}
]
} | [
"1998"
] |
SQuAD | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"Congress",
"has",
"the",
"sole",
"power",
"to",
"legislate",
"for",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Under",
"the",
"nondelegation",
"doctrine",
",",
"Congress",
"may",
"not",
"delegate",
"its",
"lawmaking",
"responsibilities",
"to",
"any",
"other",
"agency",
".",
"In",
"this",
"vein",
",",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"in",
"the",
"1998",
"case",
"Clinton",
"v.",
"City",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"that",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"delegate",
"a",
"\"",
"line",
"-",
"item",
"veto",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"President",
",",
"by",
"powers",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"government",
"by",
"the",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
13,
17,
22,
28,
31,
41,
45,
49,
56,
62,
64,
70,
74,
88,
96,
98,
107,
111,
115,
124,
128,
138,
155,
158,
162,
168,
174,
176,
179,
184,
188,
190,
194,
202,
208,
213,
216,
220,
225,
230,
238,
241,
246,
249,
253,
258,
263,
272,
278,
282,
291,
293,
294,
298,
299,
304,
308,
310,
313,
317,
326,
328,
331,
338,
345,
348,
352,
363,
366,
370,
382
]
} | 03bb0523645e4b82ad62314921423b64 | In the US who has the sole power to pass legislation? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"the",
"US",
"who",
"has",
"the",
"sole",
"power",
"to",
"pass",
"legislation",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
10,
14,
18,
22,
27,
33,
36,
41,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
263,
0,
98
],
"end": [
270,
7,
105
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
48,
0,
17
],
"end": [
48,
0,
17
]
}
]
} | [
"Congress"
] |
SQuAD | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"Congress",
"has",
"the",
"sole",
"power",
"to",
"legislate",
"for",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Under",
"the",
"nondelegation",
"doctrine",
",",
"Congress",
"may",
"not",
"delegate",
"its",
"lawmaking",
"responsibilities",
"to",
"any",
"other",
"agency",
".",
"In",
"this",
"vein",
",",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"in",
"the",
"1998",
"case",
"Clinton",
"v.",
"City",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"that",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"delegate",
"a",
"\"",
"line",
"-",
"item",
"veto",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"President",
",",
"by",
"powers",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"government",
"by",
"the",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
13,
17,
22,
28,
31,
41,
45,
49,
56,
62,
64,
70,
74,
88,
96,
98,
107,
111,
115,
124,
128,
138,
155,
158,
162,
168,
174,
176,
179,
184,
188,
190,
194,
202,
208,
213,
216,
220,
225,
230,
238,
241,
246,
249,
253,
258,
263,
272,
278,
282,
291,
293,
294,
298,
299,
304,
308,
310,
313,
317,
326,
328,
331,
338,
345,
348,
352,
363,
366,
370,
382
]
} | 472441e6b98d4f15898247f83c275b05 | What is the doctrine called that does not allow congress to pass on their power to pass laws to any other agency? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"doctrine",
"called",
"that",
"does",
"not",
"allow",
"congress",
"to",
"pass",
"on",
"their",
"power",
"to",
"pass",
"laws",
"to",
"any",
"other",
"agency",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
21,
28,
33,
38,
42,
48,
57,
60,
65,
68,
74,
80,
83,
88,
93,
96,
100,
106,
112
]
} | {
"text": [
"nondelegation doctrine"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
74
],
"end": [
95
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
14
],
"end": [
15
]
}
]
} | [
"nondelegation doctrine"
] |
SQuAD | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"Congress",
"has",
"the",
"sole",
"power",
"to",
"legislate",
"for",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Under",
"the",
"nondelegation",
"doctrine",
",",
"Congress",
"may",
"not",
"delegate",
"its",
"lawmaking",
"responsibilities",
"to",
"any",
"other",
"agency",
".",
"In",
"this",
"vein",
",",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"in",
"the",
"1998",
"case",
"Clinton",
"v.",
"City",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"that",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"delegate",
"a",
"\"",
"line",
"-",
"item",
"veto",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"President",
",",
"by",
"powers",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"government",
"by",
"the",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
13,
17,
22,
28,
31,
41,
45,
49,
56,
62,
64,
70,
74,
88,
96,
98,
107,
111,
115,
124,
128,
138,
155,
158,
162,
168,
174,
176,
179,
184,
188,
190,
194,
202,
208,
213,
216,
220,
225,
230,
238,
241,
246,
249,
253,
258,
263,
272,
278,
282,
291,
293,
294,
298,
299,
304,
308,
310,
313,
317,
326,
328,
331,
338,
345,
348,
352,
363,
366,
370,
382
]
} | f276eaac8b0243d7bcbe550cec2a70e0 | What was the court case that struck down the line item veto? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"court",
"case",
"that",
"struck",
"down",
"the",
"line",
"item",
"veto",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
24,
29,
36,
41,
45,
50,
55,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"Clinton v. City of New York"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
230
],
"end": [
256
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
41
],
"end": [
46
]
}
]
} | [
"Clinton v. City of New York"
] |
SQuAD | Congress has the sole power to legislate for the United States. Under the nondelegation doctrine, Congress may not delegate its lawmaking responsibilities to any other agency. In this vein, the Supreme Court held in the 1998 case Clinton v. City of New York that Congress could not delegate a "line-item veto" to the President, by powers vested in the government by the Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"Congress",
"has",
"the",
"sole",
"power",
"to",
"legislate",
"for",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Under",
"the",
"nondelegation",
"doctrine",
",",
"Congress",
"may",
"not",
"delegate",
"its",
"lawmaking",
"responsibilities",
"to",
"any",
"other",
"agency",
".",
"In",
"this",
"vein",
",",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"in",
"the",
"1998",
"case",
"Clinton",
"v.",
"City",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"that",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"delegate",
"a",
"\"",
"line",
"-",
"item",
"veto",
"\"",
"to",
"the",
"President",
",",
"by",
"powers",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"government",
"by",
"the",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
13,
17,
22,
28,
31,
41,
45,
49,
56,
62,
64,
70,
74,
88,
96,
98,
107,
111,
115,
124,
128,
138,
155,
158,
162,
168,
174,
176,
179,
184,
188,
190,
194,
202,
208,
213,
216,
220,
225,
230,
238,
241,
246,
249,
253,
258,
263,
272,
278,
282,
291,
293,
294,
298,
299,
304,
308,
310,
313,
317,
326,
328,
331,
338,
345,
348,
352,
363,
366,
370,
382
]
} | 39c14fbe0bb246d9981420abd9f208c2 | What year was Clinton v. City of New York decided by the supreme court? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"year",
"was",
"Clinton",
"v.",
"City",
"of",
"New",
"York",
"decided",
"by",
"the",
"supreme",
"court",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
22,
25,
30,
33,
37,
42,
50,
53,
57,
65,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"1998"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
220
],
"end": [
223
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
39
],
"end": [
39
]
}
]
} | [
"1998"
] |
SQuAD | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"president",
",",
"as",
"noted",
"above",
",",
"appoints",
"judges",
"with",
"the",
"Senate",
"'s",
"advice",
"and",
"consent",
".",
"He",
"also",
"has",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"issue",
"pardons",
"and",
"reprieves",
".",
"Such",
"pardons",
"are",
"not",
"subject",
"to",
"confirmation",
"by",
"either",
"the",
"House",
"of",
"Representatives",
"or",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"or",
"even",
"to",
"acceptance",
"by",
"the",
"recipient",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
15,
18,
24,
29,
31,
40,
47,
52,
56,
62,
65,
72,
76,
83,
85,
88,
93,
97,
101,
107,
110,
116,
124,
128,
137,
139,
144,
152,
156,
160,
168,
171,
184,
187,
194,
198,
204,
207,
223,
226,
230,
236,
238,
241,
246,
249,
260,
263,
267,
276
]
} | 0b38ceb961224ba6b3bcf621d5462313 | Who has the power to issue a pardon? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"has",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"issue",
"a",
"pardon",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
18,
21,
27,
29,
35
]
} | {
"text": [
"The president"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
12
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
1
]
}
]
} | [
"The president"
] |
SQuAD | The president, as noted above, appoints judges with the Senate's advice and consent. He also has the power to issue pardons and reprieves. Such pardons are not subject to confirmation by either the House of Representatives or the Senate, or even to acceptance by the recipient. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"president",
",",
"as",
"noted",
"above",
",",
"appoints",
"judges",
"with",
"the",
"Senate",
"'s",
"advice",
"and",
"consent",
".",
"He",
"also",
"has",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"issue",
"pardons",
"and",
"reprieves",
".",
"Such",
"pardons",
"are",
"not",
"subject",
"to",
"confirmation",
"by",
"either",
"the",
"House",
"of",
"Representatives",
"or",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"or",
"even",
"to",
"acceptance",
"by",
"the",
"recipient",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
15,
18,
24,
29,
31,
40,
47,
52,
56,
62,
65,
72,
76,
83,
85,
88,
93,
97,
101,
107,
110,
116,
124,
128,
137,
139,
144,
152,
156,
160,
168,
171,
184,
187,
194,
198,
204,
207,
223,
226,
230,
236,
238,
241,
246,
249,
260,
263,
267,
276
]
} | f71ecc025e814e228b01af1ad8c133f4 | Who has the power to issue a reprieve? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"has",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"issue",
"a",
"reprieve",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
18,
21,
27,
29,
37
]
} | {
"text": [
"The president"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
12
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
1
]
}
]
} | [
"The president"
] |
SQuAD | A common misperception is that the Supreme Court is the only court that may determine constitutionality; the power is exercised even by the inferior courts. But only Supreme Court decisions are binding across the nation. Decisions of a Court of Appeals, for instance, are binding only in the circuit over which the court has jurisdiction. | {
"tokens": [
"A",
"common",
"misperception",
"is",
"that",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"is",
"the",
"only",
"court",
"that",
"may",
"determine",
"constitutionality",
";",
"the",
"power",
"is",
"exercised",
"even",
"by",
"the",
"inferior",
"courts",
".",
"But",
"only",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"decisions",
"are",
"binding",
"across",
"the",
"nation",
".",
"Decisions",
"of",
"a",
"Court",
"of",
"Appeals",
",",
"for",
"instance",
",",
"are",
"binding",
"only",
"in",
"the",
"circuit",
"over",
"which",
"the",
"court",
"has",
"jurisdiction",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
2,
9,
23,
26,
31,
35,
43,
49,
52,
56,
61,
67,
72,
76,
86,
103,
105,
109,
115,
118,
128,
133,
136,
140,
149,
155,
157,
161,
166,
174,
180,
190,
194,
202,
209,
213,
219,
221,
231,
234,
236,
242,
245,
252,
254,
258,
266,
268,
272,
280,
285,
288,
292,
300,
305,
311,
315,
321,
325,
337
]
} | fb74f381942345eb9c18ba817ffdecd9 | Which courts decisions are binding across the entire United States? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"courts",
"decisions",
"are",
"binding",
"across",
"the",
"entire",
"United",
"States",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
13,
23,
27,
35,
42,
46,
53,
60,
66
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
31
],
"end": [
47
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
5
],
"end": [
7
]
}
]
} | [
"the Supreme Court"
] |
SQuAD | The Chief Justice presides in the Senate during a president's impeachment trial. The rules of the Senate, however, generally do not grant much authority to the presiding officer. Thus, the Chief Justice's role in this regard is a limited one. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Chief",
"Justice",
"presides",
"in",
"the",
"Senate",
"during",
"a",
"president",
"'s",
"impeachment",
"trial",
".",
"The",
"rules",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"however",
",",
"generally",
"do",
"not",
"grant",
"much",
"authority",
"to",
"the",
"presiding",
"officer",
".",
"Thus",
",",
"the",
"Chief",
"Justice",
"'s",
"role",
"in",
"this",
"regard",
"is",
"a",
"limited",
"one",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
18,
27,
30,
34,
41,
48,
50,
59,
62,
74,
79,
81,
85,
91,
94,
98,
104,
106,
113,
115,
125,
128,
132,
138,
143,
153,
156,
160,
170,
177,
179,
183,
185,
189,
195,
202,
205,
210,
213,
218,
225,
228,
230,
238,
241
]
} | 9e4738bec11b4ea289f32dc25bd0339d | Who presides over an impeachment trial? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"presides",
"over",
"an",
"impeachment",
"trial",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
18,
21,
33,
38
]
} | {
"text": [
"The Chief Justice"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
4,
189
],
"end": [
16,
201
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1,
36
],
"end": [
2,
37
]
}
]
} | [
"The Chief Justice"
] |
SQuAD | The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"power",
"to",
"review",
"the",
"constitutionality",
"of",
"laws",
"may",
"be",
"limited",
"by",
"Congress",
",",
"which",
"has",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"set",
"the",
"jurisdiction",
"of",
"the",
"courts",
".",
"The",
"only",
"constitutional",
"limit",
"on",
"Congress",
"'",
"power",
"to",
"set",
"the",
"jurisdiction",
"of",
"the",
"judiciary",
"relates",
"to",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
";",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"may",
"exercise",
"only",
"appellate",
"jurisdiction",
"except",
"in",
"cases",
"involving",
"states",
"and",
"cases",
"affecting",
"foreign",
"ambassadors",
",",
"ministers",
"or",
"consuls",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
13,
20,
24,
42,
45,
50,
54,
57,
65,
68,
76,
78,
84,
88,
92,
98,
101,
105,
109,
122,
125,
129,
135,
137,
141,
146,
161,
167,
170,
178,
180,
186,
189,
193,
197,
210,
213,
217,
227,
235,
238,
242,
250,
255,
257,
261,
269,
275,
279,
288,
293,
303,
316,
323,
326,
332,
342,
349,
353,
359,
369,
377,
388,
390,
400,
403,
410
]
} | 3731c9942b9b4cd4b899a0a4d8880b61 | Who can limit judicial review of a law? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"can",
"limit",
"judicial",
"review",
"of",
"a",
"law",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
14,
23,
30,
33,
35,
38
]
} | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
68
],
"end": [
75
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
12
],
"end": [
12
]
}
]
} | [
"Congress"
] |
SQuAD | The power to review the constitutionality of laws may be limited by Congress, which has the power to set the jurisdiction of the courts. The only constitutional limit on Congress' power to set the jurisdiction of the judiciary relates to the Supreme Court; the Supreme Court may exercise only appellate jurisdiction except in cases involving states and cases affecting foreign ambassadors, ministers or consuls. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"power",
"to",
"review",
"the",
"constitutionality",
"of",
"laws",
"may",
"be",
"limited",
"by",
"Congress",
",",
"which",
"has",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"set",
"the",
"jurisdiction",
"of",
"the",
"courts",
".",
"The",
"only",
"constitutional",
"limit",
"on",
"Congress",
"'",
"power",
"to",
"set",
"the",
"jurisdiction",
"of",
"the",
"judiciary",
"relates",
"to",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
";",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"may",
"exercise",
"only",
"appellate",
"jurisdiction",
"except",
"in",
"cases",
"involving",
"states",
"and",
"cases",
"affecting",
"foreign",
"ambassadors",
",",
"ministers",
"or",
"consuls",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
13,
20,
24,
42,
45,
50,
54,
57,
65,
68,
76,
78,
84,
88,
92,
98,
101,
105,
109,
122,
125,
129,
135,
137,
141,
146,
161,
167,
170,
178,
180,
186,
189,
193,
197,
210,
213,
217,
227,
235,
238,
242,
250,
255,
257,
261,
269,
275,
279,
288,
293,
303,
316,
323,
326,
332,
342,
349,
353,
359,
369,
377,
388,
390,
400,
403,
410
]
} | b095b081a3374bfaba70f07324a206a5 | Who's judicial power does congress have the right to limit? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"'s",
"judicial",
"power",
"does",
"congress",
"have",
"the",
"right",
"to",
"limit",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
6,
15,
21,
26,
35,
40,
44,
50,
53,
58
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
238
],
"end": [
254
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
43
],
"end": [
45
]
}
]
} | [
"the Supreme Court"
] |
SQuAD | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. | {
"tokens": [
"Occupancy",
"sensors",
"to",
"allow",
"operation",
"for",
"whenever",
"someone",
"is",
"within",
"the",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
"can",
"control",
"lighting",
".",
"When",
"motion",
"can",
"no",
"longer",
"be",
"detected",
",",
"the",
"lights",
"shut",
"off",
".",
"Passive",
"infrared",
"sensors",
"react",
"to",
"changes",
"in",
"heat",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"pattern",
"created",
"by",
"a",
"moving",
"person",
".",
"The",
"control",
"must",
"have",
"an",
"unobstructed",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"building",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
".",
"Doors",
",",
"partitions",
",",
"stairways",
",",
"etc",
".",
"will",
"block",
"motion",
"detection",
"and",
"reduce",
"its",
"effectiveness",
".",
"The",
"best",
"applications",
"for",
"passive",
"infrared",
"occupancy",
"sensors",
"are",
"open",
"spaces",
"with",
"a",
"clear",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
".",
"Ultrasonic",
"sensors",
"transmit",
"sound",
"above",
"the",
"range",
"of",
"human",
"hearing",
"and",
"monitor",
"the",
"time",
"it",
"takes",
"for",
"the",
"sound",
"waves",
"to",
"return",
".",
"A",
"break",
"in",
"the",
"pattern",
"caused",
"by",
"any",
"motion",
"in",
"the",
"area",
"triggers",
"the",
"control",
".",
"Ultrasonic",
"sensors",
"can",
"see",
"around",
"obstructions",
"and",
"are",
"best",
"for",
"areas",
"with",
"cabinets",
"and",
"shelving",
",",
"restrooms",
",",
"and",
"open",
"areas",
"requiring",
"360-degree",
"coverage",
".",
"Some",
"occupancy",
"sensors",
"utilize",
"both",
"passive",
"infrared",
"and",
"ultrasonic",
"technology",
",",
"but",
"are",
"usually",
"more",
"expensive",
".",
"They",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"control",
"one",
"lamp",
",",
"one",
"fixture",
"or",
"many",
"fixtures",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
18,
21,
27,
37,
41,
50,
58,
61,
68,
72,
77,
83,
91,
95,
103,
111,
113,
118,
125,
129,
132,
139,
142,
150,
152,
156,
163,
168,
171,
173,
181,
190,
198,
204,
207,
215,
218,
222,
224,
229,
232,
236,
244,
252,
255,
257,
264,
270,
272,
276,
284,
289,
294,
297,
310,
315,
318,
322,
331,
336,
342,
349,
351,
356,
358,
368,
370,
379,
381,
384,
386,
391,
397,
404,
414,
418,
425,
429,
442,
444,
448,
453,
466,
470,
478,
487,
497,
505,
509,
514,
521,
526,
528,
534,
539,
542,
546,
551,
557,
564,
566,
577,
585,
594,
600,
606,
610,
616,
619,
625,
633,
637,
645,
649,
654,
657,
663,
667,
671,
677,
683,
686,
692,
694,
696,
702,
705,
709,
717,
724,
727,
731,
738,
741,
745,
750,
759,
763,
770,
772,
783,
791,
795,
799,
806,
819,
823,
827,
832,
836,
842,
847,
856,
860,
868,
870,
879,
881,
885,
890,
896,
906,
917,
925,
927,
932,
942,
950,
958,
963,
971,
980,
984,
995,
1005,
1007,
1011,
1015,
1023,
1028,
1037,
1039,
1044,
1048,
1051,
1056,
1059,
1067,
1071,
1075,
1077,
1081,
1089,
1092,
1097,
1105
]
} | b01030aaed9d4b37b35d081031659b4e | What sensor controls light with motion sensors? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"sensor",
"controls",
"light",
"with",
"motion",
"sensors",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
12,
21,
27,
32,
39,
46
]
} | {
"text": [
"Occupancy sensors"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0,
487,
932
],
"end": [
16,
503,
948
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0,
87,
167
],
"end": [
1,
88,
168
]
}
]
} | [
"Occupancy sensors"
] |
SQuAD | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. | {
"tokens": [
"Occupancy",
"sensors",
"to",
"allow",
"operation",
"for",
"whenever",
"someone",
"is",
"within",
"the",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
"can",
"control",
"lighting",
".",
"When",
"motion",
"can",
"no",
"longer",
"be",
"detected",
",",
"the",
"lights",
"shut",
"off",
".",
"Passive",
"infrared",
"sensors",
"react",
"to",
"changes",
"in",
"heat",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"pattern",
"created",
"by",
"a",
"moving",
"person",
".",
"The",
"control",
"must",
"have",
"an",
"unobstructed",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"building",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
".",
"Doors",
",",
"partitions",
",",
"stairways",
",",
"etc",
".",
"will",
"block",
"motion",
"detection",
"and",
"reduce",
"its",
"effectiveness",
".",
"The",
"best",
"applications",
"for",
"passive",
"infrared",
"occupancy",
"sensors",
"are",
"open",
"spaces",
"with",
"a",
"clear",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
".",
"Ultrasonic",
"sensors",
"transmit",
"sound",
"above",
"the",
"range",
"of",
"human",
"hearing",
"and",
"monitor",
"the",
"time",
"it",
"takes",
"for",
"the",
"sound",
"waves",
"to",
"return",
".",
"A",
"break",
"in",
"the",
"pattern",
"caused",
"by",
"any",
"motion",
"in",
"the",
"area",
"triggers",
"the",
"control",
".",
"Ultrasonic",
"sensors",
"can",
"see",
"around",
"obstructions",
"and",
"are",
"best",
"for",
"areas",
"with",
"cabinets",
"and",
"shelving",
",",
"restrooms",
",",
"and",
"open",
"areas",
"requiring",
"360-degree",
"coverage",
".",
"Some",
"occupancy",
"sensors",
"utilize",
"both",
"passive",
"infrared",
"and",
"ultrasonic",
"technology",
",",
"but",
"are",
"usually",
"more",
"expensive",
".",
"They",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"control",
"one",
"lamp",
",",
"one",
"fixture",
"or",
"many",
"fixtures",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
18,
21,
27,
37,
41,
50,
58,
61,
68,
72,
77,
83,
91,
95,
103,
111,
113,
118,
125,
129,
132,
139,
142,
150,
152,
156,
163,
168,
171,
173,
181,
190,
198,
204,
207,
215,
218,
222,
224,
229,
232,
236,
244,
252,
255,
257,
264,
270,
272,
276,
284,
289,
294,
297,
310,
315,
318,
322,
331,
336,
342,
349,
351,
356,
358,
368,
370,
379,
381,
384,
386,
391,
397,
404,
414,
418,
425,
429,
442,
444,
448,
453,
466,
470,
478,
487,
497,
505,
509,
514,
521,
526,
528,
534,
539,
542,
546,
551,
557,
564,
566,
577,
585,
594,
600,
606,
610,
616,
619,
625,
633,
637,
645,
649,
654,
657,
663,
667,
671,
677,
683,
686,
692,
694,
696,
702,
705,
709,
717,
724,
727,
731,
738,
741,
745,
750,
759,
763,
770,
772,
783,
791,
795,
799,
806,
819,
823,
827,
832,
836,
842,
847,
856,
860,
868,
870,
879,
881,
885,
890,
896,
906,
917,
925,
927,
932,
942,
950,
958,
963,
971,
980,
984,
995,
1005,
1007,
1011,
1015,
1023,
1028,
1037,
1039,
1044,
1048,
1051,
1056,
1059,
1067,
1071,
1075,
1077,
1081,
1089,
1092,
1097,
1105
]
} | fe0019ef7ff94c8f9d284b439fdf5553 | What does a passive infrared sensor react to? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"a",
"passive",
"infrared",
"sensor",
"react",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
12,
20,
29,
36,
42,
44
]
} | {
"text": [
"changes in heat"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
207
],
"end": [
221
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
36
],
"end": [
38
]
}
]
} | [
"changes in heat"
] |
SQuAD | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. | {
"tokens": [
"Occupancy",
"sensors",
"to",
"allow",
"operation",
"for",
"whenever",
"someone",
"is",
"within",
"the",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
"can",
"control",
"lighting",
".",
"When",
"motion",
"can",
"no",
"longer",
"be",
"detected",
",",
"the",
"lights",
"shut",
"off",
".",
"Passive",
"infrared",
"sensors",
"react",
"to",
"changes",
"in",
"heat",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"pattern",
"created",
"by",
"a",
"moving",
"person",
".",
"The",
"control",
"must",
"have",
"an",
"unobstructed",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"building",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
".",
"Doors",
",",
"partitions",
",",
"stairways",
",",
"etc",
".",
"will",
"block",
"motion",
"detection",
"and",
"reduce",
"its",
"effectiveness",
".",
"The",
"best",
"applications",
"for",
"passive",
"infrared",
"occupancy",
"sensors",
"are",
"open",
"spaces",
"with",
"a",
"clear",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
".",
"Ultrasonic",
"sensors",
"transmit",
"sound",
"above",
"the",
"range",
"of",
"human",
"hearing",
"and",
"monitor",
"the",
"time",
"it",
"takes",
"for",
"the",
"sound",
"waves",
"to",
"return",
".",
"A",
"break",
"in",
"the",
"pattern",
"caused",
"by",
"any",
"motion",
"in",
"the",
"area",
"triggers",
"the",
"control",
".",
"Ultrasonic",
"sensors",
"can",
"see",
"around",
"obstructions",
"and",
"are",
"best",
"for",
"areas",
"with",
"cabinets",
"and",
"shelving",
",",
"restrooms",
",",
"and",
"open",
"areas",
"requiring",
"360-degree",
"coverage",
".",
"Some",
"occupancy",
"sensors",
"utilize",
"both",
"passive",
"infrared",
"and",
"ultrasonic",
"technology",
",",
"but",
"are",
"usually",
"more",
"expensive",
".",
"They",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"control",
"one",
"lamp",
",",
"one",
"fixture",
"or",
"many",
"fixtures",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
18,
21,
27,
37,
41,
50,
58,
61,
68,
72,
77,
83,
91,
95,
103,
111,
113,
118,
125,
129,
132,
139,
142,
150,
152,
156,
163,
168,
171,
173,
181,
190,
198,
204,
207,
215,
218,
222,
224,
229,
232,
236,
244,
252,
255,
257,
264,
270,
272,
276,
284,
289,
294,
297,
310,
315,
318,
322,
331,
336,
342,
349,
351,
356,
358,
368,
370,
379,
381,
384,
386,
391,
397,
404,
414,
418,
425,
429,
442,
444,
448,
453,
466,
470,
478,
487,
497,
505,
509,
514,
521,
526,
528,
534,
539,
542,
546,
551,
557,
564,
566,
577,
585,
594,
600,
606,
610,
616,
619,
625,
633,
637,
645,
649,
654,
657,
663,
667,
671,
677,
683,
686,
692,
694,
696,
702,
705,
709,
717,
724,
727,
731,
738,
741,
745,
750,
759,
763,
770,
772,
783,
791,
795,
799,
806,
819,
823,
827,
832,
836,
842,
847,
856,
860,
868,
870,
879,
881,
885,
890,
896,
906,
917,
925,
927,
932,
942,
950,
958,
963,
971,
980,
984,
995,
1005,
1007,
1011,
1015,
1023,
1028,
1037,
1039,
1044,
1048,
1051,
1056,
1059,
1067,
1071,
1075,
1077,
1081,
1089,
1092,
1097,
1105
]
} | d764ec85aa3f47d299f31b12e0a9d8cf | What type of sensor transmits sound above the range of human hearing? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"type",
"of",
"sensor",
"transmits",
"sound",
"above",
"the",
"range",
"of",
"human",
"hearing",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
20,
30,
36,
42,
46,
52,
55,
61,
68
]
} | {
"text": [
"Ultrasonic sensors"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
566
],
"end": [
583
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
102
],
"end": [
103
]
}
]
} | [
"Ultrasonic sensors"
] |
SQuAD | Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with a clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. | {
"tokens": [
"Occupancy",
"sensors",
"to",
"allow",
"operation",
"for",
"whenever",
"someone",
"is",
"within",
"the",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
"can",
"control",
"lighting",
".",
"When",
"motion",
"can",
"no",
"longer",
"be",
"detected",
",",
"the",
"lights",
"shut",
"off",
".",
"Passive",
"infrared",
"sensors",
"react",
"to",
"changes",
"in",
"heat",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"pattern",
"created",
"by",
"a",
"moving",
"person",
".",
"The",
"control",
"must",
"have",
"an",
"unobstructed",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"building",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
".",
"Doors",
",",
"partitions",
",",
"stairways",
",",
"etc",
".",
"will",
"block",
"motion",
"detection",
"and",
"reduce",
"its",
"effectiveness",
".",
"The",
"best",
"applications",
"for",
"passive",
"infrared",
"occupancy",
"sensors",
"are",
"open",
"spaces",
"with",
"a",
"clear",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"area",
"being",
"scanned",
".",
"Ultrasonic",
"sensors",
"transmit",
"sound",
"above",
"the",
"range",
"of",
"human",
"hearing",
"and",
"monitor",
"the",
"time",
"it",
"takes",
"for",
"the",
"sound",
"waves",
"to",
"return",
".",
"A",
"break",
"in",
"the",
"pattern",
"caused",
"by",
"any",
"motion",
"in",
"the",
"area",
"triggers",
"the",
"control",
".",
"Ultrasonic",
"sensors",
"can",
"see",
"around",
"obstructions",
"and",
"are",
"best",
"for",
"areas",
"with",
"cabinets",
"and",
"shelving",
",",
"restrooms",
",",
"and",
"open",
"areas",
"requiring",
"360-degree",
"coverage",
".",
"Some",
"occupancy",
"sensors",
"utilize",
"both",
"passive",
"infrared",
"and",
"ultrasonic",
"technology",
",",
"but",
"are",
"usually",
"more",
"expensive",
".",
"They",
"can",
"be",
"used",
"to",
"control",
"one",
"lamp",
",",
"one",
"fixture",
"or",
"many",
"fixtures",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
10,
18,
21,
27,
37,
41,
50,
58,
61,
68,
72,
77,
83,
91,
95,
103,
111,
113,
118,
125,
129,
132,
139,
142,
150,
152,
156,
163,
168,
171,
173,
181,
190,
198,
204,
207,
215,
218,
222,
224,
229,
232,
236,
244,
252,
255,
257,
264,
270,
272,
276,
284,
289,
294,
297,
310,
315,
318,
322,
331,
336,
342,
349,
351,
356,
358,
368,
370,
379,
381,
384,
386,
391,
397,
404,
414,
418,
425,
429,
442,
444,
448,
453,
466,
470,
478,
487,
497,
505,
509,
514,
521,
526,
528,
534,
539,
542,
546,
551,
557,
564,
566,
577,
585,
594,
600,
606,
610,
616,
619,
625,
633,
637,
645,
649,
654,
657,
663,
667,
671,
677,
683,
686,
692,
694,
696,
702,
705,
709,
717,
724,
727,
731,
738,
741,
745,
750,
759,
763,
770,
772,
783,
791,
795,
799,
806,
819,
823,
827,
832,
836,
842,
847,
856,
860,
868,
870,
879,
881,
885,
890,
896,
906,
917,
925,
927,
932,
942,
950,
958,
963,
971,
980,
984,
995,
1005,
1007,
1011,
1015,
1023,
1028,
1037,
1039,
1044,
1048,
1051,
1056,
1059,
1067,
1071,
1075,
1077,
1081,
1089,
1092,
1097,
1105
]
} | 394d09eb8403434e84a7628d8d24e0a3 | Would you want to use passive infrared sensor in a area requiring 360-degree coverage? | {
"tokens": [
"Would",
"you",
"want",
"to",
"use",
"passive",
"infrared",
"sensor",
"in",
"a",
"area",
"requiring",
"360-degree",
"coverage",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
15,
18,
22,
30,
39,
46,
49,
51,
56,
66,
77,
85
]
} | {
"text": [
"no"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
129
],
"end": [
130
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
21
],
"end": [
21
]
}
]
} | [
"no"
] |
SQuAD | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments. | {
"tokens": [
"Analysis",
"of",
"lighting",
"quality",
"particularly",
"emphasizes",
"use",
"of",
"natural",
"lighting",
",",
"but",
"also",
"considers",
"spectral",
"content",
"if",
"artificial",
"light",
"is",
"to",
"be",
"used",
".",
"Not",
"only",
"will",
"greater",
"reliance",
"on",
"natural",
"light",
"reduce",
"energy",
"consumption",
",",
"but",
"will",
"favorably",
"impact",
"human",
"health",
"and",
"performance",
".",
"New",
"studies",
"have",
"shown",
"that",
"the",
"performance",
"of",
"students",
"is",
"influenced",
"by",
"the",
"time",
"and",
"duration",
"of",
"daylight",
"in",
"their",
"regular",
"schedules",
".",
"Designing",
"school",
"facilities",
"to",
"incorporate",
"the",
"right",
"types",
"of",
"light",
"at",
"the",
"right",
"time",
"of",
"day",
"for",
"the",
"right",
"duration",
"may",
"improve",
"student",
"performance",
"and",
"well",
"-",
"being",
".",
"Similarly",
",",
"designing",
"lighting",
"systems",
"that",
"maximize",
"the",
"right",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"at",
"the",
"appropriate",
"time",
"of",
"day",
"for",
"the",
"elderly",
"may",
"help",
"relieve",
"symptoms",
"of",
"Alzheimer",
"'s",
"Disease",
".",
"The",
"human",
"circadian",
"system",
"is",
"entrained",
"to",
"a",
"24-hour",
"light",
"-",
"dark",
"pattern",
"that",
"mimics",
"the",
"earth",
"’s",
"natural",
"light",
"/",
"dark",
"pattern",
".",
"When",
"those",
"patterns",
"are",
"disrupted",
",",
"they",
"disrupt",
"the",
"natural",
"circadian",
"cycle",
".",
"Circadian",
"disruption",
"may",
"lead",
"to",
"numerous",
"health",
"problems",
"including",
"breast",
"cancer",
",",
"seasonal",
"affective",
"disorder",
",",
"delayed",
"sleep",
"phase",
"syndrome",
",",
"and",
"other",
"ailments",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
12,
21,
29,
42,
53,
57,
60,
68,
76,
78,
82,
87,
97,
106,
114,
117,
128,
134,
137,
140,
143,
147,
149,
153,
158,
163,
171,
180,
183,
191,
197,
204,
211,
222,
224,
228,
233,
243,
250,
256,
263,
267,
278,
280,
284,
292,
297,
303,
308,
312,
324,
327,
336,
339,
350,
353,
357,
362,
366,
375,
378,
387,
390,
396,
404,
413,
415,
425,
432,
443,
446,
458,
462,
468,
474,
477,
483,
486,
490,
496,
501,
504,
508,
512,
516,
522,
531,
535,
543,
551,
563,
567,
571,
572,
577,
579,
588,
590,
600,
609,
617,
622,
631,
635,
641,
648,
651,
657,
660,
664,
676,
681,
684,
688,
692,
696,
704,
708,
713,
721,
730,
733,
742,
745,
752,
754,
758,
764,
774,
781,
784,
794,
797,
799,
807,
812,
813,
818,
826,
831,
838,
842,
847,
850,
858,
863,
864,
869,
876,
878,
883,
889,
898,
902,
911,
913,
918,
926,
930,
938,
948,
953,
955,
965,
976,
980,
985,
988,
997,
1004,
1013,
1023,
1030,
1036,
1038,
1047,
1057,
1065,
1067,
1075,
1081,
1087,
1095,
1097,
1101,
1107,
1115
]
} | 63290e3b2bb346e589dacbd6feec8fbd | Maximizing the right amount of light at the appropriate time for elderly may help systems of what? | {
"tokens": [
"Maximizing",
"the",
"right",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"at",
"the",
"appropriate",
"time",
"for",
"elderly",
"may",
"help",
"systems",
"of",
"what",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
15,
21,
28,
31,
37,
40,
44,
56,
61,
65,
73,
77,
82,
90,
93,
97
]
} | {
"text": [
"Alzheimer's Disease"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
733
],
"end": [
751
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
123
],
"end": [
125
]
}
]
} | [
"Alzheimer's Disease"
] |
SQuAD | Analysis of lighting quality particularly emphasizes use of natural lighting, but also considers spectral content if artificial light is to be used. Not only will greater reliance on natural light reduce energy consumption, but will favorably impact human health and performance. New studies have shown that the performance of students is influenced by the time and duration of daylight in their regular schedules. Designing school facilities to incorporate the right types of light at the right time of day for the right duration may improve student performance and well-being. Similarly, designing lighting systems that maximize the right amount of light at the appropriate time of day for the elderly may help relieve symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. The human circadian system is entrained to a 24-hour light-dark pattern that mimics the earth’s natural light/dark pattern. When those patterns are disrupted, they disrupt the natural circadian cycle. Circadian disruption may lead to numerous health problems including breast cancer, seasonal affective disorder, delayed sleep phase syndrome, and other ailments. | {
"tokens": [
"Analysis",
"of",
"lighting",
"quality",
"particularly",
"emphasizes",
"use",
"of",
"natural",
"lighting",
",",
"but",
"also",
"considers",
"spectral",
"content",
"if",
"artificial",
"light",
"is",
"to",
"be",
"used",
".",
"Not",
"only",
"will",
"greater",
"reliance",
"on",
"natural",
"light",
"reduce",
"energy",
"consumption",
",",
"but",
"will",
"favorably",
"impact",
"human",
"health",
"and",
"performance",
".",
"New",
"studies",
"have",
"shown",
"that",
"the",
"performance",
"of",
"students",
"is",
"influenced",
"by",
"the",
"time",
"and",
"duration",
"of",
"daylight",
"in",
"their",
"regular",
"schedules",
".",
"Designing",
"school",
"facilities",
"to",
"incorporate",
"the",
"right",
"types",
"of",
"light",
"at",
"the",
"right",
"time",
"of",
"day",
"for",
"the",
"right",
"duration",
"may",
"improve",
"student",
"performance",
"and",
"well",
"-",
"being",
".",
"Similarly",
",",
"designing",
"lighting",
"systems",
"that",
"maximize",
"the",
"right",
"amount",
"of",
"light",
"at",
"the",
"appropriate",
"time",
"of",
"day",
"for",
"the",
"elderly",
"may",
"help",
"relieve",
"symptoms",
"of",
"Alzheimer",
"'s",
"Disease",
".",
"The",
"human",
"circadian",
"system",
"is",
"entrained",
"to",
"a",
"24-hour",
"light",
"-",
"dark",
"pattern",
"that",
"mimics",
"the",
"earth",
"’s",
"natural",
"light",
"/",
"dark",
"pattern",
".",
"When",
"those",
"patterns",
"are",
"disrupted",
",",
"they",
"disrupt",
"the",
"natural",
"circadian",
"cycle",
".",
"Circadian",
"disruption",
"may",
"lead",
"to",
"numerous",
"health",
"problems",
"including",
"breast",
"cancer",
",",
"seasonal",
"affective",
"disorder",
",",
"delayed",
"sleep",
"phase",
"syndrome",
",",
"and",
"other",
"ailments",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
12,
21,
29,
42,
53,
57,
60,
68,
76,
78,
82,
87,
97,
106,
114,
117,
128,
134,
137,
140,
143,
147,
149,
153,
158,
163,
171,
180,
183,
191,
197,
204,
211,
222,
224,
228,
233,
243,
250,
256,
263,
267,
278,
280,
284,
292,
297,
303,
308,
312,
324,
327,
336,
339,
350,
353,
357,
362,
366,
375,
378,
387,
390,
396,
404,
413,
415,
425,
432,
443,
446,
458,
462,
468,
474,
477,
483,
486,
490,
496,
501,
504,
508,
512,
516,
522,
531,
535,
543,
551,
563,
567,
571,
572,
577,
579,
588,
590,
600,
609,
617,
622,
631,
635,
641,
648,
651,
657,
660,
664,
676,
681,
684,
688,
692,
696,
704,
708,
713,
721,
730,
733,
742,
745,
752,
754,
758,
764,
774,
781,
784,
794,
797,
799,
807,
812,
813,
818,
826,
831,
838,
842,
847,
850,
858,
863,
864,
869,
876,
878,
883,
889,
898,
902,
911,
913,
918,
926,
930,
938,
948,
953,
955,
965,
976,
980,
985,
988,
997,
1004,
1013,
1023,
1030,
1036,
1038,
1047,
1057,
1065,
1067,
1075,
1081,
1087,
1095,
1097,
1101,
1107,
1115
]
} | cef1964ff5724f94bb7741251d26716b | What happens to the natural carcidan cycle when light-dark patterns are disrupted? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"happens",
"to",
"the",
"natural",
"carcidan",
"cycle",
"when",
"light",
"-",
"dark",
"patterns",
"are",
"disrupted",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
16,
20,
28,
37,
43,
48,
53,
54,
59,
68,
72,
81
]
} | {
"text": [
"disrupt the natural circadian cycle"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
918
],
"end": [
952
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
158
],
"end": [
162
]
}
]
} | [
"disrupt the natural circadian cycle"
] |
SQuAD | The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is an international authority and standard defining organization on color and lighting. Publishing widely used standard metrics such as various CIE color spaces and the color rendering index. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"International",
"Commission",
"on",
"Illumination",
"(",
"CIE",
")",
"is",
"an",
"international",
"authority",
"and",
"standard",
"defining",
"organization",
"on",
"color",
"and",
"lighting",
".",
"Publishing",
"widely",
"used",
"standard",
"metrics",
"such",
"as",
"various",
"CIE",
"color",
"spaces",
"and",
"the",
"color",
"rendering",
"index",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
18,
29,
32,
45,
46,
49,
51,
54,
57,
71,
81,
85,
94,
103,
116,
119,
125,
129,
137,
139,
150,
157,
162,
171,
179,
184,
187,
195,
199,
205,
212,
216,
220,
226,
236,
241
]
} | a41dad472a9f459f892c26ee681563e3 | What does the CIE stand for? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"the",
"CIE",
"stand",
"for",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
18,
24,
27
]
} | {
"text": [
"International Commission on Illumination"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
43
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
4
]
}
]
} | [
"International Commission on Illumination"
] |
SQuAD | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates." | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Constitution",
"does",
"not",
"explicitly",
"indicate",
"the",
"pre",
"-",
"eminence",
"of",
"any",
"particular",
"branch",
"of",
"government",
".",
"However",
",",
"James",
"Madison",
"wrote",
"in",
"Federalist",
"51",
",",
"regarding",
"the",
"ability",
"of",
"each",
"branch",
"to",
"defend",
"itself",
"from",
"actions",
"by",
"the",
"others",
",",
"that",
"\"",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"possible",
"to",
"give",
"to",
"each",
"department",
"an",
"equal",
"power",
"of",
"self",
"-",
"defense",
".",
"In",
"republican",
"government",
",",
"the",
"legislative",
"authority",
"necessarily",
"predominates",
".",
"\""
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
17,
22,
26,
37,
46,
50,
53,
54,
63,
66,
70,
81,
88,
91,
101,
103,
110,
112,
118,
126,
132,
135,
146,
148,
150,
160,
164,
172,
175,
180,
187,
190,
197,
204,
209,
217,
220,
224,
230,
232,
237,
238,
241,
244,
248,
257,
260,
265,
268,
273,
284,
287,
293,
299,
302,
306,
307,
314,
316,
319,
330,
340,
342,
346,
358,
368,
380,
392,
393
]
} | a3ec7e737535458b8e2c0093ffa09727 | Who wrote that the legislative branch was the predominate branch of government? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"wrote",
"that",
"the",
"legislative",
"branch",
"was",
"the",
"predominate",
"branch",
"of",
"government",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
15,
19,
31,
38,
42,
46,
58,
65,
68,
78
]
} | {
"text": [
"James Madison"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
112
],
"end": [
124
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"James Madison"
] |
SQuAD | The Constitution does not explicitly indicate the pre-eminence of any particular branch of government. However, James Madison wrote in Federalist 51, regarding the ability of each branch to defend itself from actions by the others, that "it is not possible to give to each department an equal power of self-defense. In republican government, the legislative authority necessarily predominates." | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Constitution",
"does",
"not",
"explicitly",
"indicate",
"the",
"pre",
"-",
"eminence",
"of",
"any",
"particular",
"branch",
"of",
"government",
".",
"However",
",",
"James",
"Madison",
"wrote",
"in",
"Federalist",
"51",
",",
"regarding",
"the",
"ability",
"of",
"each",
"branch",
"to",
"defend",
"itself",
"from",
"actions",
"by",
"the",
"others",
",",
"that",
"\"",
"it",
"is",
"not",
"possible",
"to",
"give",
"to",
"each",
"department",
"an",
"equal",
"power",
"of",
"self",
"-",
"defense",
".",
"In",
"republican",
"government",
",",
"the",
"legislative",
"authority",
"necessarily",
"predominates",
".",
"\""
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
17,
22,
26,
37,
46,
50,
53,
54,
63,
66,
70,
81,
88,
91,
101,
103,
110,
112,
118,
126,
132,
135,
146,
148,
150,
160,
164,
172,
175,
180,
187,
190,
197,
204,
209,
217,
220,
224,
230,
232,
237,
238,
241,
244,
248,
257,
260,
265,
268,
273,
284,
287,
293,
299,
302,
306,
307,
314,
316,
319,
330,
340,
342,
346,
358,
368,
380,
392,
393
]
} | 8c7d0db8dbb243dab433a2a3fdce5fd9 | In which Federalist paper did James Madison state that the legislative branch of government was predominate? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"which",
"Federalist",
"paper",
"did",
"James",
"Madison",
"state",
"that",
"the",
"legislative",
"branch",
"of",
"government",
"was",
"predominate",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
9,
20,
26,
30,
36,
44,
50,
55,
59,
71,
78,
81,
92,
96,
107
]
} | {
"text": [
"Federalist 51"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
135
],
"end": [
147
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
24
]
}
]
} | [
"Federalist 51"
] |
SQuAD | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Age",
"of",
"Enlightenment",
",",
"philosophers",
"such",
"as",
"John",
"Locke",
"advocated",
"the",
"principle",
"in",
"their",
"writings",
",",
"whereas",
"others",
",",
"such",
"as",
"Thomas",
"Hobbes",
",",
"strongly",
"opposed",
"it",
".",
"Montesquieu",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"foremost",
"supporters",
"of",
"separating",
"the",
"legislature",
",",
"the",
"executive",
",",
"and",
"the",
"judiciary",
".",
"His",
"writings",
"considerably",
"influenced",
"the",
"opinions",
"of",
"the",
"framers",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
15,
18,
31,
33,
46,
51,
54,
59,
65,
75,
79,
89,
92,
98,
106,
108,
116,
122,
124,
129,
132,
139,
145,
147,
156,
164,
166,
168,
180,
184,
188,
191,
195,
204,
215,
218,
229,
233,
244,
246,
250,
259,
261,
265,
269,
278,
280,
284,
293,
306,
317,
321,
330,
333,
337,
345,
348,
352,
359,
366,
378
]
} | b5384231297a4382bc3e2aa53c5d4387 | Which Enlightenment thinker supported the idea of separation of powers? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"Enlightenment",
"thinker",
"supported",
"the",
"idea",
"of",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
20,
28,
38,
42,
47,
50,
61,
64,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"John Locke"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
54
],
"end": [
63
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"John Locke"
] |
SQuAD | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Age",
"of",
"Enlightenment",
",",
"philosophers",
"such",
"as",
"John",
"Locke",
"advocated",
"the",
"principle",
"in",
"their",
"writings",
",",
"whereas",
"others",
",",
"such",
"as",
"Thomas",
"Hobbes",
",",
"strongly",
"opposed",
"it",
".",
"Montesquieu",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"foremost",
"supporters",
"of",
"separating",
"the",
"legislature",
",",
"the",
"executive",
",",
"and",
"the",
"judiciary",
".",
"His",
"writings",
"considerably",
"influenced",
"the",
"opinions",
"of",
"the",
"framers",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
15,
18,
31,
33,
46,
51,
54,
59,
65,
75,
79,
89,
92,
98,
106,
108,
116,
122,
124,
129,
132,
139,
145,
147,
156,
164,
166,
168,
180,
184,
188,
191,
195,
204,
215,
218,
229,
233,
244,
246,
250,
259,
261,
265,
269,
278,
280,
284,
293,
306,
317,
321,
330,
333,
337,
345,
348,
352,
359,
366,
378
]
} | 260551681e4e4d77bacdb6f2714259d7 | Which Enlightenment thinker was against the separation of powers? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"Enlightenment",
"thinker",
"was",
"against",
"the",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
20,
28,
32,
40,
44,
55,
58,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"Thomas Hobbes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
132
],
"end": [
144
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
24
]
}
]
} | [
"Thomas Hobbes"
] |
SQuAD | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Age",
"of",
"Enlightenment",
",",
"philosophers",
"such",
"as",
"John",
"Locke",
"advocated",
"the",
"principle",
"in",
"their",
"writings",
",",
"whereas",
"others",
",",
"such",
"as",
"Thomas",
"Hobbes",
",",
"strongly",
"opposed",
"it",
".",
"Montesquieu",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"foremost",
"supporters",
"of",
"separating",
"the",
"legislature",
",",
"the",
"executive",
",",
"and",
"the",
"judiciary",
".",
"His",
"writings",
"considerably",
"influenced",
"the",
"opinions",
"of",
"the",
"framers",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
15,
18,
31,
33,
46,
51,
54,
59,
65,
75,
79,
89,
92,
98,
106,
108,
116,
122,
124,
129,
132,
139,
145,
147,
156,
164,
166,
168,
180,
184,
188,
191,
195,
204,
215,
218,
229,
233,
244,
246,
250,
259,
261,
265,
269,
278,
280,
284,
293,
306,
317,
321,
330,
333,
337,
345,
348,
352,
359,
366,
378
]
} | b248025093ee4bdaab91d9ea7f2af775 | Who was a leading advocate of dividing government into different branches? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"a",
"leading",
"advocate",
"of",
"dividing",
"government",
"into",
"different",
"branches",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
10,
18,
27,
30,
39,
50,
55,
65,
73
]
} | {
"text": [
"Montesquieu"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
168
],
"end": [
178
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
30
],
"end": [
30
]
}
]
} | [
"Montesquieu"
] |
SQuAD | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Age",
"of",
"Enlightenment",
",",
"philosophers",
"such",
"as",
"John",
"Locke",
"advocated",
"the",
"principle",
"in",
"their",
"writings",
",",
"whereas",
"others",
",",
"such",
"as",
"Thomas",
"Hobbes",
",",
"strongly",
"opposed",
"it",
".",
"Montesquieu",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"foremost",
"supporters",
"of",
"separating",
"the",
"legislature",
",",
"the",
"executive",
",",
"and",
"the",
"judiciary",
".",
"His",
"writings",
"considerably",
"influenced",
"the",
"opinions",
"of",
"the",
"framers",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
15,
18,
31,
33,
46,
51,
54,
59,
65,
75,
79,
89,
92,
98,
106,
108,
116,
122,
124,
129,
132,
139,
145,
147,
156,
164,
166,
168,
180,
184,
188,
191,
195,
204,
215,
218,
229,
233,
244,
246,
250,
259,
261,
265,
269,
278,
280,
284,
293,
306,
317,
321,
330,
333,
337,
345,
348,
352,
359,
366,
378
]
} | afb4624a9acb4d69942b7a5091afd7b9 | Whose thoughts were impacted by Montesquieu's philosophy? | {
"tokens": [
"Whose",
"thoughts",
"were",
"impacted",
"by",
"Montesquieu",
"'s",
"philosophy",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
15,
20,
29,
32,
43,
46,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"the framers of the United States Constitution"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
333
],
"end": [
377
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
56
],
"end": [
62
]
}
]
} | [
"the framers of the United States Constitution"
] |
SQuAD | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Age",
"of",
"Enlightenment",
",",
"philosophers",
"such",
"as",
"John",
"Locke",
"advocated",
"the",
"principle",
"in",
"their",
"writings",
",",
"whereas",
"others",
",",
"such",
"as",
"Thomas",
"Hobbes",
",",
"strongly",
"opposed",
"it",
".",
"Montesquieu",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"foremost",
"supporters",
"of",
"separating",
"the",
"legislature",
",",
"the",
"executive",
",",
"and",
"the",
"judiciary",
".",
"His",
"writings",
"considerably",
"influenced",
"the",
"opinions",
"of",
"the",
"framers",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
15,
18,
31,
33,
46,
51,
54,
59,
65,
75,
79,
89,
92,
98,
106,
108,
116,
122,
124,
129,
132,
139,
145,
147,
156,
164,
166,
168,
180,
184,
188,
191,
195,
204,
215,
218,
229,
233,
244,
246,
250,
259,
261,
265,
269,
278,
280,
284,
293,
306,
317,
321,
330,
333,
337,
345,
348,
352,
359,
366,
378
]
} | 77a8080a10894a45bd9aa11e551cb7a8 | Who was an advocate of separation of powers? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"an",
"advocate",
"of",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
11,
20,
23,
34,
37,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"John Locke"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
54
],
"end": [
63
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
9
],
"end": [
10
]
}
]
} | [
"John Locke"
] |
SQuAD | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Age",
"of",
"Enlightenment",
",",
"philosophers",
"such",
"as",
"John",
"Locke",
"advocated",
"the",
"principle",
"in",
"their",
"writings",
",",
"whereas",
"others",
",",
"such",
"as",
"Thomas",
"Hobbes",
",",
"strongly",
"opposed",
"it",
".",
"Montesquieu",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"foremost",
"supporters",
"of",
"separating",
"the",
"legislature",
",",
"the",
"executive",
",",
"and",
"the",
"judiciary",
".",
"His",
"writings",
"considerably",
"influenced",
"the",
"opinions",
"of",
"the",
"framers",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
15,
18,
31,
33,
46,
51,
54,
59,
65,
75,
79,
89,
92,
98,
106,
108,
116,
122,
124,
129,
132,
139,
145,
147,
156,
164,
166,
168,
180,
184,
188,
191,
195,
204,
215,
218,
229,
233,
244,
246,
250,
259,
261,
265,
269,
278,
280,
284,
293,
306,
317,
321,
330,
333,
337,
345,
348,
352,
359,
366,
378
]
} | a6c6bd1864ad456291c3b44a1addfc59 | Who was an opponent of separation of powers? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"an",
"opponent",
"of",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
11,
20,
23,
34,
37,
43
]
} | {
"text": [
"Thomas Hobbes"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
132
],
"end": [
144
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
23
],
"end": [
24
]
}
]
} | [
"Thomas Hobbes"
] |
SQuAD | During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as John Locke advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the opinions of the framers of the United States Constitution. | {
"tokens": [
"During",
"the",
"Age",
"of",
"Enlightenment",
",",
"philosophers",
"such",
"as",
"John",
"Locke",
"advocated",
"the",
"principle",
"in",
"their",
"writings",
",",
"whereas",
"others",
",",
"such",
"as",
"Thomas",
"Hobbes",
",",
"strongly",
"opposed",
"it",
".",
"Montesquieu",
"was",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"foremost",
"supporters",
"of",
"separating",
"the",
"legislature",
",",
"the",
"executive",
",",
"and",
"the",
"judiciary",
".",
"His",
"writings",
"considerably",
"influenced",
"the",
"opinions",
"of",
"the",
"framers",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
11,
15,
18,
31,
33,
46,
51,
54,
59,
65,
75,
79,
89,
92,
98,
106,
108,
116,
122,
124,
129,
132,
139,
145,
147,
156,
164,
166,
168,
180,
184,
188,
191,
195,
204,
215,
218,
229,
233,
244,
246,
250,
259,
261,
265,
269,
278,
280,
284,
293,
306,
317,
321,
330,
333,
337,
345,
348,
352,
359,
366,
378
]
} | 761593687ddc4576b144cc23eae5288d | Who's writing were very influential on the design of the United States Constitution? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"'s",
"writing",
"were",
"very",
"influential",
"on",
"the",
"design",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
"?",
" "
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
6,
14,
19,
24,
36,
39,
43,
50,
53,
57,
64,
71,
83,
85
]
} | {
"text": [
"Montesquieu"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
168
],
"end": [
178
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
30
],
"end": [
30
]
}
]
} | [
"Montesquieu"
] |
SQuAD | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"president",
"exercises",
"a",
"check",
"over",
"Congress",
"through",
"his",
"power",
"to",
"veto",
"bills",
",",
"but",
"Congress",
"may",
"override",
"any",
"veto",
"(",
"excluding",
"the",
"so",
"-",
"called",
"\"",
"pocket",
"veto",
"\"",
")",
"by",
"a",
"two",
"-",
"thirds",
"majority",
"in",
"each",
"house",
".",
"When",
"the",
"two",
"houses",
"of",
"Congress",
"can",
"not",
"agree",
"on",
"a",
"date",
"for",
"adjournment",
",",
"the",
"president",
"may",
"settle",
"the",
"dispute",
".",
"Either",
"house",
"or",
"both",
"houses",
"may",
"be",
"called",
"into",
"emergency",
"session",
"by",
"the",
"president",
".",
"The",
"Vice",
"President",
"serves",
"as",
"president",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"but",
"he",
"may",
"only",
"vote",
"to",
"break",
"a",
"tie",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
24,
26,
32,
37,
46,
54,
58,
64,
67,
72,
77,
79,
83,
92,
96,
105,
109,
114,
115,
125,
129,
131,
132,
139,
140,
147,
151,
152,
154,
157,
159,
162,
163,
170,
179,
182,
187,
192,
194,
199,
203,
207,
214,
217,
226,
229,
233,
239,
242,
244,
249,
253,
264,
266,
270,
280,
284,
291,
295,
302,
304,
311,
317,
320,
325,
332,
336,
339,
346,
351,
361,
369,
372,
376,
385,
387,
391,
396,
406,
413,
416,
426,
429,
433,
439,
441,
445,
448,
452,
457,
462,
465,
471,
473,
476
]
} | ecba56b7c46f49c0bf9f27c531ab5151 | Who can determine a date of adjournment if congress cannot agree? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"can",
"determine",
"a",
"date",
"of",
"adjournment",
"if",
"congress",
"can",
"not",
"agree",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
18,
20,
25,
28,
40,
43,
52,
55,
59,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"President"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
396
],
"end": [
404
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
80
],
"end": [
80
]
}
]
} | [
"President"
] |
SQuAD | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"president",
"exercises",
"a",
"check",
"over",
"Congress",
"through",
"his",
"power",
"to",
"veto",
"bills",
",",
"but",
"Congress",
"may",
"override",
"any",
"veto",
"(",
"excluding",
"the",
"so",
"-",
"called",
"\"",
"pocket",
"veto",
"\"",
")",
"by",
"a",
"two",
"-",
"thirds",
"majority",
"in",
"each",
"house",
".",
"When",
"the",
"two",
"houses",
"of",
"Congress",
"can",
"not",
"agree",
"on",
"a",
"date",
"for",
"adjournment",
",",
"the",
"president",
"may",
"settle",
"the",
"dispute",
".",
"Either",
"house",
"or",
"both",
"houses",
"may",
"be",
"called",
"into",
"emergency",
"session",
"by",
"the",
"president",
".",
"The",
"Vice",
"President",
"serves",
"as",
"president",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"but",
"he",
"may",
"only",
"vote",
"to",
"break",
"a",
"tie",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
24,
26,
32,
37,
46,
54,
58,
64,
67,
72,
77,
79,
83,
92,
96,
105,
109,
114,
115,
125,
129,
131,
132,
139,
140,
147,
151,
152,
154,
157,
159,
162,
163,
170,
179,
182,
187,
192,
194,
199,
203,
207,
214,
217,
226,
229,
233,
239,
242,
244,
249,
253,
264,
266,
270,
280,
284,
291,
295,
302,
304,
311,
317,
320,
325,
332,
336,
339,
346,
351,
361,
369,
372,
376,
385,
387,
391,
396,
406,
413,
416,
426,
429,
433,
439,
441,
445,
448,
452,
457,
462,
465,
471,
473,
476
]
} | 6c193bc5f62345efb29833a1f0f8a4ce | Who can call congress into emergency session? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"can",
"call",
"congress",
"into",
"emergency",
"session",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
13,
22,
27,
37,
44
]
} | {
"text": [
"The president"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
396,
416,
376,
270,
4
],
"end": [
404,
424,
384,
278,
12
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
80,
83,
76,
57,
1
],
"end": [
80,
83,
76,
57,
1
]
}
]
} | [
"The president"
] |
SQuAD | The president exercises a check over Congress through his power to veto bills, but Congress may override any veto (excluding the so-called "pocket veto") by a two-thirds majority in each house. When the two houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the president may settle the dispute. Either house or both houses may be called into emergency session by the president. The Vice President serves as president of the Senate, but he may only vote to break a tie. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"president",
"exercises",
"a",
"check",
"over",
"Congress",
"through",
"his",
"power",
"to",
"veto",
"bills",
",",
"but",
"Congress",
"may",
"override",
"any",
"veto",
"(",
"excluding",
"the",
"so",
"-",
"called",
"\"",
"pocket",
"veto",
"\"",
")",
"by",
"a",
"two",
"-",
"thirds",
"majority",
"in",
"each",
"house",
".",
"When",
"the",
"two",
"houses",
"of",
"Congress",
"can",
"not",
"agree",
"on",
"a",
"date",
"for",
"adjournment",
",",
"the",
"president",
"may",
"settle",
"the",
"dispute",
".",
"Either",
"house",
"or",
"both",
"houses",
"may",
"be",
"called",
"into",
"emergency",
"session",
"by",
"the",
"president",
".",
"The",
"Vice",
"President",
"serves",
"as",
"president",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"but",
"he",
"may",
"only",
"vote",
"to",
"break",
"a",
"tie",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
24,
26,
32,
37,
46,
54,
58,
64,
67,
72,
77,
79,
83,
92,
96,
105,
109,
114,
115,
125,
129,
131,
132,
139,
140,
147,
151,
152,
154,
157,
159,
162,
163,
170,
179,
182,
187,
192,
194,
199,
203,
207,
214,
217,
226,
229,
233,
239,
242,
244,
249,
253,
264,
266,
270,
280,
284,
291,
295,
302,
304,
311,
317,
320,
325,
332,
336,
339,
346,
351,
361,
369,
372,
376,
385,
387,
391,
396,
406,
413,
416,
426,
429,
433,
439,
441,
445,
448,
452,
457,
462,
465,
471,
473,
476
]
} | e411da68bad448339dccd9841ec52d27 | Who serves as president of the Senate? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"serves",
"as",
"president",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
11,
14,
24,
27,
31,
37
]
} | {
"text": [
"The Vice President"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
387
],
"end": [
404
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
78
],
"end": [
80
]
}
]
} | [
"The Vice President"
] |
SQuAD | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"earliest",
"surviving",
"written",
"work",
"on",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"architecture",
"is",
"De",
"architectura",
",",
"by",
"the",
"Roman",
"architect",
"Vitruvius",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"1st",
"century",
"AD",
".",
"According",
"to",
"Vitruvius",
",",
"a",
"good",
"building",
"should",
"satisfy",
"the",
"three",
"principles",
"of",
"firmitas",
",",
"utilitas",
",",
"venustas",
",",
"commonly",
"known",
"by",
"the",
"original",
"translation",
"–",
"firmness",
",",
"commodity",
"and",
"delight",
".",
"An",
"equivalent",
"in",
"modern",
"English",
"would",
"be",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
23,
31,
36,
39,
43,
51,
54,
67,
70,
73,
85,
87,
90,
94,
100,
110,
120,
123,
127,
133,
137,
145,
147,
149,
159,
162,
171,
173,
175,
180,
189,
196,
204,
208,
214,
225,
228,
236,
238,
246,
248,
256,
258,
267,
273,
276,
280,
289,
301,
303,
311,
313,
323,
327,
334,
336,
339,
350,
353,
360,
368,
374,
376
]
} | 0e7c6fd355144a24aa2f7ef6cd1db831 | What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"oldest",
"architecture",
"plans",
"that",
"has",
"survived",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
19,
32,
38,
43,
47,
55
]
} | {
"text": [
"De architectura"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
70
],
"end": [
84
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
11
],
"end": [
12
]
}
]
} | [
"De architectura"
] |
SQuAD | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"earliest",
"surviving",
"written",
"work",
"on",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"architecture",
"is",
"De",
"architectura",
",",
"by",
"the",
"Roman",
"architect",
"Vitruvius",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"1st",
"century",
"AD",
".",
"According",
"to",
"Vitruvius",
",",
"a",
"good",
"building",
"should",
"satisfy",
"the",
"three",
"principles",
"of",
"firmitas",
",",
"utilitas",
",",
"venustas",
",",
"commonly",
"known",
"by",
"the",
"original",
"translation",
"–",
"firmness",
",",
"commodity",
"and",
"delight",
".",
"An",
"equivalent",
"in",
"modern",
"English",
"would",
"be",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
23,
31,
36,
39,
43,
51,
54,
67,
70,
73,
85,
87,
90,
94,
100,
110,
120,
123,
127,
133,
137,
145,
147,
149,
159,
162,
171,
173,
175,
180,
189,
196,
204,
208,
214,
225,
228,
236,
238,
246,
248,
256,
258,
267,
273,
276,
280,
289,
301,
303,
311,
313,
323,
327,
334,
336,
339,
350,
353,
360,
368,
374,
376
]
} | 51f6c93e654a4bb3b1322ca2c958df9e | Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"created",
"the",
"oldest",
"surviving",
"architecture",
"plans",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
12,
16,
23,
33,
46,
51
]
} | {
"text": [
"Roman architect Vitruvius"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
94
],
"end": [
118
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
16
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"Roman architect Vitruvius"
] |
SQuAD | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"earliest",
"surviving",
"written",
"work",
"on",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"architecture",
"is",
"De",
"architectura",
",",
"by",
"the",
"Roman",
"architect",
"Vitruvius",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"1st",
"century",
"AD",
".",
"According",
"to",
"Vitruvius",
",",
"a",
"good",
"building",
"should",
"satisfy",
"the",
"three",
"principles",
"of",
"firmitas",
",",
"utilitas",
",",
"venustas",
",",
"commonly",
"known",
"by",
"the",
"original",
"translation",
"–",
"firmness",
",",
"commodity",
"and",
"delight",
".",
"An",
"equivalent",
"in",
"modern",
"English",
"would",
"be",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
23,
31,
36,
39,
43,
51,
54,
67,
70,
73,
85,
87,
90,
94,
100,
110,
120,
123,
127,
133,
137,
145,
147,
149,
159,
162,
171,
173,
175,
180,
189,
196,
204,
208,
214,
225,
228,
236,
238,
246,
248,
256,
258,
267,
273,
276,
280,
289,
301,
303,
311,
313,
323,
327,
334,
336,
339,
350,
353,
360,
368,
374,
376
]
} | 8655a2f663864fe8b704bc0149311fe7 | When did Vitruvius create these plans? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"did",
"Vitruvius",
"create",
"these",
"plans",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
19,
26,
32,
37
]
} | {
"text": [
"1st century AD."
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
133
],
"end": [
147
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
22
],
"end": [
25
]
}
]
} | [
"1st century AD."
] |
SQuAD | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"earliest",
"surviving",
"written",
"work",
"on",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"architecture",
"is",
"De",
"architectura",
",",
"by",
"the",
"Roman",
"architect",
"Vitruvius",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"1st",
"century",
"AD",
".",
"According",
"to",
"Vitruvius",
",",
"a",
"good",
"building",
"should",
"satisfy",
"the",
"three",
"principles",
"of",
"firmitas",
",",
"utilitas",
",",
"venustas",
",",
"commonly",
"known",
"by",
"the",
"original",
"translation",
"–",
"firmness",
",",
"commodity",
"and",
"delight",
".",
"An",
"equivalent",
"in",
"modern",
"English",
"would",
"be",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
23,
31,
36,
39,
43,
51,
54,
67,
70,
73,
85,
87,
90,
94,
100,
110,
120,
123,
127,
133,
137,
145,
147,
149,
159,
162,
171,
173,
175,
180,
189,
196,
204,
208,
214,
225,
228,
236,
238,
246,
248,
256,
258,
267,
273,
276,
280,
289,
301,
303,
311,
313,
323,
327,
334,
336,
339,
350,
353,
360,
368,
374,
376
]
} | 87550b99ea8840f2a96a045bea8f88b3 | What are the three principles every plan should consider? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"are",
"the",
"three",
"principles",
"every",
"plan",
"should",
"consider",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
30,
36,
41,
48,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"firmness, commodity and delight."
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
303
],
"end": [
334
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
52
],
"end": [
57
]
}
]
} | [
"firmness, commodity and delight."
] |
SQuAD | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"earliest",
"surviving",
"written",
"work",
"on",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"architecture",
"is",
"De",
"architectura",
",",
"by",
"the",
"Roman",
"architect",
"Vitruvius",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"1st",
"century",
"AD",
".",
"According",
"to",
"Vitruvius",
",",
"a",
"good",
"building",
"should",
"satisfy",
"the",
"three",
"principles",
"of",
"firmitas",
",",
"utilitas",
",",
"venustas",
",",
"commonly",
"known",
"by",
"the",
"original",
"translation",
"–",
"firmness",
",",
"commodity",
"and",
"delight",
".",
"An",
"equivalent",
"in",
"modern",
"English",
"would",
"be",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
23,
31,
36,
39,
43,
51,
54,
67,
70,
73,
85,
87,
90,
94,
100,
110,
120,
123,
127,
133,
137,
145,
147,
149,
159,
162,
171,
173,
175,
180,
189,
196,
204,
208,
214,
225,
228,
236,
238,
246,
248,
256,
258,
267,
273,
276,
280,
289,
301,
303,
311,
313,
323,
327,
334,
336,
339,
350,
353,
360,
368,
374,
376
]
} | 5ce2ec2c82e343eab659507eba952027 | What is the first known extant writing about architecture called? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"first",
"known",
"extant",
"writing",
"about",
"architecture",
"called",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
18,
24,
31,
39,
45,
58,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"De architectura"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
70
],
"end": [
84
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
11
],
"end": [
12
]
}
]
} | [
"De architectura"
] |
SQuAD | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"earliest",
"surviving",
"written",
"work",
"on",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"architecture",
"is",
"De",
"architectura",
",",
"by",
"the",
"Roman",
"architect",
"Vitruvius",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"1st",
"century",
"AD",
".",
"According",
"to",
"Vitruvius",
",",
"a",
"good",
"building",
"should",
"satisfy",
"the",
"three",
"principles",
"of",
"firmitas",
",",
"utilitas",
",",
"venustas",
",",
"commonly",
"known",
"by",
"the",
"original",
"translation",
"–",
"firmness",
",",
"commodity",
"and",
"delight",
".",
"An",
"equivalent",
"in",
"modern",
"English",
"would",
"be",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
23,
31,
36,
39,
43,
51,
54,
67,
70,
73,
85,
87,
90,
94,
100,
110,
120,
123,
127,
133,
137,
145,
147,
149,
159,
162,
171,
173,
175,
180,
189,
196,
204,
208,
214,
225,
228,
236,
238,
246,
248,
256,
258,
267,
273,
276,
280,
289,
301,
303,
311,
313,
323,
327,
334,
336,
339,
350,
353,
360,
368,
374,
376
]
} | 0f6cf4d792e34653ad7f0d1f034ca478 | Who was the author of De architectura? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"author",
"of",
" ",
"De",
"architectura",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
19,
22,
23,
26,
38
]
} | {
"text": [
"Vitruvius"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
110
],
"end": [
118
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
18
],
"end": [
18
]
}
]
} | [
"Vitruvius"
] |
SQuAD | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"earliest",
"surviving",
"written",
"work",
"on",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"architecture",
"is",
"De",
"architectura",
",",
"by",
"the",
"Roman",
"architect",
"Vitruvius",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"1st",
"century",
"AD",
".",
"According",
"to",
"Vitruvius",
",",
"a",
"good",
"building",
"should",
"satisfy",
"the",
"three",
"principles",
"of",
"firmitas",
",",
"utilitas",
",",
"venustas",
",",
"commonly",
"known",
"by",
"the",
"original",
"translation",
"–",
"firmness",
",",
"commodity",
"and",
"delight",
".",
"An",
"equivalent",
"in",
"modern",
"English",
"would",
"be",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
23,
31,
36,
39,
43,
51,
54,
67,
70,
73,
85,
87,
90,
94,
100,
110,
120,
123,
127,
133,
137,
145,
147,
149,
159,
162,
171,
173,
175,
180,
189,
196,
204,
208,
214,
225,
228,
236,
238,
246,
248,
256,
258,
267,
273,
276,
280,
289,
301,
303,
311,
313,
323,
327,
334,
336,
339,
350,
353,
360,
368,
374,
376
]
} | d2822067071f46bdb9ba76dba9edbeff | What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"were",
"Vitruvius",
"'",
"three",
"principles",
"for",
"a",
"well",
"made",
"building",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
19,
21,
27,
38,
42,
44,
49,
54,
62
]
} | {
"text": [
"firmitas, utilitas, venustas"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
228
],
"end": [
255
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
39
],
"end": [
43
]
}
]
} | [
"firmitas, utilitas, venustas"
] |
SQuAD | The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be: | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"earliest",
"surviving",
"written",
"work",
"on",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"architecture",
"is",
"De",
"architectura",
",",
"by",
"the",
"Roman",
"architect",
"Vitruvius",
"in",
"the",
"early",
"1st",
"century",
"AD",
".",
"According",
"to",
"Vitruvius",
",",
"a",
"good",
"building",
"should",
"satisfy",
"the",
"three",
"principles",
"of",
"firmitas",
",",
"utilitas",
",",
"venustas",
",",
"commonly",
"known",
"by",
"the",
"original",
"translation",
"–",
"firmness",
",",
"commodity",
"and",
"delight",
".",
"An",
"equivalent",
"in",
"modern",
"English",
"would",
"be",
":"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
23,
31,
36,
39,
43,
51,
54,
67,
70,
73,
85,
87,
90,
94,
100,
110,
120,
123,
127,
133,
137,
145,
147,
149,
159,
162,
171,
173,
175,
180,
189,
196,
204,
208,
214,
225,
228,
236,
238,
246,
248,
256,
258,
267,
273,
276,
280,
289,
301,
303,
311,
313,
323,
327,
334,
336,
339,
350,
353,
360,
368,
374,
376
]
} | 39c598a0518243dcb3276dace4c4b0b4 | What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"commonly",
"seen",
"English",
"translation",
"of",
"the",
"three",
"principles",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
21,
26,
34,
46,
49,
53,
59,
69
]
} | {
"text": [
"firmness, commodity and delight"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
303
],
"end": [
333
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
52
],
"end": [
56
]
}
]
} | [
"firmness, commodity and delight"
] |
SQuAD | Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches has essentially been a see-saw struggle between Congress and the president. Both have had periods of great power and weakness such as immediately after the Civil War when republicans had a majority in Congress and were able to pass major legislation and shoot down most of the president's vetoes. They also passed acts to essentially make the president subordinate to Congress, such as the Tenure of Office Act. Johnson's later impeachment also cost the presidency much political power. However the president has also exercised greater power largely during the 20th century. Both Roosevelts greatly expanded the powers of the president and wielded great power during their terms. | {
"tokens": [
"Throughout",
"America",
"'s",
"history",
"dominance",
"of",
"one",
"of",
"the",
"three",
"branches",
"has",
"essentially",
"been",
"a",
"see",
"-",
"saw",
"struggle",
"between",
"Congress",
"and",
"the",
"president",
".",
"Both",
"have",
"had",
"periods",
"of",
"great",
"power",
"and",
"weakness",
"such",
"as",
"immediately",
"after",
"the",
"Civil",
"War",
"when",
"republicans",
"had",
"a",
"majority",
"in",
"Congress",
"and",
"were",
"able",
"to",
"pass",
"major",
"legislation",
"and",
"shoot",
"down",
"most",
"of",
"the",
"president",
"'s",
"vetoes",
".",
"They",
"also",
"passed",
"acts",
"to",
"essentially",
"make",
"the",
"president",
"subordinate",
"to",
"Congress",
",",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"Tenure",
"of",
"Office",
"Act",
".",
"Johnson",
"'s",
"later",
"impeachment",
"also",
"cost",
"the",
"presidency",
"much",
"political",
"power",
".",
"However",
"the",
"president",
"has",
"also",
"exercised",
"greater",
"power",
"largely",
"during",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
".",
"Both",
"Roosevelts",
"greatly",
"expanded",
"the",
"powers",
"of",
"the",
"president",
"and",
"wielded",
"great",
"power",
"during",
"their",
"terms",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
18,
21,
29,
39,
42,
46,
49,
53,
59,
68,
72,
84,
89,
91,
94,
95,
99,
108,
116,
125,
129,
133,
142,
144,
149,
154,
158,
166,
169,
175,
181,
185,
194,
199,
202,
214,
220,
224,
230,
234,
239,
251,
255,
257,
266,
269,
278,
282,
287,
292,
295,
300,
306,
318,
322,
328,
333,
338,
341,
345,
354,
357,
363,
365,
370,
375,
382,
387,
390,
402,
407,
411,
421,
433,
436,
444,
446,
451,
454,
458,
465,
468,
475,
478,
480,
487,
490,
496,
508,
513,
518,
522,
533,
538,
548,
553,
555,
563,
567,
577,
581,
586,
596,
604,
610,
618,
625,
629,
634,
641,
643,
648,
659,
667,
676,
680,
687,
690,
694,
704,
708,
716,
722,
728,
735,
741,
746
]
} | 8a2f646182d548ae919adecae43895c1 | Immediately following the civil war which branch of government was seen to have the greater amount of power? | {
"tokens": [
"Immediately",
"following",
"the",
"civil",
"war",
"which",
"branch",
"of",
"government",
"was",
"seen",
"to",
"have",
"the",
"greater",
"amount",
"of",
"power",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
12,
22,
26,
32,
36,
42,
49,
52,
63,
67,
72,
75,
80,
84,
92,
99,
102,
107
]
} | {
"text": [
"Congress"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
116
],
"end": [
123
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
20
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"Congress"
] |
SQuAD | In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"the",
"late",
"20th",
"century",
"a",
"new",
"concept",
"was",
"added",
"to",
"those",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"compass",
"of",
"both",
"structure",
"and",
"function",
",",
"the",
"consideration",
"of",
"sustainability",
",",
"hence",
"sustainable",
"architecture",
".",
"To",
"satisfy",
"the",
"contemporary",
"ethos",
"a",
"building",
"should",
"be",
"constructed",
"in",
"a",
"manner",
"which",
"is",
"environmentally",
"friendly",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"the",
"production",
"of",
"its",
"materials",
",",
"its",
"impact",
"upon",
"the",
"natural",
"and",
"built",
"environment",
"of",
"its",
"surrounding",
"area",
"and",
"the",
"demands",
"that",
"it",
"makes",
"upon",
"non",
"-",
"sustainable",
"power",
"sources",
"for",
"heating",
",",
"cooling",
",",
"water",
"and",
"waste",
"management",
"and",
"lighting",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
12,
17,
25,
27,
31,
39,
43,
49,
52,
58,
67,
70,
74,
82,
85,
90,
100,
104,
112,
114,
118,
132,
135,
149,
151,
157,
169,
181,
183,
186,
194,
198,
211,
217,
219,
228,
235,
238,
250,
253,
255,
262,
268,
271,
287,
296,
299,
305,
308,
312,
323,
326,
330,
339,
341,
345,
352,
357,
361,
369,
373,
379,
391,
394,
398,
410,
415,
419,
423,
431,
436,
439,
445,
450,
453,
454,
466,
472,
480,
484,
491,
493,
500,
502,
508,
512,
518,
529,
533,
541
]
} | 91a22b4005d54343991bb4e356326374 | When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"the",
"conecept",
",",
"Sustainable",
"architecture",
"used",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
21,
23,
35,
48,
52
]
} | {
"text": [
"late 20th century"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
7
],
"end": [
23
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
2
],
"end": [
4
]
}
]
} | [
"late 20th century"
] |
SQuAD | In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"the",
"late",
"20th",
"century",
"a",
"new",
"concept",
"was",
"added",
"to",
"those",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"compass",
"of",
"both",
"structure",
"and",
"function",
",",
"the",
"consideration",
"of",
"sustainability",
",",
"hence",
"sustainable",
"architecture",
".",
"To",
"satisfy",
"the",
"contemporary",
"ethos",
"a",
"building",
"should",
"be",
"constructed",
"in",
"a",
"manner",
"which",
"is",
"environmentally",
"friendly",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"the",
"production",
"of",
"its",
"materials",
",",
"its",
"impact",
"upon",
"the",
"natural",
"and",
"built",
"environment",
"of",
"its",
"surrounding",
"area",
"and",
"the",
"demands",
"that",
"it",
"makes",
"upon",
"non",
"-",
"sustainable",
"power",
"sources",
"for",
"heating",
",",
"cooling",
",",
"water",
"and",
"waste",
"management",
"and",
"lighting",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
12,
17,
25,
27,
31,
39,
43,
49,
52,
58,
67,
70,
74,
82,
85,
90,
100,
104,
112,
114,
118,
132,
135,
149,
151,
157,
169,
181,
183,
186,
194,
198,
211,
217,
219,
228,
235,
238,
250,
253,
255,
262,
268,
271,
287,
296,
299,
305,
308,
312,
323,
326,
330,
339,
341,
345,
352,
357,
361,
369,
373,
379,
391,
394,
398,
410,
415,
419,
423,
431,
436,
439,
445,
450,
453,
454,
466,
472,
480,
484,
491,
493,
500,
502,
508,
512,
518,
529,
533,
541
]
} | af19b9e8800b4272ab973c5cd22209b1 | What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"novel",
"concept",
"was",
"introduced",
"at",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"20th",
"century",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
11,
19,
23,
34,
37,
41,
45,
48,
52,
57,
64
]
} | {
"text": [
"sustainability"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
135
],
"end": [
148
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
25
],
"end": [
25
]
}
]
} | [
"sustainability"
] |
SQuAD | In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting. | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"the",
"late",
"20th",
"century",
"a",
"new",
"concept",
"was",
"added",
"to",
"those",
"included",
"in",
"the",
"compass",
"of",
"both",
"structure",
"and",
"function",
",",
"the",
"consideration",
"of",
"sustainability",
",",
"hence",
"sustainable",
"architecture",
".",
"To",
"satisfy",
"the",
"contemporary",
"ethos",
"a",
"building",
"should",
"be",
"constructed",
"in",
"a",
"manner",
"which",
"is",
"environmentally",
"friendly",
"in",
"terms",
"of",
"the",
"production",
"of",
"its",
"materials",
",",
"its",
"impact",
"upon",
"the",
"natural",
"and",
"built",
"environment",
"of",
"its",
"surrounding",
"area",
"and",
"the",
"demands",
"that",
"it",
"makes",
"upon",
"non",
"-",
"sustainable",
"power",
"sources",
"for",
"heating",
",",
"cooling",
",",
"water",
"and",
"waste",
"management",
"and",
"lighting",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
7,
12,
17,
25,
27,
31,
39,
43,
49,
52,
58,
67,
70,
74,
82,
85,
90,
100,
104,
112,
114,
118,
132,
135,
149,
151,
157,
169,
181,
183,
186,
194,
198,
211,
217,
219,
228,
235,
238,
250,
253,
255,
262,
268,
271,
287,
296,
299,
305,
308,
312,
323,
326,
330,
339,
341,
345,
352,
357,
361,
369,
373,
379,
391,
394,
398,
410,
415,
419,
423,
431,
436,
439,
445,
450,
453,
454,
466,
472,
480,
484,
491,
493,
500,
502,
508,
512,
518,
529,
533,
541
]
} | 3d2c3c95ac744f7ca9e26f0f729d08c0 | What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"sort",
"of",
"power",
"sources",
"should",
"a",
"building",
"not",
"overuse",
"if",
"the",
"building",
"is",
"to",
"be",
"considered",
"environmentally",
"friendly",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
19,
27,
34,
36,
45,
49,
57,
60,
64,
73,
76,
79,
82,
93,
109,
117
]
} | {
"text": [
"non-sustainable power sources"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
450
],
"end": [
478
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
76
],
"end": [
80
]
}
]
} | [
"non-sustainable power sources"
] |
SQuAD | While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. | {
"tokens": [
"While",
"the",
"notion",
"that",
"structural",
"and",
"aesthetic",
"considerations",
"should",
"be",
"entirely",
"subject",
"to",
"functionality",
"was",
"met",
"with",
"both",
"popularity",
"and",
"skepticism",
",",
"it",
"had",
"the",
"effect",
"of",
"introducing",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"\"",
"function",
"\"",
"in",
"place",
"of",
"Vitruvius",
"'",
"\"",
"utility",
"\"",
".",
"\"",
"Function",
"\"",
"came",
"to",
"be",
"seen",
"as",
"encompassing",
"all",
"criteria",
"of",
"the",
"use",
",",
"perception",
"and",
"enjoyment",
"of",
"a",
"building",
",",
"not",
"only",
"practical",
"but",
"also",
"aesthetic",
",",
"psychological",
"and",
"cultural",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
17,
22,
33,
37,
47,
62,
69,
72,
81,
89,
92,
106,
110,
114,
119,
124,
135,
139,
149,
151,
154,
158,
162,
169,
172,
184,
188,
196,
199,
200,
208,
210,
213,
219,
222,
231,
233,
234,
241,
242,
244,
245,
253,
255,
260,
263,
266,
271,
274,
287,
291,
300,
303,
307,
310,
312,
323,
327,
337,
340,
342,
350,
352,
356,
361,
371,
375,
380,
389,
391,
405,
409,
417
]
} | 52318bc419174f969756e882d0662c58 | What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"term",
"replaced",
"Vitruvius",
"'",
"term",
"\"",
"utility",
"\"",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
19,
28,
30,
35,
36,
43,
44
]
} | {
"text": [
"Function"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
245
],
"end": [
252
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
44
],
"end": [
44
]
}
]
} | [
"Function"
] |
SQuAD | While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. | {
"tokens": [
"While",
"the",
"notion",
"that",
"structural",
"and",
"aesthetic",
"considerations",
"should",
"be",
"entirely",
"subject",
"to",
"functionality",
"was",
"met",
"with",
"both",
"popularity",
"and",
"skepticism",
",",
"it",
"had",
"the",
"effect",
"of",
"introducing",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"\"",
"function",
"\"",
"in",
"place",
"of",
"Vitruvius",
"'",
"\"",
"utility",
"\"",
".",
"\"",
"Function",
"\"",
"came",
"to",
"be",
"seen",
"as",
"encompassing",
"all",
"criteria",
"of",
"the",
"use",
",",
"perception",
"and",
"enjoyment",
"of",
"a",
"building",
",",
"not",
"only",
"practical",
"but",
"also",
"aesthetic",
",",
"psychological",
"and",
"cultural",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
17,
22,
33,
37,
47,
62,
69,
72,
81,
89,
92,
106,
110,
114,
119,
124,
135,
139,
149,
151,
154,
158,
162,
169,
172,
184,
188,
196,
199,
200,
208,
210,
213,
219,
222,
231,
233,
234,
241,
242,
244,
245,
253,
255,
260,
263,
266,
271,
274,
287,
291,
300,
303,
307,
310,
312,
323,
327,
337,
340,
342,
350,
352,
356,
361,
371,
375,
380,
389,
391,
405,
409,
417
]
} | 509777b484524ba8a2173c96e75e9115 | In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"being",
"practically",
"useful",
"what",
"other",
"aspects",
"did",
"a",
"building",
"need",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"be",
"considered",
"functional",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
12,
15,
21,
33,
40,
45,
51,
59,
63,
65,
74,
79,
82,
88,
91,
94,
105,
115
]
} | {
"text": [
"aesthetic, psychological and cultural"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
380
],
"end": [
416
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
70
],
"end": [
74
]
}
]
} | [
"aesthetic, psychological and cultural"
] |
SQuAD | While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. | {
"tokens": [
"While",
"the",
"notion",
"that",
"structural",
"and",
"aesthetic",
"considerations",
"should",
"be",
"entirely",
"subject",
"to",
"functionality",
"was",
"met",
"with",
"both",
"popularity",
"and",
"skepticism",
",",
"it",
"had",
"the",
"effect",
"of",
"introducing",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"\"",
"function",
"\"",
"in",
"place",
"of",
"Vitruvius",
"'",
"\"",
"utility",
"\"",
".",
"\"",
"Function",
"\"",
"came",
"to",
"be",
"seen",
"as",
"encompassing",
"all",
"criteria",
"of",
"the",
"use",
",",
"perception",
"and",
"enjoyment",
"of",
"a",
"building",
",",
"not",
"only",
"practical",
"but",
"also",
"aesthetic",
",",
"psychological",
"and",
"cultural",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
17,
22,
33,
37,
47,
62,
69,
72,
81,
89,
92,
106,
110,
114,
119,
124,
135,
139,
149,
151,
154,
158,
162,
169,
172,
184,
188,
196,
199,
200,
208,
210,
213,
219,
222,
231,
233,
234,
241,
242,
244,
245,
253,
255,
260,
263,
266,
271,
274,
287,
291,
300,
303,
307,
310,
312,
323,
327,
337,
340,
342,
350,
352,
356,
361,
371,
375,
380,
389,
391,
405,
409,
417
]
} | 0a02c1b31a584e50894854d738d536bf | Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace? | {
"tokens": [
"Whose",
"concept",
"of",
"utility",
"did",
"the",
"more",
"modern",
"concept",
"of",
"function",
"replace",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
14,
17,
25,
29,
33,
38,
45,
53,
56,
65,
72
]
} | {
"text": [
"Vitruvius"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
222
],
"end": [
230
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
37
],
"end": [
37
]
}
]
} | [
"Vitruvius"
] |
SQuAD | While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. | {
"tokens": [
"While",
"the",
"notion",
"that",
"structural",
"and",
"aesthetic",
"considerations",
"should",
"be",
"entirely",
"subject",
"to",
"functionality",
"was",
"met",
"with",
"both",
"popularity",
"and",
"skepticism",
",",
"it",
"had",
"the",
"effect",
"of",
"introducing",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"\"",
"function",
"\"",
"in",
"place",
"of",
"Vitruvius",
"'",
"\"",
"utility",
"\"",
".",
"\"",
"Function",
"\"",
"came",
"to",
"be",
"seen",
"as",
"encompassing",
"all",
"criteria",
"of",
"the",
"use",
",",
"perception",
"and",
"enjoyment",
"of",
"a",
"building",
",",
"not",
"only",
"practical",
"but",
"also",
"aesthetic",
",",
"psychological",
"and",
"cultural",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
17,
22,
33,
37,
47,
62,
69,
72,
81,
89,
92,
106,
110,
114,
119,
124,
135,
139,
149,
151,
154,
158,
162,
169,
172,
184,
188,
196,
199,
200,
208,
210,
213,
219,
222,
231,
233,
234,
241,
242,
244,
245,
253,
255,
260,
263,
266,
271,
274,
287,
291,
300,
303,
307,
310,
312,
323,
327,
337,
340,
342,
350,
352,
356,
361,
371,
375,
380,
389,
391,
405,
409,
417
]
} | e9bc9b9b5a3647d49062e3300e0e7f7e | What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"aspects",
"of",
"a",
"building",
"were",
"considered",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"larger",
"concept",
"of",
"function",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
13,
16,
18,
27,
32,
43,
48,
51,
55,
62,
70,
73,
81
]
} | {
"text": [
"all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
287
],
"end": [
349
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
52
],
"end": [
63
]
}
]
} | [
"all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building"
] |
SQuAD | While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural. | {
"tokens": [
"While",
"the",
"notion",
"that",
"structural",
"and",
"aesthetic",
"considerations",
"should",
"be",
"entirely",
"subject",
"to",
"functionality",
"was",
"met",
"with",
"both",
"popularity",
"and",
"skepticism",
",",
"it",
"had",
"the",
"effect",
"of",
"introducing",
"the",
"concept",
"of",
"\"",
"function",
"\"",
"in",
"place",
"of",
"Vitruvius",
"'",
"\"",
"utility",
"\"",
".",
"\"",
"Function",
"\"",
"came",
"to",
"be",
"seen",
"as",
"encompassing",
"all",
"criteria",
"of",
"the",
"use",
",",
"perception",
"and",
"enjoyment",
"of",
"a",
"building",
",",
"not",
"only",
"practical",
"but",
"also",
"aesthetic",
",",
"psychological",
"and",
"cultural",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
10,
17,
22,
33,
37,
47,
62,
69,
72,
81,
89,
92,
106,
110,
114,
119,
124,
135,
139,
149,
151,
154,
158,
162,
169,
172,
184,
188,
196,
199,
200,
208,
210,
213,
219,
222,
231,
233,
234,
241,
242,
244,
245,
253,
255,
260,
263,
266,
271,
274,
287,
291,
300,
303,
307,
310,
312,
323,
327,
337,
340,
342,
350,
352,
356,
361,
371,
375,
380,
389,
391,
405,
409,
417
]
} | 98823bec28384bbd92b67aa9f4ca3e89 | What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"were",
"the",
"reactions",
"to",
"the",
"idea",
"that",
"function",
"should",
"come",
"before",
"other",
"concerns",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
14,
24,
27,
31,
36,
41,
50,
57,
62,
69,
75,
83
]
} | {
"text": [
"both popularity and skepticism"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
119
],
"end": [
148
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
17
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"both popularity and skepticism"
] |
SQuAD | Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination. | {
"tokens": [
"Johnson",
"'s",
"impeachment",
"was",
"perceived",
"to",
"have",
"done",
"great",
"damage",
"to",
"the",
"presidency",
",",
"which",
"came",
"to",
"be",
"almost",
"subordinate",
"to",
"Congress",
".",
"Some",
"believed",
"that",
"the",
"president",
"would",
"become",
"a",
"mere",
"figurehead",
",",
"with",
"the",
"Speaker",
"of",
"the",
"House",
"of",
"Representatives",
"becoming",
"a",
"de",
"facto",
"Prime",
"Minister",
".",
"Grover",
"Cleveland",
",",
"the",
"first",
"Democratic",
"President",
"following",
"Johnson",
",",
"attempted",
"to",
"restore",
"the",
"power",
"of",
"his",
"office",
".",
"During",
"his",
"first",
"term",
",",
"he",
"vetoed",
"over",
"four",
"hundred",
"bills",
"—",
"twice",
"as",
"many",
"bills",
"as",
"his",
"twenty",
"-",
"one",
"predecessors",
"combined",
".",
"He",
"also",
"began",
"to",
"suspend",
"bureaucrats",
"who",
"were",
"appointed",
"as",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"the",
"patronage",
"system",
",",
"replacing",
"them",
"with",
"more",
"\"",
"deserving",
"\"",
"individuals",
".",
"The",
"Senate",
",",
"however",
",",
"refused",
"to",
"confirm",
"many",
"new",
"nominations",
",",
"instead",
"demanding",
"that",
"Cleveland",
"turn",
"over",
"the",
"confidential",
"records",
"relating",
"to",
"the",
"suspensions",
".",
"Cleveland",
"steadfastly",
"refused",
",",
"asserting",
",",
"\"",
"These",
"suspensions",
"are",
"my",
"executive",
"acts",
"...",
"I",
"am",
"not",
"responsible",
"to",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"and",
"I",
"am",
"unwilling",
"to",
"submit",
"my",
"actions",
"to",
"them",
"for",
"judgment",
".",
"\"",
"Cleveland",
"'s",
"popular",
"support",
"forced",
"the",
"Senate",
"to",
"back",
"down",
"and",
"confirm",
"the",
"nominees",
".",
"Furthermore",
",",
"Congress",
"finally",
"repealed",
"the",
"controversial",
"Tenure",
"of",
"Office",
"Act",
"that",
"had",
"been",
"passed",
"during",
"the",
"Johnson",
"Administration",
".",
"Overall",
",",
"this",
"meant",
"that",
"Cleveland",
"'s",
"Administration",
"marked",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"presidential",
"subordination",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
10,
22,
26,
36,
39,
44,
49,
55,
62,
65,
69,
79,
81,
87,
92,
95,
98,
105,
117,
120,
128,
130,
135,
144,
149,
153,
163,
169,
176,
178,
183,
193,
195,
200,
204,
212,
215,
219,
225,
228,
244,
253,
255,
258,
264,
270,
278,
280,
287,
296,
298,
302,
308,
319,
329,
339,
346,
348,
358,
361,
369,
373,
379,
382,
386,
392,
394,
401,
405,
411,
415,
417,
420,
427,
432,
437,
445,
450,
451,
457,
460,
465,
471,
474,
478,
484,
485,
489,
502,
510,
512,
515,
520,
526,
529,
537,
549,
553,
558,
568,
571,
573,
580,
583,
587,
597,
603,
605,
615,
620,
625,
630,
631,
640,
642,
653,
655,
659,
665,
667,
674,
676,
684,
687,
695,
700,
704,
715,
717,
725,
735,
740,
750,
755,
760,
764,
777,
785,
794,
797,
801,
812,
814,
824,
836,
843,
845,
854,
856,
857,
863,
875,
879,
882,
892,
897,
901,
903,
906,
910,
922,
925,
929,
935,
937,
941,
943,
946,
956,
959,
966,
969,
977,
980,
985,
989,
997,
998,
1000,
1009,
1012,
1020,
1028,
1035,
1039,
1046,
1049,
1054,
1059,
1063,
1071,
1075,
1083,
1085,
1096,
1098,
1107,
1115,
1124,
1128,
1142,
1149,
1152,
1159,
1163,
1168,
1172,
1177,
1184,
1191,
1195,
1203,
1217,
1219,
1226,
1228,
1233,
1239,
1244,
1253,
1256,
1271,
1278,
1282,
1286,
1289,
1302,
1315
]
} | fa2cf32c3974456f8c01c3838ad2038f | Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"president",
"to",
"veto",
"over",
"400",
"bills",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
12,
18,
28,
31,
36,
41,
45,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"Grover Cleveland"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
280
],
"end": [
295
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
49
],
"end": [
50
]
}
]
} | [
"Grover Cleveland"
] |
SQuAD | Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination. | {
"tokens": [
"Johnson",
"'s",
"impeachment",
"was",
"perceived",
"to",
"have",
"done",
"great",
"damage",
"to",
"the",
"presidency",
",",
"which",
"came",
"to",
"be",
"almost",
"subordinate",
"to",
"Congress",
".",
"Some",
"believed",
"that",
"the",
"president",
"would",
"become",
"a",
"mere",
"figurehead",
",",
"with",
"the",
"Speaker",
"of",
"the",
"House",
"of",
"Representatives",
"becoming",
"a",
"de",
"facto",
"Prime",
"Minister",
".",
"Grover",
"Cleveland",
",",
"the",
"first",
"Democratic",
"President",
"following",
"Johnson",
",",
"attempted",
"to",
"restore",
"the",
"power",
"of",
"his",
"office",
".",
"During",
"his",
"first",
"term",
",",
"he",
"vetoed",
"over",
"four",
"hundred",
"bills",
"—",
"twice",
"as",
"many",
"bills",
"as",
"his",
"twenty",
"-",
"one",
"predecessors",
"combined",
".",
"He",
"also",
"began",
"to",
"suspend",
"bureaucrats",
"who",
"were",
"appointed",
"as",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"the",
"patronage",
"system",
",",
"replacing",
"them",
"with",
"more",
"\"",
"deserving",
"\"",
"individuals",
".",
"The",
"Senate",
",",
"however",
",",
"refused",
"to",
"confirm",
"many",
"new",
"nominations",
",",
"instead",
"demanding",
"that",
"Cleveland",
"turn",
"over",
"the",
"confidential",
"records",
"relating",
"to",
"the",
"suspensions",
".",
"Cleveland",
"steadfastly",
"refused",
",",
"asserting",
",",
"\"",
"These",
"suspensions",
"are",
"my",
"executive",
"acts",
"...",
"I",
"am",
"not",
"responsible",
"to",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"and",
"I",
"am",
"unwilling",
"to",
"submit",
"my",
"actions",
"to",
"them",
"for",
"judgment",
".",
"\"",
"Cleveland",
"'s",
"popular",
"support",
"forced",
"the",
"Senate",
"to",
"back",
"down",
"and",
"confirm",
"the",
"nominees",
".",
"Furthermore",
",",
"Congress",
"finally",
"repealed",
"the",
"controversial",
"Tenure",
"of",
"Office",
"Act",
"that",
"had",
"been",
"passed",
"during",
"the",
"Johnson",
"Administration",
".",
"Overall",
",",
"this",
"meant",
"that",
"Cleveland",
"'s",
"Administration",
"marked",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"presidential",
"subordination",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
10,
22,
26,
36,
39,
44,
49,
55,
62,
65,
69,
79,
81,
87,
92,
95,
98,
105,
117,
120,
128,
130,
135,
144,
149,
153,
163,
169,
176,
178,
183,
193,
195,
200,
204,
212,
215,
219,
225,
228,
244,
253,
255,
258,
264,
270,
278,
280,
287,
296,
298,
302,
308,
319,
329,
339,
346,
348,
358,
361,
369,
373,
379,
382,
386,
392,
394,
401,
405,
411,
415,
417,
420,
427,
432,
437,
445,
450,
451,
457,
460,
465,
471,
474,
478,
484,
485,
489,
502,
510,
512,
515,
520,
526,
529,
537,
549,
553,
558,
568,
571,
573,
580,
583,
587,
597,
603,
605,
615,
620,
625,
630,
631,
640,
642,
653,
655,
659,
665,
667,
674,
676,
684,
687,
695,
700,
704,
715,
717,
725,
735,
740,
750,
755,
760,
764,
777,
785,
794,
797,
801,
812,
814,
824,
836,
843,
845,
854,
856,
857,
863,
875,
879,
882,
892,
897,
901,
903,
906,
910,
922,
925,
929,
935,
937,
941,
943,
946,
956,
959,
966,
969,
977,
980,
985,
989,
997,
998,
1000,
1009,
1012,
1020,
1028,
1035,
1039,
1046,
1049,
1054,
1059,
1063,
1071,
1075,
1083,
1085,
1096,
1098,
1107,
1115,
1124,
1128,
1142,
1149,
1152,
1159,
1163,
1168,
1172,
1177,
1184,
1191,
1195,
1203,
1217,
1219,
1226,
1228,
1233,
1239,
1244,
1253,
1256,
1271,
1278,
1282,
1286,
1289,
1302,
1315
]
} | 53cb57e498fd474b9b499733e1fcbcae | Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? | {
"tokens": [
"Under",
"which",
"President",
"was",
"the",
"Tenure",
"of",
"Office",
"Act",
"repealed",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
12,
22,
26,
30,
37,
40,
47,
51,
59
]
} | {
"text": [
"Grover Cleveland"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
280
],
"end": [
295
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
49
],
"end": [
50
]
}
]
} | [
"Grover Cleveland"
] |
SQuAD | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Professional",
"Lighting",
"And",
"Sound",
"Association",
"(",
"PLASA",
")",
"is",
"a",
"UK",
"-",
"based",
"trade",
"organisation",
"representing",
"the",
"500",
"+",
"individual",
"and",
"corporate",
"members",
"drawn",
"from",
"the",
"technical",
"services",
"sector",
".",
"Its",
"members",
"include",
"manufacturers",
"and",
"distributors",
"of",
"stage",
"and",
"entertainment",
"lighting",
",",
"sound",
",",
"rigging",
"and",
"similar",
"products",
"and",
"services",
",",
"and",
"affiliated",
"professionals",
"in",
"the",
"area",
".",
"They",
"lobby",
"for",
"and",
"represent",
"the",
"interests",
"of",
"the",
"industry",
"at",
"various",
"levels",
",",
"interacting",
"with",
"government",
"and",
"regulating",
"bodies",
"and",
"presenting",
"the",
"case",
"for",
"the",
"entertainment",
"industry",
".",
"Example",
"subjects",
"of",
"this",
"representation",
"include",
"the",
"ongoing",
"review",
"of",
"radio",
"frequencies",
"(",
"which",
"may",
"or",
"may",
"not",
"affect",
"the",
"radio",
"bands",
"in",
"which",
"wireless",
"microphones",
"and",
"other",
"devices",
"use",
")",
"and",
"engaging",
"with",
"the",
"issues",
"surrounding",
"the",
"introduction",
"of",
"the",
"RoHS",
"(",
"Restriction",
"of",
"Hazardous",
"Substances",
"Directive",
")",
"regulations",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
17,
26,
30,
36,
48,
49,
54,
56,
59,
61,
63,
64,
70,
76,
89,
102,
106,
109,
111,
122,
126,
136,
144,
150,
155,
159,
169,
178,
184,
186,
190,
198,
206,
220,
224,
237,
240,
246,
250,
264,
272,
274,
279,
281,
289,
293,
301,
310,
314,
322,
324,
328,
339,
353,
356,
360,
364,
366,
371,
377,
381,
385,
395,
399,
409,
412,
416,
425,
428,
436,
442,
444,
456,
461,
472,
476,
487,
494,
498,
509,
513,
518,
522,
526,
540,
548,
550,
558,
567,
570,
575,
590,
598,
602,
610,
617,
620,
626,
638,
639,
645,
649,
652,
656,
660,
667,
671,
677,
683,
686,
692,
701,
713,
717,
723,
731,
734,
736,
740,
749,
754,
758,
765,
777,
781,
794,
797,
801,
806,
807,
819,
822,
832,
843,
852,
854,
865
]
} | da2ba0e80fb845c48d3a1e72edbaeff1 | What does PLASA stand for? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"PLASA",
"stand",
"for",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
16,
22,
25
]
} | {
"text": [
"The Professional Lighting And Sound Association"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
4
],
"end": [
46
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
1
],
"end": [
5
]
}
]
} | [
"The Professional Lighting And Sound Association"
] |
SQuAD | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Professional",
"Lighting",
"And",
"Sound",
"Association",
"(",
"PLASA",
")",
"is",
"a",
"UK",
"-",
"based",
"trade",
"organisation",
"representing",
"the",
"500",
"+",
"individual",
"and",
"corporate",
"members",
"drawn",
"from",
"the",
"technical",
"services",
"sector",
".",
"Its",
"members",
"include",
"manufacturers",
"and",
"distributors",
"of",
"stage",
"and",
"entertainment",
"lighting",
",",
"sound",
",",
"rigging",
"and",
"similar",
"products",
"and",
"services",
",",
"and",
"affiliated",
"professionals",
"in",
"the",
"area",
".",
"They",
"lobby",
"for",
"and",
"represent",
"the",
"interests",
"of",
"the",
"industry",
"at",
"various",
"levels",
",",
"interacting",
"with",
"government",
"and",
"regulating",
"bodies",
"and",
"presenting",
"the",
"case",
"for",
"the",
"entertainment",
"industry",
".",
"Example",
"subjects",
"of",
"this",
"representation",
"include",
"the",
"ongoing",
"review",
"of",
"radio",
"frequencies",
"(",
"which",
"may",
"or",
"may",
"not",
"affect",
"the",
"radio",
"bands",
"in",
"which",
"wireless",
"microphones",
"and",
"other",
"devices",
"use",
")",
"and",
"engaging",
"with",
"the",
"issues",
"surrounding",
"the",
"introduction",
"of",
"the",
"RoHS",
"(",
"Restriction",
"of",
"Hazardous",
"Substances",
"Directive",
")",
"regulations",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
17,
26,
30,
36,
48,
49,
54,
56,
59,
61,
63,
64,
70,
76,
89,
102,
106,
109,
111,
122,
126,
136,
144,
150,
155,
159,
169,
178,
184,
186,
190,
198,
206,
220,
224,
237,
240,
246,
250,
264,
272,
274,
279,
281,
289,
293,
301,
310,
314,
322,
324,
328,
339,
353,
356,
360,
364,
366,
371,
377,
381,
385,
395,
399,
409,
412,
416,
425,
428,
436,
442,
444,
456,
461,
472,
476,
487,
494,
498,
509,
513,
518,
522,
526,
540,
548,
550,
558,
567,
570,
575,
590,
598,
602,
610,
617,
620,
626,
638,
639,
645,
649,
652,
656,
660,
667,
671,
677,
683,
686,
692,
701,
713,
717,
723,
731,
734,
736,
740,
749,
754,
758,
765,
777,
781,
794,
797,
801,
806,
807,
819,
822,
832,
843,
852,
854,
865
]
} | e7ba7c8d726742a5bdaeb1a3669a452a | Where is PLASA based? | {
"tokens": [
"Where",
"is",
"PLASA",
"based",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
9,
15,
20
]
} | {
"text": [
"UK"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
61
],
"end": [
62
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
11
],
"end": [
11
]
}
]
} | [
"UK"
] |
SQuAD | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Professional",
"Lighting",
"And",
"Sound",
"Association",
"(",
"PLASA",
")",
"is",
"a",
"UK",
"-",
"based",
"trade",
"organisation",
"representing",
"the",
"500",
"+",
"individual",
"and",
"corporate",
"members",
"drawn",
"from",
"the",
"technical",
"services",
"sector",
".",
"Its",
"members",
"include",
"manufacturers",
"and",
"distributors",
"of",
"stage",
"and",
"entertainment",
"lighting",
",",
"sound",
",",
"rigging",
"and",
"similar",
"products",
"and",
"services",
",",
"and",
"affiliated",
"professionals",
"in",
"the",
"area",
".",
"They",
"lobby",
"for",
"and",
"represent",
"the",
"interests",
"of",
"the",
"industry",
"at",
"various",
"levels",
",",
"interacting",
"with",
"government",
"and",
"regulating",
"bodies",
"and",
"presenting",
"the",
"case",
"for",
"the",
"entertainment",
"industry",
".",
"Example",
"subjects",
"of",
"this",
"representation",
"include",
"the",
"ongoing",
"review",
"of",
"radio",
"frequencies",
"(",
"which",
"may",
"or",
"may",
"not",
"affect",
"the",
"radio",
"bands",
"in",
"which",
"wireless",
"microphones",
"and",
"other",
"devices",
"use",
")",
"and",
"engaging",
"with",
"the",
"issues",
"surrounding",
"the",
"introduction",
"of",
"the",
"RoHS",
"(",
"Restriction",
"of",
"Hazardous",
"Substances",
"Directive",
")",
"regulations",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
17,
26,
30,
36,
48,
49,
54,
56,
59,
61,
63,
64,
70,
76,
89,
102,
106,
109,
111,
122,
126,
136,
144,
150,
155,
159,
169,
178,
184,
186,
190,
198,
206,
220,
224,
237,
240,
246,
250,
264,
272,
274,
279,
281,
289,
293,
301,
310,
314,
322,
324,
328,
339,
353,
356,
360,
364,
366,
371,
377,
381,
385,
395,
399,
409,
412,
416,
425,
428,
436,
442,
444,
456,
461,
472,
476,
487,
494,
498,
509,
513,
518,
522,
526,
540,
548,
550,
558,
567,
570,
575,
590,
598,
602,
610,
617,
620,
626,
638,
639,
645,
649,
652,
656,
660,
667,
671,
677,
683,
686,
692,
701,
713,
717,
723,
731,
734,
736,
740,
749,
754,
758,
765,
777,
781,
794,
797,
801,
806,
807,
819,
822,
832,
843,
852,
854,
865
]
} | e820d427b022461b9c11e60695a59c36 | How many individuals does PLASA represent? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"individuals",
"does",
"PLASA",
"represent",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
21,
26,
32,
41
]
} | {
"text": [
"500+"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
106
],
"end": [
109
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
18
],
"end": [
19
]
}
]
} | [
"500+"
] |
SQuAD | The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations. | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"Professional",
"Lighting",
"And",
"Sound",
"Association",
"(",
"PLASA",
")",
"is",
"a",
"UK",
"-",
"based",
"trade",
"organisation",
"representing",
"the",
"500",
"+",
"individual",
"and",
"corporate",
"members",
"drawn",
"from",
"the",
"technical",
"services",
"sector",
".",
"Its",
"members",
"include",
"manufacturers",
"and",
"distributors",
"of",
"stage",
"and",
"entertainment",
"lighting",
",",
"sound",
",",
"rigging",
"and",
"similar",
"products",
"and",
"services",
",",
"and",
"affiliated",
"professionals",
"in",
"the",
"area",
".",
"They",
"lobby",
"for",
"and",
"represent",
"the",
"interests",
"of",
"the",
"industry",
"at",
"various",
"levels",
",",
"interacting",
"with",
"government",
"and",
"regulating",
"bodies",
"and",
"presenting",
"the",
"case",
"for",
"the",
"entertainment",
"industry",
".",
"Example",
"subjects",
"of",
"this",
"representation",
"include",
"the",
"ongoing",
"review",
"of",
"radio",
"frequencies",
"(",
"which",
"may",
"or",
"may",
"not",
"affect",
"the",
"radio",
"bands",
"in",
"which",
"wireless",
"microphones",
"and",
"other",
"devices",
"use",
")",
"and",
"engaging",
"with",
"the",
"issues",
"surrounding",
"the",
"introduction",
"of",
"the",
"RoHS",
"(",
"Restriction",
"of",
"Hazardous",
"Substances",
"Directive",
")",
"regulations",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
17,
26,
30,
36,
48,
49,
54,
56,
59,
61,
63,
64,
70,
76,
89,
102,
106,
109,
111,
122,
126,
136,
144,
150,
155,
159,
169,
178,
184,
186,
190,
198,
206,
220,
224,
237,
240,
246,
250,
264,
272,
274,
279,
281,
289,
293,
301,
310,
314,
322,
324,
328,
339,
353,
356,
360,
364,
366,
371,
377,
381,
385,
395,
399,
409,
412,
416,
425,
428,
436,
442,
444,
456,
461,
472,
476,
487,
494,
498,
509,
513,
518,
522,
526,
540,
548,
550,
558,
567,
570,
575,
590,
598,
602,
610,
617,
620,
626,
638,
639,
645,
649,
652,
656,
660,
667,
671,
677,
683,
686,
692,
701,
713,
717,
723,
731,
734,
736,
740,
749,
754,
758,
765,
777,
781,
794,
797,
801,
806,
807,
819,
822,
832,
843,
852,
854,
865
]
} | 101558cf922d453a823e7eaa0189a11d | What does RoHS stand for? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"does",
"RoHS",
"stand",
"for",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
15,
21,
24
]
} | {
"text": [
"Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
807
],
"end": [
851
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
131
],
"end": [
135
]
}
]
} | [
"Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive"
] |
SQuAD | Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"of",
"Jackson",
"'s",
"successors",
"made",
"no",
"use",
"of",
"the",
"veto",
"power",
",",
"while",
"others",
"used",
"it",
"intermittently",
".",
"It",
"was",
"only",
"after",
"the",
"Civil",
"War",
"that",
"presidents",
"began",
"to",
"use",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"truly",
"counterbalance",
"Congress",
".",
"Andrew",
"Johnson",
",",
"a",
"Democrat",
",",
"vetoed",
"several",
"Reconstruction",
"bills",
"passed",
"by",
"the",
"\"",
"Radical",
"Republicans",
".",
"\"",
"Congress",
",",
"however",
",",
"managed",
"to",
"override",
"fifteen",
"of",
"Johnson",
"'s",
"twenty",
"-",
"nine",
"vetoes",
".",
"Furthermore",
",",
"it",
"attempted",
"to",
"curb",
"the",
"power",
"of",
"the",
"presidency",
"by",
"passing",
"the",
"Tenure",
"of",
"Office",
"Act",
".",
"The",
"Act",
"required",
"Senate",
"approval",
"for",
"the",
"dismissal",
"of",
"senior",
"Cabinet",
"officials",
".",
"When",
"Johnson",
"deliberately",
"violated",
"the",
"Act",
",",
"which",
"he",
"felt",
"was",
"unconstitutional",
"(",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"decisions",
"later",
"vindicated",
"such",
"a",
"position",
")",
",",
"the",
"House",
"of",
"Representatives",
"impeached",
"him",
";",
"he",
"was",
"acquitted",
"in",
"the",
"Senate",
"by",
"one",
"vote",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
15,
18,
29,
34,
37,
41,
44,
48,
53,
58,
60,
66,
73,
78,
81,
95,
97,
100,
104,
109,
115,
119,
125,
129,
134,
145,
151,
154,
158,
162,
168,
171,
177,
192,
200,
202,
209,
216,
218,
220,
228,
230,
237,
245,
260,
266,
273,
276,
280,
281,
289,
300,
301,
303,
311,
313,
320,
322,
330,
333,
342,
350,
353,
360,
363,
369,
370,
375,
381,
383,
394,
396,
399,
409,
412,
417,
421,
427,
430,
434,
445,
448,
456,
460,
467,
470,
477,
480,
482,
486,
490,
499,
506,
515,
519,
523,
533,
536,
543,
551,
560,
562,
567,
575,
588,
597,
601,
604,
606,
612,
615,
620,
624,
641,
642,
650,
656,
666,
672,
683,
688,
690,
698,
699,
701,
705,
711,
714,
730,
740,
743,
745,
748,
752,
762,
765,
769,
776,
779,
783,
787
]
} | 6d445e69ea9448ccac46cc1f1586e77e | How many of Andrew Johnson's veto's were over turned by Congress | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"of",
"Andrew",
"Johnson",
"'s",
"veto",
"'s",
"were",
"over",
"turned",
"by",
"Congress"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
12,
19,
26,
29,
33,
36,
41,
46,
53,
56
]
} | {
"text": [
"fifteen"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
342
],
"end": [
348
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
63
],
"end": [
63
]
}
]
} | [
"fifteen"
] |
SQuAD | Some of Jackson's successors made no use of the veto power, while others used it intermittently. It was only after the Civil War that presidents began to use the power to truly counterbalance Congress. Andrew Johnson, a Democrat, vetoed several Reconstruction bills passed by the "Radical Republicans." Congress, however, managed to override fifteen of Johnson's twenty-nine vetoes. Furthermore, it attempted to curb the power of the presidency by passing the Tenure of Office Act. The Act required Senate approval for the dismissal of senior Cabinet officials. When Johnson deliberately violated the Act, which he felt was unconstitutional (Supreme Court decisions later vindicated such a position), the House of Representatives impeached him; he was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. | {
"tokens": [
"Some",
"of",
"Jackson",
"'s",
"successors",
"made",
"no",
"use",
"of",
"the",
"veto",
"power",
",",
"while",
"others",
"used",
"it",
"intermittently",
".",
"It",
"was",
"only",
"after",
"the",
"Civil",
"War",
"that",
"presidents",
"began",
"to",
"use",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"truly",
"counterbalance",
"Congress",
".",
"Andrew",
"Johnson",
",",
"a",
"Democrat",
",",
"vetoed",
"several",
"Reconstruction",
"bills",
"passed",
"by",
"the",
"\"",
"Radical",
"Republicans",
".",
"\"",
"Congress",
",",
"however",
",",
"managed",
"to",
"override",
"fifteen",
"of",
"Johnson",
"'s",
"twenty",
"-",
"nine",
"vetoes",
".",
"Furthermore",
",",
"it",
"attempted",
"to",
"curb",
"the",
"power",
"of",
"the",
"presidency",
"by",
"passing",
"the",
"Tenure",
"of",
"Office",
"Act",
".",
"The",
"Act",
"required",
"Senate",
"approval",
"for",
"the",
"dismissal",
"of",
"senior",
"Cabinet",
"officials",
".",
"When",
"Johnson",
"deliberately",
"violated",
"the",
"Act",
",",
"which",
"he",
"felt",
"was",
"unconstitutional",
"(",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"decisions",
"later",
"vindicated",
"such",
"a",
"position",
")",
",",
"the",
"House",
"of",
"Representatives",
"impeached",
"him",
";",
"he",
"was",
"acquitted",
"in",
"the",
"Senate",
"by",
"one",
"vote",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
15,
18,
29,
34,
37,
41,
44,
48,
53,
58,
60,
66,
73,
78,
81,
95,
97,
100,
104,
109,
115,
119,
125,
129,
134,
145,
151,
154,
158,
162,
168,
171,
177,
192,
200,
202,
209,
216,
218,
220,
228,
230,
237,
245,
260,
266,
273,
276,
280,
281,
289,
300,
301,
303,
311,
313,
320,
322,
330,
333,
342,
350,
353,
360,
363,
369,
370,
375,
381,
383,
394,
396,
399,
409,
412,
417,
421,
427,
430,
434,
445,
448,
456,
460,
467,
470,
477,
480,
482,
486,
490,
499,
506,
515,
519,
523,
533,
536,
543,
551,
560,
562,
567,
575,
588,
597,
601,
604,
606,
612,
615,
620,
624,
641,
642,
650,
656,
666,
672,
683,
688,
690,
698,
699,
701,
705,
711,
714,
730,
740,
743,
745,
748,
752,
762,
765,
769,
776,
779,
783,
787
]
} | d64efbab15704fe0a978d253b32d7790 | What act did congress pass that gave the senate the right to approve the dismissal of a cabinet official? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"act",
"did",
"congress",
"pass",
"that",
"gave",
"the",
"senate",
"the",
"right",
"to",
"approve",
"the",
"dismissal",
"of",
"a",
"cabinet",
"official",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
22,
27,
32,
37,
41,
48,
52,
58,
61,
69,
73,
83,
86,
88,
96,
104
]
} | {
"text": [
"Tenure of Office Act"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
460
],
"end": [
479
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
86
],
"end": [
89
]
}
]
} | [
"Tenure of Office Act"
] |
SQuAD | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice. | {
"tokens": [
"Marshall",
"'s",
"words",
"and",
"future",
"court",
"decisions",
"gave",
"Congress",
"much",
"latitude",
"in",
"delegating",
"powers",
".",
"It",
"was",
"not",
"until",
"the",
"1930s",
"that",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"a",
"delegation",
"of",
"authority",
"unconstitutional",
".",
"In",
"a",
"case",
"involving",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"the",
"National",
"Recovery",
"Administration",
"called",
"A.L.A.",
"Schechter",
"Poultry",
"Corp.",
"v.",
"United",
"States",
",",
"295",
"U.S.",
"495",
"(",
"1935",
")",
",",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"authorize",
"the",
"president",
"to",
"formulate",
"codes",
"of",
"\"",
"fair",
"competition",
".",
"\"",
"It",
"was",
"held",
"that",
"Congress",
"must",
"set",
"some",
"standards",
"governing",
"the",
"actions",
"of",
"executive",
"officers",
".",
"The",
"Court",
",",
"however",
",",
"has",
"deemed",
"that",
"phrases",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"just",
"and",
"reasonable",
",",
"\"",
"\"",
"public",
"interest",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"public",
"convenience",
"\"",
"suffice",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
11,
17,
21,
28,
34,
44,
49,
58,
63,
72,
75,
86,
92,
94,
97,
101,
105,
111,
115,
121,
126,
130,
138,
144,
149,
151,
162,
165,
175,
191,
193,
196,
198,
203,
213,
217,
226,
229,
233,
242,
251,
266,
273,
280,
290,
298,
304,
307,
314,
320,
322,
326,
331,
335,
336,
340,
341,
343,
352,
358,
362,
372,
376,
386,
389,
399,
405,
408,
409,
414,
425,
426,
428,
431,
435,
440,
445,
454,
459,
463,
468,
478,
488,
492,
500,
503,
513,
521,
523,
527,
532,
534,
541,
543,
547,
554,
559,
567,
572,
575,
576,
581,
585,
595,
596,
598,
599,
606,
614,
616,
620,
621,
628,
639,
641,
648
]
} | e3f3b3d0e3a549b597bb2cf444a44f9a | When was the first time that a Congressional attempt at delegating lawmaking responsibility was found to be in violation of the Constitution? | {
"tokens": [
"When",
"was",
"the",
"first",
"time",
"that",
"a",
"Congressional",
"attempt",
"at",
"delegating",
"lawmaking",
"responsibility",
"was",
"found",
"to",
"be",
"in",
"violation",
"of",
"the",
"Constitution",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
19,
24,
29,
31,
45,
53,
56,
67,
77,
92,
96,
102,
105,
108,
111,
121,
124,
128,
140
]
} | {
"text": [
"the 1930s"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
111
],
"end": [
119
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
19
],
"end": [
20
]
}
]
} | [
"the 1930s"
] |
SQuAD | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice. | {
"tokens": [
"Marshall",
"'s",
"words",
"and",
"future",
"court",
"decisions",
"gave",
"Congress",
"much",
"latitude",
"in",
"delegating",
"powers",
".",
"It",
"was",
"not",
"until",
"the",
"1930s",
"that",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"a",
"delegation",
"of",
"authority",
"unconstitutional",
".",
"In",
"a",
"case",
"involving",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"the",
"National",
"Recovery",
"Administration",
"called",
"A.L.A.",
"Schechter",
"Poultry",
"Corp.",
"v.",
"United",
"States",
",",
"295",
"U.S.",
"495",
"(",
"1935",
")",
",",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"authorize",
"the",
"president",
"to",
"formulate",
"codes",
"of",
"\"",
"fair",
"competition",
".",
"\"",
"It",
"was",
"held",
"that",
"Congress",
"must",
"set",
"some",
"standards",
"governing",
"the",
"actions",
"of",
"executive",
"officers",
".",
"The",
"Court",
",",
"however",
",",
"has",
"deemed",
"that",
"phrases",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"just",
"and",
"reasonable",
",",
"\"",
"\"",
"public",
"interest",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"public",
"convenience",
"\"",
"suffice",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
11,
17,
21,
28,
34,
44,
49,
58,
63,
72,
75,
86,
92,
94,
97,
101,
105,
111,
115,
121,
126,
130,
138,
144,
149,
151,
162,
165,
175,
191,
193,
196,
198,
203,
213,
217,
226,
229,
233,
242,
251,
266,
273,
280,
290,
298,
304,
307,
314,
320,
322,
326,
331,
335,
336,
340,
341,
343,
352,
358,
362,
372,
376,
386,
389,
399,
405,
408,
409,
414,
425,
426,
428,
431,
435,
440,
445,
454,
459,
463,
468,
478,
488,
492,
500,
503,
513,
521,
523,
527,
532,
534,
541,
543,
547,
554,
559,
567,
572,
575,
576,
581,
585,
595,
596,
598,
599,
606,
614,
616,
620,
621,
628,
639,
641,
648
]
} | 37017b7ee329461396ffabea5b8a00d9 | The establishment of what body was the subject of A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States? | {
"tokens": [
"The",
"establishment",
"of",
"what",
"body",
"was",
"the",
"subject",
"of",
"A.L.A.",
"Schechter",
"Poultry",
"Corp.",
"v.",
"United",
"States",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
18,
21,
26,
31,
35,
39,
47,
50,
57,
67,
75,
81,
84,
91,
97
]
} | {
"text": [
"National Recovery Administration"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
233
],
"end": [
264
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
40
],
"end": [
42
]
}
]
} | [
"National Recovery Administration"
] |
SQuAD | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice. | {
"tokens": [
"Marshall",
"'s",
"words",
"and",
"future",
"court",
"decisions",
"gave",
"Congress",
"much",
"latitude",
"in",
"delegating",
"powers",
".",
"It",
"was",
"not",
"until",
"the",
"1930s",
"that",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"a",
"delegation",
"of",
"authority",
"unconstitutional",
".",
"In",
"a",
"case",
"involving",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"the",
"National",
"Recovery",
"Administration",
"called",
"A.L.A.",
"Schechter",
"Poultry",
"Corp.",
"v.",
"United",
"States",
",",
"295",
"U.S.",
"495",
"(",
"1935",
")",
",",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"authorize",
"the",
"president",
"to",
"formulate",
"codes",
"of",
"\"",
"fair",
"competition",
".",
"\"",
"It",
"was",
"held",
"that",
"Congress",
"must",
"set",
"some",
"standards",
"governing",
"the",
"actions",
"of",
"executive",
"officers",
".",
"The",
"Court",
",",
"however",
",",
"has",
"deemed",
"that",
"phrases",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"just",
"and",
"reasonable",
",",
"\"",
"\"",
"public",
"interest",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"public",
"convenience",
"\"",
"suffice",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
11,
17,
21,
28,
34,
44,
49,
58,
63,
72,
75,
86,
92,
94,
97,
101,
105,
111,
115,
121,
126,
130,
138,
144,
149,
151,
162,
165,
175,
191,
193,
196,
198,
203,
213,
217,
226,
229,
233,
242,
251,
266,
273,
280,
290,
298,
304,
307,
314,
320,
322,
326,
331,
335,
336,
340,
341,
343,
352,
358,
362,
372,
376,
386,
389,
399,
405,
408,
409,
414,
425,
426,
428,
431,
435,
440,
445,
454,
459,
463,
468,
478,
488,
492,
500,
503,
513,
521,
523,
527,
532,
534,
541,
543,
547,
554,
559,
567,
572,
575,
576,
581,
585,
595,
596,
598,
599,
606,
614,
616,
620,
621,
628,
639,
641,
648
]
} | c1fa6f2dad05438db03c8749cbc21c0a | In what year was A.L.A. Schechter v. United States tried before the Supreme Court? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"year",
"was",
"A.L.A.",
"Schechter",
"v.",
"United",
"States",
"tried",
"before",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
13,
17,
24,
34,
37,
44,
51,
57,
64,
68,
76,
81
]
} | {
"text": [
"1935"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
336
],
"end": [
339
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
56
],
"end": [
56
]
}
]
} | [
"1935"
] |
SQuAD | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice. | {
"tokens": [
"Marshall",
"'s",
"words",
"and",
"future",
"court",
"decisions",
"gave",
"Congress",
"much",
"latitude",
"in",
"delegating",
"powers",
".",
"It",
"was",
"not",
"until",
"the",
"1930s",
"that",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"a",
"delegation",
"of",
"authority",
"unconstitutional",
".",
"In",
"a",
"case",
"involving",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"the",
"National",
"Recovery",
"Administration",
"called",
"A.L.A.",
"Schechter",
"Poultry",
"Corp.",
"v.",
"United",
"States",
",",
"295",
"U.S.",
"495",
"(",
"1935",
")",
",",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"authorize",
"the",
"president",
"to",
"formulate",
"codes",
"of",
"\"",
"fair",
"competition",
".",
"\"",
"It",
"was",
"held",
"that",
"Congress",
"must",
"set",
"some",
"standards",
"governing",
"the",
"actions",
"of",
"executive",
"officers",
".",
"The",
"Court",
",",
"however",
",",
"has",
"deemed",
"that",
"phrases",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"just",
"and",
"reasonable",
",",
"\"",
"\"",
"public",
"interest",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"public",
"convenience",
"\"",
"suffice",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
11,
17,
21,
28,
34,
44,
49,
58,
63,
72,
75,
86,
92,
94,
97,
101,
105,
111,
115,
121,
126,
130,
138,
144,
149,
151,
162,
165,
175,
191,
193,
196,
198,
203,
213,
217,
226,
229,
233,
242,
251,
266,
273,
280,
290,
298,
304,
307,
314,
320,
322,
326,
331,
335,
336,
340,
341,
343,
352,
358,
362,
372,
376,
386,
389,
399,
405,
408,
409,
414,
425,
426,
428,
431,
435,
440,
445,
454,
459,
463,
468,
478,
488,
492,
500,
503,
513,
521,
523,
527,
532,
534,
541,
543,
547,
554,
559,
567,
572,
575,
576,
581,
585,
595,
596,
598,
599,
606,
614,
616,
620,
621,
628,
639,
641,
648
]
} | 8386aa6b8d8645399ccd9b08a109b0f6 | In what year did the supreme court determine that delegating powers by congress was unconstitutional? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"year",
"did",
"the",
"supreme",
"court",
"determine",
"that",
"delegating",
"powers",
"by",
"congress",
"was",
"unconstitutional",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
13,
17,
21,
29,
35,
45,
50,
61,
68,
71,
80,
84,
100
]
} | {
"text": [
"1935"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
336
],
"end": [
339
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
56
],
"end": [
56
]
}
]
} | [
"1935"
] |
SQuAD | Marshall's words and future court decisions gave Congress much latitude in delegating powers. It was not until the 1930s that the Supreme Court held a delegation of authority unconstitutional. In a case involving the creation of the National Recovery Administration called A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935), Congress could not authorize the president to formulate codes of "fair competition." It was held that Congress must set some standards governing the actions of executive officers. The Court, however, has deemed that phrases such as "just and reasonable," "public interest" and "public convenience" suffice. | {
"tokens": [
"Marshall",
"'s",
"words",
"and",
"future",
"court",
"decisions",
"gave",
"Congress",
"much",
"latitude",
"in",
"delegating",
"powers",
".",
"It",
"was",
"not",
"until",
"the",
"1930s",
"that",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"held",
"a",
"delegation",
"of",
"authority",
"unconstitutional",
".",
"In",
"a",
"case",
"involving",
"the",
"creation",
"of",
"the",
"National",
"Recovery",
"Administration",
"called",
"A.L.A.",
"Schechter",
"Poultry",
"Corp.",
"v.",
"United",
"States",
",",
"295",
"U.S.",
"495",
"(",
"1935",
")",
",",
"Congress",
"could",
"not",
"authorize",
"the",
"president",
"to",
"formulate",
"codes",
"of",
"\"",
"fair",
"competition",
".",
"\"",
"It",
"was",
"held",
"that",
"Congress",
"must",
"set",
"some",
"standards",
"governing",
"the",
"actions",
"of",
"executive",
"officers",
".",
"The",
"Court",
",",
"however",
",",
"has",
"deemed",
"that",
"phrases",
"such",
"as",
"\"",
"just",
"and",
"reasonable",
",",
"\"",
"\"",
"public",
"interest",
"\"",
"and",
"\"",
"public",
"convenience",
"\"",
"suffice",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
8,
11,
17,
21,
28,
34,
44,
49,
58,
63,
72,
75,
86,
92,
94,
97,
101,
105,
111,
115,
121,
126,
130,
138,
144,
149,
151,
162,
165,
175,
191,
193,
196,
198,
203,
213,
217,
226,
229,
233,
242,
251,
266,
273,
280,
290,
298,
304,
307,
314,
320,
322,
326,
331,
335,
336,
340,
341,
343,
352,
358,
362,
372,
376,
386,
389,
399,
405,
408,
409,
414,
425,
426,
428,
431,
435,
440,
445,
454,
459,
463,
468,
478,
488,
492,
500,
503,
513,
521,
523,
527,
532,
534,
541,
543,
547,
554,
559,
567,
572,
575,
576,
581,
585,
595,
596,
598,
599,
606,
614,
616,
620,
621,
628,
639,
641,
648
]
} | 26f17a386df0419b8ea3a9cccda076ac | What was the supreme court case that was determined that congress could not allow the President to determine fair competition? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"was",
"the",
"supreme",
"court",
"case",
"that",
"was",
"determined",
"that",
"congress",
"could",
"not",
"allow",
"the",
"President",
"to",
"determine",
"fair",
"competition",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
9,
13,
21,
27,
32,
37,
41,
52,
57,
66,
72,
76,
82,
86,
96,
99,
109,
114,
125
]
} | {
"text": [
"Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
280
],
"end": [
319
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
45
],
"end": [
50
]
}
]
} | [
"Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States"
] |
SQuAD | Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional. | {
"tokens": [
"Courts",
"check",
"both",
"the",
"executive",
"branch",
"and",
"the",
"legislative",
"branch",
"through",
"judicial",
"review",
".",
"This",
"concept",
"is",
"not",
"written",
"into",
"the",
"Constitution",
",",
"but",
"was",
"envisioned",
"by",
"many",
"of",
"the",
"Constitution",
"'s",
"Framers",
"(",
"for",
"example",
",",
"The",
"Federalist",
"Papers",
"mention",
"it",
")",
".",
"The",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"established",
"a",
"precedent",
"for",
"judicial",
"review",
"in",
"Marbury",
"v.",
"Madison",
".",
"There",
"were",
"protests",
"by",
"some",
"at",
"this",
"decision",
",",
"born",
"chiefly",
"of",
"political",
"expediency",
",",
"but",
"political",
"realities",
"in",
"the",
"particular",
"case",
"paradoxically",
"restrained",
"opposing",
"views",
"from",
"asserting",
"themselves",
".",
"For",
"this",
"reason",
",",
"precedent",
"alone",
"established",
"the",
"principle",
"that",
"a",
"court",
"may",
"strike",
"down",
"a",
"law",
"it",
"deems",
"unconstitutional",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
13,
18,
22,
32,
39,
43,
47,
59,
66,
74,
83,
89,
91,
96,
104,
107,
111,
119,
124,
128,
140,
142,
146,
150,
161,
164,
169,
172,
176,
188,
191,
199,
200,
204,
211,
213,
217,
228,
235,
243,
245,
246,
248,
252,
260,
266,
278,
280,
290,
294,
303,
310,
313,
321,
324,
331,
333,
339,
344,
353,
356,
361,
364,
369,
377,
379,
384,
392,
395,
405,
415,
417,
421,
431,
441,
444,
448,
459,
464,
478,
489,
498,
504,
509,
519,
529,
531,
535,
540,
546,
548,
558,
564,
576,
580,
590,
595,
597,
603,
607,
614,
619,
621,
625,
628,
634,
650
]
} | b9aa4d99e63143a2b0d7fbbe4cd45a91 | Who is responsible for judicial review? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"is",
"responsible",
"for",
"judicial",
"review",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
7,
19,
23,
32,
38
]
} | {
"text": [
"Courts"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
5
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0
],
"end": [
0
]
}
]
} | [
"Courts"
] |
SQuAD | Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional. | {
"tokens": [
"Courts",
"check",
"both",
"the",
"executive",
"branch",
"and",
"the",
"legislative",
"branch",
"through",
"judicial",
"review",
".",
"This",
"concept",
"is",
"not",
"written",
"into",
"the",
"Constitution",
",",
"but",
"was",
"envisioned",
"by",
"many",
"of",
"the",
"Constitution",
"'s",
"Framers",
"(",
"for",
"example",
",",
"The",
"Federalist",
"Papers",
"mention",
"it",
")",
".",
"The",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"established",
"a",
"precedent",
"for",
"judicial",
"review",
"in",
"Marbury",
"v.",
"Madison",
".",
"There",
"were",
"protests",
"by",
"some",
"at",
"this",
"decision",
",",
"born",
"chiefly",
"of",
"political",
"expediency",
",",
"but",
"political",
"realities",
"in",
"the",
"particular",
"case",
"paradoxically",
"restrained",
"opposing",
"views",
"from",
"asserting",
"themselves",
".",
"For",
"this",
"reason",
",",
"precedent",
"alone",
"established",
"the",
"principle",
"that",
"a",
"court",
"may",
"strike",
"down",
"a",
"law",
"it",
"deems",
"unconstitutional",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
7,
13,
18,
22,
32,
39,
43,
47,
59,
66,
74,
83,
89,
91,
96,
104,
107,
111,
119,
124,
128,
140,
142,
146,
150,
161,
164,
169,
172,
176,
188,
191,
199,
200,
204,
211,
213,
217,
228,
235,
243,
245,
246,
248,
252,
260,
266,
278,
280,
290,
294,
303,
310,
313,
321,
324,
331,
333,
339,
344,
353,
356,
361,
364,
369,
377,
379,
384,
392,
395,
405,
415,
417,
421,
431,
441,
444,
448,
459,
464,
478,
489,
498,
504,
509,
519,
529,
531,
535,
540,
546,
548,
558,
564,
576,
580,
590,
595,
597,
603,
607,
614,
619,
621,
625,
628,
634,
650
]
} | 1cceac3e57f94757aad49201e6847db5 | What is the court case that established judicial review? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"court",
"case",
"that",
"established",
"judicial",
"review",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
18,
23,
28,
40,
49,
55
]
} | {
"text": [
"Marbury v. Madison"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
313
],
"end": [
330
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
54
],
"end": [
56
]
}
]
} | [
"Marbury v. Madison"
] |
SQuAD | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | {
"tokens": [
"Judicial",
"power",
"—",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"decide",
"cases",
"and",
"controversies",
"—",
"is",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"and",
"inferior",
"courts",
"established",
"by",
"Congress",
".",
"The",
"judges",
"must",
"be",
"appointed",
"by",
"the",
"president",
"with",
"the",
"advice",
"and",
"consent",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"hold",
"office",
"during",
"good",
"behavior",
"and",
"receive",
"compensations",
"that",
"may",
"not",
"be",
"diminished",
"during",
"their",
"continuance",
"in",
"office",
".",
"If",
"a",
"court",
"'s",
"judges",
"do",
"not",
"have",
"such",
"attributes",
",",
"the",
"court",
"may",
"not",
"exercise",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Courts",
"exercising",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"are",
"called",
"\"",
"constitutional",
"courts",
".",
"\""
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
14,
15,
19,
25,
28,
35,
41,
45,
58,
59,
62,
69,
72,
76,
84,
90,
94,
103,
110,
122,
125,
133,
135,
139,
146,
151,
154,
164,
167,
171,
181,
186,
190,
197,
201,
209,
212,
216,
222,
224,
229,
236,
243,
248,
257,
261,
269,
283,
288,
292,
296,
299,
310,
317,
323,
335,
338,
344,
346,
349,
351,
356,
359,
366,
369,
373,
378,
383,
393,
395,
399,
405,
409,
413,
422,
426,
435,
441,
444,
448,
455,
461,
463,
470,
481,
485,
494,
500,
504,
511,
512,
527,
533,
534
]
} | b7651867b37d473596b495dadaa8117e | In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed? | {
"tokens": [
"In",
"what",
"branch",
"is",
"the",
"ability",
"to",
"try",
"legal",
"cases",
"placed",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
8,
15,
18,
22,
30,
33,
37,
43,
49,
55
]
} | {
"text": [
"Judicial"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
485,
0,
426
],
"end": [
492,
7,
433
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
87,
0,
77
],
"end": [
87,
0,
77
]
}
]
} | [
"Judicial"
] |
SQuAD | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | {
"tokens": [
"Judicial",
"power",
"—",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"decide",
"cases",
"and",
"controversies",
"—",
"is",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"and",
"inferior",
"courts",
"established",
"by",
"Congress",
".",
"The",
"judges",
"must",
"be",
"appointed",
"by",
"the",
"president",
"with",
"the",
"advice",
"and",
"consent",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"hold",
"office",
"during",
"good",
"behavior",
"and",
"receive",
"compensations",
"that",
"may",
"not",
"be",
"diminished",
"during",
"their",
"continuance",
"in",
"office",
".",
"If",
"a",
"court",
"'s",
"judges",
"do",
"not",
"have",
"such",
"attributes",
",",
"the",
"court",
"may",
"not",
"exercise",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Courts",
"exercising",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"are",
"called",
"\"",
"constitutional",
"courts",
".",
"\""
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
14,
15,
19,
25,
28,
35,
41,
45,
58,
59,
62,
69,
72,
76,
84,
90,
94,
103,
110,
122,
125,
133,
135,
139,
146,
151,
154,
164,
167,
171,
181,
186,
190,
197,
201,
209,
212,
216,
222,
224,
229,
236,
243,
248,
257,
261,
269,
283,
288,
292,
296,
299,
310,
317,
323,
335,
338,
344,
346,
349,
351,
356,
359,
366,
369,
373,
378,
383,
393,
395,
399,
405,
409,
413,
422,
426,
435,
441,
444,
448,
455,
461,
463,
470,
481,
485,
494,
500,
504,
511,
512,
527,
533,
534
]
} | 1773442b465c4394a12f07e34596ac59 | Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"nominates",
"justices",
"for",
"the",
"U.S.",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
14,
23,
27,
31,
36,
44,
49
]
} | {
"text": [
"president"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
171
],
"end": [
179
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
31
],
"end": [
31
]
}
]
} | [
"president"
] |
SQuAD | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | {
"tokens": [
"Judicial",
"power",
"—",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"decide",
"cases",
"and",
"controversies",
"—",
"is",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"and",
"inferior",
"courts",
"established",
"by",
"Congress",
".",
"The",
"judges",
"must",
"be",
"appointed",
"by",
"the",
"president",
"with",
"the",
"advice",
"and",
"consent",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"hold",
"office",
"during",
"good",
"behavior",
"and",
"receive",
"compensations",
"that",
"may",
"not",
"be",
"diminished",
"during",
"their",
"continuance",
"in",
"office",
".",
"If",
"a",
"court",
"'s",
"judges",
"do",
"not",
"have",
"such",
"attributes",
",",
"the",
"court",
"may",
"not",
"exercise",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Courts",
"exercising",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"are",
"called",
"\"",
"constitutional",
"courts",
".",
"\""
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
14,
15,
19,
25,
28,
35,
41,
45,
58,
59,
62,
69,
72,
76,
84,
90,
94,
103,
110,
122,
125,
133,
135,
139,
146,
151,
154,
164,
167,
171,
181,
186,
190,
197,
201,
209,
212,
216,
222,
224,
229,
236,
243,
248,
257,
261,
269,
283,
288,
292,
296,
299,
310,
317,
323,
335,
338,
344,
346,
349,
351,
356,
359,
366,
369,
373,
378,
383,
393,
395,
399,
405,
409,
413,
422,
426,
435,
441,
444,
448,
455,
461,
463,
470,
481,
485,
494,
500,
504,
511,
512,
527,
533,
534
]
} | 496b42ea58914218a4bf3c65e1fe4743 | Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"must",
"approve",
"presidential",
"appointees",
"to",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
17,
30,
41,
44,
48,
56,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"Senate"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
216
],
"end": [
221
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
39
],
"end": [
39
]
}
]
} | [
"Senate"
] |
SQuAD | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | {
"tokens": [
"Judicial",
"power",
"—",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"decide",
"cases",
"and",
"controversies",
"—",
"is",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"and",
"inferior",
"courts",
"established",
"by",
"Congress",
".",
"The",
"judges",
"must",
"be",
"appointed",
"by",
"the",
"president",
"with",
"the",
"advice",
"and",
"consent",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"hold",
"office",
"during",
"good",
"behavior",
"and",
"receive",
"compensations",
"that",
"may",
"not",
"be",
"diminished",
"during",
"their",
"continuance",
"in",
"office",
".",
"If",
"a",
"court",
"'s",
"judges",
"do",
"not",
"have",
"such",
"attributes",
",",
"the",
"court",
"may",
"not",
"exercise",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Courts",
"exercising",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"are",
"called",
"\"",
"constitutional",
"courts",
".",
"\""
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
14,
15,
19,
25,
28,
35,
41,
45,
58,
59,
62,
69,
72,
76,
84,
90,
94,
103,
110,
122,
125,
133,
135,
139,
146,
151,
154,
164,
167,
171,
181,
186,
190,
197,
201,
209,
212,
216,
222,
224,
229,
236,
243,
248,
257,
261,
269,
283,
288,
292,
296,
299,
310,
317,
323,
335,
338,
344,
346,
349,
351,
356,
359,
366,
369,
373,
378,
383,
393,
395,
399,
405,
409,
413,
422,
426,
435,
441,
444,
448,
455,
461,
463,
470,
481,
485,
494,
500,
504,
511,
512,
527,
533,
534
]
} | 3b7cfe74e8f34e119ff3fb4c6d4b7b26 | What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"term",
"for",
"judicial",
"institutions",
"exercising",
"their",
"power",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
17,
21,
30,
43,
54,
60,
65
]
} | {
"text": [
"constitutional courts"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
512
],
"end": [
532
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
92
],
"end": [
93
]
}
]
} | [
"constitutional courts"
] |
SQuAD | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | {
"tokens": [
"Judicial",
"power",
"—",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"decide",
"cases",
"and",
"controversies",
"—",
"is",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"and",
"inferior",
"courts",
"established",
"by",
"Congress",
".",
"The",
"judges",
"must",
"be",
"appointed",
"by",
"the",
"president",
"with",
"the",
"advice",
"and",
"consent",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"hold",
"office",
"during",
"good",
"behavior",
"and",
"receive",
"compensations",
"that",
"may",
"not",
"be",
"diminished",
"during",
"their",
"continuance",
"in",
"office",
".",
"If",
"a",
"court",
"'s",
"judges",
"do",
"not",
"have",
"such",
"attributes",
",",
"the",
"court",
"may",
"not",
"exercise",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Courts",
"exercising",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"are",
"called",
"\"",
"constitutional",
"courts",
".",
"\""
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
14,
15,
19,
25,
28,
35,
41,
45,
58,
59,
62,
69,
72,
76,
84,
90,
94,
103,
110,
122,
125,
133,
135,
139,
146,
151,
154,
164,
167,
171,
181,
186,
190,
197,
201,
209,
212,
216,
222,
224,
229,
236,
243,
248,
257,
261,
269,
283,
288,
292,
296,
299,
310,
317,
323,
335,
338,
344,
346,
349,
351,
356,
359,
366,
369,
373,
378,
383,
393,
395,
399,
405,
409,
413,
422,
426,
435,
441,
444,
448,
455,
461,
463,
470,
481,
485,
494,
500,
504,
511,
512,
527,
533,
534
]
} | 2496b20920f34f7b9a0056ff78060d74 | What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"is",
"the",
"power",
"given",
"to",
"the",
"supreme",
"court",
"and",
"lower",
"courts",
"called",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
8,
12,
18,
24,
27,
31,
39,
45,
49,
55,
62,
68
]
} | {
"text": [
"Judicial power"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
0,
485,
426
],
"end": [
13,
498,
439
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
0,
87,
77
],
"end": [
1,
88,
78
]
}
]
} | [
"Judicial power"
] |
SQuAD | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | {
"tokens": [
"Judicial",
"power",
"—",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"decide",
"cases",
"and",
"controversies",
"—",
"is",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"and",
"inferior",
"courts",
"established",
"by",
"Congress",
".",
"The",
"judges",
"must",
"be",
"appointed",
"by",
"the",
"president",
"with",
"the",
"advice",
"and",
"consent",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"hold",
"office",
"during",
"good",
"behavior",
"and",
"receive",
"compensations",
"that",
"may",
"not",
"be",
"diminished",
"during",
"their",
"continuance",
"in",
"office",
".",
"If",
"a",
"court",
"'s",
"judges",
"do",
"not",
"have",
"such",
"attributes",
",",
"the",
"court",
"may",
"not",
"exercise",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Courts",
"exercising",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"are",
"called",
"\"",
"constitutional",
"courts",
".",
"\""
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
14,
15,
19,
25,
28,
35,
41,
45,
58,
59,
62,
69,
72,
76,
84,
90,
94,
103,
110,
122,
125,
133,
135,
139,
146,
151,
154,
164,
167,
171,
181,
186,
190,
197,
201,
209,
212,
216,
222,
224,
229,
236,
243,
248,
257,
261,
269,
283,
288,
292,
296,
299,
310,
317,
323,
335,
338,
344,
346,
349,
351,
356,
359,
366,
369,
373,
378,
383,
393,
395,
399,
405,
409,
413,
422,
426,
435,
441,
444,
448,
455,
461,
463,
470,
481,
485,
494,
500,
504,
511,
512,
527,
533,
534
]
} | 03dcb95d963b4bbfb3b5217b4046ae33 | Who appoints a judge? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"appoints",
"a",
"judge",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
13,
15,
20
]
} | {
"text": [
"the president"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
167
],
"end": [
179
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
30
],
"end": [
31
]
}
]
} | [
"the president"
] |
SQuAD | Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts." | {
"tokens": [
"Judicial",
"power",
"—",
"the",
"power",
"to",
"decide",
"cases",
"and",
"controversies",
"—",
"is",
"vested",
"in",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"and",
"inferior",
"courts",
"established",
"by",
"Congress",
".",
"The",
"judges",
"must",
"be",
"appointed",
"by",
"the",
"president",
"with",
"the",
"advice",
"and",
"consent",
"of",
"the",
"Senate",
",",
"hold",
"office",
"during",
"good",
"behavior",
"and",
"receive",
"compensations",
"that",
"may",
"not",
"be",
"diminished",
"during",
"their",
"continuance",
"in",
"office",
".",
"If",
"a",
"court",
"'s",
"judges",
"do",
"not",
"have",
"such",
"attributes",
",",
"the",
"court",
"may",
"not",
"exercise",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
".",
"Courts",
"exercising",
"the",
"judicial",
"power",
"are",
"called",
"\"",
"constitutional",
"courts",
".",
"\""
],
"offsets": [
0,
9,
14,
15,
19,
25,
28,
35,
41,
45,
58,
59,
62,
69,
72,
76,
84,
90,
94,
103,
110,
122,
125,
133,
135,
139,
146,
151,
154,
164,
167,
171,
181,
186,
190,
197,
201,
209,
212,
216,
222,
224,
229,
236,
243,
248,
257,
261,
269,
283,
288,
292,
296,
299,
310,
317,
323,
335,
338,
344,
346,
349,
351,
356,
359,
366,
369,
373,
378,
383,
393,
395,
399,
405,
409,
413,
422,
426,
435,
441,
444,
448,
455,
461,
463,
470,
481,
485,
494,
500,
504,
511,
512,
527,
533,
534
]
} | 13bf9086a3a74b4fb827082b63a30b69 | Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"gives",
"the",
"President",
"advice",
"and",
"consent",
"for",
"a",
"judge",
"appointment",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
10,
14,
24,
31,
35,
43,
47,
49,
55,
66
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Senate"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
212
],
"end": [
221
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
38
],
"end": [
39
]
}
]
} | [
"the Senate"
] |
SQuAD | An example of the first view is the regulation of attorneys and judges, and the establishment of rules for the conduct of the courts, by the Congress and in the states the legislatures. Although in practice these matters are delegated to the Supreme Court, the Congress holds these powers and delegates them to the Supreme Court only for convenience in light of the Supreme Court's expertise, but can withdraw that delegation at any time. | {
"tokens": [
"An",
"example",
"of",
"the",
"first",
"view",
"is",
"the",
"regulation",
"of",
"attorneys",
"and",
"judges",
",",
"and",
"the",
"establishment",
"of",
"rules",
"for",
"the",
"conduct",
"of",
"the",
"courts",
",",
"by",
"the",
"Congress",
"and",
"in",
"the",
"states",
"the",
"legislatures",
".",
"Although",
"in",
"practice",
"these",
"matters",
"are",
"delegated",
"to",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
",",
"the",
"Congress",
"holds",
"these",
"powers",
"and",
"delegates",
"them",
"to",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"only",
"for",
"convenience",
"in",
"light",
"of",
"the",
"Supreme",
"Court",
"'s",
"expertise",
",",
"but",
"can",
"withdraw",
"that",
"delegation",
"at",
"any",
"time",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
3,
11,
14,
18,
24,
29,
32,
36,
47,
50,
60,
64,
70,
72,
76,
80,
94,
97,
103,
107,
111,
119,
122,
126,
132,
134,
137,
141,
150,
154,
157,
161,
168,
172,
184,
186,
195,
198,
207,
213,
221,
225,
235,
238,
242,
250,
255,
257,
261,
270,
276,
282,
289,
293,
303,
308,
311,
315,
323,
329,
334,
338,
350,
353,
359,
362,
366,
374,
379,
382,
391,
393,
397,
401,
410,
415,
426,
429,
433,
437
]
} | 15020a432cd440b5ad43397a4e567354 | Who has congress delegated the responsibility of establishing the rules of conduct for the courts to? | {
"tokens": [
"Who",
"has",
"congress",
"delegated",
"the",
"responsibility",
"of",
"establishing",
"the",
"rules",
"of",
"conduct",
"for",
"the",
"courts",
"to",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
8,
17,
27,
31,
46,
49,
62,
66,
72,
75,
83,
87,
91,
98,
100
]
} | {
"text": [
"the Supreme Court"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
238
],
"end": [
254
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
44
],
"end": [
46
]
}
]
} | [
"the Supreme Court"
] |
SQuAD | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. | {
"tokens": [
"Separation",
"of",
"powers",
"is",
"a",
"political",
"doctrine",
"originating",
"in",
"the",
"writings",
"of",
"Montesquieu",
"in",
"The",
"Spirit",
"of",
"the",
"Laws",
"where",
"he",
"urged",
"for",
"a",
"constitutional",
"government",
"with",
"three",
"separate",
"branches",
"of",
"government",
".",
"Each",
"of",
"the",
"three",
"branches",
"would",
"have",
"defined",
"abilities",
"to",
"check",
"the",
"powers",
"of",
"the",
"other",
"branches",
".",
"This",
"idea",
"was",
"called",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
".",
"This",
"philosophy",
"heavily",
"influenced",
"the",
"writing",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
",",
"according",
"to",
"which",
"the",
"Legislative",
",",
"Executive",
",",
"and",
"Judicial",
"branches",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"government",
"are",
"kept",
"distinct",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"prevent",
"abuse",
"of",
"power",
".",
"This",
"United",
"States",
"form",
"of",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
"is",
"associated",
"with",
"a",
"system",
"of",
"checks",
"and",
"balances",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
14,
21,
24,
26,
36,
45,
57,
60,
64,
73,
76,
88,
91,
95,
102,
105,
109,
114,
120,
123,
129,
133,
135,
150,
161,
166,
172,
181,
190,
193,
203,
205,
210,
213,
217,
223,
232,
238,
243,
251,
261,
264,
270,
274,
281,
284,
288,
294,
302,
304,
309,
314,
318,
325,
336,
339,
345,
347,
352,
363,
371,
382,
386,
394,
397,
401,
408,
415,
427,
429,
439,
442,
448,
452,
463,
465,
474,
476,
480,
489,
498,
501,
505,
512,
519,
530,
534,
539,
548,
551,
557,
560,
568,
574,
577,
582,
584,
589,
596,
603,
608,
611,
622,
625,
632,
635,
646,
651,
653,
660,
663,
670,
674,
682
]
} | 986accae64864455931217099d4b86bd | Which political practice did Montesquieu originate? | {
"tokens": [
"Which",
"political",
"practice",
"did",
"Montesquieu",
"originate",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
6,
16,
25,
29,
41,
50
]
} | {
"text": [
"Separation of powers"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
611,
0,
325
],
"end": [
630,
19,
344
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
103,
0,
55
],
"end": [
105,
2,
57
]
}
]
} | [
"Separation of powers"
] |
SQuAD | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. | {
"tokens": [
"Separation",
"of",
"powers",
"is",
"a",
"political",
"doctrine",
"originating",
"in",
"the",
"writings",
"of",
"Montesquieu",
"in",
"The",
"Spirit",
"of",
"the",
"Laws",
"where",
"he",
"urged",
"for",
"a",
"constitutional",
"government",
"with",
"three",
"separate",
"branches",
"of",
"government",
".",
"Each",
"of",
"the",
"three",
"branches",
"would",
"have",
"defined",
"abilities",
"to",
"check",
"the",
"powers",
"of",
"the",
"other",
"branches",
".",
"This",
"idea",
"was",
"called",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
".",
"This",
"philosophy",
"heavily",
"influenced",
"the",
"writing",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
",",
"according",
"to",
"which",
"the",
"Legislative",
",",
"Executive",
",",
"and",
"Judicial",
"branches",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"government",
"are",
"kept",
"distinct",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"prevent",
"abuse",
"of",
"power",
".",
"This",
"United",
"States",
"form",
"of",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
"is",
"associated",
"with",
"a",
"system",
"of",
"checks",
"and",
"balances",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
14,
21,
24,
26,
36,
45,
57,
60,
64,
73,
76,
88,
91,
95,
102,
105,
109,
114,
120,
123,
129,
133,
135,
150,
161,
166,
172,
181,
190,
193,
203,
205,
210,
213,
217,
223,
232,
238,
243,
251,
261,
264,
270,
274,
281,
284,
288,
294,
302,
304,
309,
314,
318,
325,
336,
339,
345,
347,
352,
363,
371,
382,
386,
394,
397,
401,
408,
415,
427,
429,
439,
442,
448,
452,
463,
465,
474,
476,
480,
489,
498,
501,
505,
512,
519,
530,
534,
539,
548,
551,
557,
560,
568,
574,
577,
582,
584,
589,
596,
603,
608,
611,
622,
625,
632,
635,
646,
651,
653,
660,
663,
670,
674,
682
]
} | f75b9f80597a44a28112f0f4fac4334d | How many divisions of the government did Montesquieu call for? | {
"tokens": [
"How",
"many",
"divisions",
"of",
"the",
"government",
"did",
"Montesquieu",
"call",
"for",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
4,
9,
19,
22,
26,
37,
41,
53,
58,
61
]
} | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
166
],
"end": [
170
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
27
],
"end": [
27
]
}
]
} | [
"three"
] |
SQuAD | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. | {
"tokens": [
"Separation",
"of",
"powers",
"is",
"a",
"political",
"doctrine",
"originating",
"in",
"the",
"writings",
"of",
"Montesquieu",
"in",
"The",
"Spirit",
"of",
"the",
"Laws",
"where",
"he",
"urged",
"for",
"a",
"constitutional",
"government",
"with",
"three",
"separate",
"branches",
"of",
"government",
".",
"Each",
"of",
"the",
"three",
"branches",
"would",
"have",
"defined",
"abilities",
"to",
"check",
"the",
"powers",
"of",
"the",
"other",
"branches",
".",
"This",
"idea",
"was",
"called",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
".",
"This",
"philosophy",
"heavily",
"influenced",
"the",
"writing",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
",",
"according",
"to",
"which",
"the",
"Legislative",
",",
"Executive",
",",
"and",
"Judicial",
"branches",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"government",
"are",
"kept",
"distinct",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"prevent",
"abuse",
"of",
"power",
".",
"This",
"United",
"States",
"form",
"of",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
"is",
"associated",
"with",
"a",
"system",
"of",
"checks",
"and",
"balances",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
14,
21,
24,
26,
36,
45,
57,
60,
64,
73,
76,
88,
91,
95,
102,
105,
109,
114,
120,
123,
129,
133,
135,
150,
161,
166,
172,
181,
190,
193,
203,
205,
210,
213,
217,
223,
232,
238,
243,
251,
261,
264,
270,
274,
281,
284,
288,
294,
302,
304,
309,
314,
318,
325,
336,
339,
345,
347,
352,
363,
371,
382,
386,
394,
397,
401,
408,
415,
427,
429,
439,
442,
448,
452,
463,
465,
474,
476,
480,
489,
498,
501,
505,
512,
519,
530,
534,
539,
548,
551,
557,
560,
568,
574,
577,
582,
584,
589,
596,
603,
608,
611,
622,
625,
632,
635,
646,
651,
653,
660,
663,
670,
674,
682
]
} | 9c7fe475532f44ac92da921a3e521cb8 | What document was greatly informed by the idea of separation of powers? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"document",
"was",
"greatly",
"informed",
"by",
"the",
"idea",
"of",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
14,
18,
26,
35,
38,
42,
47,
50,
61,
64,
70
]
} | {
"text": [
"United States Constitution"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
401
],
"end": [
426
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
67
],
"end": [
69
]
}
]
} | [
"United States Constitution"
] |
SQuAD | Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined abilities to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. This United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. | {
"tokens": [
"Separation",
"of",
"powers",
"is",
"a",
"political",
"doctrine",
"originating",
"in",
"the",
"writings",
"of",
"Montesquieu",
"in",
"The",
"Spirit",
"of",
"the",
"Laws",
"where",
"he",
"urged",
"for",
"a",
"constitutional",
"government",
"with",
"three",
"separate",
"branches",
"of",
"government",
".",
"Each",
"of",
"the",
"three",
"branches",
"would",
"have",
"defined",
"abilities",
"to",
"check",
"the",
"powers",
"of",
"the",
"other",
"branches",
".",
"This",
"idea",
"was",
"called",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
".",
"This",
"philosophy",
"heavily",
"influenced",
"the",
"writing",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"Constitution",
",",
"according",
"to",
"which",
"the",
"Legislative",
",",
"Executive",
",",
"and",
"Judicial",
"branches",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"government",
"are",
"kept",
"distinct",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"prevent",
"abuse",
"of",
"power",
".",
"This",
"United",
"States",
"form",
"of",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
"is",
"associated",
"with",
"a",
"system",
"of",
"checks",
"and",
"balances",
"."
],
"offsets": [
0,
11,
14,
21,
24,
26,
36,
45,
57,
60,
64,
73,
76,
88,
91,
95,
102,
105,
109,
114,
120,
123,
129,
133,
135,
150,
161,
166,
172,
181,
190,
193,
203,
205,
210,
213,
217,
223,
232,
238,
243,
251,
261,
264,
270,
274,
281,
284,
288,
294,
302,
304,
309,
314,
318,
325,
336,
339,
345,
347,
352,
363,
371,
382,
386,
394,
397,
401,
408,
415,
427,
429,
439,
442,
448,
452,
463,
465,
474,
476,
480,
489,
498,
501,
505,
512,
519,
530,
534,
539,
548,
551,
557,
560,
568,
574,
577,
582,
584,
589,
596,
603,
608,
611,
622,
625,
632,
635,
646,
651,
653,
660,
663,
670,
674,
682
]
} | 88156411019f40f6879bed0a96e462cf | What kind of oversight does the separation of powers help to promote? | {
"tokens": [
"What",
"kind",
"of",
"oversight",
"does",
"the",
"separation",
"of",
"powers",
"help",
"to",
"promote",
"?"
],
"offsets": [
0,
5,
10,
13,
23,
28,
32,
43,
46,
53,
58,
61,
68
]
} | {
"text": [
"checks and balances"
],
"char_spans": [
{
"start": [
663
],
"end": [
681
]
}
],
"token_spans": [
{
"start": [
112
],
"end": [
114
]
}
]
} | [
"checks and balances"
] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.