manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

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9829_500	In November 1994, the Atlanta Empowerment Zone was established, a 10-year, $250 million federal
9829_501	program to revitalize Atlanta's 34 poorest neighborhoods including The Bluff. Scathing reports from
9829_502	both the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Georgia Department of Community
9829_503	Affairs revealed corruption, waste, bureaucratic incompetence, and specifically called out
9829_504	interference by mayor Bill Campbell.
9829_505	In 1993-1996 about 250,000 people attended Freaknik, an annual Spring Break gathering for African
9829_506	Americans which was not centrally organized and which resulted in much traffic gridlock and
9829_507	increased crime. After a 1996 crackdown annual attendance dissipated and the event moved to other
9829_508	cities.
9829_509	Olympic and World City: 1990present 1996 Summer Olympics
9829_510	In 1990, the International Olympic Committee selected Atlanta as the site for the Centennial
9829_511	Olympic Games 1996 Summer Olympics. Following the announcement, Atlanta undertook several major
9829_512	construction projects to improve the city's parks, sports facilities, and transportation, including
9829_513	the completion of long-contested Freedom Parkway. Former Mayor Bill Campbell allowed many "tent
9829_514	cities" to be built, creating a carnival atmosphere around the games. Atlanta became the third
9829_515	American city to host the Summer Olympics, after St. Louis (1904 Summer Olympics) and Los Angeles
9829_516	(1932 and 1984). The games themselves were notable in the realm of sporting events, but they were
9829_517	marred by numerous organizational inefficiencies. A dramatic event was the Centennial Olympic Park
9829_518	bombing, in which two people died, one from a heart attack, and several others were injured. Eric
9829_519	Robert Rudolph was later convicted of the bombing as an anti-government and pro-life protest.
9829_520	Shirley Franklin mayorship
9829_521	Shirley Franklin's 2001 run for mayor was her first run for public office. She won, succeeding
9829_522	Mayor Bill Campbell after winning 50 percent of the vote. Facing a massive and unexpected budget
9829_523	deficit, Franklin slashed the number of government employees and increased taxes to balance the
9829_524	budget as quickly as possible.
9829_525	Franklin made repairing the Atlanta sewer system a main focus of her office. Prior to Franklin's
9829_526	term, Atlanta's combined sewer system violated the federal Clean Water Act and burdened the city
9829_527	government with fines from the Environmental Protection Agency. In 2002, Franklin announced an
9829_528	initiative called "Clean Water Atlanta" to address the problem and begin improving the city's sewer
9829_529	system.
9829_530	She has been lauded for efforts to make the City of Atlanta "green." Under Franklin's leadership
9829_531	Atlanta has gone from having one of the lowest percentages of LEED certified buildings to one of
9829_532	the highest.
9829_533	In 2005, TIME Magazine named Franklin of the five best big-city American mayors. In October of that
9829_534	same year, she was included in the U.S. News & World Report "Best Leaders of 2005" issue. With
9829_535	solid popular support and strong backing from the business sector, Franklin was reelected Atlanta
9829_536	Mayor in 2005, garnering more than 90 percent of the vote.
9829_537	2008 tornado
9829_538	On March 14, 2008, a tornado ripped through downtown Atlanta, the first since weather has been
9829_539	recorded in 1880. There was minor damage to many downtown skyscrapers. However, two holes were torn
9829_540	into the roof of the Georgia Dome, tearing down catwalks and the scoreboard as debris rained onto
9829_541	the court in the middle of an SEC game. The Omni Hotel suffered major damage, along with Centennial
9829_542	Olympic Park and the Georgia World Congress Center. Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills and Oakland
9829_543	Cemetery were also damaged.
9829_544	BeltLine
9829_545	In 2005, the $2.8 billion BeltLine project was adopted, with the stated goals of converting a
9829_546	disused 22-mile freight railroad loop that surrounds the central city into an art-filled multi-use
9829_547	trail and increasing the city's park space by 40%.
9829_548	Gentrification
9829_549	Since 2000, Atlanta has undergone a profound transformation culturally, demographically, and
9829_550	physically. Much of the city's change during the decade was driven by young, college-educated
9829_551	professionals: from 2000 to 2009, the three-mile radius surrounding Downtown Atlanta gained 9,722
9829_552	residents aged 25 to 34 holding at least a four-year degree, an increase of 61%. Meanwhile, as
9829_553	gentrification spread throughout the city, Atlanta's cultural offerings expanded: the High Museum
9829_554	of Art doubled in size; the Alliance Theatre won a Tony Award; and numerous art galleries were
9829_555	established on the once-industrial Westside.
9829_556	Racial transition
9829_557	The black population in the Atlanta area rapidly suburbanized in the 1990s and 2000s. From 2000 to
9829_558	2010, the city of Atlanta's black population shrunk by 31,678 people, dropping from 61.4% to 54.0%
9829_559	of the population. While black people exited the city and DeKalb County, the black population
9829_560	increased sharply in other areas of Metro Atlanta by 93.1%. During the same period, the proportion
9829_561	of whites in the city's population grew dramatically - faster than that of any other major U.S.
9829_562	city between 2000 and 2006. Between 2000 and 2010, Atlanta added 22,763 whites, and the white
9829_563	proportion of the population increased from 31% to 38%. By 2009, a white mayoral candidate, Mary
9829_564	Norwood, lost by just 714 votes (out of over 84,000 cast) to Kasim Reed. This represented a
9829_565	historic change from the perception until that time that Atlanta was "guaranteed" to elect a black
9829_566	mayor. However, other areas, like Marietta and Alpharetta, are seeing similar demographic changes
9829_567	with huge increases of middle and upper income black people and Asian people—mostly former
9829_568	residents of Atlanta.
9829_569	Recent events
9829_570	In 2009, the Atlanta Public Schools cheating scandal began, which ABC News called the "worst in the
9829_571	country", resulting in the 2013 indictment of superintendent Beverly Hall.
9829_572	Starting in October 2011, Occupy Atlanta staged demonstrations against banks and AT&T to protest
9829_573	alleged greed by those companies.
9829_574	In 2021, a series of mass shootings struck massage parlors in Atlanta and the surrounding area.
9829_575	Eight people were killed and a ninth person was wounded. A suspect was arrested on the same day as
9829_576	the incidents in Crisp County, south of Atlanta.
9829_577	See also Atlanta History of Georgia Tech Historic bridges of the Atlanta area
9829_578	Historic ferries of the Atlanta area Historic mills of the Atlanta area
9829_579	References Further reading
9829_580	Allen, Frederick. Atlanta Rising: The Invention of an International City from 1946-1996 (Atlanta:
9829_581	Longstreet. 1996).
9829_582	Basmajian, Carlton Wade. Planning Metropolitan Atlanta? The Atlanta Regional Commission,
9829_583	1970--2002 (ProQuest, 2008).
9829_584	Bayor, Ronald H. Race and the shaping of twentieth-century Atlanta (U of North Carolina Press,
9829_585	2000).
9829_586	Burns, Rebecca. Rage in the Gate City: The Story of the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot (U of Georgia
9829_587	Press, 2009).
9829_588	Davis, Harold E. Henry Grady's New South: Atlanta, A Brave Beautiful City. (U of Alabama Press,
9829_589	1990).
9829_590	Dittmer, John. Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900-1920 (1977)
9829_591	Dorsey, Allison. To Build Our Lives Together: Community Formation in Black Atlanta, 1875-1906 (U
9829_592	of Georgia Press, 2004).
9829_593	Ferguson, Karen. Black Politics in New Deal Atlanta (2002) online
9829_594	Godshalk, David Fort. Veiled Visions: The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot and the Reshaping of American
9829_595	Race Relations (2006). online
9829_596	Hanley, John. The Archdiocese of Atlanta. A History (2006), The Roman Catholics
9829_597	Hein, Virginia H. "The Image of a City Too Busy to Hate": Atlanta in the 1960s." Phylon 33, (Fall
9829_598	1972), pp. 205-221; A Black perspective
9829_599	Henderson, Alexia B. Atlanta Life Insurance Company: Guardian of Black Economic Dignity

9829_500

In November 1994, the Atlanta Empowerment Zone was established, a 10-year, $250 million federal

9829_501

program to revitalize Atlanta's 34 poorest neighborhoods including The Bluff. Scathing reports from

9829_502

both the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Georgia Department of Community

9829_503

Affairs revealed corruption, waste, bureaucratic incompetence, and specifically called out

9829_504

interference by mayor Bill Campbell.

9829_505

In 1993-1996 about 250,000 people attended Freaknik, an annual Spring Break gathering for African

9829_506

Americans which was not centrally organized and which resulted in much traffic gridlock and

9829_507

increased crime. After a 1996 crackdown annual attendance dissipated and the event moved to other

9829_508

cities.

9829_509

Olympic and World City: 1990present 1996 Summer Olympics

9829_510

In 1990, the International Olympic Committee selected Atlanta as the site for the Centennial

9829_511

Olympic Games 1996 Summer Olympics. Following the announcement, Atlanta undertook several major

9829_512

construction projects to improve the city's parks, sports facilities, and transportation, including

9829_513

the completion of long-contested Freedom Parkway. Former Mayor Bill Campbell allowed many "tent

9829_514

cities" to be built, creating a carnival atmosphere around the games. Atlanta became the third

9829_515

American city to host the Summer Olympics, after St. Louis (1904 Summer Olympics) and Los Angeles

9829_516

(1932 and 1984). The games themselves were notable in the realm of sporting events, but they were

9829_517

marred by numerous organizational inefficiencies. A dramatic event was the Centennial Olympic Park

9829_518

bombing, in which two people died, one from a heart attack, and several others were injured. Eric

9829_519

Robert Rudolph was later convicted of the bombing as an anti-government and pro-life protest.

9829_520

Shirley Franklin mayorship

9829_521

Shirley Franklin's 2001 run for mayor was her first run for public office. She won, succeeding

9829_522

Mayor Bill Campbell after winning 50 percent of the vote. Facing a massive and unexpected budget

9829_523

deficit, Franklin slashed the number of government employees and increased taxes to balance the

9829_524

budget as quickly as possible.

9829_525

Franklin made repairing the Atlanta sewer system a main focus of her office. Prior to Franklin's

9829_526

term, Atlanta's combined sewer system violated the federal Clean Water Act and burdened the city

9829_527

government with fines from the Environmental Protection Agency. In 2002, Franklin announced an

9829_528

initiative called "Clean Water Atlanta" to address the problem and begin improving the city's sewer

9829_529

system.

9829_530

She has been lauded for efforts to make the City of Atlanta "green." Under Franklin's leadership

9829_531

Atlanta has gone from having one of the lowest percentages of LEED certified buildings to one of

9829_532

the highest.

9829_533

In 2005, TIME Magazine named Franklin of the five best big-city American mayors. In October of that

9829_534

same year, she was included in the U.S. News & World Report "Best Leaders of 2005" issue. With

9829_535

solid popular support and strong backing from the business sector, Franklin was reelected Atlanta

9829_536

Mayor in 2005, garnering more than 90 percent of the vote.

9829_537

2008 tornado

9829_538

On March 14, 2008, a tornado ripped through downtown Atlanta, the first since weather has been

9829_539

recorded in 1880. There was minor damage to many downtown skyscrapers. However, two holes were torn

9829_540

into the roof of the Georgia Dome, tearing down catwalks and the scoreboard as debris rained onto

9829_541

the court in the middle of an SEC game. The Omni Hotel suffered major damage, along with Centennial

9829_542

Olympic Park and the Georgia World Congress Center. Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills and Oakland

9829_543

Cemetery were also damaged.

9829_544

BeltLine

9829_545

In 2005, the $2.8 billion BeltLine project was adopted, with the stated goals of converting a

9829_546

disused 22-mile freight railroad loop that surrounds the central city into an art-filled multi-use

9829_547

trail and increasing the city's park space by 40%.

9829_548

Gentrification

9829_549

Since 2000, Atlanta has undergone a profound transformation culturally, demographically, and

9829_550

physically. Much of the city's change during the decade was driven by young, college-educated

9829_551

professionals: from 2000 to 2009, the three-mile radius surrounding Downtown Atlanta gained 9,722

9829_552

residents aged 25 to 34 holding at least a four-year degree, an increase of 61%. Meanwhile, as

9829_553

gentrification spread throughout the city, Atlanta's cultural offerings expanded: the High Museum

9829_554

of Art doubled in size; the Alliance Theatre won a Tony Award; and numerous art galleries were

9829_555

established on the once-industrial Westside.

9829_556

Racial transition

9829_557

The black population in the Atlanta area rapidly suburbanized in the 1990s and 2000s. From 2000 to

9829_558

2010, the city of Atlanta's black population shrunk by 31,678 people, dropping from 61.4% to 54.0%

9829_559

of the population. While black people exited the city and DeKalb County, the black population

9829_560

increased sharply in other areas of Metro Atlanta by 93.1%. During the same period, the proportion

9829_561

of whites in the city's population grew dramatically - faster than that of any other major U.S.

9829_562

city between 2000 and 2006. Between 2000 and 2010, Atlanta added 22,763 whites, and the white

9829_563

proportion of the population increased from 31% to 38%. By 2009, a white mayoral candidate, Mary

9829_564

Norwood, lost by just 714 votes (out of over 84,000 cast) to Kasim Reed. This represented a

9829_565

historic change from the perception until that time that Atlanta was "guaranteed" to elect a black

9829_566

mayor. However, other areas, like Marietta and Alpharetta, are seeing similar demographic changes

9829_567

with huge increases of middle and upper income black people and Asian people—mostly former

9829_568

residents of Atlanta.

9829_569

Recent events

9829_570

In 2009, the Atlanta Public Schools cheating scandal began, which ABC News called the "worst in the

9829_571

country", resulting in the 2013 indictment of superintendent Beverly Hall.

9829_572

Starting in October 2011, Occupy Atlanta staged demonstrations against banks and AT&T to protest

9829_573

alleged greed by those companies.

9829_574

In 2021, a series of mass shootings struck massage parlors in Atlanta and the surrounding area.

9829_575

Eight people were killed and a ninth person was wounded. A suspect was arrested on the same day as

9829_576

the incidents in Crisp County, south of Atlanta.

9829_577

See also Atlanta History of Georgia Tech Historic bridges of the Atlanta area

9829_578

Historic ferries of the Atlanta area Historic mills of the Atlanta area

9829_579

References Further reading

9829_580

Allen, Frederick. Atlanta Rising: The Invention of an International City from 1946-1996 (Atlanta:

9829_581

Longstreet. 1996).

9829_582

Basmajian, Carlton Wade. Planning Metropolitan Atlanta? The Atlanta Regional Commission,

9829_583

1970--2002 (ProQuest, 2008).

9829_584

Bayor, Ronald H. Race and the shaping of twentieth-century Atlanta (U of North Carolina Press,

9829_585

2000).

9829_586

Burns, Rebecca. Rage in the Gate City: The Story of the 1906 Atlanta Race Riot (U of Georgia

9829_587

Press, 2009).

9829_588

Davis, Harold E. Henry Grady's New South: Atlanta, A Brave Beautiful City. (U of Alabama Press,

9829_589

1990).

9829_590

Dittmer, John. Black Georgia in the Progressive Era, 1900-1920 (1977)

9829_591

Dorsey, Allison. To Build Our Lives Together: Community Formation in Black Atlanta, 1875-1906 (U

9829_592

of Georgia Press, 2004).

9829_593

Ferguson, Karen. Black Politics in New Deal Atlanta (2002) online

9829_594

Godshalk, David Fort. Veiled Visions: The 1906 Atlanta Race Riot and the Reshaping of American

9829_595

Race Relations (2006). online

9829_596

Hanley, John. The Archdiocese of Atlanta. A History (2006), The Roman Catholics

9829_597

Hein, Virginia H. "The Image of a City Too Busy to Hate": Atlanta in the 1960s." Phylon 33, (Fall

9829_598

1972), pp. 205-221; A Black perspective

9829_599

Henderson, Alexia B. Atlanta Life Insurance Company: Guardian of Black Economic Dignity