manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9829_100	arrived in September 1845 and in that year the first hotel, the Atlanta Hotel, was opened. The
9829_101	railroad was the chief stimulus to the town's growth, with several lines being added.
9829_102	In 1846, a second railroad company, the Macon & Western (orig. "Monroe Railroad"), completed tracks
9829_103	to Terminus/Atlanta, connecting the little settlement with Macon to the south and Savannah to the
9829_104	southeast. The town then began to boom. In late 1846, the Washington Hall hotel was opened. By
9829_105	1847, the population had reached 2,500. In 1848, the town elected its first mayor and appointed its
9829_106	first town marshal, German M. Lester, coinciding with the first homicide and the first jail built.
9829_107	A new city council approved the building of wooden sidewalks and banned conducting business on
9829_108	Sundays. In 1849, Atlanta's third and largest antebellum hotel was built, the Trout House, and the
9829_109	Daily Intelligencer became the town's first successful daily newspaper. In 1850 Oakland Cemetery
9829_110	was founded southeast of town, where it remains today within the city limits.
9829_111	In 1851, a third rail line, the Western and Atlantic Railroad - for which the site of Atlanta had
9829_112	been identified as a terminus - finally arrived, connecting Atlanta to Chattanooga in the northwest
9829_113	and opening up Georgia to trade with the Tennessee and Ohio River Valleys, and the American
9829_114	Midwest. The union depot was completed in 1853 on State Square. That year, the depot's architect,
9829_115	Edward A. Vincent, also delivered Atlanta's first official map to the city council.
9829_116	Fulton County was established in 1853 from the western section of DeKalb, and in 1854, a
9829_117	combination Fulton County Court House and Atlanta City Hall was built– which would be razed 30
9829_118	years later to make way for today's State Capitol building. (After the Civil War, the Georgia
9829_119	General Assembly decided to move the state capital from Milledgeville to Atlanta.)
9829_120	In 1854, a fourth rail line, the Atlanta and LaGrange Rail Road (later Atlanta & West Point
9829_121	Railroad) arrived, connecting Atlanta with LaGrange, Georgia, to the southwest, sealing Atlanta's
9829_122	role as a rail hub for the entire South, with lines to the northwest, east, southeast, and
9829_123	southwest.
9829_124	By 1855, the town had grown to 6,025 residents and had a bank, a daily newspaper, a factory to
9829_125	build freight cars, a new brick depot, property taxes, a gasworks, gas street lights, a theater, a
9829_126	medical college, and juvenile delinquency.
9829_127	Manufacturing and commerce
9829_128	The first true manufacturing establishment was opened in 1844, when Jonathan Norcross, who later
9829_129	became mayor of Atlanta, arrived in Marthasville and built a sawmill. Richard Peters, Lemuel Grant,
9829_130	and John Mims built a three-story flour mill, which was used as a pistol factory during the Civil
9829_131	War. In 1848, Austin Leyden started the town's first foundry and machine shop, which was later the
9829_132	Atlanta Machine Works.
9829_133	The Atlanta Rolling Mill (later the "Confederate" Rolling Mill) was built in 1858 near Oakland
9829_134	Cemetery. It soon became the South's second-most productive rolling mill. During the American Civil
9829_135	War it rolled out cannon, iron rail, and sheets of iron to clad the CSS Virginia for the
9829_136	Confederate navy. The mill was destroyed by the Union Army in 1864.
9829_137	The city became a busy center for cotton distribution. As an example, in 1859, the Georgia Railroad
9829_138	alone sent 3,000 empty rail cars to the city to be loaded with cotton.
9829_139	By 1860, the city had four large machine shops, two planing mills, three tanneries, two shoe
9829_140	factories, a soap factory, and clothing factories employing 75 people.
9829_141	Slavery in antebellum Atlanta
9829_142	In 1850, out of 2,572 people, 493 were enslaved African Americans, and 18 were free blacks, for a
9829_143	total black population of 20%. The black proportion of Atlanta's population became much higher
9829_144	after the Civil War, when freed slaves came to Atlanta in search of opportunity.
9829_145	Several slave auction houses were in the town, which advertised in the newspapers and many of which
9829_146	also traded in manufactured goods.
9829_147	Civil War and Reconstruction: 1861–1871 Civil War: 1861–1865
9829_148	During the American Civil War, Atlanta served as an important railroad and military supply hub.
9829_149	(See also: Atlanta in the Civil War.) In 1864, the city became the target of a major Union invasion
9829_150	(the setting for the 1939 film Gone with the Wind). The area now covered by Atlanta was the scene
9829_151	of several battles, including the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle
9829_152	of Ezra Church. General Sherman cut the last supply line to Atlanta at the Battle of Jonesboro
9829_153	fought on August 31 – September 1. With all of his supply lines cut, Confederate General John Bell
9829_154	Hood was forced to abandon Atlanta. On the night of September 1, his troops marched out of the city
9829_155	to Lovejoy, Georgia. General Hood ordered that the 81 rail cars filled with ammunition and other
9829_156	military supplies be destroyed. The resulting fire and explosions were heard for miles. The next
9829_157	day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered the city, and on September 7 Sherman ordered the civilian
9829_158	population to evacuate. He then ordered Atlanta burned to the ground on November 11 in preparation
9829_159	for his punitive march south.
9829_160	After a plea by the Bishops of the Episcopal and Catholic churches in Atlanta, Sherman did not burn
9829_161	the city's churches or hospitals. The remaining war resources were then destroyed in the aftermath
9829_162	in Sherman's March to the Sea. The fall of Atlanta was a critical point in the Civil War. Its much
9829_163	publicized fall gave confidence to the Northerners. Together with the Battle of Mobile Bay, the
9829_164	fall of Atlanta led to the re-election of Abraham Lincoln and the eventual surrender of the
9829_165	Confederacy.
9829_166	Reconstruction: 1865–1871
9829_167	The city emerged from the ashes – hence the city's symbol, the phoenix – and was gradually rebuilt,
9829_168	as its population increased rapidly after the war. Atlanta received migrants from surrounding
9829_169	counties and states: from 1860 to 1870 Fulton County more than doubled in population, from 14,427
9829_170	to 33,446. In a pattern seen across the South after the Civil War, many freedmen moved from
9829_171	plantations to towns or cities for work, including Atlanta; Fulton County went from 20.5% black in
9829_172	1860 to 45.7% black in 1870.
9829_173	Food supplies were erratic due to poor harvests, which were a result of the turmoil in the
9829_174	agricultural labor supply after emancipation of the slaves. Many refugees were destitute without
9829_175	even proper clothing or shoes; the AMA helped fill the gap with food, shelter, and clothing, and
9829_176	the federally sponsored Freedmen's Bureau also offered much help, though erratically.
9829_177	The destruction of the housing stock by the Union army, together with the massive influx of
9829_178	refugees, resulted in a severe housing shortage. Some to lots with a small house rented for $5
9829_179	per month, while those with a glass pane rented for $20. High rents rather than laws led to de
9829_180	facto segregation, with most black people settling in three shantytown areas at the city's edge.
9829_181	There, housing was substandard; an AMA missionary remarked that many houses were "rickety shacks"
9829_182	rented at inflated rates. Two of the three shantytowns sat in low-lying areas, prone to flooding
9829_183	and sewage overflows, which resulted in outbreaks of disease in the late 19th century. A shantytown
9829_184	named Tight Squeeze developed at Peachtree at what is now 10th Street in Midtown Atlanta. It was
9829_185	infamous for vagrancy, desperation, and robberies of merchants transiting the settlement.
9829_186	A smallpox epidemic hit Atlanta in December 1865, with few doctors or hospital facilities to help.
9829_187	Another epidemic hit in fall, 1866; hundreds died.
9829_188	Construction created many new jobs, and employment boomed. Atlanta soon became the industrial and
9829_189	commercial center of the South. From 1867 until 1888, U.S. Army soldiers occupied McPherson
9829_190	Barracks (later renamed Fort McPherson) in southwest Atlanta to ensure Reconstruction-era reforms.
9829_191	In 1868, Atlanta became the Georgia state capital, taking over from Milledgeville.
9829_192	Center of black education
9829_193	Atlanta quickly became a center of black education. Atlanta University was established in 1865, the
9829_194	forerunner of Morehouse College in 1867, Clark University in 1869, what is now Spelman College in
9829_195	1881, and Morris Brown College in 1881. This was one of several factors aiding the establishment of
9829_196	one of the nation's oldest and best-established African-American elite in Atlanta.
9829_197	Gate City of the New South: 1872-1905
9829_198	The New South
9829_199	Henry W. Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, promoted the city to investors as a city of

9829_100

arrived in September 1845 and in that year the first hotel, the Atlanta Hotel, was opened. The

9829_101

railroad was the chief stimulus to the town's growth, with several lines being added.

9829_102

In 1846, a second railroad company, the Macon & Western (orig. "Monroe Railroad"), completed tracks

9829_103

to Terminus/Atlanta, connecting the little settlement with Macon to the south and Savannah to the

9829_104

southeast. The town then began to boom. In late 1846, the Washington Hall hotel was opened. By

9829_105

1847, the population had reached 2,500. In 1848, the town elected its first mayor and appointed its

9829_106

first town marshal, German M. Lester, coinciding with the first homicide and the first jail built.

9829_107

A new city council approved the building of wooden sidewalks and banned conducting business on

9829_108

Sundays. In 1849, Atlanta's third and largest antebellum hotel was built, the Trout House, and the

9829_109

Daily Intelligencer became the town's first successful daily newspaper. In 1850 Oakland Cemetery

9829_110

was founded southeast of town, where it remains today within the city limits.

9829_111

In 1851, a third rail line, the Western and Atlantic Railroad - for which the site of Atlanta had

9829_112

been identified as a terminus - finally arrived, connecting Atlanta to Chattanooga in the northwest

9829_113

and opening up Georgia to trade with the Tennessee and Ohio River Valleys, and the American

9829_114

Midwest. The union depot was completed in 1853 on State Square. That year, the depot's architect,

9829_115

Edward A. Vincent, also delivered Atlanta's first official map to the city council.

9829_116

Fulton County was established in 1853 from the western section of DeKalb, and in 1854, a

9829_117

combination Fulton County Court House and Atlanta City Hall was built– which would be razed 30

9829_118

years later to make way for today's State Capitol building. (After the Civil War, the Georgia

9829_119

General Assembly decided to move the state capital from Milledgeville to Atlanta.)

9829_120

In 1854, a fourth rail line, the Atlanta and LaGrange Rail Road (later Atlanta & West Point

9829_121

Railroad) arrived, connecting Atlanta with LaGrange, Georgia, to the southwest, sealing Atlanta's

9829_122

role as a rail hub for the entire South, with lines to the northwest, east, southeast, and

9829_123

southwest.

9829_124

By 1855, the town had grown to 6,025 residents and had a bank, a daily newspaper, a factory to

9829_125

build freight cars, a new brick depot, property taxes, a gasworks, gas street lights, a theater, a

9829_126

medical college, and juvenile delinquency.

9829_127

Manufacturing and commerce

9829_128

The first true manufacturing establishment was opened in 1844, when Jonathan Norcross, who later

9829_129

became mayor of Atlanta, arrived in Marthasville and built a sawmill. Richard Peters, Lemuel Grant,

9829_130

and John Mims built a three-story flour mill, which was used as a pistol factory during the Civil

9829_131

War. In 1848, Austin Leyden started the town's first foundry and machine shop, which was later the

9829_132

Atlanta Machine Works.

9829_133

The Atlanta Rolling Mill (later the "Confederate" Rolling Mill) was built in 1858 near Oakland

9829_134

Cemetery. It soon became the South's second-most productive rolling mill. During the American Civil

9829_135

War it rolled out cannon, iron rail, and sheets of iron to clad the CSS Virginia for the

9829_136

Confederate navy. The mill was destroyed by the Union Army in 1864.

9829_137

The city became a busy center for cotton distribution. As an example, in 1859, the Georgia Railroad

9829_138

alone sent 3,000 empty rail cars to the city to be loaded with cotton.

9829_139

By 1860, the city had four large machine shops, two planing mills, three tanneries, two shoe

9829_140

factories, a soap factory, and clothing factories employing 75 people.

9829_141

Slavery in antebellum Atlanta

9829_142

In 1850, out of 2,572 people, 493 were enslaved African Americans, and 18 were free blacks, for a

9829_143

total black population of 20%. The black proportion of Atlanta's population became much higher

9829_144

after the Civil War, when freed slaves came to Atlanta in search of opportunity.

9829_145

Several slave auction houses were in the town, which advertised in the newspapers and many of which

9829_146

also traded in manufactured goods.

9829_147

Civil War and Reconstruction: 1861–1871 Civil War: 1861–1865

9829_148

During the American Civil War, Atlanta served as an important railroad and military supply hub.

9829_149

(See also: Atlanta in the Civil War.) In 1864, the city became the target of a major Union invasion

9829_150

(the setting for the 1939 film Gone with the Wind). The area now covered by Atlanta was the scene

9829_151

of several battles, including the Battle of Peachtree Creek, the Battle of Atlanta, and the Battle

9829_152

of Ezra Church. General Sherman cut the last supply line to Atlanta at the Battle of Jonesboro

9829_153

fought on August 31 – September 1. With all of his supply lines cut, Confederate General John Bell

9829_154

Hood was forced to abandon Atlanta. On the night of September 1, his troops marched out of the city

9829_155

to Lovejoy, Georgia. General Hood ordered that the 81 rail cars filled with ammunition and other

9829_156

military supplies be destroyed. The resulting fire and explosions were heard for miles. The next

9829_157

day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered the city, and on September 7 Sherman ordered the civilian

9829_158

population to evacuate. He then ordered Atlanta burned to the ground on November 11 in preparation

9829_159

for his punitive march south.

9829_160

After a plea by the Bishops of the Episcopal and Catholic churches in Atlanta, Sherman did not burn

9829_161

the city's churches or hospitals. The remaining war resources were then destroyed in the aftermath

9829_162

in Sherman's March to the Sea. The fall of Atlanta was a critical point in the Civil War. Its much

9829_163

publicized fall gave confidence to the Northerners. Together with the Battle of Mobile Bay, the

9829_164

fall of Atlanta led to the re-election of Abraham Lincoln and the eventual surrender of the

9829_165

Confederacy.

9829_166

Reconstruction: 1865–1871

9829_167

The city emerged from the ashes – hence the city's symbol, the phoenix – and was gradually rebuilt,

9829_168

as its population increased rapidly after the war. Atlanta received migrants from surrounding

9829_169

counties and states: from 1860 to 1870 Fulton County more than doubled in population, from 14,427

9829_170

to 33,446. In a pattern seen across the South after the Civil War, many freedmen moved from

9829_171

plantations to towns or cities for work, including Atlanta; Fulton County went from 20.5% black in

9829_172

1860 to 45.7% black in 1870.

9829_173

Food supplies were erratic due to poor harvests, which were a result of the turmoil in the

9829_174

agricultural labor supply after emancipation of the slaves. Many refugees were destitute without

9829_175

even proper clothing or shoes; the AMA helped fill the gap with food, shelter, and clothing, and

9829_176

the federally sponsored Freedmen's Bureau also offered much help, though erratically.

9829_177

The destruction of the housing stock by the Union army, together with the massive influx of

9829_178

refugees, resulted in a severe housing shortage. Some to lots with a small house rented for $5

9829_179

per month, while those with a glass pane rented for $20. High rents rather than laws led to de

9829_180

facto segregation, with most black people settling in three shantytown areas at the city's edge.

9829_181

There, housing was substandard; an AMA missionary remarked that many houses were "rickety shacks"

9829_182

rented at inflated rates. Two of the three shantytowns sat in low-lying areas, prone to flooding

9829_183

and sewage overflows, which resulted in outbreaks of disease in the late 19th century. A shantytown

9829_184

named Tight Squeeze developed at Peachtree at what is now 10th Street in Midtown Atlanta. It was

9829_185

infamous for vagrancy, desperation, and robberies of merchants transiting the settlement.

9829_186

A smallpox epidemic hit Atlanta in December 1865, with few doctors or hospital facilities to help.

9829_187

Another epidemic hit in fall, 1866; hundreds died.

9829_188

Construction created many new jobs, and employment boomed. Atlanta soon became the industrial and

9829_189

commercial center of the South. From 1867 until 1888, U.S. Army soldiers occupied McPherson

9829_190

Barracks (later renamed Fort McPherson) in southwest Atlanta to ensure Reconstruction-era reforms.

9829_191

In 1868, Atlanta became the Georgia state capital, taking over from Milledgeville.

9829_192

Center of black education

9829_193

Atlanta quickly became a center of black education. Atlanta University was established in 1865, the

9829_194

forerunner of Morehouse College in 1867, Clark University in 1869, what is now Spelman College in

9829_195

1881, and Morris Brown College in 1881. This was one of several factors aiding the establishment of

9829_196

one of the nation's oldest and best-established African-American elite in Atlanta.

9829_197

Gate City of the New South: 1872-1905

9829_198

The New South

9829_199

Henry W. Grady, the editor of the Atlanta Constitution, promoted the city to investors as a city of