manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9829_200	the "New South," by which he meant a diversification of the economy away from agriculture, and a
9829_201	shift from the "Old South" attitudes of slavery and rebellion. As part of the effort to modernize
9829_202	the South, Grady and many others also supported the creation of the Georgia School of Technology
9829_203	(now the Georgia Institute of Technology), which was founded on the city's northern outskirts in
9829_204	1885. With Grady's support, the Confederate Soldiers' Home was built in 1889.
9829_205	In 1880, Sister Cecilia Carroll, RSM, and three companions traveled from Savannah, Georgia to
9829_206	Atlanta to minister to the sick. With just 50 cents in their collective purse, the sisters opened
9829_207	the Atlanta Hospital, the first medical facility in the city after the Civil War. This later became
9829_208	known as Saint Joseph's Hospital.
9829_209	Expansion and the first planned suburbs
9829_210	Starting in 1871, horse-drawn, and later, starting in 1888, electric streetcars fueled real estate
9829_211	development and the city's expansion. Washington Street south of downtown and Peachtree Street
9829_212	north of the central business district became wealthy residential areas.
9829_213	In the 1890s, West End became the suburb of choice for the city's elite, but Inman Park, planned as
9829_214	a harmonious whole, soon overtook it in prestige. Peachtree Street's mansions reached ever further
9829_215	north into what is now Midtown Atlanta, including Amos G. Rhodes' (founder of the Rhodes Furniture
9829_216	Company in 1875) mansion, Rhodes Hall, which can still be visited.
9829_217	Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgia's largest city by 1880. Disenfranchisement of black people
9829_218	As Atlanta grew, ethnic and racial tensions mounted. Late 19th- and early 20th-century immigration
9829_219	added a very small number of new Europeans to the mix. After Reconstruction, whites had used a
9829_220	variety of tactics, including militias and legislation, to re-establish political and social
9829_221	supremacy throughout the South. Starting with a poll tax in 1877, by the turn of the century,
9829_222	Georgia passed a variety of legislation that completed the disfranchisement of black people. Not
9829_223	even college-educated men could vote. Nonetheless, African Americans in Atlanta had been
9829_224	developing their own businesses, institutions, churches, and a strong, educated middle class.
9829_225	Meanwhile, the 2nd Ku Klux Klan era, (19151944) headed by William J. Simmons, and the 3rd Ku Klux
9829_226	Klan era, (1946present) headed by Dr. Samuel Green, both started off in Atlanta.
9829_227	Coca-Cola
9829_228	The identities of Atlanta and Coca-Cola have been intertwined since 1886, when John Pemberton
9829_229	developed the soft drink in response to Atlanta and Fulton County going "dry". The first sales were
9829_230	at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta. Asa Griggs Candler acquired a stake in Pemberton's company in 1887
9829_231	and incorporated it as the Coca Cola Company in 1888. In 1892, Candler incorporated a second
9829_232	company, The Coca-Cola Company, the current corporation. By the time of its 50th anniversary, the
9829_233	drink had reached the status of a national icon in the USA. Coca-Cola's world headquarters have
9829_234	remained in Atlanta ever since. In 1991, the company opened the World of Coca-Cola, which has
9829_235	remained one of the city's top visitor attractions.
9829_236	Cotton States Expo and Booker T. Washington speech
9829_237	In 1895, the Cotton States and International Exposition was held at what is now Piedmont Park.
9829_238	Nearly 800,000 visitors attended the event. The exposition was designed to promote the region to
9829_239	the world and showcase products and new technologies, as well as to encourage trade with Latin
9829_240	America. The exposition featured exhibits from several states, including various innovations in
9829_241	agriculture and technology. President Grover Cleveland presided over the opening of the exposition,
9829_242	but the event is best remembered for the both hailed and criticized "Atlanta Compromise" speech
9829_243	given by Booker T. Washington in which Southern black people would work meekly and submit to white
9829_244	political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that black people would receive basic education
9829_245	and due process in law.
9829_246	Streetcar suburbs and World War II: 1906–1945 1906 massacre and results
9829_247	Competition between working-class whites and black for jobs and housing gave rise to fears and
9829_248	tensions. In 1906, print media fueled these tensions with hearsay about alleged sexual assaults on
9829_249	white women by Black men, triggering the Atlanta massacre of 1906, which left at least 27 people
9829_250	dead (25 of them black) and over 70 injured. Many Black businesses were destroyed.
9829_251	Rise of Sweet Auburn
9829_252	Black businesses started to move from the previously integrated business district downtown to the
9829_253	relative safety of the area around the Atlanta University Center west of downtown, and to Auburn
9829_254	Avenue in the Fourth Ward east of downtown. "Sweet" Auburn Avenue became home to Alonzo Herndon's
9829_255	Atlanta Mutual, the city's first black-owned life insurance company, and to a celebrated
9829_256	concentration of black businesses, newspapers, churches, and nightclubs. In 1956, Fortune magazine
9829_257	called Sweet Auburn "the richest Negro street in the world", a phrase originally coined by
9829_258	civil-rights leader John Wesley Dobbs. Sweet Auburn and Atlanta's elite black colleges formed the
9829_259	nexus of a prosperous black middle class and upper class, which arose despite enormous social and
9829_260	legal obstacles.
9829_261	Jim Crow laws
9829_262	Jim Crow laws were passed in swift succession in the years after the riot. The result was in some
9829_263	cases segregated facilities, with nearly always inferior conditions for black customers, but in
9829_264	many cases it resulted in no facilities at all available to black people, e.g. all parks were
9829_265	designated whites-only (although a private park, Joyland, did open in 1921). In 1910, the city
9829_266	council passed an ordinance requiring that restaurants be designated for one race only, hobbling
9829_267	black restaurant owners who had been attracting both black and white customers. In the same year,
9829_268	Atlanta's streetcars were segregated, with black patrons required to sit in the rear. If not enough
9829_269	seats were available for all white riders, the black people sitting furthest forward in the trolley
9829_270	were required to stand and give their seats to whites. In 1913, the city created official
9829_271	boundaries for white and black residential areas. And in 1920, the city prohibited black-owned
9829_272	salons from serving white women and children.
9829_273	Beyond this, black people were subject to the South's "racial protocol", whereby, according to the
9829_274	New Georgia Encyclopedia:
9829_275	[A]ll blacks were required to pay obeisance to all whites, even those whites of low social
9829_276	standing. And although they were required to address whites by the title "sir," blacks rarely
9829_277	received the same courtesy themselves. Because even minor breaches of racial etiquette often
9829_278	resulted in violent reprisals, the region's codes of deference transformed daily life into a
9829_279	theater of ritual, where every encounter, exchange, and gesture reinforced black inferiority.
9829_280	In 1913, Leo Frank, a Jewish supervisor at a factory in Atlanta, was put on trial for raping and
9829_281	murdering a 13-year-old white employee from Marietta, a suburb of Atlanta. After doubts about
9829_282	Frank's guilt led his death sentence to be commuted in 1915, riots broke out in Atlanta among
9829_283	whites. They kidnapped Frank from the State Prison Farm in the city of Milledgeville, with the
9829_284	collusion of prison guards, and took him to Marietta, where he was lynched. Later that year, the
9829_285	Klan was reborn in Atlanta.
9829_286	Country music scene
9829_287	Many Appalachian people came to Atlanta to work in the cotton mills and brought their music with
9829_288	them. Starting with a 1913 fiddler's convention, Atlanta became the center of a thriving
9829_289	country-music scene. Atlanta was an important center for country music recording and talent
9829_290	recruiting in the 1920s and 1930s, and a live music center for an additional two decades after
9829_291	that.
9829_292	Growth
9829_293	In 1914, Asa Griggs Candler, the founder of The Coca-Cola Company and brother to former Emory
9829_294	President Warren Candler, persuaded the Methodist Episcopal Church South to build the new campus of
9829_295	Emory University in the emerging affluent suburb of Druid Hills, which borders northeastern
9829_296	Atlanta.
9829_297	Great Atlanta Fire of 1917
9829_298	On May 21, 1917, the Great Atlanta Fire destroyed 1,938 buildings, mostly wooden, in what is now
9829_299	the Old Fourth Ward. The fire resulted in 10,000 people becoming homeless. Only one person died, a

9829_200

the "New South," by which he meant a diversification of the economy away from agriculture, and a

9829_201

shift from the "Old South" attitudes of slavery and rebellion. As part of the effort to modernize

9829_202

the South, Grady and many others also supported the creation of the Georgia School of Technology

9829_203

(now the Georgia Institute of Technology), which was founded on the city's northern outskirts in

9829_204

1885. With Grady's support, the Confederate Soldiers' Home was built in 1889.

9829_205

In 1880, Sister Cecilia Carroll, RSM, and three companions traveled from Savannah, Georgia to

9829_206

Atlanta to minister to the sick. With just 50 cents in their collective purse, the sisters opened

9829_207

the Atlanta Hospital, the first medical facility in the city after the Civil War. This later became

9829_208

known as Saint Joseph's Hospital.

9829_209

Expansion and the first planned suburbs

9829_210

Starting in 1871, horse-drawn, and later, starting in 1888, electric streetcars fueled real estate

9829_211

development and the city's expansion. Washington Street south of downtown and Peachtree Street

9829_212

north of the central business district became wealthy residential areas.

9829_213

In the 1890s, West End became the suburb of choice for the city's elite, but Inman Park, planned as

9829_214

a harmonious whole, soon overtook it in prestige. Peachtree Street's mansions reached ever further

9829_215

north into what is now Midtown Atlanta, including Amos G. Rhodes' (founder of the Rhodes Furniture

9829_216

Company in 1875) mansion, Rhodes Hall, which can still be visited.

9829_217

Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgia's largest city by 1880. Disenfranchisement of black people

9829_218

As Atlanta grew, ethnic and racial tensions mounted. Late 19th- and early 20th-century immigration

9829_219

added a very small number of new Europeans to the mix. After Reconstruction, whites had used a

9829_220

variety of tactics, including militias and legislation, to re-establish political and social

9829_221

supremacy throughout the South. Starting with a poll tax in 1877, by the turn of the century,

9829_222

Georgia passed a variety of legislation that completed the disfranchisement of black people. Not

9829_223

even college-educated men could vote. Nonetheless, African Americans in Atlanta had been

9829_224

developing their own businesses, institutions, churches, and a strong, educated middle class.

9829_225

Meanwhile, the 2nd Ku Klux Klan era, (19151944) headed by William J. Simmons, and the 3rd Ku Klux

9829_226

Klan era, (1946present) headed by Dr. Samuel Green, both started off in Atlanta.

9829_227

Coca-Cola

9829_228

The identities of Atlanta and Coca-Cola have been intertwined since 1886, when John Pemberton

9829_229

developed the soft drink in response to Atlanta and Fulton County going "dry". The first sales were

9829_230

at Jacob's Pharmacy in Atlanta. Asa Griggs Candler acquired a stake in Pemberton's company in 1887

9829_231

and incorporated it as the Coca Cola Company in 1888. In 1892, Candler incorporated a second

9829_232

company, The Coca-Cola Company, the current corporation. By the time of its 50th anniversary, the

9829_233

drink had reached the status of a national icon in the USA. Coca-Cola's world headquarters have

9829_234

remained in Atlanta ever since. In 1991, the company opened the World of Coca-Cola, which has

9829_235

remained one of the city's top visitor attractions.

9829_236

Cotton States Expo and Booker T. Washington speech

9829_237

In 1895, the Cotton States and International Exposition was held at what is now Piedmont Park.

9829_238

Nearly 800,000 visitors attended the event. The exposition was designed to promote the region to

9829_239

the world and showcase products and new technologies, as well as to encourage trade with Latin

9829_240

America. The exposition featured exhibits from several states, including various innovations in

9829_241

agriculture and technology. President Grover Cleveland presided over the opening of the exposition,

9829_242

but the event is best remembered for the both hailed and criticized "Atlanta Compromise" speech

9829_243

given by Booker T. Washington in which Southern black people would work meekly and submit to white

9829_244

political rule, while Southern whites guaranteed that black people would receive basic education

9829_245

and due process in law.

9829_246

Streetcar suburbs and World War II: 1906–1945 1906 massacre and results

9829_247

Competition between working-class whites and black for jobs and housing gave rise to fears and

9829_248

tensions. In 1906, print media fueled these tensions with hearsay about alleged sexual assaults on

9829_249

white women by Black men, triggering the Atlanta massacre of 1906, which left at least 27 people

9829_250

dead (25 of them black) and over 70 injured. Many Black businesses were destroyed.

9829_251

Rise of Sweet Auburn

9829_252

Black businesses started to move from the previously integrated business district downtown to the

9829_253

relative safety of the area around the Atlanta University Center west of downtown, and to Auburn

9829_254

Avenue in the Fourth Ward east of downtown. "Sweet" Auburn Avenue became home to Alonzo Herndon's

9829_255

Atlanta Mutual, the city's first black-owned life insurance company, and to a celebrated

9829_256

concentration of black businesses, newspapers, churches, and nightclubs. In 1956, Fortune magazine

9829_257

called Sweet Auburn "the richest Negro street in the world", a phrase originally coined by

9829_258

civil-rights leader John Wesley Dobbs. Sweet Auburn and Atlanta's elite black colleges formed the

9829_259

nexus of a prosperous black middle class and upper class, which arose despite enormous social and

9829_260

legal obstacles.

9829_261

Jim Crow laws

9829_262

Jim Crow laws were passed in swift succession in the years after the riot. The result was in some

9829_263

cases segregated facilities, with nearly always inferior conditions for black customers, but in

9829_264

many cases it resulted in no facilities at all available to black people, e.g. all parks were

9829_265

designated whites-only (although a private park, Joyland, did open in 1921). In 1910, the city

9829_266

council passed an ordinance requiring that restaurants be designated for one race only, hobbling

9829_267

black restaurant owners who had been attracting both black and white customers. In the same year,

9829_268

Atlanta's streetcars were segregated, with black patrons required to sit in the rear. If not enough

9829_269

seats were available for all white riders, the black people sitting furthest forward in the trolley

9829_270

were required to stand and give their seats to whites. In 1913, the city created official

9829_271

boundaries for white and black residential areas. And in 1920, the city prohibited black-owned

9829_272

salons from serving white women and children.

9829_273

Beyond this, black people were subject to the South's "racial protocol", whereby, according to the

9829_274

New Georgia Encyclopedia:

9829_275

[A]ll blacks were required to pay obeisance to all whites, even those whites of low social

9829_276

standing. And although they were required to address whites by the title "sir," blacks rarely

9829_277

received the same courtesy themselves. Because even minor breaches of racial etiquette often

9829_278

resulted in violent reprisals, the region's codes of deference transformed daily life into a

9829_279

theater of ritual, where every encounter, exchange, and gesture reinforced black inferiority.

9829_280

In 1913, Leo Frank, a Jewish supervisor at a factory in Atlanta, was put on trial for raping and

9829_281

murdering a 13-year-old white employee from Marietta, a suburb of Atlanta. After doubts about

9829_282

Frank's guilt led his death sentence to be commuted in 1915, riots broke out in Atlanta among

9829_283

whites. They kidnapped Frank from the State Prison Farm in the city of Milledgeville, with the

9829_284

collusion of prison guards, and took him to Marietta, where he was lynched. Later that year, the

9829_285

Klan was reborn in Atlanta.

9829_286

Country music scene

9829_287

Many Appalachian people came to Atlanta to work in the cotton mills and brought their music with

9829_288

them. Starting with a 1913 fiddler's convention, Atlanta became the center of a thriving

9829_289

country-music scene. Atlanta was an important center for country music recording and talent

9829_290

recruiting in the 1920s and 1930s, and a live music center for an additional two decades after

9829_291

that.

9829_292

Growth

9829_293

In 1914, Asa Griggs Candler, the founder of The Coca-Cola Company and brother to former Emory

9829_294

President Warren Candler, persuaded the Methodist Episcopal Church South to build the new campus of

9829_295

Emory University in the emerging affluent suburb of Druid Hills, which borders northeastern

9829_296

Atlanta.

9829_297

Great Atlanta Fire of 1917

9829_298

On May 21, 1917, the Great Atlanta Fire destroyed 1,938 buildings, mostly wooden, in what is now

9829_299

the Old Fourth Ward. The fire resulted in 10,000 people becoming homeless. Only one person died, a