manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9838_78	cosplayer, Karen Schnaubelt, Japanese anime were "incredibly difficult to come by" with "nothing
9838_79	available except broadcast TV until" VHS videotapes became commonly available in the late 1970s,
9838_80	allowing fans to import anime shows from Japan; she noted that a friend "would record the episodes"
9838_81	and then "a group of us would gather at his apartment and watch a marathon of the episodes." At
9838_82	comic conventions and sci-fi conventions in the 1980s, fans brought video tapes to hold marathon
9838_83	anime screenings; BayCon 1986, for example, held an 80-hour long anime marathon.
9838_84	According to Mike Tatsugawa, the founder and CEO of the Society for the Promotion of Japanese
9838_85	Animation, the first milestone for anime in the U.S. was in the 1980s with the advent of the
9838_86	Internet. With the Internet, fans were able to more easily communicate with each other and thus
9838_87	better able to exchange fan-subtitled tapes and higher quality versions of anime. Some experts,
9838_88	such as Susan Napier, a Professor of Japanese Language and Literature, say that Akira marked the
9838_89	first milestone. However, most experts agree that the next milestone was in 1992 when U.S.
9838_90	Renditions, a film importer, released the first English-subtitled anime videotape that year,
9838_91	entitled Gunbuster. According to Tatsugawa, the success of Gunbuster triggered a flurry of
9838_92	releases.
9838_93	Due to the localization process, many people who grew up watching anime did so not realizing that
9838_94	it originated in Japan. After the success of Power Rangers (which first aired in 1993), U.S.
9838_95	television companies began broadcasting Sailor Moon and Dragon Ball Z in 1995 and 1996
9838_96	respectively. However, due to the relative failure of the latter two (both shows brought success
9838_97	when aired at a later time on Cartoon Network), anime did not seem like it would become mainstream.
9838_98	However, the anime boom in the U.S. began with the airing of the anime series Pokémon in
9838_99	syndication in 1998, which served as proof to U.S. broadcasters and distributors that Japanese
9838_100	media could succeed in the U.S. market. It was only after Pokémon and Power Rangers left the
9838_101	mainstream that U.S. audiences became aware of anime's Japanese origins.
9838_102	Anime streaming outlets in the United States
9838_103	In the United States there are multiple streaming outlets that fans can use to view anime and
9838_104	manga, while also being able to connect with those communities. One such outlet is Crunchyroll, a
9838_105	streaming service that lets users view popular anime from the past and new anime episodes released
9838_106	to the website. Crunchyroll was created in 2006 as a distribution outlet for anime. Crunchyroll has
9838_107	since evolved into becoming something more for fans in the anime community. They have added an
9838_108	addition to their website that allows anime and manga fans to get news about anime releases,
9838_109	events, and topics related to the community. This has also evolved to the creation of the
9838_110	Crunchyroll Expo. This exposition is a large scale event in San Jose, CA that allows anime and
9838_111	manga fans to connect. The streaming service also features a store where you can purchase anime
9838_112	related products such as: figures, Japanese snacks, apparel, posters, video games and manga.
9838_113	In addition, another streaming service within the United States is Funimation. Similar to
9838_114	Crunchyroll, Funimation allows you to view newly released anime while also offering a store with
9838_115	products similar to Crunchyroll. Funimation's website also has a section created for events related
9838_116	to anime and manga that allows their members to connect at the local and national level. There is
9838_117	also a blog section that allows those with an account on Funimation to connect with other fans and
9838_118	talk about their favorite, or maybe even least favorite, anime and episode.
9838_119	Mass streaming services like Netflix and Prime Video have also expanded into licensing and
9838_120	distributing anime since the early-2010s.
9838_121	European fan communities (France, Italy, Spain and Germany)
9838_122	In the 1970s, Japanese Animation reached Europe mainly with productions aimed at European and
9838_123	Japanese children with the main results being Heidi, Vicky the Vicking and Barbapapa. However,
9838_124	these works were not recognized as Japanese productions and did not earn much of a dedicated
9838_125	fanbase. Italy, Spain and France, however, grew an interest for more Japanese animation for their
9838_126	television programming, due to success of previous co-productions, Japan's productive output and
9838_127	cheap selling price in comparison to US animation. Particularly Italy imported the most anime
9838_128	outside of Japan. Like in the Philippines, the Super Robot Genre became very popular with series
9838_129	such as UFO Robot Grendizer and Mazinger Z. However many more genres got added to the mix, with
9838_130	space opera such as Captain Harlock, shojo shows like Candy Candy and Rose of Versailles, sports
9838_131	like Captain Tsubasa and more. Germany however largely rejected Anime other than western literature
9838_132	adaptations of Nippon Animation, with Speed Racer and Captain Future proving to be problematic. It
9838_133	was only during the rise of cable television during the '90s that Japanese series such as Queen
9838_134	Millennia, and Rose of Versailles went on air. A strong affinity for unique Japanese productions
9838_135	was developed among a generation of German children during this period.
9838_136	Fan Communities in Malaysia
9838_137	Studies of fan behavior focused more on big fan activities or conventions in the past and
9838_138	transitioned toward from fan communities to individual fans. There are four conventions in urban
9838_139	areas of Malaysia: Kota Kinabalu, Sabah; Kuching, Sarawak; Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor and
9838_140	Kuala Lumpur. They are held four times annually between December 2012 and August 2013. According to
9838_141	the survey, there are about 585 people who regularly attend these conventions. Half of the
9838_142	respondents were aged 18–22 as of 2013 with equal numbers of both genders. More than half of the
9838_143	respondents were student and all respondents were consumers of Japanese media object. Although
9838_144	those four conventions did not officially announce that their event is mainly Japanese popular
9838_145	culture, majority of people were fans of Japanese popular culture. Their main purpose of attending
9838_146	these conventions were to meet new/old friends, to have fun, and to cosplay. They regularly attend
9838_147	these conventions to keep their fan communities active.
9838_148	Demographics
9838_149	Age
9838_150	In a nationwide survey held in 2018 by Dentsu, 64.3% of Japanese individuals among the 20-29 age
9838_151	group responded that they are highly interested in anime, while the corresponding figure for those
9838_152	aged 15–19 was 72.4%, 56% aged 30–39, 48.4% aged 40–49, 38.7% aged 50–59.
9838_153	Gender In the early days of the fandom it was predominantly male.
9838_154	An analitical survey held by Forbes in 2014 revealed that half of North American anime convention
9838_155	attendees are female.
9838_156	Appeal of anime and manga
9838_157	One major appeal of anime is its artwork; some fans claim that its visual quality is superior to
9838_158	that found in most animated series made in the United States and many ignore all non-Japanese
9838_159	animation. One fan described enjoying anime because "there is no dividing line between special
9838_160	effects and what is real...it's just the way somebody imagined it". The content editor of Anime
9838_161	Fringe, Holly Kolodziejczak, described being amazed by anime's depth that was unlike the cartoons
9838_162	she had seen before: "the characters had real personalities, their own feelings and motivations for
9838_163	their actions, strengths and flaws that enhanced their characters. They were more like real people,
9838_164	and thus people could much more readily identify with them." Larry Green of Nausicaa.net agreed and
9838_165	added that anime discusses subjects for both adults and children whereas in the United States
9838_166	animation is traditionally for children. He also stated that any viewer would be able to find
9838_167	something to their liking due to anime's large scale of production.
9838_168	Susan J. Napier, a Professor of Japanese Language and Literature, stated that anime fans "find
9838_169	refuge in a culture that diverges from the typical American way of life." She pointed out that
9838_170	fascination with Japanese culture is not a new concept and has existed since the mid-19th century.
9838_171	For example, an 1876 painting by Claude Monet entitled La Japonaise depicts Monet's wife wearing a
9838_172	kimono, with Japanese hand fans shown in the background. Napier described this interest in Japan as
9838_173	an "escape from the Industrial Revolution ... a pastoral utopia" for many Europeans.
9838_174	Fan service
9838_175	Fan service is material in a series which is intentionally added to please the audience. Although
9838_176	fan service usually refers to sexually provocative scenes, it also refers more generally to events
9838_177	of little plot value designed to excite viewers or simply make them take notice, such as big

9838_78

cosplayer, Karen Schnaubelt, Japanese anime were "incredibly difficult to come by" with "nothing

9838_79

available except broadcast TV until" VHS videotapes became commonly available in the late 1970s,

9838_80

allowing fans to import anime shows from Japan; she noted that a friend "would record the episodes"

9838_81

and then "a group of us would gather at his apartment and watch a marathon of the episodes." At

9838_82

comic conventions and sci-fi conventions in the 1980s, fans brought video tapes to hold marathon

9838_83

anime screenings; BayCon 1986, for example, held an 80-hour long anime marathon.

9838_84

According to Mike Tatsugawa, the founder and CEO of the Society for the Promotion of Japanese

9838_85

Animation, the first milestone for anime in the U.S. was in the 1980s with the advent of the

9838_86

Internet. With the Internet, fans were able to more easily communicate with each other and thus

9838_87

better able to exchange fan-subtitled tapes and higher quality versions of anime. Some experts,

9838_88

such as Susan Napier, a Professor of Japanese Language and Literature, say that Akira marked the

9838_89

first milestone. However, most experts agree that the next milestone was in 1992 when U.S.

9838_90

Renditions, a film importer, released the first English-subtitled anime videotape that year,

9838_91

entitled Gunbuster. According to Tatsugawa, the success of Gunbuster triggered a flurry of

9838_92

releases.

9838_93

Due to the localization process, many people who grew up watching anime did so not realizing that

9838_94

it originated in Japan. After the success of Power Rangers (which first aired in 1993), U.S.

9838_95

television companies began broadcasting Sailor Moon and Dragon Ball Z in 1995 and 1996

9838_96

respectively. However, due to the relative failure of the latter two (both shows brought success

9838_97

when aired at a later time on Cartoon Network), anime did not seem like it would become mainstream.

9838_98

However, the anime boom in the U.S. began with the airing of the anime series Pokémon in

9838_99

syndication in 1998, which served as proof to U.S. broadcasters and distributors that Japanese

9838_100

media could succeed in the U.S. market. It was only after Pokémon and Power Rangers left the

9838_101

mainstream that U.S. audiences became aware of anime's Japanese origins.

9838_102

Anime streaming outlets in the United States

9838_103

In the United States there are multiple streaming outlets that fans can use to view anime and

9838_104

manga, while also being able to connect with those communities. One such outlet is Crunchyroll, a

9838_105

streaming service that lets users view popular anime from the past and new anime episodes released

9838_106

to the website. Crunchyroll was created in 2006 as a distribution outlet for anime. Crunchyroll has

9838_107

since evolved into becoming something more for fans in the anime community. They have added an

9838_108

addition to their website that allows anime and manga fans to get news about anime releases,

9838_109

events, and topics related to the community. This has also evolved to the creation of the

9838_110

Crunchyroll Expo. This exposition is a large scale event in San Jose, CA that allows anime and

9838_111

manga fans to connect. The streaming service also features a store where you can purchase anime

9838_112

related products such as: figures, Japanese snacks, apparel, posters, video games and manga.

9838_113

In addition, another streaming service within the United States is Funimation. Similar to

9838_114

Crunchyroll, Funimation allows you to view newly released anime while also offering a store with

9838_115

products similar to Crunchyroll. Funimation's website also has a section created for events related

9838_116

to anime and manga that allows their members to connect at the local and national level. There is

9838_117

also a blog section that allows those with an account on Funimation to connect with other fans and

9838_118

talk about their favorite, or maybe even least favorite, anime and episode.

9838_119

Mass streaming services like Netflix and Prime Video have also expanded into licensing and

9838_120

distributing anime since the early-2010s.

9838_121

European fan communities (France, Italy, Spain and Germany)

9838_122

In the 1970s, Japanese Animation reached Europe mainly with productions aimed at European and

9838_123

Japanese children with the main results being Heidi, Vicky the Vicking and Barbapapa. However,

9838_124

these works were not recognized as Japanese productions and did not earn much of a dedicated

9838_125

fanbase. Italy, Spain and France, however, grew an interest for more Japanese animation for their

9838_126

television programming, due to success of previous co-productions, Japan's productive output and

9838_127

cheap selling price in comparison to US animation. Particularly Italy imported the most anime

9838_128

outside of Japan. Like in the Philippines, the Super Robot Genre became very popular with series

9838_129

such as UFO Robot Grendizer and Mazinger Z. However many more genres got added to the mix, with

9838_130

space opera such as Captain Harlock, shojo shows like Candy Candy and Rose of Versailles, sports

9838_131

like Captain Tsubasa and more. Germany however largely rejected Anime other than western literature

9838_132

adaptations of Nippon Animation, with Speed Racer and Captain Future proving to be problematic. It

9838_133

was only during the rise of cable television during the '90s that Japanese series such as Queen

9838_134

Millennia, and Rose of Versailles went on air. A strong affinity for unique Japanese productions

9838_135

was developed among a generation of German children during this period.

9838_136

Fan Communities in Malaysia

9838_137

Studies of fan behavior focused more on big fan activities or conventions in the past and

9838_138

transitioned toward from fan communities to individual fans. There are four conventions in urban

9838_139

areas of Malaysia: Kota Kinabalu, Sabah; Kuching, Sarawak; Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor and

9838_140

Kuala Lumpur. They are held four times annually between December 2012 and August 2013. According to

9838_141

the survey, there are about 585 people who regularly attend these conventions. Half of the

9838_142

respondents were aged 18–22 as of 2013 with equal numbers of both genders. More than half of the

9838_143

respondents were student and all respondents were consumers of Japanese media object. Although

9838_144

those four conventions did not officially announce that their event is mainly Japanese popular

9838_145

culture, majority of people were fans of Japanese popular culture. Their main purpose of attending

9838_146

these conventions were to meet new/old friends, to have fun, and to cosplay. They regularly attend

9838_147

these conventions to keep their fan communities active.

9838_148

Demographics

9838_149

Age

9838_150

In a nationwide survey held in 2018 by Dentsu, 64.3% of Japanese individuals among the 20-29 age

9838_151

group responded that they are highly interested in anime, while the corresponding figure for those

9838_152

aged 15–19 was 72.4%, 56% aged 30–39, 48.4% aged 40–49, 38.7% aged 50–59.

9838_153

Gender In the early days of the fandom it was predominantly male.

9838_154

An analitical survey held by Forbes in 2014 revealed that half of North American anime convention

9838_155

attendees are female.

9838_156

Appeal of anime and manga

9838_157

One major appeal of anime is its artwork; some fans claim that its visual quality is superior to

9838_158

that found in most animated series made in the United States and many ignore all non-Japanese

9838_159

animation. One fan described enjoying anime because "there is no dividing line between special

9838_160

effects and what is real...it's just the way somebody imagined it". The content editor of Anime

9838_161

Fringe, Holly Kolodziejczak, described being amazed by anime's depth that was unlike the cartoons

9838_162

she had seen before: "the characters had real personalities, their own feelings and motivations for

9838_163

their actions, strengths and flaws that enhanced their characters. They were more like real people,

9838_164

and thus people could much more readily identify with them." Larry Green of Nausicaa.net agreed and

9838_165

added that anime discusses subjects for both adults and children whereas in the United States

9838_166

animation is traditionally for children. He also stated that any viewer would be able to find

9838_167

something to their liking due to anime's large scale of production.

9838_168

Susan J. Napier, a Professor of Japanese Language and Literature, stated that anime fans "find

9838_169

refuge in a culture that diverges from the typical American way of life." She pointed out that

9838_170

fascination with Japanese culture is not a new concept and has existed since the mid-19th century.

9838_171

For example, an 1876 painting by Claude Monet entitled La Japonaise depicts Monet's wife wearing a

9838_172

kimono, with Japanese hand fans shown in the background. Napier described this interest in Japan as

9838_173

an "escape from the Industrial Revolution ... a pastoral utopia" for many Europeans.

9838_174

Fan service

9838_175

Fan service is material in a series which is intentionally added to please the audience. Although

9838_176

fan service usually refers to sexually provocative scenes, it also refers more generally to events

9838_177

of little plot value designed to excite viewers or simply make them take notice, such as big