manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9829_300	woman who died of a heart attack when seeing her home in ashes.
9829_301	In the 1930s, the Great Depression hit Atlanta. With the city government nearing bankruptcy, the
9829_302	Coca-Cola Company had to help bail out the city's deficit. The federal government stepped in to
9829_303	help Atlantans by establishing Techwood Homes, the nation's first federal housing project in 1935.
9829_304	On the political scene, between March and May 1930, the police arrested six Communist leaders, who
9829_305	would become known as the Atlanta Six, under a restoration-era insurrection statute. These leaders
9829_306	were Morris H. Powers, Joseph Carr, Mary Dalton, Ann Burlak, Herbert Newton, and Henry Storey.
9829_307	During the Summer of 1930, approximately 150 Atlanta business leaders, American Legion members, and
9829_308	members of law enforcement founded the American Fascisti Association and Order of the Black Shirts
9829_309	with the goal to "foster the principles of white supremacy." By 1932, the city began to deny the
9829_310	Black Shirts permits for parades and charters. Also in 1932, Angelo Herndon was arrested and
9829_311	charged under the insurrection statute for being in possession of communist literature. His case
9829_312	would go on to the Supreme Court.
9829_313	Gone with the Wind premiere
9829_314	On December 15, 1939, Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind, the movie based on Atlanta
9829_315	resident Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel. Stars Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, and Olivia de
9829_316	Havilland were in attendance. The premiere was held at Loew's Grand Theatre, at Peachtree and
9829_317	Forsyth Streets, current site of the Georgia-Pacific building. An enormous crowd, numbering 300,000
9829_318	people according to the Atlanta Constitution, filled the streets on an ice-cold night in Atlanta. A
9829_319	rousing ovation greeted a group of Confederate veterans who were guests of honor.
9829_320	Absence of film's black stars at event
9829_321	Noticeably absent was Hattie McDaniel, who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for
9829_322	her role as Mammy, as well as Butterfly McQueen (Prissy). The black actors were barred from
9829_323	attending the premiere, from appearing in the souvenir program, and from all the film's advertising
9829_324	in the South. Director David Selznick had attempted to bring McDaniel to the premiere, but MGM
9829_325	advised him not to do so. Clark Gable angrily threatened to boycott the premiere, but McDaniel
9829_326	convinced him to attend, anyway. McDaniel did attend the Hollywood debut thirteen days later, and
9829_327	was featured prominently in the program.
9829_328	Controversial participation of Martin Luther King Sr.
9829_329	Martin Luther King Jr. sang at the gala as part of a children's choir of his father's church,
9829_330	Ebenezer Baptist. The boys dressed as pickaninnies and the girls wore "Aunt Jemima"-style bandanas,
9829_331	the dress seen by many black people as humiliating. John Wesley Dobbs tried to dissuade Rev. Martin
9829_332	Luther King Sr., from participating at the whites-only event, and Rev. King was harshly criticized
9829_333	in the black community.
9829_334	Transportation hub
9829_335	In 1941, Delta Air Lines moved its headquarters to Atlanta. Delta became the world's largest
9829_336	airline in 2008 after acquiring Northwest Airlines.
9829_337	World War II
9829_338	With the entry of the United States into World War II, soldiers from around the Southeastern United
9829_339	States went through Atlanta to train and later be discharged at Fort McPherson. War-related
9829_340	manufacturing such as the Bell Aircraft factory in the suburb of Marietta helped boost the city's
9829_341	population and economy. Shortly after the war in 1946, the Communicable Disease Center, later
9829_342	called the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was founded in Atlanta from the old Malaria
9829_343	Control in War Areas offices and staff.
9829_344	Suburbanization and Civil Rights: 1946–1989
9829_345	In 1951, the city received the All-America City Award due to its rapid growth and high standard of
9829_346	living in the southern U.S.
9829_347	Annexation was the central strategy for growth. In 1952, Atlanta annexed Buckhead as well as vast
9829_348	areas of what are now northwest, southwest, and south Atlanta, adding and tripling its area. By
9829_349	doing so, 100,000 new affluent white residents were added, preserving white political power,
9829_350	expanding the city's property tax base, and enlarging the traditional white upper middle class
9829_351	leadership. This class now had room to expand inside the city limits.
9829_352	Federal court decisions in 1962 and1963 ended the county-unit system, thus greatly reducing rural
9829_353	Georgia control over the state legislature, enabling Atlanta and other cities to gain proportional
9829_354	political power. The federal courts opened the Democratic Party primary to black voters, who surged
9829_355	in numbers and became increasingly well organized through the Atlanta Negro Voters League.
9829_356	Blockbusting and racial transition in neighborhoods
9829_357	In the late 1950s, after forced-housing patterns were outlawed, violence, intimidation, and
9829_358	organized political pressure were used in some white neighborhoods to discourage black people from
9829_359	buying homes there. However, by the late 1950s, such efforts proved futile as blockbusting drove
9829_360	whites to sell their homes in neighborhoods such as Adamsville, Center Hill, Grove Park in
9829_361	northwest Atlanta, and white sections of Edgewood and Kirkwood on the east side. In 1961, the city
9829_362	attempted to thwart blockbusting by erecting road barriers in Cascade Heights, countering the
9829_363	efforts of civic and business leaders to foster Atlanta as the "city too busy to hate."
9829_364	But efforts to stop transition in Cascade failed too. Neighborhoods of new black homeowners took
9829_365	root, helping alleviate the enormous strain of the lack of housing available to African Americans.
9829_366	Atlanta's western and southern neighborhoods transitioned to majority black — between 1960 and 1970
9829_367	the number of census tracts that were at least 90% black, tripled. East Lake, Kirkwood, Watts Road,
9829_368	Reynoldstown, Almond Park, Mozley Park, Center Hill, and Cascade Heights underwent an almost total
9829_369	transition from white to black. The black proportion of the city's population rose from 38 to 51%.
9829_370	Meanwhile, during the same decade, the city lost 60,000 white residents, a 20% decline.
9829_371	White flight and the building of malls in the suburbs triggered a slow decline of the central
9829_372	business district. Meanwhile, conservatism grew rapidly in the suburbs, and white Georgians were
9829_373	increasingly willing to vote for Republicans, most notably Newt Gingrich.
9829_374	Civil Rights Movement
9829_375	In the wake of the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, which helped
9829_376	usher in the Civil Rights Movement, racial tensions in Atlanta erupted in acts of violence. One
9829_377	such instance occurred on October 12, 1958, when a Reform Jewish temple on Peachtree Street was
9829_378	bombed. A group of white supremacists calling themselves the "Confederate Underground" claimed
9829_379	responsibility. The temple's leader, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild, actively spoke out in support of the
9829_380	burgeoning Civil Rights Movement and against segregation, which is likely why the congregation was
9829_381	targeted.
9829_382	Much controversy preceded the 1956 Sugar Bowl, when the Pitt Panthers, with African-American
9829_383	fullback Bobby Grier on the roster, met the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. There had been controversy
9829_384	over whether Grier should be allowed to play due to his race, and whether Georgia Tech should even
9829_385	play at all due to Georgia's Governor Marvin Griffin's opposition to racial integration. After
9829_386	Griffin publicly sent a telegram to the state's Board of Regents requesting Georgia Tech not to
9829_387	engage in racially integrated events, Georgia Tech's president Blake R Van Leer rejected the
9829_388	request and threatened to resign. The game went on as planned.
9829_389	In the 1960s, Atlanta was a major organizing center of the Civil Rights Movement, with Martin
9829_390	Luther King Jr., and students from Atlanta's historically black colleges and universities playing
9829_391	major roles in the movement's leadership. On October 19, 1960, a sit-in at the lunch counters of
9829_392	several Atlanta department stores led to the arrest of Dr. King and several students. This drew
9829_393	attention from the national media and from presidential candidate John F. Kennedy.
9829_394	Despite this incident, Atlanta's political and business leaders fostered Atlanta's image as "the
9829_395	city too busy to hate." While the city mostly avoided confrontation, minor race riots did occur in
9829_396	1965 and 1968.
9829_397	Desegregation
9829_398	Desegregation of the public sphere came in stages, with buses and trolleybuses desegregated in
9829_399	1959, restaurants at Rich's department store in 1961, (though Lester Maddox's Pickrick restaurant

9829_300

woman who died of a heart attack when seeing her home in ashes.

9829_301

In the 1930s, the Great Depression hit Atlanta. With the city government nearing bankruptcy, the

9829_302

Coca-Cola Company had to help bail out the city's deficit. The federal government stepped in to

9829_303

help Atlantans by establishing Techwood Homes, the nation's first federal housing project in 1935.

9829_304

On the political scene, between March and May 1930, the police arrested six Communist leaders, who

9829_305

would become known as the Atlanta Six, under a restoration-era insurrection statute. These leaders

9829_306

were Morris H. Powers, Joseph Carr, Mary Dalton, Ann Burlak, Herbert Newton, and Henry Storey.

9829_307

During the Summer of 1930, approximately 150 Atlanta business leaders, American Legion members, and

9829_308

members of law enforcement founded the American Fascisti Association and Order of the Black Shirts

9829_309

with the goal to "foster the principles of white supremacy." By 1932, the city began to deny the

9829_310

Black Shirts permits for parades and charters. Also in 1932, Angelo Herndon was arrested and

9829_311

charged under the insurrection statute for being in possession of communist literature. His case

9829_312

would go on to the Supreme Court.

9829_313

Gone with the Wind premiere

9829_314

On December 15, 1939, Atlanta hosted the premiere of Gone with the Wind, the movie based on Atlanta

9829_315

resident Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel. Stars Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, and Olivia de

9829_316

Havilland were in attendance. The premiere was held at Loew's Grand Theatre, at Peachtree and

9829_317

Forsyth Streets, current site of the Georgia-Pacific building. An enormous crowd, numbering 300,000

9829_318

people according to the Atlanta Constitution, filled the streets on an ice-cold night in Atlanta. A

9829_319

rousing ovation greeted a group of Confederate veterans who were guests of honor.

9829_320

Absence of film's black stars at event

9829_321

Noticeably absent was Hattie McDaniel, who won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for

9829_322

her role as Mammy, as well as Butterfly McQueen (Prissy). The black actors were barred from

9829_323

attending the premiere, from appearing in the souvenir program, and from all the film's advertising

9829_324

in the South. Director David Selznick had attempted to bring McDaniel to the premiere, but MGM

9829_325

advised him not to do so. Clark Gable angrily threatened to boycott the premiere, but McDaniel

9829_326

convinced him to attend, anyway. McDaniel did attend the Hollywood debut thirteen days later, and

9829_327

was featured prominently in the program.

9829_328

Controversial participation of Martin Luther King Sr.

9829_329

Martin Luther King Jr. sang at the gala as part of a children's choir of his father's church,

9829_330

Ebenezer Baptist. The boys dressed as pickaninnies and the girls wore "Aunt Jemima"-style bandanas,

9829_331

the dress seen by many black people as humiliating. John Wesley Dobbs tried to dissuade Rev. Martin

9829_332

Luther King Sr., from participating at the whites-only event, and Rev. King was harshly criticized

9829_333

in the black community.

9829_334

Transportation hub

9829_335

In 1941, Delta Air Lines moved its headquarters to Atlanta. Delta became the world's largest

9829_336

airline in 2008 after acquiring Northwest Airlines.

9829_337

World War II

9829_338

With the entry of the United States into World War II, soldiers from around the Southeastern United

9829_339

States went through Atlanta to train and later be discharged at Fort McPherson. War-related

9829_340

manufacturing such as the Bell Aircraft factory in the suburb of Marietta helped boost the city's

9829_341

population and economy. Shortly after the war in 1946, the Communicable Disease Center, later

9829_342

called the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was founded in Atlanta from the old Malaria

9829_343

Control in War Areas offices and staff.

9829_344

Suburbanization and Civil Rights: 1946–1989

9829_345

In 1951, the city received the All-America City Award due to its rapid growth and high standard of

9829_346

living in the southern U.S.

9829_347

Annexation was the central strategy for growth. In 1952, Atlanta annexed Buckhead as well as vast

9829_348

areas of what are now northwest, southwest, and south Atlanta, adding and tripling its area. By

9829_349

doing so, 100,000 new affluent white residents were added, preserving white political power,

9829_350

expanding the city's property tax base, and enlarging the traditional white upper middle class

9829_351

leadership. This class now had room to expand inside the city limits.

9829_352

Federal court decisions in 1962 and1963 ended the county-unit system, thus greatly reducing rural

9829_353

Georgia control over the state legislature, enabling Atlanta and other cities to gain proportional

9829_354

political power. The federal courts opened the Democratic Party primary to black voters, who surged

9829_355

in numbers and became increasingly well organized through the Atlanta Negro Voters League.

9829_356

Blockbusting and racial transition in neighborhoods

9829_357

In the late 1950s, after forced-housing patterns were outlawed, violence, intimidation, and

9829_358

organized political pressure were used in some white neighborhoods to discourage black people from

9829_359

buying homes there. However, by the late 1950s, such efforts proved futile as blockbusting drove

9829_360

whites to sell their homes in neighborhoods such as Adamsville, Center Hill, Grove Park in

9829_361

northwest Atlanta, and white sections of Edgewood and Kirkwood on the east side. In 1961, the city

9829_362

attempted to thwart blockbusting by erecting road barriers in Cascade Heights, countering the

9829_363

efforts of civic and business leaders to foster Atlanta as the "city too busy to hate."

9829_364

But efforts to stop transition in Cascade failed too. Neighborhoods of new black homeowners took

9829_365

root, helping alleviate the enormous strain of the lack of housing available to African Americans.

9829_366

Atlanta's western and southern neighborhoods transitioned to majority black — between 1960 and 1970

9829_367

the number of census tracts that were at least 90% black, tripled. East Lake, Kirkwood, Watts Road,

9829_368

Reynoldstown, Almond Park, Mozley Park, Center Hill, and Cascade Heights underwent an almost total

9829_369

transition from white to black. The black proportion of the city's population rose from 38 to 51%.

9829_370

Meanwhile, during the same decade, the city lost 60,000 white residents, a 20% decline.

9829_371

White flight and the building of malls in the suburbs triggered a slow decline of the central

9829_372

business district. Meanwhile, conservatism grew rapidly in the suburbs, and white Georgians were

9829_373

increasingly willing to vote for Republicans, most notably Newt Gingrich.

9829_374

Civil Rights Movement

9829_375

In the wake of the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, which helped

9829_376

usher in the Civil Rights Movement, racial tensions in Atlanta erupted in acts of violence. One

9829_377

such instance occurred on October 12, 1958, when a Reform Jewish temple on Peachtree Street was

9829_378

bombed. A group of white supremacists calling themselves the "Confederate Underground" claimed

9829_379

responsibility. The temple's leader, Rabbi Jacob Rothschild, actively spoke out in support of the

9829_380

burgeoning Civil Rights Movement and against segregation, which is likely why the congregation was

9829_381

targeted.

9829_382

Much controversy preceded the 1956 Sugar Bowl, when the Pitt Panthers, with African-American

9829_383

fullback Bobby Grier on the roster, met the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets. There had been controversy

9829_384

over whether Grier should be allowed to play due to his race, and whether Georgia Tech should even

9829_385

play at all due to Georgia's Governor Marvin Griffin's opposition to racial integration. After

9829_386

Griffin publicly sent a telegram to the state's Board of Regents requesting Georgia Tech not to

9829_387

engage in racially integrated events, Georgia Tech's president Blake R Van Leer rejected the

9829_388

request and threatened to resign. The game went on as planned.

9829_389

In the 1960s, Atlanta was a major organizing center of the Civil Rights Movement, with Martin

9829_390

Luther King Jr., and students from Atlanta's historically black colleges and universities playing

9829_391

major roles in the movement's leadership. On October 19, 1960, a sit-in at the lunch counters of

9829_392

several Atlanta department stores led to the arrest of Dr. King and several students. This drew

9829_393

attention from the national media and from presidential candidate John F. Kennedy.

9829_394

Despite this incident, Atlanta's political and business leaders fostered Atlanta's image as "the

9829_395

city too busy to hate." While the city mostly avoided confrontation, minor race riots did occur in

9829_396

1965 and 1968.

9829_397

Desegregation

9829_398

Desegregation of the public sphere came in stages, with buses and trolleybuses desegregated in

9829_399

1959, restaurants at Rich's department store in 1961, (though Lester Maddox's Pickrick restaurant