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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_916419319#2_1595686595
|
Title: Dog Age Chart: How to Convert Your Dog's Age into Human Years
Headings: How to Figure Out Your Dog’s Age
How to Figure Out Your Dog’s Age
In this Article
Clues to Look For
Content: Medium-sized pooches are somewhere in the middle on both counts. Clues to Look For
If you’ve adopted a puppy or dog but don't know their history, you may not know how old they are. Even if you don’t know the birth date, you can still guess their age. Their teeth should give you a rough idea of their age. These guidelines will vary from dog to dog, and they also depend on the kind of dental care (if any) they had before you got them. By 8 weeks: All baby teeth are in. By 7 months: All permanent teeth are in and are white and clean. By 1-2 years:
|
http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/how-to-calculate-your-dogs-age
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_916419319#3_1595687536
|
Title: Dog Age Chart: How to Convert Your Dog's Age into Human Years
Headings: How to Figure Out Your Dog’s Age
How to Figure Out Your Dog’s Age
In this Article
Clues to Look For
Content: By 8 weeks: All baby teeth are in. By 7 months: All permanent teeth are in and are white and clean. By 1-2 years: Teeth are duller and the back teeth may have some yellowing. By 3-5 years: All teeth may have tartar buildup and some tooth wear. By 5-10 years: Teeth show more wear and signs of disease.
|
http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/how-to-calculate-your-dogs-age
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_916419319#4_1595688218
|
Title: Dog Age Chart: How to Convert Your Dog's Age into Human Years
Headings: How to Figure Out Your Dog’s Age
How to Figure Out Your Dog’s Age
In this Article
Clues to Look For
Content: Teeth are duller and the back teeth may have some yellowing. By 3-5 years: All teeth may have tartar buildup and some tooth wear. By 5-10 years: Teeth show more wear and signs of disease. By 10-15 years: Teeth are worn, and heavy tartar buildup is likely. Some teeth may be missing. Your vet can also guess their age based on a complete physical exam or tests that look at bones, joints, muscles, and internal organs. Senior dogs might show some specific signs of aging.
|
http://pets.webmd.com/dogs/how-to-calculate-your-dogs-age
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_922538481#14_1608635361
|
Title: Metaphysics of Materialism - Introduction to Philosophy
Headings:
Metaphysics of Materialism
Content: which was just fine for Einstein because his theory of relativity implied that time and space are relative to one's frame of reference. So we don't need the aether; just as well since we couldn't find it anyway! Among its other startling implications Einstein's theory equated matter and energy and, more relevant for our story, equated gravity and acceleration. As a sidebar his theory also implied that everything traveled at the same speed: the speed of light! One other important implication of Einstein's theory was the wave particle duality that led to quantum physics; a theory Einstein himself never felt comfortable with. In fact, his disagreement with it led him to say "God does not play dice with the universe." But in experiments there is always a small probability of making a mistake and it was due to one such mistake by two physicists, Davisson and Germer, which led to the uncertainty that Einstein didn't like.
|
http://phi100.weebly.com/metaphysics-of-materialism.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_922538481#16_1608637686
|
Title: Metaphysics of Materialism - Introduction to Philosophy
Headings:
Metaphysics of Materialism
Content: The problem with Einstein's theory (there's always a problem!) was that it only worked at the big level; gravity and its effects on big things like planets and galaxies. However, it did not work at the subatomic level where electrons move in fairly strange ways. This arena of the universe was the province of quantum mechanics. This theory was the brainchild of, among others, Max Planck, Niels Bohr, and Werner Heisenberg. Heisenberg, in particular, is relevant for our original problem of determinism. His uncertainty principle implied that there was a limit to how much knowledge we could have at the subatomic level. Simply put the uncertainty principle says that our knowledge of one attribute comes at the expense of knowledge of another attribute. For example, say you want to know how fast an electron is traveling and you'd also like to know where it’s located.
|
http://phi100.weebly.com/metaphysics-of-materialism.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_925000114#10_1612337840
|
Title: [A01] What is an argument?
Headings: [A01] What is an argument?
[A01] What is an argument?
Exercise #1
§1. How to look for arguments
Exercise #2
Content: This factor has already been reflected in the market. So it is raining heavily and this building might collapse. But I don't really care. Virgin would then dominate the rail system. Is that something the government should worry about? Not necessarily. The industry is regulated, and one powerful company might at least offer a more coherent schedule of services than the present arrangement has produced. The reason the industry was broken up into more than 100 companies at privatisation was not operational, but political: the Conservative government thought it would thus be harder to renationalise. The Economist 16.12.2000
Bill will pay the ransom.
|
http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/arg/arg.php
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_925031751#0_1612420381
|
Title: [C01] What is critical thinking?
Headings: [C01] What is critical thinking?
[C01] What is critical thinking?
§1. The importance of critical thinking
§2. The future of critical thinking
§3. For teachers
Content: [C01] What is critical thinking? [C01] What is critical thinking? Critical thinking is the ability to think clearly and rationally about what to do or what to believe. It includes the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking. Someone with critical thinking skills is able to do the following : understand the logical connections between ideas
identify, construct and evaluate arguments
detect inconsistencies and common mistakes in reasoning
solve problems systematically
identify the relevance and importance of ideas
reflect on the justification of one's own beliefs and values
Critical thinking is not a matter of accumulating information. A person with a good memory and who knows a lot of facts is not necessarily good at critical thinking. A critical thinker is able to deduce consequences from what he knows, and he knows how to make use of information to solve problems, and to seek relevant sources of information to inform himself. Critical thinking should not be confused with being argumentative or being critical of other people. Although critical thinking skills can be used in exposing fallacies and bad reasoning, critical thinking can also play an important role in cooperative reasoning and constructive tasks.
|
http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/critical/ct.php
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_925031751#1_1612422034
|
Title: [C01] What is critical thinking?
Headings: [C01] What is critical thinking?
[C01] What is critical thinking?
§1. The importance of critical thinking
§2. The future of critical thinking
§3. For teachers
Content: understand the logical connections between ideas
identify, construct and evaluate arguments
detect inconsistencies and common mistakes in reasoning
solve problems systematically
identify the relevance and importance of ideas
reflect on the justification of one's own beliefs and values
Critical thinking is not a matter of accumulating information. A person with a good memory and who knows a lot of facts is not necessarily good at critical thinking. A critical thinker is able to deduce consequences from what he knows, and he knows how to make use of information to solve problems, and to seek relevant sources of information to inform himself. Critical thinking should not be confused with being argumentative or being critical of other people. Although critical thinking skills can be used in exposing fallacies and bad reasoning, critical thinking can also play an important role in cooperative reasoning and constructive tasks. Critical thinking can help us acquire knowledge, improve our theories, and strengthen arguments. We can use critical thinking to enhance work processes and improve social institutions. Some people believe that critical thinking hinders creativity because it requires following the rules of logic and rationality, but creativity might require breaking rules. This is a misconception. Critical thinking is quite compatible with thinking "out-of-the-box", challenging consensus and pursuing less popular approaches.
|
http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/critical/ct.php
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_925031751#5_1612427807
|
Title: [C01] What is critical thinking?
Headings: [C01] What is critical thinking?
[C01] What is critical thinking?
§1. The importance of critical thinking
§2. The future of critical thinking
§3. For teachers
Content: The new economy places increasing demands on flexible intellectual skills, and the ability to analyse information and integrate diverse sources of knowledge in solving problems. Good critical thinking promotes such thinking skills, and is very important in the fast-changing workplace. Critical thinking enhances language and presentation skills. Thinking clearly and systematically can improve the way we express our ideas. In learning how to analyse the logical structure of texts, critical thinking also improves comprehension abilities. Critical thinking promotes creativity. To come up with a creative solution to a problem involves not just having new ideas. It must also be the case that the new ideas being generated are useful and relevant to the task at hand. Critical thinking plays a crucial role in evaluating new ideas, selecting the best ones and modifying them if necessary
Critical thinking is crucial for self-reflection. In order to live a meaningful life and to structure our lives accordingly, we need to justify and reflect on our values and decisions.
|
http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/critical/ct.php
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_925031751#6_1612429288
|
Title: [C01] What is critical thinking?
Headings: [C01] What is critical thinking?
[C01] What is critical thinking?
§1. The importance of critical thinking
§2. The future of critical thinking
§3. For teachers
Content: Critical thinking promotes creativity. To come up with a creative solution to a problem involves not just having new ideas. It must also be the case that the new ideas being generated are useful and relevant to the task at hand. Critical thinking plays a crucial role in evaluating new ideas, selecting the best ones and modifying them if necessary
Critical thinking is crucial for self-reflection. In order to live a meaningful life and to structure our lives accordingly, we need to justify and reflect on our values and decisions. Critical thinking provides the tools for this process of self-evaluation. Good critical thinking is the foundation of science and democracy. Science requires the critical use of reason in experimentation and theory confirmation. The proper functioning of a liberal democracy requires citizens who can think critically about social issues to inform their judgments about proper governance and to overcome biases and prejudice. §2.
|
http://philosophy.hku.hk/think/critical/ct.php
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_927015503#10_1615055785
|
Title: Fetal Development · Anatomy and Physiology
Headings: Anatomy & Physiology · Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology · Anatomy and Physiology
Fetal Development
Sexual Differentiation
The Fetal Circulatory System
Other Organ Systems
Chapter Review
Interactive Link Questions
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Glossary
lanugo
Content: The eyes are well-developed by this stage, but the eyelids are fused shut. The fingers and toes begin to develop nails. By the end of week 12, the fetus measures approximately 9 cm (3.5 in) from crown to rump. Weeks 13–16 are marked by sensory organ development. The eyes move closer together; blinking motions begin, although the eyes remain sealed shut. The lips exhibit sucking motions. The ears move upward and lie flatter against the head. The scalp begins to grow hair. The excretory system is also developing:
|
http://philschatz.com/anatomy-book/contents/m46316.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_930685436#2_1619439529
|
Title:
Headings:
Remember
-
listen
to
the
patient!
Remove
the
IV
device
or
needle
immediately
if
the
When
it
Happens
The
patient
may
relay
useful
information
that
a
nerve
injury
has
occurred
if
he
or
she
indicates
any
of
the
following
symptoms:
Types
of
Nerve
Damage
Injuries:
Prevention
'A
Little
Sting'
Can
Become
a
Debilitating
Injury
Types
of
Phlebotomy
Injuries
Complications
Reasons
References
Content: If
these
symptoms
occur
with
a
blood
draw,
a
person
should
contact
the
lab
supervisor/tech
or
possibly
present
to
the
emergency
room
for
instructions
and
documentation
of
injury. Application
of
cold/then
warm
compresses
to
the
area
may
help; however,
the
symptoms
usually
dissipate
as
no
real
cure
exists
to
an
injured
nerve. just
time
itself. The
patient
may
relay
useful
information
that
a
nerve
injury
has
occurred
if
he
or
she
indicates
any
of
the
following
symptoms: sharp
acute
pain
at
the
venipuncture
site
sensations
of
pain
that
can
fluctuate
in
severity
according
to
needle
position
description
of
"pins-and-needles"
sensations
or
"an
electric
shock"
in
the
arm
the
venipuncture
was
performed
pain
that
moves
up
or
down
the
arm
during
or
immediately
after
the
venipuncture
pain
or
tingling
discomfort
in
the
hand
or
fingertips
a
scream
or
non-verbal
pain
communication
during
needle
entry
Phlebotomists
are
advised
to
be
careful
when
choosing
veins
and
to
make
sure
that
they
are
"in
the
vein"
and
have
not
gone
through
it
and
that
they
are
trained
not
to
spend
time
"fishing
for
a
vein"
(moving
the
needle
around
after
insertion
to
try
to
locate
a
vein). Be
sure
you
know
where
you
are
going
before
you
insert
the
needle. A
slight
move
may
be
necessary,
but
only
to
reposition
if
the
needle
has
hit
the
wall
of
the
vein
rather
than
the
lumen,
but
nothing
more. "Nurse,
I
feel
an
electric
shock
going
down
my
arm." Would
this
patient
complaint
mean
anything
to
you
when
you
insert
an
IV
catheter
or
draw
blood?
|
http://phlebotomygeeks.yolasite.com/resources/avoiding%20nerve%20injury%20from%20venipuncture.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_947791742#3_1649005750
|
Title: Homogenization, Protests & Outright Rebellion: 1950s: Native Americans Move to the City—The Urban Relocation Program | Picture This
Headings: Homogenization, Protests & Outright Rebellion: 1950s:
Native Americans Move to the City—The Urban Relocation Program
Homogenization, Protests & Outright Rebellion: 1950s: Native Americans Move to the City—The Urban Relocation Program
Content: The government believed the time was right to initiate a new policy. Advocates for policy change pointed out the fact that between 1917 and 1945, nearly 100,000 Native Americans had left reservations to find new ways to support their families. From the Native American perspective however, this relocation policy was yet another attempt to remove Native Americans from their reservations and small allotments in order for the government to exploit the land for development and resources extraction. Ultimately, for Native Americans, removal and assimilation were both policies designed to give the federal government the power to decide who was or was not a member of a Native American tribe. According the 1953 legislation, tribes would relinquish their sovereignty by leaving the reservations and assuming rights and responsibilities as American citizens. Of the 35,000 participants, about 30% returned to their reservations. Many who remained in the program lived in urban poverty, poor health, with substance abuse, emotional suffering, and a terrible loss of tribal connection and cultural identity. Their common heritage of small community and rural culture values, and dependence of the BIA did not prepare them for the strains of urban living. Nonetheless, over time, Indian communities in relocation centers around the nation became multi-tribal, made up of relocated families and their descendents. So many came to California because they believed that it was the land of new beginnings.
|
http://picturethis.museumca.org/timeline/homogenization-protests-outright-rebellion-1950s/native-americans-move-city-urban-relocat-0
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_947791742#4_1649007911
|
Title: Homogenization, Protests & Outright Rebellion: 1950s: Native Americans Move to the City—The Urban Relocation Program | Picture This
Headings: Homogenization, Protests & Outright Rebellion: 1950s:
Native Americans Move to the City—The Urban Relocation Program
Homogenization, Protests & Outright Rebellion: 1950s: Native Americans Move to the City—The Urban Relocation Program
Content: Of the 35,000 participants, about 30% returned to their reservations. Many who remained in the program lived in urban poverty, poor health, with substance abuse, emotional suffering, and a terrible loss of tribal connection and cultural identity. Their common heritage of small community and rural culture values, and dependence of the BIA did not prepare them for the strains of urban living. Nonetheless, over time, Indian communities in relocation centers around the nation became multi-tribal, made up of relocated families and their descendents. So many came to California because they believed that it was the land of new beginnings. Los Angeles and the Bay Area Indian communities both grew way beyond the California indigenous populations. Many intertribal marriages produced descendants identified as urban Indians by non Native Americans rather than by specific tribal identification. They established Native American cultural centers, held powwows, and provided what community support they could. Tribal identity, although not lost, was certainly weakened and no longer the overriding recognition point for non Native Americans. For Native Americans living in California cities, however, identity continued to be a central issue in their lives.
|
http://picturethis.museumca.org/timeline/homogenization-protests-outright-rebellion-1950s/native-americans-move-city-urban-relocat-0
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_949900669#5_1652158183
|
Title: Avoiding Black Holes | Pilot Getaways
Headings: Avoiding Black Holes
Avoiding Black Holes
by Dale Wilson
Content: Others believe pilots get suckered into flying low approaches because a visual expansion of the runway environment occurs when their vision transitions from near focus (the cockpit instruments) to far focus (the runway environment). This in turn causes a height illusion, which results in a lower approach. Of course, a critical visual cue pilots rely on for height perception during daylight approaches, optic flow, is completely absent in black hole conditions. Without this relative movement of outside terrain in our peripheral vision, it is virtually impossible to judge our height above the ground. It is likely that any or all of these factors play a role in deceiving pilots into thinking they are too high when conducting approaches in black hole conditions. One final warning: upslope runways intensify this illusion. In fact, the experienced crew of a Boeing 767 recently landed short, damaging the aircraft’s tail, while conducting an approach to an upslope runway at Halifax International Airport. Even though the Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) lights indicated a “too low” approach, the dark night combined with the upslope runway created a strong height illusion for the crew. In the original Boeing black hole studies, 11 out of 12 pilots who conducted visual approaches to a simulated upslope runway crashed short of it!
|
http://pilotgetaways.com/mag/fal04/black-holes
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_963338850#3_1671271327
|
Title:
Headings:
Content: - the fear and loathing of transgender; - the resistance to centering race in ways that decenter white women's experiences; - the expectation that aborting fetuses with disabilities should be every woman's choice. I know feminists who work in the sex industry; who are transgendered; whose conception of "women's issues" has little to do with glass ceilings; who see the decision to abort a fetus with a disability as an expression of intolerance (at best) for people with disabilities. I also know feminists who call themselves pro-life, and who spend their lives doing feminist work, teaching Women's Studies, doing work that benefits women. Do I think that forcing a woman to bear a child is a feminist act? Of course not.
|
http://plainsfeminist.blogspot.com/2008/08/can-you-be-feminist-and.html
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_965293088#12_1674830940
|
Title:
Headings: Why People Don’t Care About The Environment
Why People Don’t Care About The Environment
Warning the following Clip Contains Offensive Language:
Recently I asked myself the question “Why don’t people care about the environment anymore?”. As I started to do some research, I discovered that there was more to this question than I had originally thought.
Technological Utopianism.
To cut a long story short… Technological Utopianism is the false belief system that technology will solve all of our environmental issues. In other words let someone or something else fix it?
Apathy and Ignorance
I found this entry from a school student who was surprised by the responses of his fellow students when asked to do an assignment on the environment.
It becomes obvious when reading this entry that the education system is lacking some important curriculum.
When it comes to the preparation of the future generations (who will unknowingly inherit the environmental issues of today) they lack the appropriate information vital to secure the future of our planet.
We covered this topic in an earlier article “ Young People Are Less Green Than Their Hippy Parents “
In another report I found, some of the key issue identified when it comes to people accepting responsibility for the environment are as follows:
Many people on our planet are employed in jobs that are effectively destroying the planet. If they where to stand up and make a conscious decision to quit their jobs and save the environment, the global economy would collapse and they would be unemployed.
People today are also less likely to protest against environmental issues for many reasons including fear of being arrested. A lot of people feel that they don’t have the time to protest as they are so busy just trying to make ends meet.
What can you do?
There are some basic behaviour modifications that you can make, that will help the environment. After all the best way to make a change is by starting with yourself.
Recycle
Use less electricity
Avoid products that are known to be environmentally unfriendly i.e. S.U.V.s
Walk to work or the local shops (if you can)
Support organisations like the Sea Shepherd
Learn more about what’s going on
Start an environmental group to raise awareness
The future of our planet will depend upon the actions of each and everyone of us. By starting a change and becoming involved you will make a difference!
What do you do to help the environment and why do you think that a lot of people just don’t care anymore?
Write your comment, then login to facebook to post it.
Content: Lack of Control – People believe their actions would be too small to make a difference and choose to do nothing. Perceived behavioural control – Because climate change is a global problem, many individuals understandably believe that they can do nothing about it. This is the well-known collective action problem. Habit – Ingrained behaviours are extremely resistant to permanent change while others change slowly. The report says psychology has already been used by government and campaign groups to tackle these barriers. Read More: The Ecologist
Your actions can make a difference! Many people on our planet are employed in jobs that are effectively destroying the planet. If they where to stand up and make a conscious decision to quit their jobs and save the environment, the global economy would collapse and they would be unemployed. People today are also less likely to protest against environmental issues for many reasons including fear of being arrested.
|
http://planetearthherald.com/why-people-dont-care-about-the-environment/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_966871960#14_1677510365
|
Title: Urban Growth Boundaries - PlannersWeb
Headings: Urban Growth Boundaries
Reports from the Editor
Urban Growth Boundaries
You’re driving along past new developments and then, in what seems like an instant, you’re driving past farmland that stretches far out towards the distant mountains.
No scattered, sprawling housing developments.
No commercial strips. Just farmland, farmhouses, and related agricultural structures.
You’re outside the urban growth boundary.
Impact of the UGB on Housing Prices
When to “Loosen the Belt”?
Summing Up:
Content: (a) Future expansion over a long-term period; and
(b) The cost-effective provision of public facilities and services within the area when the lands are included within the urban growth boundary. view Senate Bill 1011, as enacted. As Cooper explained, this very long-range planning should make future expansions of the Portland metro area’s UGB more predictable and less contentious since everyone will know quite far into the future where expansions of the boundary are most likely to occur. For an overview of Senate Bill 1011 provided by Metro. Metro councilor Burkholder also noted that the urban growth boundary is designed to work in conjunction with increasing density within the boundary — something achieved through local zoning. That’s clearly happened in Hillsboro’s huge mixed-use Orenco Station development, the focus of our next post tomorrow. Summing Up: Portland’s urban growth boundary — and those used around smaller cities throughout Oregon — seem to be fairly widely accepted, if not uniformly loved (as you saw in the Lincoln Land Institute video). Perhaps the best evidence of this is the fact that the state law requiring urban growth boundaries been in place for some 40 years now.
|
http://plannersweb.com/2013/08/urban-growth-boundaries/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_966871960#15_1677512370
|
Title: Urban Growth Boundaries - PlannersWeb
Headings: Urban Growth Boundaries
Reports from the Editor
Urban Growth Boundaries
You’re driving along past new developments and then, in what seems like an instant, you’re driving past farmland that stretches far out towards the distant mountains.
No scattered, sprawling housing developments.
No commercial strips. Just farmland, farmhouses, and related agricultural structures.
You’re outside the urban growth boundary.
Impact of the UGB on Housing Prices
When to “Loosen the Belt”?
Summing Up:
Content: Metro councilor Burkholder also noted that the urban growth boundary is designed to work in conjunction with increasing density within the boundary — something achieved through local zoning. That’s clearly happened in Hillsboro’s huge mixed-use Orenco Station development, the focus of our next post tomorrow. Summing Up: Portland’s urban growth boundary — and those used around smaller cities throughout Oregon — seem to be fairly widely accepted, if not uniformly loved (as you saw in the Lincoln Land Institute video). Perhaps the best evidence of this is the fact that the state law requiring urban growth boundaries been in place for some 40 years now. What’s more, the UGBs seem to be working — at least as intended by the legislature. The debate nowadays, as noted, appears more focused on when and where to expand a UGB. The urban g
|
http://plannersweb.com/2013/08/urban-growth-boundaries/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_977045520#0_1687672916
|
Title: Causal Determinism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Causal Determinism
Causal Determinism
1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Issues in Determinism
2.1 The World
2.2 The way things are at a time t
2.3 Thereafter
2.4 Laws of nature
2.5 Fixed
3. The Epistemology of Determinism
3.1 Laws again
3.2 Experience
3.3 Determinism and Chaos
3.4 Metaphysical arguments
4. The Status of Determinism in Physical Theories
4.1 Classical mechanics
4.2 Special Relativistic physics
4.3 General Relativity (GTR)
4.3.1 Determinism and manifold points
4.3.2 Singularities
4.4 Quantum mechanics
5. Chance and Determinism
6. Determinism and Human Action
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: Causal Determinism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Causal Determinism
First published Thu Jan 23, 2003; substantive revision Thu Jan 21, 2016
Causal determinism is, roughly speaking, the idea that every event is necessitated by antecedent events and conditions together with the laws of nature. The idea is ancient, but first became subject to clarification and mathematical analysis in the eighteenth century. Determinism is deeply connected with our understanding of the physical sciences and their explanatory ambitions, on the one hand, and with our views about human free action on the other. In both of these general areas there is no agreement over whether determinism is true (or even whether it can be known true or false), and what the import for human agency would be in either case. 1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Issues in Determinism
2.1 The World
2.2 The way things are at a time t
2.3 Thereafter
2.4 Laws of nature
2.5 Fixed
3. The Epistemology of Determinism
3.1 Laws again
3.2 Experience
3.3 Determinism and Chaos
3.4 Metaphysical arguments
4. The Status of Determinism in Physical Theories
4.1 Classical mechanics
4.2 Special Relativistic physics
4.3 General Relativity (GTR)
4.4 Quantum mechanics
5.
|
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinism-causal/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_977045520#1_1687675087
|
Title: Causal Determinism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Causal Determinism
Causal Determinism
1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Issues in Determinism
2.1 The World
2.2 The way things are at a time t
2.3 Thereafter
2.4 Laws of nature
2.5 Fixed
3. The Epistemology of Determinism
3.1 Laws again
3.2 Experience
3.3 Determinism and Chaos
3.4 Metaphysical arguments
4. The Status of Determinism in Physical Theories
4.1 Classical mechanics
4.2 Special Relativistic physics
4.3 General Relativity (GTR)
4.3.1 Determinism and manifold points
4.3.2 Singularities
4.4 Quantum mechanics
5. Chance and Determinism
6. Determinism and Human Action
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: 1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Issues in Determinism
2.1 The World
2.2 The way things are at a time t
2.3 Thereafter
2.4 Laws of nature
2.5 Fixed
3. The Epistemology of Determinism
3.1 Laws again
3.2 Experience
3.3 Determinism and Chaos
3.4 Metaphysical arguments
4. The Status of Determinism in Physical Theories
4.1 Classical mechanics
4.2 Special Relativistic physics
4.3 General Relativity (GTR)
4.4 Quantum mechanics
5. Chance and Determinism
6. Determinism and Human Action
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Related Entries
1. Introduction
In most of what follows, I will speak simply of determinism , rather than of causal determinism. This follows recent philosophical practice of sharply distinguishing views and theories of what causation is from any conclusions about the success or failure of determinism (cf. Earman, 1986;
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinism-causal/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_977045520#9_1687692691
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Title: Causal Determinism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Causal Determinism
Causal Determinism
1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Issues in Determinism
2.1 The World
2.2 The way things are at a time t
2.3 Thereafter
2.4 Laws of nature
2.5 Fixed
3. The Epistemology of Determinism
3.1 Laws again
3.2 Experience
3.3 Determinism and Chaos
3.4 Metaphysical arguments
4. The Status of Determinism in Physical Theories
4.1 Classical mechanics
4.2 Special Relativistic physics
4.3 General Relativity (GTR)
4.3.1 Determinism and manifold points
4.3.2 Singularities
4.4 Quantum mechanics
5. Chance and Determinism
6. Determinism and Human Action
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: The perfection that the human mind has been able to give to astronomy affords but a feeble outline of such an intelligence. ( Laplace 1820)
In this century, Karl Popper (1982) defined determinism in terms of predictability also, in his book The Open Universe. Laplace probably had God in mind as the powerful intelligence to whose gaze the whole future is open. If not, he should have: 19 th and 20 th century mathematical studies showed convincingly that neither a finite, nor an infinite but embedded-in-the-world intelligence can have the computing power necessary to predict the actual future, in any world remotely like ours. But even if our aim is only to predict a well-defined subsystem of the world, for a limited period of time, this may be impossible for any reasonable finite agent embedded in the world, as many studies of chaos (sensitive dependence on initial conditions) show. Conversely, certain parts of the world could be highly predictable, in some senses, without the world being deterministic. When it comes to predictability of future events by humans or other finite agents in the world, then, predictability and determinism are simply not logically connected at all. The equation of “determinism”with “predictability” is therefore a façon de parler that at best makes vivid what is at stake in determinism: our fears about our own status as free agents in the world.
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinism-causal/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#0_1690732106
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Process Philosophy
First published Mon Oct 15, 2012; substantive revision Thu Oct 26, 2017
Process philosophy is based on the premise that being is dynamic and that the dynamic nature of being should be the primary focus of any comprehensive philosophical account of reality and our place within it. Even though we experience our world and ourselves as continuously changing, Western metaphysics has long been obsessed with describing reality as an assembly of static individuals whose dynamic features are either taken to be mere appearances or ontologically secondary and derivative. For process philosophers the adventure of philosophy begins with a set of problems that traditional metaphysics marginalizes or even sidesteps altogether: what is dynamicity or becoming —if it is the way we experience reality, how should we interpret this metaphysically? Are there several varieties of becoming—for instance, the uniform going on of activities versus the coming about of developments? Do all developments have the same way of occurring quite independently of what is coming about? How can we best classify into different kinds of occurrences what is going on and coming about? How can we understand the emergence of apparently novel conditions? While process philosophers insist that all within and about reality is continuously going on and coming about, they do not deny that there are temporally stable and reliably recurrent aspects of reality.
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#1_1690734313
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: Are there several varieties of becoming—for instance, the uniform going on of activities versus the coming about of developments? Do all developments have the same way of occurring quite independently of what is coming about? How can we best classify into different kinds of occurrences what is going on and coming about? How can we understand the emergence of apparently novel conditions? While process philosophers insist that all within and about reality is continuously going on and coming about, they do not deny that there are temporally stable and reliably recurrent aspects of reality. But they take such aspects of persistence to be the regular behavior of dynamic organizations that arise due to the continuously ongoing interaction of processes. In order to articulate a process view of reality, special theoretical efforts are required, however, since the standard theoretical tools of Western metaphysics are geared to the static view of reality. Especially the standard interpretation of predicate logic in terms of static individuals with properties that are exemplified timelessly or at a temporal instant consolidates what is from the process-philosophical perspective an unhelpful theoretical bias. This has forced upon process philosophy a double role as metaphysical and metaphilosophical enterprise—pushing for a paradigm change, process philosophy has the double task of developing new explanatory concepts and providing arguments for why these concepts better serve the aims of philosophy. Process philosophy centers on ontology and metaphysics, but it has full systematic scope:
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#2_1690736613
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: But they take such aspects of persistence to be the regular behavior of dynamic organizations that arise due to the continuously ongoing interaction of processes. In order to articulate a process view of reality, special theoretical efforts are required, however, since the standard theoretical tools of Western metaphysics are geared to the static view of reality. Especially the standard interpretation of predicate logic in terms of static individuals with properties that are exemplified timelessly or at a temporal instant consolidates what is from the process-philosophical perspective an unhelpful theoretical bias. This has forced upon process philosophy a double role as metaphysical and metaphilosophical enterprise—pushing for a paradigm change, process philosophy has the double task of developing new explanatory concepts and providing arguments for why these concepts better serve the aims of philosophy. Process philosophy centers on ontology and metaphysics, but it has full systematic scope: its concern is with the dynamic sense of being as becoming or occurrence, the conditions of spatio-temporal existence, the kinds of dynamic entities, the relationship between mind and world, and the realization of values in action. Some approaches to process philosophy are conceived on the grand scale and offer a full-scope metaphysics in the form of a systematic theory or comprehensive philosophical view. Other approaches, especially more recent ones, take a more modest approach. They pursue the specific problems that the various philosophical disciplines are engaged in while focusing on the dynamic aspects of each sub-domain. Such process ontologies, process ethics, process epistemologies, process theories of mind etc.
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#3_1690739046
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: its concern is with the dynamic sense of being as becoming or occurrence, the conditions of spatio-temporal existence, the kinds of dynamic entities, the relationship between mind and world, and the realization of values in action. Some approaches to process philosophy are conceived on the grand scale and offer a full-scope metaphysics in the form of a systematic theory or comprehensive philosophical view. Other approaches, especially more recent ones, take a more modest approach. They pursue the specific problems that the various philosophical disciplines are engaged in while focusing on the dynamic aspects of each sub-domain. Such process ontologies, process ethics, process epistemologies, process theories of mind etc. are contributions to ‘process philosophy’ more broadly conceived as a research paradigm of philosophical inquiry. They share the guiding idea that natural existence consists in modes of becoming and types of occurrences. ‘ Processists’ agree that the world is an assembly of physical, organic, social, and cognitive processes that interact at and across levels of dynamic organization. However, within that broad framework, process philosophers debate about how such a world of processes is to be construed, how it relates to the human mind (which is another process) and how the dynamic nature of reality relates to our scientific theories. In consequence, process philosophers also differ in their view on the role of philosophy itself and in their choice of theoretical style.
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#4_1690741265
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: are contributions to ‘process philosophy’ more broadly conceived as a research paradigm of philosophical inquiry. They share the guiding idea that natural existence consists in modes of becoming and types of occurrences. ‘ Processists’ agree that the world is an assembly of physical, organic, social, and cognitive processes that interact at and across levels of dynamic organization. However, within that broad framework, process philosophers debate about how such a world of processes is to be construed, how it relates to the human mind (which is another process) and how the dynamic nature of reality relates to our scientific theories. In consequence, process philosophers also differ in their view on the role of philosophy itself and in their choice of theoretical style. Process philosophy opposes ‘substance metaphysics,’ the dominant research paradigm in the history of Western philosophy since Aristotle. Substance metaphysics proceeds from the intuition—first formulated by the pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Parmenides—that being should be thought of as simple, hence as internally undifferentiated and unchangeable. Substance metaphysicians recast this intuition as the claim that the primary units of reality (called “substances”) must be static—they must be what they are at any instant in time. In contrast to the substance-metaphysical snapshot view of reality, with its typical focus on eternalist being and on what there is, process philosophers analyze becoming and what is occurring as well as ways of occurring. In some process accounts, becoming is the mode of being common to the many kinds of occurrences or dynamic beings.
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#5_1690743660
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: Process philosophy opposes ‘substance metaphysics,’ the dominant research paradigm in the history of Western philosophy since Aristotle. Substance metaphysics proceeds from the intuition—first formulated by the pre-Socratic Greek philosopher Parmenides—that being should be thought of as simple, hence as internally undifferentiated and unchangeable. Substance metaphysicians recast this intuition as the claim that the primary units of reality (called “substances”) must be static—they must be what they are at any instant in time. In contrast to the substance-metaphysical snapshot view of reality, with its typical focus on eternalist being and on what there is, process philosophers analyze becoming and what is occurring as well as ways of occurring. In some process accounts, becoming is the mode of being common to the many kinds of occurrences or dynamic beings. Other process accounts hold that being is ongoing self-differentiation; on these accounts becoming is both the mode of being of different kinds of dynamic beings and the process that generates different kinds of dynamic beings. In order to develop a taxonomy of dynamic beings (types and modes of occurrences), processists replace the descriptive concepts of substance metaphysics with a set of new basic categories. Central among these is the notion of a basic entity that is individuated in terms of what it ‘does.’ This type of functionally individuated entity is often labeled ‘process’ in a technical sense of this term that does not coincide with our common-sense notion of a process.
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#7_1690748576
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: Some of the ‘processes’ postulated by process philosophers are—in agreement with our common-sense understanding of processes— temporal developments that can be analyzed as temporally structured sequences of stages of an occurrence, with each such stage being numerically and qualitatively different from any other. But some of the ‘processes’ that process philosophers operate with are not temporal developments in this sense—they are, for example, temporal but non-developmental occurrences like activities, or non-spatiotemporal happenings that realize themselves in a developmental fashion and thereby constitute the directionality of time. What holds for all dynamic entities labelled ‘processes,’ however, is that they occur —that they are somehow or other intimately connected to time, and often, though not necessarily, related to the directionality or the passage of time. Process philosophers claim that there are many sound philosophical reasons to take the processual aspects of nature, cognition, and action as fundamental features of the real. The perhaps most powerful argument for process philosophy is its wide descriptive or explanatory scope. If we admit that the basic entities of our world are processes, we can generate better philosophical descriptions of all the kinds of entities and relationships we are committed to when we reason about our world in common sense and in science: from quantum entanglement to consciousness, from computation to feelings, from things to institutions, from organisms to societies, from traffic jams to climate change, from spacetime to beauty. Moreover, results in cognitive science, some philosophers have claimed, show that we need a process metaphysics in order to develop a naturalist theory of the mind and of normativity. These arguments form the background for the processist criticism of the focus on substance in Western philosophy. The bias towards substances seems to be rooted partly in the cognitive dispositions of speakers of Indo-European languages, and partly in theoretical habituation, as the traditional prioritization of static entities (substances, objects, states of affairs, static structures) at the beginning of Western metaphysics built on itself.
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#8_1690751545
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: If we admit that the basic entities of our world are processes, we can generate better philosophical descriptions of all the kinds of entities and relationships we are committed to when we reason about our world in common sense and in science: from quantum entanglement to consciousness, from computation to feelings, from things to institutions, from organisms to societies, from traffic jams to climate change, from spacetime to beauty. Moreover, results in cognitive science, some philosophers have claimed, show that we need a process metaphysics in order to develop a naturalist theory of the mind and of normativity. These arguments form the background for the processist criticism of the focus on substance in Western philosophy. The bias towards substances seems to be rooted partly in the cognitive dispositions of speakers of Indo-European languages, and partly in theoretical habituation, as the traditional prioritization of static entities (substances, objects, states of affairs, static structures) at the beginning of Western metaphysics built on itself. In contrast, process philosophy shows fewer affinities to any particular language group and can allude to a rich tradition of reflection in many of the great schools of Eastern thought. As recently appeared, process philosophy also has an increasing practical dimension, since only if we re-visualize our world as a system of interactions can we come to grips, conceptually and ethically, with the new phenomena of artificial life, artificial intelligence, and artificial sociality, and investigate the exceptionality of human capacities and the scope of moral obligation. Thus contemporary process philosophy holds out the promise of offering superior support for the three most pressing tasks of philosophy at the beginning of the 21st century. First, it provides the category-theoretic tools for an integrated metaphysics that can join our common sense and scientific images of the world. Second, it can serve as a theoretical platform upon which to build an intercultural philosophy and to facilitate interdisciplinary research on global knowledge representation by means of an ontological framework that is no longer parochially Western.
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#9_1690754446
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: In contrast, process philosophy shows fewer affinities to any particular language group and can allude to a rich tradition of reflection in many of the great schools of Eastern thought. As recently appeared, process philosophy also has an increasing practical dimension, since only if we re-visualize our world as a system of interactions can we come to grips, conceptually and ethically, with the new phenomena of artificial life, artificial intelligence, and artificial sociality, and investigate the exceptionality of human capacities and the scope of moral obligation. Thus contemporary process philosophy holds out the promise of offering superior support for the three most pressing tasks of philosophy at the beginning of the 21st century. First, it provides the category-theoretic tools for an integrated metaphysics that can join our common sense and scientific images of the world. Second, it can serve as a theoretical platform upon which to build an intercultural philosophy and to facilitate interdisciplinary research on global knowledge representation by means of an ontological framework that is no longer parochially Western. Third, it supplies concepts that facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration on reflected technology development, and enable the cultural and ethical imagination needed to shape the expectable deep socio-cultural changes engendered by the increased use of technology, especially automation. 1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’:
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#10_1690756682
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: Third, it supplies concepts that facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration on reflected technology development, and enable the cultural and ethical imagination needed to shape the expectable deep socio-cultural changes engendered by the increased use of technology, especially automation. 1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question:
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#11_1690757932
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed? 7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Related Entries
1. Historical contributions
The history of process philosophy extends far into antiquity, both in Eastern and Western thought. In the Western tradition it is the Greek theoretician Heraclitus of Ephesus (born ca.
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_986676415#12_1690759110
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Title: Process Philosophy (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Headings: Process Philosophy
Process Philosophy
1. Historical contributions
2. Three tasks of process philosophy
3. Beyond traditional ‘bifurcations’: process-philosophical approaches to old questions
4. Tracking science: new topics for process philosophy
5. Current challenges
6. The ultimate question: is reality directed?
7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Acknowledgments
Content: is reality directed? 7. Institutionalization
Bibliography
Academic Tools
Other Internet Resources
Related Entries
1. Historical contributions
The history of process philosophy extends far into antiquity, both in Eastern and Western thought. In the Western tradition it is the Greek theoretician Heraclitus of Ephesus (born ca. 560 B.C.E.) who is commonly recognized as the founder of the process approach. The few remaining fragments of Heraclitus’ doctrine are often interpreted as champi
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_999179164#0_1705008314
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Title:
Headings:
Watermelon
Production
Jim
Shrefler
Lynn
Brandenberger
Eric
Rebek
John
Damicone
Merritt
Taylor
Production
Requirements
Sites
and
Soils
osufacts.okstate.edu
Variety
Selection
Division
of
Agricultural
Sciences
and
Natural
Resources
•
Oklahoma
State
University
Gray-green
rind
and
round
shape:
Gray-green
rind
and
oblong
shape:
Green-stripe
rind
and
oblong
shape:
Green-stripe
rind
and
round
oblong
shape:
Green-stripe
rind
and
round
shape:
Green
rind
and
round
shape:
Hybrid
Triploid
Soil
pH
and
Fertilizer
Nitrogen
Soil
Preparation
Planting
and
Thinning
Cultivation
and
Chemical
Weed
Control
Irrigation
Field
Scouting
for
Plant
and
Pest
Development
HLA-6236-3
Insects
Diseases
Pesticide
Applications
Fruit
Pruning
Animal
Pests
Harvesting
and
Handling
Storage
Marketing
and
Economics
Fruit
Disorders
Related
Extension
Publications
HLA-6236-7
Content: Oklahoma
Cooperative
Extension
Service
HLA-6236
Watermelon
Production
Jim
Shrefler
Area
Extension
Horticulture
Specialist
Lynn
Brandenberger
Professor,
Food
Crops
Eric
Rebek
Extension
Entomologist
John
Damicone
Extension
Plant
Pathologist
Merritt
Taylor
Professor,
Agricultural
Economics
Production
Requirements
Watermelon
production
requires
a
long
and
warm
growing
season. Acreage
for
watermelon
is
the
largest
for
a
vegetable
crop
in
Oklahoma. Although
watermelon
can
be
grown
in
many
areas
of
the
state,
current
major
production
areas
include
west
central,
south-central
and
eastern
areas. Watermelon
consumption
has
increased
in
the
U.S.
in
recent
years,
with
some
of
this
supply
accounted
for
by
an
increase
in
imports. Some
acreage
decrease
in
the
state
has
been
due
to
increased
yields
and
decreased
labor
availability. Efforts
of
the
National
Watermelon
Promotion
Board
have
helped
increase
consumer
awareness
of
the
nutritional
value
and
culinary
uses
for
this
crop. Increased
availability
of
smaller-fruited
and
seedless
types,
as
well
as
the
development
of
techniques
for
selling
watermelon
as
a
precut
packaged
product,
has
improved
the
convenience
of
serving
watermelon. To
show
a
profit,
a
grower
must
produce
good
yields
of
high-quality
melons. High
yields
of
quality
melons
can
be
obtained
only
with
careful
management. A
good
watermelon
yield
with
irrigation
is
eight
tons
per
acre
in
Oklahoma;
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http://pods.dasnr.okstate.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-1110/F-6236web.pdf
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1007584542#3_1714340312
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Title: Grand Master Greevil | Pokémon Wiki | Fandom
Headings: Grand Master Greevil
Grand Master Greevil
Grand Master Greevil
デスゴルド Deathgold
Character information
Gender:
Region:
Family:
Occupation:
Contents
Appearance
Personality
Biography
Pokémon
Before Final Battle
During Final Battle
Trivia
Content: Personality
Under his "Mr. Verich" name, Greevil, at first, appeared as a kind old man that helped out Michael and his younget sister Jovi from Zook. However, once he revealed his true colors, Greevil is an evil man that wanted to use Shadow Pokémon to take over the world. Greevil is also very power hungry and will do anything to get what he wants. Biography
Greevil disguises himself as a resident of Gateon Port by the name of Mr. Verich. He has 3 Cipher Admins working on behalf of his orders in the Cipher Organization; Lovrina, Gorigan, and Snattle. Not only that but he is the father of Eldes and Ardos who are his bodyguards. Greevil is known as the "Grand Master" his followers with all them looking up to Greevil as their master. Ironically enough, we are given hints that Eldes, one of Greevil's two sons, doesn't fully support his fathers ideals while Ardos, Greevil's other son, is fully supportive of Cipher's ideals and survival. The idea of creating an unpurifiable Pokémon ( XD001, Shadow Lugia ), was the idea of Greevil such that he could create an army of unstoppable Shadow Pokémon in which he could us to take over the world with.
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http://pokemon.wikia.com/wiki/Grand_Master_Greevil
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1019128606#2_1728789663
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Title: The Peelian Principles | UW Police
Headings: The Peelian Principles
The Peelian Principles
Sir Robert Peel – Metropolitan Police of London – 1829
3 CORE IDEAS
9 Policing Principles
Content: Every community member must share the responsibility of preventing crime, as if they were all volunteer members of the force. They will only accept this responsibility if the community supports and trusts the police. The police earn public support by respecting community principles. Winning public approval requires hard work to build reputation: enforcing the laws impartially, hiring officers who represent and understand the community, and using force only as a last resort. 9 Policing Principles
To prevent crime and disorder, as an alternative to their repression by military force and severity of legal punishment. To recognize always that the power of the police to fulfill their functions and duties is dependent on public approval of their existence, actions and behavior, and on their ability to secure and maintain public respect. To recognize always that to secure and maintain the respect and approval of the public means also the securing of the willing cooperation of the public in the task of securing observance of laws. To recognize always that the extent to which the cooperation of the public can be secured diminishes proportionately the necessity of the use of physical force and compulsion for achieving police objectives. To seek and preserve public favor, not by pandering to public opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to law, in complete independence of policy, and without regard to the justice or injustice of the substance of individual laws, by ready offering of individual service and friendship to all members of the public without regard to their wealth or social standing, by ready exercise of courtesy and friendly good humor, and by ready offering of individual sacrifice in protecting and preserving life.
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http://police.uw.edu/faqs/the-peelian-principles/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1019128606#3_1728791823
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Title: The Peelian Principles | UW Police
Headings: The Peelian Principles
The Peelian Principles
Sir Robert Peel – Metropolitan Police of London – 1829
3 CORE IDEAS
9 Policing Principles
Content: 9 Policing Principles
To prevent crime and disorder, as an alternative to their repression by military force and severity of legal punishment. To recognize always that the power of the police to fulfill their functions and duties is dependent on public approval of their existence, actions and behavior, and on their ability to secure and maintain public respect. To recognize always that to secure and maintain the respect and approval of the public means also the securing of the willing cooperation of the public in the task of securing observance of laws. To recognize always that the extent to which the cooperation of the public can be secured diminishes proportionately the necessity of the use of physical force and compulsion for achieving police objectives. To seek and preserve public favor, not by pandering to public opinion, but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to law, in complete independence of policy, and without regard to the justice or injustice of the substance of individual laws, by ready offering of individual service and friendship to all members of the public without regard to their wealth or social standing, by ready exercise of courtesy and friendly good humor, and by ready offering of individual sacrifice in protecting and preserving life. To use physical force only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient to obtain public cooperation to an extent necessary to secure observance of law or to restore order, and to use only the minimum degree of physical force which is necessary on any particular occasion for achieving a police objective. To maintain at all times a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and that the public are the police, the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence. To recognize always the need for strict adherence to police-executive functions, and to refrain from even seeming to usurp the powers of the judiciary of avenging individuals or the State, and of authoritatively judging guilt and punishing the guilty. To recognize always that the test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, and not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with them.
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http://police.uw.edu/faqs/the-peelian-principles/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1022294845#0_1732619403
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Title: Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans - Political Parties
Headings: Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans
Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans
Content: Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans - Political Parties
Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans
Explanation for the Opposition
The Democratic Republicans favored the Southern Farmers and did not want a national bank which the Federalists pushed for. The Federalists favored theNorthern business owners and wanted a strong national bank. This strong national bank was designed to stabilize and improve the Nation's credit through the handling of money in Federal hands. By doing so,The Federalists believed that the U.S. would establish credit and financial order through the privately owned bank of the national government. Democratic Republicans feared that this bank would be dangerous as it was not thought to be a sound monetary system. They also did not like that the Federalist party favored the businesses of the North, as this bank did. The opposition of this bank came from a conflict between the economics of the North and the South and put the party at odds with each other. Who were the Democratic Republicans against? Thomas Jefferson and James Madison created it in the House of Representatives in extreme opposition to Alexander Hamilton's Federalist party. The Democratic Republicans despised the Federalists' idea of a national bank and thought it was unconstitutional.
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http://politicalpartiesush.weebly.com/federalists-vs-democratic-republicans.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1022294845#1_1732621059
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Title: Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans - Political Parties
Headings: Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans
Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans
Content: They also did not like that the Federalist party favored the businesses of the North, as this bank did. The opposition of this bank came from a conflict between the economics of the North and the South and put the party at odds with each other. Who were the Democratic Republicans against? Thomas Jefferson and James Madison created it in the House of Representatives in extreme opposition to Alexander Hamilton's Federalist party. The Democratic Republicans despised the Federalists' idea of a national bank and thought it was unconstitutional. They also opposed the Jay Treaty with the British and believed the Federalists were elitist. What were the domestic goals of the Democratic Republicans? The Democratic Republicans favored the farmers more as opposed to the industrialists and merchants. They liked the idea of state's rights, less power to the federal government, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. They feared that the president would gain too much power and revert back to monarchical tendencies just like the Anti-Federalists.
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http://politicalpartiesush.weebly.com/federalists-vs-democratic-republicans.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1022294845#2_1732622479
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Title: Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans - Political Parties
Headings: Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans
Federalists vs. Democratic Republicans
Content: They also opposed the Jay Treaty with the British and believed the Federalists were elitist. What were the domestic goals of the Democratic Republicans? The Democratic Republicans favored the farmers more as opposed to the industrialists and merchants. They liked the idea of state's rights, less power to the federal government, and a strict interpretation of the Constitution. They feared that the president would gain too much power and revert back to monarchical tendencies just like the Anti-Federalists. they were more prominent and most influential in the south and to the agricultural society. If the U.S had an agriculturally based economy they would be able to feed themselves, sell the surplus, and purchase manufactured goods from Europe. It was believed that people would put aside their own personal gain for the public good. This is very similar to the present day Democrats in the U.S.
Contributing Figures for the Democratic Republicans
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
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http://politicalpartiesush.weebly.com/federalists-vs-democratic-republicans.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1022709591#0_1733378527
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Title: Politics of today: Does mass media influence political behavior?
Headings: Politics of today
Politics of today
Does mass media influence political behavior?
Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Citizens
Do you think the politics have become corrupt?
Recommended Top Politics and Current Events Products
Content: Politics of today: Does mass media influence political behavior? Politics of today
Does mass media influence political behavior? Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Citizens
Few would argue with the notion that the institutions of the mass media are important to contemporary politics. In the transition to liberal democratic politics in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe the media was a key battleground. In the West, elections increasingly focus around television, with the emphasis on spin and marketing. Democratic politics places emphasis on the mass media as a site for democratic demand and the formation of "public opinion". The media are seen to empower citizens, and subject government to restraint and redress. Yet the media are not just neutral observers but are political actors themselves. The interaction of mass communication and political actors -- politicians, interest groups, strategists, and others who play important roles -- in the political process is apparent.
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http://politicsoftoday1.blogspot.com/2011/10/does-mass-media-influence-political.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1022709591#1_1733380075
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Title: Politics of today: Does mass media influence political behavior?
Headings: Politics of today
Politics of today
Does mass media influence political behavior?
Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Citizens
Do you think the politics have become corrupt?
Recommended Top Politics and Current Events Products
Content: In the West, elections increasingly focus around television, with the emphasis on spin and marketing. Democratic politics places emphasis on the mass media as a site for democratic demand and the formation of "public opinion". The media are seen to empower citizens, and subject government to restraint and redress. Yet the media are not just neutral observers but are political actors themselves. The interaction of mass communication and political actors -- politicians, interest groups, strategists, and others who play important roles -- in the political process is apparent. Under this framework, the American political arena can be characterized as a dynamic environment in which communication, particularly journalism in all its forms, substantially influences and is influenced by it. According to the theory of democracy, people rule. The pluralism of different political parties provides the people with "alternatives," and if and when one party loses their confidence, they can support another. The democratic principle of "government of the people, by the people, and for the people" would be nice if it were all so simple. But in a medium-to-large modern state things are not quite like that.
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http://politicsoftoday1.blogspot.com/2011/10/does-mass-media-influence-political.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1022709591#2_1733381831
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Title: Politics of today: Does mass media influence political behavior?
Headings: Politics of today
Politics of today
Does mass media influence political behavior?
Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Citizens
Do you think the politics have become corrupt?
Recommended Top Politics and Current Events Products
Content: Under this framework, the American political arena can be characterized as a dynamic environment in which communication, particularly journalism in all its forms, substantially influences and is influenced by it. According to the theory of democracy, people rule. The pluralism of different political parties provides the people with "alternatives," and if and when one party loses their confidence, they can support another. The democratic principle of "government of the people, by the people, and for the people" would be nice if it were all so simple. But in a medium-to-large modern state things are not quite like that. Today, several elements contribute to the shaping of the public's political discourse, including the goals and success of public relations and advertising strategies used by politically engaged individuals and the rising influence of new media technologies such as the Internet. A naive assumption of liberal democracy is that citizens have adequate knowledge of political events. But how do citizens acquire the information and knowledge necessary for them to use their votes other than by blind guesswork? They cannot possibly witness everything that is happening on the national scene, still less at the level of world events. The vast majority are not students of politics.
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http://politicsoftoday1.blogspot.com/2011/10/does-mass-media-influence-political.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1022709591#3_1733383684
|
Title: Politics of today: Does mass media influence political behavior?
Headings: Politics of today
Politics of today
Does mass media influence political behavior?
Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Citizens
Do you think the politics have become corrupt?
Recommended Top Politics and Current Events Products
Content: Today, several elements contribute to the shaping of the public's political discourse, including the goals and success of public relations and advertising strategies used by politically engaged individuals and the rising influence of new media technologies such as the Internet. A naive assumption of liberal democracy is that citizens have adequate knowledge of political events. But how do citizens acquire the information and knowledge necessary for them to use their votes other than by blind guesswork? They cannot possibly witness everything that is happening on the national scene, still less at the level of world events. The vast majority are not students of politics. They don't really know what is happening, and even if they did they would need guidance as to how to interpret what they knew. Since the early twentieth century this has been fulfilled through the mass media. Few today in United States can say that they do not have access to at least one form of the mass media, yet political knowledge is remarkably low. Although political information is available through the proliferation of mass media, different critics support that events are shaped and packaged, frames are constructed by politicians and news casters, and ownership influences between political actors and the media provide important short hand cues to how to interpret and understand the news. One must not forget another interesting fact about the media.
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http://politicsoftoday1.blogspot.com/2011/10/does-mass-media-influence-political.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1022709591#4_1733385672
|
Title: Politics of today: Does mass media influence political behavior?
Headings: Politics of today
Politics of today
Does mass media influence political behavior?
Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Citizens
Do you think the politics have become corrupt?
Recommended Top Politics and Current Events Products
Content: They don't really know what is happening, and even if they did they would need guidance as to how to interpret what they knew. Since the early twentieth century this has been fulfilled through the mass media. Few today in United States can say that they do not have access to at least one form of the mass media, yet political knowledge is remarkably low. Although political information is available through the proliferation of mass media, different critics support that events are shaped and packaged, frames are constructed by politicians and news casters, and ownership influences between political actors and the media provide important short hand cues to how to interpret and understand the news. One must not forget another interesting fact about the media. Their political influence extends far beyond newspaper reports and articles of a direct political nature, or television programs connected with current affairs that bear upon politics. In a much more subtle way, they can influence people's thought patterns by other means, like "goodwill" stories, pages dealing with entertainment and popular culture, movies, TV "soaps", "educational" programs. All these types of information form human values, concepts of good and evil, right and wrong, sense and nonsense, what is "fashionable" and "unfashionable," and what is "acceptable" and "unacceptable". These human value systems, in turn, shape people's attitude to political issues, influence how they vote and therefore determine who holds political power. Please comment below or email me.
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http://politicsoftoday1.blogspot.com/2011/10/does-mass-media-influence-political.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1022709591#5_1733387784
|
Title: Politics of today: Does mass media influence political behavior?
Headings: Politics of today
Politics of today
Does mass media influence political behavior?
Do Mass Media Influence the Political Behavior of Citizens
Do you think the politics have become corrupt?
Recommended Top Politics and Current Events Products
Content: Their political influence extends far beyond newspaper reports and articles of a direct political nature, or television programs connected with current affairs that bear upon politics. In a much more subtle way, they can influence people's thought patterns by other means, like "goodwill" stories, pages dealing with entertainment and popular culture, movies, TV "soaps", "educational" programs. All these types of information form human values, concepts of good and evil, right and wrong, sense and nonsense, what is "fashionable" and "unfashionable," and what is "acceptable" and "unacceptable". These human value systems, in turn, shape people's attitude to political issues, influence how they vote and therefore determine who holds political power. Please comment below or email me. Powered by JVZoo.com
Do you think the politics have become corrupt? Recommended Top Politics and Current Events Products
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http://politicsoftoday1.blogspot.com/2011/10/does-mass-media-influence-political.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1029262973#11_1745455672
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Title: Popular Mexican Food
Headings: Popular Mexican Food
Popular Mexican Food
Tuesday, September 7, 2010
Popular Mexican Foods
Content: Salsa
Salsa may refer to any type of sauce. In American English, it usually refers to the spicy, often tomato based, hot sauces typical of Mexican and Central American cuisine, particularly those used as dips. In British English, the word typically refers to salsa cruda, which is common in Mexican, Spanish and Italian cuisine. Mexican salsas were traditionally produced using the mortar and pestle-like molcajete, although blenders are now more commonly used. The Mayans made salsa also, using a mortar and pestle. They made what we now call guacamole. Well-known salsas include
• Salsa roja, "red sauce": used as a condiment in Mexican and Southwestern cuisine, and usually made with cooked tomatoes, chili peppers, onion, garlic, and fresh cilantro. • Salsa cruda ("raw sauce"), also known as pico de gallo ("rooster's beak"), salsa picada ("chopped sauce"), salsa mexicana ("Mexican sauce"), or salsa fresca ("fresh sauce"), "salsa bandera" ("flag sauce", in allusion to the Mexican flag): made with raw tomatoes, lime juice, chilli peppers, onions, cilantro leaves, and other coarsely chopped raw ingredients.
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http://popularmexicanfood.blogspot.com/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1031306914#10_1749403186
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Title: How To Process Piglets - Pork Information Gateway
Headings: How To Process Piglets
How To Process Piglets
Clipping Needle Teeth
Procedure:
Docking Tails
Procedure:
Administering Supplemental Iron and Other Medication
Procedure:
Identification of Piglets
Methods:
Castration
Procedure:
Reference:
Content: Caution: Be sure to hold pig correctly and change needles at least every 3 litters or if needle gets damaged. Materials required: Iron dextran, syringes, needles 5/8 21-gauge or automatic syringe administering 1 or 2 ml. Procedure: Fill the syringe with iron solution. Lift the piglet by the hind leg but keep the leg in line with the body as much as possible. Muscle and tendon damage may occur if the pig is held with the leg at a right angle to the body. Administer the injection slightly behind the ear in the muscle on one side of the neck at a 45° angle. Inject either 1 or 2 ml (200 mg).
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http://porkgateway.org/resource/how-to-process-piglets/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1031306914#11_1749404289
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Title: How To Process Piglets - Pork Information Gateway
Headings: How To Process Piglets
How To Process Piglets
Clipping Needle Teeth
Procedure:
Docking Tails
Procedure:
Administering Supplemental Iron and Other Medication
Procedure:
Identification of Piglets
Methods:
Castration
Procedure:
Reference:
Content: Fill the syringe with iron solution. Lift the piglet by the hind leg but keep the leg in line with the body as much as possible. Muscle and tendon damage may occur if the pig is held with the leg at a right angle to the body. Administer the injection slightly behind the ear in the muscle on one side of the neck at a 45° angle. Inject either 1 or 2 ml (200 mg). Apply pressure momentarily to the injection site. Identification of Piglets
Reason: Identification is required for recording and management procedures. Several different methods are used to identify pigs depending on the type of farm: ear notching, tattooing, tagging, transponders, or electric implants.
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http://porkgateway.org/resource/how-to-process-piglets/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1031314815#0_1749414703
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Title: Proper Injection Techniques for Pigs - Pork Information Gateway
Headings: Proper Injection Techniques for Pigs
Proper Injection Techniques for Pigs
Introduction
Injection techniques
recommended needle sizes and lengths:
Developing a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Needle Use
Disposal of used needles and other hazardous materials
Needle-free Technology
Content: Proper Injection Techniques for Pigs - Pork Information Gateway
Proper Injection Techniques for Pigs
Introduction
Improper injection techniques cost the pork industry thousands of dollars each year. Injection-site reactions, broken needles and lack of product efficacy are consequences of improper injection technique. Everyone involved in treating pigs must understand and use proper injection techniques. Each pork producer should develop an education plan to assure that all animal caretakers understand the responsibilities that go with giving injections to food producing animals. Injection techniques
There are five ways to give injectable medications to pigs: 1. In the muscle (Intramuscularly, also referred to as IM injection): Use a spot on the neck just behind and below the ear, but in front of the shoulder. Inject only into clean, dry areas. To reduce leakage in small pigs, push the skin forward or backward slightly before injection, then let the skin snap back when needle is removed.
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http://porkgateway.org/resource/proper-injection-techniques-for-pigs/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1031314815#15_1749438373
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Title: Proper Injection Techniques for Pigs - Pork Information Gateway
Headings: Proper Injection Techniques for Pigs
Proper Injection Techniques for Pigs
Introduction
Injection techniques
recommended needle sizes and lengths:
Developing a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Needle Use
Disposal of used needles and other hazardous materials
Needle-free Technology
Content: In Pork Checkoff sponsored research, vaccines administered by needle-free injection produced immunity equal to that of conventionally administered vaccines. No injection-site reactions were noted with either the needle-free or conventional methods in this trial. Effective vaccines and antimicrobials which can be administered through the drinking water also are available today. These products are completely needle-free. As always, contact your herd veterinarian or animal health supplier about such products. This information was adapted from the PQA Plus™ program. For more information refer to the PQA Plus manual.
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http://porkgateway.org/resource/proper-injection-techniques-for-pigs/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1034819533#1_1755120580
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Title: How to Tell If You Have Intestinal Worms - PositiveMed
Headings: How to Tell If You Have Intestinal Worms
How to Tell If You Have Intestinal Worms
Abdominal symptoms can last for weeks or even months and include:
hypoglycemia headaches/migraines
Content: Tapeworm infections can cause people to develop abdominal pains and cramping. They might also have muscle aches and weakness when the adult worms migrate through their bodies. People who are biologically female with pinworms may have pain around the genitals and urinary tract, and severe infections can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, which can cause chronic pelvic pain. People infected with the intestinal worm Ascaris may experience difficulty breathing. If the worms invade the lungs, those infected may have a frequent cough. People with Ascaris infections may also experience pain when taking a deep breath and may have difficulty breathing during physical activity or exercise. [/nextpage] [nextpage title=”…”]
Those with pinworm infections may experience intense itching around the anus, especially at night. Girls and women with pinworm infections may also have irritations and itching of the skin around the genitals and inside the vagina if the worms migrate from the anus. People with tapeworm infections may develop allergic skin reactions such as swelling, redness, and hives if the larvae embed into their skin. Babies infected with Ascaris may experience a lack of growth in height and weight, which is also referred to as failure to thrive.
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http://positivemed.com/2013/11/20/tell-intestinal-worm/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1034819533#2_1755122302
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Title: How to Tell If You Have Intestinal Worms - PositiveMed
Headings: How to Tell If You Have Intestinal Worms
How to Tell If You Have Intestinal Worms
Abdominal symptoms can last for weeks or even months and include:
hypoglycemia headaches/migraines
Content: People with Ascaris infections may also experience pain when taking a deep breath and may have difficulty breathing during physical activity or exercise. [/nextpage] [nextpage title=”…”]
Those with pinworm infections may experience intense itching around the anus, especially at night. Girls and women with pinworm infections may also have irritations and itching of the skin around the genitals and inside the vagina if the worms migrate from the anus. People with tapeworm infections may develop allergic skin reactions such as swelling, redness, and hives if the larvae embed into their skin. Babies infected with Ascaris may experience a lack of growth in height and weight, which is also referred to as failure to thrive. Adults infected with pinworms, tapeworms, or Ascaris may also experience weight loss. Nutritional deficiencies may develop in people infected with intestinal worms as a result of heavy infestations or worms that grow to be very large. stinal worms can be prevented by drinking filtered water, swimming in chlorinated pools, and careful hygiene, especially after contact with feces. People who are infected with intestinal worms can be treated by a medical doctor with prescription medications. People with intestinal worm infections should take care to launder all towels, linens, and clothing that come into contact with their bare skin so as to avoid reinfection.
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http://positivemed.com/2013/11/20/tell-intestinal-worm/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1037768786#1_1761463673
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Title: Sitting posture: 10 reasons why your pelvis is not in the correct position - Posture Direct
Headings: Sitting posture: 10 reasons why your pelvis is not in the correct position
Sitting posture: 10 reasons why your pelvis is not in the correct position
Why does the position of the pelvis matter?
How do most people sit?
What is the ideal position of the pelvis?
The 10 reasons why you don’t position your pelvis properly
(…And exercises to fix it!)
1. A lack of understanding on how to position the pelvis
How to sit on your Sit bones
2. Poor pelvis control
3. Incorrect chair
a) Seat Height
b) Seat tilt
c) Get a better chair!
4. Tight hamstrings
a) Upper hamstring
b) Lower/mid hamstring
5. Tight gluteal muscles
6. Poor lumbar spine strength
Back Extensions
7. Weak core muscles
a) Dead bug exercise
8. Lack of hip flexion
Hip joint traction
9. Lack of lumbar spine extension
Lower back extension stretch
10. Large belly size
Conclusion:
What to do next:
Content: to have good posture. By addressing the pelvis, you are giving your body the opportunity to adopt the best possible posture. If you find that you are developing pain and/or stiffness in your body after sitting all day, your sitting posture may be the root cause of it all! How do most people sit? If you are like the vast majority of people who slouch, you probably sit with your pelvis in position called a Posterior pelvic tilt. This is where the pelvis is tilted backwards (see above). This cause a domino effect of bad posture in the whole body! What is the ideal position of the pelvis? The pelvis should be in a neutral position. (…or in a slight degree of Anterior pelvic tilt /Forward tilt).
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http://posturedirect.com/proper-way-sit/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1039036569#12_1763754101
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Title: Causes of Poverty - POVERTY AT LARGE : A DARK SPOT IN HUMANITY
Headings: POVERTY AT LARGE : A DARK SPOT IN HUMANITY
POVERTY AT LARGE : A DARK SPOT IN HUMANITY
Causes of Poverty
Content: Many rural people, particularly in tropical regions, depend on forests as a source of food and other resources, and deforestation damages or eliminates these supplies. Forests also absorb many pollutants and water from extended rains; without forests, pollution increases and massive flooding further decreases the usability of the deforested areas. Economic trends: Poverty in many developed countries can be linked to economic trends. Changes in labor markets in developed countries have also contributed to increased poverty levels. For instance, the number of relatively high-paying manufacturing jobs has declined, while the demand for workers in service- and technology-related industries has increased. Historically, people have learned the skills required for jobs that involve manual labor, such as those in manufacturing, either on the job or through easily accessible school vocational programs. As these jobs are replaced by service- and technology-related jobs—jobs that usually require skills taught at the college level—people who cannot afford a college education find it increasingly difficult to obtain well-paying work. In many developed nations the number of people living in poverty has increased due to rising disparities in the distribution of resources within these countries.
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http://povertyhci.weebly.com/causes-of-poverty.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1039036569#13_1763755782
|
Title: Causes of Poverty - POVERTY AT LARGE : A DARK SPOT IN HUMANITY
Headings: POVERTY AT LARGE : A DARK SPOT IN HUMANITY
POVERTY AT LARGE : A DARK SPOT IN HUMANITY
Causes of Poverty
Content: Changes in labor markets in developed countries have also contributed to increased poverty levels. For instance, the number of relatively high-paying manufacturing jobs has declined, while the demand for workers in service- and technology-related industries has increased. Historically, people have learned the skills required for jobs that involve manual labor, such as those in manufacturing, either on the job or through easily accessible school vocational programs. As these jobs are replaced by service- and technology-related jobs—jobs that usually require skills taught at the college level—people who cannot afford a college education find it increasingly difficult to obtain well-paying work. In many developed nations the number of people living in poverty has increased due to rising disparities in the distribution of resources within these countries. Since the 1970s, for instance, the poorest 20 percent of all U.S. households have earned an increasingly smaller percentage of the total national income (generally less than 5 percent) while the wealthiest 5 percent of households have earned an increasingly greater percentage (about 45 percent of the total). Demographic shifts: Some researchers also cite demographic shifts as contributing to increases in overall poverty. In particular, demographic shifts have led to increases in poverty among children. In the United States, for instance, typical family structures have changed significantly, leading to an increase in single-parent families, which tend to be poorer.
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http://povertyhci.weebly.com/causes-of-poverty.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1046173274#0_1776426258
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Title: Why Donations to Charity are Important - Prairie Eco-Thrifter
Headings: Why Donations to Charity are Important
Why Donations to Charity are Important
So, is giving to charity important in your life? What kinds of things do you do to make a difference for others?
Post navigation
Content: Why Donations to Charity are Important - Prairie Eco-Thrifter
Post navigation
← How to Establish an Eco-Friendly Lifestyle at Home
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Why Donations to Charity are Important
Posted on November 21, 2011 by Miss T. (Owner and Head Writer)
June 21, 2014
Charitable organizations exist to support and raise funds for a specific group of people. There are numerous charities that support a wide variety of causes such as children in various locations, sufferers of various diseases, homeless people and disadvantaged people at home and overseas. These organizations depend on the generosity of the general community to make donations to charity of money, goods and services, in order that they can carry out their work. Many charities are completely self-funded while others receive some government funding. Throughout history, money has been donated to the needy, as well as food, clothing, tools, bedding etc. These donations were often organized through the Church and it was considered the duty of the wealthier classes and merchants to give to the poor. These days, this generous attitude to giving to the needy is not so well defined. People don’t know how to help or how to make sure their donation goes towards the cause and not just to charity operating expenses. Why is it important that we donate to charity?
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http://prairieecothrifter.com/2011/11/donations-charity-important.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1048453205#2_1780376505
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Title: Overview of Preemies and Preemie Care
Headings: Overview of Preemies and Preemie Care
Overview of Preemies and Preemie Care
What Having a Preemie Means for You and Your Premature Baby
Types of Preemies
Causes of Premature Birth
Health Problems of Preemies
The Psychological Toll of Having a Preemie
Simple Things Count for Preemies
Preemies Are Fighters
Content: 2 They weigh under 1-pound and are at the highest risk for complications from their premature birth. Causes of Premature Birth
There are many risk factors that increase a mom's chance of having a preemie, including: Previous preterm birth
Multiple pregnancies (twins or more) 3
High blood pressure
Diabetes
Smoking cigarettes
11 Risk Factors for Premature Birth
Health Problems of Preemies
Although many preemies are very healthy, others have health problems that may be severe. Unless there are severe health complications, longer pregnancies mean healthier babies. Some of the health problems that preemies may face include: 2
Trouble breathing
Bleeding into the brain (IVH) 4
Heart trouble (PDA, bradycardia)
Severe jaundice
Eye problems (ROP)
The Psychological Toll of Having a Preemie
Having a preemie is a medical emergency, but it is also a psychological one for the parents. It can be very hard to cope with having a preemie. Learning as much as you can about your preemie and talking to other parents of preemies can help you, and your family members adjust to life with a preemie. With special handling, careful observation, and love, your preemie will be on his way to catching up growth-wise which so many preemies do by the age of 2. 5
How to Cope With Having a Premature Baby
Simple Things Count for Preemies
Just as it is with babies born at term, what helps preemies thrive the most are touch, talk, and breastmilk.
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http://preemies.about.com/od/goingbacktowork/f/premie.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1048987563#5_1781380182
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Title:
Headings:
Content: Quite simply, a home pregnancy test detects the presence of a hormone in your urine called human chorionic gonadotropin, or HCG. HCG is a pregnancy hormone that a woman's body starts producing when a fertilized egg implants in her uterus. In most women, this implantation and subsequent hCG production, occurs up to six days after sperm and egg meet. Because of this, many women will get the MOST accurate result if they take the home pregnancy test a full week AFTER their missed period. Although many tests claim that they are "99 percent accurate" as soon as the FIRST day your period is due or earlier. That's because some technically pregnant women may not have experienced implantation by this day in their cycle. Plus, the amount of HCG that a woman makes may be so minute at first, that a home pregnancy test won't be sensitive enough to detect it. When you do take your home pregnancy test, you'll get the best results if you test first thing in the morning, when your urine is the most concentrated. Since tests work in various ways, make sure to read the instructions and pick the one you think will work best for you. Whatever the test results say, you should still take another pregnancy test in a few days to confirm.
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http://pregnancy.healthguru.com/video/how-pregnancy-tests-work
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1049829686#0_1783109313
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Title: Best time to take a pregnancy test is in the morning
Headings: Best time to take a pregnancy test is in the morning
Best time to take a pregnancy test is in the morning
How pregnancy tests work?
How early can I take a pregnancy test?
What if it turns out negative?
What time of day is best to take a HPT?
Pregnancy test timing facts:
Content: Best time to take a pregnancy test is in the morning
Best time to take a pregnancy test is in the morning
How pregnancy tests work? To better understand when it is the best time to take a pregnancy test let me first explain how home pregnancy test works. After a sex intercourse there is a time window in which the sperm fertilizes the egg. After that the egg travels to the uterus where implantation takes place. That’s when the body starts to produce hCG, which is measured by all pregnancy tests. How early can I take a pregnancy test? If you are a woman who charts your fertility in any way, the best time to take a pregnancy test to see if you are pregnant is between 8 days past ovulation to 16 days past ovulation. Of course, as you might see, 8 days past ovulation is about the earliest time that you will see the hormone hCG in your urine, but this is not the same in all women, it is only an average. In most women, I would recommend about 10-12 days after ovulation to make sure that you are in the correct window for your pregnancy test to detect the hormone hCG in your urine. If you do not monitor your fertility a good rule of thumb is to test about 20 days after the day you had sexual intercourse that you believe could have caused a conception.
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http://pregnancytestreviews.com/best-time-to-take-a-pregnancy-test.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1049829686#3_1783114887
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Title: Best time to take a pregnancy test is in the morning
Headings: Best time to take a pregnancy test is in the morning
Best time to take a pregnancy test is in the morning
How pregnancy tests work?
How early can I take a pregnancy test?
What if it turns out negative?
What time of day is best to take a HPT?
Pregnancy test timing facts:
Content: What time of day is best to take a HPT? As far as the time of day, the best time to take a pregnancy test is first thing in the morning, with your “first morning’s urine” as the packages say. Usually the hCG levels are highest in this urine because of sitting all night and not having the opportunity to be diluted with food or drink. However, if you don’t feel like the best time to take a pregnancy test for you is first thing in the morning, anytime during the day that you have a full bladder will do. Pregnancy test timing facts: best time to take a pregnancy test differs for every woman because of menstrual cycle and ovulation period,
exact time of implantation of an egg is not known,
HP tests have different sensitivity levels,
if you take a pregnancy test too early you could get a positive result, but later turn out not to be pregnant,
the later you take the pregnancy test, the more accurate it is.
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http://pregnancytestreviews.com/best-time-to-take-a-pregnancy-test.html
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1051858268#17_1787568755
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Title: How to Blanch Vegetables: Prep Your Veggies for Dehydration and Freezing | PreparednessMama
Headings: How to Blanch Vegetables: Prep Your Veggies for Dehydration and Freezing
How to Blanch Vegetables: Prep Your Veggies for Dehydration and Freezing
Learn When and How to Blanch Vegetables This Harvest
To Blanch or Not to Blanch? That is the Question
Vegetables That Do Not Need to Be Blanched
Vegetables That May Not Need to Be Blanched
For Freezing
For Dehydrating
Vegetables That Always Need to Be Blanched
Set up a Blanching Station
How to Blanch Vegetables
Additional Resources on How to Blanch Vegetables
Frequently Asked Questions
How long do you blanch vegetables?
Can you freeze fresh vegetables without blanching?
What foods can you not freeze?
What vegetables can you freeze without blanching?
What fruit can you eat frozen?
Final Thoughts on How to Blanch Vegetables
Trackbacks
Content: Frequently Asked Questions
How long do you blanch vegetables? While blanching, you should keep in mind to take a taste every 30 seconds or one minute. Most vegetables take anywhere between 2 to 5 minutes to blanch, so you’ll have to be careful to get the taste just right. Can you freeze fresh vegetables without blanching? Technically, you can. But you shouldn’t try. In most cases, vegetables will turn darker and have faded or dulled coloring. On the other hand, if you blanch them beforehand, you’ll help them maintain their vibrant colors and nutrients, as well as put a stop to the enzymes that make them spoil. What foods can you not freeze? There are a few foods that you shouldn’t try to freeze or even to blanch for that matter.
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http://preparednessmama.com/blanch-vegetables/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1053856818#0_1792555251
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Title: Microsoft Powerpoint How-Tos, Help & Tips
Headings: Powerpoint
Powerpoint
Content: Microsoft Powerpoint How-Tos, Help & Tips
Software & Apps MS Office
Powerpoint
Powerpoint is the ultimate presentation software. Discover what it can do and how to turn your presentations from blah to WOW. MS Office
Word
Excel
Powerpoint
Outlook
How to Convert PDF to PowerPoint
The 8 Best Free PowerPoint Alternatives
How to Add a Degree Symbol to PowerPoint Slides
What Is Microsoft PowerPoint? 5 Best Free PowerPoint Background Sites
How to Use Microsoft's Free PowerPoint Viewers
4 Best Free Presentation Software Programs
How to Print PowerPoint Slides With Notes
How to Add Audio to Google Slides
Embedding vs. Linking Videos in Powerpoint
How to Create Digital Photo Albums in PowerPoint
How to Add Music to PowerPoint
How to Insert PDF Files Into PowerPoint Presentations
Understanding Microsoft Powerpoint and How to Use It
What Is 'Resolution' for Displays or Images? How to Make a PowerPoint Presentation
How to Print Multiple Slides on One Page in PowerPoint
How to Create a Timeline in PowerPoint
The Easiest Way to Create New Folders in Windows Using Shortcuts
How to Add Audio to PowerPoint
Loop a PowerPoint Slide Show
How to Make a Poster in PowerPoint
How to Convert Powerpoint to Google Slides
How to Do a Voiceover on PowerPoint
How to Put a GIF in PowerPoint
How to Add PowerPoint Slides Into a Word Document
Change a PowerPoint Show File to a Work File
How to Use the Slide Sorter View in PowerPoint
14 Free PowerPoint Game Templates
How to Use Speaker Notes in PowerPoint
How to Cite Pictures in PowerPoint
How to Change PowerPoint Slide Orientation
How to Add Page Numbers in PowerPoint
How to Use PowerPoint Slide Master Layouts
How to Convert PowerPoint to Video
OpenOffice Impress Review
A Beginner's Guide to Text Wrap in PowerPoint
How to Make a Slideshow on PowerPoint
Make the Most of PowerPoint's Slide Transition Options
How to Use Curved Text in PowerPoint
What's New in Microsoft PowerPoint 2010? How to Add a Background Picture to PowerPoint Slides
How to Save PowerPoint Presentations as PDF Files
Keep Your PowerPoint Presentation Fonts From Changing
Reduce File Size When Converting PowerPoint to Word Handouts
Tips for Memorial PowerPoint Presentations
How to Add Animation to PowerPoint
How to Compress Images in PowerPoint
How to Format Text With PowerPoint Format Painter
How to Draw Freehand in PowerPoint
Add Hyperlinks to PowerPoint Presentations
Create Pictures From PowerPoint Slides
9 Best Places for Free PowerPoint Templates
Print Slides From a PowerPoint Show File for PC
12 PowerPoint Presentation Tips To Know
14 Free PowerPoint Game Templates
The Definition of a Slide (or Slides) in a PowerPoint Presentation
How to Create a PowerPoint Footnote
Create a Watermark on PowerPoint Slides
Replacing All the Fonts in a Presentation at One Time
10 Font Tips for Presenters
10 Dos and Don'ts for Technical Presentations
Adding Sounds, Music or Narration to PowerPoint Slide Shows
Add, Delete or Change the Order of PowerPoint Slides
Change the Default Font in PowerPoint Text Boxes
How to Use the Animation Painter in PowerPoint 2010
How to Create a Microsoft Sway Presentation
How to Make an Image Background Transparent in PowerPoint
How to Avoid Picture Distortion on Portrait Slides in Powerpoint
Slide Layouts in PowerPoint
Create a Simple PowerPoint Macro to Resize Photos
How to Reduce PowerPoint File Size
Add Clip Art and Pictures to PowerPoint Slides
How to Use Portrait and Landscape Slides in the Same Presentation
Copy Slides to Another PowerPoint Presentation
Flip a Picture on a PowerPoint Slide
Change Order of Animations for PowerPoint Slides
How to Select More Than One Slide in PowerPoint
What Is a PowerPoint Placeholder? 9 PowerPoint Presentation Tips for Students
Show Your PowerPoint Presentation in Widescreen Format
How to Lose an Audience and 10 Ways to Get Them Back
Outline View in PowerPoint or OpenOffice
Rotating a Picture on a PowerPoint Slide
How to Fix Audio Playback Issues in PowerPoint Presentations
Add an Excel Chart to Your PowerPoint Presentation
10 Tips on Becoming a Better Presenter
What Is the Ribbon in PowerPoint? Create a Pie Chart Graphic in PowerPoint
Edit Music, Sound, or Other Audio Settings in PowerPoint
How to Fix a Red 'X' Picture on a PowerPoint Slide
Create a Wedding PowerPoint Presentation
Presentation Software Definition and Examples
PowerPoint for Beginners - How to Use PowerPoint
Animate Specific Parts of a PowerPoint Chart
Remove Slide Numbers From PowerPoint Slides
Insert a Picture Inside Text on a PowerPoint Slide
Audience Analysis Is an Important Tool for Presentations
Tips for Solving Common PowerPoint Problems
How to Use the Animation Painter in PowerPoint
Change Font Colors and Styles on PowerPoint Slides
Adding a PowerPoint Callout to a Slide
How Do I Create a New Line Without a Bullet in PowerPoint? Converting PowerPoint Presentations to Word Documents
4 Parts of a Successful Presentation
Create a Default Presentation Template in PowerPoint
Add Rolling Credits to a PowerPoint Presentation
Why Doesn't the Music or Sound Play in My PowerPoint Presentation? Animate PowerPoint Text One Word or One Letter at a Time
Use Multiple Design Themes in the Same Powerpoint Presentation
Change the Case of Text in PowerPoint Presentations
How to Copy a PowerPoint Design Template to Another Presentation
Dim Text in PowerPoint Presentations
How to Fix PowerPoint Sound and Photo Problems
Control Placement in PowerPoint Slides by Nudging Objects
How to Change the Speed of a PowerPoint Animation
Grayscale and Color Picture Effect in PowerPoint
Hide Sound Icon on PowerPoint Slideshows
Hide Background Images for Cleaner Printed PowerPoint Slides
How to Print PowerPoint Slides
Beyond the Basics in PowerPoint
PowerPoint Master Slide
The 10 Most Common Presentation Mistakes
Troubleshooting Audio Problems With PowerPoint
How to Increase PowerPoint Slide Number Size
How to Insert a Copyright Symbol and Emoji on a PowerPoint Slide
Definition and Uses for a PowerPoint Design Template
Video Disappears From Windows Movie Maker Project
Use Keyboard Shortcuts to Speed up PowerPoint Presentations
A Guide to Using PowerPoint Slide Layouts
How to Create a Free Google Slides Template
How to Apply Security in PowerPoint Presentations
How to Place a Picture Inside a PowerPoint Shape
Place Text Over Video to Zest up Your PowerPoint Slides
Use This PowerPoint Template for a Multiple Choice Quiz
How to Print PowerPoint Slides
Simple Quizzes in PowerPoint
Resuming Your PowerPoint Show After a Pause
End Powerpoint Presentations With a Black Slide
Save Sounds That Are Embedded in PowerPoint Slideshows
Play Sound and PowerPoint Animation at the Same Time
Use PowerPoint Slide Finder
PowerPoint Background Colors and Graphics
View Two PowerPoint Presentations at the Same Time
Thumbnails Are Used for Navigation in Digital Files
Converting PowerPoint Slides to Word Documents
An Introduction to PowerPoint
How to Apply Custom Animation in PowerPoint
Different Ways to View Slides in PowerPoint
Using Design Themes in PowerPoint
How to Change a Black-and-White Picture to Color in PowerPoint
Print a PowerPoint Handout in PDF Format Without a Date
How to Link to Other Slides or Websites in PowerPoint
The 10 Most Common PowerPoint Terms
How to Teach Simple Math Lessons Using Microsoft PowerPoint
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http://presentationsoft.about.com/video/Start-PowerPoint.htm
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1053879823#1_1792600216
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Title: About Us - Presente.org
Headings: About Us
About Us
Content: What do we do? Using a variety of tactics, we provide ways for our members to take action on the issues they care about. This includes providing calls to action via email, social networks, and text message, coordinating on-the-ground events, running merchandise giveaways, organizing house parties, running radio and television ads, and doing anything else we can think of that helps our members make their voices heard. We seek to be a centralized organizing hub for issues facing Latinxs, with a focus on online activation. To learn more about our work, check out our campaigns page. Why do we do it? We know from history that lasting change only comes when ordinary people stand up and speak out. Presente.org seeks to be a platform for the Latinx community, and those who stand with us, to amplify our voices and fight for our collective welfare and dignity. We seek to bring together Latinxs of all nationalities, generations, and regions, with our allies from other communities. We are residents, recent immigrants, and U.S. citizens.
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http://presente.org/about/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#0_1797759595
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Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Personality
Cultural Understandings of Personality
OpenStaxCollege
[latexpage]
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section you should be able to: Discuss personality differences of people from collectivist and individualist cultures
Discuss the three approaches to studying personality in a cultural context
As you have learned in this chapter, personality is shaped by both genetic and environmental factors. The culture in which you live is one of the most important environmental factors that shapes your personality (Triandis & Suh, 2002). The term culture refers to all of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society. Culture is transmitted to people through language as well as through the modeling of culturally acceptable and nonacceptable behaviors that are either rewarded or punished (Triandis & Suh, 2002). With these ideas in mind, personality psychologists have become interested in the role of culture in understanding personality. They ask whether personality traits are the same across cultures or if there are variations. It appears that there are both universal and culture-specific aspects that account for variation in people’s personalities. Why might it be important to consider cultural influences on personality? Western ideas about personality may not be applicable to other cultures (Benet-Martinez & Oishi, 2008).
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http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#1_1797761595
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Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: With these ideas in mind, personality psychologists have become interested in the role of culture in understanding personality. They ask whether personality traits are the same across cultures or if there are variations. It appears that there are both universal and culture-specific aspects that account for variation in people’s personalities. Why might it be important to consider cultural influences on personality? Western ideas about personality may not be applicable to other cultures (Benet-Martinez & Oishi, 2008). In fact, there is evidence that the strength of personality traits varies across cultures. Let’s take a look at some of the Big Five factors (conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion) across cultures. As you will learn when you study social psychology, Asian cultures are more collectivist, and people in these cultures tend to be less extroverted. People in Central and South American cultures tend to score higher on openness to experience, whereas Europeans score higher on neuroticism (Benet-Martinez & Karakitapoglu-Aygun, 2003). According to this study, there also seem to be regional personality differences within the United States ( [link] ).
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http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#2_1797763363
|
Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: In fact, there is evidence that the strength of personality traits varies across cultures. Let’s take a look at some of the Big Five factors (conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion) across cultures. As you will learn when you study social psychology, Asian cultures are more collectivist, and people in these cultures tend to be less extroverted. People in Central and South American cultures tend to score higher on openness to experience, whereas Europeans score higher on neuroticism (Benet-Martinez & Karakitapoglu-Aygun, 2003). According to this study, there also seem to be regional personality differences within the United States ( [link] ). Researchers analyzed responses from over 1.5 million individuals in the United States and found that there are three distinct regional personality clusters: Cluster 1, which is in the Upper Midwest and Deep South, is dominated by people who fall into the “friendly and conventional” personality; Cluster 2, which includes the West, is dominated by people who are more relaxed, emotionally stable, calm, and creative; and Cluster 3, which includes the Northeast, has more people who are stressed, irritable, and depressed. People who live in Clusters 2 and 3 are also generally more open (Rentfrow et al.,
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http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#3_1797765219
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Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: Researchers analyzed responses from over 1.5 million individuals in the United States and found that there are three distinct regional personality clusters: Cluster 1, which is in the Upper Midwest and Deep South, is dominated by people who fall into the “friendly and conventional” personality; Cluster 2, which includes the West, is dominated by people who are more relaxed, emotionally stable, calm, and creative; and Cluster 3, which includes the Northeast, has more people who are stressed, irritable, and depressed. People who live in Clusters 2 and 3 are also generally more open (Rentfrow et al., 2013). Researchers found three distinct regional personality clusters in the United States. People tend to be friendly and conventional in the Upper Midwest and Deep South; relaxed, emotionally stable, and creative in the West; and stressed, irritable, and depressed in the Northeast (Rentfrow et al.,
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http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#5_1797767953
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Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: 2013). One explanation for the regional differences is selective migration (Rentfrow et al., 2013). Selective migration is the concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs. For example, a person high on the agreeable scale would likely want to live near family and friends, and would choose to settle or remain in such an area. In contrast, someone high on openness would prefer to settle in a place that is recognized as diverse and innovative (such as California). PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
Individualist cultures and collectivist cultures place emphasis on different basic values. People who live in individualist cultures tend to believe that independence, competition, and personal achievement are important. Individuals in Western nations such as the United States, England, and Australia score high on individualism (Oyserman, Coon, & Kemmelmier, 2002). People who live in collectivist cultures value social harmony, respectfulness, and group needs over individual needs.
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http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#6_1797769583
|
Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: In contrast, someone high on openness would prefer to settle in a place that is recognized as diverse and innovative (such as California). PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
Individualist cultures and collectivist cultures place emphasis on different basic values. People who live in individualist cultures tend to believe that independence, competition, and personal achievement are important. Individuals in Western nations such as the United States, England, and Australia score high on individualism (Oyserman, Coon, & Kemmelmier, 2002). People who live in collectivist cultures value social harmony, respectfulness, and group needs over individual needs. Individuals who live in countries in Asia, Africa, and South America score high on collectivism (Hofstede, 2001; Triandis, 1995). These values influence personality. For example, Yang (2006) found that people in individualist cultures displayed more personally oriented personality traits, whereas people in collectivist cultures displayed more socially oriented personality traits. APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
There are three approaches that can be used to study personality in a cultural context, the cultural-comparative approach;
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http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#7_1797771394
|
Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: Individuals who live in countries in Asia, Africa, and South America score high on collectivism (Hofstede, 2001; Triandis, 1995). These values influence personality. For example, Yang (2006) found that people in individualist cultures displayed more personally oriented personality traits, whereas people in collectivist cultures displayed more socially oriented personality traits. APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
There are three approaches that can be used to study personality in a cultural context, the cultural-comparative approach; the indigenous approach; and the combined approach, which incorporates elements of both views. Since ideas about personality have a Western basis, the cultural-comparative approach seeks to test Western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine whether they can be generalized and if they have cultural validity (Cheung van de Vijver, & Leong, 2011). For example, recall from the previous section on the trait perspective that researchers used the cultural-comparative approach to test the universality of McCrae and Costa’s Five Factor Model. They found applicability in numerous cultures around the world, with the Big Five traits being stable in many cultures (McCrae & Costa, 1997;
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http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#8_1797773228
|
Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: the indigenous approach; and the combined approach, which incorporates elements of both views. Since ideas about personality have a Western basis, the cultural-comparative approach seeks to test Western ideas about personality in other cultures to determine whether they can be generalized and if they have cultural validity (Cheung van de Vijver, & Leong, 2011). For example, recall from the previous section on the trait perspective that researchers used the cultural-comparative approach to test the universality of McCrae and Costa’s Five Factor Model. They found applicability in numerous cultures around the world, with the Big Five traits being stable in many cultures (McCrae & Costa, 1997; McCrae et al., 2005). The indigenous approach came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings (Cheung et al., 2011). Because Western-based personality assessments cannot fully capture the personality constructs of other cultures, the indigenous model has led to the development of personality assessment instruments that are based on constructs relevant to the culture being studied (Cheung et al.,
|
http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#9_1797774963
|
Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: McCrae et al., 2005). The indigenous approach came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings (Cheung et al., 2011). Because Western-based personality assessments cannot fully capture the personality constructs of other cultures, the indigenous model has led to the development of personality assessment instruments that are based on constructs relevant to the culture being studied (Cheung et al., 2011). The third approach to cross-cultural studies of personality is the combined approach, which serves as a bridge between Western and indigenous psychology as a way of understanding both universal and cultural variations in personality (Cheung et al., 2011). Summary
The culture in which you live is one of the most important environmental factors that shapes your personality. Western ideas about personality may not be applicable to other cultures.
|
http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#10_1797776450
|
Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: 2011). The third approach to cross-cultural studies of personality is the combined approach, which serves as a bridge between Western and indigenous psychology as a way of understanding both universal and cultural variations in personality (Cheung et al., 2011). Summary
The culture in which you live is one of the most important environmental factors that shapes your personality. Western ideas about personality may not be applicable to other cultures. In fact, there is evidence that the strength of personality traits varies across cultures. Individualist cultures and collectivist cultures place emphasis on different basic values. People who live in individualist cultures tend to believe that independence, competition, and personal achievement are important. People who live in collectivist cultures value social harmony, respectfulness, and group needs over individual needs. There are three approaches that can be used to study personality in a cultural context:
|
http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#11_1797777991
|
Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: In fact, there is evidence that the strength of personality traits varies across cultures. Individualist cultures and collectivist cultures place emphasis on different basic values. People who live in individualist cultures tend to believe that independence, competition, and personal achievement are important. People who live in collectivist cultures value social harmony, respectfulness, and group needs over individual needs. There are three approaches that can be used to study personality in a cultural context: the cultural-comparative approach, the indigenous approach, and the combined approach, which incorporates both elements of both views. Critical Thinking Questions
Why might it be important to consider cultural influences on personality? Since culture influences one’s personality, then Western ideas about personality may not be applicable to people of other cultures. In addition, Western-based measures of personality assessment may not be valid when used to collect data on people from other cultures. Personal Application Questions
According to the work of Rentfrow and colleagues, personalities are not randomly distributed.
|
http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057057808#12_1797779713
|
Title: Cultural Understandings of Personality – Psychology
Headings:
Cultural Understandings of Personality
Learning Objectives
PERSONALITY IN INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST CULTURES
APPROACHES TO STUDYING PERSONALITY IN A CULTURAL CONTEXT
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
License
Content: the cultural-comparative approach, the indigenous approach, and the combined approach, which incorporates both elements of both views. Critical Thinking Questions
Why might it be important to consider cultural influences on personality? Since culture influences one’s personality, then Western ideas about personality may not be applicable to people of other cultures. In addition, Western-based measures of personality assessment may not be valid when used to collect data on people from other cultures. Personal Application Questions
According to the work of Rentfrow and colleagues, personalities are not randomly distributed. Instead they fit into distinct geographic clusters. Based on where you live, do you agree or disagree with the traits associated with yourself and the residents of your area of the country? Why or why not? Glossary
culture
all of the beliefs, customs, art, and traditions of a particular society
selective migration
concept that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs
Previous: Trait Theorists
Next:
|
http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/cultural-understandings-of-personality/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057314538#6_1798145972
|
Title: Prejudice and Discrimination – Psychology
Headings:
Prejudice and Discrimination
Learning Objectives
UNDERSTANDING PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
Connecting Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination
TYPES OF PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION
Racism
Sexism
Ageism
Homophobia
WHY DO PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION EXIST?
STEREOTYPES AND SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
IN-GROUPS AND OUT-GROUPS
Summary
Critical Thinking Questions
Personal Application Questions
Glossary
Content: Stereotypes become overgeneralized and applied to all members of a group. For example, someone holding prejudiced attitudes toward older adults, may believe that older adults are slow and incompetent (Cuddy, Norton, & Fiske, 2005; Nelson, 2004). We cannot possibly know each individual person of advanced age to know that all older adults are slow and incompetent. Therefore, this negative belief is overgeneralized to all members of the group, even though many of the individual group members may in fact be spry and intelligent. Another example of a well-known stereotype involves beliefs about racial differences among athletes. As Hodge, Burden, Robinson, and Bennett (2008) point out, Black male athletes are often believed to be more athletic, yet less intelligent, than their White male counterparts. These beliefs persist despite a number of high profile examples to the contrary. Sadly, such beliefs often influence how these athletes are treated by others and how they view themselves and their own capabilities. Whether or not you agree with a stereotype, stereotypes are generally well-known within in a given culture (Devine, 1989).
|
http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/psychology/chapter/prejudice-and-discrimination/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057809951#7_1798776306
|
Title: President Hoover’s Response – U.S. History
Headings:
President Hoover’s Response
Learning Objectives
THE INITIAL REACTION
PUBLIC REACTION TO HOOVER
FRUSTRATION AND PROTEST: A BAD SITUATION GROWS WORSE FOR HOOVER
Section Summary
Glossary
Content: In keeping with these principles, Hoover’s response to the crash focused on two very common American traditions: He asked individuals to tighten their belts and work harder, and he asked the business community to voluntarily help sustain the economy by retaining workers and continuing production. He immediately summoned a conference of leading industrialists to meet in Washington, DC, urging them to maintain their current wages while America rode out this brief economic panic. The crash, he assured business leaders, was not part of a greater downturn; they had nothing to worry about. Similar meetings with utility companies and railroad executives elicited promises for billions of dollars in new construction projects, while labor leaders agreed to withhold demands for wage increases and workers continued to labor. Hoover also persuaded Congress to pass a $160 million tax cut to bolster American incomes, leading many to conclude that the president was doing all he could to stem the tide of the panic. In April 1930, the New York Times editorial board concluded that “No one in his place could have done more.” However, these modest steps were not enough. By late 1931, when it became clear that the economy would not improve on its own, Hoover recognized the need for some government intervention.
|
http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/ushistory/chapter/president-hoovers-response/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1057892856#0_1798890685
|
Title: The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848 – U.S. History
Headings:
The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848
Learning Objectives
JAMES K. POLK AND THE TRIUMPH OF EXPANSION
WAR WITH MEXICO, 1846–1848
CALIFORNIA AND THE GOLD RUSH
Section Summary
Glossary
Content: The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848 – U.S. History
A Nation on the Move: Westward Expansion, 1800–1860
The Mexican-American War, 1846–1848
OpenStaxCollege
[latexpage]
Learning Objectives
By the end of this section, you will be able to: Identify the causes of the Mexican-American War
Describe the outcomes of the war in 1848, especially the Mexican Cession
Describe the effect of the California Gold Rush on westward expansion
Tensions between the United States and Mexico rapidly deteriorated in the 1840s as American expansionists eagerly eyed Mexican land to the west, including the lush northern Mexican province of California. Indeed, in 1842, a U.S. naval fleet, incorrectly believing war had broken out, seized Monterey, California, a part of Mexico. Monterey was returned the next day, but the episode only added to the uneasiness with which Mexico viewed its northern neighbor. The forces of expansion, however, could not be contained, and American voters elected James Polk in 1844 because he promised to deliver more lands. President Polk fulfilled his promise by gaining Oregon and, most spectacularly, provoking a war with Mexico that ultimately fulfilled the wildest fantasies of expansionists. By 1848, the United States encompassed much of North America, a republic that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. JAMES K. POLK AND THE TRIUMPH OF EXPANSION
A fervent belief in expansion gripped the United States in the 1840s. In 1845, a New York newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan, introduced the concept of “manifest destiny” to describe the very popular idea of the special role of the United States in overspreading the continent—the divine right and duty of white Americans to seize and settle the American West, thus spreading Protestant, democratic values.
|
http://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/ushistory/chapter/the-mexican-american-war-1846-1848/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1064495223#6_1807091887
|
Title: At What Age Do People Get Married Around the World?
Headings: At What Age Do People Get Married Around the World?
At What Age Do People Get Married Around the World?
By Alex Mayyasi
Published May 16, 2016 by Alex Mayyasi
Content: This suggests that the gender gap may narrow as countries develop. This has occurred—as the below chart shows—but only gradually over the decades. Chart from the United Nations World Marriage Data 2012; reformatted by Priceonomics
It remains common for women to marry very young in some countries. According to U.N. reports, 39 countries have data showing that 20% of women married by age 18. In twenty countries, a full 10% of women married by age 15. In only 2 countries, however, are 10% of men married before the age of 18. Still, men and women are getting married later in every region of the world. The average age of marriage for women increased from 21.8 to 24.7 years from the seventies to the mid 2000s, with the average age for men rising a comparable amount. This has resulted in some fairly dramatic stats here in the United States.
|
http://priceonomics.com/at-what-age-do-people-get-married-around-the-world/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1064495223#7_1807093183
|
Title: At What Age Do People Get Married Around the World?
Headings: At What Age Do People Get Married Around the World?
At What Age Do People Get Married Around the World?
By Alex Mayyasi
Published May 16, 2016 by Alex Mayyasi
Content: In twenty countries, a full 10% of women married by age 15. In only 2 countries, however, are 10% of men married before the age of 18. Still, men and women are getting married later in every region of the world. The average age of marriage for women increased from 21.8 to 24.7 years from the seventies to the mid 2000s, with the average age for men rising a comparable amount. This has resulted in some fairly dramatic stats here in the United States. Today, less than half of American adults are married—down from 72% in 1960—and almost as many babies are born out of wedlock as to married couples. Nevertheless, around the world, the majority of people still get married, even if they get married later. In all but a dozen or so countries, 80% of men and women have been married by age 49, and even more people commit to similar relationships. Despite different and changing practices around the world, shacking up is still the norm. Our next article looks at the world's greatest authors—as rated by the Internet.
|
http://priceonomics.com/at-what-age-do-people-get-married-around-the-world/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1064605505#3_1807331889
|
Title: The Trade of the Century: When George Soros Broke the British Pound
Headings: The Trade of the Century: When George Soros Broke the British Pound
The Trade of the Century: When George Soros Broke the British Pound
By Rohin Dhar
Picking Up the Pieces in Europe
Britain Enters the ERM
Meanwhile in New York City
A Mis-priced Currency Means Big Opportunity
The Flashpoint
The Trade of the Century
Fighting off the Speculators
The Aftermath of Black Wednesday
Published Jun 17, 2016 by Rohin Dhar
Content: The hope was that tighter relations would prevent catastrophic wars from breaking out every few decades and create a Pan-European market that could compete with the United States. This culminated in the European Union (EU), which didn’t assume its current form with a single currency until 1999. A precursor to the EU was the European Exchange Rate mechanism ( ERM ), which was created in 1979. Countries weren’t ready to give up their national currencies, but they agreed to fix their exchange rates with each other instead of “floating” their currency and letting capital markets set the rates. Since Germany had the strongest economy in Europe, each country set their currency’s value in Deutschmarks. They agreed to maintain the exchange rate between their currency and the Deutschmark within an acceptable band of plus or minus 6% of the agreed upon rate. With fixed exchange rates, countries can’t just “set it and forget it.” People trade currency every day, exchanging their currency to buy imports or sell exports, and the market applies pressure based on what it thinks the actual rate should be based on supply and demand for a currency. To keep the exchange rate fixed, governments need to participate in the market and nudge it in the agreed upon direction. Governments can manage their currency in two main ways.
|
http://priceonomics.com/the-trade-of-the-century-when-george-soros-broke/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1064783633#5_1807634435
|
Title:
Headings:
Understanding
Why
Crime
Fell
in
the
1990s:
Four
Factors
that
Explain
the
Decline
and
Six
that
Do
Not
Crime
Media
Explanations
for
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s,
Ranked
by
Frequency
of
Mention
De
ning
Features
of
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s
The
Magnitude
of
the
Decline
Homicide
Rate,
1950–2001
National
Trends
in
Speci
c
Categories
of
Crime
Percentage
Changes
in
Crime
Rates
for
Different
Population
Groups,
1991–2001
The
Universality
of
the
Drop
in
Crime
Homicide
Trends
in
Large
U.S.
Cities
Expert
Forecast
Made
by
James
Alan
Fox
in
1995
vs.
Actual
Teen
Homicide
Offenders
The
Unexpectedness
of
the
Drop
in
Crime
Six
Factors
that
Played
Little
or
No
Role
in
the
Crime
Decline
1)
The
Strong
Economy
of
the
1990s
2)
Changing
Demographics
3)
Better
Policing
Strategies
4)
Gun
Control
Laws
5)
Laws
Allowing
the
Carrying
of
Concealed
Weapons
6)
Increased
Use
of
Capital
Punishment
Four
Factors
That
Explain
the
Decline
in
Crime
1)
Increases
in
the
Number
of
Police
2)
The
Rising
Prison
Population
Adult
Incarceration
Rate,
1950–2001
3)
The
Receding
Crack
Epidemic
Homicide
Offending
Rates
by
Race
and
Age
4)
The
Legalization
of
Abortion
Summarizing
the
Evidence
Extending
the
Analysis
to
the
Period
1973–1991
Summarizing
the
Estimated
Contribution
of
Various
Factors
to
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s
Summarizing
the
Estimated
Contribution
of
Various
Factors
to
the
Decline
in
Crime,
1973–1991
Conclusions
References
Blumstein,
Alfred
and
Richard
Rosenfeld.
Britt,
Chester,
Gary
Kleck
and
David
Bordua.
Charles,
Kerwin
Co
and
Melvin
Stephens
Jr.
Loeber,
Rolf
and
Magda
Stouthamer-Loeber.
Miller,Ted,
Mark
Cohen
and
Shelli
Rossman.
Raphael,
Stephen
and
Rudolf
Winter-Ebmer.
Content: its
size,
breadth
and
persistence
across
categories
of
crime; its
universality
across
geographic
and
demographic
groups; and
its
unexpectedness. I
consider
these
characteristics
in
turn. The
Magnitude
of
the
Decline
The
most
remarkable
feature
of
the
crime
decline
in
the
United
States
was
its
sheer
magnitude. Figure
1
presents
time
series
data
for
homicides
from
1950
to
Reyes
(2002)
offers
an
additional
intriguing
explanation
for
the
decline
in
crime: the
reduction
in
levels
of
lead
in
the
blood
due
to
the
elimination
of
leaded
gasoline
and
lead-based
paints. Because
of
the
highly
speculative
nature
of
the
Reyes
conjectureat
the
presenttime,
I
do
not
discuss
this
hypothesis
at
greater
length,
although
it
is
clearly
an
area
worthy
of
continued
future
research. Figure
1
Homicide
Rate,
1950–2001
12
ts
10
0,000
10
6
er
icides
4
m
H
2
2001.Homicideisthemostaccuratelymeasuredandmostseriouscrimeandthus
providesausefulbenchmark. Homiciderateswererelativelysteadyatabout4–5
per100,000populationfrom1950throughthemid-1960s,atwhichpointthey
startedrisingtoapeakof10.2per100,000populationin1980.From1980to1991,
thehomiciderateuctuatedbetween8–10per100,000population.
|
http://pricetheory.uchicago.edu/levitt/Papers/LevittUnderstandingWhyCrime2004.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1064783633#6_1807638390
|
Title:
Headings:
Understanding
Why
Crime
Fell
in
the
1990s:
Four
Factors
that
Explain
the
Decline
and
Six
that
Do
Not
Crime
Media
Explanations
for
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s,
Ranked
by
Frequency
of
Mention
De
ning
Features
of
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s
The
Magnitude
of
the
Decline
Homicide
Rate,
1950–2001
National
Trends
in
Speci
c
Categories
of
Crime
Percentage
Changes
in
Crime
Rates
for
Different
Population
Groups,
1991–2001
The
Universality
of
the
Drop
in
Crime
Homicide
Trends
in
Large
U.S.
Cities
Expert
Forecast
Made
by
James
Alan
Fox
in
1995
vs.
Actual
Teen
Homicide
Offenders
The
Unexpectedness
of
the
Drop
in
Crime
Six
Factors
that
Played
Little
or
No
Role
in
the
Crime
Decline
1)
The
Strong
Economy
of
the
1990s
2)
Changing
Demographics
3)
Better
Policing
Strategies
4)
Gun
Control
Laws
5)
Laws
Allowing
the
Carrying
of
Concealed
Weapons
6)
Increased
Use
of
Capital
Punishment
Four
Factors
That
Explain
the
Decline
in
Crime
1)
Increases
in
the
Number
of
Police
2)
The
Rising
Prison
Population
Adult
Incarceration
Rate,
1950–2001
3)
The
Receding
Crack
Epidemic
Homicide
Offending
Rates
by
Race
and
Age
4)
The
Legalization
of
Abortion
Summarizing
the
Evidence
Extending
the
Analysis
to
the
Period
1973–1991
Summarizing
the
Estimated
Contribution
of
Various
Factors
to
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s
Summarizing
the
Estimated
Contribution
of
Various
Factors
to
the
Decline
in
Crime,
1973–1991
Conclusions
References
Blumstein,
Alfred
and
Richard
Rosenfeld.
Britt,
Chester,
Gary
Kleck
and
David
Bordua.
Charles,
Kerwin
Co
and
Melvin
Stephens
Jr.
Loeber,
Rolf
and
Magda
Stouthamer-Loeber.
Miller,Ted,
Mark
Cohen
and
Shelli
Rossman.
Raphael,
Stephen
and
Rudolf
Winter-Ebmer.
Content: Figure
1
presents
time
series
data
for
homicides
from
1950
to
Reyes
(2002)
offers
an
additional
intriguing
explanation
for
the
decline
in
crime: the
reduction
in
levels
of
lead
in
the
blood
due
to
the
elimination
of
leaded
gasoline
and
lead-based
paints. Because
of
the
highly
speculative
nature
of
the
Reyes
conjectureat
the
presenttime,
I
do
not
discuss
this
hypothesis
at
greater
length,
although
it
is
clearly
an
area
worthy
of
continued
future
research. Figure
1
Homicide
Rate,
1950–2001
12
ts
10
0,000
10
6
er
icides
4
m
H
2
2001.Homicideisthemostaccuratelymeasuredandmostseriouscrimeandthus
providesausefulbenchmark. Homiciderateswererelativelysteadyatabout4–5
per100,000populationfrom1950throughthemid-1960s,atwhichpointthey
startedrisingtoapeakof10.2per100,000populationin1980.From1980to1991,
thehomiciderateuctuatedbetween8–10per100,000population. Afterthat,the
homicidetrendbeganalarge,steadydecline. Between1991and2000,homicide
ratespercapitafellfrom9.8to5.5per100,000,adropof44percent. Sincethat
time,homiciderateshavebeensteady. Thesamepatternobservedforhomicideispresentforeverymajorcrime
categoryandinbothofthecommonlyusedmeasuresofcrimeintheUnitedStates: theFBI’sUniformCrimeReports(UCR),coveringcrimesreportedtothepolice,
andtheNationalCrimeVictimizationSurvey(NCVS),alarge,nationallyrepresen-
tativephonesurveyofAmericans.
|
http://pricetheory.uchicago.edu/levitt/Papers/LevittUnderstandingWhyCrime2004.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1064783633#7_1807642437
|
Title:
Headings:
Understanding
Why
Crime
Fell
in
the
1990s:
Four
Factors
that
Explain
the
Decline
and
Six
that
Do
Not
Crime
Media
Explanations
for
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s,
Ranked
by
Frequency
of
Mention
De
ning
Features
of
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s
The
Magnitude
of
the
Decline
Homicide
Rate,
1950–2001
National
Trends
in
Speci
c
Categories
of
Crime
Percentage
Changes
in
Crime
Rates
for
Different
Population
Groups,
1991–2001
The
Universality
of
the
Drop
in
Crime
Homicide
Trends
in
Large
U.S.
Cities
Expert
Forecast
Made
by
James
Alan
Fox
in
1995
vs.
Actual
Teen
Homicide
Offenders
The
Unexpectedness
of
the
Drop
in
Crime
Six
Factors
that
Played
Little
or
No
Role
in
the
Crime
Decline
1)
The
Strong
Economy
of
the
1990s
2)
Changing
Demographics
3)
Better
Policing
Strategies
4)
Gun
Control
Laws
5)
Laws
Allowing
the
Carrying
of
Concealed
Weapons
6)
Increased
Use
of
Capital
Punishment
Four
Factors
That
Explain
the
Decline
in
Crime
1)
Increases
in
the
Number
of
Police
2)
The
Rising
Prison
Population
Adult
Incarceration
Rate,
1950–2001
3)
The
Receding
Crack
Epidemic
Homicide
Offending
Rates
by
Race
and
Age
4)
The
Legalization
of
Abortion
Summarizing
the
Evidence
Extending
the
Analysis
to
the
Period
1973–1991
Summarizing
the
Estimated
Contribution
of
Various
Factors
to
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s
Summarizing
the
Estimated
Contribution
of
Various
Factors
to
the
Decline
in
Crime,
1973–1991
Conclusions
References
Blumstein,
Alfred
and
Richard
Rosenfeld.
Britt,
Chester,
Gary
Kleck
and
David
Bordua.
Charles,
Kerwin
Co
and
Melvin
Stephens
Jr.
Loeber,
Rolf
and
Magda
Stouthamer-Loeber.
Miller,Ted,
Mark
Cohen
and
Shelli
Rossman.
Raphael,
Stephen
and
Rudolf
Winter-Ebmer.
Content: Afterthat,the
homicidetrendbeganalarge,steadydecline. Between1991and2000,homicide
ratespercapitafellfrom9.8to5.5per100,000,adropof44percent. Sincethat
time,homiciderateshavebeensteady. Thesamepatternobservedforhomicideispresentforeverymajorcrime
categoryandinbothofthecommonlyusedmeasuresofcrimeintheUnitedStates: theFBI’sUniformCrimeReports(UCR),coveringcrimesreportedtothepolice,
andtheNationalCrimeVictimizationSurvey(NCVS),alarge,nationallyrepresen-
tativephonesurveyofAmericans. Table2reportsthepercentagedeclinebetween
1991and2001.Forpurposesofcomparison,thepercentagechangeincrimerates
overtheperiod1973–1991isalsoshown(1973istherstyearofavailabilityfor
NCVS).Fortheperiod1991–2001,crimesreportedtothepolicefellbetween24
and46percentacrossthevariouscrimecategories. Thereductionincriminal
victimizationsinNCVSisevengreater,rangingfrom45to58percent.2
2ThecongruencebetweentheUCRandNCVSdataforthe1990sisheartening,giventhattheaggregate
trendsinthesetwodatasourceshavefailedtotrackcloselyoneanotherhistorically,asevidencedinthe
rstcolumnofthetable. Between1973and1991,theUCRdatasuggestsharplyrisingcrimeinmost
categories,whereasthevictimizationdatandsdeclinesincrimeformorethanhalfofthecategories. BoggessandBound(1997)arguethatapartialexplanationforthedifferentpatternsisthatthetwodata
setsmeasuresomewhatdifferentcrimes;forexample,NCVScrimestendtobelessserious,evenwithin
acrimecategory. Table
2
National
Trends
in
Speci
c
Categories
of
Crime
Crime
category
and
data
source
Percentage
change
in
crime
Percentage
change
in
crime
category,
1973–1991
category,
1991–2001
Percentage
change
in
crime
Percentage
change
in
crime
category,
1973–1991
category,
1991–2001
Crimes
reported
to
the
police
from
UCR
Violent
crime
Homicide
Rape
Robbery
Aggravated
assault
Property
crime
Burglary
Larceny
Motor
vehicle
theft
Criminal
victimizations
from
NCVS
Violent
crime
Rape
Robbery
Aggravated
assault
Simple
assault
Property
crime
Burglary
Theft
Motor
vehicle
theft
182.9
15.4
173.4
150.0
1118.1
138.2
13.0
156.7
149.8
11.6
220.0
215.5
23.9
110.7
232.0
241.3
246.5
116.2
233.6
242.9
224.8
245.8
226.7
228.8
240.9
223.2
234.6
250.1
245.0
253.3
256.9
247.0
252.8
255.6
251.6
258.6
Notes:
|
http://pricetheory.uchicago.edu/levitt/Papers/LevittUnderstandingWhyCrime2004.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1064783633#11_1807659432
|
Title:
Headings:
Understanding
Why
Crime
Fell
in
the
1990s:
Four
Factors
that
Explain
the
Decline
and
Six
that
Do
Not
Crime
Media
Explanations
for
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s,
Ranked
by
Frequency
of
Mention
De
ning
Features
of
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s
The
Magnitude
of
the
Decline
Homicide
Rate,
1950–2001
National
Trends
in
Speci
c
Categories
of
Crime
Percentage
Changes
in
Crime
Rates
for
Different
Population
Groups,
1991–2001
The
Universality
of
the
Drop
in
Crime
Homicide
Trends
in
Large
U.S.
Cities
Expert
Forecast
Made
by
James
Alan
Fox
in
1995
vs.
Actual
Teen
Homicide
Offenders
The
Unexpectedness
of
the
Drop
in
Crime
Six
Factors
that
Played
Little
or
No
Role
in
the
Crime
Decline
1)
The
Strong
Economy
of
the
1990s
2)
Changing
Demographics
3)
Better
Policing
Strategies
4)
Gun
Control
Laws
5)
Laws
Allowing
the
Carrying
of
Concealed
Weapons
6)
Increased
Use
of
Capital
Punishment
Four
Factors
That
Explain
the
Decline
in
Crime
1)
Increases
in
the
Number
of
Police
2)
The
Rising
Prison
Population
Adult
Incarceration
Rate,
1950–2001
3)
The
Receding
Crack
Epidemic
Homicide
Offending
Rates
by
Race
and
Age
4)
The
Legalization
of
Abortion
Summarizing
the
Evidence
Extending
the
Analysis
to
the
Period
1973–1991
Summarizing
the
Estimated
Contribution
of
Various
Factors
to
the
Decline
in
Crime
in
the
1990s
Summarizing
the
Estimated
Contribution
of
Various
Factors
to
the
Decline
in
Crime,
1973–1991
Conclusions
References
Blumstein,
Alfred
and
Richard
Rosenfeld.
Britt,
Chester,
Gary
Kleck
and
David
Bordua.
Charles,
Kerwin
Co
and
Melvin
Stephens
Jr.
Loeber,
Rolf
and
Magda
Stouthamer-Loeber.
Miller,Ted,
Mark
Cohen
and
Shelli
Rossman.
Raphael,
Stephen
and
Rudolf
Winter-Ebmer.
Content: The
decline
in
crime
has
also
been
remarkable
in
its
steady
persistence. Homicide
rates
fell
in
nine
of
the
ten
years
in
the
decade
of
the
1990s,
with
the
only
exception
being
a
minor
upward
blip
in
1992. In
the
previous
three
decades,
homicide
had
never
fallen
for
more
than
three
consecutive
years. Robbery,
bur-
glary
and
larceny
each
fell
every
year
between
1991
and
2000. Prior
to
1991,
robbery
rates
had
fallen
in
only
eight
of
the
preceding
30
years. The
drop
in
U.S.
crime
appears
to
be
unusual
among
countries
of
the
world,
although
denitional
and
reporting
differences
across
countries,
as
well
as
the
poor
quality
of
crime
statistics
in
most
countries
other
than
the
United
States,
make
such
international
comparisons
difcult. Barclay,
Tavares
and
Siddique
(2001)
provide
one
of
the
most
careful
cross-country
comparisons
of
crime
trends. That
analysis
reports
that
homicide
rates
fell
4
percent
on
average
in
European
Union
(EU)
member
states
between
1995
and
1999,
a
period
over
which
U.S.
homicide
rates
fell
28
percent. Violent
crime
rose
11
percent
on
average
in
EU
countries
over
that
same
time
period,
compared
to
20
percent
drops
in
U.S.
violent
crime. Burglary
Table
3
Percentage
Changes
in
Crime
Rates
for
Different
Population
Groups,
1991–2001
Homicide
Violent
Crime
Property
Crime
Entire
United
States
Region
242.9
233.6
242.9
233.6
228.8
Northeast
2
|
http://pricetheory.uchicago.edu/levitt/Papers/LevittUnderstandingWhyCrime2004.pdf
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1065582298#2_1809534547
|
Title: In What Areas Did The United States Expand Its Territory In The 1830s And 1840s
Headings: In What Areas Did The United States Expand Its Territory In The 1830s And 1840s
In What Areas Did The United States Expand Its Territory In The 1830s And 1840s
Was the westward expansion of the United States justified?
Why did the United States want California?
In what areas did the U.S expand its territory in the 1830s and 1840s? wat events + factors drove the expansio?
Explain Manifest Destiny?What factors were most important in drawing americans to west...,?
Describe what Douglas meant by popular sovereignty?
History questions?
Content: Would we have not become an imperialist country in 1898? Would we have avoided World Wars One and Two? Many new questions. Who knows the answers? Why did the United States want California? One word: Gold. Gold was discovered in California in 1848, leading to the gold rush of 1849 (that’s why they’re called the Forty-Niners, people). California petitioned for statehood in 1849, and was admitted in 1850.Prior to 1848, California was a territorial possession of no real worth other than its natural harbors (San Francisco and San Diego), acquired from Mexico as part of the settlement of the Mexican-American War in 1846. The population at the time of the cession was perhaps 10,000 people (not counting Native Americans, of which there were probably between 25,000 and 100,000), mostly hardscrabble cattle ranchers.
|
http://prijom.com/posts/in-what-areas-did-the-united-states-expand-its-territory-in-the-1830s-and-1840s.php
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1065582298#3_1809536255
|
Title: In What Areas Did The United States Expand Its Territory In The 1830s And 1840s
Headings: In What Areas Did The United States Expand Its Territory In The 1830s And 1840s
In What Areas Did The United States Expand Its Territory In The 1830s And 1840s
Was the westward expansion of the United States justified?
Why did the United States want California?
In what areas did the U.S expand its territory in the 1830s and 1840s? wat events + factors drove the expansio?
Explain Manifest Destiny?What factors were most important in drawing americans to west...,?
Describe what Douglas meant by popular sovereignty?
History questions?
Content: One word: Gold. Gold was discovered in California in 1848, leading to the gold rush of 1849 (that’s why they’re called the Forty-Niners, people). California petitioned for statehood in 1849, and was admitted in 1850.Prior to 1848, California was a territorial possession of no real worth other than its natural harbors (San Francisco and San Diego), acquired from Mexico as part of the settlement of the Mexican-American War in 1846. The population at the time of the cession was perhaps 10,000 people (not counting Native Americans, of which there were probably between 25,000 and 100,000), mostly hardscrabble cattle ranchers. Most local governments still conducted business in Spanish. The main reason the US wanted California, prior to the discovery of gold in 1848, was to keep it out of the hands of Mexico and of Russia, and as a fulfillment of the Monrovian doctrine of “manifest destiny”: one country spanning the whole continent, sea to sea. In what areas did the U.S expand its territory in the 1830s and 1840s? wat events + factors drove the expansio?
|
http://prijom.com/posts/in-what-areas-did-the-united-states-expand-its-territory-in-the-1830s-and-1840s.php
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1067328670#1_1812886451
|
Title: Sports and the Ancient Greece Olympics
Headings: Sports and the Ancient Greece Olympics
Content: The Greeks had four national sports festivals, where athletes from different city states competed against one another. The most important of the sports contests was the Olympic Games. These were played at Olympia, every four years, in honour of Zeus. On the first day of the Olympics, sacrifices of grain, wine, and lambs were made to Zeus. Olympic Games
Greece is the home country of the Olympic Games. Olympia, a Greek city, was known to be a very important centre of athletics. The Olympic games, held there every four years, were so important in Greek life that they were used as the basis for the Greek calendar. When was the first ever Olympic Games? The first recorded Ancient Olympic Games were in 776 BC. Where were the Olympic Games held in Greece?
|
http://primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/greece/sports.htm
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1077803833#6_1831473161
|
Title: What Happens When There is No Will or a Lost Will? - Probate - LAWS.com
Headings: What Happens When There is No Will or a Lost Will?
What Happens When There is No Will or a Lost Will?
Comments
Content: All to the state. In some instances, if a person with a will dies, a will may go missing. A lost will can bring up many interesting legal issues, depending on the state in which the deceased resided. The reason why a will may go missing is because the deceased had intentionally revoked it without others knowing. If this has been done, an earlier version of the will is then used as the guideline in the probate proceeding. If there is no earlier will, the state in which the property was owned will divide assets based on state law. Also, there may be a lost will if it is determined that the lost will was destroyed in an explosion or fire, usually in a bank vault. In this case, the original copy of the lost will does not have to be used. A photocopy of the will can be used in probate court instead if approved by a judge. In many circumstances, a lost will may usually mean that the deceased may have created a new version of the will.
|
http://probate.laws.com/will/what-happens-when-there-is-no-will-or-a-lost-will
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1078236373#1_1832359005
|
Title: The Problem With Women Today
Headings: The Problem With Women Today
The Problem With Women Today
how stupid it would sound..
Home
Followers
Blog Archive
About Me
Content: So this intellectually bankrupt ideology of Feminism was created that was & still is 100% pure fraud. All it amounts to is that women were jealous of all the recognition men received for their accomplishments, which they too wanted, but without all the work. 21st Century Female's idea of 'work.' So laws and government programs were introduced to 'level the playing field,' to try to compensate for women's incredible shortcomings in virtually every area of men's occupations. But all these new laws did was reward those who do nothing (i.e. women) and punish those who work hard (i.e. men) by giving women artificial advantages over men. This is called social engineering & social engineering always creates far more problems than it ever solves. All of it is a perversion of common sense, society, and business that is greatly to blame for the encroaching complete national collapse of the U.S. economy. Women today say that they 'have come so far,' but the most important point that is always missed in all of the confusion is that there has been so much done for them, while to this day, women themselves have still done nothing. In the end, all Feminism and it's never ending new laws did was just make women accountable to no one, not to employers, not to their family or husbands, or even to the legal system.. creating these mentally ill, drunken, abortion-happy, venereally diseased feral-cat like sub-human things we are subjected to today. Face it.. today's American woman is nothing but laughable.
|
http://problemwithwomentoday.blogspot.com/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1092761603#2_1859277381
|
Title: Impact on the US · Texas History from Mexican Territory to a U.S. State · Young American Republic
Headings: Impact on the US
Impact on the US
Content: Mexico, thinking it was further back, crossed the Rio Grande, and this was seen as an invasion. Congress declared war on Mexico. There were positives to come out of this war though. The US would win and acquire a huge plot of land through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, as well as the Gadsden purchase in 1854. This land would eventually become Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming from Guadalupe Hidalgo and extra parts of Arizona and New Mexico from the Gadsden Purchase. 7 This would lead to the reduction of Mexico by over half its land. While the territories won provided more land for the US, it brought about very heated debates about who should be a slave state and who should be free, and eventually the Civil War broke out. ← Annexation of Texas
Bibliography →
Impact on the US
|
http://projects.leadr.msu.edu/youngamerica/exhibits/show/texashistory/texasimpact
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1092925768#3_1859546479
|
Title: Shielded by the law
Headings:
By the numbers
How many people killed by police do you think possessed a weapon?
How many do you think were teenagers?
How many fatal encounters do you think happened during the afternoon?
Spokane beating
Supreme Court ruling
Snohomish County shooting
‘Most egregious’
Change the law?
About this project
Credits
Related Stories
Content: By the numbers
Just how often police kill citizens in the line of duty and under what circumstances is difficult to determine. While the FBI collects data nationally on justifiable homicides by police, law-enforcement agencies are not required to submit the incidents. According to studies, the FBI totals each year are significant undercounts and unreliable. To authoritatively examine the issue in Washington, The Times used public-records requests, death certificates, interviews and other research to collect, measure and analyze a decade of killings by police in the state’s 39 counties. The numbers of people killed by police from 2005 to 2009 averaged 16 deaths per year. From 2010 to 2014, it averaged 27 per year. With these questions, explore the data behind the 213 deaths: How many people killed by police do you think possessed a weapon? 34%
52%
74%
84%
Half of the 213 people killed by police had a firearm in their possession. Another 10 had fake guns that could have been mistaken for actual firearms.
|
http://projects.seattletimes.com/2015/killed-by-police/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1093191834#2_1860097691
|
Title: Air Pollution | Project TENDR
Headings: Air Pollution
Air Pollution
TENDR: Air Pollution Profile
What is air pollution?
What are the main ways that air pollution gets into people’s bodies, including pregnant women and children?
What are the effects of air pollution on children’s brain development?
Content: When women are exposed during pregnancy, air pollutants can cross the placenta and impact their babies’ health and development. What are the effects of air pollution on children’s brain development? Prenatal and early childhood exposure to certain air pollutants is associated with developmental delays, reduced IQ, symptoms of anxiety, depression and inattention. Some emerging evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to traffic-related air pollutants may be risk factors for autism spectrum disorder. Research has linked air pollution with preterm birth and low birth weight, which are known risk factors for an array of neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Exposure to air pollution in early life may affect brain function across the lifespan.
|
http://projecttendr.com/chemicals-and-pollutants/air-pollution/
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1096476377#9_1866074446
|
Title: In 22 States, a Wave of New Voting Restrictions Threatens to Shift Outcomes in Tight Races - The American Prospect
Headings: In 22 States, a Wave of New Voting Restrictions Threatens to Shift Outcomes in Tight Races
In 22 States, a Wave of New Voting Restrictions Threatens to Shift Outcomes in Tight Races
Voting Restrictions in Context
What Explains This Sudden Shift?
Early Voting Cuts
Other Voting Restrictions
Key States to Watch
What's Next?
Wendy R. Weiser
Content: The reason for this expansion? Early voting works well -voters like it, election officials like it, and it improves the election system. It is so non-controversial that the bipartisan Presidential Commission on Election Administration recently recommended that all states adopt it to prevent long lines at the polls. Despite this consensus, after the 2008 election, support for early voting eroded among Republican legislators in the South and Midwest. What changed? For the first time, African Americans had begun voting early at high rates. In Southern states, early voting by African Americans nearly tripled between 2004 and 2008, overtaking early voting by whites by a significant margin. In North Carolina, for example, seven in ten African Americans voted early in 2008, as compared to half of white voters. And while Republicans have traditionally been more likely to vote early, in 2008 Democratic early votes exceeded Republican ones. Just as early voting has become successful among minorities and lower-income voters, it has become a target
.
|
http://prospect.org/article/22-states-wave-new-voting-restrictions-threatens-shift-outcomes-tight-races
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1096777942#3_1866514296
|
Title: The End of the Women's Movement - The American Prospect
Headings: The End of the Women's Movement
The End of the Women's Movement
Courtney Martin
Content: They had ecstatic, very physical experiences of feminism. They went to meetings -- so, so many meetings. They pounded the pavement. They participated in direct-action spectacles like taking over the offices of The Ladies Home Journal. They yelled until their vocal chords were raw. Now these women are older, many of them happily shifting into what Jane Fonda calls "the third act" -- a stage of life when they don't give a shit what anyone else thinks, and they want to see the world live up to its God damn potential, once and for all. They start dying their hair funky shades of red. They urge their husband to get a hobby as they head out for another expletive- and laughter-filled lunch with their friends -- other women who are funding feminist causes, editing feminist publications, and leading local feminist efforts. In some ways, it's a return to their earnest youth -- a time less fraught with the compromises that come with juggling families and careers. They're prioritizing changing the world again.
|
http://prospect.org/article/end-womens-movement
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1096777942#4_1866515646
|
Title: The End of the Women's Movement - The American Prospect
Headings: The End of the Women's Movement
The End of the Women's Movement
Courtney Martin
Content: Now these women are older, many of them happily shifting into what Jane Fonda calls "the third act" -- a stage of life when they don't give a shit what anyone else thinks, and they want to see the world live up to its God damn potential, once and for all. They start dying their hair funky shades of red. They urge their husband to get a hobby as they head out for another expletive- and laughter-filled lunch with their friends -- other women who are funding feminist causes, editing feminist publications, and leading local feminist efforts. In some ways, it's a return to their earnest youth -- a time less fraught with the compromises that come with juggling families and careers. They're prioritizing changing the world again. And as such, they seem to experience an old hankering for an unapologetic women's movement that they can see, hear, and touch. I don't blame them. All of their stories -- about marching in the streets, about taking over offices, about riding around the country in vans, falling in love – not only sounds like they had a whole lot of fun, but also managed to make some profound political changes. But I also recognize that it is a time that has passed. Not only is the women's movement -- as it was known in the 1960s -- over, but women my age don't even agree on what a "woman" really is.
|
http://prospect.org/article/end-womens-movement
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1096777942#6_1866519194
|
Title: The End of the Women's Movement - The American Prospect
Headings: The End of the Women's Movement
The End of the Women's Movement
Courtney Martin
Content: Sometimes I feel as if my generation -- women in our 20s and 30s -- are feminism's Frankensteins. After all, Broner herself was responsible for building some of the first women's studies programs in the nation. Now a generation is graduating from them using words like "genderqueer" -- meaning that one doesn't identify exclusively as male or female. We generally aren't down for the subtle messaging by many older women who believe that females in positions of power are inherently less violent or more community-minded than their male counterparts, a view that Bitch magazine founder Lisa Jervis hilariously called "femmenism." Many second-wave leaders have founded nonprofit organizations (Steinem alone is partly or fully responsible for Choice USA, the Women's Media Center, and The Ms. Foundation) that allow young women to become professional feminists -- those who make a living off of feminist activism by writing, teaching, and organizing. Thanks to their support -- financial and otherwise -- I wake up each morning and sit down at my laptop to "fight the patriarchy" (although I avoid the term like the plague). I mentor other young women who are interested in forging feminist careers. I teach women how to write op-eds. I go on conservative television shows and argue for the feminist point of view. We march in the streets when we're called to (the March for Women's Lives in 2004, Take Back the Night each year on most college campuses) but more as a matter of solidarity and fun than out of any real conviction that protesting still creates change.
|
http://prospect.org/article/end-womens-movement
|
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1097137883#10_1867096248
|
Title: Six Charts that Explain Why Our Prison System Is So Insane - The American Prospect
Headings: Six Charts that Explain Why Our Prison System Is So Insane
Six Charts that Explain Why Our Prison System Is So Insane
Paul Waldman
Content: The crimes that landed them there, however, are not too different from their white and Hispanic counterparts. Eighteen percent of blacks in state prisons were convicted of drug crimes, compared to 15 percent of whites and 17 percent of Hispanics. That doesn't mean that one common complaint-that though whites and blacks use drugs at similar rates, blacks are much more likely to be arrested for it-isn't true, because it is. But blacks are also more likely to be arrested for other crimes. Blacks and Hispanics are slightly more likely than whites to be convicted of violent crimes, while whites are slightly more likely to be convicted of property crimes like burglary, larceny, and car theft. But the leading violent crime that lands blacks in prison is robbery, while the leading violent crime for whites is rape or sexual assault. More than twice as many blacks are in state prison for robbery as for rape, while for whites the proportions are reversed (see Table 10 here ). Back to Search Results
Tags
Blog: Vox Pop Paul Waldman Politics Poverty & Wealth Race & Ethnicity Conservatism Legal Affairs
The American Prospect depends on reader support
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|
http://prospect.org/article/six-charts-explain-why-our-prison-system-so-insane
|
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