manu/mldr-zoomed-100char-total-queries-documents

chunk_id stringlengths 3 9	chunk stringlengths 1 100
9829_0	The history of Atlanta dates back to 1836, when Georgia decided to build a railroad to the U.S.
9829_1	Midwest and a location was chosen to be the line's terminus. The stake marking the founding of
9829_2	"Terminus" was driven into the ground in 1837 (called the Zero Mile Post). In 1839, homes and a
9829_3	store were built there and the settlement grew. Between 1845 and 1854, rail lines arrived from
9829_4	four different directions, and the rapidly growing town quickly became the rail hub for the entire
9829_5	Southern United States. During the American Civil War, Atlanta, as a distribution hub, became the
9829_6	target of a major Union campaign, and in 1864, Union William Sherman's troops set on fire and
9829_7	destroyed the city's assets and buildings, save churches and hospitals. After the war, the
9829_8	population grew rapidly, as did manufacturing, while the city retained its role as a rail hub.
9829_9	Coca-Cola was launched here in 1886 and grew into an Atlanta-based world empire. Electric
9829_10	streetcars arrived in 1889, and the city added new "streetcar suburbs".
9829_11	The city's elite black colleges were founded between 1865 and 1885, and despite disenfranchisement
9829_12	and the later imposition of Jim Crow laws in the 1910s, a prosperous black middle class and upper
9829_13	class emerged. By the early 20th century, "Sweet" Auburn Avenue was called "the most prosperous
9829_14	Negro street in the nation". In the 1950s, black people started moving into city neighborhoods that
9829_15	had previously kept them out, while Atlanta's first freeways enabled large numbers of whites to
9829_16	move to, and commute from, new suburbs. Atlanta was home to Martin Luther King Jr., and a major
9829_17	center for the Civil Rights Movement. Resulting desegregation occurred in stages over the 1960s.
9829_18	Slums were razed and the new Atlanta Housing Authority built public-housing projects.
9829_19	From the mid-1960s to mid-'70s, nine suburban malls opened, and the downtown shopping district
9829_20	declined, but just north of it, gleaming office towers and hotels rose, and in 1976, the new
9829_21	Georgia World Congress Center signaled Atlanta's rise as a major convention city. In 1973, the city
9829_22	elected its first black mayor, Maynard Jackson, and in ensuing decades, black political leaders
9829_23	worked successfully with the white business community to promote business growth, while still
9829_24	empowering black businesses. From the mid-'70s to mid-'80s most of the MARTA rapid transit system
9829_25	was built. While the suburbs grew rapidly, much of the city itself deteriorated and the city lost
9829_26	21% of its population between 1970 and '90.
9829_27	In 1996, Atlanta hosted the Summer Olympics, for which new facilities and infrastructure were
9829_28	built. Hometown airline Delta continued to grow, and by 199899, Atlanta's airport was the busiest
9829_29	in the world. Since the mid-'90s, gentrification has given new life to many of the city's intown
9829_30	neighborhoods. The 2010 census showed affluent black people leaving the city for newer exurban
9829_31	properties and growing suburban towns, younger whites moving back to the city, and a much more
9829_32	diverse metropolitan area with heaviest growth in the exurbs at its outer edges.
9829_33	Native American civilization: before 1836
9829_34	The region where Atlanta and its suburbs were built was originally Creek and Cherokee Native
9829_35	American territory. In 1813, the Creeks, who had been recruited by the British to assist them in
9829_36	the War of 1812, attacked and burned Fort Mims in southwestern Alabama. The conflict broadened and
9829_37	became known as the Creek War. In response, the United States built a string of forts along the
9829_38	Ocmulgee and Chattahoochee Rivers, including Fort Daniel on top of Hog Mountain near present-day
9829_39	Dacula, Georgia, and Fort Gilmer. Fort Gilmer was situated next to an important Indian site called
9829_40	Standing Peachtree, a Creek Indian village. The site traditionally marked a Native American meeting
9829_41	place at the boundary between Creek and Cherokee lands, at the point where Peachtree Creek flows
9829_42	into the Chattahoochee. The fort was soon renamed Fort Peachtree. A road was built linking Fort
9829_43	Peachtree and Fort Daniel following the route of existing trails.
9829_44	As part of the systematic removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the
9829_45	Creek ceded the area that is now metro Atlanta in 1821. Four months later, the Georgia Land Lottery
9829_46	Act created five new counties in the area that would later become Atlanta. Dekalb County was
9829_47	created in 1822, from portions of Henry, Fayette, and Gwinnett Counties, and Decatur was created as
9829_48	its county seat the following year. As part of the land lottery, Archibald Holland received a
9829_49	grant for District 14, Land Lot 82: an area of 202.5 acres near the present-day Coca-Cola
9829_50	headquarters. Holland farmed the land and operated a blacksmith shop. However, the land was
9829_51	low-lying and wet, so his cattle often became mired in the mud. He left the area in 1833 to farm in
9829_52	Paulding County.
9829_53	In 1830, an inn was established that became known as Whitehall due to the then-unusual fact that it
9829_54	had a coat of white paint, when most other buildings were of washed or natural wood. Later,
9829_55	Whitehall Street was built as the road from Atlanta to Whitehall. The Whitehall area was renamed
9829_56	West End in 1867 and is the oldest intact Victorian neighborhood of Atlanta.
9829_57	In 1835, some leaders of the Cherokee Nation ceded their territory to the United States without the
9829_58	consent of the majority of the Cherokee people in exchange for land out west under the Treaty of
9829_59	New Echota, an act that led to the Trail of Tears.
9829_60	From railroad terminus to Atlanta: 1836–1860
9829_61	In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad to provide a
9829_62	link between the port of Savannah and the Midwest. The initial route of that state-sponsored
9829_63	project was to run from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to a spot east of the Chattahoochee River, in
9829_64	present-day Fulton County. The plan was to eventually link up with the Georgia Railroad from
9829_65	Augusta, and with the Macon and Western Railroad, which ran between Macon and Savannah. A U.S. Army
9829_66	engineer, Colonel Stephen Harriman Long, was asked to recommend the location where the Western and
9829_67	Atlantic line would terminate. He surveyed various possible routes, then in the autumn of 1837,
9829_68	drove a stake into the ground between what are now Forsyth Street and Andrew Young International
9829_69	Boulevard, about three or four blocks northwest of today's Five Points. The zero milepost was later
9829_70	placed to mark that spot.
9829_71	In 1839, John Thrasher built homes and a general store in this vicinity, and the settlement was
9829_72	nicknamed Thrasherville. A marker identifies the location of Thrasherville at 104 Marietta Street,
9829_73	NW, in front of the State Bar of Georgia Building, between Spring and Cone Streets.
9829_74	() At this point, Thrasher built the Monroe Embankment, an earthen embankment to carry the Monroe
9829_75	Railway to meet the W&A at the terminus. This is the oldest existing man-made structure in downtown
9829_76	Atlanta.
9829_77	In 1842, the planned terminus location was moved, four blocks southeast (two to three blocks
9829_78	southeast of Five Points), to what would become State Square, on Wall Street between Central Avenue
9829_79	and Pryor Street. (). At this location, the zero milepost can now be found, adjacent to the
9829_80	southern entrance of Underground Atlanta. As the settlement grew, it became known as Terminus,
9829_81	literally meaning "end of the line". By 1842, the settlement at Terminus had six buildings and 30
9829_82	residents.
9829_83	Meanwhile, settlement began at what became the Buckhead section of Atlanta, several miles north of
9829_84	today's downtown. In 1838, Henry Irby started a tavern and grocery at what became the intersection
9829_85	of Paces Ferry and Roswell Roads.
9829_86	In 1842, when a two-story brick depot was built, the locals asked that the settlement of Terminus
9829_87	be called Lumpkin, after Governor Wilson Lumpkin. Gov. Lumpkin asked them to name it after his
9829_88	young daughter (Martha Atalanta Lumpkin) instead, and Terminus became Marthasville; it was
9829_89	officially incorporated on December 23, 1843. In 1845, the chief engineer of the Georgia Railroad
9829_90	(J. Edgar Thomson) suggested that Marthasville be renamed "Atlantica-Pacifica", which was quickly
9829_91	shortened to "Atlanta". Wilson Lumpkin seems to have supported the change, reporting that Martha's
9829_92	middle name was Atalanta. The residents approved the name change, apparently undaunted by the fact
9829_93	that not a single train had yet visited. Act 109 of the Georgia General Assembly enacted the name
9829_94	change, which was approved December 26, 1845, and signed into law 3 days afterward. In the same
9829_95	act, the election precinct known as the Whitehall precinct (in the home of Charner Humphries) was
9829_96	also changed to Atlanta. In 1847, the city's charter was approved, elections were held, and the
9829_97	first slate of councilmen and the mayor took office in January 1848.
9829_98	Growth and development into a regional rail hub
9829_99	The first Georgia Railroad freight and passenger trains from Augusta (to the east of Atlanta),

9829_0

The history of Atlanta dates back to 1836, when Georgia decided to build a railroad to the U.S.

9829_1

Midwest and a location was chosen to be the line's terminus. The stake marking the founding of

9829_2

"Terminus" was driven into the ground in 1837 (called the Zero Mile Post). In 1839, homes and a

9829_3

store were built there and the settlement grew. Between 1845 and 1854, rail lines arrived from

9829_4

four different directions, and the rapidly growing town quickly became the rail hub for the entire

9829_5

Southern United States. During the American Civil War, Atlanta, as a distribution hub, became the

9829_6

target of a major Union campaign, and in 1864, Union William Sherman's troops set on fire and

9829_7

destroyed the city's assets and buildings, save churches and hospitals. After the war, the

9829_8

population grew rapidly, as did manufacturing, while the city retained its role as a rail hub.

9829_9

Coca-Cola was launched here in 1886 and grew into an Atlanta-based world empire. Electric

9829_10

streetcars arrived in 1889, and the city added new "streetcar suburbs".

9829_11

The city's elite black colleges were founded between 1865 and 1885, and despite disenfranchisement

9829_12

and the later imposition of Jim Crow laws in the 1910s, a prosperous black middle class and upper

9829_13

class emerged. By the early 20th century, "Sweet" Auburn Avenue was called "the most prosperous

9829_14

Negro street in the nation". In the 1950s, black people started moving into city neighborhoods that

9829_15

had previously kept them out, while Atlanta's first freeways enabled large numbers of whites to

9829_16

move to, and commute from, new suburbs. Atlanta was home to Martin Luther King Jr., and a major

9829_17

center for the Civil Rights Movement. Resulting desegregation occurred in stages over the 1960s.

9829_18

Slums were razed and the new Atlanta Housing Authority built public-housing projects.

9829_19

From the mid-1960s to mid-'70s, nine suburban malls opened, and the downtown shopping district

9829_20

declined, but just north of it, gleaming office towers and hotels rose, and in 1976, the new

9829_21

Georgia World Congress Center signaled Atlanta's rise as a major convention city. In 1973, the city

9829_22

elected its first black mayor, Maynard Jackson, and in ensuing decades, black political leaders

9829_23

worked successfully with the white business community to promote business growth, while still

9829_24

empowering black businesses. From the mid-'70s to mid-'80s most of the MARTA rapid transit system

9829_25

was built. While the suburbs grew rapidly, much of the city itself deteriorated and the city lost

9829_26

21% of its population between 1970 and '90.

9829_27

In 1996, Atlanta hosted the Summer Olympics, for which new facilities and infrastructure were

9829_28

built. Hometown airline Delta continued to grow, and by 199899, Atlanta's airport was the busiest

9829_29

in the world. Since the mid-'90s, gentrification has given new life to many of the city's intown

9829_30

neighborhoods. The 2010 census showed affluent black people leaving the city for newer exurban

9829_31

properties and growing suburban towns, younger whites moving back to the city, and a much more

9829_32

diverse metropolitan area with heaviest growth in the exurbs at its outer edges.

9829_33

Native American civilization: before 1836

9829_34

The region where Atlanta and its suburbs were built was originally Creek and Cherokee Native

9829_35

American territory. In 1813, the Creeks, who had been recruited by the British to assist them in

9829_36

the War of 1812, attacked and burned Fort Mims in southwestern Alabama. The conflict broadened and

9829_37

became known as the Creek War. In response, the United States built a string of forts along the

9829_38

Ocmulgee and Chattahoochee Rivers, including Fort Daniel on top of Hog Mountain near present-day

9829_39

Dacula, Georgia, and Fort Gilmer. Fort Gilmer was situated next to an important Indian site called

9829_40

Standing Peachtree, a Creek Indian village. The site traditionally marked a Native American meeting

9829_41

place at the boundary between Creek and Cherokee lands, at the point where Peachtree Creek flows

9829_42

into the Chattahoochee. The fort was soon renamed Fort Peachtree. A road was built linking Fort

9829_43

Peachtree and Fort Daniel following the route of existing trails.

9829_44

As part of the systematic removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the

9829_45

Creek ceded the area that is now metro Atlanta in 1821. Four months later, the Georgia Land Lottery

9829_46

Act created five new counties in the area that would later become Atlanta. Dekalb County was

9829_47

created in 1822, from portions of Henry, Fayette, and Gwinnett Counties, and Decatur was created as

9829_48

its county seat the following year. As part of the land lottery, Archibald Holland received a

9829_49

grant for District 14, Land Lot 82: an area of 202.5 acres near the present-day Coca-Cola

9829_50

headquarters. Holland farmed the land and operated a blacksmith shop. However, the land was

9829_51

low-lying and wet, so his cattle often became mired in the mud. He left the area in 1833 to farm in

9829_52

Paulding County.

9829_53

In 1830, an inn was established that became known as Whitehall due to the then-unusual fact that it

9829_54

had a coat of white paint, when most other buildings were of washed or natural wood. Later,

9829_55

Whitehall Street was built as the road from Atlanta to Whitehall. The Whitehall area was renamed

9829_56

West End in 1867 and is the oldest intact Victorian neighborhood of Atlanta.

9829_57

In 1835, some leaders of the Cherokee Nation ceded their territory to the United States without the

9829_58

consent of the majority of the Cherokee people in exchange for land out west under the Treaty of

9829_59

New Echota, an act that led to the Trail of Tears.

9829_60

From railroad terminus to Atlanta: 1836–1860

9829_61

In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western and Atlantic Railroad to provide a

9829_62

link between the port of Savannah and the Midwest. The initial route of that state-sponsored

9829_63

project was to run from Chattanooga, Tennessee, to a spot east of the Chattahoochee River, in

9829_64

present-day Fulton County. The plan was to eventually link up with the Georgia Railroad from

9829_65

Augusta, and with the Macon and Western Railroad, which ran between Macon and Savannah. A U.S. Army

9829_66

engineer, Colonel Stephen Harriman Long, was asked to recommend the location where the Western and

9829_67

Atlantic line would terminate. He surveyed various possible routes, then in the autumn of 1837,

9829_68

drove a stake into the ground between what are now Forsyth Street and Andrew Young International

9829_69

Boulevard, about three or four blocks northwest of today's Five Points. The zero milepost was later

9829_70

placed to mark that spot.

9829_71

In 1839, John Thrasher built homes and a general store in this vicinity, and the settlement was

9829_72

nicknamed Thrasherville. A marker identifies the location of Thrasherville at 104 Marietta Street,

9829_73

NW, in front of the State Bar of Georgia Building, between Spring and Cone Streets.

9829_74

() At this point, Thrasher built the Monroe Embankment, an earthen embankment to carry the Monroe

9829_75

Railway to meet the W&A at the terminus. This is the oldest existing man-made structure in downtown

9829_76

Atlanta.

9829_77

In 1842, the planned terminus location was moved, four blocks southeast (two to three blocks

9829_78

southeast of Five Points), to what would become State Square, on Wall Street between Central Avenue

9829_79

and Pryor Street. (). At this location, the zero milepost can now be found, adjacent to the

9829_80

southern entrance of Underground Atlanta. As the settlement grew, it became known as Terminus,

9829_81

literally meaning "end of the line". By 1842, the settlement at Terminus had six buildings and 30

9829_82

residents.

9829_83

Meanwhile, settlement began at what became the Buckhead section of Atlanta, several miles north of

9829_84

today's downtown. In 1838, Henry Irby started a tavern and grocery at what became the intersection

9829_85

of Paces Ferry and Roswell Roads.

9829_86

In 1842, when a two-story brick depot was built, the locals asked that the settlement of Terminus

9829_87

be called Lumpkin, after Governor Wilson Lumpkin. Gov. Lumpkin asked them to name it after his

9829_88

young daughter (Martha Atalanta Lumpkin) instead, and Terminus became Marthasville; it was

9829_89

officially incorporated on December 23, 1843. In 1845, the chief engineer of the Georgia Railroad

9829_90

(J. Edgar Thomson) suggested that Marthasville be renamed "Atlantica-Pacifica", which was quickly

9829_91

shortened to "Atlanta". Wilson Lumpkin seems to have supported the change, reporting that Martha's

9829_92

middle name was Atalanta. The residents approved the name change, apparently undaunted by the fact

9829_93

that not a single train had yet visited. Act 109 of the Georgia General Assembly enacted the name

9829_94

change, which was approved December 26, 1845, and signed into law 3 days afterward. In the same

9829_95

act, the election precinct known as the Whitehall precinct (in the home of Charner Humphries) was

9829_96

also changed to Atlanta. In 1847, the city's charter was approved, elections were held, and the

9829_97

first slate of councilmen and the mayor took office in January 1848.

9829_98

Growth and development into a regional rail hub

9829_99

The first Georgia Railroad freight and passenger trains from Augusta (to the east of Atlanta),