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msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1103946572#0_1876410342
Title: Polar Science Center » Narwhal FAQ Headings: Narwhal FAQ Narwhal FAQ What is the narwhal tusk and what is it used for? What do narwhals look like? Where does the word ‘narwhal’ come from? What are the reproductive patterns of narwhals? How long do narwhals live? How many narwhals are there in the world? Is it all one population? Do narwhals travel in pods and how big are pods? How do you figure out where narwhals go and what they do underwater? Do narwhals migrate and what is their seasonal cycle? How deep do narwhals dive? How do narwhals make such deep dives? Why do they make deep dives? How do you know what narwhals eat if you can’t see them underwater? Do narwhals like sea ice? What is an ice entrapment? Do narwhals make noises? Do research collaborations involve native communities? Why is the narwhal important to native communities? Why is it important to study narwhals? What threats are currently facing narwhals? Can narwhals survive climate change? Where can I find references for all of the above? Other useful links to narwhal information Content: Polar Science Center » Narwhal FAQ Polar Science Center RP Laidre Narwhal FAQ Narwhal FAQ I have received many good questions from the public, students, and the press about narwhals. In the interest of making the information available to everyone, I have developed this “Narwhal FAQ” page. Hopefully you find the answer to your question below. What is the narwhal tusk and what is it used for? The narwhal is an odontocete or toothed whale, but unlike all other toothed whales it has no teeth in its mouth. Instead, the male develops a long straight tooth (or tusk) that protrudes 2-3 m out of the upper left jaw. The tooth grows in a counterclockwise spiral. The tusk is unique to male narwhals. Very rarely, a female will grow a tusk, or a narwhal will grow two tusks. Tusks exported from the Arctic, perhaps by the Vikings, reached Europe, the Mediterranean, and even the Far East as early as the Middle Ages and became the source of the unicorn myth.
http://psc.apl.uw.edu/rp/laidre/narwhal-faq/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1103946572#1_1876412603
Title: Polar Science Center » Narwhal FAQ Headings: Narwhal FAQ Narwhal FAQ What is the narwhal tusk and what is it used for? What do narwhals look like? Where does the word ‘narwhal’ come from? What are the reproductive patterns of narwhals? How long do narwhals live? How many narwhals are there in the world? Is it all one population? Do narwhals travel in pods and how big are pods? How do you figure out where narwhals go and what they do underwater? Do narwhals migrate and what is their seasonal cycle? How deep do narwhals dive? How do narwhals make such deep dives? Why do they make deep dives? How do you know what narwhals eat if you can’t see them underwater? Do narwhals like sea ice? What is an ice entrapment? Do narwhals make noises? Do research collaborations involve native communities? Why is the narwhal important to native communities? Why is it important to study narwhals? What threats are currently facing narwhals? Can narwhals survive climate change? Where can I find references for all of the above? Other useful links to narwhal information Content: Instead, the male develops a long straight tooth (or tusk) that protrudes 2-3 m out of the upper left jaw. The tooth grows in a counterclockwise spiral. The tusk is unique to male narwhals. Very rarely, a female will grow a tusk, or a narwhal will grow two tusks. Tusks exported from the Arctic, perhaps by the Vikings, reached Europe, the Mediterranean, and even the Far East as early as the Middle Ages and became the source of the unicorn myth. The tusks were sold without a good description of the animal from which they came and inspired a great deal of fantasy. To some extent, the tusks still inspire fantasies, as many explanations have been proposed for the purpose of the tusk, including: breaking ice, swordfighting, spearing fish for food, or for digging in the bottom the sea. In fact, none of these behaviors have ever been observed. One thing that is clear, is that the tusk can not serve a critical function for narwhals’ survival because females, who do not have tusks, still manage to live longer than males and occur in the same areas while additionally being responsible for reproduction and calf rearing.
http://psc.apl.uw.edu/rp/laidre/narwhal-faq/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1103946572#2_1876415022
Title: Polar Science Center » Narwhal FAQ Headings: Narwhal FAQ Narwhal FAQ What is the narwhal tusk and what is it used for? What do narwhals look like? Where does the word ‘narwhal’ come from? What are the reproductive patterns of narwhals? How long do narwhals live? How many narwhals are there in the world? Is it all one population? Do narwhals travel in pods and how big are pods? How do you figure out where narwhals go and what they do underwater? Do narwhals migrate and what is their seasonal cycle? How deep do narwhals dive? How do narwhals make such deep dives? Why do they make deep dives? How do you know what narwhals eat if you can’t see them underwater? Do narwhals like sea ice? What is an ice entrapment? Do narwhals make noises? Do research collaborations involve native communities? Why is the narwhal important to native communities? Why is it important to study narwhals? What threats are currently facing narwhals? Can narwhals survive climate change? Where can I find references for all of the above? Other useful links to narwhal information Content: The tusks were sold without a good description of the animal from which they came and inspired a great deal of fantasy. To some extent, the tusks still inspire fantasies, as many explanations have been proposed for the purpose of the tusk, including: breaking ice, swordfighting, spearing fish for food, or for digging in the bottom the sea. In fact, none of these behaviors have ever been observed. One thing that is clear, is that the tusk can not serve a critical function for narwhals’ survival because females, who do not have tusks, still manage to live longer than males and occur in the same areas while additionally being responsible for reproduction and calf rearing. The scientific consensus is that the narwhal tusk is a sexual trait, much like the antlers of a stag, the mane of a lion or the feathers of a peacock. Males use the tusk to determine social rank and compete for females. During the summertime in the northern Canadian high Arctic bays and fjords (long narrow inlets), male narwhals can be seen carefully crossing their tusks and making a strange, sad whistle. There is often a female between them. Such behavior might help maintain dominance hierarchies or help young males develop skills necessary for performance in adult sexual roles.
http://psc.apl.uw.edu/rp/laidre/narwhal-faq/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1103946572#3_1876417580
Title: Polar Science Center » Narwhal FAQ Headings: Narwhal FAQ Narwhal FAQ What is the narwhal tusk and what is it used for? What do narwhals look like? Where does the word ‘narwhal’ come from? What are the reproductive patterns of narwhals? How long do narwhals live? How many narwhals are there in the world? Is it all one population? Do narwhals travel in pods and how big are pods? How do you figure out where narwhals go and what they do underwater? Do narwhals migrate and what is their seasonal cycle? How deep do narwhals dive? How do narwhals make such deep dives? Why do they make deep dives? How do you know what narwhals eat if you can’t see them underwater? Do narwhals like sea ice? What is an ice entrapment? Do narwhals make noises? Do research collaborations involve native communities? Why is the narwhal important to native communities? Why is it important to study narwhals? What threats are currently facing narwhals? Can narwhals survive climate change? Where can I find references for all of the above? Other useful links to narwhal information Content: The scientific consensus is that the narwhal tusk is a sexual trait, much like the antlers of a stag, the mane of a lion or the feathers of a peacock. Males use the tusk to determine social rank and compete for females. During the summertime in the northern Canadian high Arctic bays and fjords (long narrow inlets), male narwhals can be seen carefully crossing their tusks and making a strange, sad whistle. There is often a female between them. Such behavior might help maintain dominance hierarchies or help young males develop skills necessary for performance in adult sexual roles. The sexual selection theory was originally proposed by Charles Darwin in his theories of sexual selection in his book The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Darwin makes the case very succinctly: “When the males are provided with weapons which the females do not possess, there can hardly be a doubt that they … have been acquired through sexual selection.” This observation echoes one made by the arctic explorer William Scoresby in his book: An Account of the Arctic Regions with a History and Description of the Northern Whale-Fishery (1820).
http://psc.apl.uw.edu/rp/laidre/narwhal-faq/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1109259536#3_1884920899
Title: What Is Resilience? Headings: What Is Resilience? What Is Resilience? What Is Resilience? What Resilience Provides Who Is Resilient, and Why? How to Build Resilience Reframe Your Thoughts Seek Support Focus on What You Can Control Manage Stress Content: These problems may include: Job loss Financial problems Illness Natural disasters Medical emergencies Divorce Death of a loved one Instead of falling into despair or hiding from problems with unhealthy coping strategies, resilient people face life's difficulties head-on. This does not mean that they experience less distress, grief, or anxiety than other people do. It means that they use healthy coping skills to handle such difficulties in ways that foster strength and growth. In many cases, they may emerge even stronger than they were before. Those who lack this resilience may instead become overwhelmed by such experiences. They may dwell on problems and use unhelpful coping mechanisms to deal with life’s challenges. Disappointment or failure might drive them to unhealthy, destructive, or even dangerous behaviors. These individuals are slower to recover from setbacks and may experience more psychological distress as a result. 3 How to Adapt to a Stressful Situation What Resilience Provides Resilience does not eliminate stress or erase life's difficulties.
http://psychology.about.com/od/crisiscounseling/a/resilience.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1109259536#4_1884922443
Title: What Is Resilience? Headings: What Is Resilience? What Is Resilience? What Is Resilience? What Resilience Provides Who Is Resilient, and Why? How to Build Resilience Reframe Your Thoughts Seek Support Focus on What You Can Control Manage Stress Content: Those who lack this resilience may instead become overwhelmed by such experiences. They may dwell on problems and use unhelpful coping mechanisms to deal with life’s challenges. Disappointment or failure might drive them to unhealthy, destructive, or even dangerous behaviors. These individuals are slower to recover from setbacks and may experience more psychological distress as a result. 3 How to Adapt to a Stressful Situation What Resilience Provides Resilience does not eliminate stress or erase life's difficulties. 4 People who possess this quality don't see life through rose-colored lenses; they understand that setbacks happen and that sometimes, life is hard and painful. They still experience the negative emotions that come after a tragedy, but their mental outlook allows them to work through these feelings and recover. Resilience gives people the strength to tackle problems head-on, overcome adversity, and move on with their lives. In the wake of traumas such as the 9/11 attacks and the Hurricane Katrina disaster, many individuals demonstrated the behaviors that typify resilience—and they experienced fewer symptoms of depression as a result.
http://psychology.about.com/od/crisiscounseling/a/resilience.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1109259536#7_1884927534
Title: What Is Resilience? Headings: What Is Resilience? What Is Resilience? What Is Resilience? What Resilience Provides Who Is Resilient, and Why? How to Build Resilience Reframe Your Thoughts Seek Support Focus on What You Can Control Manage Stress Content: 5 Social support is another critical variable that contributes to resilience. Mentally strong people tend to have the support of family and friends who help bolster them up in times of trouble. Resilient people may also show characteristics like: 6 Holding positive views of themselves and their abilities Possessing the capacity to make realistic plans and stick to them Having an internal locus of control Being a good communicator Viewing themselves as fighters rather than victims Having high emotional intelligence and managing emotions effectively How Some People Are More Resilient When It Comes to Stress How to Build Resilience Fortunately, resilience is something that you can build both in yourself and in your children. There are distinct steps that you can take to become more resilient. Reframe Your Thoughts Resilient people are able to look at negative situations realistically, but in a way that doesn't center on blame or brooding over what cannot be changed. Instead of viewing adversity as insurmountable, reframe your thoughts to look for small ways that you can tackle the problem and make changes that will help. Focusing on the positive things you can do can help get you out of a negative mindset. You can also use this approach to help children learn how to better cope with challenges. Encourage them to think about challenges in more positive, hopeful ways.
http://psychology.about.com/od/crisiscounseling/a/resilience.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1109259536#8_1884929388
Title: What Is Resilience? Headings: What Is Resilience? What Is Resilience? What Is Resilience? What Resilience Provides Who Is Resilient, and Why? How to Build Resilience Reframe Your Thoughts Seek Support Focus on What You Can Control Manage Stress Content: Reframe Your Thoughts Resilient people are able to look at negative situations realistically, but in a way that doesn't center on blame or brooding over what cannot be changed. Instead of viewing adversity as insurmountable, reframe your thoughts to look for small ways that you can tackle the problem and make changes that will help. Focusing on the positive things you can do can help get you out of a negative mindset. You can also use this approach to help children learn how to better cope with challenges. Encourage them to think about challenges in more positive, hopeful ways. This way, instead of getting stuck in a loop of negative emotions, your child can learn to see these events as opportunities to challenge themselves and develop new skills. Seek Support Talking about the difficulties you are coping with doesn't make them go away, but sharing with a supportive friend or loved one can make you feel like you have someone in your corner, which could help you build your resilience. Discussing things with other people can also help you gain insight or even new ideas that might help you better manage the challenges you're dealing with. To help your child develop a support network, try modeling good social skills like sharing your feelings, being empathetic, cooperating with and helping others, and expressing gratitude—and remember to reinforce your child's good behavior. Focus on What You Can Control When faced with a crisis or problem, it can be easy to get overwhelmed by things that feel far beyond your control.
http://psychology.about.com/od/crisiscounseling/a/resilience.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1109287153#11_1885014160
Title: Can You Change Your Personality? Headings: Can You Change Your Personality? Can You Change Your Personality? Factors That Shape Personality "In-Between" Qualities of Personality Beliefs and Self-Beliefs Tips for Changing Your Personality Learn New Habits Challenge Your Self-Beliefs Focus on Your Efforts Act the Part A Word From Verywell Content: So if you are dissatisfied with certain aspects of your personality, is there really anything you can do to change? Changing from an introvert to an extravert might be extremely difficult (or even impossible), but there are things that the experts believe you can do to make real and lasting changes to aspects of your personality. Learn New Habits Psychologists have found that people who exhibit positive personality traits (such as kindness and honesty) have developed habitual responses that have stuck. 8 Habit can be learned, so changing your habitual responses over time is one way to create personality change. Of course, forming a new habit or breaking an old one is never easy and it takes time and serious effort. With enough practice, these new patterns of behavior will eventually become second nature. Challenge Your Self-Beliefs If you believe you cannot change, then you will not change. If you are trying to become more outgoing, but you believe that your introversion is a fixed, permanent, and unchangeable trait, then you will simply never try to become more sociable. But if you believe that your personal attributes are changeable, you are more likely to make an effort to become more gregarious. Focus on Your Efforts Dweck's research has consistently shown that praising efforts rather than ability is essential.
http://psychology.about.com/od/personalitydevelopment/fl/Can-You-Change-Your-Personality.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1109340655#1_1885123451
Title: Psychiatrist: Expertise, Specialties, and Training Headings: What Is a Psychiatrist? What Is a Psychiatrist? Medical Specialty Straddling Psychology and Neurology Concentrations Procedural Expertise Mental Status Examination Biomedical Diagnosis Psychotherapy Psychiatric Medications Other Treatments Subspecialties Training and Certification Appointment Tips A Word From Verywell Content: Because psychiatrists hold a medical degree and are trained in the practice of psychiatry, they are one of the few professionals in the mental health field able to prescribe medications to treat mental health issues. Much like a general practice physician, a psychiatrist may perform physical exams and order diagnostic tests in addition to practicing psychotherapy . Psychiatrists may work as part of a mental health team, often consulting with primary care physicians, social workers, occupational therapists, and psychiatric nurses . Psychiatrists will also work with—but should not be confused with— psychologists. Psychologists are not medical doctors and cannot prescribe medications except in New Mexico, Louisiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho. 1 Moreover, psychiatrists are directed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) issued by the American Psychiatric Association. While psychologists often refer to the DSM-5, they also rely on standardized psychological tests—such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—to direct care. 5 Ways That Psychiatrists and Psychologists Differ Concentrations According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, "psychiatrists are primary mental health physicians." 2 Among their core responsibilities are the diagnosis and treatment of mental health conditions. Psychiatrists will use a variety of techniques to determine whether a person's symptoms are psychiatric, the result of a physical illness, or a combination of both.
http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologycareerprofiles/a/psychiatrist.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1110102824#5_1886472048
Title: Headings: Content: Psychologist Gilbert Wrenn challenged the notion that White European American culture was universal by writing about the “culturally encapsulated counselor,” and the multicultural counseling movement has expanded the notion of culturally bound values. Formation of Cultural Values Cultural values are formed through environmental adaptations, historical factors, social and economic evolution, and contact with other groups. Individuals develop cultural perceptual patterns that determine which stimuli reach their awareness. These cultural perceptual patterns also determine judgments of people, objects, and events. When the individual or society prioritizes a set of values (usually of the ethical or doctrinal categories), a value system is formed. Values dictate what is important. They serve as a guide for the ideals and behavior of members of a culture. As guided by its values, culture can be seen as a dynamic system of symbols and meanings that involves an ongoing, dialectic process where past experience influences meanings, which in turn affects future experience, which in turn affects subsequent meaning. Cultural values provide patterns of living and prescribe rules and models for attitude and conduct. For example, several culture-specific values have been identified for specific groups.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/multicultural-counseling/cultural-values/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1110311315#5_1886724580
Title: Power and Powerlessness - IResearchNet Headings: Power and Powerlessness Power and Powerlessness Power in Counseling Relationships History and Development Examples of Power and Powerlessness Race and Power Addictions and Power Disability and Power Sex/Gender and Power Age and Power Multicultural Considerations References: See also: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: These powerful others are able to exercise their power via money, social position, or physical strength. Power may also be exerted over others through legal status or military force. Powerlessness may further be felt by individuals who are targets of racism or ethnic discrimination. When individuals feel powerlessness, they may feel hesitant, afraid, or unwilling to express their feelings, fearful that what little they have will be taken from them. The externally imposed powerlessness of racial, class, and gender oppression may be enforced through various means including economic, social, or physical ways. People in positions of power may have control over others in determining, for example, who gets jobs, who is given opportunities in education, and how help is given to those with financial needs. When those in powerful positions are exercising control over less-powerful groups, collective power and direct action may be used to facilitate empowerment and overcome the feelings of powerlessness. Collective power refers to the power generated by an organized group. An example of collective power would be the formation of a union. An example of direct action to address powerlessness would be the development of a lawsuit or the arrangement of a strike.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/counseling-psychology/personality-traits/power-and-powerlessness/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1110717963#0_1887383176
Title: Organizational Justice - IResearchNet Headings: Organizational Justice Organizational Justice Different Types of Organizational Justice Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice Studying Justice: Main Effects and Interactions Main Effects of Justice Interactions among Justice Types Why People Care About Justice Economic Self-Interest The Control Model The Group-Value Model Social Exchange Theory Deontic Justice Conclusion References: See also: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: Organizational Justice - IResearchNet Psychology > Organizational Justice Organizational Justice Organizational justice refers to individual or collective judgments of fairness or ethical propriety. Investigations of organizational justice tend to take a descriptive approach. As such, an event is treated as fair or unfair to the extent that one believes it to be so. In other words, justice research is concerned with identifying the antecedents that influence fairness judgments, as well as the consequences once such an evaluation has been made. Notice that this descriptive approach does not tell organizations what really is fair, only what people believe to be just. This empirical perspective complements the normative frameworks beneficially employed by philosophers whose prescriptive approach typically attempts to ascertain what is objectively right or wrong by using reasoned analysis. The sense of justice has a strong impact on workers’ behavior and attitudes. For example, perceived fairness promotes such benefits as organizational commitment, effective job performance, and increased organizational citizenship behavior. Justice also helps alleviate many of the ill effects of dysfunctional work environments. For example, perceived fairness reduces workplace stress, vindictive retaliation, employee withdrawal, and sabotage.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/industrial-organizational-psychology/job-satisfaction/organizational-justice/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1110717963#1_1887385302
Title: Organizational Justice - IResearchNet Headings: Organizational Justice Organizational Justice Different Types of Organizational Justice Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice Studying Justice: Main Effects and Interactions Main Effects of Justice Interactions among Justice Types Why People Care About Justice Economic Self-Interest The Control Model The Group-Value Model Social Exchange Theory Deontic Justice Conclusion References: See also: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: This empirical perspective complements the normative frameworks beneficially employed by philosophers whose prescriptive approach typically attempts to ascertain what is objectively right or wrong by using reasoned analysis. The sense of justice has a strong impact on workers’ behavior and attitudes. For example, perceived fairness promotes such benefits as organizational commitment, effective job performance, and increased organizational citizenship behavior. Justice also helps alleviate many of the ill effects of dysfunctional work environments. For example, perceived fairness reduces workplace stress, vindictive retaliation, employee withdrawal, and sabotage. Different Types of Organizational Justice Generally speaking, judgments of fairness can be said to have three targets: Outcomes: distributive justice Allocation processes: procedural justice Interpersonal treatment: interactional justice Distributive Justice Research suggests that distributive justice is distinct from outcome favorability.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/industrial-organizational-psychology/job-satisfaction/organizational-justice/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1110717963#2_1887387100
Title: Organizational Justice - IResearchNet Headings: Organizational Justice Organizational Justice Different Types of Organizational Justice Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice Studying Justice: Main Effects and Interactions Main Effects of Justice Interactions among Justice Types Why People Care About Justice Economic Self-Interest The Control Model The Group-Value Model Social Exchange Theory Deontic Justice Conclusion References: See also: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: Different Types of Organizational Justice Generally speaking, judgments of fairness can be said to have three targets: Outcomes: distributive justice Allocation processes: procedural justice Interpersonal treatment: interactional justice Distributive Justice Research suggests that distributive justice is distinct from outcome favorability. Although these two variables are correlated, the latter is an appraisal of personal benefit, whereas the former concerns moral appropriateness. Individuals decide whether a given allocation decision is fair by examining the actual result in light of some idealized standard. Three standards or allocation rules have been most widely discussed: equity (allocations based on contributions or performance), equality (equivalent allocations for all), and need (allocations based on demonstrable hardship). Each of these rules may engender a sense of distributive justice for some people under some circumstances.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/industrial-organizational-psychology/job-satisfaction/organizational-justice/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1110717963#6_1887395111
Title: Organizational Justice - IResearchNet Headings: Organizational Justice Organizational Justice Different Types of Organizational Justice Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice Studying Justice: Main Effects and Interactions Main Effects of Justice Interactions among Justice Types Why People Care About Justice Economic Self-Interest The Control Model The Group-Value Model Social Exchange Theory Deontic Justice Conclusion References: See also: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: Equity is even more cognitively complex, so it is necessary to calculate earnings relative to contributions and to compare this ratio to the ratio of the referent. The intriguing result of these cognitive operations is that distributive justice may not be absolute. If a referent changes, a person’s distributive fairness judgments may also change, even when the actual allocation remains constant. For example, when female workers are underpaid relative to their male counterparts, they will see this as distributively unfair when the more highly paid men are their referent. However, if they use other underpaid women as their referent, they sometimes perceive less injustice. Procedural Justice Especially important to the study of organizational fairness is work on procedural justice. Procedural justice researchers agree that workers are interested in the outcomes they receive (that is, in distributive justice). However, they add that employees also attend to the process by which these outcomes are assigned. Procedural justice is an especially strong predictor of such outcomes as organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, trust, and so on. Generally speaking, processes are likely to be judged as fair if they have some combination of the following attributes:
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/industrial-organizational-psychology/job-satisfaction/organizational-justice/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1110717963#7_1887397187
Title: Organizational Justice - IResearchNet Headings: Organizational Justice Organizational Justice Different Types of Organizational Justice Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice Studying Justice: Main Effects and Interactions Main Effects of Justice Interactions among Justice Types Why People Care About Justice Economic Self-Interest The Control Model The Group-Value Model Social Exchange Theory Deontic Justice Conclusion References: See also: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: Procedural Justice Especially important to the study of organizational fairness is work on procedural justice. Procedural justice researchers agree that workers are interested in the outcomes they receive (that is, in distributive justice). However, they add that employees also attend to the process by which these outcomes are assigned. Procedural justice is an especially strong predictor of such outcomes as organizational citizenship behavior, organizational commitment, trust, and so on. Generally speaking, processes are likely to be judged as fair if they have some combination of the following attributes: They are accurate, consistently applied, free from bias, representative of all concerned, correctable when mistakes are made, and consistent with prevailing ethical standards. Other research suggests that fair procedures should provide advance notice and not violate privacy concerns. A large body of research has investigated the design of human resource systems in light of procedural justice considerations. This work has examined personnel procedures pertaining to performance evaluation, affirmative action programs, workplace drug testing, staffing, family-leave procedures, layoff policies, compensation decisions, conflict resolution procedures, and so on. Generally speaking, this work suggests that fair procedures can bring benefits to organizations, in the form of more effective job behaviors and more positive work attitudes.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/industrial-organizational-psychology/job-satisfaction/organizational-justice/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1110717963#8_1887399419
Title: Organizational Justice - IResearchNet Headings: Organizational Justice Organizational Justice Different Types of Organizational Justice Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice Studying Justice: Main Effects and Interactions Main Effects of Justice Interactions among Justice Types Why People Care About Justice Economic Self-Interest The Control Model The Group-Value Model Social Exchange Theory Deontic Justice Conclusion References: See also: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: They are accurate, consistently applied, free from bias, representative of all concerned, correctable when mistakes are made, and consistent with prevailing ethical standards. Other research suggests that fair procedures should provide advance notice and not violate privacy concerns. A large body of research has investigated the design of human resource systems in light of procedural justice considerations. This work has examined personnel procedures pertaining to performance evaluation, affirmative action programs, workplace drug testing, staffing, family-leave procedures, layoff policies, compensation decisions, conflict resolution procedures, and so on. Generally speaking, this work suggests that fair procedures can bring benefits to organizations, in the form of more effective job behaviors and more positive work attitudes. Interactional Justice In addition to an outcome and a formal process, scholars have also found that the interpersonal treatment that an individual receives is an important part of his or her justice perceptions. This notion of interactional justice was identified more recently than distributive or procedural justice, but it now has been well established as an important workplace variable in its own right. Researchers have divided interactional justice into two parts: informational justice and interpersonal justice. Informational justice is based on the presence or absence of explanations and social accounts.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/industrial-organizational-psychology/job-satisfaction/organizational-justice/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1110717963#9_1887401652
Title: Organizational Justice - IResearchNet Headings: Organizational Justice Organizational Justice Different Types of Organizational Justice Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice Studying Justice: Main Effects and Interactions Main Effects of Justice Interactions among Justice Types Why People Care About Justice Economic Self-Interest The Control Model The Group-Value Model Social Exchange Theory Deontic Justice Conclusion References: See also: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: Interactional Justice In addition to an outcome and a formal process, scholars have also found that the interpersonal treatment that an individual receives is an important part of his or her justice perceptions. This notion of interactional justice was identified more recently than distributive or procedural justice, but it now has been well established as an important workplace variable in its own right. Researchers have divided interactional justice into two parts: informational justice and interpersonal justice. Informational justice is based on the presence or absence of explanations and social accounts. A transparent promotion decision would likely be seen as informationally fair. Interpersonal justice is concerned with the dignity that people receive. Interpersonally fair treatment is respectful, honest, and considerate of others’ feelings. A racist remark during a job interview would likely be seen as interpersonally unfair. Interactional justice is an important predictor of such variables as supervisory commitment, citizenship behavior, and job performance ratings.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/industrial-organizational-psychology/job-satisfaction/organizational-justice/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1110717963#15_1887412934
Title: Organizational Justice - IResearchNet Headings: Organizational Justice Organizational Justice Different Types of Organizational Justice Distributive Justice Procedural Justice Interactional Justice Studying Justice: Main Effects and Interactions Main Effects of Justice Interactions among Justice Types Why People Care About Justice Economic Self-Interest The Control Model The Group-Value Model Social Exchange Theory Deontic Justice Conclusion References: See also: Share Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: Multifoci researchers agree that reactions to organizations are best predicted by procedural justice. However, they add that interactional justice demonstrates an especially strong association to supervisory commitment and behaviors targeted to benefit a person’s immediate boss. In this regard interactional justice tends to engender high-quality leader-member exchange relationships, as well as helpful citizenship behaviors directed toward supervisors. Interactions among Justice Types Scholars also have examined the interactions between different types of justice. Generally speaking, individuals appear to be reasonably tolerant of a distributive injustice if the allocation procedures are viewed as fair. Likewise, they seem reasonably tolerant of a procedural injustice if the outcome is deemed to be appropriate. However, when both the outcome and the process are simultaneously unjust, worker reactions are especially negative. Put differently, distributive justice strongly predicts work-
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/industrial-organizational-psychology/job-satisfaction/organizational-justice/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1111090972#10_1888150984
Title: Cross-Cultural Psychology: History, Theories, Methods - IResearchNet Headings: Cross-Cultural Psychology Cross-Cultural Psychology Cross-Cultural Psychology Definition Cross-Cultural Psychology Theories and Methods of Study Goals of the Study of Cultural Factors in Cross-Cultural Psychology Methodological Issues in Cross-Cultural Psychology Multilingual Studies in Cross-Cultural Psychology Individual and Country-Level Studies in Cross-Cultural Psychology Cross-Cultural Psychology References: Content: The first is cultural psychology, a relatively young subdiscipline. It is closely related to social constructionism and aims at an in-depth understanding of psychological functioning by studying in situ behavior, usually in only one culture. Culture and personality are taken to constitute each other in a process of mutual influences. Culture is seen as a system of meanings, with studies often focusing on how individuals gradually acquire the perspective of a culture. In line with common practice in anthropology (ethnography in particular), assessment methods are utilized that impose little or no a priori categorization on the data, such as unstructured interviews and tape and video recordings. Because of the interest in learning processes, diachronic (longitudinal) designs are often employed. Indigenous psychologies provide another example of an increasingly popular, noncomparative approach to understanding cultural variation. It is a generic name for all types of psychologies that attempt to overcome the limitations of, in Sinha’s words, “the culture-bound and culture-blind tendencies of mainstream psychology” (1997). Indigenous psychologies have been developed in various areas, such as Latin America, India, Japan, and China. The need for developing an indigenous psychology is often triggered by findings that a non-Western application of a common Western theory or instrument does not do justice to the specifics of the non-Western group.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/cross-cultural-psychology/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1111162298#2_1888261066
Title: Culture (CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY) iResearchNet Headings: Culture Culture Culture Definition Background and History of Culture Research Current Approaches and Knowledge Culture Research Implications References: Share Share Share Content: As a result, knowledge about culture and behavior increased significantly in the latter half of the 20th century, principally through the work of social psychologists like Harry Triandis, Geert Hofstede, Hazel Markus and Shinobu Kitayama, Shalom Schwartz, and Richard Nisbett, among others. Current Approaches and Knowledge Many contemporary social psychologists who investigate the effects of culture do so by comparing national cultures to determine universal and culture-specific patterns of behavior. Cross-cultural research is conducted primarily from the sociocognitive perspective and focuses on the cultural values, beliefs, and attitudes or cultural knowledge that distinguishes the behavior of people with different national backgrounds. One prominent tool employed by cross-cultural researchers is to classify nations by their relative support for individualism or collectivism. Individualism is a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes that emphasize the importance of people pursuing their individual goals and behavior. Collectivism is manifest in values, beliefs, and attitudes that emphasize the importance of people following group goals and group norms for behavior. Research has shown North American, Western European, and Australian cultures to be relatively individualistic, while Japanese and Chinese cultures are comparatively collectivistic. Individualistic and collectivistic cultures encourage people to adopt a certain set of interrelated values, beliefs, and perceptions of the self and the group. A person exposed to an individualistic culture is more likely to value personal autonomy, freedom of expression, and self-enhancement than is a person from a collectivistic culture, who would contrastingly be more likely to value obedience, tradition, and group enhancement. In addition, individualistic cultures encourage people to adopt an independent self-view or distinguish the self from others, whereas people in collectivistic cultures view themselves as more interdependent or connected to others.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/cultural-psychology/culture/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1112076632#0_1890081709
Title: Social Psychology Research Methods - IResearchNet Headings: Social Psychology Research Methods Social Psychology Research Methods Social Psychology Research Methods Laboratory Research Methods Laboratory Experiments Laboratory Nonexperimental Studies Nonlaboratory Research Methods Field Experiments Quasi-Experiments Survey Research Naturalistic Observational Studies Analysis of Archival Data Research without Primary Data Collection Bibliography: Share Tweet Pin Share Share Content: Social Psychology Research Methods - IResearchNet Psychology > Social Psychology > Social Psychology Research Methods Social Psychology Research Methods Social psychology research methods are the ways in which researchers measure variables and design studies to test hypotheses. Research in social psychology is generally carried out to construct and test causal theories. The emphasis on causation is implicit in the overall goals of the science: to understand phenomena by bringing them within the compass of general causal laws and to show how undesirable social conditions may be changed by altering their causal antecedents. Of course, some individual research studies, such as those aimed simply at describing existing states of affairs or at constructing and reining measurement instruments, do not directly address causal issues. Still, such studies are best regarded as part of an overall research process that focuses on building causal theory. Social Psychology Research Methods Autobiographical Narratives Bogus Pipeline Content Analysis Control Condition Cross-Lagged Panel Correlation Deception Demand Characteristics Ecological Validity Falsification Forced Compliance Technique Implicit Association Test LISREL Lost Letter Technique Meta-Analysis Mundane Realism Nonexperimental Designs Operationalization Order Effects Path Analysis Placebo Effect Quasi-Experimental Design Semantic Differential Social Relations Model Sociometric Status Structural Equation Modeling Twin Studies To evaluate the utility of different types of research in advancing causal theories. Cook and Campbell (1979) listed four criteria or forms of validity. Statistical conclusion validity depends on the use of appropriate statistical tests and adequate sample sizes, which are relatively independent of the choice of research methods. The other three forms of validity are closely related to research methods.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/social-psychology-research-methods/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1112245743#0_1890370812
Title: Headings: Content: Role Theory in Social Psychology - iResearchNet Within social psychology, role theory has generally focused on roles as causes of (a) behaviors enacted by individuals or groups and (b) ... Within social psychology, role theory has generally focused on roles as causes of (a) behaviors enacted by individuals or groups and (b) ... Custom Writing Services How to Write a Research Paper Research Paper Topics Research Paper Examples Order Psychology IResearchNet Psychology> Role Theory Role Theory “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players”: With these lines from As You Like It, William Shakespeare succinctly captured the essence of role theory. In short, people’s behavior stems from the parts they play in life. In social psychology, a role is defined as the collection of expectations that accompany a particular social position. Indeed, the word originates from the French role, which denoted the parchment from which an actor read his lines. Each individual typically plays multiple roles in his or her life; in different contexts or with different people, a particular person might be a student, a friend, or an employee. Each of these roles carries its own expectations about appropriate behavior, speech, attire, and so on. What might be rewarded for a person in one role would be unacceptable for a person occupying a different role (e.g., competitive behavior is rewarded for an athlete but not a preschool teacher). Roles range from specific, in that they only apply to a certain setting, to diffuse, in that they apply across a range of situations.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/social-psychology-theories/role-theory/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1112245743#2_1890374223
Title: Headings: Content: For example, gender roles influence behavior across many different contexts; although someone may be a cashier when she is on the clock, she is a woman across all settings. Role theory examines how these roles influence a wide array of psychological outcomes, including behavior, attitudes, cognitions, and social interaction. Role Theory Background Within social psychology, role theory has generally focused on roles as causes of (a) behaviors enacted by individuals or groups and (b) inferences about individuals or groups. One of the fundamental precepts of social psychology is that the social and physical environment exerts a profound influence on individuals’ thoughts and behavior. Role theory posits that the roles that people occupy provide contexts that shape behavior. For example, the Stanford Prison Experiment demonstrated that normal college students displayed strikingly different behaviors depending on whether they were assigned to be guards or prisoners in a simulated prison environment. Within a short time, prisoners began to show meek, submissive behaviors, whereas prison guards began to show dominant, abusive behaviors. In general, people are motivated to behave in ways that fit valued social roles. Rewards stem from alignment to valued social roles, and punishments stem from misalignment to such roles.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/social-psychology-theories/role-theory/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1112245743#7_1890381784
Title: Headings: Content: External Mechanisms One basic way in which roles influence behavior is via role affordances, or opportunities for different actions. For example, competitive roles typically promote self-assertion but inhibit kindness. In the quiz-show study described earlier, the role of questioner afforded the display of knowledge. This display led to the inference that the questioner was extremely knowledgeable, even though both partners tested similarly in general knowledge and the questioner was allowed to pick questions that he or she knew. The expectations of others based on one’s role also powerfully influence behavior. Many experiments have documented the effects of the self-fulfilling prophecy, in which an individual’s beliefs about a target are confirmed because the individual elicits such behavior from the target. For example, Robert Rosenthal and colleagues demonstrated the power of expectancies on others by providing teachers with lists of students who had been identified as likely to develop special abilities throughout the school year. In truth, these students did not initially differ from other students. However, the teachers assessed these children as more curious, interesting, and likely to succeed, and by the end of the school year, the “late bloomer” students actually performed better than other students. Studies of the self-fulfilling prophecy have effectively demonstrated how expectancies about different role occupants (e.g., that CEOs will be aggressive or women are emotional) can become reality.
http://psychology.iresearchnet.com/social-psychology/social-psychology-theories/role-theory/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#0_1891902871
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom in: Evidence Anecdotal evidence Edit Edit source History Talk (0) Share Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Statistics: Scientific method · Research methods · Experimental design · Undergraduate statistics courses · Statistical tests · Game theory · Decision theory Anecdotal evidence is an informal account of evidence in the form of an anecdote, or hearsay. The term is usually used in contrast to scientific evidence, especially evidence-based medicine, which are types of formal accounts. Anecdotal evidence is often unscientific because it cannot be investigated using the scientific method. Misuse of anecdotal evidence is a logical fallacy and is sometimes informally referred to as the "person who" fallacy ("I know a person who..."; " I know of a case where..." etc.) The problem with arguing based on anecdotal evidence is that anecdotal evidence is not necessarily typical; only statistical evidence can determine how typical something is. When used in advertising or promotion of a product, service, or idea, anecdotal evidence is often called a testimonial.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#1_1891904686
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: Misuse of anecdotal evidence is a logical fallacy and is sometimes informally referred to as the "person who" fallacy ("I know a person who..."; " I know of a case where..." etc.) The problem with arguing based on anecdotal evidence is that anecdotal evidence is not necessarily typical; only statistical evidence can determine how typical something is. When used in advertising or promotion of a product, service, or idea, anecdotal evidence is often called a testimonial. The term is also sometimes used in a legal context to describe certain kinds of testimony. Psychologists have found that people are more likely to remember notable examples than the typical example. This is why casinos usually try to draw attention to someone winning; this tends to make everyone else think that they are much more likely to win than they are. Another example is the fact that people are often afraid to fly after a major airline accident, even though flying is statistically similar in risk to driving.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#2_1891906132
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: The term is also sometimes used in a legal context to describe certain kinds of testimony. Psychologists have found that people are more likely to remember notable examples than the typical example. This is why casinos usually try to draw attention to someone winning; this tends to make everyone else think that they are much more likely to win than they are. Another example is the fact that people are often afraid to fly after a major airline accident, even though flying is statistically similar in risk to driving. What constitutes anecdotal evidence is sometimes disputed on scientific or philosophical grounds. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Scientific context 3 Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic 4 Law 5 Scientific evidence as legal evidence 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 See also Introduction In all forms of anecdotal evidence, testing its reliability by objective independent assessment may be in doubt. This is a consequence of the informal way the information is gathered, documented, presented, or any combination of the three. The term is often used to describe evidence for which there is an absence of documentation. This leaves verification dependent on the credibility of the party presenting the evidence.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#3_1891907820
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: What constitutes anecdotal evidence is sometimes disputed on scientific or philosophical grounds. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Scientific context 3 Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic 4 Law 5 Scientific evidence as legal evidence 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 See also Introduction In all forms of anecdotal evidence, testing its reliability by objective independent assessment may be in doubt. This is a consequence of the informal way the information is gathered, documented, presented, or any combination of the three. The term is often used to describe evidence for which there is an absence of documentation. This leaves verification dependent on the credibility of the party presenting the evidence. Scientific context In science, anecdotal evidence has been defined as: "information that is not based on facts or careful study" "non-scientific observations or studies, which do not provide proof but may assist research efforts" "reports or observations of usually unscientific observers" "casual observations or indications rather than rigorous or scientific analysis" "information passed along by word-of-mouth but not documented scientifically" Anecdotal evidence can have varying degrees of formality. For instance, in medicine, published anecdotal evidence is called a case report, which is a more formalized type of evidence subjected to peer review. Although such evidence is not regarded as scientific, it is sometimes regarded as an invitation to more rigorous scientific study of the phenomenon in question. For instance, one study found that 35 of 47 anecdotal reports of side effects were later sustained as “clearly correct.”
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#4_1891909953
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: Scientific context In science, anecdotal evidence has been defined as: "information that is not based on facts or careful study" "non-scientific observations or studies, which do not provide proof but may assist research efforts" "reports or observations of usually unscientific observers" "casual observations or indications rather than rigorous or scientific analysis" "information passed along by word-of-mouth but not documented scientifically" Anecdotal evidence can have varying degrees of formality. For instance, in medicine, published anecdotal evidence is called a case report, which is a more formalized type of evidence subjected to peer review. Although such evidence is not regarded as scientific, it is sometimes regarded as an invitation to more rigorous scientific study of the phenomenon in question. For instance, one study found that 35 of 47 anecdotal reports of side effects were later sustained as “clearly correct.” Researchers may use anecdotal evidence for suggesting new hypotheses, but never as supporting evidence. Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Anecdotal evidence is often unscientific or pseudoscientific because various forms of cognitive bias may affect the collection or presentation of evidence. For instance, someone who claims to have had an encounter with a supernatural being or alien may present a very vivid story, but this is not falsifiable. This phenomenon can also happen to large groups of people through subjective validation . Anecdotal evidence is also frequently misinterpreted via the availability heuristic, which leads to an overestimation of prevalence.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#5_1891912039
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: Researchers may use anecdotal evidence for suggesting new hypotheses, but never as supporting evidence. Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Anecdotal evidence is often unscientific or pseudoscientific because various forms of cognitive bias may affect the collection or presentation of evidence. For instance, someone who claims to have had an encounter with a supernatural being or alien may present a very vivid story, but this is not falsifiable. This phenomenon can also happen to large groups of people through subjective validation . Anecdotal evidence is also frequently misinterpreted via the availability heuristic, which leads to an overestimation of prevalence. Where a cause can be easily linked to an effect, people overestimate the likelihood of that the cause does have that effect (availability). In particular, vivid, emotionally-charged anecdotes seem more plausible, and are given greater weight. A related issue is that it is usually impossible to assess for every piece of anecdotal evidence, the rate of people not reporting that anecdotal evidence in the population. A common way anecdotal evidence becomes unscientific is through fallacious reasoning such as the post hoc fallacy, the human tendency to assume that if one event happens after another, then the first must be the cause of the second. Another fallacy involves inductive reasoning.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#6_1891913855
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: Where a cause can be easily linked to an effect, people overestimate the likelihood of that the cause does have that effect (availability). In particular, vivid, emotionally-charged anecdotes seem more plausible, and are given greater weight. A related issue is that it is usually impossible to assess for every piece of anecdotal evidence, the rate of people not reporting that anecdotal evidence in the population. A common way anecdotal evidence becomes unscientific is through fallacious reasoning such as the post hoc fallacy, the human tendency to assume that if one event happens after another, then the first must be the cause of the second. Another fallacy involves inductive reasoning. For instance, if an anecdote illustrates a desired conclusion rather than a logical conclusion, it is considered a faulty or hasty generalization. For example, here is anecdotal evidence presented as proof of a desired conclusion: "There's abundant proof that God exists and is still performing miracles today. Just last week I read about a girl who was dying of cancer. Her whole family went to church and prayed for her, and she was cured."
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#7_1891915442
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: For instance, if an anecdote illustrates a desired conclusion rather than a logical conclusion, it is considered a faulty or hasty generalization. For example, here is anecdotal evidence presented as proof of a desired conclusion: "There's abundant proof that God exists and is still performing miracles today. Just last week I read about a girl who was dying of cancer. Her whole family went to church and prayed for her, and she was cured." Anecdotes like this are very powerful persuaders, but they don't prove anything in a scientific or logical sense. The child may have become better anyway and this could be an example also of the regressive fallacy. Anecdotal evidence cannot be distinguished from placebo effects. Only double-blind randomized placebo -controlled clinical trials can confirm a hypothesis . Sites devoted to rhetoric often give explanations along these lines:
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#8_1891916774
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: Anecdotes like this are very powerful persuaders, but they don't prove anything in a scientific or logical sense. The child may have become better anyway and this could be an example also of the regressive fallacy. Anecdotal evidence cannot be distinguished from placebo effects. Only double-blind randomized placebo -controlled clinical trials can confirm a hypothesis . Sites devoted to rhetoric often give explanations along these lines: Anecdotal evidence, for example, is by definition less statistically reliable than other sorts of evidence, and explanations do not carry the weight of authority. But both anecdotal evidence and explanations may affect our understanding of a premise, and therefore influence our judgment. The relative strength of an explanation or an anecdote is usually a function of its clarity and applicability to the premise it is supporting. [ 1] By contrast, in science and logic, the "relative strength of an explanation" is based upon its ability to be tested, proven to be due to the stated cause, and verified under neutral conditions in a manner that other researchers will agree has been performed competently, and can check for themselves. Law Witness testimony is a common form of evidence in law, and law has mechanisms to test witness evidence for reliability or credibility.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#9_1891918542
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: Anecdotal evidence, for example, is by definition less statistically reliable than other sorts of evidence, and explanations do not carry the weight of authority. But both anecdotal evidence and explanations may affect our understanding of a premise, and therefore influence our judgment. The relative strength of an explanation or an anecdote is usually a function of its clarity and applicability to the premise it is supporting. [ 1] By contrast, in science and logic, the "relative strength of an explanation" is based upon its ability to be tested, proven to be due to the stated cause, and verified under neutral conditions in a manner that other researchers will agree has been performed competently, and can check for themselves. Law Witness testimony is a common form of evidence in law, and law has mechanisms to test witness evidence for reliability or credibility. Legal processes for the taking and assessment of evidence are formalized. Some witness testimony could be described as anecdotal evidence, such as individual stories of harassment as part of a class action lawsuit. However, witness testimony can be tested and assessed for reliability. Examples of approaches to testing and assessment include the use of questioning, evidence of corroborating witnesses, documents, video and forensic evidence. Where a court lacks suitable means to test and assess testimony of a particular witness, such as the absence of forms of corroboration or substantiation it may afford that testimony limited or no "weight" when making a decision on the facts.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#10_1891920557
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: Legal processes for the taking and assessment of evidence are formalized. Some witness testimony could be described as anecdotal evidence, such as individual stories of harassment as part of a class action lawsuit. However, witness testimony can be tested and assessed for reliability. Examples of approaches to testing and assessment include the use of questioning, evidence of corroborating witnesses, documents, video and forensic evidence. Where a court lacks suitable means to test and assess testimony of a particular witness, such as the absence of forms of corroboration or substantiation it may afford that testimony limited or no "weight" when making a decision on the facts. Scientific evidence as legal evidence In certain situations, scientific evidence presented in court must also meet the legal requirements for evidence. For instance, in the United States, expert testimony of witnesses must meet the Daubert Standard. This ruling holds that before evidence is presented to witnesses by experts, the methodology must be "generally accepted" among scientists. In some situations, anecdotal evidence may meet this threshold (such as certain case reports which corroborate or refute other evidence). Miller and Miller (2005) list five standards of proof, by level of evidence :
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#11_1891922301
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: Scientific evidence as legal evidence In certain situations, scientific evidence presented in court must also meet the legal requirements for evidence. For instance, in the United States, expert testimony of witnesses must meet the Daubert Standard. This ruling holds that before evidence is presented to witnesses by experts, the methodology must be "generally accepted" among scientists. In some situations, anecdotal evidence may meet this threshold (such as certain case reports which corroborate or refute other evidence). Miller and Miller (2005) list five standards of proof, by level of evidence : Kind Level of Evidence Standard Regulatory, Legal Precautionary Principle Legal - Civil * More likely than not Legal - Civil ** Clear and convincing Legal - Criminal *** Beyond a reasonable doubt Scientific **** Irrefutable Citing situations involving adverse drug reactions, Miller and Miller outline three events related to administration of the drug which can prove specific causation: challenge: the reaction occurs after the drug is given de-challenge: it resolves when the drug is discontinued re-challenge: the adverse event recurs when the drug is given a second time. (
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#14_1891926995
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: An 'anecdotal' case report can provide evidence of probative value, just like eyewitness testimony in a murder trial. And it can be similarly tested, by second opinions, re-examination, laboratory tests, and follow-up." References ↑ Cambridge Advanced Learner's Diuctionary ↑ Dictionary.com ↑ Merriam-Webster ↑ YourDictionary.com ↑ Jenicek M. "Clinical Case Reporting" in Evidence-Based Medicine. Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann; 1999:117 ↑ Vandenbroucke JP (2001). In Defense of Case Reports and Case Series. Annals of Internal Medicine. Vol. 134:4, 300-334 ↑ Venning GR.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#15_1891928063
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: 1999:117 ↑ Vandenbroucke JP (2001). In Defense of Case Reports and Case Series. Annals of Internal Medicine. Vol. 134:4, 300-334 ↑ Venning GR. Validity of anecdotal reports of suspected adverse drug reactions: the problem of false alarms. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;284:249-52.PMID: 0006799125 ↑ Thompson B. Fallacies.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1113252872#17_1891929701
Title: Anecdotal evidence | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Anecdotal evidence Anecdotal evidence Contents Introduction Scientific context Anecdotal evidence and faulty logic Law Scientific evidence as legal evidence References Bibliography See also Content: ↑ Logic via infidels.org ↑ Lee D (2005). Evaluating Medications and Supplement Products. via MedicineNet ↑ Graham R. Anecdotes. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Miller, DW Jr, Miller, CG. On evidence, medical and legal. Journal of American Physicians
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1114221063#0_1893008299
Title: Classical conditioning | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Classical conditioning Classical conditioning Contents Procedures Forward conditioning Simultaneous conditioning Second-order and higher-order conditioning Backward conditioning Temporal conditioning Zero contingency procedure Extinction Phenomena observed Acquisition Extinction Blocking Test Theories Data sources Stimulus-substitution theory The Rescorla–Wagner model R–W model: acquisition R–W model: extinction R–W model: blocking Theoretical issues and alternatives to the Rescorla–Wagner model The content of learning The role of attention in learning Context Comparator theory Computational theory Applications Neural basis of learning and memory Behavioral therapies Conditioned drug response Conditioned hunger Conditioned emotional response In popular culture References Notes Further reading External links Content: Classical conditioning | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Classical conditioning Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Cognitive Psychology: Attention · Decision making · Learning · Judgement · Memory · Motivation · Perception · Reasoning · Thinking - Cognitive processes Cognition - Outline Index This article is in need of attention from a psychologist/academic expert on the subject. Please help recruit one, or improve this page yourself if you are qualified. This banner appears on articles that are weak and whose contents should be approached with academic caution . Classical conditioning (also Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning) is a kind of learning that occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US). Usually, the CS is a neutral stimulus (e.g., the sound of a tuning fork), the US is biologically potent (e.g., the taste of food) and the unconditioned response (UR) to the US is an unlearned reflex response (e.g., salivation). After pairing is repeated (some learning may occur already after only one pairing), the organism exhibits a conditioned response (CR) to the CS when the CS is presented alone. The CR is usually similar to the UR (see below), but unlike the UR, it must be acquired through experience and is relatively impermanent. Classical conditioning differs from operant or instrumental conditioning, in which a behavior is strengthened or weakened, depending on its consequences (i.e., reward or punishment). A classic experiment by Pavlov exemplifies the standard procedure used in classical conditioning.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Classical_conditioning
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1114428924#0_1893177643
Title: Cognitive restructuring | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Cognitive restructuring Cognitive restructuring Clinical Applications Anger management Depression Social phobia PTSD Criminal Thinking Non-Clinical Applications See also References External links Content: Cognitive restructuring | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Cognitive restructuring Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Clinical: Approaches · Group therapy · Techniques · Types of problem · Areas of specialism · Taxonomies · Therapeutic issues · Modes of delivery · Model translation project · Personal experiences · This article is in need of attention from a psychologist/academic expert on the subject. Please help recruit one, or improve this page yourself if you are qualified. This banner appears on articles that are weak and whose contents should be approached with academic caution . Cognitive restructuring in cognitive therapy is the process of learning to refute cognitive distortions, or fundamental "faulty thinking," with the goal of replacing one's irrational, counter-factual beliefs with more accurate and beneficial ones. The cognitive restructuring theory holds that your own unrealistic beliefs are directly responsible for generating dysfunctional emotions and their resultant behaviors, like stress, depression, anxiety, and social withdrawal, and that we humans can be rid of such emotions and their effects by dismantling the beliefs that give them life. Because one sets unachievable goals — "Everyone must love me; I have to be thoroughly competent; I have to be the best in everything" — a fear of failure results. Cognitive restructuring then advises to change such irrational beliefs and substitute more rational ones: "
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Cognitive_restructuring
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1114552625#0_1893284074
Title: Conditioned emotional responses | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Conditioned emotional responses Conditioned emotional responses Neuroscience See also References Content: Conditioned emotional responses | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Conditioned emotional responses Assessment | Biopsychology | Comparative | Cognitive | Developmental | Language | Individual differences | Personality | Philosophy | Social | Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology | Cognitive Psychology: Attention · Decision making · Learning · Judgement · Memory · Motivation · Perception · Reasoning · Thinking - Cognitive processes Cognition - Outline Index Conditioned emotional responses can develop as a consequence of classical conditioning. For example in the rat where the pressing of the lever in response to food has been effectively conditioned, if a conditioned stimulus such as a loud tone precedes the presentation of an aversive unconditioned stimulus, such as an electric shock, the animal suppresses responding with a lever press for food, even though it is available and is independent of the tone and shock. This has been taken as evidence that the rat has acquired a conditioned emotional response (fear) that is incompatible with the feeding behavior, and this accounts for its suppression. Further information: Classical conditioning#Conditioned emotional response The conditioned emotional response, specifically here the conditioned fear response, is an emotional response that results from classical conditioning, usually from the association of a relatively neutral stimulus with a painful or fear-inducing experience. As a result, the formerly neutral stimulus elicits fear. For example, if seeing a dog (a neutral stimulus) is paired with the pain of being bitten by the dog (unconditioned stimulus), seeing a dog may become a conditioned stimulus that elicits fear (conditioned response). In 1920 Watson and Rayner demonstrated such fear conditioning in "little Albert". They started with a nine month boy called “Albert”, who was unemotional but was made to cry by the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) of a hammer striking a steel bar.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Conditioned_emotional_responses
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1116465700#8_1895020380
Title: Evolutionary psychology | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Evolutionary psychology Evolutionary psychology Overview Principles General evolutionary theory Natural selection Sexual selection Inclusive fitness Foundations Middle-level evolutionary theories Evolved psychological mechanisms Environment of evolutionary adaptedness Definition Human EEA Mismatches Research methods Controversies Criticisms Journals See also Notes References Further reading External links Academic societies Journals Important publications Videos Content: Sequential vs. Static Perspective Historical/ Developmental Explanation of current form in terms of a historical sequence Current Form Explanation of the current form of species Proximate How organisms’ structures function Ontogeny Developmental explanations for changes in individuals, from DNA to their current form Mechanism Mechanistic explanations for how an organism’s structures work Evolutionary Why organisms evolved the structures (adaptations) they have Phylogeny The history of the evolution of sequential changes in a species over many generations Adaptation A species trait that evolved to solve a reproductive or survival problem in the ancestral environment The species-level categories (often called “ultimate explanations”) are the function (i.e., adaptation) that a behavior serves and the evolutionary process (i.e., phylogeny) that resulted in the adaptation (functionality). The individual-level categories are the development of the individual (i.e., ontogeny) and the proximate mechanism (e.g., brain anatomy and hormones). Evolutionary psychology mostly focuses on the adaptation (functional) category. Principles Evolutionary psychology is a hybrid discipline that draws insights from modern evolutionary theory, biology, cognitive psychology, anthropology, economics, computer science, and paleoarchaeology. The discipline rests on a foundation of core premises. According to evolutionary psychologist David Buss, these include: Manifest behavior depends on underlying psychological mechanisms, information processing devices housed in the brain, in conjunction with the external and internal inputs that trigger their activation. Evolution by selection is the only known causal process capable of creating such complex organic mechanisms. Evolved psychological mechanisms are functionally specialized to solve adaptive problems that recurred for humans over deep evolutionary time. Selection designed the information processing of many evolved psychological mechanisms to be adaptively influenced by specific classes of information from the environment.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1121119993#1_1899698639
Title: Pseudoscience | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Introduction Identifying pseudoscience Pseudoscience contrasted with protoscience Problems of demarcation Fields often described as pseudoscience Pseudomathematics Criticisms of the concept of pseudoscience References Further reading See also People Lists Notes External links Content: As such, those labeled as practicing or advocating a "pseudoscience" almost always reject this classification. Introduction The standards for determining whether any body of knowledge, methodology, field or practice is scientific vary from field to field, but involve certain widely agreed upon principles. Because science is extended for its potential benefit to others, scientific work today is expected to be open to repeated close scrutiny by others. The standards for legitimate scientific investigation include reproducibility and intersubjective verifiability — so that all relevant evidence can be reproduced and/or measured given the same conditions — which allows further investigation to determine whether a hypothesis or theory related to given phenomena is both valid and reliable for use by others, including other scientists and researchers. Scientific methods are expected to be applied throughout, and bias is expected to be controlled or eliminated, either directly, through the manipulation of factors, by double-blind studies, or statistically through fair sampling procedures. All gathered data, including experimental/environmental conditions, are expected to be documented for scrutiny and published for peer review, thereby allowing further experiments or studies to be conducted to confirm or falsify results, as well as to determine other important factors such as statistical significance, confidence intervals, and margins of error. Fulfillment of these requirements allows other researchers and practitioners a reasonable opportunity to assess whether to rely upon those results in their own scientific work or in a particular field of applied science, technology, therapy or other form of practice. In the mid-20th Century Karl Popper suggested the additional criterion of falsifiability. Certain theories cannot be proven false under any circumstance, for example, the theory that God created the universe. Such theories may be true, but are not scientific;
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Pseudoscience
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1122432822#7_1901216428
Title: Social class | Psychology Wiki | Fandom Headings: Social class Social class Contents Determinants of class The middle class Class structure in various societies Aztec British Chinese French Inca Indian Iranian Japanese Korean Latin American New Zealand Ancient Rome United States Theoretical models Marxist Proletarianisation Dialectics, or historical materialism, in Marxist class Objective and subjective factors in class in Marxism Max Weber The relevance of social class today Arguments against relevance of class today Arguments for relevance of class today Academic models US models Template:Social class in the US William Lloyd Warner Coleman and Rainwater Thompson & Hickey Gilbert & Kahl Chinese model Iranian model Consequences of Class See also Further reading External links References Content: People who are born into families with wealth, for example, are considered to have a socially ascribed status from birth. In the U.S. specifically, race/ethnic differences and gender can create basis for ascribed statuses. Achieved statuses are acquired based on merit, skills, abilities, and actions. Examples of achieved status include being a doctor or even being a criminal—the status then determines a set of behaviors and expectations for the individual. The middle class Main article: Middle class In about the 1770s, when the term "social class" first entered the English lexicon, the concept of a "middle class" within that structure was also becoming important. The Industrial Revolution made it necessary for a greater portion of the population to take time for the kind of education and cultural pursuits once restricted to the European feudal division of aristocracy, bourgeoisie, and peasantry which in that period would have included what later became the industrial proletarians of the towns and cities. During this period in England, it was eventually seen as inappropriate for children to do capitalist work, so their entry into the workforce was delayed by mandatory schooling meant to prepare them for a capitalist job. Today, concepts of social class assume three general categories: an upper class of proprietors and senior managers, a middle class of people who may not exert power over others, but may earn a significant proportion of their income through commerce, land ownership, or professional employment and a class of people who rely on lower wages for their livelihood.
http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/Social_class
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1124860516#7_1903881688
Title: Psychology Quest: Psy/460 - Environmental Cues and Human Behavior Headings: Psychology Quest Psychology Quest Environmental Cues and Human Behavior Humans’ Impact on the Environment How Environmental Cues Shape Human Behavior How Behavior Can be Modified to Support Sustainability How Social Norms Can Influence Environmental Behaviors and Beliefs Solutions That Could Change Behavior and Lessen Negative Environmental Impact Conclusion Content: educational actions, financial actions (donations, boycotting specific companies, etc.), and more importantly, direct behavior, like the small changes individuals can make to their routine in a daily basis, like taking the bike to work, buying local produce, insulating their homes, etc. ( Manning, 2009). How Social Norms Can Influence Environmental Behaviors and Beliefs Recent studies suggest that pro-environmental behaviors can influence pro-environmental values, and vice-versa. Individuals act a certain way because they not only hold certain values, but also because of different factors, such as economic incentive ("Social Norms, Behavior Influence Environmental Policy", 2013). For example, individuals may engage in recycling because of that economic incentive, but the repetitive act of recycling will create a value for recycling in general. In other words, “if policy dictates a pro-environment behavior, the repeated act of that behavior will become second nature – and even part of a value system – for individuals required to do it. The researchers argue that behavioral change may be the tipping point for real climate change mitigation and one step closer to a sustainable future” ("Social Norms, Behavior Influence Environmental Policy", 2013). Solutions That Could Change Behavior and Lessen Negative Environmental Impact There are many ways how individuals can change their everyday behaviors and start to lessen their impact on the environment. By saving water, electricity, and gas, each individual’s foot print on Earth will be less damaging.
http://psychologyquest.blogspot.com/2014/04/psy460-environmental-cues-and-human.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1124860516#8_1903883961
Title: Psychology Quest: Psy/460 - Environmental Cues and Human Behavior Headings: Psychology Quest Psychology Quest Environmental Cues and Human Behavior Humans’ Impact on the Environment How Environmental Cues Shape Human Behavior How Behavior Can be Modified to Support Sustainability How Social Norms Can Influence Environmental Behaviors and Beliefs Solutions That Could Change Behavior and Lessen Negative Environmental Impact Conclusion Content: For example, individuals may engage in recycling because of that economic incentive, but the repetitive act of recycling will create a value for recycling in general. In other words, “if policy dictates a pro-environment behavior, the repeated act of that behavior will become second nature – and even part of a value system – for individuals required to do it. The researchers argue that behavioral change may be the tipping point for real climate change mitigation and one step closer to a sustainable future” ("Social Norms, Behavior Influence Environmental Policy", 2013). Solutions That Could Change Behavior and Lessen Negative Environmental Impact There are many ways how individuals can change their everyday behaviors and start to lessen their impact on the environment. By saving water, electricity, and gas, each individual’s foot print on Earth will be less damaging. Carpooling, taking shorter showers, line drying the clothes, and owning hybrid cars and solar panels are all relatively easy ways to conserve valuable resources. Also, recycling is a staple when it comes to protecting the environment. By repurposing household items, reusing grocery bags, creating a compost pile, and buying bulk food, individuals will be making small changes that will create less waste. Conclusion Although changing the behaviors of the majority of the population on the planet, who has been acting in very destructive ways for the past few decades, is a hefty task. However, nowadays there is a great deal of awareness regarding the dangers that the future holds for planet Earth and all of those living on it, unless severe change occurs.
http://psychologyquest.blogspot.com/2014/04/psy460-environmental-cues-and-human.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1127488652#1_1907790344
Title: Disability Insurance for the Self Employed: An Ultimate Guide | PT Money Headings: Self Employed? Here’s Everything You Need to Know About Disability Insurance Self Employed? Here’s Everything You Need to Know About Disability Insurance What is Disability Insurance? What is Short-Term Disability Insurance? What is Long-Term Disability Insurance? How Does Disability Insurance Work? How Much Disability Insurance Do You Need? How Much Does Disability Insurance Cost? Disability Insurance for the Self-Employed 1. You May Need to Work Without a Disability Net for a Few Years 2. The Passive Income Conundrum How to Get Around the Passive Income Problem 3. How to Find the Right Self-Employed Disability Insurance Product Breeze – Disability Insurance for the Modern Workforce What Makes Breeze Unique? Additional Disability Insurance Riders Make Sure You Are Adequately Protected Need help coming up with a business idea? Content: A ccording to the Council for Disability Awareness (CDA), “over one in four of today’s 20-year-olds will become disabled before they retire” and the average length of disability is a frighteningly long 31.2 months. These statistics reflect the fact that illness, rather than injury, is the leading cause of long-term absence from work, accounting for 90% of all disability claims. And even the most safety-conscious among us aren’t immune from disease. Disability insurance protects your income if you become disabled. With short-term disability insurance, you can expect to receive payment for up to six months, while long-term disability insurance policies can pay out until retirement. Your disability insurance cost will depend on the payout amount that you choose and other factors like your age and health. As important as disability insurance is for all workers, the self-employed have a particular need to protect their income. But policies for the self-employed can be difficult to find. Here is what you need to know about finding disability insurance when you are your own boss. What is Disability Insurance?
http://ptmoney.com/long-term-disability-insurance/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1156316317#7_1938105470
Title: When Will My Puppy Stop and Start Teething? Headings: Puppy Teething Timeline: What to Expect Puppy Teething Timeline: What to Expect Watch Now: Puppy Teething Basics Birth to 2 Weeks Weeks 2 to 4 Weeks 5 to 8 Weeks 12 to 16 6 Months and Older Signs to Keep an Eye on During Teething How to Keep Teeth Healthy The Purpose of Each Dog Tooth What a Proper Bite Looks Like How to Bathe Your Puppy Content: Weeks 12 to 16 Breeders often let their puppies go to their new owners' homes around eight weeks. Baby teeth will begin to shed, and permanent adult teeth will start to come in. This process is painful for dogs, so providing puppy safe chew toys is recommended. This is a good time to socialize your dog more, look and touch the inside and outside of its mouth, and prepare for teeth brushing. 6 Months and Older At this point, all puppy teeth should be gone, and adult teeth emerge. If there are any baby teeth left, let your vet know so it can be removed. Permanent teeth replace the milk teeth tooth-for-tooth and add four premolars and 10 molars. Most pups will have 42 permanent teeth in place by about seven months of age. Signs to Keep an Eye on During Teething While it can vary somewhat between breeds, there is a progression you can expect as your puppy develops new teeth. It's important to begin handling your puppy's mouth while it's young so you can periodically check for any potential tooth problems.
http://puppies.about.com/od/Puppy_Health/a/Puppy-Teething.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1156337278#5_1938150224
Title: Puppy Shots and Vaccination Schedules Headings: Puppy Shots and Vaccination Schedules Puppy Shots and Vaccination Schedules Protecting Your Pet From Common Diseases Understanding Puppy Vaccinations Vaccinations and Schedules Puppy Vaccination Schedule How Long Do Vaccines Last? Watch Now: Puppy Teething Basics Content: All puppies should receive these, and often there are combination vaccines for all but rabies. “ Noncore” vaccinations are recommended for puppies at specific risk for those conditions, such as Lyme disease, Bordatella ( kennel cough ), and leptospirosis. Sometimes these are including as part of the core combination shot. Your veterinarian determines when to start and how many boosters your pup should receive based on health status and exposure. Usually, puppies receive a series of either three or four boosters three weeks apart, starting at either six weeks (6, 9, 12, 16 weeks of age) or starting at nine weeks (9, 12 and 16 weeks). Rabies is given at 16 weeks, and all of the core vaccinations are repeated a year later. Puppy Vaccination Schedule Age Recommended Optional Vaccinations 6 to 8 weeks Core vaccination Bordetella (kennel cough) 9 to 11 weeks Core vaccination Coronavirus, leptospirosis, Bordetella, Lyme disease 16 weeks Rabies (varies by state) 12 to 14 weeks Core vaccination Coronavirus, Lyme disease, leptospirosis 12 to 16 months Rabies, core vaccination Coronavirus, leptotspirosis, Bordetella, Lyme disease Every one to two years Core vaccination Coronavirus, leptotspirosis, Bordetella, Lyme disease Every one to three years Rabies (as required by law in your jurisdiction) How Long Do Vaccines Last? Most of the “core” vaccinations have been shown to provide protection for about five to seven years. Your puppy will need to see the vet more frequently as it grows anyway if only for well-dog exams. Veterinarians may recommend giving distemper vaccination one year, parvovirus the next, and so on.
http://puppies.about.com/od/Puppy_Health/a/Vaccinations-Puppy-Shots.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1166835762#8_1958106441
Title: Quantum Relativity: Space, Time, and Gravity in a Quantum Universe Headings: Quantum Relativity Quantum Relativity Gravity Quantum Mechanics Relativity Quantum Relativity My theory of Quantum Relativity Content: Einstein showed that there were no such things as Newton's inertial observers. Also, General Relativity is what is called a field theory, so Newton's spooky action at a distance was also gone. Just as Newton was never satisfied with his theory of gravity, Einstein was never satisfied with General Relativity. Einstein was disturbed by two problems: he believed that there should be just one theory to account for both gravity and electro- magnetism, and he believed that this "unified field" theory should get rid of quantum mechanics. Although Einstein himself helped create quantum mechanics, he hated quantum mechanics until his death. One interpretation of quantum mechanics is that everything is uncertain, and everything is fundamentally governed by the laws of probability. Einstein particularly despised this notion, frequently asserting "God does not throw dice!" Quantum Relativity Gravity as we currently understand it cannot be reconciled with the laws of quantum mechanics. Since 1930, people have tried to invent a theory of quantum gravity.
http://quantumrelativity.calsci.com/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1166835762#11_1958110710
Title: Quantum Relativity: Space, Time, and Gravity in a Quantum Universe Headings: Quantum Relativity Quantum Relativity Gravity Quantum Mechanics Relativity Quantum Relativity My theory of Quantum Relativity Content: there can be no theory of gravity which obeys the rules of quantum field theory. The quantum theory of fields simply will not work for a force with the properties of gravity. It was recognized that a completely new type of theory was required. Since this theory does not currently exist, no one is certain exactly what it looks like. However, most people presume we need a new theory of space and time which will be compatible with the laws of quantum mechanics as we know them, and somehow allow a theory of quantum gravity to exist. This new theory of space and time is often called Quantum Relativity. This web site is all about these theories. My theory of Quantum Relativity The modern physicist is a quantum theorist on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday and a student of gravitational relativity theory on Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. On Sunday he is neither, but is praying to his God that someone, preferably himself, will find the reconciliation between the two views. Norbert Wiener
http://quantumrelativity.calsci.com/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1173846264#0_1970922626
Title: Decivilization in the 1960s Headings: Decivilization in the 1960s Decivilization in the 1960s Steven Pinker Figure two - Homicide rates in US and England 1900-2000 Biography References Notes Content: Decivilization in the 1960s Print Share+ Twitter Facebook Reddit Mendeley Decivilization in the 1960s Steven Pinker From THE BETTER ANGELS OF OUR NATURE: WHY VIOLENCE HAS DECLINED, copyright © 2011 by Steven Pinker. Used by permission of Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc., contract ♯ 514089 Skip other details (including permanent urls, DOI, citation information) Volume 2, Issue 2, July 2013 Permalink: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.11217607.0002.206 Permissions For all the lags and mismatches between the historical trajectories of the United States and Europe, they did undergo one trend in synchrony: their rates of violence did a U-turn in the 1960s. [ 1] Figure one, Homicide rates in five western European countries 1300-2000, shows that European countries underwent a bounce in homicide rates that brought them back to levels they had said goodbye to a century before. Figure one - Homicide rates in five western European countries 1300-2000 And figure two, Homicide rates in US and England 1900-2000, shows that in the 1960s the homicide rate in America went through the roof. Figure two - Homicide rates in US and England 1900-2000 After a three-decade free fall that spanned the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War, Americans multiplied their homicide rate by more than two and a half, from a low of 4.0 in 1957 to a high of 10.2 in 1980 (U.S. Bureau of Statistics; Fox and Zawitz: 2007).
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/h/humfig/11217607.0002.206/--decivilization-in-the-1960s?rgn=main;view=fulltext
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1173846264#1_1970924526
Title: Decivilization in the 1960s Headings: Decivilization in the 1960s Decivilization in the 1960s Steven Pinker Figure two - Homicide rates in US and England 1900-2000 Biography References Notes Content: 1] Figure one, Homicide rates in five western European countries 1300-2000, shows that European countries underwent a bounce in homicide rates that brought them back to levels they had said goodbye to a century before. Figure one - Homicide rates in five western European countries 1300-2000 And figure two, Homicide rates in US and England 1900-2000, shows that in the 1960s the homicide rate in America went through the roof. Figure two - Homicide rates in US and England 1900-2000 After a three-decade free fall that spanned the Great Depression, World War II, and the Cold War, Americans multiplied their homicide rate by more than two and a half, from a low of 4.0 in 1957 to a high of 10.2 in 1980 (U.S. Bureau of Statistics; Fox and Zawitz: 2007). The upsurge included every other category of major crime as well, including rape, assault, robbery, and theft, and lasted (with ups and downs) for three decades. The cities got particularly dangerous, especially New York, which became a symbol of the new criminality. Though the surge in violence affected all the races and both genders, it was most dramatic among black men, whose annual homicide rate had shot up by the mid-1980s to 72 per 100,000. The flood of violence from the 1960s through the 1980s reshaped American culture, the political scene, and everyday life. Mugger jokes became a staple of comedians, with mentions of Central Park getting an instant laugh as a well-known death trap.
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/h/humfig/11217607.0002.206/--decivilization-in-the-1960s?rgn=main;view=fulltext
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1174548759#15_1971432097
Title: Headings: Content: McFarlane, Parker, Soenken, and Bullock (1992) found that abused women were two times more likely to begin prenatal care in the third trimester. The fetus is at risk because adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage, stillbirths, and premature delivery have been reported following battering episodes (Bullock, McFarlane, Bateman, & Miller, 1989). Pregnant women are more likely to have multiple sites of injury than non-pregnant women (Helton, 1987) and are more likely to be struck in the abdomen (Bohn, 1990). Two of the most common causes of blunt abdominal trauma to the pregnant woman are falls and assaults (Pearlman, Tintinalli, & Lorenz, 1990). Placental or direct fetal injury can occur with minor maternal injuries resulting in death of the fetus. Ribe, Teggatz, and Harvey (1993) cited three cases where pregnant women were hit or kicked in the abdomen—causing fetal demise. For Jackie, the risk of an abdominal assault during pregnancy was great. Bullock and McFarlane (1989) explored the issue of physical abuse and the incidence of low birth weight infants. They found that approximately 18% of infants born to battered women were below 2,500 grams compared to 4.2% of the control infants (born to women not experiencing violence in their relationships). Other researchers have confirmed a positive correlation between low birth weight and domestic violence (Parker,
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/mfr/4919087.0002.105/--domestic-violence-the-role-of-the-health-care-professional?rgn=main;view=fulltext
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1181450967#0_1983073840
Title: Let’s get real about seedless watermelons: They have seeds — Quartz Headings: Let’s get real about seedless watermelons: They have seeds Let’s get real about seedless watermelons: They have seeds Content: Let’s get real about seedless watermelons: They have seeds — Quartz THE MULE OF FRUIT Let’s get real about seedless watermelons: They have seeds AP / Northeast Miss. Daily Journal / Julian Carroll An incredibly refreshing misnomer. By Zachary M. Seward Chief executive officer United StatesJuly 19, 2013This article is more than 2 years old. Americans consume more watermelon than anyone else, and with much of the United States sweltering under the blanket of this summer’s most intense heat wave, the sweet, fleshy, water-logged fruit is having its annual moment. Watermelons, like all fruit, naturally produce seeds, but these days, the preferred type of watermelon is one that’s seedless. Last year, the seedless variety comprised 73% of all watermelon imported to the US, mainly from Mexico—a dramatic shift from just a decade ago. Seedless watermelons have defeated their seeded brethren. ​ The traditional Western watermelon sports a green rind, red flesh, and black seeds, which are slightly bitter under their hard shell. In China, another country serious about its watermelon, the seeds are commonly eaten raw or roasted, but Americans are more accustomed to spitting them out, hence the appeal of a watermelon that dispenses with the black seeds entirely.
http://qz.com/106024/lets-get-real-about-seedless-watermelons-they-have-seeds/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1181450967#1_1983075578
Title: Let’s get real about seedless watermelons: They have seeds — Quartz Headings: Let’s get real about seedless watermelons: They have seeds Let’s get real about seedless watermelons: They have seeds Content: Watermelons, like all fruit, naturally produce seeds, but these days, the preferred type of watermelon is one that’s seedless. Last year, the seedless variety comprised 73% of all watermelon imported to the US, mainly from Mexico—a dramatic shift from just a decade ago. Seedless watermelons have defeated their seeded brethren. ​ The traditional Western watermelon sports a green rind, red flesh, and black seeds, which are slightly bitter under their hard shell. In China, another country serious about its watermelon, the seeds are commonly eaten raw or roasted, but Americans are more accustomed to spitting them out, hence the appeal of a watermelon that dispenses with the black seeds entirely. But seedless these watermelons are not. Bite into a so-called seedless watermelon, and you are sure to encounter the other, less-talked-about watermelon seed: white, soft, and translucent. They are the coatings of seeds that haven’t matured. In regular watermelons, about 5% of the seeds are likely to be these undeveloped white ones.
http://qz.com/106024/lets-get-real-about-seedless-watermelons-they-have-seeds/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1181450967#5_1983080980
Title: Let’s get real about seedless watermelons: They have seeds — Quartz Headings: Let’s get real about seedless watermelons: They have seeds Let’s get real about seedless watermelons: They have seeds Content: You’d be better off drawing comparisons with bananas and cucumbers, which are commonly made “seedless” through similar processes. The nomenclature, of course, is mostly beside the point. What matters is whether the fruit’s juicy flesh is sufficiently refreshing on a hot summer day, and that has to do with factors unrelated to the presence of seeds. In the US, growers market their watermelon varieties with names resembling designer drugs: Bush Sugarbaby, Millionaire, Ecstasy, Wonderland. To my taste, though, a mouthful of white seeds can ruin the whole enterprise in a way that black seeds don’t. It’s not just nostalgia for the way watermelons used to be. The white seeds are mealy in large quantities, irksome when mixed into watermelon recipes, and more difficult to avoid than black seeds. And, yes, it just feels wrong to call a watermelon seedless when its seeds are right there, glimmering in the summer sun. As a Quartz member, you can share this story to unlock it for others.
http://qz.com/106024/lets-get-real-about-seedless-watermelons-they-have-seeds/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1181595895#2_1983413982
Title: The countries that don't have a currency of their own — Quartz Headings: Here are all the countries that don’t have a currency of their own Here are all the countries that don’t have a currency of their own Countries that only use a foreign currency Euro: Andorra, Kosovo, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City. Countries in a currency union Alternatively… Click here for more surprising discoveries. Content: The head of the Bank of England—who, just to make things more confusing, is Canadian—has said that if Scotland were to adopt the British pound on its own, it would need huge reserves of the currency—around 25% of its GDP, or £36 billion—to convince the rest of the world it can credibly act as a lender of last resort in the event of crisis. Yet if Scotland were to go it alone, it wouldn’t actually be alone. There are many places that have given up control of their legal tender. Countries that only use a foreign currency US dollar: Ecuador, East Timor, El Salvador, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Turks and Caicos, British Virgin Islands, Zimbabwe. The US dollar is the most widely used currency in the world, with many countries employing it as an accepted alternative to their own currency. But some have simply adopted the currency as their own, notes and all, in what is known as “dollarization.” They don’t have control over the currency—only the Federal Reserve in Washington sets monetary policy. Both Ecuador and El Salvador adopted the US dollar in 2000, following the creation of free-trade blocs like NAFTA and the EU and the debut of the euro, making even the notion of a “ single currency for the hemisphere more plausible and attractive .” Reuters Ecuadoreans were in a rush to trade sucres for dollars when dollarization was announced.
http://qz.com/260980/meet-the-countries-that-dont-use-their-own-currency/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1181595895#3_1983416050
Title: The countries that don't have a currency of their own — Quartz Headings: Here are all the countries that don’t have a currency of their own Here are all the countries that don’t have a currency of their own Countries that only use a foreign currency Euro: Andorra, Kosovo, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City. Countries in a currency union Alternatively… Click here for more surprising discoveries. Content: The US dollar is the most widely used currency in the world, with many countries employing it as an accepted alternative to their own currency. But some have simply adopted the currency as their own, notes and all, in what is known as “dollarization.” They don’t have control over the currency—only the Federal Reserve in Washington sets monetary policy. Both Ecuador and El Salvador adopted the US dollar in 2000, following the creation of free-trade blocs like NAFTA and the EU and the debut of the euro, making even the notion of a “ single currency for the hemisphere more plausible and attractive .” Reuters Ecuadoreans were in a rush to trade sucres for dollars when dollarization was announced. “For Ecuador, adopting the dollar was a way of imposing strict fiscal discipline, in effect by turning monetary policy over to the United States Federal Reserve Board,” the New York Times reported in 2001. Defenders of dollarization in El Salvador have said it helped to prevent economic crises and attacks from speculators that have befallen countries like Mexico and Argentina—though the cost of converting from the colon to the dollar resulted in prices being round up by fractions of a dollar, creating rising costs for the poorest Salvadorans. And is the Federal Reserve going to think about El Salvador when it slashes interest rates to near zero in the aftermath of an economic crisis and starts printing money? As we saw in 2008 and beyond: Not really, no.
http://qz.com/260980/meet-the-countries-that-dont-use-their-own-currency/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1181595895#4_1983418209
Title: The countries that don't have a currency of their own — Quartz Headings: Here are all the countries that don’t have a currency of their own Here are all the countries that don’t have a currency of their own Countries that only use a foreign currency Euro: Andorra, Kosovo, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City. Countries in a currency union Alternatively… Click here for more surprising discoveries. Content: “For Ecuador, adopting the dollar was a way of imposing strict fiscal discipline, in effect by turning monetary policy over to the United States Federal Reserve Board,” the New York Times reported in 2001. Defenders of dollarization in El Salvador have said it helped to prevent economic crises and attacks from speculators that have befallen countries like Mexico and Argentina—though the cost of converting from the colon to the dollar resulted in prices being round up by fractions of a dollar, creating rising costs for the poorest Salvadorans. And is the Federal Reserve going to think about El Salvador when it slashes interest rates to near zero in the aftermath of an economic crisis and starts printing money? As we saw in 2008 and beyond: Not really, no. Scotland could become the next Norway, small and oil-rich, supporters of independence say. But it could be more like the next El Salvador. That said, Ecuador chose to issue its own coins—it wanted to avoid the problems of Zimbabwe, which found it too expensive to ship huge quantities of nickels and dimes into circulation but needed much more change, as the cost of most goods had to be expressed in fractions of dollars. Zimbabwe is a special case. It abandoned its own currency in 2009 and currently has eight official currencies as legal tender:
http://qz.com/260980/meet-the-countries-that-dont-use-their-own-currency/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1181595895#14_1983435462
Title: The countries that don't have a currency of their own — Quartz Headings: Here are all the countries that don’t have a currency of their own Here are all the countries that don’t have a currency of their own Countries that only use a foreign currency Euro: Andorra, Kosovo, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, Vatican City. Countries in a currency union Alternatively… Click here for more surprising discoveries. Content: The CFA franc was created in 1945 to spare France’s colonies the pain that the post-World War II revaluation in the French franc would do to their much smaller economies. The CFA franc was set at fixed exchange rates against its French counterpart, and is now fixed against the euro. Alternatively… Many places both officially and unofficially allow the trade of foreign currencies alongside their own. Residents from Belize to North Korea can spend in US dollars, for example. Panama has had the US dollar as legal tender since 1904, alongside the Panamanian balboa, and was viewed as a special case in Latin America because of the Panama Canal and its huge trade links with the world’s richest country. Others are usually based on relative economic might and regional proximities; Lesotho and Namibia also use South Africa’s rand and small islands like Tuvalu and Nauru use Australian dollars. Reuters/Nicky Loh The yuan was pegged to the dollar until 2005. It has been slowly rising ever since. Many countries peg their currencies to another nation’s.
http://qz.com/260980/meet-the-countries-that-dont-use-their-own-currency/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1189545153#3_1999590139
Title: Rise of Civilisations - Raffles History Notes Headings: Rise of Civilisations Rise of Civilisations Content: Normally, people settled somewhere with the favourable environment (constant supply of water and fertile soil) to start agriculture (e.g. river valleys near the tropics, etc.). Also, such favourable environment provided people with other resources like metals and minerals. Settling near a permanent source of water provided people with several things. Water could be used for consumption and irrigation. Also, people could get seafood from water bodies like rivers and oceans. Water was needed in metal-working and water was used as a means of transport. And, they also developed stone-working technology to develop tools for agriculture (e.g. plough) and to kill domesticated animals for food (e.g. spears). The stone-working technology marked a great technological shift from using wooden tools because stone is a harder material and allows greater efficiency. So, with agriculture and domestication of animals, people were able to get stable supply of food and hence they did not have to move from place to place searching for food. Finally, they were able to settle in one place and started forming a settlement/community.
http://raffleshistorynotes.weebly.com/rise-of-civilisations.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1193099069#0_2006842145
Title: Fostering parental involvement in school | Raising Children Network Headings: Teachers: involving parents in school Teachers: involving parents in school Key points Parental involvement in school: why it’s good Schools: getting to know parents and families Classroom teachers: establishing partnerships Keeping in regular touch with parents How to tell if a partnership is working Did you find this helpful? Content: Fostering parental involvement in school | Raising Children Network Toggle Main Nav Menu Toggle Header Search close Pregnancy Newborns Babies Toddlers Preschoolers School age Pre-teens Teens Grown-ups Autism Disability Teachers: involving parents in school share 474 Found this helpful Key points Parental involvement in school is good for parents, teachers and children. Schools can encourage parental involvement by treating parents as partners and sharing information. It’s good to offer parents lots of different ways to get involved. Parental involvement in school: why it’s good Good parent-school partnerships are one of the best ways to support children’s learning, development and wellbeing. And these partnerships have benefits for you as an educator and for parents too. Children whose parents are involved in school: perform better at school settle better into school programs feel valued and important because their parents are taking an interest in their lives develop positive social skills by watching parents and school staff interact respectfully experience better social, physical and emotional wellbeing. When parents are involved in school, staff:
http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/involving_parents_in_school_and_childcare.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1193099069#1_2006843995
Title: Fostering parental involvement in school | Raising Children Network Headings: Teachers: involving parents in school Teachers: involving parents in school Key points Parental involvement in school: why it’s good Schools: getting to know parents and families Classroom teachers: establishing partnerships Keeping in regular touch with parents How to tell if a partnership is working Did you find this helpful? Content: why it’s good Good parent-school partnerships are one of the best ways to support children’s learning, development and wellbeing. And these partnerships have benefits for you as an educator and for parents too. Children whose parents are involved in school: perform better at school settle better into school programs feel valued and important because their parents are taking an interest in their lives develop positive social skills by watching parents and school staff interact respectfully experience better social, physical and emotional wellbeing. When parents are involved in school, staff: have higher job satisfaction experience less stress can better tailor their approaches to learning and teaching because they have more insight into children’s needs benefit indirectly from parent help in classrooms, sports days and libraries, or from parent participation in school committees and so on. Parents who are involved at school: can share their child’s strengths and interests with staff and suggest learning opportunities to build on these feel empowered to raise concerns and negotiate solutions with staff experience less stress, because they know they can work with staff on concerns about their child’s learning or development. Parents are members of the community too. Through parental involvement, the school gets to know the community better.
http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/involving_parents_in_school_and_childcare.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1193099069#2_2006846034
Title: Fostering parental involvement in school | Raising Children Network Headings: Teachers: involving parents in school Teachers: involving parents in school Key points Parental involvement in school: why it’s good Schools: getting to know parents and families Classroom teachers: establishing partnerships Keeping in regular touch with parents How to tell if a partnership is working Did you find this helpful? Content: have higher job satisfaction experience less stress can better tailor their approaches to learning and teaching because they have more insight into children’s needs benefit indirectly from parent help in classrooms, sports days and libraries, or from parent participation in school committees and so on. Parents who are involved at school: can share their child’s strengths and interests with staff and suggest learning opportunities to build on these feel empowered to raise concerns and negotiate solutions with staff experience less stress, because they know they can work with staff on concerns about their child’s learning or development. Parents are members of the community too. Through parental involvement, the school gets to know the community better. This means the school is more likely to offer services that are relevant to the community and that improve community wellbeing. Building a partnership with parents is important not just in schools but in child care services too. If you’re a child care educator, you can use many of the suggestions in this article to build beneficial partnerships with the parents you work with. Schools: getting to know parents and families For teachers and other school professionals working with parents, getting to know families is key to promoting parental involvement and developing partnerships.
http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/involving_parents_in_school_and_childcare.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1193099069#3_2006848053
Title: Fostering parental involvement in school | Raising Children Network Headings: Teachers: involving parents in school Teachers: involving parents in school Key points Parental involvement in school: why it’s good Schools: getting to know parents and families Classroom teachers: establishing partnerships Keeping in regular touch with parents How to tell if a partnership is working Did you find this helpful? Content: This means the school is more likely to offer services that are relevant to the community and that improve community wellbeing. Building a partnership with parents is important not just in schools but in child care services too. If you’re a child care educator, you can use many of the suggestions in this article to build beneficial partnerships with the parents you work with. Schools: getting to know parents and families For teachers and other school professionals working with parents, getting to know families is key to promoting parental involvement and developing partnerships. The best way to get to know parents is by sharing information about the school, and asking for information about families. When you’re sharing information about the school, it’s always good to tell parents about what your school does and why. For example, you might have a school handbook or prospectus that outlines your school’s values and philosophy. The handbook might also include all the practical information parents need when they’re sending children to your school, like uniforms, bell times, policies, procedures and so on. You might want to make this information available on a school website too.
http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/involving_parents_in_school_and_childcare.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1193099069#7_2006854710
Title: Fostering parental involvement in school | Raising Children Network Headings: Teachers: involving parents in school Teachers: involving parents in school Key points Parental involvement in school: why it’s good Schools: getting to know parents and families Classroom teachers: establishing partnerships Keeping in regular touch with parents How to tell if a partnership is working Did you find this helpful? Content: And getting to know families better can help you think of ways to involve parents, based on their availability and their interests. For example, learning that a parent works for the fire service might be a great opportunity to get firefighters to visit the school. There are many ways parents can get involved in schools. Some parents might like to help with classroom reading, whereas others find it easier to do committee work outside of school hours. Many like to come to special days and events, help out with excursions or canteen duties, or working bees and fetes. It’s often about giving parents options, and making sure they have enough notice so they can organise time away from work if they need to. Classroom teachers: establishing partnerships For classroom teachers, a welcome or greeting is a great way to help new students and their parents feel included and get a partnership going. This greeting could be a note or email. You could use your greeting to give a short summary of your philosophy and teaching practices.
http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/involving_parents_in_school_and_childcare.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1193099069#8_2006856395
Title: Fostering parental involvement in school | Raising Children Network Headings: Teachers: involving parents in school Teachers: involving parents in school Key points Parental involvement in school: why it’s good Schools: getting to know parents and families Classroom teachers: establishing partnerships Keeping in regular touch with parents How to tell if a partnership is working Did you find this helpful? Content: It’s often about giving parents options, and making sure they have enough notice so they can organise time away from work if they need to. Classroom teachers: establishing partnerships For classroom teachers, a welcome or greeting is a great way to help new students and their parents feel included and get a partnership going. This greeting could be a note or email. You could use your greeting to give a short summary of your philosophy and teaching practices. Remember that parents aren’t teaching experts, so avoid professional jargon and use plain English that everyone can understand. The greeting can also be a chance for you to set out classroom policies, like what the school does to encourage good behaviour and handle disruptive behaviour. And if you send a welcome greeting, you can also take the opportunity to learn more from parents, perhaps by including a short questionnaire about how they think their child is going. It’s always good to let parents know how they can reach you – for example, in informal conversations before and after school, by email, or by phone. You might also want to invite all parents to a class meeting in the first week or two.
http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/involving_parents_in_school_and_childcare.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1193099069#12_2006863454
Title: Fostering parental involvement in school | Raising Children Network Headings: Teachers: involving parents in school Teachers: involving parents in school Key points Parental involvement in school: why it’s good Schools: getting to know parents and families Classroom teachers: establishing partnerships Keeping in regular touch with parents How to tell if a partnership is working Did you find this helpful? Content: Try to make sure that your weekly update is accessible for parents from low-literacy backgrounds or who speak languages other than English. And remember that parents usually like to hear positive things about their children. So it’s great to highlight children’s positive achievements, attitudes or behaviour. Learning isn’t limited to the classroom. Encouraging parents to continue children’s learning at home can enhance education. You can do this by updating parents on children’s learning and suggesting what they can do at home. For example, ‘We practised fractions in class today. Your children could show you the fractions they learned by adding up slices of apple’. How to tell if a partnership is working If parents are really involved in their children’s lives at school, they’ll be more willing to share information, ask questions, make requests, voice concerns and give constructive feedback. Parents and teachers can keep their partnership strong by having ongoing informal conversations about children and sharing daily achievements and experiences.
http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/involving_parents_in_school_and_childcare.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1193099069#13_2006865210
Title: Fostering parental involvement in school | Raising Children Network Headings: Teachers: involving parents in school Teachers: involving parents in school Key points Parental involvement in school: why it’s good Schools: getting to know parents and families Classroom teachers: establishing partnerships Keeping in regular touch with parents How to tell if a partnership is working Did you find this helpful? Content: You can do this by updating parents on children’s learning and suggesting what they can do at home. For example, ‘We practised fractions in class today. Your children could show you the fractions they learned by adding up slices of apple’. How to tell if a partnership is working If parents are really involved in their children’s lives at school, they’ll be more willing to share information, ask questions, make requests, voice concerns and give constructive feedback. Parents and teachers can keep their partnership strong by having ongoing informal conversations about children and sharing daily achievements and experiences. Did you find this helpful? Tell us what you think First Name * First Name Last Name * Last Name Email Address * Email Address Postcode Postcode Message subject Message subject Select message type General enquiry Comments and suggestions Technical support Other Message * Message References Centre for Community Child Health (2010). Working collaboratively with your child’s early childhood education and care service. Childcare and Children’s Health: An information sheet for parents, 13 (4).
http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/involving_parents_in_school_and_childcare.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1193739160#9_2008869407
Title: Toilet training: when and how to do it | Raising Children Network Headings: Toilet training: a practical guide Suitable for 1-4 years Toilet training: a practical guide Key points Toilet training: signs that children are ready Equipment for toilet training Preparing your child for toilet training Getting started with toilet training When to take your child to the toilet How to encourage your child How to dress your child How to keep your child clean and hygienic Out and about while toilet training Setbacks and accidents while toilet training Staying dry overnight Video: Toilet training: tips and ideas Did you find this helpful? Content: When to take your child to the toilet Try to make toileting part of your child’s regular daily routine. For example, encourage your child to use the potty or toilet in the morning, and before or after snacks and meals. Encourage your child to go to the toilet when they show signs like wriggling around, passing wind, going quiet or moving away from you. But don’t force your child to go. Ask your child about going to the toilet when they change activities. For example, you could remind your child to go to the toilet before they sit down for lunch. If your child doesn’t do a wee or poo after 3-5 minutes of sitting on the potty or toilet, let your child get off the toilet. It’s best not to sit your child on the toilet for too long, because this will feel like punishment. How to encourage your child Praise your child for trying. You could say, ‘Well done for sitting on the potty’.
http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/toilet_training.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1198077445#3_2015659633
Title: South Dakota once again ranks last in teacher pay | Local | rapidcityjournal.com Headings: South Dakota once again ranks last in teacher pay South Dakota once again ranks last in teacher pay How we compare Rapid City Area Schools Wall School District Campbell County School District, Wyo. Bismarck, N.D., Public Schools Content: Nebraska is at $48,931, and North Dakota is at $47,344. State officials like the governor’s communications director, Tony Venhuizen, downplay the disparity in pay, citing a business-friendly environment while defending the administration’s commitment to education. "There are a lot of different statistics in education,” Venhuizen said. “ South Dakota is not 50th in what we spend per student, we’re higher than that … and the governor mentioned in the State of the State address that South Dakota has the lowest cost of living. You will find that in a lot of career fields, the salary is lower if you don’t adjust for the fact that we have very low taxes and the lowest cost of living." Earlier this year, Gov. Dennis Daugaard proposed a 3 percent increase in funding for the state’s public schools. While it was widely reported that school officials were grateful the governor didn’t propose less, they also say it doesn’t mean that it is adequate when it was only two years ago he cut the state’s contribution to public education by 10 percent to help balance the budget. Mitchell said only a fraction of the governor’s proposed increase could be directed at teacher pay. “On this issue, they would say the decision should be made on a local level,” he said. “ But we have talked about when the governor gives a 3 percent increase in funding to schools it is for everything.
http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/south-dakota-once-again-ranks-last-in-teacher-pay/article_1703b4fe-ba1f-53ed-97d2-e9e6f5c3f741.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1201872637#2_2023083029
Title: Trimethoprim Sulfa – Rat Guide Headings: Trimethoprim Sulfa (trimethoprim sulfadiazine, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole synonymous with: Cotrimoxazole, SMX-TMP, TMP-SMX, TMP-SDZ, SDZ-TMP, Co-trimazine) Brand Availability Pharmacology Indications Drug Interactions or Contraindications Adverse Reactions Dosage Recommendations Considerations Content: tablets, or injectable may be used to make a suspension. Pharmacology Trimethoprim / sulfa is a combination antimicrobial drug, which by two consecutive steps blocks protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria. When used alone the sulfonamides are bacteriostatic, and the trimethoprim is bactericidal, but when used in combination form the potentiated sulfas are bactericidal. This combination drug has broad-spectrum activity. It is effective against Gram-positive bacteria such as streptococci and some strains of staphylococcus. Gram-negative organisms such as CAR bacillus and those of the Enterobacteriaceae are also susceptible to this drug. The combination of trimethoprim / sulfa also appears to inhibit some protozoa (e.g., Pneumocystis carinii). However, the drug does not appear to be very effective against either mycoplasma, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Trimethoprim / sulfa is able to penetrate into exudate and abscessed tissue, as well as, penetrate the blood-brain-eye-placenta barrier. It is well absorbed orally with minimal effect on flora of the GI tract.
http://ratguide.com/meds/antimicrobial_agents/trimethoprim_sulfa.php
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204166421#5_2026170187
Title: Misandry - RationalWiki Headings: Misandry Misandry Contents History of the term MRA use of the term Misandry and feminism Gendercidal Matriarchal Class-based Power-hungry pigs by nurture? Appropriation as parody Criticism Quotes about misandry See also Notes References Content: He supports his argument with the fact that men have traditionally held more dangerous occupations such as serving in militaries or working in coal mines whereas women were largely protected from such dangers. However, this argument falls apart given the fact that men almost always held power historically. It is far more likely that men did the hard jobs simply because nobody expected women to be capable of them. In other words, it was an enforcement of gender roles. Women weren't valued because they were seen as being less disposable, they were valued for their wombs and their domestic services. Men's rights activists also have the idea that there is a powerful cabal of feminists (an analogue of "the Patriarchy" in feminism, with the crucial difference that it does not have any basis in reality) out to oppress men and take away their beer and their couches. On this understanding, any claim by feminists that women are disadvantaged in society is treated with outright dismissal coupled with a cry of persecution, in this case "misandry." Here, we respond to some common motivations for MRAs to make claims of misandry. Point Counterpoint Feeling excluded or outright rejected in certain spaces because they are male. Many of these men have been taught that the reason why women have the right to enter and be respected in "men's" spaces is because it is wrong to reject someone from a space on the basis of sex.
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Misandry
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204166421#6_2026172085
Title: Misandry - RationalWiki Headings: Misandry Misandry Contents History of the term MRA use of the term Misandry and feminism Gendercidal Matriarchal Class-based Power-hungry pigs by nurture? Appropriation as parody Criticism Quotes about misandry See also Notes References Content: Men's rights activists also have the idea that there is a powerful cabal of feminists (an analogue of "the Patriarchy" in feminism, with the crucial difference that it does not have any basis in reality) out to oppress men and take away their beer and their couches. On this understanding, any claim by feminists that women are disadvantaged in society is treated with outright dismissal coupled with a cry of persecution, in this case "misandry." Here, we respond to some common motivations for MRAs to make claims of misandry. Point Counterpoint Feeling excluded or outright rejected in certain spaces because they are male. Many of these men have been taught that the reason why women have the right to enter and be respected in "men's" spaces is because it is wrong to reject someone from a space on the basis of sex. This leads them to think that they should have the right to enter and be respected (or even to dominate) in the mostly-female spaces that are often either traditionally female, or were established as safe spaces for women who have violent men after them. Instances of women being unfairly exclusive aren't completely unheard of—Mary Daly being the most well-known such case—but they definitely don't represent the norm. Similarly speaking, MRAs do not represent the norm for men, but they do represent nearly all of misogynists. Feeling that they have been rejected or otherwise turned down by a woman. Some men may feel they are entitled to the approval or the consent of women around them.
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Misandry
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204166421#7_2026174081
Title: Misandry - RationalWiki Headings: Misandry Misandry Contents History of the term MRA use of the term Misandry and feminism Gendercidal Matriarchal Class-based Power-hungry pigs by nurture? Appropriation as parody Criticism Quotes about misandry See also Notes References Content: This leads them to think that they should have the right to enter and be respected (or even to dominate) in the mostly-female spaces that are often either traditionally female, or were established as safe spaces for women who have violent men after them. Instances of women being unfairly exclusive aren't completely unheard of—Mary Daly being the most well-known such case—but they definitely don't represent the norm. Similarly speaking, MRAs do not represent the norm for men, but they do represent nearly all of misogynists. Feeling that they have been rejected or otherwise turned down by a woman. Some men may feel they are entitled to the approval or the consent of women around them. This gets doubly problematic when the thing the man feels entitled to is sex, with or without consent. Also, these guys might benefit from considering the reverse scenario: what if a woman they thought was wholly unattractive considered herself entitled to have sex with him whether he wanted it or not? Feeling that women get certain rights or advantages in society that men do not, such as free drinks, affirmative action, or even social admiration. A free drink or wide admiration does not exactly equate to the kind of power or influence that women have historically been denied ( e.g., equal representation in political or economic leadership).
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Misandry
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204166421#8_2026175895
Title: Misandry - RationalWiki Headings: Misandry Misandry Contents History of the term MRA use of the term Misandry and feminism Gendercidal Matriarchal Class-based Power-hungry pigs by nurture? Appropriation as parody Criticism Quotes about misandry See also Notes References Content: This gets doubly problematic when the thing the man feels entitled to is sex, with or without consent. Also, these guys might benefit from considering the reverse scenario: what if a woman they thought was wholly unattractive considered herself entitled to have sex with him whether he wanted it or not? Feeling that women get certain rights or advantages in society that men do not, such as free drinks, affirmative action, or even social admiration. A free drink or wide admiration does not exactly equate to the kind of power or influence that women have historically been denied ( e.g., equal representation in political or economic leadership). Affirmative action was put in place for women as an attempt to compensate for existing unfair treatment, rather than to make men underprivileged. Feeling they have been passed over or ignored in favor of a woman. In general this has a valid point, and theoretically there is nothing wrong with this. However, in common usage, many times MRAs will use this claim to attempt to discredit a woman and argue that the only reason why the woman got a job was her gender, not the possibility that she was more qualified than the man. Feeling that "the system" favors women and in turn treats men with suspicion or contempt.
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Misandry
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204166421#9_2026177626
Title: Misandry - RationalWiki Headings: Misandry Misandry Contents History of the term MRA use of the term Misandry and feminism Gendercidal Matriarchal Class-based Power-hungry pigs by nurture? Appropriation as parody Criticism Quotes about misandry See also Notes References Content: Affirmative action was put in place for women as an attempt to compensate for existing unfair treatment, rather than to make men underprivileged. Feeling they have been passed over or ignored in favor of a woman. In general this has a valid point, and theoretically there is nothing wrong with this. However, in common usage, many times MRAs will use this claim to attempt to discredit a woman and argue that the only reason why the woman got a job was her gender, not the possibility that she was more qualified than the man. Feeling that "the system" favors women and in turn treats men with suspicion or contempt. The idea that women are to be coddled or protected and men to be considered more violent or as threatening is a common protest of feminists, and perceptions like these are partially due to sexist social norms, partially due to confirmation bias on the part of the MRA, and also partially due to the statistics that state that men are overwhelmingly the perpetrators of domestic violence upon women in the United States, with far fewer instances of female-on-male domestic violence. Feeling that they are assumed to be rapists or creeps, or otherwise under undue criticism and scrutiny because they are a man, and that such accusations or social pressure are weaponized by women into making men do what they want. It is reasonable to take exception to advice which actually says to treat all men as rapists or creeps until proven otherwise. However, sometimes men are either accidentally or purposefully unaware of boundaries and thus come across as creepy. This is boosted by the fact that some men do act creepy and thus a woman may feel on edge due to negative past experiences.
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Misandry
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204166421#10_2026179788
Title: Misandry - RationalWiki Headings: Misandry Misandry Contents History of the term MRA use of the term Misandry and feminism Gendercidal Matriarchal Class-based Power-hungry pigs by nurture? Appropriation as parody Criticism Quotes about misandry See also Notes References Content: The idea that women are to be coddled or protected and men to be considered more violent or as threatening is a common protest of feminists, and perceptions like these are partially due to sexist social norms, partially due to confirmation bias on the part of the MRA, and also partially due to the statistics that state that men are overwhelmingly the perpetrators of domestic violence upon women in the United States, with far fewer instances of female-on-male domestic violence. Feeling that they are assumed to be rapists or creeps, or otherwise under undue criticism and scrutiny because they are a man, and that such accusations or social pressure are weaponized by women into making men do what they want. It is reasonable to take exception to advice which actually says to treat all men as rapists or creeps until proven otherwise. However, sometimes men are either accidentally or purposefully unaware of boundaries and thus come across as creepy. This is boosted by the fact that some men do act creepy and thus a woman may feel on edge due to negative past experiences. Supporting a movement professing the belief that women owe men sex is generally not the best way to be considered non-creepy, and there have been many cases of women being injured and attacked after turning a man down. Obviously this, and none of the other things on this list, describe all men or even a majority of men, but the dumb
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Misandry
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204258813#0_2026246694
Title: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States - RationalWiki Headings: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Contents The myths "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" "Immigrants come here to get 'welfare'" "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" "Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans" "Most immigrants cross the border illegally" "Weak U.S. border enforcement has led to high levels of illegal immigration" Illegal immigrants are the source of many communicable diseases "Illegal immigrants cause crime" "The government is not enforcing existing immigration laws" Problems that arise when blanket deportation is attempted In a nutshell See also External links References Content: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States - RationalWiki Myths and facts about immigration to the United States From RationalWiki Jump to: navigation , search Naturalization ceremony for 500 new Americans. Making the melting pot Immigration Immigrants welcome, racists not v - t - e “ ” Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door! —Excerpt from The New Colossus, as engraved at the Statue of Liberty, greeting millions of immigrants at Ellis Island Anti-immigration proponents in the United States make many claims about illegal immigration from Mexico that are based on exaggerations, misconceptions, myths and outright lies. Some of their complaints may be true on a very small scale, but by and large, most of their assertions do not reflect the actual trends in illegal immigration into the U.S. Further, those who oppose illegal immigration tend to focus their rhetoric on appeals to emotion with scant evidence, such as claiming illegal immigrants are " taking our jobs" and "threatening our security". Their only "solution" seems to be, "kick out the wetbacks and build a wall" (which would actually cause major damage to the U.S. economy). Contents [ hide ] 1 The myths 1.1 "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" 1.2 "Immigrants come here to get 'welfare'" 1.3 "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" 1.4 "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" 1.5 "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" 1.6 "Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans" 1.7 "Most immigrants cross the border illegally" 1.8 "Weak U.S. border enforcement has led to high levels of illegal immigration" 1.9 Illegal immigrants are the source of many communicable diseases 1.10 "Illegal immigrants cause crime" 1.11 "The government is not enforcing existing immigration laws" 2 Problems that arise when blanket deportation is attempted 3 In a nutshell 4 See also 5 External links 6 References The myths "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" Immigrants pay property taxes either via home ownership or rental, as well as sales tax when purchasing goods in the U.S. Depending on their employers, the immigrants also pay federal, state, and local income taxes. Analysts told VICE News the population will contribute at least $12 billion to the federal government in 2015, and at least $10.6 billion to state and local governments via income and payroll taxes. Studies in New York state and Los Angeles County from the 1990s found that the majority of taxes paid by undocumented immigrants went to the federal government rather than state or local.
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Myths_and_facts_about_immigration_to_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204258813#1_2026250701
Title: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States - RationalWiki Headings: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Contents The myths "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" "Immigrants come here to get 'welfare'" "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" "Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans" "Most immigrants cross the border illegally" "Weak U.S. border enforcement has led to high levels of illegal immigration" Illegal immigrants are the source of many communicable diseases "Illegal immigrants cause crime" "The government is not enforcing existing immigration laws" Problems that arise when blanket deportation is attempted In a nutshell See also External links References Content: Some of their complaints may be true on a very small scale, but by and large, most of their assertions do not reflect the actual trends in illegal immigration into the U.S. Further, those who oppose illegal immigration tend to focus their rhetoric on appeals to emotion with scant evidence, such as claiming illegal immigrants are " taking our jobs" and "threatening our security". Their only "solution" seems to be, "kick out the wetbacks and build a wall" (which would actually cause major damage to the U.S. economy). Contents [ hide ] 1 The myths 1.1 "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" 1.2 "Immigrants come here to get 'welfare'" 1.3 "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" 1.4 "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" 1.5 "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" 1.6 "Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans" 1.7 "Most immigrants cross the border illegally" 1.8 "Weak U.S. border enforcement has led to high levels of illegal immigration" 1.9 Illegal immigrants are the source of many communicable diseases 1.10 "Illegal immigrants cause crime" 1.11 "The government is not enforcing existing immigration laws" 2 Problems that arise when blanket deportation is attempted 3 In a nutshell 4 See also 5 External links 6 References The myths "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" Immigrants pay property taxes either via home ownership or rental, as well as sales tax when purchasing goods in the U.S. Depending on their employers, the immigrants also pay federal, state, and local income taxes. Analysts told VICE News the population will contribute at least $12 billion to the federal government in 2015, and at least $10.6 billion to state and local governments via income and payroll taxes. Studies in New York state and Los Angeles County from the 1990s found that the majority of taxes paid by undocumented immigrants went to the federal government rather than state or local. Undocumented workers pay their part despite the fact that they are explicitly banned from taxpayer-funded programs such as Social Security, Medicare, welfare, and food stamps. Undocumented immigrants contributed about $12 billion to the Social Security Trust Fund in 2010, according to the Social Security Administration. Since illegal immigrants cannot legally be employed, they are often employed "off the books" in casual or seasonal work and are paid in cash, without taxes deducted and often below minimum wage. Employers often threaten to report immigrant workers to Immigration and Customs Enforcement if the worker complains about wages or working conditions. Since illegal immigrants often have fake or stolen documents (especially Social Security numbers), they often cannot benefit from Social Security taxes withheld from wages.
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Myths_and_facts_about_immigration_to_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204258813#4_2026260530
Title: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States - RationalWiki Headings: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Contents The myths "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" "Immigrants come here to get 'welfare'" "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" "Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans" "Most immigrants cross the border illegally" "Weak U.S. border enforcement has led to high levels of illegal immigration" Illegal immigrants are the source of many communicable diseases "Illegal immigrants cause crime" "The government is not enforcing existing immigration laws" Problems that arise when blanket deportation is attempted In a nutshell See also External links References Content: One study estimates that immigrants earn nearly $240 billion a year. Studies find that immigrant tax payments total $20 to $85 billion more than the amount of government services they use. Since the welfare reform of 1996, when limits were implemented cutting off benefits to two years consecutively or five years cumulatively, this is a bogus accusation. To immigrate into the US, you must have a sponsor (generally the family member, such as the spouse, bringing you into the country) who will testify, and provide proof, that he or she has enough money to support you, if you are unable to support yourself, or if you lose your job. This means that until you naturalize as a U.S. citizen or have been a taxpayer for 10 years, your sponsor's income will be taken into consideration in deciding whether you are poor enough to qualify for means-tested benefits, and that if you do take those benefits, the government can sue your sponsor to recover those costs. You can also sue your sponsor if they fail to support you at the poverty level. "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" In 2014, immigrants contributed $328.2 billion in total tax contributions to federal, local, and state governments. An immigrant's tax dollar is just as green as a native-born citizen's. "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" This point, while right in the main, a bit disingenuously implies that Indians and Chinese people are actually immigrating still to the US. Rather, they are coming on H1-B visas, which prohibit them from entrepreneurship and which effectively prohibit them from being risk takers in their jobs (e.g. hiring more workers as a manager) for fear of their own job loss and deportation since they can only work for their sponsoring employer.
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Myths_and_facts_about_immigration_to_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204258813#5_2026263495
Title: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States - RationalWiki Headings: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Contents The myths "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" "Immigrants come here to get 'welfare'" "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" "Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans" "Most immigrants cross the border illegally" "Weak U.S. border enforcement has led to high levels of illegal immigration" Illegal immigrants are the source of many communicable diseases "Illegal immigrants cause crime" "The government is not enforcing existing immigration laws" Problems that arise when blanket deportation is attempted In a nutshell See also External links References Content: You can also sue your sponsor if they fail to support you at the poverty level. "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" In 2014, immigrants contributed $328.2 billion in total tax contributions to federal, local, and state governments. An immigrant's tax dollar is just as green as a native-born citizen's. "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" This point, while right in the main, a bit disingenuously implies that Indians and Chinese people are actually immigrating still to the US. Rather, they are coming on H1-B visas, which prohibit them from entrepreneurship and which effectively prohibit them from being risk takers in their jobs (e.g. hiring more workers as a manager) for fear of their own job loss and deportation since they can only work for their sponsoring employer. The largest wave of immigration to the U.S. since the early 1900s coincided with the lowest national unemployment rate and fastest economic growth, however there was no welfare state at that time and only minimal regulation of the economy. Immigrant entrepreneurs create jobs for U.S. and foreign workers, and foreign-born students fill seats in graduate programs in U.S. universities. In Silicon Valley by 2003, companies founded by Chinese and Indian immigrants generated more than $19.5 billion in sales and nearly 73,000 jobs. By 2012, nearly 15 percent of start-ups were founded by entrepreneurs native to India. Illegal immigrants, as well as legal immigrants with little job skills or language skills often take the work seen by most Americans as "beneath them."
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Myths_and_facts_about_immigration_to_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204258813#6_2026266270
Title: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States - RationalWiki Headings: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Contents The myths "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" "Immigrants come here to get 'welfare'" "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" "Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans" "Most immigrants cross the border illegally" "Weak U.S. border enforcement has led to high levels of illegal immigration" Illegal immigrants are the source of many communicable diseases "Illegal immigrants cause crime" "The government is not enforcing existing immigration laws" Problems that arise when blanket deportation is attempted In a nutshell See also External links References Content: The largest wave of immigration to the U.S. since the early 1900s coincided with the lowest national unemployment rate and fastest economic growth, however there was no welfare state at that time and only minimal regulation of the economy. Immigrant entrepreneurs create jobs for U.S. and foreign workers, and foreign-born students fill seats in graduate programs in U.S. universities. In Silicon Valley by 2003, companies founded by Chinese and Indian immigrants generated more than $19.5 billion in sales and nearly 73,000 jobs. By 2012, nearly 15 percent of start-ups were founded by entrepreneurs native to India. Illegal immigrants, as well as legal immigrants with little job skills or language skills often take the work seen by most Americans as "beneath them." Janitorial services, crop pickers and garbage collectors need workers, and they do not find them from high-school-educated, English-speaking citizens. As a demonstration of this fact, in Georgia, a 2011 crackdown on illegal immigrants caused many to be deported and more to flee the state. This caused a shortage of labor on the state's farms, indicating that illegal immigrants in that state do not compete very much with Americans for jobs. "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" Immigrants actually wield considerable economic power. In 2014, there were 8.7 million foreign-born homeowners, and immigrants contributed $32.9 billion into the Medicare trust versus the -$68.7 billion deficit generated by natural-born Americans.
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Myths_and_facts_about_immigration_to_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204258813#7_2026268950
Title: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States - RationalWiki Headings: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Contents The myths "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" "Immigrants come here to get 'welfare'" "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" "Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans" "Most immigrants cross the border illegally" "Weak U.S. border enforcement has led to high levels of illegal immigration" Illegal immigrants are the source of many communicable diseases "Illegal immigrants cause crime" "The government is not enforcing existing immigration laws" Problems that arise when blanket deportation is attempted In a nutshell See also External links References Content: Janitorial services, crop pickers and garbage collectors need workers, and they do not find them from high-school-educated, English-speaking citizens. As a demonstration of this fact, in Georgia, a 2011 crackdown on illegal immigrants caused many to be deported and more to flee the state. This caused a shortage of labor on the state's farms, indicating that illegal immigrants in that state do not compete very much with Americans for jobs. "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" Immigrants actually wield considerable economic power. In 2014, there were 8.7 million foreign-born homeowners, and immigrants contributed $32.9 billion into the Medicare trust versus the -$68.7 billion deficit generated by natural-born Americans. In 1995, naturalized citizens living in New York had a higher per capita income (est. $24,000) and average taxes paid (est. $8,500) than native-born U.S. citizens in the state (est. $18,000 and $6,500 respectively). Immigrants fill jobs in key sectors and create jobs by establishing their own businesses, with an estimated annual benefit of $10 billion to the U.S. economy.
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Myths_and_facts_about_immigration_to_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204258813#8_2026271233
Title: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States - RationalWiki Headings: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Contents The myths "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" "Immigrants come here to get 'welfare'" "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" "Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans" "Most immigrants cross the border illegally" "Weak U.S. border enforcement has led to high levels of illegal immigration" Illegal immigrants are the source of many communicable diseases "Illegal immigrants cause crime" "The government is not enforcing existing immigration laws" Problems that arise when blanket deportation is attempted In a nutshell See also External links References Content: In 1995, naturalized citizens living in New York had a higher per capita income (est. $24,000) and average taxes paid (est. $8,500) than native-born U.S. citizens in the state (est. $18,000 and $6,500 respectively). Immigrants fill jobs in key sectors and create jobs by establishing their own businesses, with an estimated annual benefit of $10 billion to the U.S. economy. According to Alan Greenspan, 70% of immigrants arrive when they are of prime working age. Due to welfare reform, illegal immigrants are severely restricted from accessing public benefits, and illegal immigrants are even further precluded from anything other than emergency services. Anti-immigrant groups skew these figures by including programs used by U.S. citizen children of immigrants in their definition of immigrant welfare use, among other tactics. Immigrants actually create jobs. Think of it:
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Myths_and_facts_about_immigration_to_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204258813#9_2026273280
Title: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States - RationalWiki Headings: Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Myths and facts about immigration to the United States Contents The myths "Illegal immigrants do not pay taxes" "Immigrants come here to get 'welfare'" "Immigrants send all their money back to their home countries" "Immigrants take jobs and opportunities away from Americans" "Immigrants are a drain on the U.S. economy" "Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans" "Most immigrants cross the border illegally" "Weak U.S. border enforcement has led to high levels of illegal immigration" Illegal immigrants are the source of many communicable diseases "Illegal immigrants cause crime" "The government is not enforcing existing immigration laws" Problems that arise when blanket deportation is attempted In a nutshell See also External links References Content: According to Alan Greenspan, 70% of immigrants arrive when they are of prime working age. Due to welfare reform, illegal immigrants are severely restricted from accessing public benefits, and illegal immigrants are even further precluded from anything other than emergency services. Anti-immigrant groups skew these figures by including programs used by U.S. citizen children of immigrants in their definition of immigrant welfare use, among other tactics. Immigrants actually create jobs. Think of it: How many Taco places (besides things you should refuse to call "Taco") would there be without Mexican immigration? How many jobs do they create? And that's just one of the more glaringly obvious examples. If immigrants as a group have one thing Americans tend to lack, it's entrepreneurial spirit. "Immigrants don’t want to learn English or become Americans" Within ten years of arrival, more than 75% of immigrants speak English well;
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Myths_and_facts_about_immigration_to_the_United_States
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204386146#15_2026465978
Title: Nuclear energy - RationalWiki Headings: Nuclear energy Nuclear energy Contents Types of nuclear energy What it can do Why some people do not like it Notes References Content: Some even worried that the plutonium could be stolen and used to make atomic bombs. Such fears were groundless; RTGs use plutonium-238, an isotope that's useless for making nuclear weapons. Jump up ↑ Technology has advanced to the point of solar power being able to replace nuclear one at least as far away as Jupiter -see the Juno mission or the proposed SPRITE Saturn probe- Jump up ↑ Specifically, it can turn an isotope of mercury into gold, but this is not economical. Extracting precious metals from nuclear waste is a more promising idea. Jump up ↑ For example, a medical p
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Nuclear_energy
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1204423566#10_2026536055
Title: One People's Public Trust - RationalWiki Headings: One People's Public Trust One People's Public Trust Contents The OPPT Timeline Influencers References External links Content: On March 2, the One Peoples' Community launched its new website ( http://www.opcaouchtam.com) which has now disappeared. On March 22, it posted its most recent (and likely, final) posting. A member of the Community subsequently posted a message on Facebook stating that there were communication issues between the people still there and that there were hardly any people remaining at the Community. In July, another person posted on the Facebook One People Community that the Community had dissolved, although individuals from the Community still live in Aouchtam, Morocco; however, there are no communal projects at this time. In May, Brian announced that "Free Energy is Here"; in June, he announced that "we are so close that I can taste it" with regard to free energy; and in July, he was in Spain with Blue Star "Deerwomon" and wondering how on earth he got there. ( www.briankellysblog.blogspot.co.nz) He has now announced his new project called "Even in Doubt Project". His mission is to "inspire the world, especially younger generations, to take a leap in pursuing their purpose, living their passions, and creating global change, even in total doubt".
http://rationalwiki.org/wiki/One_People%27s_Public_Trust
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1212986839#16_2035903709
Title: Life as a Teen inAustralia Headings: Australia Life as a Teen in… Australia Home to the Great Barrier Reef, the Great Dividing Range, the Great Australian Bight and, best of all, Vegemite. Australia truly is a beautiful country! Flora, Fauna and Landscape Language Worldview School Work Sports Leisure Family Content: English and Mathematics are both compulsory in most states throughout all school years. Students can choose any subject they wish. If the school does not offer it onsite, Distance Education (DE) can be arranged. Children living in the outback do all their schooling through DE. Upon entering senior (year 11 and 12), students must choose subjects that will be continued until graduation. In senior year, students can also choose to take a school-based traineeship. This enables them to complete a certificate or begin an apprenticeship while still studying at school. Rural schools are so small that they usually have only one or two teachers on staff. Due to the low number of students and teachers, the classes are merged into one or two rooms. It is also difficult for schools to find teachers to employ, as not many want to live in the country, where they will miss the many luxuries that city life offers.
http://rcg.org/youth/articles/0502-a.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1212986839#17_2035905126
Title: Life as a Teen inAustralia Headings: Australia Life as a Teen in… Australia Home to the Great Barrier Reef, the Great Dividing Range, the Great Australian Bight and, best of all, Vegemite. Australia truly is a beautiful country! Flora, Fauna and Landscape Language Worldview School Work Sports Leisure Family Content: In senior year, students can also choose to take a school-based traineeship. This enables them to complete a certificate or begin an apprenticeship while still studying at school. Rural schools are so small that they usually have only one or two teachers on staff. Due to the low number of students and teachers, the classes are merged into one or two rooms. It is also difficult for schools to find teachers to employ, as not many want to live in the country, where they will miss the many luxuries that city life offers. Almost every school in Australia has a mandatory school uniform that is designed to minimize discrimination. Most school uniforms are similar, mainly differing in colour. There are a large number of state and private schools sprinkled throughout the country. School is normally within walking distance or along a bus route. Work Most teens do not like to rely on their parents for financial support;
http://rcg.org/youth/articles/0502-a.html
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1215090473#1_2040286692
Title: What is Salsa Dance | Salsa Dance History Headings: What is Salsa Dancing? What is Salsa Dancing? A Short History of Salsa Dancing Different Styles Basic Movements Content: There are also solo forms of Salsa, such as Salsa suelta and Rueda de Casino where a number of couples dance and exchange partners in a circle. A Short History of Salsa Dancing Cuba is where most of the Latin music that we hear today originated. Around 1898, when the Cuban war was on, American soldiers got to hear and developed an interest in Cuban music. This interest grew further during the Prohibition as Americans visited Cuba where there was no such restriction on drinking. This spread even further with radio recordings from Cuba. The Orquesta Anacaona, an all-female orchestra, was the first orchestra in Cuba who played percussions, horns and other instruments out in the open. Ironically, this was fostered all the more by the war when they had nothing to do but be restricted to the interiors of their homes. All they did was practice music. Soon they reached the top of the billboards, even in New York. Steadily their influence began to be become visible in the American music.
http://readanddigest.com/what-is-salsa-dancing/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1215090473#2_2040288040
Title: What is Salsa Dance | Salsa Dance History Headings: What is Salsa Dancing? What is Salsa Dancing? A Short History of Salsa Dancing Different Styles Basic Movements Content: The Orquesta Anacaona, an all-female orchestra, was the first orchestra in Cuba who played percussions, horns and other instruments out in the open. Ironically, this was fostered all the more by the war when they had nothing to do but be restricted to the interiors of their homes. All they did was practice music. Soon they reached the top of the billboards, even in New York. Steadily their influence began to be become visible in the American music. Latin jazz was begun in the USA under one named W.C. Handy. Other artists such as Louis Armstrong, Charlie ‘Bird’ Parker, and Dizzy Gillespie started incorporating Latin music in their songs and it began to become more and more popular. Now, the roots of Cuban music lay with the West African slaves. People from this area created their own form of music for religious purposes that is, to call the gods. As slaves were captured and forced to work under dire circumstances, their music was used to keep their spirits alive, especially when working on deck.
http://readanddigest.com/what-is-salsa-dancing/
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1217044733#2_2044193041
Title: Property Classified As Commercial Real Estate Headings: Property Classified As Commercial Real Estate Property Classified As Commercial Real Estate Different Rules for Commercial Real Estate Content: Editorial Guidelines: We are a free online resource for anyone interested in learning more about legal topics and insurance. Our goal is to be an objective, third-party resource for everything legal and insurance related. We update our site regularly, and all content is reviewed by experts. Commercial real estate is any non-residential property used solely for business purposes. If the real estate makes money, is rented out, used for investments, or falls into a number of other categories other than being a private residence, it can be considered commercial real estate. It covers retail properties, office buildings, shopping centers, hotels, warehouses, manufacturing facilities, apartment complexes, and vacant land that has the potential for development. In short, commercial real estate is a very broad category covering almost any kind of real estate except the single-family home and single-family lots. Even a single family home can be labeled commercial real estate if you buy the home for the purpose of renting it out and generating an income, or if you own the home and convert it into an income-generating property. Different Rules for Commercial Real Estate Different rules may apply to commercial real estate verses residential realty.
http://real-estate-law.freeadvice.com/real-estate-law/commercial_real_estate/commercial_real_estate_definition.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1217044733#3_2044194744
Title: Property Classified As Commercial Real Estate Headings: Property Classified As Commercial Real Estate Property Classified As Commercial Real Estate Different Rules for Commercial Real Estate Content: If the real estate makes money, is rented out, used for investments, or falls into a number of other categories other than being a private residence, it can be considered commercial real estate. It covers retail properties, office buildings, shopping centers, hotels, warehouses, manufacturing facilities, apartment complexes, and vacant land that has the potential for development. In short, commercial real estate is a very broad category covering almost any kind of real estate except the single-family home and single-family lots. Even a single family home can be labeled commercial real estate if you buy the home for the purpose of renting it out and generating an income, or if you own the home and convert it into an income-generating property. Different Rules for Commercial Real Estate Different rules may apply to commercial real estate verses residential realty. For example, qualifying for a commercial mortgage may be different from qualifying for a personal mortgage, In many cases, your ability to get a personal mortgage is based solely on your income, while your ability to get a commercial mortgage may be based on the income that is generated or expected to be generated from the property. There may also be different tax rules for your commercial realty and such property may be treated differently in the event of bankruptcy. To better understand whether a given property will be classified as commercial real estate, and for more details about what rights or requirements may be associated with your commercial real estate holdings, consult an experienced lawyer for guidance.
http://real-estate-law.freeadvice.com/real-estate-law/commercial_real_estate/commercial_real_estate_definition.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1217123728#3_2044411022
Title: Staying in Your House After Foreclosure Proceedings Start Headings: Staying in Your House After Foreclosure Proceedings Start Staying in Your House After Foreclosure Proceedings Start Staying in the Foreclosed House Homeowner’s Next Step After Losing His House Content: However, no matter what jurisdiction, legally the homeowner is not required to immediately move out until after receiving legal notification of the foreclosure. Staying in the Foreclosed House The homeowner may remain in the home until he receives notification of the sheriff’s sale. This notice will include the date and time of the sale. Until then, a homeowner remains the legal owner of the home since title to the house has not yet transferred to a new owner. Once this happens, the defaulting homeowner no longer has any rights of possession. After transfer of title, he can wait until a sheriff arrives at the home to remove him from the premises, or he may vacate following the sale. Eviction by the New Owner Once the new owner receives title, he has the right to begin eviction proceedings. It only takes 14-30 days to complete the eviction process. In most states, once the paperwork is completed and approved, the new owner has the legal right to serve a 3-day “Notice to Quit”. After the 3-day notice period ends, the sheriff may show up within several days, or within several weeks.
http://real-estate-law.freeadvice.com/real-estate-law/mortgage_matters/length-of-stay-in-house-after-foreclosure.htm
msmarco_v2.1_doc_02_1217123728#4_2044412660
Title: Staying in Your House After Foreclosure Proceedings Start Headings: Staying in Your House After Foreclosure Proceedings Start Staying in Your House After Foreclosure Proceedings Start Staying in the Foreclosed House Homeowner’s Next Step After Losing His House Content: After transfer of title, he can wait until a sheriff arrives at the home to remove him from the premises, or he may vacate following the sale. Eviction by the New Owner Once the new owner receives title, he has the right to begin eviction proceedings. It only takes 14-30 days to complete the eviction process. In most states, once the paperwork is completed and approved, the new owner has the legal right to serve a 3-day “Notice to Quit”. After the 3-day notice period ends, the sheriff may show up within several days, or within several weeks. Homeowner’s Next Step After Losing His House Because the defaulting homeowner had not been paying his mortgage during this time, he should save as much money as possible. He will need it for a rental security deposit, utility deposits, and other service deposits such as cable. Unfortunately, with a foreclosure on his credit report, rental and most other deposits tend to be much higher than normal. Moreover it might be difficult to get approved for an apartment rental as well. It is best that this defaulting homeowner learn more about his rights in the foreclosure process, by contacting a real estate attorney in the area where the house is located.
http://real-estate-law.freeadvice.com/real-estate-law/mortgage_matters/length-of-stay-in-house-after-foreclosure.htm