manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9837_166	scripts for their own languages.
9837_167	The Khitan large script and Khitan small script, which in turn influenced the Tangut script and
9837_168	Jurchen script, used characters that superficially resemble Chinese characters, but with the
9837_169	exception of a few loans were constructed using quite different principles.
9837_170	In particular the Khitan small script contained phonetic sub-elements arranged in a square block in
9837_171	a manner similar to the more sophisticated Hangul system devised later for Korean.
9837_172	Other scripts in China that borrowed or adapted some Chinese characters but are otherwise distinct
9837_173	include Ba–Shu scripts, Geba script, Sui script, Yi script and the Lisu syllabary.
9837_174	See also List of languages written in Chinese characters and derivatives of Chinese characters
9837_175	Chinese character encoding Chinese input methods for computers Chinese language
9837_176	Chinese numerals, or how to write numbers with Chinese characters Brahmic family of scripts Mojikyo
9837_177	Chinese character: Other languages
9837_178	References Citations Works cited External links
9837_179	Evolution of Chinese Characters History of Chinese writing
9837_180	Unihan Database: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean references, readings, and meanings for all the
9837_181	Chinese and Chinese-derived characters in the Unicode character set
9837_182	Ideographic Rapporteur Group working documents—many big size pdfs, some of them with details of
9837_183	CJK extensions
9837_184	Welcome To Mojikyo Institute!—big size downloadable Mojikyo program files
9837_185	Khitan script on Omniglot Linguist List - Description of Kitan Jurchen Script
9837_186	Tangut script at Omniglot Tangut coins, Andrew West
9837_187	Writing systems Chinese characters Chinese scripts
9838_0	Anime and manga fandom (otherwise known as fan community) is a worldwide community of fans of anime
9838_1	and manga. Anime includes animated series, films and videos, while manga includes manga, graphic
9838_2	novels, drawings and related artworks. The anime and manga fandom traces back to the 1970s, with
9838_3	numerous countries such as the United States, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and Malaysia
9838_4	participating in it.
9838_5	Otaku
9838_6	Otaku is a Japanese term for people with obsessive interests, including anime, manga or video
9838_7	games. In its original context, the term otaku is derived from a Japanese term for another's house
9838_8	or family ( otaku), which is also used as an honorific second-person pronoun. The modern slang
9838_9	form, which is distinguished from the older usage by being written only in hiragana (おたく) or
9838_10	katakana (オタク or, less frequently, ヲタク), or rarely in rōmaji, appeared in the 1980s. In the anime
9838_11	Macross, first aired in 1982, the term was used by Lynn Minmay as an honorific term. It appears to
9838_12	have been coined by the humorist and essayist Akio Nakamori in his 1983 series , printed in the
9838_13	lolicon magazine Manga Burikko. Animators like Haruhiko Mikimoto and Shōji Kawamori used the term
9838_14	among themselves as an honorific second-person pronoun since the late 1970s. After its wild spread
9838_15	usage by other Japanese people, however, it became pejorative and increasingly offensive in the
9838_16	1990s, implying that a person is socially inept. Otaku can be seen as being similar to the English
9838_17	terms geek or nerd.
9838_18	However, the term started to be used by anime and manga fans themselves again starting in the
9838_19	2000s, in a more general and positive way, and today it is often used by those outside of the
9838_20	fandom to refer to fans of anime or manga. However, older generation otaku, like Otaking (King of
9838_21	Otakus) Toshio Okada, in his book Otaku Wa Sude Ni Shindeiru (オタクはすでに死んでいる) said the newer
9838_22	generation of self-proclaimed otakus are not real otakus, as they lack the passion and research
9838_23	sense into a particular sub-culture subject, and are only common fans which only over spent in
9838_24	buying products.
9838_25	History of the community
9838_26	Anime and manga fandom traces back to at least the 1970s when fans of the series Space Battleship
9838_27	Yamato banded together to get it back on the air after it stopped airing on Japanese television. In
9838_28	Japan, anime and manga are referred to collectively as the content industry: anime, video games,
9838_29	manga, and other related merchandise are different types of media focused around the same content.
9838_30	English-language fan communities
9838_31	The fan community in the English-speaking world began in the 1970s and steadily grew. According to
9838_32	Japanophile Fred Patten, the very first fan club devoted to Japanese animation was the
9838_33	Cartoon/Fantasy Organization, which began in Los Angeles in 1977. Its growth characterized by waves
9838_34	that Gilles Poitras as well as Bruce Lewis and Cathy Sterling name as specific "generations", often
9838_35	instigated by a singular work.
9838_36	In the Philippines, GMA-7 began airing Voltes V in 1978. It was the first exposure of Filipinos to
9838_37	Japanese animation. Voltes V soon became very popular between children all around the Philippines
9838_38	which led to the sudden popularity of other anime series' related to the Super Robot genre in the
9838_39	Philippines. It was soon banned in 1979 by then president Ferdinand Marcos, four episodes before
9838_40	the end of the series, along with the other anime series' airing at the time, supposedly for its
9838_41	violence and warlike themes. This however, did not hinder the Filipinos' growing love of anime,
9838_42	leading to the large popularity of anime and manga throughout the Philippines.
9838_43	Poitras identifies the first generation as the "Astro Boy Generation". Despite being the first and
9838_44	most popular animated Japanese television series, Astro Boy did not create many hardcore fans, but
9838_45	it exposed viewers to the medium and increased their receptivity towards it later on. The "Early
9838_46	Fans" or "Old Timers" generation that consumed titles like Speed Racer, Eighth Man, and Battle of
9838_47	the Planets as staples. These fans were much more aware that what they were consuming was Japanese
9838_48	and took the initiative to search for more. The "Yamato" or "Star Blazers" generation originating
9838_49	from the series Space Battleship Yamato that originally aired in 1979–80. Poitras states that this
9838_50	generation was so loyal because Star Blazers strong narration required viewers to never miss an
9838_51	episode. The Poitras dubs the next generation the "Robotech Generation", after the 1985 television
9838_52	series Robotech, is the earliest major generation in the USA and is distinguished by fans clearly
9838_53	recognizing anime as a Japanese product with significant differences from American animation. Fans
9838_54	from this generation and the Yamato Generation were to make up the significant portion of organized
9838_55	fandom throughout the 1980s. The film Akira, which played in art theaters in December 1989,
9838_56	produced a cult following that Poitras names the "Akira Generation". Akira inspired some to move on
9838_57	to other works but stalled many becoming an isolated work in their eyes, overshadowing the creative
9838_58	context of anime and manga it represented.
9838_59	Then in the 1990s, Poitras states that "something new happened in the U.S.", the "Sailor Moon
9838_60	Generation" was born. Previous generations consisted mostly of college age fans, however in 1995
9838_61	Sailor Moon was adapted into English and caught the attention of people even as young as grade
9838_62	school in age, many of them female. In the span of a few months, the fan demographic changed
9838_63	dramatically and as their interests diversified, so did the titles adapted into English. Poitras,
9838_64	Lewis and Sterling describe current generation of fans as the "Otaku Generation", however not
9838_65	necessarily applying the word "otaku" to current fans. For this generation, the release of a title
9838_66	onto the television in the past was unusual enough that fans often remember their first anime
9838_67	experience as something special. Poitras remarked that as of the "Otaku Generation", the influx of
9838_68	fans into the fandom is better characterized by a continuous stream than as waves as it was in the
9838_69	past.
9838_70	In the United States, the fan community began as an offshoot of science fiction fan community, with
9838_71	fans bringing imported copies of Japanese manga to conventions. Before anime began to be licensed
9838_72	in the U.S., fans who wanted to get a hold of anime would leak copies of anime movies and subtitle
9838_73	them, thus marking the start of fansubs. By 1994, anime had become more common in the U.S., and had
9838_74	begun being translated into English and shown on television, most commonly shōnen series such as
9838_75	Pokémon and Astro Boy.
9838_76	Marathon viewing sessions of Japanese anime television series have been a common trend in anime
9838_77	fandom for decades, dating back to the late 1970s to 1980s. According to an early American anime

9837_166

scripts for their own languages.

9837_167

The Khitan large script and Khitan small script, which in turn influenced the Tangut script and

9837_168

Jurchen script, used characters that superficially resemble Chinese characters, but with the

9837_169

exception of a few loans were constructed using quite different principles.

9837_170

In particular the Khitan small script contained phonetic sub-elements arranged in a square block in

9837_171

a manner similar to the more sophisticated Hangul system devised later for Korean.

9837_172

Other scripts in China that borrowed or adapted some Chinese characters but are otherwise distinct

9837_173

include Ba–Shu scripts, Geba script, Sui script, Yi script and the Lisu syllabary.

9837_174

See also List of languages written in Chinese characters and derivatives of Chinese characters

9837_175

Chinese character encoding Chinese input methods for computers Chinese language

9837_176

Chinese numerals, or how to write numbers with Chinese characters Brahmic family of scripts Mojikyo

9837_177

Chinese character: Other languages

9837_178

References Citations Works cited External links

9837_179

Evolution of Chinese Characters History of Chinese writing

9837_180

Unihan Database: Chinese, Japanese, and Korean references, readings, and meanings for all the

9837_181

Chinese and Chinese-derived characters in the Unicode character set

9837_182

Ideographic Rapporteur Group working documents—many big size pdfs, some of them with details of

9837_183

CJK extensions

9837_184

Welcome To Mojikyo Institute!—big size downloadable Mojikyo program files

9837_185

Khitan script on Omniglot Linguist List - Description of Kitan Jurchen Script

9837_186

Tangut script at Omniglot Tangut coins, Andrew West

9837_187

Writing systems Chinese characters Chinese scripts

9838_0

Anime and manga fandom (otherwise known as fan community) is a worldwide community of fans of anime

9838_1

and manga. Anime includes animated series, films and videos, while manga includes manga, graphic

9838_2

novels, drawings and related artworks. The anime and manga fandom traces back to the 1970s, with

9838_3

numerous countries such as the United States, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and Malaysia

9838_4

participating in it.

9838_5

Otaku

9838_6

Otaku is a Japanese term for people with obsessive interests, including anime, manga or video

9838_7

games. In its original context, the term otaku is derived from a Japanese term for another's house

9838_8

or family ( otaku), which is also used as an honorific second-person pronoun. The modern slang

9838_9

form, which is distinguished from the older usage by being written only in hiragana (おたく) or

9838_10

katakana (オタク or, less frequently, ヲタク), or rarely in rōmaji, appeared in the 1980s. In the anime

9838_11

Macross, first aired in 1982, the term was used by Lynn Minmay as an honorific term. It appears to

9838_12

have been coined by the humorist and essayist Akio Nakamori in his 1983 series , printed in the

9838_13

lolicon magazine Manga Burikko. Animators like Haruhiko Mikimoto and Shōji Kawamori used the term

9838_14

among themselves as an honorific second-person pronoun since the late 1970s. After its wild spread

9838_15

usage by other Japanese people, however, it became pejorative and increasingly offensive in the

9838_16

1990s, implying that a person is socially inept. Otaku can be seen as being similar to the English

9838_17

terms geek or nerd.

9838_18

However, the term started to be used by anime and manga fans themselves again starting in the

9838_19

2000s, in a more general and positive way, and today it is often used by those outside of the

9838_20

fandom to refer to fans of anime or manga. However, older generation otaku, like Otaking (King of

9838_21

Otakus) Toshio Okada, in his book Otaku Wa Sude Ni Shindeiru (オタクはすでに死んでいる) said the newer

9838_22

generation of self-proclaimed otakus are not real otakus, as they lack the passion and research

9838_23

sense into a particular sub-culture subject, and are only common fans which only over spent in

9838_24

buying products.

9838_25

History of the community

9838_26

Anime and manga fandom traces back to at least the 1970s when fans of the series Space Battleship

9838_27

Yamato banded together to get it back on the air after it stopped airing on Japanese television. In

9838_28

Japan, anime and manga are referred to collectively as the content industry: anime, video games,

9838_29

manga, and other related merchandise are different types of media focused around the same content.

9838_30

English-language fan communities

9838_31

The fan community in the English-speaking world began in the 1970s and steadily grew. According to

9838_32

Japanophile Fred Patten, the very first fan club devoted to Japanese animation was the

9838_33

Cartoon/Fantasy Organization, which began in Los Angeles in 1977. Its growth characterized by waves

9838_34

that Gilles Poitras as well as Bruce Lewis and Cathy Sterling name as specific "generations", often

9838_35

instigated by a singular work.

9838_36

In the Philippines, GMA-7 began airing Voltes V in 1978. It was the first exposure of Filipinos to

9838_37

Japanese animation. Voltes V soon became very popular between children all around the Philippines

9838_38

which led to the sudden popularity of other anime series' related to the Super Robot genre in the

9838_39

Philippines. It was soon banned in 1979 by then president Ferdinand Marcos, four episodes before

9838_40

the end of the series, along with the other anime series' airing at the time, supposedly for its

9838_41

violence and warlike themes. This however, did not hinder the Filipinos' growing love of anime,

9838_42

leading to the large popularity of anime and manga throughout the Philippines.

9838_43

Poitras identifies the first generation as the "Astro Boy Generation". Despite being the first and

9838_44

most popular animated Japanese television series, Astro Boy did not create many hardcore fans, but

9838_45

it exposed viewers to the medium and increased their receptivity towards it later on. The "Early

9838_46

Fans" or "Old Timers" generation that consumed titles like Speed Racer, Eighth Man, and Battle of

9838_47

the Planets as staples. These fans were much more aware that what they were consuming was Japanese

9838_48

and took the initiative to search for more. The "Yamato" or "Star Blazers" generation originating

9838_49

from the series Space Battleship Yamato that originally aired in 1979–80. Poitras states that this

9838_50

generation was so loyal because Star Blazers strong narration required viewers to never miss an

9838_51

episode. The Poitras dubs the next generation the "Robotech Generation", after the 1985 television

9838_52

series Robotech, is the earliest major generation in the USA and is distinguished by fans clearly

9838_53

recognizing anime as a Japanese product with significant differences from American animation. Fans

9838_54

from this generation and the Yamato Generation were to make up the significant portion of organized

9838_55

fandom throughout the 1980s. The film Akira, which played in art theaters in December 1989,

9838_56

produced a cult following that Poitras names the "Akira Generation". Akira inspired some to move on

9838_57

to other works but stalled many becoming an isolated work in their eyes, overshadowing the creative

9838_58

context of anime and manga it represented.

9838_59

Then in the 1990s, Poitras states that "something new happened in the U.S.", the "Sailor Moon

9838_60

Generation" was born. Previous generations consisted mostly of college age fans, however in 1995

9838_61

Sailor Moon was adapted into English and caught the attention of people even as young as grade

9838_62

school in age, many of them female. In the span of a few months, the fan demographic changed

9838_63

dramatically and as their interests diversified, so did the titles adapted into English. Poitras,

9838_64

Lewis and Sterling describe current generation of fans as the "Otaku Generation", however not

9838_65

necessarily applying the word "otaku" to current fans. For this generation, the release of a title

9838_66

onto the television in the past was unusual enough that fans often remember their first anime

9838_67

experience as something special. Poitras remarked that as of the "Otaku Generation", the influx of

9838_68

fans into the fandom is better characterized by a continuous stream than as waves as it was in the

9838_69

past.

9838_70

In the United States, the fan community began as an offshoot of science fiction fan community, with

9838_71

fans bringing imported copies of Japanese manga to conventions. Before anime began to be licensed

9838_72

in the U.S., fans who wanted to get a hold of anime would leak copies of anime movies and subtitle

9838_73

them, thus marking the start of fansubs. By 1994, anime had become more common in the U.S., and had

9838_74

begun being translated into English and shown on television, most commonly shōnen series such as

9838_75

Pokémon and Astro Boy.

9838_76

Marathon viewing sessions of Japanese anime television series have been a common trend in anime

9838_77

fandom for decades, dating back to the late 1970s to 1980s. According to an early American anime