manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9838_178	explosions and battle scenes. When anime and manga are translated into English by U.S. companies,
9838_179	the original work is often edited to remove some of the fan service to make it more appropriate for
9838_180	U.S. audiences. Mike Tatsugawa explained this change as a result of a difference between cultural
9838_181	values of Japan and the U.S. In fact, some anime seem to feature little else other than fan service
9838_182	as their selling point. Some believe that the prevalence of fan service indicates a lack of
9838_183	maturity within the fandom; an editor of Del Rey Manga joked that manga Negima!, which contained
9838_184	fan service, should be rated as "for immature readers 16+" rather than for "mature readers 16+".
9838_185	Fan labor
9838_186	Dōjin
9838_187	Dōjin are fan-made creation that are oftentimes bought and sold through dōjin events. Dōjin
9838_188	consists of doujinshi (doujin magazine, could be manga, novel, or essay), doujinsoft (doujin games
9838_189	and software), doujin music, and doujin anime. Dōjin events aim to help creators distribute manga
9838_190	commercially without the need for a publisher. The oldest and largest dōjin event worldwide is
9838_191	Comic Market, more commonly known as Comiket. The Comiket 97 fair (December 2019) in Tokyo, Japan
9838_192	totaled approximately 750,000 visitors.
9838_193	Learning about Japan
9838_194	Language
9838_195	Anime and manga have stimulated many young people to learn the Japanese language. In the 1970s,
9838_196	Naoka Takaya's Saskatoon Japanese Language School was founded with a student body consisting of
9838_197	primarily Japanese-Canadians interested in polishing their language skills for their return to
9838_198	Japan. However, popularity for the language began to rise; the Japanese Language Proficiency Test
9838_199	was first held in 1984 in response to growing demand for standardized Japanese language
9838_200	certification. Yuki Sasaki, who works for the Japanese language program at the University of
9838_201	Georgia, noted that when she first started in the program in 1994, most students were interested in
9838_202	Japanese for internal business majors; however, in 2004, students are more interested in
9838_203	"translating Japanese pop-song lyrics and talk excitedly about the Japanese anime character Sakura
9838_204	Kinomoto from Cardcaptor Sakura." Echoing this sentiment, Takaya also stated that about 60% of her
9838_205	students are studying Japanese because of anime.
9838_206	Despite some fansubbers declaring (due to fansubbing's illegality) that they will stop distribution
9838_207	once a series is licensed, many fansubbed versions of anime are produced because of the stiff
9838_208	localization process in official translations. According to one survey only 9% of fans prefer
9838_209	dubbing over subs; some fans believe that the localization process degrades the quality of anime
9838_210	and thus look to fansubs for the purer form of Japanese culture, feeling that something is lost in
9838_211	translation. Most hardcore fans are motivated by the desire not to miss the jokes and puns present
9838_212	in Japanese anime and manga. In fact, most people interested in anime express at least a passing
9838_213	desire to learn Japanese, but usually choose not to, due to either time constraints or rumours
9838_214	about the difficulty involved in learning Japanese. Japanese terms are so well integrated into the
9838_215	anime and manga fan culture that during a Fanime convention, a newcomer expressed confusion at some
9838_216	of the announcements because she was unable to understand the Japanese words used. As fans become
9838_217	more proficient at Japanese; they often also become more critical toward the quality of various
9838_218	translations; some critique the different translations of a single series by different fansub
9838_219	groups.
9838_220	Some fans even decide to translate professionally. In fact, fluent English speakers who know
9838_221	sufficient Japanese are often preferred for translating over fluent Japanese speakers who know
9838_222	sufficient English, as the syntax of the latter group tends to be stiff. Del Rey Manga's editor
9838_223	finds much of their talent through conventions.
9838_224	Japanese Language in Australia Research about Japanese language in Northwood and Thomson 2012, The
9838_225	Japan Foundation 2011 and 2013 tells us that many people are motivated to learn the Japanese
9838_226	language due to interest in Japanese popular culture. People who are not formally studying Japanese
9838_227	but identify themselves as Japanese popular culture are ignored. However, the report in East Asian
9838_228	Journal of Popular Culture by Sumiko lida and William S. Armour suggest the opposite. Their 2016
9838_229	study results show that people's interest and motivation to consume Japanese popular culture
9838_230	products does not lead them to get formal Japanese language education. Their goal was to discover
9838_231	the correlation of Australian fans of anime and manga with the Japanese popular culture products.
9838_232	The results were 47.7 (n=118) percent of the people who had some sort of Japanese education
9838_233	indicated that they got the motivation to learn through anime and manga. But 66.3 (132 out of 199)
9838_234	percent of people who said they had no prior education in Japanese also showed motivation to learn
9838_235	Japanese in the future. While there are still optimism about Japanese popular culture fans' would
9838_236	increase the number of people who wants to learn Japanese language, the actual data seems to
9838_237	contradict.
9838_238	Manga and anime in the Secondary English classroom Teaching anime text in an English classroom
9838_239	setting is something to be experimented to see how it shapes the relationship between teachers and
9838_240	students. Manga and anime texts are new in Western education. Australian state of New South Wales
9838_241	implemented manga and anime texts in their secondary English class and the results were different
9838_242	depending on how much students are interested in manga and anime. Students who were interested in
9838_243	manga and anime and called themselves 'big fans" showed very very high level of enthusiasm in
9838_244	class. Students showed significant and emotive level of engagement in class. Students were able to
9838_245	share their thoughts in manga and anime texts in their English classroom. Difference arose when a
9838_246	student was not interested in manga and anime texts. Frank in the experiment argued that it did not
9838_247	capture the majority of students to be interest in manga and anime texts. Having few students who
9838_248	are interested in manga and anime out of 30 students which is the average class sizes is not a
9838_249	majority. This results shows that implementing manga and anime texts would be different depending
9838_250	on the student.
9838_251	Culture
9838_252	Anime and manga have also inspired many young people to learn about Japanese culture, and the anime
9838_253	fan community in fact encourages people to do so. Fans often learn about Japanese honorifics from
9838_254	anime and manga. Companies such as Del Rey Manga and GoComi add explanatory notes describing
9838_255	honorifics and other words and concepts that do not translate well between languages.
9838_256	Technology and the Internet
9838_257	Developments on the Internet have had profound effects on the anime fan community and the way in
9838_258	which anime is consumed. Additionally, fan interest in anime has inspired many developments in
9838_259	technology. Roughly 68% of fans obtain anime through downloading from the Internet or through their
9838_260	friends, a much larger proportion than in any other medium. As a result, fans have made some of the
9838_261	most sophisticated advances in peer-to-peer software in order to make searching for and downloading
9838_262	anime online faster. Other fans have created websites that uses a custom server to search the
9838_263	Internet for video mirrors and new episodes, similar to search engines on how they crawl each
9838_264	website and saves the information gathered to the database. The search engine keeps every episodes
9838_265	up to date. VirtualDub, a video capture and processing utility, was first created for use on an
9838_266	anime film adaptation of Sailor Moon. The desire to simulate all forms of media that anime and
9838_267	manga comes in has caused PyTom to create Ren'Py, an open-source software engine that allows for
9838_268	the creation of visual novels without the need for a programming background. Anime fans have also
9838_269	developed image upscaling tools, some using Artificial intelligence. Examples of such tools are
9838_270	waifu2x, Bigjpg and Anime4K. The Combined Community Codec Pack (CCCP, a play on the initials of the
9838_271	former Soviet Union) was originally created for the playback of anime fansubs.
9838_272	Several online communities have been formed where fans can come together to share and interact.
9838_273	Sites that offer file sharing services are popular and influential where people can gain easy
9838_274	access to anime and manga. Fandom has also resulted in the creation of anime and manga fan
9838_275	communities on sites where people can share fan art, one of the most common ways for fans to
9838_276	express their love of anime. These communities tend to do more than just share files. Like most
9838_277	forums on the Internet, they discuss topics that they are interested in and want to know more

9838_178

explosions and battle scenes. When anime and manga are translated into English by U.S. companies,

9838_179

the original work is often edited to remove some of the fan service to make it more appropriate for

9838_180

U.S. audiences. Mike Tatsugawa explained this change as a result of a difference between cultural

9838_181

values of Japan and the U.S. In fact, some anime seem to feature little else other than fan service

9838_182

as their selling point. Some believe that the prevalence of fan service indicates a lack of

9838_183

maturity within the fandom; an editor of Del Rey Manga joked that manga Negima!, which contained

9838_184

fan service, should be rated as "for immature readers 16+" rather than for "mature readers 16+".

9838_185

Fan labor

9838_186

Dōjin

9838_187

Dōjin are fan-made creation that are oftentimes bought and sold through dōjin events. Dōjin

9838_188

consists of doujinshi (doujin magazine, could be manga, novel, or essay), doujinsoft (doujin games

9838_189

and software), doujin music, and doujin anime. Dōjin events aim to help creators distribute manga

9838_190

commercially without the need for a publisher. The oldest and largest dōjin event worldwide is

9838_191

Comic Market, more commonly known as Comiket. The Comiket 97 fair (December 2019) in Tokyo, Japan

9838_192

totaled approximately 750,000 visitors.

9838_193

Learning about Japan

9838_194

Language

9838_195

Anime and manga have stimulated many young people to learn the Japanese language. In the 1970s,

9838_196

Naoka Takaya's Saskatoon Japanese Language School was founded with a student body consisting of

9838_197

primarily Japanese-Canadians interested in polishing their language skills for their return to

9838_198

Japan. However, popularity for the language began to rise; the Japanese Language Proficiency Test

9838_199

was first held in 1984 in response to growing demand for standardized Japanese language

9838_200

certification. Yuki Sasaki, who works for the Japanese language program at the University of

9838_201

Georgia, noted that when she first started in the program in 1994, most students were interested in

9838_202

Japanese for internal business majors; however, in 2004, students are more interested in

9838_203

"translating Japanese pop-song lyrics and talk excitedly about the Japanese anime character Sakura

9838_204

Kinomoto from Cardcaptor Sakura." Echoing this sentiment, Takaya also stated that about 60% of her

9838_205

students are studying Japanese because of anime.

9838_206

Despite some fansubbers declaring (due to fansubbing's illegality) that they will stop distribution

9838_207

once a series is licensed, many fansubbed versions of anime are produced because of the stiff

9838_208

localization process in official translations. According to one survey only 9% of fans prefer

9838_209

dubbing over subs; some fans believe that the localization process degrades the quality of anime

9838_210

and thus look to fansubs for the purer form of Japanese culture, feeling that something is lost in

9838_211

translation. Most hardcore fans are motivated by the desire not to miss the jokes and puns present

9838_212

in Japanese anime and manga. In fact, most people interested in anime express at least a passing

9838_213

desire to learn Japanese, but usually choose not to, due to either time constraints or rumours

9838_214

about the difficulty involved in learning Japanese. Japanese terms are so well integrated into the

9838_215

anime and manga fan culture that during a Fanime convention, a newcomer expressed confusion at some

9838_216

of the announcements because she was unable to understand the Japanese words used. As fans become

9838_217

more proficient at Japanese; they often also become more critical toward the quality of various

9838_218

translations; some critique the different translations of a single series by different fansub

9838_219

groups.

9838_220

Some fans even decide to translate professionally. In fact, fluent English speakers who know

9838_221

sufficient Japanese are often preferred for translating over fluent Japanese speakers who know

9838_222

sufficient English, as the syntax of the latter group tends to be stiff. Del Rey Manga's editor

9838_223

finds much of their talent through conventions.

9838_224

Japanese Language in Australia Research about Japanese language in Northwood and Thomson 2012, The

9838_225

Japan Foundation 2011 and 2013 tells us that many people are motivated to learn the Japanese

9838_226

language due to interest in Japanese popular culture. People who are not formally studying Japanese

9838_227

but identify themselves as Japanese popular culture are ignored. However, the report in East Asian

9838_228

Journal of Popular Culture by Sumiko lida and William S. Armour suggest the opposite. Their 2016

9838_229

study results show that people's interest and motivation to consume Japanese popular culture

9838_230

products does not lead them to get formal Japanese language education. Their goal was to discover

9838_231

the correlation of Australian fans of anime and manga with the Japanese popular culture products.

9838_232

The results were 47.7 (n=118) percent of the people who had some sort of Japanese education

9838_233

indicated that they got the motivation to learn through anime and manga. But 66.3 (132 out of 199)

9838_234

percent of people who said they had no prior education in Japanese also showed motivation to learn

9838_235

Japanese in the future. While there are still optimism about Japanese popular culture fans' would

9838_236

increase the number of people who wants to learn Japanese language, the actual data seems to

9838_237

contradict.

9838_238

Manga and anime in the Secondary English classroom Teaching anime text in an English classroom

9838_239

setting is something to be experimented to see how it shapes the relationship between teachers and

9838_240

students. Manga and anime texts are new in Western education. Australian state of New South Wales

9838_241

implemented manga and anime texts in their secondary English class and the results were different

9838_242

depending on how much students are interested in manga and anime. Students who were interested in

9838_243

manga and anime and called themselves 'big fans" showed very very high level of enthusiasm in

9838_244

class. Students showed significant and emotive level of engagement in class. Students were able to

9838_245

share their thoughts in manga and anime texts in their English classroom. Difference arose when a

9838_246

student was not interested in manga and anime texts. Frank in the experiment argued that it did not

9838_247

capture the majority of students to be interest in manga and anime texts. Having few students who

9838_248

are interested in manga and anime out of 30 students which is the average class sizes is not a

9838_249

majority. This results shows that implementing manga and anime texts would be different depending

9838_250

on the student.

9838_251

Culture

9838_252

Anime and manga have also inspired many young people to learn about Japanese culture, and the anime

9838_253

fan community in fact encourages people to do so. Fans often learn about Japanese honorifics from

9838_254

anime and manga. Companies such as Del Rey Manga and GoComi add explanatory notes describing

9838_255

honorifics and other words and concepts that do not translate well between languages.

9838_256

Technology and the Internet

9838_257

Developments on the Internet have had profound effects on the anime fan community and the way in

9838_258

which anime is consumed. Additionally, fan interest in anime has inspired many developments in

9838_259

technology. Roughly 68% of fans obtain anime through downloading from the Internet or through their

9838_260

friends, a much larger proportion than in any other medium. As a result, fans have made some of the

9838_261

most sophisticated advances in peer-to-peer software in order to make searching for and downloading

9838_262

anime online faster. Other fans have created websites that uses a custom server to search the

9838_263

Internet for video mirrors and new episodes, similar to search engines on how they crawl each

9838_264

website and saves the information gathered to the database. The search engine keeps every episodes

9838_265

up to date. VirtualDub, a video capture and processing utility, was first created for use on an

9838_266

anime film adaptation of Sailor Moon. The desire to simulate all forms of media that anime and

9838_267

manga comes in has caused PyTom to create Ren'Py, an open-source software engine that allows for

9838_268

the creation of visual novels without the need for a programming background. Anime fans have also

9838_269

developed image upscaling tools, some using Artificial intelligence. Examples of such tools are

9838_270

waifu2x, Bigjpg and Anime4K. The Combined Community Codec Pack (CCCP, a play on the initials of the

9838_271

former Soviet Union) was originally created for the playback of anime fansubs.

9838_272

Several online communities have been formed where fans can come together to share and interact.

9838_273

Sites that offer file sharing services are popular and influential where people can gain easy

9838_274

access to anime and manga. Fandom has also resulted in the creation of anime and manga fan

9838_275

communities on sites where people can share fan art, one of the most common ways for fans to

9838_276

express their love of anime. These communities tend to do more than just share files. Like most

9838_277

forums on the Internet, they discuss topics that they are interested in and want to know more