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75,564,511 | Taiwo Adebulu | Taiwo Adebulu is a Nigerian investigative journalist who is the current features and investigations editor at TheCable.
Adebulu is an alumnus of Obafemi Awolowo University where he earned a bachelor's degree in Language Arts and graduated from University of Ibadan where he graduated with a master's degree in Communication Arts.
In 2014, Adebulu began his journalism journey as a freelance writer for The Nation and is the current features and investigations editor at TheCable after having worked as the head of fact-check desk.
In 2018, Adebulu was nominated for the Future Awards Africa Prize for Journalism and was a finalist and won the overall prize at the African Fact-Checking Award and PwC's Media Excellence Award in 2020 and was named TheCables journalist of the year in 2021.
In 2023, he was shortlisted for the Fetisov Journalism Awards for his report about students who were kidnapped from the Federal Government College in Birnin-Yauri, Kebbi state in 2021.
Adebulu is a Pulitzer Center grantee. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Taiwo Adebulu is a Nigerian investigative journalist who is the current features and investigations editor at TheCable.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Adebulu is an alumnus of Obafemi Awolowo University where he earned a bachelor's degree in Language Arts and graduated from University of Ibadan where he graduated with a master's degree in Communication Arts.",
"title": "Early life, education and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2014, Adebulu began his journalism journey as a freelance writer for The Nation and is the current features and investigations editor at TheCable after having worked as the head of fact-check desk.",
"title": "Early life, education and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2018, Adebulu was nominated for the Future Awards Africa Prize for Journalism and was a finalist and won the overall prize at the African Fact-Checking Award and PwC's Media Excellence Award in 2020 and was named TheCables journalist of the year in 2021.",
"title": "Awards and recognitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2023, he was shortlisted for the Fetisov Journalism Awards for his report about students who were kidnapped from the Federal Government College in Birnin-Yauri, Kebbi state in 2021.",
"title": "Awards and recognitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Adebulu is a Pulitzer Center grantee.",
"title": "Awards and recognitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Taiwo Adebulu is a Nigerian investigative journalist who is the current features and investigations editor at TheCable. | 2023-12-14T16:56:18Z | 2023-12-20T16:47:29Z | [
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75,564,520 | Tommi O'Reilly | Tommi O'Reilly (born 15 December 2003) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Aston Villa.
O'Reilly joined the Aston Villa academy at the age of seven years-old. He is a fan of the club and attended the club's successful Wembley Stadium trip for the 2019 EFL Championship play-off final against Derby County on the terraces.
O'Reilly was part of the Aston Villa side which won the 2021 FA Youth Cup. He signed his first professional contract with Aston Villa in March 2022. During the 2021-22 season he was called up to first-team training by manager Steven Gerrard, and featured in friendly matches for the club. That season, he was included in Villa match-day squads and named asa a substitute for matches in the Premier League without making his debut. He made his debut in the EFL Trophy against AFC Wimbledon in August 2022. Yhe following season he captained the Aston Villa U21 side in the competition.
A diminutive but skilful midfielder, he has been nicknamed "Philly" or "Fodes" by his Aston Villa academy youth teammates because of a perceived similarity to Phil Foden in his playing style. He has also been nicknamed "Tommi Wilshere", after Jack Wilshere, in his time at Villa. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tommi O'Reilly (born 15 December 2003) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Aston Villa.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "O'Reilly joined the Aston Villa academy at the age of seven years-old. He is a fan of the club and attended the club's successful Wembley Stadium trip for the 2019 EFL Championship play-off final against Derby County on the terraces.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "O'Reilly was part of the Aston Villa side which won the 2021 FA Youth Cup. He signed his first professional contract with Aston Villa in March 2022. During the 2021-22 season he was called up to first-team training by manager Steven Gerrard, and featured in friendly matches for the club. That season, he was included in Villa match-day squads and named asa a substitute for matches in the Premier League without making his debut. He made his debut in the EFL Trophy against AFC Wimbledon in August 2022. Yhe following season he captained the Aston Villa U21 side in the competition.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "A diminutive but skilful midfielder, he has been nicknamed \"Philly\" or \"Fodes\" by his Aston Villa academy youth teammates because of a perceived similarity to Phil Foden in his playing style. He has also been nicknamed \"Tommi Wilshere\", after Jack Wilshere, in his time at Villa.",
"title": "Style of play"
}
] | Tommi O'Reilly is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Aston Villa. | 2023-12-14T16:59:27Z | 2023-12-15T15:26:50Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommi_O%27Reilly |
75,564,526 | Elham Mahamid Ruzin | Elham Mahamid Ruzin (Hebrew: אלהאם מחמיד רוזין, Arabic: إلهام محاميد روزين; born 1990) is an Israeli Paralympic goalball player and former captain of the Israel women's national goalball team.
Mahamid was born in Umm al-Fahm and diagnosed as a child with genetic achromatopsia.
She was the initiator of Israel women's national goalball team and was team captain from 2010 to 2018.
In 2015 the team won the gold medal at the IBSA World Games and ensured their spot at the 2016 Summer Paralympics. They later competed also at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.
Mahamid Sherut Leumi in a legal aid station. She is a graduate of education and theatre studies from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and holds a masters in psychodrama from the Kibbutzim College. In 2018 Mahamid married Michael Ruzin, captain of Israel men's national goalball team. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Elham Mahamid Ruzin (Hebrew: אלהאם מחמיד רוזין, Arabic: إلهام محاميد روزين; born 1990) is an Israeli Paralympic goalball player and former captain of the Israel women's national goalball team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Mahamid was born in Umm al-Fahm and diagnosed as a child with genetic achromatopsia.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She was the initiator of Israel women's national goalball team and was team captain from 2010 to 2018.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2015 the team won the gold medal at the IBSA World Games and ensured their spot at the 2016 Summer Paralympics. They later competed also at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Mahamid Sherut Leumi in a legal aid station. She is a graduate of education and theatre studies from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and holds a masters in psychodrama from the Kibbutzim College. In 2018 Mahamid married Michael Ruzin, captain of Israel men's national goalball team.",
"title": ""
}
] | Elham Mahamid Ruzin is an Israeli Paralympic goalball player and former captain of the Israel women's national goalball team. Mahamid was born in Umm al-Fahm and diagnosed as a child with genetic achromatopsia. She was the initiator of Israel women's national goalball team and was team captain from 2010 to 2018. In 2015 the team won the gold medal at the IBSA World Games and ensured their spot at the 2016 Summer Paralympics. They later competed also at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. Mahamid Sherut Leumi in a legal aid station. She is a graduate of education and theatre studies from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and holds a masters in psychodrama from the Kibbutzim College. In 2018 Mahamid married Michael Ruzin, captain of Israel men's national goalball team. | 2023-12-14T17:00:50Z | 2023-12-27T10:49:15Z | [
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75,564,529 | Postal codes in Eswatini | Postal codes in Eswatini are alphanumeric postal codes. They consist of 1 letter and 3 digits. The first letter indicates the region and the last three digits indicate the place or city. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Postal codes in Eswatini are alphanumeric postal codes. They consist of 1 letter and 3 digits. The first letter indicates the region and the last three digits indicate the place or city.",
"title": ""
}
] | Postal codes in Eswatini are alphanumeric postal codes. They consist of 1 letter and 3 digits. The first letter indicates the region and the last three digits indicate the place or city. | 2023-12-14T17:01:17Z | 2023-12-15T20:22:29Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Eswatini |
75,564,532 | 2023 Danish terror plot | On 14 December 2023, Danish police arrested three people and charged a further four in absensia for conspiring to commit a terrorist attack in Denmark. One of the four was arrested in the Netherlands, but released. Five out of Denmark's 15 police departments took part in the operation. The three arrested in Denmark, two men and a younger woman, were put before preliminary questioning at around 7 pm. The judge ruled to give the defendants name protection and for the case to take place behind so-called "double closed doors", meaning the public will be restrained from access. The plot has been linked to the Danish gang Loyal to Familia.
In March 2023, the PET released its annual report on the threat of terrorism against Denmark, emphasising the threat of Islamic terrorism as well as increased political polarization leading to conspiracy theories becoming more normal, while the Centre for Terror Analysis (Center for Terroranalyse, CTA), stated that the Danish terror threat remained "severe". The day before the arrests, the PET had released another report, stating that the terror threat level had increased due to the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war in October that year.
The news broke at 10 am when Copenhagen Police and Danish Intelligence Service (Politiets Efterretningstjeneste, PET) published a press release, calling for a press conference to be held at 1 pm due to the arrest of individuals for "suspicion of preparation for a terrorist attack". Before the press confrence, the chairmen of the political parties in the Folketing as well as members of the Jewish community were briefed on the situation, with Danish prime minister Mette Frederiksen stating, "This is as serious as it gets". Police increased its presence in the Danish capital Copenhagen with special attention towards Jewish sites. Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu claimed that several persons "operat[ing] on behalf of" the Palestinian political and military organisation Hamas were involved in the plot. On the same day, four Hamas members were arrested in Germany as well as a 57-year old man from Rotterdam, the Netherlands. With initial speculation of a potential link, the PET stated that there was no "direct connection" between the three arrests in Denmark and those in Germany, while the 57-year old was "not identical" to the person arrested in the Netherlands in the Danish case.
At least one arrest was carried out in the Aarhus district of Gellerupparken. Coincidentally, a major police evacuation of Aarhus Central Station, the biggest railway station in Jutland, unfolded during the day, sparking initial speculation of causation, but turned out to be non-related.
One of the men was arrested at 05:01 while the young woman was arrested at 05:05. Appart from the three arrested, four others were charged in absentia. On 15 December, one of thoese four, a young woman from Odense, was arrested after landing in Copenhagen following a charter holiday in Southern Europe. Three people remain at large. The one man arrested in the Netherlands was released. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "On 14 December 2023, Danish police arrested three people and charged a further four in absensia for conspiring to commit a terrorist attack in Denmark. One of the four was arrested in the Netherlands, but released. Five out of Denmark's 15 police departments took part in the operation. The three arrested in Denmark, two men and a younger woman, were put before preliminary questioning at around 7 pm. The judge ruled to give the defendants name protection and for the case to take place behind so-called \"double closed doors\", meaning the public will be restrained from access. The plot has been linked to the Danish gang Loyal to Familia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In March 2023, the PET released its annual report on the threat of terrorism against Denmark, emphasising the threat of Islamic terrorism as well as increased political polarization leading to conspiracy theories becoming more normal, while the Centre for Terror Analysis (Center for Terroranalyse, CTA), stated that the Danish terror threat remained \"severe\". The day before the arrests, the PET had released another report, stating that the terror threat level had increased due to the outbreak of the Israel–Hamas war in October that year.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The news broke at 10 am when Copenhagen Police and Danish Intelligence Service (Politiets Efterretningstjeneste, PET) published a press release, calling for a press conference to be held at 1 pm due to the arrest of individuals for \"suspicion of preparation for a terrorist attack\". Before the press confrence, the chairmen of the political parties in the Folketing as well as members of the Jewish community were briefed on the situation, with Danish prime minister Mette Frederiksen stating, \"This is as serious as it gets\". Police increased its presence in the Danish capital Copenhagen with special attention towards Jewish sites. Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu claimed that several persons \"operat[ing] on behalf of\" the Palestinian political and military organisation Hamas were involved in the plot. On the same day, four Hamas members were arrested in Germany as well as a 57-year old man from Rotterdam, the Netherlands. With initial speculation of a potential link, the PET stated that there was no \"direct connection\" between the three arrests in Denmark and those in Germany, while the 57-year old was \"not identical\" to the person arrested in the Netherlands in the Danish case.",
"title": "Arrests"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "At least one arrest was carried out in the Aarhus district of Gellerupparken. Coincidentally, a major police evacuation of Aarhus Central Station, the biggest railway station in Jutland, unfolded during the day, sparking initial speculation of causation, but turned out to be non-related.",
"title": "Arrests"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "One of the men was arrested at 05:01 while the young woman was arrested at 05:05. Appart from the three arrested, four others were charged in absentia. On 15 December, one of thoese four, a young woman from Odense, was arrested after landing in Copenhagen following a charter holiday in Southern Europe. Three people remain at large. The one man arrested in the Netherlands was released.",
"title": "Suspects"
}
] | On 14 December 2023, Danish police arrested three people and charged a further four in absensia for conspiring to commit a terrorist attack in Denmark. One of the four was arrested in the Netherlands, but released. Five out of Denmark's 15 police departments took part in the operation. The three arrested in Denmark, two men and a younger woman, were put before preliminary questioning at around 7 pm. The judge ruled to give the defendants name protection and for the case to take place behind so-called "double closed doors", meaning the public will be restrained from access. The plot has been linked to the Danish gang Loyal to Familia. | 2023-12-14T17:01:24Z | 2023-12-29T17:45:09Z | [
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75,564,546 | Ray McAreavey | Raymond McAreavey (1944–2023), most often called Ray McAreavey, was a musician from Belfast known for Irish rebel and folk music. He was lead singer of Belfast rebel band Wolfhound in the early 1970s.
Ray McAreavey was born 1944, in the Clonard area off the lower Falls Road in West Belfast. He was amongst the youngest of a family of 12 siblings, including Gerry and Sadie.
McAreavey was present during the burning of Cupar Street on 15 August 1969 and in 2015 he disputed a unionist-leaning journalist's "The Pogrom Myth", which blamed Catholic rioters for starting the trouble.
He trained as a French polisher before becoming a teacher. During that time he was involved in cross-community work with schoolchildren of other faiths.
In 1970 he married Colette and they had four children – two sons and two daughters – and nine grandchildren. In later years McAreavey lived in the Malone area of Belfast.
McAreavey successfully battled cancer on three occasions before being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in the mid-2010s. He died on 8 December 2023 and was buried at Roselawn crematorium on 14 December 2023 after a funeral Mass in St Brigid's Church, Belfast. It was attended by hundreds of mourners who heard him described as a "blessing in the life of so many".
Music was McAreavey's passion. After playing at Butlin's Mosney in the late 1960s, he was a member of the well-known McPeake family, the Freemen, Wolfhound, Pikemen, Blackthorn – with whom he released the "Belfast Marathon" single in 1985 – and latterly Casey's Crew. McAreavey played guitar skilfully but was known for his distinctive singing voice. He has been called an Irish music "legend".
The Wolfhound singles "Over the Wall (Crumlin Kangaroos)" and its sequel, "The Magnificent Seven", about republican jail breaks, sold tens of thousands of copies throughout Ireland. With that band, McAreavey was both a singer of Irish rebel music and a balladeer. His voice was heard on many singles and albums issued by the groups he was a member of. In 1986, McAreavey also released a solo album, "The Blood Stained Bandage", which contained a number of Irish rebel songs. His "Songs from the Heart" album came out around the year 2000.
In 2019, McAreavey was interviewed for the TG4 documentary Ceol Chogadh na Saoirse which examined the history of songs documenting Ireland's struggle for freedom. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Raymond McAreavey (1944–2023), most often called Ray McAreavey, was a musician from Belfast known for Irish rebel and folk music. He was lead singer of Belfast rebel band Wolfhound in the early 1970s.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ray McAreavey was born 1944, in the Clonard area off the lower Falls Road in West Belfast. He was amongst the youngest of a family of 12 siblings, including Gerry and Sadie.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "McAreavey was present during the burning of Cupar Street on 15 August 1969 and in 2015 he disputed a unionist-leaning journalist's \"The Pogrom Myth\", which blamed Catholic rioters for starting the trouble.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He trained as a French polisher before becoming a teacher. During that time he was involved in cross-community work with schoolchildren of other faiths.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1970 he married Colette and they had four children – two sons and two daughters – and nine grandchildren. In later years McAreavey lived in the Malone area of Belfast.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "McAreavey successfully battled cancer on three occasions before being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in the mid-2010s. He died on 8 December 2023 and was buried at Roselawn crematorium on 14 December 2023 after a funeral Mass in St Brigid's Church, Belfast. It was attended by hundreds of mourners who heard him described as a \"blessing in the life of so many\".",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Music was McAreavey's passion. After playing at Butlin's Mosney in the late 1960s, he was a member of the well-known McPeake family, the Freemen, Wolfhound, Pikemen, Blackthorn – with whom he released the \"Belfast Marathon\" single in 1985 – and latterly Casey's Crew. McAreavey played guitar skilfully but was known for his distinctive singing voice. He has been called an Irish music \"legend\".",
"title": "Music"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The Wolfhound singles \"Over the Wall (Crumlin Kangaroos)\" and its sequel, \"The Magnificent Seven\", about republican jail breaks, sold tens of thousands of copies throughout Ireland. With that band, McAreavey was both a singer of Irish rebel music and a balladeer. His voice was heard on many singles and albums issued by the groups he was a member of. In 1986, McAreavey also released a solo album, \"The Blood Stained Bandage\", which contained a number of Irish rebel songs. His \"Songs from the Heart\" album came out around the year 2000.",
"title": "Music"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 2019, McAreavey was interviewed for the TG4 documentary Ceol Chogadh na Saoirse which examined the history of songs documenting Ireland's struggle for freedom.",
"title": "Music"
}
] | Raymond McAreavey (1944–2023), most often called Ray McAreavey, was a musician from Belfast known for Irish rebel and folk music. He was lead singer of Belfast rebel band Wolfhound in the early 1970s. | 2023-12-14T17:04:52Z | 2023-12-16T12:49:06Z | [
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75,564,549 | 2021 Bislett Games | The 2021 Bislett Games was the 56th edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting in Oslo, Norway. Held on 1 July at Bislett Stadium, it was the fourth leg of the 2021 Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit.
The meeting was highlighted by hometown favorite Karsten Warholm running 46.70 seconds to break the 400 metres hurdles world record in the final event. It was Warholm's first world record, achieved in his season debut -- and he would go on to break it again by an even wider margin at the 2021 Summer Olympics final.
Other highlights of the meet included Yomif Kejelcha running a 7:26 3000 metres and Stewart McSweyn beating Craig Mottram's Australian record in the mile with a 3:48.37 clocking.
Athletes competing in the Diamond League disciplines earned extra compensation and points which went towards qualifying for the Diamond League finals in Zürich. First place earned eight points, with each step down in place earning one less point than the previous, until no points are awarded in ninth place or lower. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2021 Bislett Games was the 56th edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting in Oslo, Norway. Held on 1 July at Bislett Stadium, it was the fourth leg of the 2021 Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The meeting was highlighted by hometown favorite Karsten Warholm running 46.70 seconds to break the 400 metres hurdles world record in the final event. It was Warholm's first world record, achieved in his season debut -- and he would go on to break it again by an even wider margin at the 2021 Summer Olympics final.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Other highlights of the meet included Yomif Kejelcha running a 7:26 3000 metres and Stewart McSweyn beating Craig Mottram's Australian record in the mile with a 3:48.37 clocking.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Athletes competing in the Diamond League disciplines earned extra compensation and points which went towards qualifying for the Diamond League finals in Zürich. First place earned eight points, with each step down in place earning one less point than the previous, until no points are awarded in ninth place or lower.",
"title": "Results"
}
] | The 2021 Bislett Games was the 56th edition of the annual outdoor track and field meeting in Oslo, Norway. Held on 1 July at Bislett Stadium, it was the fourth leg of the 2021 Diamond League – the highest level international track and field circuit. The meeting was highlighted by hometown favorite Karsten Warholm running 46.70 seconds to break the 400 metres hurdles world record in the final event. It was Warholm's first world record, achieved in his season debut -- and he would go on to break it again by an even wider margin at the 2021 Summer Olympics final. Other highlights of the meet included Yomif Kejelcha running a 7:26 3000 metres and Stewart McSweyn beating Craig Mottram's Australian record in the mile with a 3:48.37 clocking. | 2023-12-14T17:05:23Z | 2023-12-29T20:18:44Z | [
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75,564,569 | Edith Clarke (cookery teacher) | Edith Clarke (née Nicolls, 27 October 1844 – 20 August 1926) was a British cookery teacher and writer.
She was born Edith Nicolls on 27 October 1844 at Shooters Hill, Kent, the only child of Lieutenant Edward Nicolls and his wife, Mary Ellen, née Peacock. Her father had died in March that year while attempting to save a man's life at sea. In August 1849, her mother married again, to novelist George Meredith, and her half-brother Arthur was born in 1853. From 1857 until her death in 1861, Mary left the marriage, leaving Edith to live with her maternal grandmother Lady Eleanor Nicolls.
On 22 August 1876 Edith married civil servant Charles Clarke, and they had three daughters.
In 1875 she was appointed second principal of the National Training School of Cookery in London, which had been established two years prior by family friend Henry Cole. She led the school for 44 years, giving practical demonstrations in cookery and producing cookery books. Her Plain Cookery Recipes (1883) went through 16 editions in 18 years.
She also campaigned to expand cookery teaching to poorer girls. By 1878, she had convinced the London school board to employ specialist cookery teachers in girls’ elementary schools, and she was an active member of the Association of Teachers of Domestic Subjects. She was appointed MBE in 1918 for her services to the advancement of domestic science.
She died on 20 August 1926 in her home in Earls Court, London.
Under her maiden name, she contributed a biographical note to Henry Cole's 1895 edition of the works of her maternal grandfather, Thomas Love Peacock.
Her publications for the National Training School of Cookery included Plain Cookery Recipes (1883), High-Class Cookery Recipes (1885), and Rules for the Management of Children's Classes by Demonstration and Practice (1896). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Edith Clarke (née Nicolls, 27 October 1844 – 20 August 1926) was a British cookery teacher and writer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She was born Edith Nicolls on 27 October 1844 at Shooters Hill, Kent, the only child of Lieutenant Edward Nicolls and his wife, Mary Ellen, née Peacock. Her father had died in March that year while attempting to save a man's life at sea. In August 1849, her mother married again, to novelist George Meredith, and her half-brother Arthur was born in 1853. From 1857 until her death in 1861, Mary left the marriage, leaving Edith to live with her maternal grandmother Lady Eleanor Nicolls.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 22 August 1876 Edith married civil servant Charles Clarke, and they had three daughters.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1875 she was appointed second principal of the National Training School of Cookery in London, which had been established two years prior by family friend Henry Cole. She led the school for 44 years, giving practical demonstrations in cookery and producing cookery books. Her Plain Cookery Recipes (1883) went through 16 editions in 18 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "She also campaigned to expand cookery teaching to poorer girls. By 1878, she had convinced the London school board to employ specialist cookery teachers in girls’ elementary schools, and she was an active member of the Association of Teachers of Domestic Subjects. She was appointed MBE in 1918 for her services to the advancement of domestic science.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "She died on 20 August 1926 in her home in Earls Court, London.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Under her maiden name, she contributed a biographical note to Henry Cole's 1895 edition of the works of her maternal grandfather, Thomas Love Peacock.",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Her publications for the National Training School of Cookery included Plain Cookery Recipes (1883), High-Class Cookery Recipes (1885), and Rules for the Management of Children's Classes by Demonstration and Practice (1896).",
"title": "Works"
}
] | Edith Clarke was a British cookery teacher and writer. She was born Edith Nicolls on 27 October 1844 at Shooters Hill, Kent, the only child of Lieutenant Edward Nicolls and his wife, Mary Ellen, née Peacock. Her father had died in March that year while attempting to save a man's life at sea. In August 1849, her mother married again, to novelist George Meredith, and her half-brother Arthur was born in 1853. From 1857 until her death in 1861, Mary left the marriage, leaving Edith to live with her maternal grandmother Lady Eleanor Nicolls. On 22 August 1876 Edith married civil servant Charles Clarke, and they had three daughters. In 1875 she was appointed second principal of the National Training School of Cookery in London, which had been established two years prior by family friend Henry Cole. She led the school for 44 years, giving practical demonstrations in cookery and producing cookery books. Her Plain Cookery Recipes (1883) went through 16 editions in 18 years. She also campaigned to expand cookery teaching to poorer girls. By 1878, she had convinced the London school board to employ specialist cookery teachers in girls’ elementary schools, and she was an active member of the Association of Teachers of Domestic Subjects. She was appointed MBE in 1918 for her services to the advancement of domestic science. She died on 20 August 1926 in her home in Earls Court, London. | 2023-12-14T17:09:15Z | 2023-12-26T20:00:05Z | [
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox bio"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Clarke_(cookery_teacher) |
75,564,571 | Ricky White | Ricky White III is an American football wide receiver for the UNLV Rebels. He previously played for the Michigan State Spartans.
White was born in Marietta, Georgia where he attended high school at Marietta. In White's senior season of high school, he hauled in 55 receptions for 1,006 yards and 13 touchdowns. White would decide to commit to play college football for the Michigan State Spartans.
In week ten of the 2020 season, White had a breakout game hauling in eight receptions for 196 yards and a touchdown as he helped the Spartans upset Michigan. His 196 receiving yards set a Michigan State freshman record for receiving yards. White finished the 2020 season playing three games, making ten catches for 223 yards and one touchdown. In the 2021 season, White did not appear in any games. After the conclusion of the 2021, White entered the transfer portal.
White would decide to transfer to play for the UNLV Rebels. In week one of the 2022 season, White hauled in eight receptions for 182 yards and two touchdowns in a win over Idaho State. White finished the 2022 season with 51 receptions for 619 yards and four touchdowns. In week ten of the 2023 season, White notched eight catches for 165 yards and two touchdowns in a 56-14 win over New Mexico. White finished the 2023 regular season with 81 receptions for 1,386 yards and seven touchdowns. For his performance on the season, White was named third team All-American by the Associated Press. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ricky White III is an American football wide receiver for the UNLV Rebels. He previously played for the Michigan State Spartans.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "White was born in Marietta, Georgia where he attended high school at Marietta. In White's senior season of high school, he hauled in 55 receptions for 1,006 yards and 13 touchdowns. White would decide to commit to play college football for the Michigan State Spartans.",
"title": "Early life and high school"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In week ten of the 2020 season, White had a breakout game hauling in eight receptions for 196 yards and a touchdown as he helped the Spartans upset Michigan. His 196 receiving yards set a Michigan State freshman record for receiving yards. White finished the 2020 season playing three games, making ten catches for 223 yards and one touchdown. In the 2021 season, White did not appear in any games. After the conclusion of the 2021, White entered the transfer portal.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "White would decide to transfer to play for the UNLV Rebels. In week one of the 2022 season, White hauled in eight receptions for 182 yards and two touchdowns in a win over Idaho State. White finished the 2022 season with 51 receptions for 619 yards and four touchdowns. In week ten of the 2023 season, White notched eight catches for 165 yards and two touchdowns in a 56-14 win over New Mexico. White finished the 2023 regular season with 81 receptions for 1,386 yards and seven touchdowns. For his performance on the season, White was named third team All-American by the Associated Press.",
"title": "College career"
}
] | Ricky White III is an American football wide receiver for the UNLV Rebels. He previously played for the Michigan State Spartans. | 2023-12-14T17:10:03Z | 2023-12-27T18:22:48Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox college football player",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite magazine"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_White |
75,564,579 | Mollete de Antequera | The mollete de Antequera is a typical bread of Andalusia, Spain, that has a seal of protection IGP. There are a multitude of breads under the same name "mollete" in Andalusia, Extremadura and America. But the mollete de Antequera is characterized by a white and floured crust, and a soft crumb that easily crumbles, the result of a hydrated and lightly kneaded dough and a slow baking. The mollete de Antequera is one of the typical breads of Andalusia, the main feature of the Andalusian breakfast.
It was certified as a Protected Geographical Indication by the European Union on November 10, 2020.
The first mention of mollete is already in the Diccionario latino-español of 1492, in which it is defined by Nebrija as: "any bread that is spongy and muelle ('tender')". In Latin, panis tenellus means 'tender bread', also called panis tenellus ('delicate bread'), and referred to bread with a white and very spongy crumb, achieved through a short baking. It is a cognate of "molleta", a torta de pan made with harina de flor, originally from Old Castile, sometimes kneaded with milk, and also used to refer to brown breads of inferior quality. However, molletes are more typical of Andalusia and Extremadura. The same etymological origin can be found in the Catalan molla or molló ('miga') and in the French mollet or mollette ('bodigo'), as well as in the Spanish adjective "mollar" ('soft, easy to break').
The mollete de Antequera is made with low-strength wheat flour (~W180), water, salt and yeast or sourdough. It is usually made with refined flour, which guarantees a refined white bread. However, sometimes brown molletes are also produced, i.e. the flour contains bran. The production process consists of seven phases:
This bread is baked just enough so that it is not raw. A short baking time ensures that the crumb will be moist and fluffy. In fact, instead of allowing the freshly baked molletes to cool to room temperature, some bakers prefer to subject them to a sudden drop in temperature until they are frozen (using a blast chiller), thus preventing the crumb from continuing to bake.
It is considered a panecillo because of its small size. It is also considered a bun because it is a tender loaf. It is quite flat and has a round or oblong form, slightly irregular. Its crust is soft, floured, cream-colored and not at all crunchy. As for the crumb, it is tight, very spongy and moist, with a tiny and regular pores.
The mollete is a symbol of Antequera's identity. In the Cavalcade of Magi (January 5), thousands of molletes are thrown from the floats, as well as mantecados and candies. During the carnival in this town, the ceremony of the "burning of the sardine" (or 'burial of the sardine') is replaced by the "burning of the mollete".
As previously mentioned, the mollete de Antequera is the main food of the traditional Andalusian breakfast, and of other daily Antequera meals. One way of tasting it is by spreading it with manteca colorá, a savory pork lard, red in color due to the paprika. It is a versatile bread that combines with jams, cheese and honey, sausages, smoked meats, sardines, pâtés, etc. In the Atlas ilustrado del pan (2014), it is recommended to toast the mollete to obtain its maximum flavor, as it enhances its organoleptic properties, and adds: "gourmets disagree on whether this toasting should be done with the whole mollete or split in two halves".
The process of obtaining this European certification was initiated under the impetus of the Antequera City Council, in 2004. An organization of bakery producers was created. Initially, the convocation brought together 18 local bakers, seven of which finally formed the Antequera Pro-Mollete Association. By 2019, only two companies were members of the association: Mollete San Roque and El Antequerano. The other bakeries, such as Padepan or La Molletería denounced through El País and other newspapers that they were being excluded from the association and the IGP seal. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The mollete de Antequera is a typical bread of Andalusia, Spain, that has a seal of protection IGP. There are a multitude of breads under the same name \"mollete\" in Andalusia, Extremadura and America. But the mollete de Antequera is characterized by a white and floured crust, and a soft crumb that easily crumbles, the result of a hydrated and lightly kneaded dough and a slow baking. The mollete de Antequera is one of the typical breads of Andalusia, the main feature of the Andalusian breakfast.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It was certified as a Protected Geographical Indication by the European Union on November 10, 2020.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The first mention of mollete is already in the Diccionario latino-español of 1492, in which it is defined by Nebrija as: \"any bread that is spongy and muelle ('tender')\". In Latin, panis tenellus means 'tender bread', also called panis tenellus ('delicate bread'), and referred to bread with a white and very spongy crumb, achieved through a short baking. It is a cognate of \"molleta\", a torta de pan made with harina de flor, originally from Old Castile, sometimes kneaded with milk, and also used to refer to brown breads of inferior quality. However, molletes are more typical of Andalusia and Extremadura. The same etymological origin can be found in the Catalan molla or molló ('miga') and in the French mollet or mollette ('bodigo'), as well as in the Spanish adjective \"mollar\" ('soft, easy to break').",
"title": "Origin"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The mollete de Antequera is made with low-strength wheat flour (~W180), water, salt and yeast or sourdough. It is usually made with refined flour, which guarantees a refined white bread. However, sometimes brown molletes are also produced, i.e. the flour contains bran. The production process consists of seven phases:",
"title": "Elaboration"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "This bread is baked just enough so that it is not raw. A short baking time ensures that the crumb will be moist and fluffy. In fact, instead of allowing the freshly baked molletes to cool to room temperature, some bakers prefer to subject them to a sudden drop in temperature until they are frozen (using a blast chiller), thus preventing the crumb from continuing to bake.",
"title": "Elaboration"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "It is considered a panecillo because of its small size. It is also considered a bun because it is a tender loaf. It is quite flat and has a round or oblong form, slightly irregular. Its crust is soft, floured, cream-colored and not at all crunchy. As for the crumb, it is tight, very spongy and moist, with a tiny and regular pores.",
"title": "Characteristics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The mollete is a symbol of Antequera's identity. In the Cavalcade of Magi (January 5), thousands of molletes are thrown from the floats, as well as mantecados and candies. During the carnival in this town, the ceremony of the \"burning of the sardine\" (or 'burial of the sardine') is replaced by the \"burning of the mollete\".",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "As previously mentioned, the mollete de Antequera is the main food of the traditional Andalusian breakfast, and of other daily Antequera meals. One way of tasting it is by spreading it with manteca colorá, a savory pork lard, red in color due to the paprika. It is a versatile bread that combines with jams, cheese and honey, sausages, smoked meats, sardines, pâtés, etc. In the Atlas ilustrado del pan (2014), it is recommended to toast the mollete to obtain its maximum flavor, as it enhances its organoleptic properties, and adds: \"gourmets disagree on whether this toasting should be done with the whole mollete or split in two halves\".",
"title": "Culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The process of obtaining this European certification was initiated under the impetus of the Antequera City Council, in 2004. An organization of bakery producers was created. Initially, the convocation brought together 18 local bakers, seven of which finally formed the Antequera Pro-Mollete Association. By 2019, only two companies were members of the association: Mollete San Roque and El Antequerano. The other bakeries, such as Padepan or La Molletería denounced through El País and other newspapers that they were being excluded from the association and the IGP seal.",
"title": "IGP certification"
}
] | The mollete de Antequera is a typical bread of Andalusia, Spain, that has a seal of protection IGP. There are a multitude of breads under the same name "mollete" in Andalusia, Extremadura and America. But the mollete de Antequera is characterized by a white and floured crust, and a soft crumb that easily crumbles, the result of a hydrated and lightly kneaded dough and a slow baking. The mollete de Antequera is one of the typical breads of Andalusia, the main feature of the Andalusian breakfast. It was certified as a Protected Geographical Indication by the European Union on November 10, 2020. | 2023-12-14T17:10:31Z | 2023-12-26T16:06:05Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollete_de_Antequera |
75,564,584 | Tehreek-e-Nizam-e-Mustafa | Tehreek-e-Nizam-e-Mustafa (Urdu: تحریکِ نظامِ مصطفیٰ, lit. '"Movement of the system of the Prophet"') is a Barelvi organization and religious movement based in Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Pakistan. It was founded by Islamic scholar Muhammad Alauddin Siddiqui from Sadhanoti.
In late 19's organization's founder attempt to implement Islam at the Government level by negotiating with politicians. The politicians of Kashmir Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan and Sikandar Hayat Khan were also the members of this movement. Many gatherings and meetings were held in Nerian Sharif. The politicians themselves came and the objectives of the movement were explained, then they announced the support.
The aim and the purpose of the movement is to implement Sharia (or "Nizam-e-Mustafa", meaning "the system of the Prophet Muhammad") in Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir.
In November 2014, the movement held a convention in Muzaffarabad.
The group held a convention in Kotli in December 2016. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tehreek-e-Nizam-e-Mustafa (Urdu: تحریکِ نظامِ مصطفیٰ, lit. '\"Movement of the system of the Prophet\"') is a Barelvi organization and religious movement based in Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Pakistan. It was founded by Islamic scholar Muhammad Alauddin Siddiqui from Sadhanoti.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In late 19's organization's founder attempt to implement Islam at the Government level by negotiating with politicians. The politicians of Kashmir Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan and Sikandar Hayat Khan were also the members of this movement. Many gatherings and meetings were held in Nerian Sharif. The politicians themselves came and the objectives of the movement were explained, then they announced the support.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The aim and the purpose of the movement is to implement Sharia (or \"Nizam-e-Mustafa\", meaning \"the system of the Prophet Muhammad\") in Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In November 2014, the movement held a convention in Muzaffarabad.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The group held a convention in Kotli in December 2016.",
"title": ""
}
] | Tehreek-e-Nizam-e-Mustafa is a Barelvi organization and religious movement based in Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Pakistan. It was founded by Islamic scholar Muhammad Alauddin Siddiqui from Sadhanoti. In late 19's organization's founder attempt to implement Islam at the Government level by negotiating with politicians. The politicians of Kashmir Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan and Sikandar Hayat Khan were also the members of this movement. Many gatherings and meetings were held in Nerian Sharif. The politicians themselves came and the objectives of the movement were explained, then they announced the support. The aim and the purpose of the movement is to implement Sharia in Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. In November 2014, the movement held a convention in Muzaffarabad. The group held a convention in Kotli in December 2016. | 2023-12-14T17:11:08Z | 2023-12-26T17:59:45Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehreek-e-Nizam-e-Mustafa |
75,564,596 | Ariel Florencia Richards | Ariel Florencia Richards is a Chilean writer and scholar of visual arts.
Richards is a recipient of the Bicentennial Fellowship, which supported her completion of a MFA in Creative Writing at New York University. She first published her poetry in pamphlets and zines which were presented at NY Art Book Fair and Santiago Museum of Contemporary Art. Her calligraphy is included in the Brooklyn Museum Libraries and Archives permanent collections.
Richards teaches writing and architecture at Universidad de las Américas and is working toward a PhD at Pontificia Universidad de Chile.
Richards is a transgender woman and transitioned at age 37. Her third book, Inacabada, is the first she published after transition. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ariel Florencia Richards is a Chilean writer and scholar of visual arts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Richards is a recipient of the Bicentennial Fellowship, which supported her completion of a MFA in Creative Writing at New York University. She first published her poetry in pamphlets and zines which were presented at NY Art Book Fair and Santiago Museum of Contemporary Art. Her calligraphy is included in the Brooklyn Museum Libraries and Archives permanent collections.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Richards teaches writing and architecture at Universidad de las Américas and is working toward a PhD at Pontificia Universidad de Chile.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Richards is a transgender woman and transitioned at age 37. Her third book, Inacabada, is the first she published after transition.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Ariel Florencia Richards is a Chilean writer and scholar of visual arts. | 2023-12-14T17:13:22Z | 2023-12-26T16:19:43Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Multiple issues",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Florencia_Richards |
75,564,642 | Margarita with a Straw (soundtrack) | Margarita with a Straw is the soundtrack to the 2015 film of the same name directed by Shonali Bose and stars Kalki Koechlin. The film's musical score is composed by Mikey McCleary who also scored six songs for the film. The soundtrack features all of his compositions, including an instrumental theme and a song "Dusokute" composed by Joi Barua as a guest composer. The lyrics for the songs were written by Prasoon Joshi with McCleary also contributing two English songs. The album was released by Zee Music Company on 3 April 2015.
McCleary read Bose's script which he liked it and connected musically in styles they liked the film. They did not want the music to be melodramatic and kept a light-hearted tone. Certain sequences such as a band is playing jazz music in a bar, or a romantic montage, he composed the score according to the situations in the film. He worked on the background music for over two years, which felt it "came very quickly to me" and the idea was to capture the sound of the film and keep the sense of beauty intact. He introduced rock singer-songwriter Vivienne Pocha to provide vocals for the English song "I Need A Man" and model-turned-singer Rachel Varghese, who sang "Choone Chali Aasman". Upon his introduction, McCleary said that he wanted an "uplifting" and "expressive" voice to contribute the vocals, reminsicent of singer-songwriter Adele and Varghese was a perfect fit for the film.
The songs "I Need A Man" and "Don't Go Running Off Anytime Soon" were used for the English version when it was screened at international film festivals. McCleary described the latter as a "nice romantic ballad with colloquial words" which was to have something "romantic" and "light" capturing the fresh energy and excitement between the relationship of the lead characters. It was then shot as an independent music video in New York City, released after the film.
Joi Barua was roped in as the guest composer, who provided music and also sung for "Dusokute" (lit. 'In her eyes'). Barua described it as a breezy, uptempo rock songs having the listener "to feel the inertia kicking in right from the start and a sense of motion that carried throughout. Almost like running, or biking". The song conveyed a distinct sense of optimism, youth, hope and love like how the characters felt. Originally written by Barua in Assamese the song was later rewritten by Prasoon Joshi in also had a duet version co-performed by Sharmistha Chatterjee.
Critics such as Kasmin Fernandes and Joginder Tuteja gave positive reviews of the soundtrack's unconventional style. The former appreciated Barua's "energetic vocals" in "Dusokute" and the "desi yet classy" number "Foreign Balamwa" in her 3-out-of-5-star review for The Times of India. She described the lyrics by Joshi as "cheerful", but was less impressed by McCleary's "passable" writing. Tuteja, writing for Bollywood Hungama, noted the album's lack of a commercial appeal and wrote that at best it "fit[s] in well into the stage and setting that the film stands for". He praised McCleary's command of the English compositions and his "boyish charm" as a vocalist. Tuteja was particularly impressed by Pocha's "thumping vocals" in "I Need a Man" and the serene effect of the final two tracks of the album. He also found the choice of such artists as Manchanda and Kakkar odd for what he described as an album heavily influenced by Western music. Bryan Durham of the Daily News and Analysis considered the duo's respective tracks "unusual" and "candid". He singled out the instrumental number, "Laila's Theme", as "the beating heart of the film".
At the 9th Asian Film Awards held in 25 March 2015, McCleary won the Best Composer award for his musical score, becoming the first Hindi film to do so. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Margarita with a Straw is the soundtrack to the 2015 film of the same name directed by Shonali Bose and stars Kalki Koechlin. The film's musical score is composed by Mikey McCleary who also scored six songs for the film. The soundtrack features all of his compositions, including an instrumental theme and a song \"Dusokute\" composed by Joi Barua as a guest composer. The lyrics for the songs were written by Prasoon Joshi with McCleary also contributing two English songs. The album was released by Zee Music Company on 3 April 2015.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "McCleary read Bose's script which he liked it and connected musically in styles they liked the film. They did not want the music to be melodramatic and kept a light-hearted tone. Certain sequences such as a band is playing jazz music in a bar, or a romantic montage, he composed the score according to the situations in the film. He worked on the background music for over two years, which felt it \"came very quickly to me\" and the idea was to capture the sound of the film and keep the sense of beauty intact. He introduced rock singer-songwriter Vivienne Pocha to provide vocals for the English song \"I Need A Man\" and model-turned-singer Rachel Varghese, who sang \"Choone Chali Aasman\". Upon his introduction, McCleary said that he wanted an \"uplifting\" and \"expressive\" voice to contribute the vocals, reminsicent of singer-songwriter Adele and Varghese was a perfect fit for the film.",
"title": "Development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The songs \"I Need A Man\" and \"Don't Go Running Off Anytime Soon\" were used for the English version when it was screened at international film festivals. McCleary described the latter as a \"nice romantic ballad with colloquial words\" which was to have something \"romantic\" and \"light\" capturing the fresh energy and excitement between the relationship of the lead characters. It was then shot as an independent music video in New York City, released after the film.",
"title": "Development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Joi Barua was roped in as the guest composer, who provided music and also sung for \"Dusokute\" (lit. 'In her eyes'). Barua described it as a breezy, uptempo rock songs having the listener \"to feel the inertia kicking in right from the start and a sense of motion that carried throughout. Almost like running, or biking\". The song conveyed a distinct sense of optimism, youth, hope and love like how the characters felt. Originally written by Barua in Assamese the song was later rewritten by Prasoon Joshi in also had a duet version co-performed by Sharmistha Chatterjee.",
"title": "Development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Critics such as Kasmin Fernandes and Joginder Tuteja gave positive reviews of the soundtrack's unconventional style. The former appreciated Barua's \"energetic vocals\" in \"Dusokute\" and the \"desi yet classy\" number \"Foreign Balamwa\" in her 3-out-of-5-star review for The Times of India. She described the lyrics by Joshi as \"cheerful\", but was less impressed by McCleary's \"passable\" writing. Tuteja, writing for Bollywood Hungama, noted the album's lack of a commercial appeal and wrote that at best it \"fit[s] in well into the stage and setting that the film stands for\". He praised McCleary's command of the English compositions and his \"boyish charm\" as a vocalist. Tuteja was particularly impressed by Pocha's \"thumping vocals\" in \"I Need a Man\" and the serene effect of the final two tracks of the album. He also found the choice of such artists as Manchanda and Kakkar odd for what he described as an album heavily influenced by Western music. Bryan Durham of the Daily News and Analysis considered the duo's respective tracks \"unusual\" and \"candid\". He singled out the instrumental number, \"Laila's Theme\", as \"the beating heart of the film\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "At the 9th Asian Film Awards held in 25 March 2015, McCleary won the Best Composer award for his musical score, becoming the first Hindi film to do so.",
"title": "Accolades"
}
] | Margarita with a Straw is the soundtrack to the 2015 film of the same name directed by Shonali Bose and stars Kalki Koechlin. The film's musical score is composed by Mikey McCleary who also scored six songs for the film. The soundtrack features all of his compositions, including an instrumental theme and a song "Dusokute" composed by Joi Barua as a guest composer. The lyrics for the songs were written by Prasoon Joshi with McCleary also contributing two English songs. The album was released by Zee Music Company on 3 April 2015. | 2023-12-14T17:19:14Z | 2023-12-29T10:40:14Z | [
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75,564,670 | Edith Clarke (disambiguation) | Edith Clarke (1883 – 1959) was an American electrical engineer.
Edith Clarke may also refer to: | [
{
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"text": "Edith Clarke (1883 – 1959) was an American electrical engineer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Edith Clarke may also refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Edith Clarke was an American electrical engineer. Edith Clarke may also refer to: Edith Clarke (anthropologist) (1896-1979), Jamaican anthropologist, legislator, and rights advocate
Edith Clarke, British cookery teacher and writer | 2023-12-14T17:22:55Z | 2023-12-14T17:22:55Z | [
"Template:Hndis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Clarke_(disambiguation) |
75,564,702 | George G. Hatcher | George Glenn Hatcher (January 25, 1903 – December 29, 1983) was an American educator and politician who served two non-consecutive terms as Secretary of State of Kentucky from 1940 to 1944 and 1948 to 1952, City Clerk of Ashland, Kentucky from 1932 to 1936, and Deputy Clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals from 1936 to 1939. He was a member of the Democratic Party.
George Glenn Hatcher was on January 25, 1903, in Bonanza, Floyd County, Kentucky, to George Marion Hatcher and Mary Clarinda Fairchild. He attended the common schools of Floyd County, and later attended Berea College for three years from 1910 to 1921. He also attended Eastern Kentucky State Teachers College. He married Vada Bell on February 27, 1929, they had one child, Mary. His second marriage was Lorraine Jarrell, on October 15, 1948, they had three children, Elissa, Elizabeth, and Glenna Jo.
After graduating, Hatcher was employed as a teacher in Floyd County Schools. From 1925 to 1932, he worked for the American Rolling Mill Company, serving in management roles.
While working at steel mills, Hatcher was a political organizer in Boyd County, Kentucky. A Democrat, he was elected city clerk of Ashland, Kentucky, and served in this role for four years from 1932 to 1936. In 1936, he was appointed Deputy Clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals, a position he held from 1936 to 1939.
In 1939, Hatcher ran for Secretary of State of Kentucky against Charles Trivett. Hatcher defeated Trivett taking 168,832 votes to Trivett's 94,372 votes. Hatcher assumed office on January 1, 1940. In the course of his term, he put in place many procedures that expedited services to businesses and governments across Kentucky. He also helped modernize the office of Secretary of State. These modernizations included photo-recording devices and addressograph-like methods to establish precise record keeping. After he left office, he found work in business and sales.
In 1947, Hatcher ran for a second, non-consecutive term as Secretary of State against E. E. Hughes. Hatcher defeated Hughes and assumed office on January 1, 1948. Hatcher was the first person to serve two complete terms as secretary of state in the 20th-century. During his term, he represented Kentucky at the National Secretary of States Association and served as chairman of the Eastern Kentucky Appalachian Commission. In 1950, he ran in the primary for U.S. senator against Earle Clements. He came in second place taking 40,240 votes to Clements 114,835 votes. In 1951, he lost a bid for Kentucky Auditor of Public Accounts, losing to T. Herbert Tinsley. After leaving office, he again found work in business.
In 1955, Hatcher ran for Clerk of the Kentucky of Appeals, but lost in the primary. In 1962, he served as assistant to the commissioner of the Kentucky Department of Finance. In 1964, he developed a state local records program to help preserve historical records that were being destroyed or lost. In the following years, he continued to serve in various roles in the state government. He later accepted a job in the Franklin County Judge/Executive office, which he served in until his retirement.
After his retirement, Hatcher spent most of his time doing historical research. He was known for his extensive knowledge of eastern Kentucky history, lore, and politics.
Hatcher died on December 29, 1983, at the Albert B. Chandler Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky. He was 80 years old. He was interred at the Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "George Glenn Hatcher (January 25, 1903 – December 29, 1983) was an American educator and politician who served two non-consecutive terms as Secretary of State of Kentucky from 1940 to 1944 and 1948 to 1952, City Clerk of Ashland, Kentucky from 1932 to 1936, and Deputy Clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals from 1936 to 1939. He was a member of the Democratic Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "George Glenn Hatcher was on January 25, 1903, in Bonanza, Floyd County, Kentucky, to George Marion Hatcher and Mary Clarinda Fairchild. He attended the common schools of Floyd County, and later attended Berea College for three years from 1910 to 1921. He also attended Eastern Kentucky State Teachers College. He married Vada Bell on February 27, 1929, they had one child, Mary. His second marriage was Lorraine Jarrell, on October 15, 1948, they had three children, Elissa, Elizabeth, and Glenna Jo.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After graduating, Hatcher was employed as a teacher in Floyd County Schools. From 1925 to 1932, he worked for the American Rolling Mill Company, serving in management roles.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "While working at steel mills, Hatcher was a political organizer in Boyd County, Kentucky. A Democrat, he was elected city clerk of Ashland, Kentucky, and served in this role for four years from 1932 to 1936. In 1936, he was appointed Deputy Clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals, a position he held from 1936 to 1939.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1939, Hatcher ran for Secretary of State of Kentucky against Charles Trivett. Hatcher defeated Trivett taking 168,832 votes to Trivett's 94,372 votes. Hatcher assumed office on January 1, 1940. In the course of his term, he put in place many procedures that expedited services to businesses and governments across Kentucky. He also helped modernize the office of Secretary of State. These modernizations included photo-recording devices and addressograph-like methods to establish precise record keeping. After he left office, he found work in business and sales.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1947, Hatcher ran for a second, non-consecutive term as Secretary of State against E. E. Hughes. Hatcher defeated Hughes and assumed office on January 1, 1948. Hatcher was the first person to serve two complete terms as secretary of state in the 20th-century. During his term, he represented Kentucky at the National Secretary of States Association and served as chairman of the Eastern Kentucky Appalachian Commission. In 1950, he ran in the primary for U.S. senator against Earle Clements. He came in second place taking 40,240 votes to Clements 114,835 votes. In 1951, he lost a bid for Kentucky Auditor of Public Accounts, losing to T. Herbert Tinsley. After leaving office, he again found work in business.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 1955, Hatcher ran for Clerk of the Kentucky of Appeals, but lost in the primary. In 1962, he served as assistant to the commissioner of the Kentucky Department of Finance. In 1964, he developed a state local records program to help preserve historical records that were being destroyed or lost. In the following years, he continued to serve in various roles in the state government. He later accepted a job in the Franklin County Judge/Executive office, which he served in until his retirement.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "After his retirement, Hatcher spent most of his time doing historical research. He was known for his extensive knowledge of eastern Kentucky history, lore, and politics.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Hatcher died on December 29, 1983, at the Albert B. Chandler Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky. He was 80 years old. He was interred at the Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky.",
"title": "Death"
}
] | George Glenn Hatcher was an American educator and politician who served two non-consecutive terms as Secretary of State of Kentucky from 1940 to 1944 and 1948 to 1952, City Clerk of Ashland, Kentucky from 1932 to 1936, and Deputy Clerk of the Kentucky Court of Appeals from 1936 to 1939. He was a member of the Democratic Party. | 2023-12-14T17:30:25Z | 2023-12-14T17:36:03Z | [
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75,564,711 | 2024 Superettan | The 2024 Superettan will be the 25th season of Superettan, Sweden's second-tier football division in its current format. It will be part of the 2024 Swedish football season and contested by 16 teams.
A total of 16 teams contest the league. The top two teams qualify directly for promotion to Allsvenskan, the third will enter a play-off for the chance of promotion. The two bottom teams are automatically relegated, while the 13th and 14th placed teams will compete in a play-off to determine whether they are relegated.
The thirteenth and fourteenth-placed teams will face one of the two runners-up from the 2024 Ettan in two-legged ties for the final two places in the 2025 Superettan.
Player scored 4 goals(H) – Home team(A) – Away team
Most yellow cards: 0
Most red cards: 0
Copied content from 2023 Superettan; see that page's history for attribution | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 Superettan will be the 25th season of Superettan, Sweden's second-tier football division in its current format. It will be part of the 2024 Swedish football season and contested by 16 teams.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A total of 16 teams contest the league. The top two teams qualify directly for promotion to Allsvenskan, the third will enter a play-off for the chance of promotion. The two bottom teams are automatically relegated, while the 13th and 14th placed teams will compete in a play-off to determine whether they are relegated.",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The thirteenth and fourteenth-placed teams will face one of the two runners-up from the 2024 Ettan in two-legged ties for the final two places in the 2025 Superettan.",
"title": "League table"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Player scored 4 goals(H) – Home team(A) – Away team",
"title": "Season statistics"
},
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"text": "Most yellow cards: 0",
"title": "Season statistics"
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"text": "Most red cards: 0",
"title": "Season statistics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Copied content from 2023 Superettan; see that page's history for attribution",
"title": "External links"
}
] | The 2024 Superettan will be the 25th season of Superettan, Sweden's second-tier football division in its current format. It will be part of the 2024 Swedish football season and contested by 16 teams. | 2023-12-14T17:33:56Z | 2023-12-29T23:41:25Z | [
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75,564,716 | I Am (I'm Me) | "I Am (I'm Me)" is a song by American heavy metal band Twisted Sister, released in 1983 as the lead single from their second studio album, You Can't Stop Rock 'n' Roll. The song was written by Dee Snider and produced by Stuart Epps. "I Am (I'm Me)" was Twisted Sister's first chart hit, reaching number 18 in the UK Singles Chart. It was their highest-charting entry in the UK and remained in the top 75 for nine weeks.
In a 2016 interview with Songfacts, Snider singled out "I Am (I'm Me)" as one Twisted Sister song which he felt deserved more attention. He recalled, "'I Am (I'm Me)' should have gotten a lot more [attention]. It was our first hit in England, but it never got released in the States, and it could have been as big as 'We're Not Gonna Take It' as a rock anthem. And it's one of my favorite songs statement-wise."
"I Am (I'm Me)" was Twisted Sister's debut single on Atlantic and preceded the release of its parent album, You Can't Stop Rock 'n' Roll. It was the label's senior vice president, Phil Carson, who signed the band to the label after seeing them perform live and, after then receiving a demo tape from them, identified "I Am (I'm Me)", among others, as a potential hit. The band soon began recording You Can't Stop Rock 'n' Roll at Sol Studios in Cookham, England, and as recording approached completion, Carson devised a plan to give them their commercial breakthrough by releasing "I Am (I'm Me)" as a single. To provide some B-sides without sourcing songs from the upcoming album, Carson arranged for the band to perform two shows at London's Marquee Club on March 5 and 6, 1983. Three live recordings would be produced for the single: "Sin After Sin" for both the 7-inch and 12-inch releases and "Destroyer" and "It's Only Rock 'n' Roll" for the 12-inch release. The single was a success, reaching number 18 in the UK Singles Chart.
In April 1983, the band embarked on a 12-date UK tour to promote both the single and the new album. As the song climbed the UK charts, the band performed it on Top of the Pops. Their appearance on the show, in full makeup, resulted in the BBC receiving a number of complaints from viewers. Snider recalled in his 2012 autobiography Shut Up and Give Me the Mic: A Twisted Memoir, "Despite the fact that we were on with Boy George and Culture Club, the TOTP viewers were mortified by our appearance and demeanor. Of course the metal fans loved having one of their own on the show for a change."
Upon its release as a single, Kimberley Leston of Smash Hits called "I Am (I'm Me)" "sweaty rock for the lads delivered by a gruesome-looking bunch in extremely ungainly togs". Jim Reid of Record Mirror wrote, "People get paid quite good money to drill the roads. My advice to Twisted Sister, grab a pneumatic pretty damn quick, it'll make a sweeter sound than this record and pays a lot beter than the royalties from five record sales."
7–inch single (UK and Europe)
12–inch single (UK and Europe)
Twisted Sister
Production
Other | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "\"I Am (I'm Me)\" is a song by American heavy metal band Twisted Sister, released in 1983 as the lead single from their second studio album, You Can't Stop Rock 'n' Roll. The song was written by Dee Snider and produced by Stuart Epps. \"I Am (I'm Me)\" was Twisted Sister's first chart hit, reaching number 18 in the UK Singles Chart. It was their highest-charting entry in the UK and remained in the top 75 for nine weeks.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In a 2016 interview with Songfacts, Snider singled out \"I Am (I'm Me)\" as one Twisted Sister song which he felt deserved more attention. He recalled, \"'I Am (I'm Me)' should have gotten a lot more [attention]. It was our first hit in England, but it never got released in the States, and it could have been as big as 'We're Not Gonna Take It' as a rock anthem. And it's one of my favorite songs statement-wise.\"",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "\"I Am (I'm Me)\" was Twisted Sister's debut single on Atlantic and preceded the release of its parent album, You Can't Stop Rock 'n' Roll. It was the label's senior vice president, Phil Carson, who signed the band to the label after seeing them perform live and, after then receiving a demo tape from them, identified \"I Am (I'm Me)\", among others, as a potential hit. The band soon began recording You Can't Stop Rock 'n' Roll at Sol Studios in Cookham, England, and as recording approached completion, Carson devised a plan to give them their commercial breakthrough by releasing \"I Am (I'm Me)\" as a single. To provide some B-sides without sourcing songs from the upcoming album, Carson arranged for the band to perform two shows at London's Marquee Club on March 5 and 6, 1983. Three live recordings would be produced for the single: \"Sin After Sin\" for both the 7-inch and 12-inch releases and \"Destroyer\" and \"It's Only Rock 'n' Roll\" for the 12-inch release. The single was a success, reaching number 18 in the UK Singles Chart.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In April 1983, the band embarked on a 12-date UK tour to promote both the single and the new album. As the song climbed the UK charts, the band performed it on Top of the Pops. Their appearance on the show, in full makeup, resulted in the BBC receiving a number of complaints from viewers. Snider recalled in his 2012 autobiography Shut Up and Give Me the Mic: A Twisted Memoir, \"Despite the fact that we were on with Boy George and Culture Club, the TOTP viewers were mortified by our appearance and demeanor. Of course the metal fans loved having one of their own on the show for a change.\"",
"title": "Promotion"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Upon its release as a single, Kimberley Leston of Smash Hits called \"I Am (I'm Me)\" \"sweaty rock for the lads delivered by a gruesome-looking bunch in extremely ungainly togs\". Jim Reid of Record Mirror wrote, \"People get paid quite good money to drill the roads. My advice to Twisted Sister, grab a pneumatic pretty damn quick, it'll make a sweeter sound than this record and pays a lot beter than the royalties from five record sales.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "7–inch single (UK and Europe)",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "12–inch single (UK and Europe)",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Twisted Sister",
"title": "Personnel"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Production",
"title": "Personnel"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Other",
"title": "Personnel"
}
] | "I Am" is a song by American heavy metal band Twisted Sister, released in 1983 as the lead single from their second studio album, You Can't Stop Rock 'n' Roll. The song was written by Dee Snider and produced by Stuart Epps. "I Am" was Twisted Sister's first chart hit, reaching number 18 in the UK Singles Chart. It was their highest-charting entry in the UK and remained in the top 75 for nine weeks. | 2023-12-14T17:35:24Z | 2023-12-30T21:21:18Z | [
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75,564,733 | Greenland women's national volleyball team | The Greenland women's national volleyball team ( (Greenlandic : , Danish : ) represents Greenland in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches, The Team Ruled and managed by the Greenlandic Volleyball Association that is a part of the Federation of International Volleyball (FIVB) as well as the European Volleyball Confederation (CEV) , The Greenlandic Team also follow two regional European Volleyball Bodies wich are the North European Volleyball Zonal Association (NEVZA) and the Small Countries Association (SCA).
The Greenlandic women's national volleyball team has never in its history Qualified to any major international volleyball Events like the FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, Olympic Games, European Championship they Participate in Regional competitions like Small Countries Division Championship their best results in this Tournament was the 6th place in the 2019 Edition, they also have two Bronze medal in the Games of the Small States of Europe in 2003 and 2013. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Greenland women's national volleyball team ( (Greenlandic : , Danish : ) represents Greenland in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches, The Team Ruled and managed by the Greenlandic Volleyball Association that is a part of the Federation of International Volleyball (FIVB) as well as the European Volleyball Confederation (CEV) , The Greenlandic Team also follow two regional European Volleyball Bodies wich are the North European Volleyball Zonal Association (NEVZA) and the Small Countries Association (SCA).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Greenlandic women's national volleyball team has never in its history Qualified to any major international volleyball Events like the FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, Olympic Games, European Championship they Participate in Regional competitions like Small Countries Division Championship their best results in this Tournament was the 6th place in the 2019 Edition, they also have two Bronze medal in the Games of the Small States of Europe in 2003 and 2013.",
"title": "Team History"
}
] | The Greenland women's national volleyball team ( represents Greenland in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches, The Team Ruled and managed by the Greenlandic Volleyball Association that is a part of the Federation of International Volleyball as well as the European Volleyball Confederation , The Greenlandic Team also follow two regional European Volleyball Bodies wich are the North European Volleyball Zonal Association and the Small Countries Association . | 2023-12-14T17:37:53Z | 2023-12-15T10:29:59Z | [
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75,564,736 | Stephen W. Dunwell | Stephen W. Dunwell was an American computer engineer, known best for his role leading the team developing the IBM 7030 Stretch supercomputer at IBM. He was honored with an IBM Fellow in 1966, a Computer Pioneer Award in 1992, and was named an ACM Fellow in 1994. He died of cancer. | [
{
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"text": "Stephen W. Dunwell was an American computer engineer, known best for his role leading the team developing the IBM 7030 Stretch supercomputer at IBM. He was honored with an IBM Fellow in 1966, a Computer Pioneer Award in 1992, and was named an ACM Fellow in 1994. He died of cancer.",
"title": ""
}
] | Stephen W. Dunwell was an American computer engineer, known best for his role leading the team developing the IBM 7030 Stretch supercomputer at IBM. He was honored with an IBM Fellow in 1966, a Computer Pioneer Award in 1992, and was named an ACM Fellow in 1994. He died of cancer. | 2023-12-14T17:38:23Z | 2023-12-26T17:55:24Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_W._Dunwell |
75,564,740 | Da Nang Bay | Da Nang Bay (Vietnamese: Vịnh Đà Nẵng), formerly known as Tourane Bay, is a bay of the South China Sea along the coast of the city of Da Nang, Vietnam. The bay is entered between the Sơn Trà Peninsula and the Hải Vân Mountain, 4 miles Northwest.
The bay has an area of 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), a coastline of 46 kilometres (29 mi) and adequate depths of 8–10 metres (26–33 ft). It offers good shelter at all seasons for vessels of any size. The bottom of the bay is mostly sandy, while some areas have corals and rocks. A layer of mud is immediately above this sandy bottom, making up 80% of the bay's floor.
The port of Da Nang is located in the bay at the mouth of the Hàn River. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Da Nang Bay (Vietnamese: Vịnh Đà Nẵng), formerly known as Tourane Bay, is a bay of the South China Sea along the coast of the city of Da Nang, Vietnam. The bay is entered between the Sơn Trà Peninsula and the Hải Vân Mountain, 4 miles Northwest.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The bay has an area of 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), a coastline of 46 kilometres (29 mi) and adequate depths of 8–10 metres (26–33 ft). It offers good shelter at all seasons for vessels of any size. The bottom of the bay is mostly sandy, while some areas have corals and rocks. A layer of mud is immediately above this sandy bottom, making up 80% of the bay's floor.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The port of Da Nang is located in the bay at the mouth of the Hàn River.",
"title": ""
}
] | Da Nang Bay, formerly known as Tourane Bay, is a bay of the South China Sea along the coast of the city of Da Nang, Vietnam. The bay is entered between the Sơn Trà Peninsula and the Hải Vân Mountain, 4 miles Northwest. The bay has an area of 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), a coastline of 46 kilometres (29 mi) and adequate depths of 8–10 metres (26–33 ft). It offers good shelter at all seasons for vessels of any size. The bottom of the bay is mostly sandy, while some areas have corals and rocks. A layer of mud is immediately above this sandy bottom, making up 80% of the bay's floor. The port of Da Nang is located in the bay at the mouth of the Hàn River. | 2023-12-14T17:39:07Z | 2023-12-16T20:15:29Z | [
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75,564,766 | Seldwyla Folks | Seldwyla Folks, also published as The People of Seldwyla (German: Die Leute von Seldwyla), is a sequence of novellas by the Swiss writer Gottfried Keller. The ten stories are set around the fictional small town of Seldwyla in Switzerland. Each story is about an obsession or fixation that leads to excess, bigotry or self-indulgence. The first five stories were written from from 1853 to 1855 and published together in 1856. The second half was written from 1860 to 1875. The finished sequence was published in two volumes in 1873 and 1875. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Seldwyla Folks, also published as The People of Seldwyla (German: Die Leute von Seldwyla), is a sequence of novellas by the Swiss writer Gottfried Keller. The ten stories are set around the fictional small town of Seldwyla in Switzerland. Each story is about an obsession or fixation that leads to excess, bigotry or self-indulgence. The first five stories were written from from 1853 to 1855 and published together in 1856. The second half was written from 1860 to 1875. The finished sequence was published in two volumes in 1873 and 1875.",
"title": ""
}
] | Seldwyla Folks, also published as The People of Seldwyla, is a sequence of novellas by the Swiss writer Gottfried Keller. The ten stories are set around the fictional small town of Seldwyla in Switzerland. Each story is about an obsession or fixation that leads to excess, bigotry or self-indulgence. The first five stories were written from from 1853 to 1855 and published together in 1856. The second half was written from 1860 to 1875. The finished sequence was published in two volumes in 1873 and 1875. | 2023-12-14T17:46:22Z | 2023-12-15T10:42:27Z | [
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75,564,769 | Andrew Poepoe | Andrew Keliikuniaupuni Poepoe (born May 2, 1935) is an American retired politician from the state of Hawaii.
Poepoe, the son of Reverend Abraham P. Poepoe, was born in Honolulu on May 2, 1935, and grew up in Kamuela, where his parents lived. After receiving primary education at Kamehameha Schools, he earned a bachelor's degree in industrial management from Yale University and a Master's of Business Administration (MBA) from the University of Hawaii. He was an industrial engineer by profession and worked for the Dole Food Company, Castle & Cook Terminals, and Hawaiian Plantatations. Poepoe married Jaya Lakshmi Ramalu in September 1958 and has two sons. He resided in Kailua.
Poepoe was elected to the Hawaii House of Representatives as a member of the Republican party in 1966, and served until 1978 for the district of Aikahi-Enchanted Lakes. During his term, he served in various leadership positions, including as minority whip and minority leader. He also served on the House Finance Committee. Poepoe also served on the Honolulu City Council from 1978 to 1982 where he was a member of the zoning committee. In the 2000s, Poepoe served as the Hawaii district director for the United States Small Business Administration. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Andrew Keliikuniaupuni Poepoe (born May 2, 1935) is an American retired politician from the state of Hawaii.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Poepoe, the son of Reverend Abraham P. Poepoe, was born in Honolulu on May 2, 1935, and grew up in Kamuela, where his parents lived. After receiving primary education at Kamehameha Schools, he earned a bachelor's degree in industrial management from Yale University and a Master's of Business Administration (MBA) from the University of Hawaii. He was an industrial engineer by profession and worked for the Dole Food Company, Castle & Cook Terminals, and Hawaiian Plantatations. Poepoe married Jaya Lakshmi Ramalu in September 1958 and has two sons. He resided in Kailua.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Poepoe was elected to the Hawaii House of Representatives as a member of the Republican party in 1966, and served until 1978 for the district of Aikahi-Enchanted Lakes. During his term, he served in various leadership positions, including as minority whip and minority leader. He also served on the House Finance Committee. Poepoe also served on the Honolulu City Council from 1978 to 1982 where he was a member of the zoning committee. In the 2000s, Poepoe served as the Hawaii district director for the United States Small Business Administration.",
"title": ""
}
] | Andrew Keliikuniaupuni Poepoe is an American retired politician from the state of Hawaii. Poepoe, the son of Reverend Abraham P. Poepoe, was born in Honolulu on May 2, 1935, and grew up in Kamuela, where his parents lived. After receiving primary education at Kamehameha Schools, he earned a bachelor's degree in industrial management from Yale University and a Master's of Business Administration (MBA) from the University of Hawaii. He was an industrial engineer by profession and worked for the Dole Food Company, Castle & Cook Terminals, and Hawaiian Plantatations. Poepoe married Jaya Lakshmi Ramalu in September 1958 and has two sons. He resided in Kailua. Poepoe was elected to the Hawaii House of Representatives as a member of the Republican party in 1966, and served until 1978 for the district of Aikahi-Enchanted Lakes. During his term, he served in various leadership positions, including as minority whip and minority leader. He also served on the House Finance Committee. Poepoe also served on the Honolulu City Council from 1978 to 1982 where he was a member of the zoning committee. In the 2000s, Poepoe served as the Hawaii district director for the United States Small Business Administration. | 2023-12-14T17:46:39Z | 2023-12-26T13:41:37Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Poepoe |
75,564,783 | 1908 Copa de Honor MCBA Final | The 1908 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was the football match that decided the champion of the 4th. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in the Quilmes A.C. Stadium (alson known as "Quilmes Old Ground") in the homonymous city, Quilmes defeated Porteño 2–1. to win their first Copa de Honor trophy.
The 1908 edition was contested by 11 clubs, 8 within Buenos Aires Province, and 3 from Liga Rosarina de Football. Playing in a single-elimination tournament, Belgrano eliminated both Rosarino teams, first Argentino 4–1 and then Rosario Central in semifinals, 5–2.
On the other hand, Porteño eliminated San Isidroafter beating them 5–3 in playoff to break the 1–1 original draw. In semifinals, Porteño defeated Newell's Old Boys 3–2 at Club Argentino's venue in Rosario.
In the final, Quilmes defeated Porteño 2–1, at the Quilmes Old Ground to win their first Copa de Honor trophy after two consecutive finals played. | [
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] | The 1908 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was the football match that decided the champion of the 4th. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in the Quilmes A.C. Stadium in the homonymous city, Quilmes defeated Porteño 2–1. to win their first Copa de Honor trophy. | 2023-12-14T17:49:10Z | 2023-12-31T12:50:18Z | [
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75,564,795 | Turn of the Tide | Turn of the Tide (1935) is a British drama film directed by Norman Walker and starring John Garrick, Geraldine Fitzgerald and Wilfrid Lawson. It was the first feature film made by J. Arthur Rank. Lacking a distributor for his film, Rank set up his own distribution and production company which subsequently grew into his later empire.
The film contains many Whitby registered boats (WY) and contains much documentary-style footage of making and repairing lobster creels.
The film is set in the fictional Yorkshire fishing village of Bramblewick and relates the rivalry between two fishing families. It is filmed mainly around Robin Hood's Bay (evidenced in the WY identity codes on the fishing boats).
The characters speak in the local Yorkshire accent and dialect. Rivalry between the lobster fishermen begins when one boat is fitted with a new diesel engine. Ropes are cut so the lobsters cannot be retrieved. The feuding comes to an end when a man from one family says he wants to marry a girl from the other family.
The work is based on the 1932 novel Three Fevers by Leo Walmsley.
Writing for The Spectator in 1935, Graham Greene remarked that the film was "unpretentious and truthful", and "one of the best English films [he] ha[d] yet seen". Rejecting contemporary critical comparison of the film to Man of Aran, Greene suggested that where Man of Aran had featured sentimentality, Turn of the Tide's director "Norman Walker is concerned with truth, [...] and the beauty his picture catches is that of exact statement".
Although the film was originally considered a box-office disappointment it was eventually voted the sixth best British movie of 1936.
Britmovie called it a "refreshingly compassionate drama that benefits from being filmed on location at Robin Hood's Bay and Whitby". | [
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{
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"text": "The characters speak in the local Yorkshire accent and dialect. Rivalry between the lobster fishermen begins when one boat is fitted with a new diesel engine. Ropes are cut so the lobsters cannot be retrieved. The feuding comes to an end when a man from one family says he wants to marry a girl from the other family.",
"title": "Plot"
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{
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"text": "The work is based on the 1932 novel Three Fevers by Leo Walmsley.",
"title": "Plot"
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{
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"text": "Writing for The Spectator in 1935, Graham Greene remarked that the film was \"unpretentious and truthful\", and \"one of the best English films [he] ha[d] yet seen\". Rejecting contemporary critical comparison of the film to Man of Aran, Greene suggested that where Man of Aran had featured sentimentality, Turn of the Tide's director \"Norman Walker is concerned with truth, [...] and the beauty his picture catches is that of exact statement\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Although the film was originally considered a box-office disappointment it was eventually voted the sixth best British movie of 1936.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Britmovie called it a \"refreshingly compassionate drama that benefits from being filmed on location at Robin Hood's Bay and Whitby\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Turn of the Tide (1935) is a British drama film directed by Norman Walker and starring John Garrick, Geraldine Fitzgerald and Wilfrid Lawson. It was the first feature film made by J. Arthur Rank. Lacking a distributor for his film, Rank set up his own distribution and production company which subsequently grew into his later empire. The film contains many Whitby registered boats (WY) and contains much documentary-style footage of making and repairing lobster creels. | 2023-12-14T17:50:49Z | 2023-12-15T10:53:33Z | [
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75,564,808 | Jaan-e-Jahan | Jaan-e-Jahan is an ongoing Pakistani television drama series that is broadcast on ARY Digital. It is directed by Qasim Ali Mureed and written by Rida Bilal. Humayun Saeed and Shehzad Naseeb of Six Sigma Plus has produced the series in collaboration with Sana Shahnawaz and Samina Humayun Saeed of Next Level Entertainment. It stars Ayeza Khan and Hamza Ali Abbasi as leads.
The series revolves around the intense love of two lovers who are deeply in love with each other. They face obstacles on their way and ultimately find the divine.
In February 2023, Hamaza Ali Abbasi announced on his Instagram that he will made his television comeback with Rida Bilal's written and Qasim Ali Mureed's directed Jaan-e-Jahan. Mureed told to Images that the series is about intense love, passion, and further revealed the other cast members as well which include Asif Raza Mir, Haris Waheed, Raza Talish, Nawal Saeed and Zainab Qayyum. In first week of August, it reported that Emmad Irfani has also joined the cast. In same month, the casting of Noor Hassan Rizvi was confirmed and was revealed to be paired opposite Saeed. The first teaser for the series released on 1 December 2023. With biweekly broadcast, it will be debuted on ARY Digital on 22 December 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jaan-e-Jahan is an ongoing Pakistani television drama series that is broadcast on ARY Digital. It is directed by Qasim Ali Mureed and written by Rida Bilal. Humayun Saeed and Shehzad Naseeb of Six Sigma Plus has produced the series in collaboration with Sana Shahnawaz and Samina Humayun Saeed of Next Level Entertainment. It stars Ayeza Khan and Hamza Ali Abbasi as leads.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The series revolves around the intense love of two lovers who are deeply in love with each other. They face obstacles on their way and ultimately find the divine.",
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"text": "In February 2023, Hamaza Ali Abbasi announced on his Instagram that he will made his television comeback with Rida Bilal's written and Qasim Ali Mureed's directed Jaan-e-Jahan. Mureed told to Images that the series is about intense love, passion, and further revealed the other cast members as well which include Asif Raza Mir, Haris Waheed, Raza Talish, Nawal Saeed and Zainab Qayyum. In first week of August, it reported that Emmad Irfani has also joined the cast. In same month, the casting of Noor Hassan Rizvi was confirmed and was revealed to be paired opposite Saeed. The first teaser for the series released on 1 December 2023. With biweekly broadcast, it will be debuted on ARY Digital on 22 December 2023.",
"title": "Production"
}
] | Jaan-e-Jahan is an ongoing Pakistani television drama series that is broadcast on ARY Digital. It is directed by Qasim Ali Mureed and written by Rida Bilal. Humayun Saeed and Shehzad Naseeb of Six Sigma Plus has produced the series in collaboration with Sana Shahnawaz and Samina Humayun Saeed of Next Level Entertainment. It stars Ayeza Khan and Hamza Ali Abbasi as leads. | 2023-12-14T17:53:16Z | 2023-12-30T03:48:43Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaan-e-Jahan |
75,564,857 | Dharma Narayan Barma | Dharma Narayan Barma (born 10 November 1935) is an Indian Sanskrit teacher from Cooch Behar, He is known for his work in promoting Kamtapur language.For his contribution to the Arts and Literature, he was given India's fourth-highest civilian Padma Shri award.
Barma was born in 1935 in , He did his Master Degree from Calcutta University in Sanskrit in 1959. Then started working as teacher at Metropolitan Higher Secondary School, Calcutta. after that he returned to Cooch Behar, where he worked at Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School until he retired. | [
{
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"text": "Dharma Narayan Barma (born 10 November 1935) is an Indian Sanskrit teacher from Cooch Behar, He is known for his work in promoting Kamtapur language.For his contribution to the Arts and Literature, he was given India's fourth-highest civilian Padma Shri award.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Barma was born in 1935 in , He did his Master Degree from Calcutta University in Sanskrit in 1959. Then started working as teacher at Metropolitan Higher Secondary School, Calcutta. after that he returned to Cooch Behar, where he worked at Nripendra Narayan Memorial High School until he retired.",
"title": "Early life"
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] | Dharma Narayan Barma is an Indian Sanskrit teacher from Cooch Behar, He is known for his work in promoting Kamtapur language.For his contribution to the Arts and Literature, he was given India's fourth-highest civilian Padma Shri award. | 2023-12-14T17:55:56Z | 2023-12-15T10:27:17Z | [
"Template:Cite news",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharma_Narayan_Barma |
75,564,861 | Loss and damage | Loss and damage may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Loss and damage may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Loss and damage may refer to: Loss and damage (law), legal term for financial harm
Loss and damage claim, specifically for transported goods
Loss and damage, concept to address adverse effects of climate change | 2023-12-14T17:56:20Z | 2023-12-17T21:51:49Z | [
"Template:Disambig"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_and_damage |
75,564,864 | Šeimena Eldership | Šeimena Eldership (Lithuanian: Šeimenos seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the central part of Vilkaviškis District Municipality.
Following settlements are located in the Šeimena Eldership (as for the 2021 census) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Šeimena Eldership (Lithuanian: Šeimenos seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the central part of Vilkaviškis District Municipality.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following settlements are located in the Šeimena Eldership (as for the 2021 census)",
"title": "Populated places"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Šeimena Eldership is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the central part of Vilkaviškis District Municipality. | 2023-12-14T17:56:22Z | 2023-12-14T21:08:38Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0eimena_Eldership |
75,564,867 | Alfred Jackson (Tennessee) | Alfred Jackson (1812–1901) was an African American body servant, carriage driver, stableman, tenant farmer, building caretaker, and tour guide at the Hermitage, Andrew Jackson's mansion in Tennessee, United States. Alfred was born on the Hermitage around 1812. He lived at the Hermitage longer than any other person, and was a valued living history resource in later life, especially after the Ladies' Hermitage Association took over the building in 1889. He is buried next to Andrew Jackson in the Hermitage graveyard. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Alfred Jackson (1812–1901) was an African American body servant, carriage driver, stableman, tenant farmer, building caretaker, and tour guide at the Hermitage, Andrew Jackson's mansion in Tennessee, United States. Alfred was born on the Hermitage around 1812. He lived at the Hermitage longer than any other person, and was a valued living history resource in later life, especially after the Ladies' Hermitage Association took over the building in 1889. He is buried next to Andrew Jackson in the Hermitage graveyard.",
"title": ""
}
] | Alfred Jackson (1812–1901) was an African American body servant, carriage driver, stableman, tenant farmer, building caretaker, and tour guide at the Hermitage, Andrew Jackson's mansion in Tennessee, United States. Alfred was born on the Hermitage around 1812. He lived at the Hermitage longer than any other person, and was a valued living history resource in later life, especially after the Ladies' Hermitage Association took over the building in 1889. He is buried next to Andrew Jackson in the Hermitage graveyard. | 2023-12-14T17:56:42Z | 2023-12-26T16:19:06Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jackson_(Tennessee) |
75,564,872 | Mohammad Rasouli | Mohammad Rasouli (Persian: محمد رسولی,born 29 October 1971 in Shahr-e Kord, Iran) is a writer, Shahnameh scholar and economist from Iran. Rasouli works as a Shahnameh scholar in Iran, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. Rasouli's last work named Nasukh was nominated for the "book and cinema" section of the Tehran International Short Film Festival. The script of the short film Nasukh is taken from the book Nasukh written by Mohammad Rasouli.
Nasukh's nominated in the "Book and Cinema" category at the 40th Tehran International Short Film Festival. | [
{
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"text": "Mohammad Rasouli (Persian: محمد رسولی,born 29 October 1971 in Shahr-e Kord, Iran) is a writer, Shahnameh scholar and economist from Iran. Rasouli works as a Shahnameh scholar in Iran, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. Rasouli's last work named Nasukh was nominated for the \"book and cinema\" section of the Tehran International Short Film Festival. The script of the short film Nasukh is taken from the book Nasukh written by Mohammad Rasouli.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Nasukh's nominated in the \"Book and Cinema\" category at the 40th Tehran International Short Film Festival.",
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] | Mohammad Rasouli is a writer, Shahnameh scholar and economist from Iran. Rasouli works as a Shahnameh scholar in Iran, Tajikistan and Afghanistan. Rasouli's last work named Nasukh was nominated for the "book and cinema" section of the Tehran International Short Film Festival. The script of the short film Nasukh is taken from the book Nasukh written by Mohammad Rasouli. | 2023-12-14T17:57:31Z | 2023-12-28T18:29:06Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Rasouli |
75,564,875 | 2024 in Equatorial Guinea | Events in the year 2024 in Equatorial Guinea.
Source: | [
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"text": "Events in the year 2024 in Equatorial Guinea.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"title": "Holidays"
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] | Events in the year 2024 in Equatorial Guinea. | 2023-12-14T17:57:53Z | 2023-12-15T13:11:40Z | [
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75,564,891 | Spiros Evangelatos | Spiros Evangelatos (Greek: Σπύρος Ευαγγελάτος; October 20, 1940 – January 24, 2017) was a Greek theater director, academic, and member of the Academy of Athens.
Born in Athens, Evangelatos was the son of composer and chief musician of the Greek National Opera, Antiochos Evangelatos, and harpist Xenia Bourexaki. Influenced by his family's artistic background, he pursued a career in theater. He initially studied at the School of Philosophy, University of Athens, and then at the National Theatre of Greece Drama School, graduating in 1961. Between 1966 and 1970, he furthered his studies in theater and theater studies on a scholarship at the University of Vienna.
Evangelatos founded the "Neoelliniki Skini" in 1962 and collaborated with the National Theatre of Greece from 1971 to 1977, directing performances in the Theatre of Epidaurus and other locations. He served as the general director of the National Theatre of Northern Greece (1977-1980) and the director of the Greek National Opera (1984-1987).
In 1975, he established "Amphi-Theatro," organizing performances worldwide. In February 2011, he announced the suspension of "Amphi-Theatro" due to financial difficulties.
He was honored with the "Karolos Koun" award in 1988, the award of the Society of Greek Playwrights in 1994, and the Directing Award of the same society in 1996. He was also decorated with the Order of the Phoenix. In 2005, he was elected a full member of the Academy of Athens.
On January 12, 2012, he was appointed vice-president of the Academy of Athens and became its president in 2013. | [
{
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"text": "Spiros Evangelatos (Greek: Σπύρος Ευαγγελάτος; October 20, 1940 – January 24, 2017) was a Greek theater director, academic, and member of the Academy of Athens.",
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},
{
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"text": "Born in Athens, Evangelatos was the son of composer and chief musician of the Greek National Opera, Antiochos Evangelatos, and harpist Xenia Bourexaki. Influenced by his family's artistic background, he pursued a career in theater. He initially studied at the School of Philosophy, University of Athens, and then at the National Theatre of Greece Drama School, graduating in 1961. Between 1966 and 1970, he furthered his studies in theater and theater studies on a scholarship at the University of Vienna.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Evangelatos founded the \"Neoelliniki Skini\" in 1962 and collaborated with the National Theatre of Greece from 1971 to 1977, directing performances in the Theatre of Epidaurus and other locations. He served as the general director of the National Theatre of Northern Greece (1977-1980) and the director of the Greek National Opera (1984-1987).",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1975, he established \"Amphi-Theatro,\" organizing performances worldwide. In February 2011, he announced the suspension of \"Amphi-Theatro\" due to financial difficulties.",
"title": "Biography"
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{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He was honored with the \"Karolos Koun\" award in 1988, the award of the Society of Greek Playwrights in 1994, and the Directing Award of the same society in 1996. He was also decorated with the Order of the Phoenix. In 2005, he was elected a full member of the Academy of Athens.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
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"text": "On January 12, 2012, he was appointed vice-president of the Academy of Athens and became its president in 2013.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Spiros Evangelatos was a Greek theater director, academic, and member of the Academy of Athens. | 2023-12-14T18:00:54Z | 2023-12-24T18:39:41Z | [
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75,564,903 | Phaeoxantha nocturna | Phaeoxantha nocturna is a species of tiger beetle in the subfamily Cicindelinae that was described by Dejean in 1831.
Phaeoxantha nocturna nocturna (Dejean, 1831) Phaeoxantha nocturna crassipunctata Moravec & Dheurle, 2023 | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Phaeoxantha nocturna is a species of tiger beetle in the subfamily Cicindelinae that was described by Dejean in 1831.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Phaeoxantha nocturna nocturna (Dejean, 1831) Phaeoxantha nocturna crassipunctata Moravec & Dheurle, 2023",
"title": "Subspecies"
}
] | Phaeoxantha nocturna is a species of tiger beetle in the subfamily Cicindelinae that was described by Dejean in 1831. | 2023-12-14T18:02:25Z | 2023-12-15T00:53:03Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeoxantha_nocturna |
75,564,906 | Ranveer Chandra | Ranveer Chandra is an Indian American computer scientist who is a managing director of the Research for Industry group at Microsoft and an affiliate professor at University of Washington. He is known for his contributions to software-defined networking, wireless networks and digital agriculture. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ranveer Chandra is an Indian American computer scientist who is a managing director of the Research for Industry group at Microsoft and an affiliate professor at University of Washington. He is known for his contributions to software-defined networking, wireless networks and digital agriculture.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
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] | Ranveer Chandra is an Indian American computer scientist who is a managing director of the Research for Industry group at Microsoft and an affiliate professor at University of Washington. He is known for his contributions to software-defined networking, wireless networks and digital agriculture. | 2023-12-14T18:02:38Z | 2023-12-18T03:04:31Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranveer_Chandra |
75,564,922 | Il mucchio | Il mucchio is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 16 September 1996 on Mercury Records.
As of 1997, the album had sold 300,000 copies in Italy. | [
{
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"text": "Il mucchio is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 16 September 1996 on Mercury Records.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "As of 1997, the album had sold 300,000 copies in Italy.",
"title": ""
}
] | Il mucchio is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 16 September 1996 on Mercury Records. As of 1997, the album had sold 300,000 copies in Italy. | 2023-12-14T18:05:21Z | 2023-12-30T01:14:23Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_mucchio |
75,564,969 | Katie Kehm Smith | Katie Kehm Smith (1868 – 18 September 1895) was an American freethought lecturer and organizer. In Samuel Porter Putnam's 400 Years of Freethought, published a year before her death, Putnam described Smith as "Probably the youngest prominent lecturer in the Freethought ranks". She initiated the First Secular Church of Portland, followed by its Secular Sunday School.
Katie Kehm was born in Warsaw, Illinois, and received her education in public schools. She became a freethinker at the age of 16. In 1885, aged 17, she graduated from high school in Ottumwa, Iowa, and began to work as a teacher, which she continued in Iowa and Oregon for over six years.
Kehm delivered her first freethought lecture while still a teenager. By the time of her high school graduation, Kehm was already well known among freethinkers as a public speaker, secretary of her local Liberal Society, and a contributor to The Truth Seeker.
Samuel Porter Putnam wrote that "although a teacher, and often opposed and ostracized by Bible bigots, she never neglected an opportunity to expose the myths and evil effects of Christianity." Having spent time among working people, Putnam wrote, Kehm "early resolved to do what she could to take people's eyes off their "souls" and turn their attention to their bodies." She traveled widely lecturing on freethought topics.
Samuel Porter Putnam described Kehm Smith as being "gentle in manner and speech; she is an orator, and charms while she hits hard with polished reason and facts told politely."
In 1891, Kehm married Hon. D. W. Smith, of Port Townsend, Washington, and the couple were active in the freethought movement together. In particular, they urged the creation of secular churches and secular Sunday schools.
In 1893, Kehm Smith initiated the First Secular Church of Portland, at which she lectured every Sunday. Shortly afterwards, she started the Portland Secular Sunday-school, whose lessons she prepared each week. Within its first year, the Secular Church had between 300 and 400 members. For most of its existence, the church met at Labor Council Hall at First and Stark.
Kehm also acted as secretary to The Oregon State Secular Union.
Katie Kehm Smith died from typhoid on 18 September 1895, in John Day, Oregon. Her funeral service, led by C.N. Wagner, was strictly secular.
The Annual Congress of the Freethought Federation of America and Secular Union, which took place in New York City 25–27 October 1895, passed a resolution stating:
That that the members of this association have learned with deep sorrow of the untimely death of that most earnest and useful worker In the cause, Katie Kehm Smith, of Oregon; we realize that she did a work never before successfully attempted; that she was a pioneer in Secular Sunday-school labors and that it will be most difficult to find those who are by temperament and natural aptitude adapted to continue and extend the system of Secular Sunday instruction with which her name will remain associated as originator and organizer... In the death of Katie Kehm Smith, Freethought loses one of its bravest and clearest thinkers, and one of its brightest women.
Following her death, Kehm Smith's supporters launched a monument fund, later unveiling a marble obelisk inscribed with "The world is my country. To do good is my religion." | [
{
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"text": "Katie Kehm Smith (1868 – 18 September 1895) was an American freethought lecturer and organizer. In Samuel Porter Putnam's 400 Years of Freethought, published a year before her death, Putnam described Smith as \"Probably the youngest prominent lecturer in the Freethought ranks\". She initiated the First Secular Church of Portland, followed by its Secular Sunday School.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Katie Kehm was born in Warsaw, Illinois, and received her education in public schools. She became a freethinker at the age of 16. In 1885, aged 17, she graduated from high school in Ottumwa, Iowa, and began to work as a teacher, which she continued in Iowa and Oregon for over six years.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Kehm delivered her first freethought lecture while still a teenager. By the time of her high school graduation, Kehm was already well known among freethinkers as a public speaker, secretary of her local Liberal Society, and a contributor to The Truth Seeker.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Samuel Porter Putnam wrote that \"although a teacher, and often opposed and ostracized by Bible bigots, she never neglected an opportunity to expose the myths and evil effects of Christianity.\" Having spent time among working people, Putnam wrote, Kehm \"early resolved to do what she could to take people's eyes off their \"souls\" and turn their attention to their bodies.\" She traveled widely lecturing on freethought topics.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Samuel Porter Putnam described Kehm Smith as being \"gentle in manner and speech; she is an orator, and charms while she hits hard with polished reason and facts told politely.\"",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1891, Kehm married Hon. D. W. Smith, of Port Townsend, Washington, and the couple were active in the freethought movement together. In particular, they urged the creation of secular churches and secular Sunday schools.",
"title": "First Secular Church of Portland"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 1893, Kehm Smith initiated the First Secular Church of Portland, at which she lectured every Sunday. Shortly afterwards, she started the Portland Secular Sunday-school, whose lessons she prepared each week. Within its first year, the Secular Church had between 300 and 400 members. For most of its existence, the church met at Labor Council Hall at First and Stark.",
"title": "First Secular Church of Portland"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Kehm also acted as secretary to The Oregon State Secular Union.",
"title": "First Secular Church of Portland"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Katie Kehm Smith died from typhoid on 18 September 1895, in John Day, Oregon. Her funeral service, led by C.N. Wagner, was strictly secular.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The Annual Congress of the Freethought Federation of America and Secular Union, which took place in New York City 25–27 October 1895, passed a resolution stating:",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "That that the members of this association have learned with deep sorrow of the untimely death of that most earnest and useful worker In the cause, Katie Kehm Smith, of Oregon; we realize that she did a work never before successfully attempted; that she was a pioneer in Secular Sunday-school labors and that it will be most difficult to find those who are by temperament and natural aptitude adapted to continue and extend the system of Secular Sunday instruction with which her name will remain associated as originator and organizer... In the death of Katie Kehm Smith, Freethought loses one of its bravest and clearest thinkers, and one of its brightest women.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Following her death, Kehm Smith's supporters launched a monument fund, later unveiling a marble obelisk inscribed with \"The world is my country. To do good is my religion.\"",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] | Katie Kehm Smith was an American freethought lecturer and organizer. In Samuel Porter Putnam's 400 Years of Freethought, published a year before her death, Putnam described Smith as "Probably the youngest prominent lecturer in the Freethought ranks". She initiated the First Secular Church of Portland, followed by its Secular Sunday School. | 2023-12-14T18:14:22Z | 2023-12-15T19:25:38Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Kehm_Smith |
75,564,977 | List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Kenya | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.
Kenya signed the convention on 24 October 2007. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The \"intangible cultural heritage\" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kenya signed the convention on 24 October 2007.",
"title": ""
}
] | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention. Kenya signed the convention on 24 October 2007. | 2023-12-14T18:17:15Z | 2023-12-14T18:17:15Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Kenya |
75,564,978 | 2024 in Malaysia | Events in the year 2024 in Malaysia. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events in the year 2024 in Malaysia.",
"title": ""
}
] | Events in the year 2024 in Malaysia. | 2023-12-14T18:17:15Z | 2023-12-15T04:14:21Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_Malaysia |
75,564,980 | Archery at the 2023 Parapan American Games – Women's individual recurve open | The women's individual recurve open competition of the archery events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held from November 19 to 22 at the Archery Center in Santiago, Chile.
The results were as follows:
The results during the elimination rounds were as follows: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The women's individual recurve open competition of the archery events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held from November 19 to 22 at the Archery Center in Santiago, Chile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The results were as follows:",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The results during the elimination rounds were as follows:",
"title": "Results"
}
] | The women's individual recurve open competition of the archery events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held from November 19 to 22 at the Archery Center in Santiago, Chile. | 2023-12-14T18:17:28Z | 2023-12-16T17:48:25Z | [
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75,564,982 | Luis Ceze | Luis Ceze is a computer scientist and a professor of computer science at the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering known for his work on Apache TVM and bioinspired systems for data storage. In 2019, Luis founded OctoML, a startup aimed at optimizing machine learning deployments. In 2022, he was named an ACM Fellow.
Ceze completed his B. Eng. (2000) and M. Eng. (2001) from the University of São Paulo. After this, he pursued a doctoral degree in computer science from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, advised by Josep Torrellas. He received his PhD in 2007 with a thesis titled Bulk Operation and Data Coloring for Multiprocessor Programmability. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Luis Ceze is a computer scientist and a professor of computer science at the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering known for his work on Apache TVM and bioinspired systems for data storage. In 2019, Luis founded OctoML, a startup aimed at optimizing machine learning deployments. In 2022, he was named an ACM Fellow.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ceze completed his B. Eng. (2000) and M. Eng. (2001) from the University of São Paulo. After this, he pursued a doctoral degree in computer science from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, advised by Josep Torrellas. He received his PhD in 2007 with a thesis titled Bulk Operation and Data Coloring for Multiprocessor Programmability.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Luis Ceze is a computer scientist and a professor of computer science at the Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering known for his work on Apache TVM and bioinspired systems for data storage. In 2019, Luis founded OctoML, a startup aimed at optimizing machine learning deployments. In 2022, he was named an ACM Fellow. | 2023-12-14T18:17:56Z | 2023-12-20T09:21:08Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Ceze |
75,564,984 | 2021–22 Marshall Thundering Herd women's basketball team | The 2021–22 Marshall Thundering Herd women's basketball team represented Marshall University during the 2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Thundering Herd, led by fifth-year head coach Tony Kemper, played their home games at Cam Henderson Center in Huntington, West Virginia as members of the Conference USA.
The Herd finished with a record of 15–13 overall and 10–8 in conference play. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2021–22 Marshall Thundering Herd women's basketball team represented Marshall University during the 2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Thundering Herd, led by fifth-year head coach Tony Kemper, played their home games at Cam Henderson Center in Huntington, West Virginia as members of the Conference USA.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Herd finished with a record of 15–13 overall and 10–8 in conference play.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 2021–22 Marshall Thundering Herd women's basketball team represented Marshall University during the 2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Thundering Herd, led by fifth-year head coach Tony Kemper, played their home games at Cam Henderson Center in Huntington, West Virginia as members of the Conference USA. The Herd finished with a record of 15–13 overall and 10–8 in conference play. | 2023-12-14T18:18:01Z | 2023-12-14T21:30:14Z | [
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75,564,994 | The Sky Is Pink (soundtrack) | The Sky Is Pink is the soundtrack to the 2019 film of the same name directed by Shonali Bose and stars Priyanka Chopra Jonas, Farhan Akhtar, Zaira Wasim and Rohit Suresh Saraf. The soundtrack featured musical score composed by Pritam with lyrics written by Gulzar and was released on 7 October 2019 through Zee Music Company.
In an interaction to The Hindu, Bose said that there are two aspects to the film's music: both the songs and the original score. The latter is composed by Mikey McCleary whom he collaborated with Bose in Margarita with a Straw (2014). She stated that she liked Pritam's compositions from Dhoom (2004) to Dangal (2016) but was skeptical that whether their chemistry would be right. Hence, she and the film's producer Siddharth Roy Kapur met Pritam to narrate the story. Pritam felt emotionally connected to Shonali's narration and her personal experiences, while also attached with Aisha Chaudhary's story, he agreed to do the film. Bose also roped in Gulzar to write the lyrics for the songs, whom Pritam collaborates with after twelve years since Just Married (2007). She described the music as both challenging and rewarding, explaining how the songs and score go hand in hand and the latter would become a counter intuitive to the visuals. She highlighted the funeral scene as an example, which she called it as "utterly unexpected".
According to Pritam, the song "Zindagi" is a rare number he composed lyrics, as "normally, lyricists write on the tune. But there are times where I've composed as per the lyrics" citing "Mauja Hi Mauja" from Jab We Met (2007) and "Phir Le Aya Dil" from Barfi! (2012) which required scanning during composition. But "Zindagi" was more challenging as Gulzar suggested him not to change or rearrange a word. Hence, he composed it completely according to the writing.
The music video for the first song "Dil Hi to Hai" was released on 21 September 2019, while it was also uploaded as a digital single. It showcased the romantic relationship between Jonas and Akhtar. The second song "Pink Gulabi Sky", a dance number featuring the principal cast, was released on 27 September. The soundtrack album, that features five songs including the previous singles, was released by Zee Music Company on 7 October 2019. Albeit not being a part of the main soundtrack, the film features the song "For Aisha" in the closing credits; it was composed by Aisha's brother Ishaan Chaudhary under his band name "Memba" and sung by Nooran Sisters, Naomi Wild and Evan Giia. Anvita Dutt wrote the lyrics with Memba, Wild and Giia. The song was later released as a single on 25 October.
Debarati S Sen of The Times of India called the album "powerful", particularly praising the composition and the spellbinding lyrics of the song "Dil Hi Toh Hai". The review also complimented the "silk-like smooth" vocals of Mitra and Singh's "slow rock-like" performance on the duet. Vipin Nair of The Hindu called it a "hummable soundtrack" that "traverses familiar territories, but is an eminently enjoyable work", and said it is Pritam's best work of 2019 to that point. Nair declared "Zindagi" to be his favorite song on the album, noting its "beautiful melody" that almost "feels like a ghazal at times". Swarup Chakravarthy of BollySpice stated that the album "portrays a heavy subject in a light way" as the film, but felt that most of the songs being inspired or either repetitive, and would have been a "perfect accompaniment" if those issues were rectified.
In the film review for Variety, Dennis Harvey felt that the music "leans heavily on such instruments of twee as accordions, whistling and pseudo-1920s Western dance music". Critics at The Hollywood Reporter felt that "the constant use of cheerful pop and country music to take the maudlin edge off is enervating". Kate Erbland of IndieWire wrote "A whimsical score from Bollywood composer Pritam makes it feel light". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Sky Is Pink is the soundtrack to the 2019 film of the same name directed by Shonali Bose and stars Priyanka Chopra Jonas, Farhan Akhtar, Zaira Wasim and Rohit Suresh Saraf. The soundtrack featured musical score composed by Pritam with lyrics written by Gulzar and was released on 7 October 2019 through Zee Music Company.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In an interaction to The Hindu, Bose said that there are two aspects to the film's music: both the songs and the original score. The latter is composed by Mikey McCleary whom he collaborated with Bose in Margarita with a Straw (2014). She stated that she liked Pritam's compositions from Dhoom (2004) to Dangal (2016) but was skeptical that whether their chemistry would be right. Hence, she and the film's producer Siddharth Roy Kapur met Pritam to narrate the story. Pritam felt emotionally connected to Shonali's narration and her personal experiences, while also attached with Aisha Chaudhary's story, he agreed to do the film. Bose also roped in Gulzar to write the lyrics for the songs, whom Pritam collaborates with after twelve years since Just Married (2007). She described the music as both challenging and rewarding, explaining how the songs and score go hand in hand and the latter would become a counter intuitive to the visuals. She highlighted the funeral scene as an example, which she called it as \"utterly unexpected\".",
"title": "Development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "According to Pritam, the song \"Zindagi\" is a rare number he composed lyrics, as \"normally, lyricists write on the tune. But there are times where I've composed as per the lyrics\" citing \"Mauja Hi Mauja\" from Jab We Met (2007) and \"Phir Le Aya Dil\" from Barfi! (2012) which required scanning during composition. But \"Zindagi\" was more challenging as Gulzar suggested him not to change or rearrange a word. Hence, he composed it completely according to the writing.",
"title": "Development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The music video for the first song \"Dil Hi to Hai\" was released on 21 September 2019, while it was also uploaded as a digital single. It showcased the romantic relationship between Jonas and Akhtar. The second song \"Pink Gulabi Sky\", a dance number featuring the principal cast, was released on 27 September. The soundtrack album, that features five songs including the previous singles, was released by Zee Music Company on 7 October 2019. Albeit not being a part of the main soundtrack, the film features the song \"For Aisha\" in the closing credits; it was composed by Aisha's brother Ishaan Chaudhary under his band name \"Memba\" and sung by Nooran Sisters, Naomi Wild and Evan Giia. Anvita Dutt wrote the lyrics with Memba, Wild and Giia. The song was later released as a single on 25 October.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Debarati S Sen of The Times of India called the album \"powerful\", particularly praising the composition and the spellbinding lyrics of the song \"Dil Hi Toh Hai\". The review also complimented the \"silk-like smooth\" vocals of Mitra and Singh's \"slow rock-like\" performance on the duet. Vipin Nair of The Hindu called it a \"hummable soundtrack\" that \"traverses familiar territories, but is an eminently enjoyable work\", and said it is Pritam's best work of 2019 to that point. Nair declared \"Zindagi\" to be his favorite song on the album, noting its \"beautiful melody\" that almost \"feels like a ghazal at times\". Swarup Chakravarthy of BollySpice stated that the album \"portrays a heavy subject in a light way\" as the film, but felt that most of the songs being inspired or either repetitive, and would have been a \"perfect accompaniment\" if those issues were rectified.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In the film review for Variety, Dennis Harvey felt that the music \"leans heavily on such instruments of twee as accordions, whistling and pseudo-1920s Western dance music\". Critics at The Hollywood Reporter felt that \"the constant use of cheerful pop and country music to take the maudlin edge off is enervating\". Kate Erbland of IndieWire wrote \"A whimsical score from Bollywood composer Pritam makes it feel light\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | The Sky Is Pink is the soundtrack to the 2019 film of the same name directed by Shonali Bose and stars Priyanka Chopra Jonas, Farhan Akhtar, Zaira Wasim and Rohit Suresh Saraf. The soundtrack featured musical score composed by Pritam with lyrics written by Gulzar and was released on 7 October 2019 through Zee Music Company. | 2023-12-14T18:19:13Z | 2023-12-22T17:11:06Z | [
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75,564,997 | Bartosz Gelner | Bartosz Gelner (born 25 April 1988) is Polish actor best known for his roles in the films Suicide Room (2011) and Floating Skyscrapers (2013), as well as the television series Ultraviolet (2017–19) and Sexify (2021–23).
Bartosz Gelner was born in Katowice and attended high school in Chorzów. His mother is a doctor and his father is an engineer. He has a younger sister, Hania. Regarding his childhood in Silesia, Gelner stated, "Silesia and its people shaped me. I really like the energy there, the people and their kindness. My adolescence was pleasant and creative."
He attended the AST National Academy of Theatre Arts in Kraków, graduating in 2012. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bartosz Gelner (born 25 April 1988) is Polish actor best known for his roles in the films Suicide Room (2011) and Floating Skyscrapers (2013), as well as the television series Ultraviolet (2017–19) and Sexify (2021–23).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Bartosz Gelner was born in Katowice and attended high school in Chorzów. His mother is a doctor and his father is an engineer. He has a younger sister, Hania. Regarding his childhood in Silesia, Gelner stated, \"Silesia and its people shaped me. I really like the energy there, the people and their kindness. My adolescence was pleasant and creative.\"",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He attended the AST National Academy of Theatre Arts in Kraków, graduating in 2012.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Bartosz Gelner is Polish actor best known for his roles in the films Suicide Room (2011) and Floating Skyscrapers (2013), as well as the television series Ultraviolet (2017–19) and Sexify (2021–23). | 2023-12-14T18:19:19Z | 2023-12-17T02:09:19Z | [
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75,564,998 | Cloverdale, New Mexico | 31°25′01″N 108°55′48″W / 31.417°N 108.93°W / 31.417; -108.93 Cloverdale, New Mexico is a ghost town in the Animas Valley of Hidalgo County. | [
{
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"text": "31°25′01″N 108°55′48″W / 31.417°N 108.93°W / 31.417; -108.93 Cloverdale, New Mexico is a ghost town in the Animas Valley of Hidalgo County.",
"title": ""
}
] | Cloverdale, New Mexico is a ghost town in the Animas Valley of Hidalgo County. | 2023-12-14T18:19:20Z | 2023-12-28T21:10:31Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverdale,_New_Mexico |
75,565,063 | Peacock revolution | The peacock revolution was a fashion movement which took place between the late 1950s and mid–1970s. Mostly based around men incorporating feminine fashion elements such as floral prints, bright colours and complex patterns, the movement also saw the embracing of elements of fashions from Africa, Asia, the late 17th century and the queer community. The movement began around the late 1950s when John Stephen began opening boutiques on Carnaby Street, London, which advertised flamboyant and queer fashions to the mod subculture. Entering the mainstream by the mid-1960s through the designs of Michael Fish, it was embraced by popular rock acts including the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Small Faces. By the beginning of the 1970s, it had begun to decline due to popular fashion returning to a more conservative style.
The fashion of the movement was mostly based around the embrace of feminine fashion elements by men, including tight silhouettes, bright patterns, long hair and makeup. It also embraced a variety of other influences, ranging from the Romantic era to traditional African and Asians elements. Suits were commonly worn, particularly in Edwardian or continental Europe's style of tailoring, and in unconventional textiles including corduroy, paisley and brocade. Suits also often incorporated bright colours, vivid patterns, embroidery, slim fits, large lapels, cravats, Nehru jackets, frilly shirts and kipper ties. Boots, generally winklepickers, were favoured over shoes. A 1973 article by the New York Times divided the period's suits into three different periods: the original style typified by the Nehru jacket and sport coat; the middle period which was influenced by Edwardian dress; and the later period which saw the rise of wide lapels and bell-bottoms.
The name "peacock revolution" was coined by consumer psychologist Ernest Dichter in 1965, eventually being popularised by journalist George Frazier during his 1968 columns for Esquire.
Those who took part in the movement were known by various names, notably dandies, as well as variations like urban dandies and dandy mods. In the 1960s, terms such as "soft mod" or "peacock mod" were commonplace, to contrast from the more aggressive and rude boy influenced "hard mods" who would morph into the skinhead subculture.
In the 1950s and early 1960s, the dominant style of menswear was business suits in dark and neutral colours, polo shirts and jumpers, with bright colours only been present occasionally, with patterned shirts like Hawaiian, plaid or striped. The earliest signs of rebellion against this hegemony in England was through the emergence of the Teddy Boy subculture, who wore suits in the style of the Edwardian era, while also embracing elements of fashions in the United States and continental Europe. Under the influence of the Teddy Boys, other subcultures began to emerge in Britain, including the rockers, and most relevantly, the mods.
The peacock revolution began from an intersection of 1950s queer fashion, the sexual revolution and the mod subculture. The popularity of the mod subculture had allowed for straight men to show an interest in fashion, and the sexual revolution allowed for men to present themselves in an overtly sexual manner. As early as Brioni's 1952 fashion show at Pitti Palace, the style of the Peacock Revolution were being anticipated. The first menswear show in modern history, the collection made use of bright colours, ornamentation, piping and elaborate waistcoats. By 1957, Scottish entrepreneur John Stephen began opening shops on Carnaby Street in London and using these developments to advertise gay styles of fashion to straight men. Works published by the BBC, Victoria and Albert Museum and the Week all credit Stephen as the pioneer of the peacock revolution. The designs of Michael Fish were also an important part of the growing movement. Fish began designing for Turnbull & Asser in 1962, where he began to experiment with more androgynous elements, such as floral designs, which he further after founding his own boutique Mr Fish in 1964. One running theme in Fisher's designs was the embrace of aspects of late 17th century fashion such as cravats, bizarre silks, military braids, brocade and high collared shirts. Christopher Gibbs too was an influential designer, introducing double breasted waistcoats, Turkish shirts and cloth covered buttons into the movement. In a 1968 article by Newsweek, the publication credited Oleg Cassini with helping to lead the movement.
Mods did quickly adopted these styles and soon London's Soho area became renowned for its androgynous fashions. As the style became increasingly popular, many prominent womenswear designers, including Pierre Cardin and Bill Blass began also producing menswear in the style. Cardin in particular would become an influential designer during the era, popularising the Nehru jacket which allowed for weaers to experiment with neck accessories like necklaces and medallions instead of ties.
By the mid-1960s, Stephen owned fifteen shops on Carnaby Street and clothes from these stores were being worn publicly by the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, Cliff Richard, Sean Connery and Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon. In 1964, Stephen claimed he "dressed about 90 percent of England's popstars". Soon, King's Road too began to develop similar boutiques. By 1966, Carnaby Street King's Road had become two of the most influential locations for fashion of the entire decade, largely popularised by the Rolling Stones and the Beatles, as well as the Who and Small Faces. Mary Quant later stated of Stephen, "He made Carnaby Street. He was Carnaby Street. He invented a look for young men which was wildly exuberant, dashing and fun."
Peacock revolution fashion reached the United States around 1964 with the beginning of the British Invasion, entering major fashion publications including GQ by 1966. Clothes were often sold in boutiques marked "John Stephen of Carnaby Street" and in department stores including Abraham & Straus, Dayton's, Carson Pirie Scott and Stern's. Furthermore, Lord John clothing began to be sold at Macy's, as Sears too began producing clothing in the style. By the mid–to late 1960s, the more radical end of the peacock revolution in the United States developed the hippie subculture.
During the Rolling Stones' July 5, 1969 performance in Hyde Park, London, Jagger wore a white dress featuring bishop's sleeves and a bow-laced front which was designed by Fish. In a 2013 article, The Daily Telegraph writer Mick Brown stated that is moment "epitomised the swinging Sixties" and going on to call Jagger "King of the Peacocks".
A decline in popularity of the peacock revolution's more extreme fashion styles was beginning as early as the 1967 release of Bonnie and Clyde. The film's costuming, for which it won an Oscar, began a revived interest the fashions of the 1930s, and a rise in popularity of the designs Ralph Lauren and Bill Blass who began embracing such influence. However, a 1970 article by Life magazine cited a then-recent revived interest in peacock revolution fashion, citing women's greater attraction to the style and the hippie subculture's fashion "proving that a fellow can wear any outlandish costume in public" as the reasoning. Between 1972 and 1974, a second wave of popular musicians, including David Bowie, Elton John and Gary Glitter, portraying the movement emerged as a part of the glam rock genre, which too trickled down to the general public.
Nostalgia for the fashions of 1920s–1940s was eventually exacerbated by The Godfather (1972), The Sting (1973) and The Great Gatsby (1974) and the 1972 death of Edward VIII. By 1975, the release of John T Molloy's bestselling book Dress for Success, marked a general return to conservative men's fashion by popularising power dressing.
In the wake of the peacock revolution, menswear became more diverse in many western countries. The movement was one of the main factors in allowing men to wear clothes other than suits in both business and casual contexts. Furthermore, it allowed for a greater variation of both head and facial hair lengths and style in the workplace and increased the demand for men's grooming and cosmetic products. Many influential fashion designers also began their careers during the period, including Hardy Amies, Geoffrey Beene, Bill Blass, Cerruti 1881, Hubert de Givenchy and Yves Saint Laurent.
The movement was one of the main factors in popularising androgyny in fashion, especially in rock music.
In a July 2014 article by the New York Times, fashion photographer Bill Cunningham cited "Signs of a new peacock revolution", including the resurgence of designs by Domenico Spano. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The peacock revolution was a fashion movement which took place between the late 1950s and mid–1970s. Mostly based around men incorporating feminine fashion elements such as floral prints, bright colours and complex patterns, the movement also saw the embracing of elements of fashions from Africa, Asia, the late 17th century and the queer community. The movement began around the late 1950s when John Stephen began opening boutiques on Carnaby Street, London, which advertised flamboyant and queer fashions to the mod subculture. Entering the mainstream by the mid-1960s through the designs of Michael Fish, it was embraced by popular rock acts including the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Small Faces. By the beginning of the 1970s, it had begun to decline due to popular fashion returning to a more conservative style.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The fashion of the movement was mostly based around the embrace of feminine fashion elements by men, including tight silhouettes, bright patterns, long hair and makeup. It also embraced a variety of other influences, ranging from the Romantic era to traditional African and Asians elements. Suits were commonly worn, particularly in Edwardian or continental Europe's style of tailoring, and in unconventional textiles including corduroy, paisley and brocade. Suits also often incorporated bright colours, vivid patterns, embroidery, slim fits, large lapels, cravats, Nehru jackets, frilly shirts and kipper ties. Boots, generally winklepickers, were favoured over shoes. A 1973 article by the New York Times divided the period's suits into three different periods: the original style typified by the Nehru jacket and sport coat; the middle period which was influenced by Edwardian dress; and the later period which saw the rise of wide lapels and bell-bottoms.",
"title": "Fashion"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The name \"peacock revolution\" was coined by consumer psychologist Ernest Dichter in 1965, eventually being popularised by journalist George Frazier during his 1968 columns for Esquire.",
"title": "Terminology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Those who took part in the movement were known by various names, notably dandies, as well as variations like urban dandies and dandy mods. In the 1960s, terms such as \"soft mod\" or \"peacock mod\" were commonplace, to contrast from the more aggressive and rude boy influenced \"hard mods\" who would morph into the skinhead subculture.",
"title": "Terminology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In the 1950s and early 1960s, the dominant style of menswear was business suits in dark and neutral colours, polo shirts and jumpers, with bright colours only been present occasionally, with patterned shirts like Hawaiian, plaid or striped. The earliest signs of rebellion against this hegemony in England was through the emergence of the Teddy Boy subculture, who wore suits in the style of the Edwardian era, while also embracing elements of fashions in the United States and continental Europe. Under the influence of the Teddy Boys, other subcultures began to emerge in Britain, including the rockers, and most relevantly, the mods.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The peacock revolution began from an intersection of 1950s queer fashion, the sexual revolution and the mod subculture. The popularity of the mod subculture had allowed for straight men to show an interest in fashion, and the sexual revolution allowed for men to present themselves in an overtly sexual manner. As early as Brioni's 1952 fashion show at Pitti Palace, the style of the Peacock Revolution were being anticipated. The first menswear show in modern history, the collection made use of bright colours, ornamentation, piping and elaborate waistcoats. By 1957, Scottish entrepreneur John Stephen began opening shops on Carnaby Street in London and using these developments to advertise gay styles of fashion to straight men. Works published by the BBC, Victoria and Albert Museum and the Week all credit Stephen as the pioneer of the peacock revolution. The designs of Michael Fish were also an important part of the growing movement. Fish began designing for Turnbull & Asser in 1962, where he began to experiment with more androgynous elements, such as floral designs, which he further after founding his own boutique Mr Fish in 1964. One running theme in Fisher's designs was the embrace of aspects of late 17th century fashion such as cravats, bizarre silks, military braids, brocade and high collared shirts. Christopher Gibbs too was an influential designer, introducing double breasted waistcoats, Turkish shirts and cloth covered buttons into the movement. In a 1968 article by Newsweek, the publication credited Oleg Cassini with helping to lead the movement.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Mods did quickly adopted these styles and soon London's Soho area became renowned for its androgynous fashions. As the style became increasingly popular, many prominent womenswear designers, including Pierre Cardin and Bill Blass began also producing menswear in the style. Cardin in particular would become an influential designer during the era, popularising the Nehru jacket which allowed for weaers to experiment with neck accessories like necklaces and medallions instead of ties.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "By the mid-1960s, Stephen owned fifteen shops on Carnaby Street and clothes from these stores were being worn publicly by the Rolling Stones, the Beatles, Cliff Richard, Sean Connery and Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon. In 1964, Stephen claimed he \"dressed about 90 percent of England's popstars\". Soon, King's Road too began to develop similar boutiques. By 1966, Carnaby Street King's Road had become two of the most influential locations for fashion of the entire decade, largely popularised by the Rolling Stones and the Beatles, as well as the Who and Small Faces. Mary Quant later stated of Stephen, \"He made Carnaby Street. He was Carnaby Street. He invented a look for young men which was wildly exuberant, dashing and fun.\"",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Peacock revolution fashion reached the United States around 1964 with the beginning of the British Invasion, entering major fashion publications including GQ by 1966. Clothes were often sold in boutiques marked \"John Stephen of Carnaby Street\" and in department stores including Abraham & Straus, Dayton's, Carson Pirie Scott and Stern's. Furthermore, Lord John clothing began to be sold at Macy's, as Sears too began producing clothing in the style. By the mid–to late 1960s, the more radical end of the peacock revolution in the United States developed the hippie subculture.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "During the Rolling Stones' July 5, 1969 performance in Hyde Park, London, Jagger wore a white dress featuring bishop's sleeves and a bow-laced front which was designed by Fish. In a 2013 article, The Daily Telegraph writer Mick Brown stated that is moment \"epitomised the swinging Sixties\" and going on to call Jagger \"King of the Peacocks\".",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "A decline in popularity of the peacock revolution's more extreme fashion styles was beginning as early as the 1967 release of Bonnie and Clyde. The film's costuming, for which it won an Oscar, began a revived interest the fashions of the 1930s, and a rise in popularity of the designs Ralph Lauren and Bill Blass who began embracing such influence. However, a 1970 article by Life magazine cited a then-recent revived interest in peacock revolution fashion, citing women's greater attraction to the style and the hippie subculture's fashion \"proving that a fellow can wear any outlandish costume in public\" as the reasoning. Between 1972 and 1974, a second wave of popular musicians, including David Bowie, Elton John and Gary Glitter, portraying the movement emerged as a part of the glam rock genre, which too trickled down to the general public.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Nostalgia for the fashions of 1920s–1940s was eventually exacerbated by The Godfather (1972), The Sting (1973) and The Great Gatsby (1974) and the 1972 death of Edward VIII. By 1975, the release of John T Molloy's bestselling book Dress for Success, marked a general return to conservative men's fashion by popularising power dressing.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In the wake of the peacock revolution, menswear became more diverse in many western countries. The movement was one of the main factors in allowing men to wear clothes other than suits in both business and casual contexts. Furthermore, it allowed for a greater variation of both head and facial hair lengths and style in the workplace and increased the demand for men's grooming and cosmetic products. Many influential fashion designers also began their careers during the period, including Hardy Amies, Geoffrey Beene, Bill Blass, Cerruti 1881, Hubert de Givenchy and Yves Saint Laurent.",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The movement was one of the main factors in popularising androgyny in fashion, especially in rock music.",
"title": "Legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In a July 2014 article by the New York Times, fashion photographer Bill Cunningham cited \"Signs of a new peacock revolution\", including the resurgence of designs by Domenico Spano.",
"title": "Legacy"
}
] | The peacock revolution was a fashion movement which took place between the late 1950s and mid–1970s. Mostly based around men incorporating feminine fashion elements such as floral prints, bright colours and complex patterns, the movement also saw the embracing of elements of fashions from Africa, Asia, the late 17th century and the queer community. The movement began around the late 1950s when John Stephen began opening boutiques on Carnaby Street, London, which advertised flamboyant and queer fashions to the mod subculture. Entering the mainstream by the mid-1960s through the designs of Michael Fish, it was embraced by popular rock acts including the Beatles, the Rolling Stones and Small Faces. By the beginning of the 1970s, it had begun to decline due to popular fashion returning to a more conservative style. | 2023-12-14T18:29:20Z | 2023-12-16T04:12:51Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_revolution |
75,565,065 | Endhorric | [] | REDIRECRT Endorheic basin | 2023-12-14T18:29:31Z | 2023-12-14T18:29:31Z | [
"Template:R from misspelling"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endhorric |
|
75,565,075 | Urs Fischer | Urs Fischer may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Urs Fischer may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Urs Fischer may refer to: Urs Fischer (artist), Swiss-born contemporary visual artist
Urs Fischer (footballer), Swiss football manager and former player | 2023-12-14T18:30:43Z | 2023-12-15T10:53:08Z | [
"Template:Hndis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urs_Fischer |
75,565,090 | Associate international cricket in 2024 | The 2024 Associate international cricket season will include series starting from approximately April to September 2024. All official twenty over matches between Associate members of the ICC are eligible to have full Twenty20 International (T20I) or Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) status, as the International Cricket Council (ICC) granted T20I status to matches between all of its members from 1 July 2018 (women's teams) and 1 January 2019 (men's teams). The season includes all T20I/WT20I cricket series mostly involving ICC Associate members, that are played in addition to series covered in International cricket in 2024. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 Associate international cricket season will include series starting from approximately April to September 2024. All official twenty over matches between Associate members of the ICC are eligible to have full Twenty20 International (T20I) or Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) status, as the International Cricket Council (ICC) granted T20I status to matches between all of its members from 1 July 2018 (women's teams) and 1 January 2019 (men's teams). The season includes all T20I/WT20I cricket series mostly involving ICC Associate members, that are played in addition to series covered in International cricket in 2024.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 2024 Associate international cricket season will include series starting from approximately April to September 2024. All official twenty over matches between Associate members of the ICC are eligible to have full Twenty20 International (T20I) or Women's Twenty20 International (WT20I) status, as the International Cricket Council (ICC) granted T20I status to matches between all of its members from 1 July 2018 and 1 January 2019. The season includes all T20I/WT20I cricket series mostly involving ICC Associate members, that are played in addition to series covered in International cricket in 2024. | 2023-12-14T18:32:57Z | 2023-12-27T17:22:32Z | [
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75,565,110 | Kleovoulos Klonis | Kleovoulos Klonis (c. 1900 - December 2, 1988) was a Greek scenographer er and journalist.
Born in Koutali, Propontis, he grew up in Piraeus. Klonis studied at the University of Athens and the National Technical University of Athens.
He began his career as a journalist in the 1920s, contributing to various publications and illustrating his own articles. Klonis's scenic design career started in 1926 with the operetta Miss Charleston. He joined the "Eleftheri Skini" theater in 1929, and from 1931, he collaborated with the National Theatre of Greece for 50 years.
Klonis was known for his work in ancient Greek theater scenic design, notably at outdoor venues like Epidaurus and the Herodeion. In partnership with Antonis Fokas, he worked on over 500 theatrical productions.. He also collaborated with the Greek National Opera from 1939 to 1973, and the National Theatre of Northern Greece.
Klonis received several awards, including the silver medal from the Academy of Athens. He died in 1988 in Athens and was buried in the First Cemetery of Athens. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kleovoulos Klonis (c. 1900 - December 2, 1988) was a Greek scenographer er and journalist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born in Koutali, Propontis, he grew up in Piraeus. Klonis studied at the University of Athens and the National Technical University of Athens.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He began his career as a journalist in the 1920s, contributing to various publications and illustrating his own articles. Klonis's scenic design career started in 1926 with the operetta Miss Charleston. He joined the \"Eleftheri Skini\" theater in 1929, and from 1931, he collaborated with the National Theatre of Greece for 50 years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Klonis was known for his work in ancient Greek theater scenic design, notably at outdoor venues like Epidaurus and the Herodeion. In partnership with Antonis Fokas, he worked on over 500 theatrical productions.. He also collaborated with the Greek National Opera from 1939 to 1973, and the National Theatre of Northern Greece.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Klonis received several awards, including the silver medal from the Academy of Athens. He died in 1988 in Athens and was buried in the First Cemetery of Athens.",
"title": ""
}
] | Kleovoulos Klonis was a Greek scenographer er and journalist. Born in Koutali, Propontis, he grew up in Piraeus. Klonis studied at the University of Athens and the National Technical University of Athens. He began his career as a journalist in the 1920s, contributing to various publications and illustrating his own articles. Klonis's scenic design career started in 1926 with the operetta Miss Charleston. He joined the "Eleftheri Skini" theater in 1929, and from 1931, he collaborated with the National Theatre of Greece for 50 years. Klonis was known for his work in ancient Greek theater scenic design, notably at outdoor venues like Epidaurus and the Herodeion. In partnership with Antonis Fokas, he worked on over 500 theatrical productions.. He also collaborated with the Greek National Opera from 1939 to 1973, and the National Theatre of Northern Greece. Klonis received several awards, including the silver medal from the Academy of Athens. He died in 1988 in Athens and was buried in the First Cemetery of Athens. | 2023-12-14T18:35:23Z | 2023-12-15T10:17:41Z | [
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleovoulos_Klonis |
75,565,113 | Dediche e manie | Dediche e manie is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 10 November 2017 on his label Iris and distributed by Sony Music. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Dediche e manie is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 10 November 2017 on his label Iris and distributed by Sony Music.",
"title": ""
}
] | Dediche e manie is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 10 November 2017 on his label Iris and distributed by Sony Music. | 2023-12-14T18:35:56Z | 2023-12-30T01:12:14Z | [
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75,565,127 | Distributional data analysis | Distributional data analysis is a branch of nonparametric statistics that is related to functional data analysis. It is concerned with random objects that are probability distributions, i.e., the statistical analysis of samples of random distributions where each atom of a sample is a distribution. One of the main challenges in distributional data analysis is that the space of probability distributions is, while a convex space, is not a vector space.
Let ν {\displaystyle \nu } be a probability measure on D {\displaystyle D} , where D ⊂ R p {\displaystyle D\subset \mathbb {R} ^{p}} with p ≥ 1 {\displaystyle p\geq 1} . The probability measure ν {\displaystyle \nu } can be equivalently characterized as cumulative distribution function F {\displaystyle F} or probability density function f {\displaystyle f} if it exists. For univariate distributions with p = 1 {\displaystyle p=1} , quantile function Q = F − 1 {\displaystyle Q=F^{-1}} can also be used.
Let F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} be a space of distributions ν {\displaystyle \nu } and let d {\displaystyle d} be a metric on F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} so that ( F , d ) {\displaystyle ({\mathcal {F}},d)} forms a metric space. There are various metrics available for d {\displaystyle d} . For example, suppose ν 1 , ν 2 ∈ F {\displaystyle \nu _{1},\;\nu _{2}\in {\mathcal {F}}} , and let f 1 {\displaystyle f_{1}} and f 2 {\displaystyle f_{2}} be the density functions of ν 1 {\displaystyle \nu _{1}} and ν 2 {\displaystyle \nu _{2}} , respectively. The Fisher-Rao metric is defined as d F R ( f 1 , f 2 ) = arccos ( ∫ D f 1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) d x ) {\displaystyle d_{FR}(f_{1},f_{2})=\arccos \left(\int _{D}{\sqrt {f_{1}(x)f_{2}(x)}}dx\right)} .
For univariate distributions, let Q 1 {\displaystyle Q_{1}} and Q 2 {\displaystyle Q_{2}} be the quantile functions of ν 1 {\displaystyle \nu _{1}} and ν 2 {\displaystyle \nu _{2}} . Denote the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "http://localhost:6011/en.wikipedia.org/v1/":): L^{p} -Wasserstein space as W p {\displaystyle {\mathcal {W}}_{p}} , which is the space of distributions with finite p {\displaystyle p} -th moments. Then, for ν 1 , ν 2 ∈ W p {\displaystyle \nu _{1},\;\nu _{2}\in {\mathcal {W}}_{p}} , the L p {\displaystyle L^{p}} -Wasserstein metric is defined as d W p ( ν 1 , ν 2 ) = ( ∫ 0 1 [ Q 1 ( s ) − Q 2 ( s ) ] p d s ) 1 / p {\displaystyle d_{W_{p}}(\nu _{1},\nu _{2})=\left(\int _{0}^{1}[Q_{1}(s)-Q_{2}(s)]^{p}ds\right)^{1/p}} .
For a probability measure ν ∈ F {\displaystyle \nu \in {\mathcal {F}}} , consider a random process F {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {F}}} such that ν ∼ F {\displaystyle \nu \sim {\mathfrak {F}}} . One way to define mean and variance of ν {\displaystyle \nu } is to introduce the Fréchet mean and the Fréchet variance. With respect to the metric d {\displaystyle d} on F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} , the Fréchet mean μ ⊕ {\displaystyle \mu _{\oplus }} , also known as the barycenter, and the Fréchet variance V ⊕ {\displaystyle V_{\oplus }} are defined as
A widely used example is the Wasserstein-Fréchet mean, or simply the Wasserstein mean, which is the Fréchet mean with the L 2 {\displaystyle L^{2}} -Wasserstein metric d W 2 {\displaystyle d_{W_{2}}} . For ν , μ ∈ W 2 {\displaystyle \nu ,\;\mu \in {\mathcal {W}}_{2}} , let Q ν , Q μ {\displaystyle Q_{\nu },\;Q_{\mu }} be the quantile functions of ν {\displaystyle \nu } and μ {\displaystyle \mu } , respectively. The Wasserstein mean and Wasserstein variance is defined as
Modes of variation are useful concepts in depicting the variation of data around the mean function. Based on the Karhunen-Loève representation, modes of variation show the contribution of each eigenfunction to the mean.
Functional principal component analysis(FPCA) can be directly applied to the probability density functions. Consider a distribution process ν ∼ F {\displaystyle \nu \sim {\mathfrak {F}}} and let f {\displaystyle f} be the density function of ν {\displaystyle \nu } . Let the mean density function as μ ( t ) = E [ f ( t ) ] {\displaystyle \mu (t)=\mathbb {E} \left[f(t)\right]} and the covariance function as G ( s , t ) = Cov ( f ( s ) , f ( t ) ) {\displaystyle G(s,t)=\operatorname {Cov} (f(s),f(t))} with orthonormal eigenfunctions { ϕ j } j = 1 ∞ {\displaystyle \{\phi _{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty }} and eigenvalues { λ j } j = 1 ∞ {\displaystyle \{\lambda _{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty }} .
By the Karhunen-Loève theorem, f ( t ) = μ ( t ) + ∑ j = 1 ∞ ξ j ϕ j ( t ) {\displaystyle f(t)=\mu (t)+\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }\xi _{j}\phi _{j}(t)} , where principal components ξ j = ∫ D [ f ( t ) − μ ( t ) ] ϕ j ( t ) d t {\displaystyle \xi _{j}=\int _{D}[f(t)-\mu (t)]\phi _{j}(t)dt} . The j {\displaystyle j} th mode of variation is defined as g j ( t , α ) = μ ( t ) + α λ j ϕ j ( t ) , t ∈ D , α ∈ [ − A , A ] {\displaystyle g_{j}(t,\alpha )=\mu (t)+\alpha {\sqrt {\lambda _{j}}}\phi _{j}(t),\quad t\in D,\;\alpha \in [-A,A]} with some constant A {\displaystyle A} , such as 2 or 3.
Assume the probability density functions f {\displaystyle f} exist, and let F f {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{f}} be the space of density functions. Transformation approaches introduce a continuous and invertible transformation Ψ : F f → H {\displaystyle \Psi :{\mathcal {F}}_{f}\to \mathbb {H} } , where H {\displaystyle \mathbb {H} } is a Hilbert space of functions. For instance, the log quantile density transformation or the centered log ratio transformation are popular choices.
For f ∈ F f {\displaystyle f\in {\mathcal {F}}_{f}} , let Y = Ψ ( f ) {\displaystyle Y=\Psi (f)} , the transformed functional variable. The mean function μ Y ( t ) = E [ Y ( t ) ] {\displaystyle \mu _{Y}(t)=\mathbb {E} \left[Y(t)\right]} and the covariance function G Y ( s , t ) = Cov ( Y ( s ) , Y ( t ) ) {\displaystyle G_{Y}(s,t)=\operatorname {Cov} (Y(s),Y(t))} are defined accordingly, and let { λ j , ϕ j } j = 1 ∞ {\displaystyle \{\lambda _{j},\phi _{j}\}_{j=1}^{\infty }} be the eigenpairs of G Y ( s , t ) {\displaystyle G_{Y}(s,t)} . The Karhunen-Loève decomposition gives Y ( t ) = μ Y ( t ) + ∑ j = 1 ∞ ξ j ϕ j ( t ) {\displaystyle Y(t)=\mu _{Y}(t)+\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }\xi _{j}\phi _{j}(t)} , where ξ j = ∫ D [ Y ( t ) − μ Y ( t ) ] ϕ j ( t ) d t {\displaystyle \xi _{j}=\int _{D}[Y(t)-\mu _{Y}(t)]\phi _{j}(t)dt} . Then, the j {\displaystyle j} th transformation mode of variation is defined as g j T F ( t , α ) = Ψ − 1 ( μ Y + α λ j ϕ j ) ( t ) , t ∈ D , α ∈ [ − A , A ] . {\displaystyle g_{j}^{TF}(t,\alpha )=\Psi ^{-1}\left(\mu _{Y}+\alpha {\sqrt {\lambda _{j}}}\phi _{j}\right)(t),\quad t\in D,\;\alpha \in [-A,A].}
Endowed with metrics such as the Wasserstein metric d W 2 {\displaystyle d_{W_{2}}} or the Fisher-Rao metric d F R {\displaystyle d_{FR}} , we can employ the (pseudo) Riemannian structure of F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} . Denote the tangent space at the Fréchet mean μ ⊕ {\displaystyle \mu _{\oplus }} as T μ ⊕ {\displaystyle T_{\mu _{\oplus }}} , and define the logarithm and exponential maps log μ ⊕ : F → T μ ⊕ {\displaystyle \log _{\mu _{\oplus }}:{\mathcal {F}}\to T_{\mu _{\oplus }}} and exp μ ⊕ : T μ ⊕ → F {\displaystyle \exp _{\mu _{\oplus }}:T_{\mu _{\oplus }}\to {\mathcal {F}}} . Let Y {\displaystyle Y} be the projected density onto the tangent space, Y = log μ ⊕ ( f ) {\displaystyle Y=\log _{\mu _{\oplus }}(f)} .
In Log FPCA, FPCA is performed to Y {\displaystyle Y} and then projected back to F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} using the exponential map. Therefore, with Y ( t ) = μ Y ( t ) + ∑ j = 1 ∞ ξ j ϕ j ( t ) {\displaystyle Y(t)=\mu _{Y}(t)+\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }\xi _{j}\phi _{j}(t)} , the j {\displaystyle j} th Log FPCA mode of variation is defined as g j L o g ( t , α ) = exp f ⊕ ( μ f ⊕ + α λ j ϕ j ) ( t ) , t ∈ D , α ∈ [ − A , A ] . {\displaystyle g_{j}^{Log}(t,\alpha )=\exp _{f_{\oplus }}\left(\mu _{f_{\oplus }}+\alpha {\sqrt {\lambda _{j}}}\phi _{j}\right)(t),\quad t\in D,\;\alpha \in [-A,A].}
As a special case, consider L 2 {\displaystyle L^{2}} -Wasserstein space W 2 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {W}}_{2}} , a random distribution ν ∈ W 2 {\displaystyle \nu \in {\mathcal {W}}_{2}} , and a subset G ⊂ W 2 {\displaystyle G\subset {\mathcal {W}}_{2}} . Let d W 2 ( ν , G ) = inf μ ∈ G d W 2 ( ν , μ ) {\displaystyle d_{W_{2}}(\nu ,G)=\inf _{\mu \in G}d_{W_{2}}(\nu ,\mu )} and K W 2 ( G ) = E [ d W 2 2 ( ν , G ) ] {\displaystyle K_{W_{2}}(G)=\mathbb {E} \left[d_{W_{2}}^{2}(\nu ,G)\right]} . Let CL ( W 2 ) {\displaystyle {\text{CL}}({\mathcal {W}}_{2})} be the metric space of nonempty, closed subsets of W 2 {\displaystyle {\mathcal {W}}_{2}} , endowed with Hausdorff distance, and define CG ν 0 , k ( W 2 ) = { G ∈ CL ( W 2 ) : ν 0 ∈ G , G is a geodesic set s.t. dim ( G ) ≤ k } , k ≥ 1. {\displaystyle \operatorname {CG} _{\nu _{0},k}({\mathcal {W}}_{2})=\{G\in \operatorname {CL} ({\mathcal {W}}_{2}):\nu _{0}\in G,G{\text{ is a geodesic set s.t. }}\operatorname {dim} (G)\leq k\},\;k\geq 1.} Let the reference measure ν 0 {\displaystyle \nu _{0}} be the Wasserstein mean μ ⊕ {\displaystyle \mu _{\oplus }} . Then, a principal geodesic subspace (PGS) of dimension k {\displaystyle k} with respect to μ ⊕ {\displaystyle \mu _{\oplus }} is a set G k = argmin G ∈ CG ν ⊕ , k ( W 2 ) K W 2 ( G ) {\displaystyle G_{k}=\operatorname {argmin} _{G\in {\text{CG}}_{\nu _{\oplus },k}({\mathcal {W}}_{2})}K_{W_{2}}(G)} .
Note that the tangent space T μ ⊕ {\displaystyle T_{\mu _{\oplus }}} is a subspace of L μ ⊕ 2 {\displaystyle L_{\mu _{\oplus }}^{2}} , the Hilbert space of μ ⊕ {\displaystyle {\mu _{\oplus }}} -square-integrable functions. Obtaining the PGS is equivalent to performing PCA in L μ ⊕ 2 {\displaystyle L_{\mu _{\oplus }}^{2}} under constraints to lie in the convex and closed subset. Therefore, a simple approximation of the Wasserstein Geodesic PCA is the Log FPCA by relaxing the geodesicity constraint, while alternative techniques are suggested.
Fréchet regression is a generalization of regression with responses taking values in a metric space and Euclidean predictors. Using the Wasserstein metric d W 2 {\displaystyle d_{W_{2}}} , Fréchet regression models can be applied to distributional objects. The global Wasserstein-Fréchet regression model is defined as
which generalizes the standard linear regression.
For the local Wasserstein-Fréchet regression, consider a scalar predictor X ∈ R {\displaystyle X\in \mathbb {R} } and introduce a smoothing kernel K h ( ⋅ ) = h − 1 K ( ⋅ / h ) {\displaystyle K_{h}(\cdot )=h^{-1}K(\cdot /h)} . The local Fréchet regression model, which generalizes the local linear regression model, is defined as
where μ j = E [ K h ( X − x ) ( X − x ) j ] {\displaystyle \mu _{j}=\mathbb {E} \left[K_{h}(X-x)(X-x)^{j}\right]} , j = 0 , 1 , 2 , {\displaystyle j=0,1,2,} and σ 0 2 = μ 0 μ 2 − μ 1 2 {\displaystyle \sigma _{0}^{2}=\mu _{0}\mu _{2}-\mu _{1}^{2}} .
Consider the response variable ν {\displaystyle \nu } to be probability distributions. With the space of density functions F f {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}_{f}} and a Hilbert space of functions H {\displaystyle \mathbb {H} } , consider continuous and invertible transformations Ψ : F f → H {\displaystyle \Psi :{\mathcal {F}}_{f}\to \mathbb {H} } . Examples of transformations include log hazard transformation, log quantile density transformation, or centered log-ratio transformation. Linear methods such as functional linear models are applied to the transformed variables. The fitted models are interpreted back in the original density space F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} using the inverse transformation.
In Wasserstein regression, both predictors ω {\displaystyle \omega } and responses ν {\displaystyle \nu } can be distributional objects. Let ω ⊕ {\displaystyle \omega {\oplus }} and ν ⊕ {\displaystyle \nu _{\oplus }} be the Wasserstein mean of ω {\displaystyle \omega } and ν {\displaystyle \nu } , respectively. The Wasserstein regression model is defined as
with a linear regression operator
Estimation of the regression operator is based on empirical estimators obtained from samples. Also, the Fisher-Rao metric d F R {\displaystyle d_{FR}} can be used in a similar fashion.
Wasserstein F {\displaystyle F} -test has been proposed to test for the effects of the predictors in the Fréchet regression framework with the Wasserstein metric. Consider Euclidean predictors X ∈ R p {\displaystyle X\in \mathbb {R} ^{p}} and distributional responses ν ∈ W 2 {\displaystyle \nu \in {\mathcal {W}}_{2}} . Denote the Wasserstein mean of ν {\displaystyle \nu } as μ ⊕ ∗ {\displaystyle \mu _{\oplus }^{*}} , and the sample Wasserstein mean as μ ^ ⊕ ∗ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}_{\oplus }^{*}} . Consider the global Wasserstein-Fréchet regression model m ⊕ ( x ) {\displaystyle m_{\oplus }(x)} defined in (1), which is the conditional Wasserstein mean given X = x {\displaystyle X=x} . The estimator of m ⊕ ( x ) {\displaystyle m_{\oplus }(x)} , m ^ ⊕ ( x ) {\displaystyle {\hat {m}}_{\oplus }(x)} is obtained by minimizing the empirical version of the criterion.
Let F {\displaystyle F} , Q {\displaystyle Q} , f {\displaystyle f} , F ⊕ ∗ {\displaystyle F_{\oplus }^{*}} , Q ⊕ ∗ {\displaystyle Q_{\oplus }^{*}} , f ⊕ ∗ {\displaystyle f_{\oplus }^{*}} , F ⊕ ( x ) {\displaystyle F_{\oplus }(x)} , Q ⊕ ( x ) {\displaystyle Q_{\oplus }(x)} , and f ⊕ ( x ) {\displaystyle f_{\oplus }(x)} denote the cumulative distribution, quantile, and density functions of ν {\displaystyle \nu } , μ ⊕ ∗ {\displaystyle \mu _{\oplus }^{*}} , and m ⊕ ( x ) {\displaystyle m_{\oplus }(x)} , respectively. For a pair ( X , ν ) {\displaystyle (X,\nu )} , define T = Q ∘ F ⊕ ( X ) {\displaystyle T=Q\circ F_{\oplus }(X)} be the optimal transport map from m ⊕ ( X ) {\displaystyle m_{\oplus }(X)} to ν {\displaystyle \nu } . Also, define S = Q ⊕ ( X ) ∘ F ⊕ ∗ {\displaystyle S=Q_{\oplus }(X)\circ F_{\oplus }^{*}} , the optimal transport map from μ ⊕ ∗ {\displaystyle \mu _{\oplus }^{*}} to m ⊕ ( x ) {\displaystyle m_{\oplus }(x)} . Finally, define the covariance kernel K ( u , v ) = E [ Cov ( ( T ∘ S ) ( u ) , ( T ∘ S ) ( v ) ) ] {\displaystyle K(u,v)=\mathbb {E} [{\text{Cov}}((T\circ S)(u),(T\circ S)(v))]} and by the Mercer decomposition, K ( u , v ) = ∑ j = 1 ∞ λ j ϕ j ( u ) ϕ j ( v ) {\displaystyle K(u,v)=\sum _{j=1}^{\infty }\lambda _{j}\phi _{j}(u)\phi _{j}(v)} .
If there are no regression effects, the conditional Wasserstein mean would equal the Wasserstein mean. That is, hypotheses for the test of no effects are
To test for these hypotheses, the proposed global Wasserstein F {\displaystyle F} -statistic and its asymptotic distribution are
where V j ∼ i i d χ p 2 {\displaystyle V_{j}{\overset {iid}{\sim }}\chi _{p}^{2}} . An extension to hypothesis testing for partial regression effects, and alternative testing approximations using the Satterthwaite's approximation or a bootstrap approach are proposed.
The Hilbert sphere S ∞ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{\infty }} is defined as S ∞ = { f ∈ H : ‖ f ‖ H = 1 } {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{\infty }=\left\{f\in \mathbb {H} :\|f\|_{\mathbb {H} }=1\right\}} , where H {\displaystyle \mathbb {H} } is a separable infinite-dimensional Hilbert space with inner product ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩ H {\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle _{\mathbb {H} }} and norm ‖ ⋅ ‖ H {\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{\mathbb {H} }} . Consider the space of square root densities X = { x : D → R : x = f , ∫ D f ( t ) d t = 1 } {\displaystyle {\mathcal {X}}=\left\{x:D\to \mathbb {R} :x={\sqrt {f}},\int _{D}f(t)dt=1\right\}} . Then with the Fisher-Rao metric d F R {\displaystyle d_{FR}} on f {\displaystyle f} , X {\displaystyle {\mathcal {X}}} is the positive orthant of the Hilbert sphere S ∞ {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}^{\infty }} with H = L 2 ( D ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {H} =L^{2}(D)} .
Let a chart τ : U ⊂ S ∞ → G {\displaystyle \tau :U\subset {\mathcal {S}}^{\infty }\to \mathbb {G} } as a smooth homeomorphism that maps U {\displaystyle U} onto an open subset τ ( U ) {\displaystyle \tau (U)} of a separable Hilbert space G {\displaystyle \mathbb {G} } for coordinates. For example, τ {\displaystyle \tau } can be the logarithm map.
Consider a random element x = f ∈ X {\displaystyle x={\sqrt {f}}\in {\mathcal {X}}} equipped with the Fisher-Rao metric, and write its Fréchet mean as μ {\displaystyle \mu } . Let the empirical estimator of μ {\displaystyle \mu } using n {\displaystyle n} samples as μ ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}} . Then central limit theorem for μ ^ τ = τ ( μ ^ ) {\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}_{\tau }=\tau ({\hat {\mu }})} and μ τ = τ ( μ ) {\displaystyle \mu _{\tau }=\tau (\mu )} holds: n ( μ ^ τ − μ τ ) ⟶ L Z , n → ∞ {\displaystyle {\sqrt {n}}({\hat {\mu }}_{\tau }-\mu _{\tau }){\overset {L}{\longrightarrow }}Z,\;n\to \infty } , where Z {\displaystyle Z} is a Gaussian random element in G {\displaystyle \mathbb {G} } with mean 0 and covariance operator T {\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}} . Let the eigenvalue-eigenfunction pairs of T {\displaystyle {\mathcal {T}}} and the estimated covariance operator T ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathcal {T}}}} as ( λ k , ϕ k ) k = 1 ∞ {\displaystyle (\lambda _{k},\phi _{k})_{k=1}^{\infty }} and ( λ ^ k , ϕ ^ k ) k = 1 ∞ {\displaystyle ({\hat {\lambda }}_{k},{\hat {\phi }}_{k})_{k=1}^{\infty }} , respectively.
Consider one-sample hypothesis testing
with μ 0 ∈ S ∞ {\displaystyle \mu _{0}\in {\mathcal {S}}^{\infty }} . Denote ‖ ⋅ ‖ G {\displaystyle \|\cdot \|_{\mathbb {G} }} and ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩ G {\displaystyle \langle \cdot ,\cdot \rangle _{\mathbb {G} }} as the norm and inner product in G {\displaystyle \mathbb {G} } . The test statistics and their limiting distributions are
where W k ∼ i i d χ 1 2 {\displaystyle W_{k}{\overset {iid}{\sim }}\chi _{1}^{2}} . The actual testing procedure can be done by employing the limiting distributions with Monte Carlo simulations, or bootstrap tests are possible. An extension to the two-sample test and paired test are also proposed.
Autoregressive (AR) models for distributional time series are constructed by defining stationarity and utilizing the notion of difference between distributions using d W 2 {\displaystyle d_{W_{2}}} and d F R {\displaystyle d_{FR}} .
In Wasserstein autoregressive model (WAR), consider a stationary density time series f t {\displaystyle f_{t}} with Wasserstein mean f ⊕ {\displaystyle f_{\oplus }} . Denote the difference between f t {\displaystyle f_{t}} and f ⊕ {\displaystyle f_{\oplus }} using the logarithm map, f t ⊖ f ⊕ = log f ⊕ f t = T t − id {\displaystyle f_{t}\ominus f_{\oplus }=\log _{f_{\oplus }}f_{t}=T_{t}-{\text{id}}} , where T t = Q t ∘ F ⊕ {\displaystyle T_{t}=Q_{t}\circ F_{\oplus }} is the optimal transport from f ⊕ {\displaystyle f_{\oplus }} to f t {\displaystyle f_{t}} in which F t {\displaystyle F_{t}} and F ⊕ {\displaystyle F_{\oplus }} are the cdf of f t {\displaystyle f_{t}} and f ⊕ {\displaystyle f_{\oplus }} . An A R ( 1 ) {\displaystyle AR(1)} model on the tangent space T f ⊕ {\displaystyle T_{f_{\oplus }}} is defined as V t = β V t − 1 + ϵ t , t ∈ Z , {\displaystyle V_{t}=\beta V_{t-1}+\epsilon _{t},\;t\in \mathbb {Z} ,} for V t ∈ T f ⊕ {\displaystyle V_{t}\in T_{f_{\oplus }}} with the autoregressive parameter β ∈ R {\displaystyle \beta \in \mathbb {R} } and mean zero random i.i.d. innovations ϵ t {\displaystyle \epsilon _{t}} . Under proper conditions, μ t = exp f ⊕ ( V t ) {\displaystyle \mu _{t}=\exp _{f_{\oplus }}(V_{t})} with densities f t {\displaystyle f_{t}} and V t = log f ⊕ ( μ t ) {\displaystyle V_{t}=\log _{f_{\oplus }}(\mu _{t})} . Accordingly, W A R ( 1 ) {\displaystyle WAR(1)} , with a natural extension to order p {\displaystyle p} , is defined as
On the other hand, the spherical autoregressive model (SAR) considers the Fisher-Rao metric. Following the settings of ##Tests for the intrinsic mean, let x t ∈ X {\displaystyle x_{t}\in {\mathcal {X}}} with Fréchet mean μ x {\displaystyle \mu _{x}} . Let θ = arccos ( ⟨ x t , μ x ⟩ ) {\displaystyle \theta =\arccos(\langle x_{t},\mu _{x}\rangle )} , which is the geodesic distance between x t {\displaystyle x_{t}} and μ x {\displaystyle \mu _{x}} . Define a rotation operator Q x t , μ x {\displaystyle Q_{x_{t},\mu _{x}}} that rotates x t {\displaystyle x_{t}} to μ x {\displaystyle \mu _{x}} . The spherical difference between x t {\displaystyle x_{t}} and μ x {\displaystyle \mu _{x}} is represented as R t = x t ⊖ μ x = θ Q x t , μ x {\displaystyle R_{t}=x_{t}\ominus \mu _{x}=\theta Q_{x_{t},\mu _{x}}} . Assume that R t {\displaystyle R_{t}} is a stationary sequence with the Fréchet mean μ R {\displaystyle \mu _{R}} , then S A R ( 1 ) {\displaystyle SAR(1)} is defined as
where μ R = E R t {\displaystyle \mu _{R}=\mathbb {E} R_{t}} and mean zero random i.i.d innovations ϵ t {\displaystyle \epsilon _{t}} . An alternative model, the differenced based spherical autoregressive (DSAR) model is defined with R t = x t + 1 ⊖ x t {\displaystyle R_{t}=x_{t+1}\ominus x_{t}} , with natural extensions to order p {\displaystyle p} . A similar extension to the Wasserstein space was introduced. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Distributional data analysis is a branch of nonparametric statistics that is related to functional data analysis. It is concerned with random objects that are probability distributions, i.e., the statistical analysis of samples of random distributions where each atom of a sample is a distribution. One of the main challenges in distributional data analysis is that the space of probability distributions is, while a convex space, is not a vector space.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Let ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } be a probability measure on D {\\displaystyle D} , where D ⊂ R p {\\displaystyle D\\subset \\mathbb {R} ^{p}} with p ≥ 1 {\\displaystyle p\\geq 1} . The probability measure ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } can be equivalently characterized as cumulative distribution function F {\\displaystyle F} or probability density function f {\\displaystyle f} if it exists. For univariate distributions with p = 1 {\\displaystyle p=1} , quantile function Q = F − 1 {\\displaystyle Q=F^{-1}} can also be used.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Let F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} be a space of distributions ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } and let d {\\displaystyle d} be a metric on F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} so that ( F , d ) {\\displaystyle ({\\mathcal {F}},d)} forms a metric space. There are various metrics available for d {\\displaystyle d} . For example, suppose ν 1 , ν 2 ∈ F {\\displaystyle \\nu _{1},\\;\\nu _{2}\\in {\\mathcal {F}}} , and let f 1 {\\displaystyle f_{1}} and f 2 {\\displaystyle f_{2}} be the density functions of ν 1 {\\displaystyle \\nu _{1}} and ν 2 {\\displaystyle \\nu _{2}} , respectively. The Fisher-Rao metric is defined as d F R ( f 1 , f 2 ) = arccos ( ∫ D f 1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) d x ) {\\displaystyle d_{FR}(f_{1},f_{2})=\\arccos \\left(\\int _{D}{\\sqrt {f_{1}(x)f_{2}(x)}}dx\\right)} .",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "For univariate distributions, let Q 1 {\\displaystyle Q_{1}} and Q 2 {\\displaystyle Q_{2}} be the quantile functions of ν 1 {\\displaystyle \\nu _{1}} and ν 2 {\\displaystyle \\nu _{2}} . Denote the Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response (\"Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.\") from server \"http://localhost:6011/en.wikipedia.org/v1/\":): L^{p} -Wasserstein space as W p {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {W}}_{p}} , which is the space of distributions with finite p {\\displaystyle p} -th moments. Then, for ν 1 , ν 2 ∈ W p {\\displaystyle \\nu _{1},\\;\\nu _{2}\\in {\\mathcal {W}}_{p}} , the L p {\\displaystyle L^{p}} -Wasserstein metric is defined as d W p ( ν 1 , ν 2 ) = ( ∫ 0 1 [ Q 1 ( s ) − Q 2 ( s ) ] p d s ) 1 / p {\\displaystyle d_{W_{p}}(\\nu _{1},\\nu _{2})=\\left(\\int _{0}^{1}[Q_{1}(s)-Q_{2}(s)]^{p}ds\\right)^{1/p}} .",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "For a probability measure ν ∈ F {\\displaystyle \\nu \\in {\\mathcal {F}}} , consider a random process F {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {F}}} such that ν ∼ F {\\displaystyle \\nu \\sim {\\mathfrak {F}}} . One way to define mean and variance of ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } is to introduce the Fréchet mean and the Fréchet variance. With respect to the metric d {\\displaystyle d} on F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} , the Fréchet mean μ ⊕ {\\displaystyle \\mu _{\\oplus }} , also known as the barycenter, and the Fréchet variance V ⊕ {\\displaystyle V_{\\oplus }} are defined as",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "A widely used example is the Wasserstein-Fréchet mean, or simply the Wasserstein mean, which is the Fréchet mean with the L 2 {\\displaystyle L^{2}} -Wasserstein metric d W 2 {\\displaystyle d_{W_{2}}} . For ν , μ ∈ W 2 {\\displaystyle \\nu ,\\;\\mu \\in {\\mathcal {W}}_{2}} , let Q ν , Q μ {\\displaystyle Q_{\\nu },\\;Q_{\\mu }} be the quantile functions of ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } and μ {\\displaystyle \\mu } , respectively. The Wasserstein mean and Wasserstein variance is defined as",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Modes of variation are useful concepts in depicting the variation of data around the mean function. Based on the Karhunen-Loève representation, modes of variation show the contribution of each eigenfunction to the mean.",
"title": "Functional principal component analysis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Functional principal component analysis(FPCA) can be directly applied to the probability density functions. Consider a distribution process ν ∼ F {\\displaystyle \\nu \\sim {\\mathfrak {F}}} and let f {\\displaystyle f} be the density function of ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } . Let the mean density function as μ ( t ) = E [ f ( t ) ] {\\displaystyle \\mu (t)=\\mathbb {E} \\left[f(t)\\right]} and the covariance function as G ( s , t ) = Cov ( f ( s ) , f ( t ) ) {\\displaystyle G(s,t)=\\operatorname {Cov} (f(s),f(t))} with orthonormal eigenfunctions { ϕ j } j = 1 ∞ {\\displaystyle \\{\\phi _{j}\\}_{j=1}^{\\infty }} and eigenvalues { λ j } j = 1 ∞ {\\displaystyle \\{\\lambda _{j}\\}_{j=1}^{\\infty }} .",
"title": "Functional principal component analysis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "By the Karhunen-Loève theorem, f ( t ) = μ ( t ) + ∑ j = 1 ∞ ξ j ϕ j ( t ) {\\displaystyle f(t)=\\mu (t)+\\sum _{j=1}^{\\infty }\\xi _{j}\\phi _{j}(t)} , where principal components ξ j = ∫ D [ f ( t ) − μ ( t ) ] ϕ j ( t ) d t {\\displaystyle \\xi _{j}=\\int _{D}[f(t)-\\mu (t)]\\phi _{j}(t)dt} . The j {\\displaystyle j} th mode of variation is defined as g j ( t , α ) = μ ( t ) + α λ j ϕ j ( t ) , t ∈ D , α ∈ [ − A , A ] {\\displaystyle g_{j}(t,\\alpha )=\\mu (t)+\\alpha {\\sqrt {\\lambda _{j}}}\\phi _{j}(t),\\quad t\\in D,\\;\\alpha \\in [-A,A]} with some constant A {\\displaystyle A} , such as 2 or 3.",
"title": "Functional principal component analysis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Assume the probability density functions f {\\displaystyle f} exist, and let F f {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}_{f}} be the space of density functions. Transformation approaches introduce a continuous and invertible transformation Ψ : F f → H {\\displaystyle \\Psi :{\\mathcal {F}}_{f}\\to \\mathbb {H} } , where H {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {H} } is a Hilbert space of functions. For instance, the log quantile density transformation or the centered log ratio transformation are popular choices.",
"title": "Functional principal component analysis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "For f ∈ F f {\\displaystyle f\\in {\\mathcal {F}}_{f}} , let Y = Ψ ( f ) {\\displaystyle Y=\\Psi (f)} , the transformed functional variable. The mean function μ Y ( t ) = E [ Y ( t ) ] {\\displaystyle \\mu _{Y}(t)=\\mathbb {E} \\left[Y(t)\\right]} and the covariance function G Y ( s , t ) = Cov ( Y ( s ) , Y ( t ) ) {\\displaystyle G_{Y}(s,t)=\\operatorname {Cov} (Y(s),Y(t))} are defined accordingly, and let { λ j , ϕ j } j = 1 ∞ {\\displaystyle \\{\\lambda _{j},\\phi _{j}\\}_{j=1}^{\\infty }} be the eigenpairs of G Y ( s , t ) {\\displaystyle G_{Y}(s,t)} . The Karhunen-Loève decomposition gives Y ( t ) = μ Y ( t ) + ∑ j = 1 ∞ ξ j ϕ j ( t ) {\\displaystyle Y(t)=\\mu _{Y}(t)+\\sum _{j=1}^{\\infty }\\xi _{j}\\phi _{j}(t)} , where ξ j = ∫ D [ Y ( t ) − μ Y ( t ) ] ϕ j ( t ) d t {\\displaystyle \\xi _{j}=\\int _{D}[Y(t)-\\mu _{Y}(t)]\\phi _{j}(t)dt} . Then, the j {\\displaystyle j} th transformation mode of variation is defined as g j T F ( t , α ) = Ψ − 1 ( μ Y + α λ j ϕ j ) ( t ) , t ∈ D , α ∈ [ − A , A ] . {\\displaystyle g_{j}^{TF}(t,\\alpha )=\\Psi ^{-1}\\left(\\mu _{Y}+\\alpha {\\sqrt {\\lambda _{j}}}\\phi _{j}\\right)(t),\\quad t\\in D,\\;\\alpha \\in [-A,A].}",
"title": "Functional principal component analysis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Endowed with metrics such as the Wasserstein metric d W 2 {\\displaystyle d_{W_{2}}} or the Fisher-Rao metric d F R {\\displaystyle d_{FR}} , we can employ the (pseudo) Riemannian structure of F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} . Denote the tangent space at the Fréchet mean μ ⊕ {\\displaystyle \\mu _{\\oplus }} as T μ ⊕ {\\displaystyle T_{\\mu _{\\oplus }}} , and define the logarithm and exponential maps log μ ⊕ : F → T μ ⊕ {\\displaystyle \\log _{\\mu _{\\oplus }}:{\\mathcal {F}}\\to T_{\\mu _{\\oplus }}} and exp μ ⊕ : T μ ⊕ → F {\\displaystyle \\exp _{\\mu _{\\oplus }}:T_{\\mu _{\\oplus }}\\to {\\mathcal {F}}} . Let Y {\\displaystyle Y} be the projected density onto the tangent space, Y = log μ ⊕ ( f ) {\\displaystyle Y=\\log _{\\mu _{\\oplus }}(f)} .",
"title": "Functional principal component analysis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In Log FPCA, FPCA is performed to Y {\\displaystyle Y} and then projected back to F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} using the exponential map. Therefore, with Y ( t ) = μ Y ( t ) + ∑ j = 1 ∞ ξ j ϕ j ( t ) {\\displaystyle Y(t)=\\mu _{Y}(t)+\\sum _{j=1}^{\\infty }\\xi _{j}\\phi _{j}(t)} , the j {\\displaystyle j} th Log FPCA mode of variation is defined as g j L o g ( t , α ) = exp f ⊕ ( μ f ⊕ + α λ j ϕ j ) ( t ) , t ∈ D , α ∈ [ − A , A ] . {\\displaystyle g_{j}^{Log}(t,\\alpha )=\\exp _{f_{\\oplus }}\\left(\\mu _{f_{\\oplus }}+\\alpha {\\sqrt {\\lambda _{j}}}\\phi _{j}\\right)(t),\\quad t\\in D,\\;\\alpha \\in [-A,A].}",
"title": "Functional principal component analysis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "As a special case, consider L 2 {\\displaystyle L^{2}} -Wasserstein space W 2 {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {W}}_{2}} , a random distribution ν ∈ W 2 {\\displaystyle \\nu \\in {\\mathcal {W}}_{2}} , and a subset G ⊂ W 2 {\\displaystyle G\\subset {\\mathcal {W}}_{2}} . Let d W 2 ( ν , G ) = inf μ ∈ G d W 2 ( ν , μ ) {\\displaystyle d_{W_{2}}(\\nu ,G)=\\inf _{\\mu \\in G}d_{W_{2}}(\\nu ,\\mu )} and K W 2 ( G ) = E [ d W 2 2 ( ν , G ) ] {\\displaystyle K_{W_{2}}(G)=\\mathbb {E} \\left[d_{W_{2}}^{2}(\\nu ,G)\\right]} . Let CL ( W 2 ) {\\displaystyle {\\text{CL}}({\\mathcal {W}}_{2})} be the metric space of nonempty, closed subsets of W 2 {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {W}}_{2}} , endowed with Hausdorff distance, and define CG ν 0 , k ( W 2 ) = { G ∈ CL ( W 2 ) : ν 0 ∈ G , G is a geodesic set s.t. dim ( G ) ≤ k } , k ≥ 1. {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {CG} _{\\nu _{0},k}({\\mathcal {W}}_{2})=\\{G\\in \\operatorname {CL} ({\\mathcal {W}}_{2}):\\nu _{0}\\in G,G{\\text{ is a geodesic set s.t. }}\\operatorname {dim} (G)\\leq k\\},\\;k\\geq 1.} Let the reference measure ν 0 {\\displaystyle \\nu _{0}} be the Wasserstein mean μ ⊕ {\\displaystyle \\mu _{\\oplus }} . Then, a principal geodesic subspace (PGS) of dimension k {\\displaystyle k} with respect to μ ⊕ {\\displaystyle \\mu _{\\oplus }} is a set G k = argmin G ∈ CG ν ⊕ , k ( W 2 ) K W 2 ( G ) {\\displaystyle G_{k}=\\operatorname {argmin} _{G\\in {\\text{CG}}_{\\nu _{\\oplus },k}({\\mathcal {W}}_{2})}K_{W_{2}}(G)} .",
"title": "Functional principal component analysis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Note that the tangent space T μ ⊕ {\\displaystyle T_{\\mu _{\\oplus }}} is a subspace of L μ ⊕ 2 {\\displaystyle L_{\\mu _{\\oplus }}^{2}} , the Hilbert space of μ ⊕ {\\displaystyle {\\mu _{\\oplus }}} -square-integrable functions. Obtaining the PGS is equivalent to performing PCA in L μ ⊕ 2 {\\displaystyle L_{\\mu _{\\oplus }}^{2}} under constraints to lie in the convex and closed subset. Therefore, a simple approximation of the Wasserstein Geodesic PCA is the Log FPCA by relaxing the geodesicity constraint, while alternative techniques are suggested.",
"title": "Functional principal component analysis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Fréchet regression is a generalization of regression with responses taking values in a metric space and Euclidean predictors. Using the Wasserstein metric d W 2 {\\displaystyle d_{W_{2}}} , Fréchet regression models can be applied to distributional objects. The global Wasserstein-Fréchet regression model is defined as",
"title": "Fréchet regression"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "which generalizes the standard linear regression.",
"title": "Fréchet regression"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "For the local Wasserstein-Fréchet regression, consider a scalar predictor X ∈ R {\\displaystyle X\\in \\mathbb {R} } and introduce a smoothing kernel K h ( ⋅ ) = h − 1 K ( ⋅ / h ) {\\displaystyle K_{h}(\\cdot )=h^{-1}K(\\cdot /h)} . The local Fréchet regression model, which generalizes the local linear regression model, is defined as",
"title": "Fréchet regression"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "where μ j = E [ K h ( X − x ) ( X − x ) j ] {\\displaystyle \\mu _{j}=\\mathbb {E} \\left[K_{h}(X-x)(X-x)^{j}\\right]} , j = 0 , 1 , 2 , {\\displaystyle j=0,1,2,} and σ 0 2 = μ 0 μ 2 − μ 1 2 {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{0}^{2}=\\mu _{0}\\mu _{2}-\\mu _{1}^{2}} .",
"title": "Fréchet regression"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Consider the response variable ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } to be probability distributions. With the space of density functions F f {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}_{f}} and a Hilbert space of functions H {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {H} } , consider continuous and invertible transformations Ψ : F f → H {\\displaystyle \\Psi :{\\mathcal {F}}_{f}\\to \\mathbb {H} } . Examples of transformations include log hazard transformation, log quantile density transformation, or centered log-ratio transformation. Linear methods such as functional linear models are applied to the transformed variables. The fitted models are interpreted back in the original density space F {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {F}}} using the inverse transformation.",
"title": "Fréchet regression"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "In Wasserstein regression, both predictors ω {\\displaystyle \\omega } and responses ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } can be distributional objects. Let ω ⊕ {\\displaystyle \\omega {\\oplus }} and ν ⊕ {\\displaystyle \\nu _{\\oplus }} be the Wasserstein mean of ω {\\displaystyle \\omega } and ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } , respectively. The Wasserstein regression model is defined as",
"title": "Fréchet regression"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "with a linear regression operator",
"title": "Fréchet regression"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Estimation of the regression operator is based on empirical estimators obtained from samples. Also, the Fisher-Rao metric d F R {\\displaystyle d_{FR}} can be used in a similar fashion.",
"title": "Fréchet regression"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Wasserstein F {\\displaystyle F} -test has been proposed to test for the effects of the predictors in the Fréchet regression framework with the Wasserstein metric. Consider Euclidean predictors X ∈ R p {\\displaystyle X\\in \\mathbb {R} ^{p}} and distributional responses ν ∈ W 2 {\\displaystyle \\nu \\in {\\mathcal {W}}_{2}} . Denote the Wasserstein mean of ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } as μ ⊕ ∗ {\\displaystyle \\mu _{\\oplus }^{*}} , and the sample Wasserstein mean as μ ^ ⊕ ∗ {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\mu }}_{\\oplus }^{*}} . Consider the global Wasserstein-Fréchet regression model m ⊕ ( x ) {\\displaystyle m_{\\oplus }(x)} defined in (1), which is the conditional Wasserstein mean given X = x {\\displaystyle X=x} . The estimator of m ⊕ ( x ) {\\displaystyle m_{\\oplus }(x)} , m ^ ⊕ ( x ) {\\displaystyle {\\hat {m}}_{\\oplus }(x)} is obtained by minimizing the empirical version of the criterion.",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Let F {\\displaystyle F} , Q {\\displaystyle Q} , f {\\displaystyle f} , F ⊕ ∗ {\\displaystyle F_{\\oplus }^{*}} , Q ⊕ ∗ {\\displaystyle Q_{\\oplus }^{*}} , f ⊕ ∗ {\\displaystyle f_{\\oplus }^{*}} , F ⊕ ( x ) {\\displaystyle F_{\\oplus }(x)} , Q ⊕ ( x ) {\\displaystyle Q_{\\oplus }(x)} , and f ⊕ ( x ) {\\displaystyle f_{\\oplus }(x)} denote the cumulative distribution, quantile, and density functions of ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } , μ ⊕ ∗ {\\displaystyle \\mu _{\\oplus }^{*}} , and m ⊕ ( x ) {\\displaystyle m_{\\oplus }(x)} , respectively. For a pair ( X , ν ) {\\displaystyle (X,\\nu )} , define T = Q ∘ F ⊕ ( X ) {\\displaystyle T=Q\\circ F_{\\oplus }(X)} be the optimal transport map from m ⊕ ( X ) {\\displaystyle m_{\\oplus }(X)} to ν {\\displaystyle \\nu } . Also, define S = Q ⊕ ( X ) ∘ F ⊕ ∗ {\\displaystyle S=Q_{\\oplus }(X)\\circ F_{\\oplus }^{*}} , the optimal transport map from μ ⊕ ∗ {\\displaystyle \\mu _{\\oplus }^{*}} to m ⊕ ( x ) {\\displaystyle m_{\\oplus }(x)} . Finally, define the covariance kernel K ( u , v ) = E [ Cov ( ( T ∘ S ) ( u ) , ( T ∘ S ) ( v ) ) ] {\\displaystyle K(u,v)=\\mathbb {E} [{\\text{Cov}}((T\\circ S)(u),(T\\circ S)(v))]} and by the Mercer decomposition, K ( u , v ) = ∑ j = 1 ∞ λ j ϕ j ( u ) ϕ j ( v ) {\\displaystyle K(u,v)=\\sum _{j=1}^{\\infty }\\lambda _{j}\\phi _{j}(u)\\phi _{j}(v)} .",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "If there are no regression effects, the conditional Wasserstein mean would equal the Wasserstein mean. That is, hypotheses for the test of no effects are",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "To test for these hypotheses, the proposed global Wasserstein F {\\displaystyle F} -statistic and its asymptotic distribution are",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "where V j ∼ i i d χ p 2 {\\displaystyle V_{j}{\\overset {iid}{\\sim }}\\chi _{p}^{2}} . An extension to hypothesis testing for partial regression effects, and alternative testing approximations using the Satterthwaite's approximation or a bootstrap approach are proposed.",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "The Hilbert sphere S ∞ {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {S}}^{\\infty }} is defined as S ∞ = { f ∈ H : ‖ f ‖ H = 1 } {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {S}}^{\\infty }=\\left\\{f\\in \\mathbb {H} :\\|f\\|_{\\mathbb {H} }=1\\right\\}} , where H {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {H} } is a separable infinite-dimensional Hilbert space with inner product ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩ H {\\displaystyle \\langle \\cdot ,\\cdot \\rangle _{\\mathbb {H} }} and norm ‖ ⋅ ‖ H {\\displaystyle \\|\\cdot \\|_{\\mathbb {H} }} . Consider the space of square root densities X = { x : D → R : x = f , ∫ D f ( t ) d t = 1 } {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {X}}=\\left\\{x:D\\to \\mathbb {R} :x={\\sqrt {f}},\\int _{D}f(t)dt=1\\right\\}} . Then with the Fisher-Rao metric d F R {\\displaystyle d_{FR}} on f {\\displaystyle f} , X {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {X}}} is the positive orthant of the Hilbert sphere S ∞ {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {S}}^{\\infty }} with H = L 2 ( D ) {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {H} =L^{2}(D)} .",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Let a chart τ : U ⊂ S ∞ → G {\\displaystyle \\tau :U\\subset {\\mathcal {S}}^{\\infty }\\to \\mathbb {G} } as a smooth homeomorphism that maps U {\\displaystyle U} onto an open subset τ ( U ) {\\displaystyle \\tau (U)} of a separable Hilbert space G {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {G} } for coordinates. For example, τ {\\displaystyle \\tau } can be the logarithm map.",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Consider a random element x = f ∈ X {\\displaystyle x={\\sqrt {f}}\\in {\\mathcal {X}}} equipped with the Fisher-Rao metric, and write its Fréchet mean as μ {\\displaystyle \\mu } . Let the empirical estimator of μ {\\displaystyle \\mu } using n {\\displaystyle n} samples as μ ^ {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\mu }}} . Then central limit theorem for μ ^ τ = τ ( μ ^ ) {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\mu }}_{\\tau }=\\tau ({\\hat {\\mu }})} and μ τ = τ ( μ ) {\\displaystyle \\mu _{\\tau }=\\tau (\\mu )} holds: n ( μ ^ τ − μ τ ) ⟶ L Z , n → ∞ {\\displaystyle {\\sqrt {n}}({\\hat {\\mu }}_{\\tau }-\\mu _{\\tau }){\\overset {L}{\\longrightarrow }}Z,\\;n\\to \\infty } , where Z {\\displaystyle Z} is a Gaussian random element in G {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {G} } with mean 0 and covariance operator T {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {T}}} . Let the eigenvalue-eigenfunction pairs of T {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {T}}} and the estimated covariance operator T ^ {\\displaystyle {\\hat {\\mathcal {T}}}} as ( λ k , ϕ k ) k = 1 ∞ {\\displaystyle (\\lambda _{k},\\phi _{k})_{k=1}^{\\infty }} and ( λ ^ k , ϕ ^ k ) k = 1 ∞ {\\displaystyle ({\\hat {\\lambda }}_{k},{\\hat {\\phi }}_{k})_{k=1}^{\\infty }} , respectively.",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Consider one-sample hypothesis testing",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "with μ 0 ∈ S ∞ {\\displaystyle \\mu _{0}\\in {\\mathcal {S}}^{\\infty }} . Denote ‖ ⋅ ‖ G {\\displaystyle \\|\\cdot \\|_{\\mathbb {G} }} and ⟨ ⋅ , ⋅ ⟩ G {\\displaystyle \\langle \\cdot ,\\cdot \\rangle _{\\mathbb {G} }} as the norm and inner product in G {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {G} } . The test statistics and their limiting distributions are",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "where W k ∼ i i d χ 1 2 {\\displaystyle W_{k}{\\overset {iid}{\\sim }}\\chi _{1}^{2}} . The actual testing procedure can be done by employing the limiting distributions with Monte Carlo simulations, or bootstrap tests are possible. An extension to the two-sample test and paired test are also proposed.",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "Autoregressive (AR) models for distributional time series are constructed by defining stationarity and utilizing the notion of difference between distributions using d W 2 {\\displaystyle d_{W_{2}}} and d F R {\\displaystyle d_{FR}} .",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "In Wasserstein autoregressive model (WAR), consider a stationary density time series f t {\\displaystyle f_{t}} with Wasserstein mean f ⊕ {\\displaystyle f_{\\oplus }} . Denote the difference between f t {\\displaystyle f_{t}} and f ⊕ {\\displaystyle f_{\\oplus }} using the logarithm map, f t ⊖ f ⊕ = log f ⊕ f t = T t − id {\\displaystyle f_{t}\\ominus f_{\\oplus }=\\log _{f_{\\oplus }}f_{t}=T_{t}-{\\text{id}}} , where T t = Q t ∘ F ⊕ {\\displaystyle T_{t}=Q_{t}\\circ F_{\\oplus }} is the optimal transport from f ⊕ {\\displaystyle f_{\\oplus }} to f t {\\displaystyle f_{t}} in which F t {\\displaystyle F_{t}} and F ⊕ {\\displaystyle F_{\\oplus }} are the cdf of f t {\\displaystyle f_{t}} and f ⊕ {\\displaystyle f_{\\oplus }} . An A R ( 1 ) {\\displaystyle AR(1)} model on the tangent space T f ⊕ {\\displaystyle T_{f_{\\oplus }}} is defined as V t = β V t − 1 + ϵ t , t ∈ Z , {\\displaystyle V_{t}=\\beta V_{t-1}+\\epsilon _{t},\\;t\\in \\mathbb {Z} ,} for V t ∈ T f ⊕ {\\displaystyle V_{t}\\in T_{f_{\\oplus }}} with the autoregressive parameter β ∈ R {\\displaystyle \\beta \\in \\mathbb {R} } and mean zero random i.i.d. innovations ϵ t {\\displaystyle \\epsilon _{t}} . Under proper conditions, μ t = exp f ⊕ ( V t ) {\\displaystyle \\mu _{t}=\\exp _{f_{\\oplus }}(V_{t})} with densities f t {\\displaystyle f_{t}} and V t = log f ⊕ ( μ t ) {\\displaystyle V_{t}=\\log _{f_{\\oplus }}(\\mu _{t})} . Accordingly, W A R ( 1 ) {\\displaystyle WAR(1)} , with a natural extension to order p {\\displaystyle p} , is defined as",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "On the other hand, the spherical autoregressive model (SAR) considers the Fisher-Rao metric. Following the settings of ##Tests for the intrinsic mean, let x t ∈ X {\\displaystyle x_{t}\\in {\\mathcal {X}}} with Fréchet mean μ x {\\displaystyle \\mu _{x}} . Let θ = arccos ( ⟨ x t , μ x ⟩ ) {\\displaystyle \\theta =\\arccos(\\langle x_{t},\\mu _{x}\\rangle )} , which is the geodesic distance between x t {\\displaystyle x_{t}} and μ x {\\displaystyle \\mu _{x}} . Define a rotation operator Q x t , μ x {\\displaystyle Q_{x_{t},\\mu _{x}}} that rotates x t {\\displaystyle x_{t}} to μ x {\\displaystyle \\mu _{x}} . The spherical difference between x t {\\displaystyle x_{t}} and μ x {\\displaystyle \\mu _{x}} is represented as R t = x t ⊖ μ x = θ Q x t , μ x {\\displaystyle R_{t}=x_{t}\\ominus \\mu _{x}=\\theta Q_{x_{t},\\mu _{x}}} . Assume that R t {\\displaystyle R_{t}} is a stationary sequence with the Fréchet mean μ R {\\displaystyle \\mu _{R}} , then S A R ( 1 ) {\\displaystyle SAR(1)} is defined as",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "where μ R = E R t {\\displaystyle \\mu _{R}=\\mathbb {E} R_{t}} and mean zero random i.i.d innovations ϵ t {\\displaystyle \\epsilon _{t}} . An alternative model, the differenced based spherical autoregressive (DSAR) model is defined with R t = x t + 1 ⊖ x t {\\displaystyle R_{t}=x_{t+1}\\ominus x_{t}} , with natural extensions to order p {\\displaystyle p} . A similar extension to the Wasserstein space was introduced.",
"title": "Wasserstein F-test"
}
] | Distributional data analysis is a branch of nonparametric statistics that is related to functional data analysis. It is concerned with random objects that are probability distributions, i.e., the statistical analysis of samples of random distributions where each atom of a sample is a distribution. One of the main challenges in distributional data analysis is that the space of probability distributions is, while a convex space, is not a vector space. | 2023-12-14T18:37:52Z | 2023-12-31T05:51:54Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributional_data_analysis |
75,565,161 | Mahmud Qırımlı | Mahmud Qırımlı (also known as Mahmud Qırımiy; Ukrainian: Махмуд Киримли, Turkish: Mahmud Kırımlı) was a late twelfth- to early thirteenth-century Crimean Tatar poet. He is thought to have been the author of the dastan Hikayet-i Yusuf ve Zuleyha ("Poem about Yusuf and Zulaykha"), which is considered the first literary work in the Crimean Tatar language. The biography of Mahmud himself is little researched: most studies focus on his poem. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mahmud Qırımlı (also known as Mahmud Qırımiy; Ukrainian: Махмуд Киримли, Turkish: Mahmud Kırımlı) was a late twelfth- to early thirteenth-century Crimean Tatar poet. He is thought to have been the author of the dastan Hikayet-i Yusuf ve Zuleyha (\"Poem about Yusuf and Zulaykha\"), which is considered the first literary work in the Crimean Tatar language. The biography of Mahmud himself is little researched: most studies focus on his poem.",
"title": ""
}
] | Mahmud Qırımlı was a late twelfth- to early thirteenth-century Crimean Tatar poet. He is thought to have been the author of the dastan Hikayet-i Yusuf ve Zuleyha, which is considered the first literary work in the Crimean Tatar language. The biography of Mahmud himself is little researched: most studies focus on his poem. | 2023-12-14T18:43:17Z | 2023-12-24T22:44:14Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmud_Q%C4%B1r%C4%B1ml%C4%B1 |
75,565,176 | Lia Coryell | Lisa "Lia" Coryell (born 1964) is an American Paralympic archer who competes in international archery competitions. She is a World champion and has competed at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Paralympics.
Coryell was a former Army private in 1983 at Fort Dix, she worked as a military truck driver but six months later she broke her leg. She had surgery to fix her broken leg but the nerves in her foot never recovered and was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis four years later. She medically retired from the Army in 1984. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lisa \"Lia\" Coryell (born 1964) is an American Paralympic archer who competes in international archery competitions. She is a World champion and has competed at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Paralympics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Coryell was a former Army private in 1983 at Fort Dix, she worked as a military truck driver but six months later she broke her leg. She had surgery to fix her broken leg but the nerves in her foot never recovered and was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis four years later. She medically retired from the Army in 1984.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Lisa "Lia" Coryell is an American Paralympic archer who competes in international archery competitions. She is a World champion and has competed at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Paralympics. Coryell was a former Army private in 1983 at Fort Dix, she worked as a military truck driver but six months later she broke her leg. She had surgery to fix her broken leg but the nerves in her foot never recovered and was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis four years later. She medically retired from the Army in 1984. | 2023-12-14T18:44:32Z | 2023-12-26T16:38:15Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia_Coryell |
75,565,195 | The Athelstan Club | The Athelstan Club, formerly The Athelstan Masonic Temple, is a private gentlemen's club in Mobile, Alabama, US, founded in 1873, tracing its roots to a Masonic lodge established in 1870. By 1875 it had loosened membership to non-Masons and in 1876 formerly became The Athelstan Club. It admittedly admitted its first African American Member in 2011.
The Athelstan Club is the 9th oldest gentlemen's city club in the Southern United States, after the The Louisiana Club (1872) and before The Cosmos Club (1878), offering the facilities of a traditional gentlemen's city club – regular hours, paid staff, a bar, a dining room, lodging rooms – that are associated with the English model of city clubs in the St. James's district of London. It is the oldest remaining gentlemen's club in Mobile after The Manassas Club closed prior to The Great Depression.
The Athelstan Club's signature Carnival Event is the Domino Ball - Double Rush which opens the Carnival Season, after Advent and before Lent. The name is taken from The Domino, a Venetian robe-like Masquerade Ball costume dating to masquerades of the 18th century.
"They are made of silk, satin, and brocade or plain cotton, in the Princess shape often having a Watteau plait with capes, large hood called a "bahoo", and wide sleeves. They are designed to slip over someone's attire easily, and hide it completely."
"The domino costume represented intrigue, adventure, conspiracy, and mystery, four elements that were a distinct part of the masquerade atmosphere. The Domino costume was also often worn by both sexes."
The Athelstan Club is a social club with few details known about its constituents. Members usually announce their associations upon death, in their obituaries. Its clubhouse has held lavish balls, regular daily lunches, monthly dinners, and business & social functions. Its events and social activities were the fodder for many newspaper and social columns from the end of the 19th century into the 20th and 21st centuries. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Athelstan Club, formerly The Athelstan Masonic Temple, is a private gentlemen's club in Mobile, Alabama, US, founded in 1873, tracing its roots to a Masonic lodge established in 1870. By 1875 it had loosened membership to non-Masons and in 1876 formerly became The Athelstan Club. It admittedly admitted its first African American Member in 2011.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Athelstan Club is the 9th oldest gentlemen's city club in the Southern United States, after the The Louisiana Club (1872) and before The Cosmos Club (1878), offering the facilities of a traditional gentlemen's city club – regular hours, paid staff, a bar, a dining room, lodging rooms – that are associated with the English model of city clubs in the St. James's district of London. It is the oldest remaining gentlemen's club in Mobile after The Manassas Club closed prior to The Great Depression.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Athelstan Club's signature Carnival Event is the Domino Ball - Double Rush which opens the Carnival Season, after Advent and before Lent. The name is taken from The Domino, a Venetian robe-like Masquerade Ball costume dating to masquerades of the 18th century.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "\"They are made of silk, satin, and brocade or plain cotton, in the Princess shape often having a Watteau plait with capes, large hood called a \"bahoo\", and wide sleeves. They are designed to slip over someone's attire easily, and hide it completely.\"",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "\"The domino costume represented intrigue, adventure, conspiracy, and mystery, four elements that were a distinct part of the masquerade atmosphere. The Domino costume was also often worn by both sexes.\"",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The Athelstan Club is a social club with few details known about its constituents. Members usually announce their associations upon death, in their obituaries. Its clubhouse has held lavish balls, regular daily lunches, monthly dinners, and business & social functions. Its events and social activities were the fodder for many newspaper and social columns from the end of the 19th century into the 20th and 21st centuries.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Athelstan Club, formerly The Athelstan Masonic Temple, is a private gentlemen's club in Mobile, Alabama, US, founded in 1873, tracing its roots to a Masonic lodge established in 1870. By 1875 it had loosened membership to non-Masons and in 1876 formerly became The Athelstan Club. It admittedly admitted its first African American Member in 2011. The Athelstan Club is the 9th oldest gentlemen's city club in the Southern United States, after the The Louisiana Club (1872) and before The Cosmos Club (1878), offering the facilities of a traditional gentlemen's city club – regular hours, paid staff, a bar, a dining room, lodging rooms – that are associated with the English model of city clubs in the St. James's district of London. It is the oldest remaining gentlemen's club in Mobile after The Manassas Club closed prior to The Great Depression. | 2023-12-14T18:48:14Z | 2024-01-01T00:26:00Z | [
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75,565,210 | 1909 Copa de Honor MCBA Final | The 1909 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was the football match that decided the champion of the 5th. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in the Estadio GEBA in Buenos Aires, San Isidro easily defeated Estudiantes de Buenos Aires 8–1 to win their first Copa de Honor trophy.
The 1909 edition was contested by 11 clubs, 7 within Buenos Aires Province, and 4 from Liga Rosarina de Football. Playing in a single-elimination tournament, San Isidro eliminated Quilmes 2–1 and then Porteño 2–0 at Palermo in the tiebreaker match after both teams had tied 1–1. San Isidro did not play the semifinals, advancing directly to the final game.
On the other hand, Estudiantes eliminated Tiro Federal 4–2 in their venue in Palermo. Porteño then defeated Newell's Old Boys 3–2 also in Palermo, then beating River Plate 3–1 in Dársena Sur to earn their place as finalist.
In the final, San Isidro got a landslide victory over Estudiantes, beating them 8–1 at Estadio GEBA in Buenos Aires to win their first Copa de Honor trophy. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1909 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was the football match that decided the champion of the 5th. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in the Estadio GEBA in Buenos Aires, San Isidro easily defeated Estudiantes de Buenos Aires 8–1 to win their first Copa de Honor trophy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The 1909 edition was contested by 11 clubs, 7 within Buenos Aires Province, and 4 from Liga Rosarina de Football. Playing in a single-elimination tournament, San Isidro eliminated Quilmes 2–1 and then Porteño 2–0 at Palermo in the tiebreaker match after both teams had tied 1–1. San Isidro did not play the semifinals, advancing directly to the final game.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On the other hand, Estudiantes eliminated Tiro Federal 4–2 in their venue in Palermo. Porteño then defeated Newell's Old Boys 3–2 also in Palermo, then beating River Plate 3–1 in Dársena Sur to earn their place as finalist.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In the final, San Isidro got a landslide victory over Estudiantes, beating them 8–1 at Estadio GEBA in Buenos Aires to win their first Copa de Honor trophy.",
"title": "Overview"
}
] | The 1909 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was the football match that decided the champion of the 5th. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in the Estadio GEBA in Buenos Aires, San Isidro easily defeated Estudiantes de Buenos Aires 8–1 to win their first Copa de Honor trophy. | 2023-12-14T18:51:48Z | 2023-12-16T00:34:17Z | [
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75,565,213 | Mariagrazia Dotoli | Mariagrazia Dotoli (born 1971) is an Italian systems engineer and control theorist whose research involves the optimization of supply chain management and traffic control in smart cities, fuzzy control systems, and the use of Petri nets in modeling these applications as discrete event dynamic systems. She is Professor in Systems and Control Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Bari.
Dotoli is the daughter of Giovanni Dotoli [fr], an Italian scholar of French literature; she was born in 1971 in Bari. She was educated at the Liceo Scientifico Statale Arcangelo Scacchi and at the Polytechnic University of Bari, where she earned a laurea in 1995, after a year working with Bernadette Bouchon-Meunier at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris. She went on to earn a professional engineering qualification in 1996 and to complete a Ph.D. in 1999. Her doctoral dissertation, Recent Developments of the Fuzzy Control Methodology, was supervised by Bruno Maione; her doctoral research also included work with Jan Jantzen at the Technical University of Denmark.
She remained at the Polytechnic University of Bari as an assistant professor beginning in 1999, and despite winning a national qualification to be a full professor in 2013, remained an assistant until 2015. She became an associate professor from 2015 to 2019, and has been a full professor since 2019. She also served the university as vice chancellor for research from 2012 to 2013.
Dotoli was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, "for contributions to control of logistics systems in smart cities". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mariagrazia Dotoli (born 1971) is an Italian systems engineer and control theorist whose research involves the optimization of supply chain management and traffic control in smart cities, fuzzy control systems, and the use of Petri nets in modeling these applications as discrete event dynamic systems. She is Professor in Systems and Control Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Bari.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Dotoli is the daughter of Giovanni Dotoli [fr], an Italian scholar of French literature; she was born in 1971 in Bari. She was educated at the Liceo Scientifico Statale Arcangelo Scacchi and at the Polytechnic University of Bari, where she earned a laurea in 1995, after a year working with Bernadette Bouchon-Meunier at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris. She went on to earn a professional engineering qualification in 1996 and to complete a Ph.D. in 1999. Her doctoral dissertation, Recent Developments of the Fuzzy Control Methodology, was supervised by Bruno Maione; her doctoral research also included work with Jan Jantzen at the Technical University of Denmark.",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She remained at the Polytechnic University of Bari as an assistant professor beginning in 1999, and despite winning a national qualification to be a full professor in 2013, remained an assistant until 2015. She became an associate professor from 2015 to 2019, and has been a full professor since 2019. She also served the university as vice chancellor for research from 2012 to 2013.",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Dotoli was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, \"for contributions to control of logistics systems in smart cities\".",
"title": "Recognition"
}
] | Mariagrazia Dotoli is an Italian systems engineer and control theorist whose research involves the optimization of supply chain management and traffic control in smart cities, fuzzy control systems, and the use of Petri nets in modeling these applications as discrete event dynamic systems. She is Professor in Systems and Control Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Information Engineering at the Polytechnic University of Bari. | 2023-12-14T18:52:34Z | 2023-12-14T18:52:34Z | [
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75,565,218 | Census of 1790 | 1790 Census | [
{
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"title": ""
}
] | 1790 Census | 2023-12-14T18:53:42Z | 2023-12-14T18:53:42Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1790 |
75,565,221 | Census of 1800 | 1800 Census | [
{
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"text": "1800 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1800 Census | 2023-12-14T18:53:47Z | 2023-12-14T18:53:47Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1800 |
75,565,223 | Census of 1810 | 1810 Census | [
{
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"text": "1810 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1810 Census | 2023-12-14T18:53:52Z | 2023-12-14T18:53:52Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1810 |
75,565,224 | Census of 1820 | 1820 Census | [
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"text": "1820 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1820 Census | 2023-12-14T18:53:56Z | 2023-12-14T18:53:56Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1820 |
75,565,226 | Census of 1830 | 1830 Census | [
{
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"text": "1830 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1830 Census | 2023-12-14T18:53:59Z | 2023-12-14T18:53:59Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1830 |
75,565,227 | Census of 1840 | 1840 Census | [
{
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"text": "1840 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1840 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:01Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:01Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1840 |
75,565,228 | Census of 1850 | 1850 Census | [
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"text": "1850 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1850 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:03Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:03Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1850 |
75,565,229 | Census of 1860 | 1860 Census | [
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"text": "1860 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1860 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:06Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:06Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1860 |
75,565,230 | Census of 1870 | 1870 Census | [
{
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"text": "1870 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1870 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:08Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:08Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1870 |
75,565,233 | Census of 1880 | 1880 Census | [
{
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"text": "1880 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1880 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:11Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:11Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1880 |
75,565,234 | Census of 1890 | 1890 Census | [
{
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"text": "1890 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1890 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:15Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:15Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1890 |
75,565,235 | Census of 1900 | 1900 Census | [
{
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"text": "1900 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1900 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:19Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:19Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1900 |
75,565,237 | Census of 1910 | 1910 Census | [
{
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"text": "1910 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1910 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:29Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:29Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1910 |
75,565,238 | Census of 1920 | 1920 Census | [
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"text": "1920 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1920 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:39Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:39Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1920 |
75,565,239 | Census of 1930 | 1930 Census | [
{
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"text": "1930 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1930 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:44Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:44Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1930 |
75,565,240 | Census of 1940 | 1940 Census | [
{
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"text": "1940 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1940 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:46Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:46Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1940 |
75,565,241 | Census of 1950 | 1950 Census | [
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"text": "1950 Census",
"title": ""
}
] | 1950 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:48Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:48Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1950 |
75,565,242 | Census of 1960 | 1960 Census | [
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"title": ""
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] | 1960 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:51Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:51Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1960 |
75,565,243 | Census of 1970 | 1970 Census | [
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"title": ""
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] | 1970 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:53Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:53Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1970 |
75,565,245 | Census of 1980 | 1980 Census | [
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"title": ""
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] | 1980 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:56Z | 2023-12-14T18:54:56Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1980 |
75,565,246 | Census of 1990 | 1990 Census | [
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"title": ""
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] | 1990 Census | 2023-12-14T18:54:59Z | 2023-12-14T18:58:10Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_1990 |
75,565,247 | Census of 2000 | 2000 Census | [
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] | 2000 Census | 2023-12-14T18:55:10Z | 2023-12-14T18:58:12Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_2000 |
75,565,249 | Census of 2010 | 2010 Census | [
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] | 2010 Census | 2023-12-14T18:55:12Z | 2023-12-14T18:58:13Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_2010 |
75,565,250 | Census of 2020 | 2020 Census | [
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] | 2020 Census | 2023-12-14T18:55:18Z | 2023-12-14T18:58:16Z | [
"Template:R from alternative title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_2020 |
75,565,266 | Jane Lewers Gray | Jane Lewers Gray (1796–1871) was a Northern Ireland-born American poet and hymnwriter. While Weaver (1906) claimed, "As a writer of strictly religious poetry, Mrs. Gray is, in our estimation, almost unrivalled,", Hart (1873) remarked that, "She is one of the sweetest singers among our second-class lyrists." Selections from the Poetical Writings of Jane Lewers Gray (1872) was published posthumously.
Jane Lewers was a daughter of William Lewers, Esquire, of Castle Clayney, in Northern Ireland. He was a ruling elder in the Presbyterian Church. Her brother, Rev. James Lewers, was for many years pastor of the Musconetcong Valley Church, near New Hampton, New Jersey (circa 1839–1855) and afterwards until his death about 1867, at Catasauqua, Pennsylvania.
She received a careful and religious education at the Moravian seminary of Gracehill, near Belfast.
Soon after leaving the Seminary, she married the Rev. John Gray (d. 1868), of the Presbyterian Church. In 1820, she embarked with her husband for the U.S. After a stormy passage for more than six months, they landed on the island of Bermuda from which she subsequently sailed for the British Province of New Brunswick. After a residence there of 18 months, they removed to New York City. In September, 1822, her husband was called to the pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church of Easton, Pennsylvania, which important position he continued to occupy for 45 years. He received the degree of D.D. from a U.S. college.
All of Gray's published pieces were written in Easton. Gray endeared herself to her husband's congregation. Her piety was exemplified in a continuous course of faith and good works. Her "Sabbath Reminiscences" are descriptive of real scenes and events connected with the church of which her father was an elder. "Parting Hymn", written by Gray and addressed to Rev.George Junkin, was sung by the choir of the First Presbyterian Church at this close of his farewell sermon delivered in that church previous to his departure from Easton. The plaintive hymn, "Hark to the solemn bell", was contributed by her to the Presbyterian Collection of Psalms and Hymns of 1843. One of her effusions was published in an English periodical as exhibiting a favorable specimen of "American poetry". Others, without her knowledge, were translated and published in other countries.
Gray was known as a truthful and pleasing writer. Most of her poetry was of a religious character the result of her great veneration. Her sympathy and affection lead her to write-furnish the subject and location of her poems-and to some degree control her imagination. Religion, "Native Country", "Warm Friends", "Beauty", and others, are her most prominent themes. Her language is pure and well chosen, but in all her pieces there is a language of feeling peculiar to herself. Her poetry is not studied-not labored-it is the poetry of feeling. It is a faithful exhibition of her own character. She has a delicate conception of the beautiful and a warmth of expression characteristic of her own speech.
Gray's effusions were all of a serious cast. Her "Sabbath Reminiscences" is a vivid picture of persons and places in her affectionate memory. It was published in an English periodical, as presenting a favorable specimen of American poetry. In speaking of these a writer remarked: "We will not trust ourselves to speak the fervent praises its heart-melting simplicity awakes; but to us it is far more useful than the most learned and could eloquent sermon be upon the fourth commandment.
"Morn", in imitation of "Night", by James Montgomery, of Sheffield, was published without the writer's knowledge in England, where it was so highly appreciated as to be translated into other languages. Montgomery, in a letter to Dr. Rev. Gray, remarked, "The critics who have mistaken the beautiful stanzas, 'Morn', for mine, have done me honor; but I willingly forego the claim, and am happy to recognize a sister-poet in the writer."
Jane Lewers Gray died, at Easton, Pennsylvania, November 18, 1871, at the age of 76. She and her husband were both buried in the First Presbyterian Church churchyard.
After her decease, a volume of her poems, entitled, Selections from the Poetical Writings of Jane Lewers Gray, was printed for private distribution, New York, 1872. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jane Lewers Gray (1796–1871) was a Northern Ireland-born American poet and hymnwriter. While Weaver (1906) claimed, \"As a writer of strictly religious poetry, Mrs. Gray is, in our estimation, almost unrivalled,\", Hart (1873) remarked that, \"She is one of the sweetest singers among our second-class lyrists.\" Selections from the Poetical Writings of Jane Lewers Gray (1872) was published posthumously.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Jane Lewers was a daughter of William Lewers, Esquire, of Castle Clayney, in Northern Ireland. He was a ruling elder in the Presbyterian Church. Her brother, Rev. James Lewers, was for many years pastor of the Musconetcong Valley Church, near New Hampton, New Jersey (circa 1839–1855) and afterwards until his death about 1867, at Catasauqua, Pennsylvania.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She received a careful and religious education at the Moravian seminary of Gracehill, near Belfast.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Soon after leaving the Seminary, she married the Rev. John Gray (d. 1868), of the Presbyterian Church. In 1820, she embarked with her husband for the U.S. After a stormy passage for more than six months, they landed on the island of Bermuda from which she subsequently sailed for the British Province of New Brunswick. After a residence there of 18 months, they removed to New York City. In September, 1822, her husband was called to the pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church of Easton, Pennsylvania, which important position he continued to occupy for 45 years. He received the degree of D.D. from a U.S. college.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "All of Gray's published pieces were written in Easton. Gray endeared herself to her husband's congregation. Her piety was exemplified in a continuous course of faith and good works. Her \"Sabbath Reminiscences\" are descriptive of real scenes and events connected with the church of which her father was an elder. \"Parting Hymn\", written by Gray and addressed to Rev.George Junkin, was sung by the choir of the First Presbyterian Church at this close of his farewell sermon delivered in that church previous to his departure from Easton. The plaintive hymn, \"Hark to the solemn bell\", was contributed by her to the Presbyterian Collection of Psalms and Hymns of 1843. One of her effusions was published in an English periodical as exhibiting a favorable specimen of \"American poetry\". Others, without her knowledge, were translated and published in other countries.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Gray was known as a truthful and pleasing writer. Most of her poetry was of a religious character the result of her great veneration. Her sympathy and affection lead her to write-furnish the subject and location of her poems-and to some degree control her imagination. Religion, \"Native Country\", \"Warm Friends\", \"Beauty\", and others, are her most prominent themes. Her language is pure and well chosen, but in all her pieces there is a language of feeling peculiar to herself. Her poetry is not studied-not labored-it is the poetry of feeling. It is a faithful exhibition of her own character. She has a delicate conception of the beautiful and a warmth of expression characteristic of her own speech.",
"title": "Style and themes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Gray's effusions were all of a serious cast. Her \"Sabbath Reminiscences\" is a vivid picture of persons and places in her affectionate memory. It was published in an English periodical, as presenting a favorable specimen of American poetry. In speaking of these a writer remarked: \"We will not trust ourselves to speak the fervent praises its heart-melting simplicity awakes; but to us it is far more useful than the most learned and could eloquent sermon be upon the fourth commandment.",
"title": "Style and themes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "\"Morn\", in imitation of \"Night\", by James Montgomery, of Sheffield, was published without the writer's knowledge in England, where it was so highly appreciated as to be translated into other languages. Montgomery, in a letter to Dr. Rev. Gray, remarked, \"The critics who have mistaken the beautiful stanzas, 'Morn', for mine, have done me honor; but I willingly forego the claim, and am happy to recognize a sister-poet in the writer.\"",
"title": "Style and themes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Jane Lewers Gray died, at Easton, Pennsylvania, November 18, 1871, at the age of 76. She and her husband were both buried in the First Presbyterian Church churchyard.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "After her decease, a volume of her poems, entitled, Selections from the Poetical Writings of Jane Lewers Gray, was printed for private distribution, New York, 1872.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] | Jane Lewers Gray (1796–1871) was a Northern Ireland-born American poet and hymnwriter. While Weaver (1906) claimed, "As a writer of strictly religious poetry, Mrs. Gray is, in our estimation, almost unrivalled,", Hart (1873) remarked that, "She is one of the sweetest singers among our second-class lyrists." Selections from the Poetical Writings of Jane Lewers Gray (1872) was published posthumously. | 2023-12-14T18:57:27Z | 2023-12-17T21:27:40Z | [
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75,565,280 | Engineered Garments | Engineered Garments is a clothing, footwear and accessories brand founded by Japanese-American Daiki Suzuki.
The brand has collaborated with Uniqlo, Gola, Paraboot, K-Swiss, | [
{
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"text": "Engineered Garments is a clothing, footwear and accessories brand founded by Japanese-American Daiki Suzuki.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The brand has collaborated with Uniqlo, Gola, Paraboot, K-Swiss,",
"title": ""
}
] | Engineered Garments is a clothing, footwear and accessories brand founded by Japanese-American Daiki Suzuki. The brand has collaborated with Uniqlo, Gola, Paraboot, K-Swiss, | 2023-12-14T19:00:21Z | 2023-12-14T23:47:10Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered_Garments |
75,565,306 | Salvelinus jacuticus | Salvelinus jacuticus, commonly known as Yakutian char, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family. It is endemic to the mountain lakes in the Lena Delta, Russia. It was reported that the population of the species declined due to overfishing and the rise of temperature in the arctic region.
Yakutian char feed on the larvae and pupae of chironomid flies. The species may grow to a recorded length of 20cm (7.9 inches). The fish usually have a long dark grey body with orange spots on the sides. The species is benthopelagic, residing at or near the bottom of the lake. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Salvelinus jacuticus, commonly known as Yakutian char, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family. It is endemic to the mountain lakes in the Lena Delta, Russia. It was reported that the population of the species declined due to overfishing and the rise of temperature in the arctic region.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Yakutian char feed on the larvae and pupae of chironomid flies. The species may grow to a recorded length of 20cm (7.9 inches). The fish usually have a long dark grey body with orange spots on the sides. The species is benthopelagic, residing at or near the bottom of the lake.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "Description"
}
] | Salvelinus jacuticus, commonly known as Yakutian char, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family. It is endemic to the mountain lakes in the Lena Delta, Russia. It was reported that the population of the species declined due to overfishing and the rise of temperature in the arctic region. | 2023-12-14T19:03:35Z | 2023-12-15T21:00:02Z | [
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75,565,308 | Faruk Koca | Faruk Koca (born 15 April 1964 in Ankara) is a Turkish politician, entrepreneur and sports official. He served as the president of MKE Ankaragücü between 2021 and 2023.
Koca is a founding member of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and served from October 2002 to June 2011 during the 22nd Parliament of Turkey and 23rd Parliament of Turkey as a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
On 11 December 2023, after Ankaragücü's match against Çaykur Rizespor, Koca physically attacked referee Halil Umut Meler together with others and knocked him to the ground with a punch. According to statements from Justice Minister Yılmaz Tunç and Interior Minister Ali Yerlikaya, Koca and two other attackers were arrested.
In his statement to investigators, Koca said the incident was sparked by the referee’s "wrong decisions" and "provocative behaviour". In addition, Koca stated that he approached the referee with the intention of "spitting in his face" rather than attacking him. Koca also said: "The slap I threw will not cause fractures. After the slap I gave, the referee stood for about 5–10 seconds and then threw himself on the ground. They immediately removed me from the scene because I had heart disease. I am not aware of any events that took place other than this. That's all I have to say", Meler, meanwhile, said he fell to the ground after Koca hit him under his left eye and threatened to kill him. Koca allegedly told Meler and his assistants: "I will finish you. I will kill you." Following the attack, former Ankaragücü coach Hikmet Karaman claimed he had also been assaulted by Koca.
A day after the incident, Koca apologized to Meler and his family in a press statement in which he also announced his resignation as the Ankaragücü club president.
On 14 December 2023, the TFF announced that Koca had been banned permanently for punching Meler. Ankaragücü were fined two million lira (£54,000) and ordered to play five home games without any fans. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Faruk Koca (born 15 April 1964 in Ankara) is a Turkish politician, entrepreneur and sports official. He served as the president of MKE Ankaragücü between 2021 and 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Koca is a founding member of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and served from October 2002 to June 2011 during the 22nd Parliament of Turkey and 23rd Parliament of Turkey as a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 11 December 2023, after Ankaragücü's match against Çaykur Rizespor, Koca physically attacked referee Halil Umut Meler together with others and knocked him to the ground with a punch. According to statements from Justice Minister Yılmaz Tunç and Interior Minister Ali Yerlikaya, Koca and two other attackers were arrested.",
"title": "Referee attack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In his statement to investigators, Koca said the incident was sparked by the referee’s \"wrong decisions\" and \"provocative behaviour\". In addition, Koca stated that he approached the referee with the intention of \"spitting in his face\" rather than attacking him. Koca also said: \"The slap I threw will not cause fractures. After the slap I gave, the referee stood for about 5–10 seconds and then threw himself on the ground. They immediately removed me from the scene because I had heart disease. I am not aware of any events that took place other than this. That's all I have to say\", Meler, meanwhile, said he fell to the ground after Koca hit him under his left eye and threatened to kill him. Koca allegedly told Meler and his assistants: \"I will finish you. I will kill you.\" Following the attack, former Ankaragücü coach Hikmet Karaman claimed he had also been assaulted by Koca.",
"title": "Referee attack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "A day after the incident, Koca apologized to Meler and his family in a press statement in which he also announced his resignation as the Ankaragücü club president.",
"title": "Referee attack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 14 December 2023, the TFF announced that Koca had been banned permanently for punching Meler. Ankaragücü were fined two million lira (£54,000) and ordered to play five home games without any fans.",
"title": "Referee attack"
}
] | Faruk Koca is a Turkish politician, entrepreneur and sports official. He served as the president of MKE Ankaragücü between 2021 and 2023. Koca is a founding member of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and served from October 2002 to June 2011 during the 22nd Parliament of Turkey and 23rd Parliament of Turkey as a member of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. | 2023-12-14T19:03:55Z | 2023-12-30T20:26:53Z | [
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75,565,318 | Suponevo, Odintsovsky District, Moscow Oblast | Suponevo (Russian: Супонево) is a village in Odintsovsky District, Moscow Oblast, Russia. It had a population of 89 people as of 2006.
On 6 December 2023, Ukrainian-born politician Illia Kyva, who had been accused of treason during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, was shot dead in a park in Suponevo. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Suponevo (Russian: Супонево) is a village in Odintsovsky District, Moscow Oblast, Russia. It had a population of 89 people as of 2006.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On 6 December 2023, Ukrainian-born politician Illia Kyva, who had been accused of treason during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, was shot dead in a park in Suponevo.",
"title": ""
}
] | Suponevo (Russian: Супонево) is a village in Odintsovsky District, Moscow Oblast, Russia. It had a population of 89 people as of 2006. On 6 December 2023, Ukrainian-born politician Illia Kyva, who had been accused of treason during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, was shot dead in a park in Suponevo. | 2023-12-14T19:05:43Z | 2023-12-16T02:10:16Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suponevo,_Odintsovsky_District,_Moscow_Oblast |
75,565,319 | Chiaramente visibili dallo spazio | Chiaramente visibili dallo spazio is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 29 November 2019 on his label Iris and distributed by Sony Music. | [
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"text": "Chiaramente visibili dallo spazio is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 29 November 2019 on his label Iris and distributed by Sony Music.",
"title": ""
}
] | Chiaramente visibili dallo spazio is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 29 November 2019 on his label Iris and distributed by Sony Music. | 2023-12-14T19:05:49Z | 2023-12-30T01:02:30Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiaramente_visibili_dallo_spazio |
75,565,327 | Leigh Kavanagh | Leigh Robert Kavanagh (born 27 December 2003) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Brighton. He is an Republic of Ireland youth international.
Kavanagh came through the academy at Bray Wanderers having previously played for their schoolboy feeder club St Joseph's Boys. He featured for Bray in the League of Ireland, prior to joining Brighton in July 2020.
During the 2020-21 season, Kavanagh suffered a broken leg playing for the Brighton youth team, which ruled him out for the remainder of the season. He signed his first professional contract with Brighton in July 2021. The following season, he joined Derby County on a season-long loan. In July 2023, he signed a new one-year cintact with Brighton, with the option a further season. In December 2023, he began to be included with the Brighton first-team squad, and was named as a match-day substitute in matches in the Premier League and the Europa League.
He has been called up for Ireland at youth level. | [
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"text": "Leigh Robert Kavanagh (born 27 December 2003) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Brighton. He is an Republic of Ireland youth international.",
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},
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"text": "Kavanagh came through the academy at Bray Wanderers having previously played for their schoolboy feeder club St Joseph's Boys. He featured for Bray in the League of Ireland, prior to joining Brighton in July 2020.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "During the 2020-21 season, Kavanagh suffered a broken leg playing for the Brighton youth team, which ruled him out for the remainder of the season. He signed his first professional contract with Brighton in July 2021. The following season, he joined Derby County on a season-long loan. In July 2023, he signed a new one-year cintact with Brighton, with the option a further season. In December 2023, he began to be included with the Brighton first-team squad, and was named as a match-day substitute in matches in the Premier League and the Europa League.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"text": "He has been called up for Ireland at youth level.",
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] | Leigh Robert Kavanagh is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a defender for Brighton. He is an Republic of Ireland youth international. | 2023-12-14T19:06:49Z | 2023-12-14T19:49:01Z | [
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75,565,332 | Suponevo | Suponevo (Russian: Супонево) may refer to several populated places in Russia: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Suponevo (Russian: Супонево) may refer to several populated places in Russia:",
"title": ""
}
] | Suponevo (Russian: Супонево) may refer to several populated places in Russia: Suponevo, Bryansk Oblast — село, Брянский район, Брянская область.
Suponevo, Odinstovsky District, Moscow Oblast
Suponevo, Samara Oblast | 2023-12-14T19:07:55Z | 2023-12-14T19:12:46Z | [
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75,565,341 | Leroy S. Johnson Meetinghouse | The Leroy S. Johnson Meetinghouse was the meetinghouse of the Fundamental Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) located in Colorado City, Arizona, serving the Short Creek Community which includes Hilldale, Utah.
When church prophet Warren Jeffs was arrested in 2006 for Sexual assault of children, the town was raided and many church members left the community, with former members reclaiming buildings, including the Meetinghouse.
The building is currently used as the Legacy Community Center. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Leroy S. Johnson Meetinghouse was the meetinghouse of the Fundamental Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) located in Colorado City, Arizona, serving the Short Creek Community which includes Hilldale, Utah.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "When church prophet Warren Jeffs was arrested in 2006 for Sexual assault of children, the town was raided and many church members left the community, with former members reclaiming buildings, including the Meetinghouse.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The building is currently used as the Legacy Community Center.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Leroy S. Johnson Meetinghouse was the meetinghouse of the Fundamental Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) located in Colorado City, Arizona, serving the Short Creek Community which includes Hilldale, Utah. When church prophet Warren Jeffs was arrested in 2006 for Sexual assault of children, the town was raided and many church members left the community, with former members reclaiming buildings, including the Meetinghouse. The building is currently used as the Legacy Community Center. | 2023-12-14T19:08:49Z | 2023-12-14T19:35:30Z | [
"Template:Infobox church",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_S._Johnson_Meetinghouse |
75,565,354 | Zeus (gamer) | Choi Woo-je (Korean: 최우제; born January 31, 2004), better known as Zeus, is a South Korean professional League of Legends player for T1. Throughout his career, he has won one League of Legends Champions Korea (LCK) titles and one League of Legends World Championship title. He also represented the South Korean national team at the 2022 Asian Games, earning a gold medal.
Zeus began his career in 2019 as a member of T1 Academy, the developmental team of T1. He was promoted to the main roster for the 2021 LCK season. While he received some playing time in the 2021 Spring Split, Zeus did not become the main starter for the team until 2022. Since then, Zeus reached LCK Finals four times, winning it in the 2022 Spring Split. He reached the finals of the World Championship in his first year as a starter, and the following year, he won the 2023 World Championship.
Zeus's individual accomplishments include accolades such as a World Championship Finals MVP award, two LCK Top Laner of the Year awards, and three LCK First All-Pro Team designations.
In 2019, Zeus was signed to T1 Academy, the developmental team of T1. On November 26, 2020, T1 promoted Zeus to its main roster, replacing Kim "Roach" Kang-hee, who was sent to the academy team. After turning 17 on January 31, 2021, he made his LCK debut on February 3 in a win over Nongshim RedForce in the 2021 LCK Spring Split regular season, replacing Kim "Canna" Chang-dong in the starting lineup. He split time with Canna throughout the split, competing for the starting position. In the regular season, Zeus played a total of 19 games, totaling 12 wins and seven losses with a KDA average of 3.11, with his final match being in March against KT Rolster. Kim lost the starting position to Canna, and did not play throughout the rest of the year.
Heading into the 2022 LCK Spring Split regular season, Canna transferred to Nongshim RedForce, and Zeus became the team's starting top laner. T1 went undefeated with an 18–0 record, marking the first time in LCK history that a team had gone undefeated. Zeus recorded 36 wins and seven losses. He had the most kills and the highest KDA average of 3.64 throughout the regular season among all top laners in the LCK and secured a spot on the 2022 LCK Spring First All-Pro team. In the playoffs, T1 advanced to the 2022 LCK Spring Finals, where they faced Gen.G on April 2. Throughout the match, Zeus pressured Choi "Doran" Hyun-jun in the laning phase. In particular, in game four, Zeus neutralized Doran by using his Flash and Lightning Rush abilities in response to a gank with Oner to take the lead. With Doran falling early in the game, Gen.G's composition lost strength from the early stages, and T1 went on to win the game. With a final score of 3–1, T1 won the final, marking Zeus's first LCK championship. With the Spring Split title, Zeus participated in his inaugural Mid-Season Invitational (MSI) as T1 qualified for the 2022 MSI as the LCK representative. Zeus had the second-most damage among all top laners in the MSI. Although the team reached the finals, they lost Royal Never Give Up, securing a second-place finish. On June 14, T1 announced that Zeus had signed a one-year extension with the team. In the 2022 LCK Summer Split regular season, Zeus was named to the LCK First All-Pro Team. In the playoffs, T1 lost to Gen.G in the finals, finishing the split in second place.
T1 entered the 2022 World Championship as the LCK's second seed. In the group stage, T1 and Edward Gaming were both in the running to take the top seed in their group. T1 took the leading position in the group after defeating Edward Gaming on October 14, with Zeus being named the MVP of the game, and finished the group stage with a 5–1 record to advance to the knockout quarterfinals. Zeus reached the Worlds finals for the first time in his career after T1 defeated JD Gaming in the semifinals. However, T1 lost to DRX in the finals by a score of 2–3. At the 2022 LCK Awards ceremony, Zeus was named the LCK Top Laner of the Year.
In the 2023 LCK Spring Split, T1 finished the regular season in first place with a 17–1 record, and alongside the entire starting T1 roster, Zeus was named to the 2023 LCK Spring First All-Pro Team. Despite their regular season performance, T1 reached the Spring Split playoff finals but once again fell short against Gen.G, finishing in second place. With the second-place finish, T1 qualified for the 2023 Mid-Season Invitational. At MSI, T1 reached the upper bracket finals but faced defeat against JD Gaming, sending them to the lower bracket finals, where they lost to Bilibili Gaming by a score of 1–3. In July 2023, during the 2023 LCK Summer Split, T1 encountered challenges as mid laner Lee "Faker" Sang-hyeok was sidelined due to a wrist injury. Zeus's, as well as the entire team's, performance dipped during this period. Upon Faker's return, T1 won their final two matches, concluding the regular season in fifth place with a 9–9 record. On August 20, 2023, Zeus made his fifth LCK finals appearance, but T1 faced another defeat against Gen.G in the finals.
T1 entered the 2023 World Championship as the LCK's second seed. Zeus reached his second consecutive appearance in the Worlds finals after T1 secured a victory over JD Gaming in the semifinals. In the finals against Weibo Gaming, the first game saw both teams evenly matched until the 18-minute mark, when Keria executed a move called Hostile Takeover. The play allowed Zeus and Faker to secure kills that enabling T1 to establish a significant lead and ultimately secure the victory in the game. T1 carried this momentum to win the following two games as well, resulting in a 3–0 victory and giving Zeus his first World Championship title. Zeus was also named the MVP of the Finals. On November 23, 2023, T1 announced that Zeus had re-signed with the team. At the 2023 LCK Awards ceremony, Zeus received his second consecutive Top Laner of the Year award.
Zeus represented South Korea in the 2022 Asian Games one of the six members in the League of Legends division of the South Korea national esports team. Zeus clinched a gold medal as South Korea emerged victorious against Saudi Arabia, China, and Chinese Taipei in the quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals, respectively. With the gold medal, Zeus received an exemption from mandatory military service.
Zeus was born on January 31, 2004. In his youth, he and his family watched esports matches such as KartRider and League of Legends on the Korean esports channel OGN. He and his brother began playing League of Legends not because they enjoyed the game, but because they wanted to understand what was happening in professional matches. In 2018, his interest in League of Legends esport grew more, becoming a fan of SK Telecom T1. That same year, he reached the number one rank of the Korean solo que ladder. | [
{
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"text": "Choi Woo-je (Korean: 최우제; born January 31, 2004), better known as Zeus, is a South Korean professional League of Legends player for T1. Throughout his career, he has won one League of Legends Champions Korea (LCK) titles and one League of Legends World Championship title. He also represented the South Korean national team at the 2022 Asian Games, earning a gold medal.",
"title": ""
},
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"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2019, Zeus was signed to T1 Academy, the developmental team of T1. On November 26, 2020, T1 promoted Zeus to its main roster, replacing Kim \"Roach\" Kang-hee, who was sent to the academy team. After turning 17 on January 31, 2021, he made his LCK debut on February 3 in a win over Nongshim RedForce in the 2021 LCK Spring Split regular season, replacing Kim \"Canna\" Chang-dong in the starting lineup. He split time with Canna throughout the split, competing for the starting position. In the regular season, Zeus played a total of 19 games, totaling 12 wins and seven losses with a KDA average of 3.11, with his final match being in March against KT Rolster. Kim lost the starting position to Canna, and did not play throughout the rest of the year.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
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"text": "Heading into the 2022 LCK Spring Split regular season, Canna transferred to Nongshim RedForce, and Zeus became the team's starting top laner. T1 went undefeated with an 18–0 record, marking the first time in LCK history that a team had gone undefeated. Zeus recorded 36 wins and seven losses. He had the most kills and the highest KDA average of 3.64 throughout the regular season among all top laners in the LCK and secured a spot on the 2022 LCK Spring First All-Pro team. In the playoffs, T1 advanced to the 2022 LCK Spring Finals, where they faced Gen.G on April 2. Throughout the match, Zeus pressured Choi \"Doran\" Hyun-jun in the laning phase. In particular, in game four, Zeus neutralized Doran by using his Flash and Lightning Rush abilities in response to a gank with Oner to take the lead. With Doran falling early in the game, Gen.G's composition lost strength from the early stages, and T1 went on to win the game. With a final score of 3–1, T1 won the final, marking Zeus's first LCK championship. With the Spring Split title, Zeus participated in his inaugural Mid-Season Invitational (MSI) as T1 qualified for the 2022 MSI as the LCK representative. Zeus had the second-most damage among all top laners in the MSI. Although the team reached the finals, they lost Royal Never Give Up, securing a second-place finish. On June 14, T1 announced that Zeus had signed a one-year extension with the team. In the 2022 LCK Summer Split regular season, Zeus was named to the LCK First All-Pro Team. In the playoffs, T1 lost to Gen.G in the finals, finishing the split in second place.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "T1 entered the 2022 World Championship as the LCK's second seed. In the group stage, T1 and Edward Gaming were both in the running to take the top seed in their group. T1 took the leading position in the group after defeating Edward Gaming on October 14, with Zeus being named the MVP of the game, and finished the group stage with a 5–1 record to advance to the knockout quarterfinals. Zeus reached the Worlds finals for the first time in his career after T1 defeated JD Gaming in the semifinals. However, T1 lost to DRX in the finals by a score of 2–3. At the 2022 LCK Awards ceremony, Zeus was named the LCK Top Laner of the Year.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In the 2023 LCK Spring Split, T1 finished the regular season in first place with a 17–1 record, and alongside the entire starting T1 roster, Zeus was named to the 2023 LCK Spring First All-Pro Team. Despite their regular season performance, T1 reached the Spring Split playoff finals but once again fell short against Gen.G, finishing in second place. With the second-place finish, T1 qualified for the 2023 Mid-Season Invitational. At MSI, T1 reached the upper bracket finals but faced defeat against JD Gaming, sending them to the lower bracket finals, where they lost to Bilibili Gaming by a score of 1–3. In July 2023, during the 2023 LCK Summer Split, T1 encountered challenges as mid laner Lee \"Faker\" Sang-hyeok was sidelined due to a wrist injury. Zeus's, as well as the entire team's, performance dipped during this period. Upon Faker's return, T1 won their final two matches, concluding the regular season in fifth place with a 9–9 record. On August 20, 2023, Zeus made his fifth LCK finals appearance, but T1 faced another defeat against Gen.G in the finals.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "T1 entered the 2023 World Championship as the LCK's second seed. Zeus reached his second consecutive appearance in the Worlds finals after T1 secured a victory over JD Gaming in the semifinals. In the finals against Weibo Gaming, the first game saw both teams evenly matched until the 18-minute mark, when Keria executed a move called Hostile Takeover. The play allowed Zeus and Faker to secure kills that enabling T1 to establish a significant lead and ultimately secure the victory in the game. T1 carried this momentum to win the following two games as well, resulting in a 3–0 victory and giving Zeus his first World Championship title. Zeus was also named the MVP of the Finals. On November 23, 2023, T1 announced that Zeus had re-signed with the team. At the 2023 LCK Awards ceremony, Zeus received his second consecutive Top Laner of the Year award.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Zeus represented South Korea in the 2022 Asian Games one of the six members in the League of Legends division of the South Korea national esports team. Zeus clinched a gold medal as South Korea emerged victorious against Saudi Arabia, China, and Chinese Taipei in the quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals, respectively. With the gold medal, Zeus received an exemption from mandatory military service.",
"title": "National team career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Zeus was born on January 31, 2004. In his youth, he and his family watched esports matches such as KartRider and League of Legends on the Korean esports channel OGN. He and his brother began playing League of Legends not because they enjoyed the game, but because they wanted to understand what was happening in professional matches. In 2018, his interest in League of Legends esport grew more, becoming a fan of SK Telecom T1. That same year, he reached the number one rank of the Korean solo que ladder.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Choi Woo-je, better known as Zeus, is a South Korean professional League of Legends player for T1. Throughout his career, he has won one League of Legends Champions Korea (LCK) titles and one League of Legends World Championship title. He also represented the South Korean national team at the 2022 Asian Games, earning a gold medal. Zeus began his career in 2019 as a member of T1 Academy, the developmental team of T1. He was promoted to the main roster for the 2021 LCK season. While he received some playing time in the 2021 Spring Split, Zeus did not become the main starter for the team until 2022. Since then, Zeus reached LCK Finals four times, winning it in the 2022 Spring Split. He reached the finals of the World Championship in his first year as a starter, and the following year, he won the 2023 World Championship. Zeus's individual accomplishments include accolades such as a World Championship Finals MVP award, two LCK Top Laner of the Year awards, and three LCK First All-Pro Team designations. | 2023-12-14T19:10:34Z | 2023-12-29T15:16:27Z | [
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75,565,383 | 東海オンエア | [] | From an alternative language: This is a redirect from a page name in Japanese to a page name in English. These words may directly translate or they may be related words, names or phrases. | 2023-12-14T19:14:30Z | 2023-12-14T19:28:08Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A2 |
|
75,565,408 | FRB Birmingham | REDIRECT Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Birmingham Branch | [
{
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"text": "REDIRECT Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Birmingham Branch",
"title": ""
}
] | REDIRECT Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Birmingham Branch | 2023-12-14T19:18:47Z | 2023-12-14T19:18:47Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRB_Birmingham |
75,565,432 | Burgundian Revolt of Gunther | The Burgundian Revolt of Gunther consisted two revolts of the Burgundian foederati in the Western Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Valentinian III. The uprisings happened in the Gallic province of Germania Prima and was led by the King of the Burgundian Gunther, his main opponent was General Aetius.
There were two uprisings in this military conflict: one in 435 that was suppressed by Aetius, and the next year again that ended with the death of Gunther and the bloody suppression of the last uprising. The events associated with these insurrections became the subject of a medieval hero legend that was later integrated into the epic Nibelungenlied, the source of inspiration for Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen.
The history of this war is briefly narrated, the main sources are Prosper of Aquitaine (390-455) a Christian Roman writer and Hydatius (400-469), Bishop of Chaves. Others useful contemporary are Sidonius Apollinaris (430-486) and the unnamed Gallic chronicle of 452. The reasons for the uprisings have never been reported and the answer to this are given by later historians.
The Burgundian had established themselves within the Roman Empire after the Rhine crossing and supported the usurpation of Jovinus in 411. In return, as foederati they obtained their own settlement area along the Rhine between Montagiacum and Argentoratum, which was later confirmed by Emperor Honorius in 413. They were in charge of defending the Limes from the Alps to Metz, after a large part of the border soldiers were withdrawn from the Rhine border. Under Gunther, the Burgundian had a great deal of autonomy, with the city of Worms acting as the capital.
Gunther is later suspected to have played a more dominant role in East-Galia. As a result, Aetius considered him a dangerous opponent. In 435, Gunther launched an attack on the adjacent province of Belgica Prima from the Burgundian area. In contemporary sources, no clear reason for this act of war is mentioned. The basis must therefore be sought in the political situation of the Roman Empire at that time. Aetius, after the civil war between him and Boniface ended in his favor, had become the most powerful person in the Western Empire, and the Vandal invasion of Africa had recently ended in 435 with a peace treaty. Despite this, the Western Empire was threatened by new developments. In the Gallic provinces, new powers were set up as the kings of the Visigothic and Burgundian foederati, while in Amorica a revolt broke out by Bacaudae.
Given the fact that the war in Africa had ended with a peace very favorable to the Vandals, there is a certain consensus among historians that the reason for Gunther's revolt should be sought in this. In all opinion, the Burgundians wanted to negotiate their treaty with the Romans by force. In addition, according to H.H. Anton has another reason behind the uprising. In his view, the Burgundians came under increasing pressure from the Huns and Gunther invaded the nearby area in response.
The uprising of 435 was suppressed and the next year the Burgundy were revolting again. Like the first rebellion, the contemporary sources do not explain for this. Nevertheless, in view of the context, it is possible, although impossible to prove that the reason for the renewal of the war was the Burgundian dissatisfaction with the peace treaty of 435. Since Gunther Aetius for peace 'begged', it is almost certain that the renewed treaty of 435 disadvantageous for Gunther, and thus remained a source for dissatisfaction. Prospers' report shows that there was a second war:
After the precipitation of the first Burgundian uprising, the difficulties for the Romans accumulated. While the campaign continued against the Bagaudae, the Burgundy in 436 revolted again, possibly encouraged by the Visigoths who also revolted that same year. Moreover, there also appears to be an uprising in Gallaecia of the Suebi.
About the first uprising, the chronicles report that under the leadership of Gunther the Burgundian invaded the adjacent province and occupied the area around the city of Trier. In order to resist the threat of the Burgundian and Bagaudae, Aetius resorted to a two-pronged offensive. He sent his general Litorius with a large detachment of Hun cavalry to the uprising in Armorica, while he himself marched against the Burgundian. We don't know the great of these armies, but they must have been very big before that time. Aetius was able to appeal to large numbers of Hunse mercenaries, while it is possible that the strength of his army was further strengthened with Frankish foederati allegedly attacked from the north.
Aetius, who was accompanied by the future emperor Avitus, ended the rebellion. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether there was actually fighting. The military approach of the Roman army was usually aimed at avoiding direct confrontation. Usually it first tried to impress the opponent or overwhelm him by an ambush, after which negotiations followed. Be that as it may, the Burgundian were forced to sign a humiliating peace treaty. The peace that Aetius forced the Burgundians turned out to be short-lived because the Burgundians revolted again almost immediately after the departure of the Roman troops.
While Litorius was still in full swing to suppress the Bacaudian uprising in Armorica, the Burgundian and Goths rebelled in 436. That was no coincidence, it seems that Aëtius the Goths, who threatened Narbonne and the surrounding area in the south, first let go about their course. Given the fragile peace he had achieved in his vast empire, he was unwilling to head the Goths with army units from other areas which he would thereby leave undefended. Instead, he sent a delegation to the court of the Hun King Rua, asking him to make a military force available to him. When this army arrived, he decided with all available forces to quell the Burgundian uprising once and for all.
Aetius moved north with the combined armies and enclosed the army of Gunther. Near Worms, the Burgunders were attacked and a bloody battle took place. King Gunther died and a large part of his people and his entire family were murdered. Hydatius mentions in his chronicle that 20,000 Burgundian were slaughtered.
After this conflict, the Roman commander-in-chief Aetius established the Burgundian in the military district of Sapaudia in the vicinity of Lake Geneva in present-day Western Switzerland and Savoy around 443. Although the rebellion was bloodied by Aetius, the Burgundian people had not disappeared after that. Her military power, on the other hand, may have decreased in meaning, the people were still numerous. However, for securing Roman power in Northern Galicia, the Defence of the Roman limes was essential. The river border on the Rhine had to be defended, and the presence of the Burgundian on both banks posed a constant threat in Aetius' view. According to Mazzarino, Aetius therefore chose to move this people to an area where they could exert more influence than the difficult to control area like the Limes.
Although this historically elusive Burgundian empire was an early victim of an attack by the Huns, it was not completely forgotten. In addition to the Roman written sources, there was also a Germanic oral tradition telling the demise of the kingdom in Worms. Heroes' songs, such as the Völsunga saga and the Nibelungenlied, which were only recorded in the early 13th century. Halfway through the 19th century, his demise was sung in Wagner's opera.
In Sapaudia, the Burgundian were given a new settlement area. To manage this, Aetius negotiated with the new leader of the Burgundian Gundioc. According to this new treaty, they once again lived as Roman foederati within the Roman Empire. As a military task they served to strengthen the garrisons in the Alps that secured the Alpine passes there against the northern Alamannes and were quickly available as auxiliary troops against attacks by the Huns. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Burgundian Revolt of Gunther consisted two revolts of the Burgundian foederati in the Western Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Valentinian III. The uprisings happened in the Gallic province of Germania Prima and was led by the King of the Burgundian Gunther, his main opponent was General Aetius.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "There were two uprisings in this military conflict: one in 435 that was suppressed by Aetius, and the next year again that ended with the death of Gunther and the bloody suppression of the last uprising. The events associated with these insurrections became the subject of a medieval hero legend that was later integrated into the epic Nibelungenlied, the source of inspiration for Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The history of this war is briefly narrated, the main sources are Prosper of Aquitaine (390-455) a Christian Roman writer and Hydatius (400-469), Bishop of Chaves. Others useful contemporary are Sidonius Apollinaris (430-486) and the unnamed Gallic chronicle of 452. The reasons for the uprisings have never been reported and the answer to this are given by later historians.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Burgundian had established themselves within the Roman Empire after the Rhine crossing and supported the usurpation of Jovinus in 411. In return, as foederati they obtained their own settlement area along the Rhine between Montagiacum and Argentoratum, which was later confirmed by Emperor Honorius in 413. They were in charge of defending the Limes from the Alps to Metz, after a large part of the border soldiers were withdrawn from the Rhine border. Under Gunther, the Burgundian had a great deal of autonomy, with the city of Worms acting as the capital.",
"title": "Historical context"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Gunther is later suspected to have played a more dominant role in East-Galia. As a result, Aetius considered him a dangerous opponent. In 435, Gunther launched an attack on the adjacent province of Belgica Prima from the Burgundian area. In contemporary sources, no clear reason for this act of war is mentioned. The basis must therefore be sought in the political situation of the Roman Empire at that time. Aetius, after the civil war between him and Boniface ended in his favor, had become the most powerful person in the Western Empire, and the Vandal invasion of Africa had recently ended in 435 with a peace treaty. Despite this, the Western Empire was threatened by new developments. In the Gallic provinces, new powers were set up as the kings of the Visigothic and Burgundian foederati, while in Amorica a revolt broke out by Bacaudae.",
"title": "Historical context"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Given the fact that the war in Africa had ended with a peace very favorable to the Vandals, there is a certain consensus among historians that the reason for Gunther's revolt should be sought in this. In all opinion, the Burgundians wanted to negotiate their treaty with the Romans by force. In addition, according to H.H. Anton has another reason behind the uprising. In his view, the Burgundians came under increasing pressure from the Huns and Gunther invaded the nearby area in response.",
"title": "Historical context"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The uprising of 435 was suppressed and the next year the Burgundy were revolting again. Like the first rebellion, the contemporary sources do not explain for this. Nevertheless, in view of the context, it is possible, although impossible to prove that the reason for the renewal of the war was the Burgundian dissatisfaction with the peace treaty of 435. Since Gunther Aetius for peace 'begged', it is almost certain that the renewed treaty of 435 disadvantageous for Gunther, and thus remained a source for dissatisfaction. Prospers' report shows that there was a second war:",
"title": "Historical context"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "After the precipitation of the first Burgundian uprising, the difficulties for the Romans accumulated. While the campaign continued against the Bagaudae, the Burgundy in 436 revolted again, possibly encouraged by the Visigoths who also revolted that same year. Moreover, there also appears to be an uprising in Gallaecia of the Suebi.",
"title": "Historical context"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "About the first uprising, the chronicles report that under the leadership of Gunther the Burgundian invaded the adjacent province and occupied the area around the city of Trier. In order to resist the threat of the Burgundian and Bagaudae, Aetius resorted to a two-pronged offensive. He sent his general Litorius with a large detachment of Hun cavalry to the uprising in Armorica, while he himself marched against the Burgundian. We don't know the great of these armies, but they must have been very big before that time. Aetius was able to appeal to large numbers of Hunse mercenaries, while it is possible that the strength of his army was further strengthened with Frankish foederati allegedly attacked from the north.",
"title": "Historical context"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Aetius, who was accompanied by the future emperor Avitus, ended the rebellion. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether there was actually fighting. The military approach of the Roman army was usually aimed at avoiding direct confrontation. Usually it first tried to impress the opponent or overwhelm him by an ambush, after which negotiations followed. Be that as it may, the Burgundian were forced to sign a humiliating peace treaty. The peace that Aetius forced the Burgundians turned out to be short-lived because the Burgundians revolted again almost immediately after the departure of the Roman troops.",
"title": "Historical context"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "While Litorius was still in full swing to suppress the Bacaudian uprising in Armorica, the Burgundian and Goths rebelled in 436. That was no coincidence, it seems that Aëtius the Goths, who threatened Narbonne and the surrounding area in the south, first let go about their course. Given the fragile peace he had achieved in his vast empire, he was unwilling to head the Goths with army units from other areas which he would thereby leave undefended. Instead, he sent a delegation to the court of the Hun King Rua, asking him to make a military force available to him. When this army arrived, he decided with all available forces to quell the Burgundian uprising once and for all.",
"title": "Historical context"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Aetius moved north with the combined armies and enclosed the army of Gunther. Near Worms, the Burgunders were attacked and a bloody battle took place. King Gunther died and a large part of his people and his entire family were murdered. Hydatius mentions in his chronicle that 20,000 Burgundian were slaughtered.",
"title": "Historical context"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "After this conflict, the Roman commander-in-chief Aetius established the Burgundian in the military district of Sapaudia in the vicinity of Lake Geneva in present-day Western Switzerland and Savoy around 443. Although the rebellion was bloodied by Aetius, the Burgundian people had not disappeared after that. Her military power, on the other hand, may have decreased in meaning, the people were still numerous. However, for securing Roman power in Northern Galicia, the Defence of the Roman limes was essential. The river border on the Rhine had to be defended, and the presence of the Burgundian on both banks posed a constant threat in Aetius' view. According to Mazzarino, Aetius therefore chose to move this people to an area where they could exert more influence than the difficult to control area like the Limes.",
"title": "Historical context"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Although this historically elusive Burgundian empire was an early victim of an attack by the Huns, it was not completely forgotten. In addition to the Roman written sources, there was also a Germanic oral tradition telling the demise of the kingdom in Worms. Heroes' songs, such as the Völsunga saga and the Nibelungenlied, which were only recorded in the early 13th century. Halfway through the 19th century, his demise was sung in Wagner's opera.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In Sapaudia, the Burgundian were given a new settlement area. To manage this, Aetius negotiated with the new leader of the Burgundian Gundioc. According to this new treaty, they once again lived as Roman foederati within the Roman Empire. As a military task they served to strengthen the garrisons in the Alps that secured the Alpine passes there against the northern Alamannes and were quickly available as auxiliary troops against attacks by the Huns.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | The Burgundian Revolt of Gunther consisted two revolts of the Burgundian foederati in the Western Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Valentinian III. The uprisings happened in the Gallic province of Germania Prima and was led by the King of the Burgundian Gunther, his main opponent was General Aetius. There were two uprisings in this military conflict: one in 435 that was suppressed by Aetius, and the next year again that ended with the death of Gunther and the bloody suppression of the last uprising. The events associated with these insurrections became the subject of a medieval hero legend that was later integrated into the epic Nibelungenlied, the source of inspiration for Richard Wagner's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen. The history of this war is briefly narrated, the main sources are Prosper of Aquitaine (390-455) a Christian Roman writer and Hydatius (400-469), Bishop of Chaves. Others useful contemporary are Sidonius Apollinaris (430-486) and the unnamed Gallic chronicle of 452. The reasons for the uprisings have never been reported and the answer to this are given by later historians. | 2023-12-14T19:20:50Z | 2023-12-15T22:26:53Z | [
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75,565,456 | Sahaba al-Rehmania | Sahaba el-Rehmania (Arabic: صحابة الرحمانية; m. c. 1528 / 934–5 AH) was the wife of the Moroccan sultan of the Saadian dynasty Mohammed al-Shaykh and the mother of Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik. Gifted in diplomacy, she held a leading political role throughout her life. She was ambassador to the Ottoman Empire at the court of Sultan Murad III.
Sahaba comes from the Rahamna tribe, a Ḥassān tribe. Her tribe was allied with the Saadians and, in 1525, they participated in the attack on the Portuguese fortress of Santa Cruz, in Agadir. She married Mohammed al-Shaykh around 1528.
In 1557, upon the accession to the throne of Abdallah al-Ghalib, part of his family including his brothers from his two mothers-in-law Sahaba and Lalla Masuda went into exile, fearing for their lives. This exile lasted eighteen years. Sahaba and the Saadian princes first went into exile in Tlemcen before reaching Algiers, part of the Ottoman Empire. During their exile in several cities of the Ottoman Empire, Sahaba el-Rehmania ensured that the two brothers Abd al-Malik, barely fifteen years old, and Ahmad, his younger half-brother, completed their education. She also ensured that they integrated into the Ottoman court, without forgetting their heritage and their personal political history. When Abdullah el-Ghalib died in 1574, his son Abu Abdallah Mohammed II ascended the throne. However, according to the succession plan drawn up by Mohammed al-Shaykh, it is the half-brother of Abdallah el-Ghalib, Abdelmalik son of Sahaba, who should have ascended the throne.
With her son she conceived the project of seeking a political alliance and military support to regain the power that is their due. Sahaba and Abdelmalik went to Istanbul to address the Ottoman sultan, Mourad III newly ascended the throne. Indeed, Sahaba was a friend of Nurbanu Sultan, the widow of Selim II and the mother of Sultan Murad III. Abdelmalik strongly insisted on this sovereign to obtain that he put at his disposal a Turkish army with which he would go to Morocco to strip his nephew of the crown. Murad III received this proposal with anger and refused to favor such a design. However, Sahaba and her son Abdelmalik remained in the Ottoman capital until they found a solution to this problem. A solution quickly presented itself, that same year, in 1574, the Ottoman sultan fought against the Spanish occupiers to regain control of Tunisia. He sent missives to his governors in Algiers and Tripoli ordering them to dispatch ships that could support him in this conflict. The two Saadian brothers Abdelmalik and Ahmad also decide to participate in the sultan's defensive operation by leading one of the ships leaving Algiers. Tunisia was reconquered and Sahaba was the first to be aware of the Ottoman victory against the Spanish and was in turn the first to announce this victory to the Ottoman sultan. Fine diplomat, bringing the message of victory over the Spanish to which his son contributed, she asked simultaneously that the latter support Abdelmalik in his struggle for power against Abu Abdallah Mohammed II. Without hesitation, this time, the Ottoman sultan ordered his governor of Algiers to equip Abdelmalek with men and horses.
The sultan having granted this request, Sahaba and her son Abdelmalik, went back to Algiers where his son gave the inhabitants of this city the letter in which the sultan ordered them to leave with him, and help him reconquer the throne. The Algerians asked Abdelmalik to pay them their balance, he asked them to give him credit until the expedition was completed, but it was agreed that he give, at each stage, a sum of 10,000 coins to the Turkish army which he took with him and which consisted of 4000 men. According to the Dorret commentary, Abdelmalek would have asked the Bey of Algiers for only a weak escort to accompany him to the Moroccan border, request to which the Bey acceded. After which Abdelmalik overthrew his nephew in 1576 and was proclaimed sultan of Morocco.
Sahaba and Mohammed al-Shaykh had several children: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sahaba el-Rehmania (Arabic: صحابة الرحمانية; m. c. 1528 / 934–5 AH) was the wife of the Moroccan sultan of the Saadian dynasty Mohammed al-Shaykh and the mother of Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik. Gifted in diplomacy, she held a leading political role throughout her life. She was ambassador to the Ottoman Empire at the court of Sultan Murad III.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sahaba comes from the Rahamna tribe, a Ḥassān tribe. Her tribe was allied with the Saadians and, in 1525, they participated in the attack on the Portuguese fortress of Santa Cruz, in Agadir. She married Mohammed al-Shaykh around 1528.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1557, upon the accession to the throne of Abdallah al-Ghalib, part of his family including his brothers from his two mothers-in-law Sahaba and Lalla Masuda went into exile, fearing for their lives. This exile lasted eighteen years. Sahaba and the Saadian princes first went into exile in Tlemcen before reaching Algiers, part of the Ottoman Empire. During their exile in several cities of the Ottoman Empire, Sahaba el-Rehmania ensured that the two brothers Abd al-Malik, barely fifteen years old, and Ahmad, his younger half-brother, completed their education. She also ensured that they integrated into the Ottoman court, without forgetting their heritage and their personal political history. When Abdullah el-Ghalib died in 1574, his son Abu Abdallah Mohammed II ascended the throne. However, according to the succession plan drawn up by Mohammed al-Shaykh, it is the half-brother of Abdallah el-Ghalib, Abdelmalik son of Sahaba, who should have ascended the throne.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "With her son she conceived the project of seeking a political alliance and military support to regain the power that is their due. Sahaba and Abdelmalik went to Istanbul to address the Ottoman sultan, Mourad III newly ascended the throne. Indeed, Sahaba was a friend of Nurbanu Sultan, the widow of Selim II and the mother of Sultan Murad III. Abdelmalik strongly insisted on this sovereign to obtain that he put at his disposal a Turkish army with which he would go to Morocco to strip his nephew of the crown. Murad III received this proposal with anger and refused to favor such a design. However, Sahaba and her son Abdelmalik remained in the Ottoman capital until they found a solution to this problem. A solution quickly presented itself, that same year, in 1574, the Ottoman sultan fought against the Spanish occupiers to regain control of Tunisia. He sent missives to his governors in Algiers and Tripoli ordering them to dispatch ships that could support him in this conflict. The two Saadian brothers Abdelmalik and Ahmad also decide to participate in the sultan's defensive operation by leading one of the ships leaving Algiers. Tunisia was reconquered and Sahaba was the first to be aware of the Ottoman victory against the Spanish and was in turn the first to announce this victory to the Ottoman sultan. Fine diplomat, bringing the message of victory over the Spanish to which his son contributed, she asked simultaneously that the latter support Abdelmalik in his struggle for power against Abu Abdallah Mohammed II. Without hesitation, this time, the Ottoman sultan ordered his governor of Algiers to equip Abdelmalek with men and horses.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The sultan having granted this request, Sahaba and her son Abdelmalik, went back to Algiers where his son gave the inhabitants of this city the letter in which the sultan ordered them to leave with him, and help him reconquer the throne. The Algerians asked Abdelmalik to pay them their balance, he asked them to give him credit until the expedition was completed, but it was agreed that he give, at each stage, a sum of 10,000 coins to the Turkish army which he took with him and which consisted of 4000 men. According to the Dorret commentary, Abdelmalek would have asked the Bey of Algiers for only a weak escort to accompany him to the Moroccan border, request to which the Bey acceded. After which Abdelmalik overthrew his nephew in 1576 and was proclaimed sultan of Morocco.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Sahaba and Mohammed al-Shaykh had several children:",
"title": "Descendants"
}
] | Sahaba el-Rehmania was the wife of the Moroccan sultan of the Saadian dynasty Mohammed al-Shaykh and the mother of Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik. Gifted in diplomacy, she held a leading political role throughout her life. She was ambassador to the Ottoman Empire at the court of Sultan Murad III. | 2023-12-14T19:23:19Z | 2023-12-26T17:39:02Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaba_al-Rehmania |
75,565,480 | Micromyrtus littoralis | Micromyrtus littoralis is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Queensland. It is a shrub with small, overlapping egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves, and small white flowers arranged singly in leaf axils with 5 stamens in each flower.
Micromyrtus littoralis is a shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.3–1.6 m (1 ft 0 in – 5 ft 3 in) and has grey bark. Its leaves are overlapping, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in) long, 0.5–0.9 mm (0.020–0.035 in) wide and sessile or on a petiole up to 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) long. The leaves are glabrous, have prominent oil glands, and the lower surface is keeled. The flowers are 2.0–2.5 mm (0.079–0.098 in) wide and arranged singly in leaf axils on a peduncle 0.3–0.9 mm (0.012–0.035 in) long, with 2 bracteoles about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long at the base, but that fall off as the flowers open. There are 5 sepals lobes 0.2–0.3 mm (0.0079–0.0118 in) long, and 5 elliptic white petals 0.8–1.0 mm (0.031–0.039 in) and 0.5–0.7 mm (0.020–0.028 in) wide. There are 5 stamens, the filaments 0.4–0.5 mm (0.016–0.020 in) long. Flowering has been recorded throughout the year.
Micromyrtus littoralis was first formally described in 1997 by Anthony Bean in the journal Austrobaileya from specimens collected half way between Bundaberg and Childers by Stanley Thatcher Blake in 1963. The specific epithet (littoralis) means "pertaining to the sea-shore".
This species of micromyrtus grows in coastal wallum in Queensland, between Bundaberg and Cooloola National Park. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Micromyrtus littoralis is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Queensland. It is a shrub with small, overlapping egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves, and small white flowers arranged singly in leaf axils with 5 stamens in each flower.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Micromyrtus littoralis is a shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.3–1.6 m (1 ft 0 in – 5 ft 3 in) and has grey bark. Its leaves are overlapping, egg-shaped to lance-shaped, 1.5–3 mm (0.059–0.118 in) long, 0.5–0.9 mm (0.020–0.035 in) wide and sessile or on a petiole up to 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) long. The leaves are glabrous, have prominent oil glands, and the lower surface is keeled. The flowers are 2.0–2.5 mm (0.079–0.098 in) wide and arranged singly in leaf axils on a peduncle 0.3–0.9 mm (0.012–0.035 in) long, with 2 bracteoles about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long at the base, but that fall off as the flowers open. There are 5 sepals lobes 0.2–0.3 mm (0.0079–0.0118 in) long, and 5 elliptic white petals 0.8–1.0 mm (0.031–0.039 in) and 0.5–0.7 mm (0.020–0.028 in) wide. There are 5 stamens, the filaments 0.4–0.5 mm (0.016–0.020 in) long. Flowering has been recorded throughout the year.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Micromyrtus littoralis was first formally described in 1997 by Anthony Bean in the journal Austrobaileya from specimens collected half way between Bundaberg and Childers by Stanley Thatcher Blake in 1963. The specific epithet (littoralis) means \"pertaining to the sea-shore\".",
"title": "Taxonomy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "This species of micromyrtus grows in coastal wallum in Queensland, between Bundaberg and Cooloola National Park.",
"title": "Distribution and habitat"
}
] | Micromyrtus littoralis is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Queensland. It is a shrub with small, overlapping egg-shaped to lance-shaped leaves, and small white flowers arranged singly in leaf axils with 5 stamens in each flower. | 2023-12-14T19:25:17Z | 2023-12-15T10:40:38Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromyrtus_littoralis |
75,565,542 | Isabella Flores | Isabella Flores (born April 30, 2003) is an American ice dancer. With her current skating partner, Ivan Desyatov, she is the 2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb bronze medalist.
With her former skating partner, Dimitry Tsarevski, she is the 2021 JGP France II silver medalist, the 2021 JGP Poland silver medalist, and the 2021 U.S. junior national pewter medalist.
Flores was born on April 30, 2003, in Wiesbaden, Germany to parents Holly, a financial advisor, and Tony, a consultant, both of whom served in the U.S. Army. She has a younger sister, Olivia, who competes for the U.S. in pair skating.
Flores graduated with honors from Cheyenne Mountain High School in 2021, where she ran varsity cross-country in addition to her ice dance training. As of 2023, she is a student at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs majoring in mathematics.
Flores began learning how to skate in 2009 in Colorado Springs. She trained as a single skater in 2011, when she became inspired to take up ice dance after attending a seminar on the discipline hosted by her current coach, Elena Dostatni. Early in her ice dance career, Flores skated with a number of different partners, including Davis Ortonward from 2013 to 2014, Mikhail Gumba from 2017 to 2018, and British skater Adam Bouaziz from 2019 to 2020. Flores/Bouaziz finished 13th at the 2020 U.S. Junior Championships before splitting in the spring when Bouaziz returned home to the United Kingdom.
Following the end of her partnership with Bouaziz, Flores teamed up with Dimitry Tsarevski in May 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Flores/Tsarevski only competed domestically during the 2020–21 season, placing third in the junior ice dance category at a U.S. Figure Skating virtual invitational event and claiming the pewter medal at the 2021 U.S. Junior Championships. Following their podium finish at nationals, Flores stated, "Dima and I are ecstatic that we were able to make the breakthrough." The then-17-year-old also shared hopes for the season ahead, adding, "Ultimately this [their 4th place finish] allows us to set loftier goals for this season such as qualifying for Junior Worlds."
Flores/Tsarevski received two ISU Junior Grand Prix series assignments in their international debut season as team. They placed second at both of their events, the 2021 JGP France II and the 2021 JGP Poland, and were named as second alternates for the ultimately cancelled 2021–22 Junior Grand Prix Final. The duo competed once more ahead of the 2022 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, taking the junior ice dance title at another domestic invitational event in November.
Flores/Tsarevski were slated to competed at the U.S. national championships in early January 2021. However, Flores unexpectedly lost contact with Tsarevski in late December, citing Christmas Day as the last time she'd been able to reach him. In a final update on the situation posted to her Instagram account on February 3, 2022, Flores stated that while she still had not heard from Tsarevski, she'd decided to accept the apparent end of their partnership and begin considering other options to continue her ice dance career. While further details regarding Tsarevski's circumstances during late 2021 and early 2022 have never been made public, the skater did return to competition in 2023 with a new partner, Katarina Wolfkostin.
Flores traveled abroad for two months at the beginning of 2022 in search of a new partner, but ultimately, her efforts were unsuccessful. She returned to her home rink in Colorado where she met her now partner Ivan Desyatov, who'd made the decision to relocate to the United States from Belarus in search of a partner of his own during the time she'd been away. The two skaters tried out and skated together for several months before officially committing to a partnership, having both recently gone through major periods of transition. Flores/Desyatov confirmed their partnership for the U.S. in June 2022.
Flores/Desyatov were initially unable to compete internationally for the U.S. as Desyatov was still awaiting release from the Skating Union of Belarus. They qualified to the 2023 U.S. Figure Skating Championships by placing second in the senior ice dance category at the 2023 Eastern Sectional Championships. Flores/Desyatov finished 10th at the U.S. Championships in late January 2023.
Negotiations for Desyatov's release from Belarus began at the end of the 2022–23 season. The process proved more complicated and financially burdensome than the team initially expected, as the Belarusian federation requested US$25,000 in restitution for Desyatov's training expenses incurred during the season prior. Flores and Desyatov were able to crowdfund the majority of the cost requested, and Flores announced their success in securing Desyatov's release on July 16, 2023.
Flores/Desyatov opened their season late, debuting on the ISU Challenger Series at the 2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb in early December. They placed third in the rhythm dance and climbed to second in the free dance, ultimately finishing third overall behind Lithuanian champions Allison Reed / Saulius Ambrulevičius and American compatriots Emilea Zingas / Vadym Kolesnik.
CS: Challenger Series, JGP: Junior Grand Prix, USCS: U.S. Championship Series | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Isabella Flores (born April 30, 2003) is an American ice dancer. With her current skating partner, Ivan Desyatov, she is the 2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb bronze medalist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "With her former skating partner, Dimitry Tsarevski, she is the 2021 JGP France II silver medalist, the 2021 JGP Poland silver medalist, and the 2021 U.S. junior national pewter medalist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Flores was born on April 30, 2003, in Wiesbaden, Germany to parents Holly, a financial advisor, and Tony, a consultant, both of whom served in the U.S. Army. She has a younger sister, Olivia, who competes for the U.S. in pair skating.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Flores graduated with honors from Cheyenne Mountain High School in 2021, where she ran varsity cross-country in addition to her ice dance training. As of 2023, she is a student at the University of Colorado Colorado Springs majoring in mathematics.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Flores began learning how to skate in 2009 in Colorado Springs. She trained as a single skater in 2011, when she became inspired to take up ice dance after attending a seminar on the discipline hosted by her current coach, Elena Dostatni. Early in her ice dance career, Flores skated with a number of different partners, including Davis Ortonward from 2013 to 2014, Mikhail Gumba from 2017 to 2018, and British skater Adam Bouaziz from 2019 to 2020. Flores/Bouaziz finished 13th at the 2020 U.S. Junior Championships before splitting in the spring when Bouaziz returned home to the United Kingdom.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Following the end of her partnership with Bouaziz, Flores teamed up with Dimitry Tsarevski in May 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Flores/Tsarevski only competed domestically during the 2020–21 season, placing third in the junior ice dance category at a U.S. Figure Skating virtual invitational event and claiming the pewter medal at the 2021 U.S. Junior Championships. Following their podium finish at nationals, Flores stated, \"Dima and I are ecstatic that we were able to make the breakthrough.\" The then-17-year-old also shared hopes for the season ahead, adding, \"Ultimately this [their 4th place finish] allows us to set loftier goals for this season such as qualifying for Junior Worlds.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Flores/Tsarevski received two ISU Junior Grand Prix series assignments in their international debut season as team. They placed second at both of their events, the 2021 JGP France II and the 2021 JGP Poland, and were named as second alternates for the ultimately cancelled 2021–22 Junior Grand Prix Final. The duo competed once more ahead of the 2022 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, taking the junior ice dance title at another domestic invitational event in November.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Flores/Tsarevski were slated to competed at the U.S. national championships in early January 2021. However, Flores unexpectedly lost contact with Tsarevski in late December, citing Christmas Day as the last time she'd been able to reach him. In a final update on the situation posted to her Instagram account on February 3, 2022, Flores stated that while she still had not heard from Tsarevski, she'd decided to accept the apparent end of their partnership and begin considering other options to continue her ice dance career. While further details regarding Tsarevski's circumstances during late 2021 and early 2022 have never been made public, the skater did return to competition in 2023 with a new partner, Katarina Wolfkostin.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Flores traveled abroad for two months at the beginning of 2022 in search of a new partner, but ultimately, her efforts were unsuccessful. She returned to her home rink in Colorado where she met her now partner Ivan Desyatov, who'd made the decision to relocate to the United States from Belarus in search of a partner of his own during the time she'd been away. The two skaters tried out and skated together for several months before officially committing to a partnership, having both recently gone through major periods of transition. Flores/Desyatov confirmed their partnership for the U.S. in June 2022.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Flores/Desyatov were initially unable to compete internationally for the U.S. as Desyatov was still awaiting release from the Skating Union of Belarus. They qualified to the 2023 U.S. Figure Skating Championships by placing second in the senior ice dance category at the 2023 Eastern Sectional Championships. Flores/Desyatov finished 10th at the U.S. Championships in late January 2023.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Negotiations for Desyatov's release from Belarus began at the end of the 2022–23 season. The process proved more complicated and financially burdensome than the team initially expected, as the Belarusian federation requested US$25,000 in restitution for Desyatov's training expenses incurred during the season prior. Flores and Desyatov were able to crowdfund the majority of the cost requested, and Flores announced their success in securing Desyatov's release on July 16, 2023.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Flores/Desyatov opened their season late, debuting on the ISU Challenger Series at the 2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb in early December. They placed third in the rhythm dance and climbed to second in the free dance, ultimately finishing third overall behind Lithuanian champions Allison Reed / Saulius Ambrulevičius and American compatriots Emilea Zingas / Vadym Kolesnik.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "CS: Challenger Series, JGP: Junior Grand Prix, USCS: U.S. Championship Series",
"title": "Competitive highlights"
}
] | Isabella Flores is an American ice dancer. With her current skating partner, Ivan Desyatov, she is the 2023 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb bronze medalist. With her former skating partner, Dimitry Tsarevski, she is the 2021 JGP France II silver medalist, the 2021 JGP Poland silver medalist, and the 2021 U.S. junior national pewter medalist. | 2023-12-14T19:32:26Z | 2023-12-28T19:34:27Z | [
"Template:Infobox figure skater",
"Template:Small",
"Template:Isu name",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Flores |
75,565,565 | Merope angulata | Merope angulata is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae. It is a tree that ranges from northeastern India through Bangladesh, Myanmar, the Andaman and Nicobar islands, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, the Philippines, and Maluku Islands to New Guinea. It is the sole species in genus Merope.
It is an erect shrub growing up to 3 meters tall, with sparse stems growing from a root crown. Stout spines 1.5 – 3.5 cm long grow on the axils of juvenile stems. Leaves are oval, alternate, thick, and leathery, measuring 4.5 – 16 by 2 – 7 cm. The leaves are oval with blunt or slightly pointed tips and slightly notched leaf edges. They are aromatic with a lime-like scent when bruised. Flowers are white, fragrant, solitary, and bisexual, about 2 cm long, and grow in leaf axils in pairs or small clusters.
The plant is salt-tolerant and grows in coastal mangrove swamps, tidal forests, and brackish wetlands.
The species is threatened with habitat loss from destruction of its native habitat for agriculture, aquaculture, coastal development, and tourism. Its natural regeneration is limited by sparse seed production and poor seedling establishment. The IUCN Red List assesses the species' conservation status as least-concern across its range. It is assessed as critically endangered in Singapore, endangered in Peninsular Malaysia, and rare and threatened in India. Indian populations of the species are limited to the Jharkhali islands of the Sunderbans in West Bengal, and to the Bhitarkanika Mangroves and Mahanadi River Delta in Orissa. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Merope angulata is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae. It is a tree that ranges from northeastern India through Bangladesh, Myanmar, the Andaman and Nicobar islands, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, the Philippines, and Maluku Islands to New Guinea. It is the sole species in genus Merope.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It is an erect shrub growing up to 3 meters tall, with sparse stems growing from a root crown. Stout spines 1.5 – 3.5 cm long grow on the axils of juvenile stems. Leaves are oval, alternate, thick, and leathery, measuring 4.5 – 16 by 2 – 7 cm. The leaves are oval with blunt or slightly pointed tips and slightly notched leaf edges. They are aromatic with a lime-like scent when bruised. Flowers are white, fragrant, solitary, and bisexual, about 2 cm long, and grow in leaf axils in pairs or small clusters.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The plant is salt-tolerant and grows in coastal mangrove swamps, tidal forests, and brackish wetlands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The species is threatened with habitat loss from destruction of its native habitat for agriculture, aquaculture, coastal development, and tourism. Its natural regeneration is limited by sparse seed production and poor seedling establishment. The IUCN Red List assesses the species' conservation status as least-concern across its range. It is assessed as critically endangered in Singapore, endangered in Peninsular Malaysia, and rare and threatened in India. Indian populations of the species are limited to the Jharkhali islands of the Sunderbans in West Bengal, and to the Bhitarkanika Mangroves and Mahanadi River Delta in Orissa.",
"title": ""
}
] | Merope angulata is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae. It is a tree that ranges from northeastern India through Bangladesh, Myanmar, the Andaman and Nicobar islands, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Java, Sulawesi, the Philippines, and Maluku Islands to New Guinea. It is the sole species in genus Merope. It is an erect shrub growing up to 3 meters tall, with sparse stems growing from a root crown. Stout spines 1.5 – 3.5 cm long grow on the axils of juvenile stems. Leaves are oval, alternate, thick, and leathery, measuring 4.5 – 16 by 2 – 7 cm. The leaves are oval with blunt or slightly pointed tips and slightly notched leaf edges. They are aromatic with a lime-like scent when bruised. Flowers are white, fragrant, solitary, and bisexual, about 2 cm long, and grow in leaf axils in pairs or small clusters. The plant is salt-tolerant and grows in coastal mangrove swamps, tidal forests, and brackish wetlands. The species is threatened with habitat loss from destruction of its native habitat for agriculture, aquaculture, coastal development, and tourism. Its natural regeneration is limited by sparse seed production and poor seedling establishment. The IUCN Red List assesses the species' conservation status as least-concern across its range. It is assessed as critically endangered in Singapore, endangered in Peninsular Malaysia, and rare and threatened in India. Indian populations of the species are limited to the Jharkhali islands of the Sunderbans in West Bengal, and to the Bhitarkanika Mangroves and Mahanadi River Delta in Orissa. | 2023-12-14T19:35:26Z | 2023-12-21T11:45:24Z | [
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Taxonbar"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merope_angulata |
75,565,571 | Thomas Oates | Thomas Oates or Tom Oates may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Thomas Oates or Tom Oates may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Thomas Oates or Tom Oates may refer to: Thomas Oates (priest), Canon of Windsor from 1621 to 1623
Thomas Oates (cricketer) (1875–1949), English cricketer
Thomas Oates (Governor) (1917–2015), Governor of Saint Helena from 1971 to 1976
Tom Oates, American sportswriter for the Wisconsin State Journal | 2023-12-14T19:36:10Z | 2023-12-14T19:52:23Z | [
"Template:Hndis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Oates |
75,565,575 | Tap Pryor | Taylor Allderdice "Tap" Pryor (born June 26, 1931) is an American marine biologist, researcher, businessman, and former politician in the state of Hawaii. He is the founder Sea Life Park and Oceanic Foundation in Hawaii and was involved various marine research ventures, including oceanography, aquanautics and aquaculture.
Pryor was born in New York City on June 26, 1931, the son of Samuel F. Pryor and Mary Taylor Allderdice. His father was an aviator and personal friend of Charles Lindbergh who later served as vice president of Pan American World Airways, and his godfather was Al Williams, a pioneering aviator in the 1930s. He has two sisters and two brothers. Receiving the nickname "Tap" in his childhood, Pryor was from a wealthy famly and grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut. He graduated from Cornell University in 1953 with a degree in creative writing and arts. Learning to fly at age fourteen, he also enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in the early 1950s, served at Parris Island, Pensacola, Florida and Marine Corps Base Quantico as a helicopter pilot. In 1949 or 1951, he hitchhiked across Africa where he first encountered a coral reef in Zanzibar, which inspired him to "spend a lot of [his] life underwater".
Pryor and his wife first came to Hawaii in 1955. Discharged from the Marine Corps at the rank of captain in 1957, he then decided to attend graduate school at the University of Hawaii to study biology where he worked as a research assistant under zoology professor Albert L. Tester. It was during this time which he was inspired to found a marine exhibit and research centre for the islands; him and his wife Karen founded the Sea Life Park Hawaii at Makapuʻu Point in Oahu which opened in February 1964. He also founded the adjacent Oceanic Foundation, which mainly focused on the study of oceanography. He served as Democratic member of the Hawaii State Senate from 1965 to 1966. Pryor also was appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson to serve on the Stratton Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources in 1967, which established the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
In the 1970s, he entered the field of aquaculture by establishing the Kahuku Seafood Plantation at Oahu, where he devised farming methods to produce large quantities of oysters and prawns. It opened in 1981 at an abandoned World War II airstrip. The company went into bankruptcy in December 1982. In the 1980s, Pryor later served as a principal investigator on the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) and worked at the Duke University Marine Laboratory and University of Hawaii Eniwetok Marine laboratory, and as Vice President-Research of Aquanautics Corporation. He also lived in the Cook Islands where he was deputy chief of staff to the prime minister and a government planner.
Pryor later moved to Brunswick, Maine where he continued to remain active in aquaculture, helping to establish the state's first land-based recirculating aquaculture farm in 2012.
He married Karen Wylie, whom he met at Cornell, in 1954 and they had three children. They divorced in 1975. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Taylor Allderdice \"Tap\" Pryor (born June 26, 1931) is an American marine biologist, researcher, businessman, and former politician in the state of Hawaii. He is the founder Sea Life Park and Oceanic Foundation in Hawaii and was involved various marine research ventures, including oceanography, aquanautics and aquaculture.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Pryor was born in New York City on June 26, 1931, the son of Samuel F. Pryor and Mary Taylor Allderdice. His father was an aviator and personal friend of Charles Lindbergh who later served as vice president of Pan American World Airways, and his godfather was Al Williams, a pioneering aviator in the 1930s. He has two sisters and two brothers. Receiving the nickname \"Tap\" in his childhood, Pryor was from a wealthy famly and grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut. He graduated from Cornell University in 1953 with a degree in creative writing and arts. Learning to fly at age fourteen, he also enlisted in the United States Marine Corps in the early 1950s, served at Parris Island, Pensacola, Florida and Marine Corps Base Quantico as a helicopter pilot. In 1949 or 1951, he hitchhiked across Africa where he first encountered a coral reef in Zanzibar, which inspired him to \"spend a lot of [his] life underwater\".",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Pryor and his wife first came to Hawaii in 1955. Discharged from the Marine Corps at the rank of captain in 1957, he then decided to attend graduate school at the University of Hawaii to study biology where he worked as a research assistant under zoology professor Albert L. Tester. It was during this time which he was inspired to found a marine exhibit and research centre for the islands; him and his wife Karen founded the Sea Life Park Hawaii at Makapuʻu Point in Oahu which opened in February 1964. He also founded the adjacent Oceanic Foundation, which mainly focused on the study of oceanography. He served as Democratic member of the Hawaii State Senate from 1965 to 1966. Pryor also was appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson to serve on the Stratton Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources in 1967, which established the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In the 1970s, he entered the field of aquaculture by establishing the Kahuku Seafood Plantation at Oahu, where he devised farming methods to produce large quantities of oysters and prawns. It opened in 1981 at an abandoned World War II airstrip. The company went into bankruptcy in December 1982. In the 1980s, Pryor later served as a principal investigator on the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) and worked at the Duke University Marine Laboratory and University of Hawaii Eniwetok Marine laboratory, and as Vice President-Research of Aquanautics Corporation. He also lived in the Cook Islands where he was deputy chief of staff to the prime minister and a government planner.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Pryor later moved to Brunswick, Maine where he continued to remain active in aquaculture, helping to establish the state's first land-based recirculating aquaculture farm in 2012.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He married Karen Wylie, whom he met at Cornell, in 1954 and they had three children. They divorced in 1975.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Taylor Allderdice "Tap" Pryor is an American marine biologist, researcher, businessman, and former politician in the state of Hawaii. He is the founder Sea Life Park and Oceanic Foundation in Hawaii and was involved various marine research ventures, including oceanography, aquanautics and aquaculture. | 2023-12-14T19:36:23Z | 2023-12-26T17:59:21Z | [
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Free access"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_Pryor |
75,565,576 | Mier Park | The Mier Park (Polish: Park Mirowski), also known as the Downtown Park (Polish: Park Śródmiejski), is an urban park in Warsaw, Poland. The park is located in the district of Downtown, between Jana Pawła II Avenue, Marszałkowska Street, Mier Halls, and the Za Żelazną Bramą neighbourhood.
The Mier Park was named after the nearby Mier Halls and Mier Square, which in turn were named after the Mier Barracks, which were located there in 18th and 19th centuries. They in turn were named after Wilhelm Mier, who was the commanding officer of the Crown Horse Guard Regiment, which was stationed there.
It is also alternatively known as the Downtown Park (Polish: Park Śródmiejski), due to its location in the Downtown district, and relatively close location to the city centre.
The Mier Park was opened in the 1960s.
In June 1968 in the park was unveiled the moment of Julian Marchlewski, a communist politican and revolutionary, who was the chairperson of the Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee. It was deconstructed in 1990.
On 21 May 2019 in the park was unveiled the monument of Feliks Stamm, a 20th century boxing champion. The monument was placed next to the East Hall of the Mier Halls were Stamm won the championship in the 1953 European Amateur Boxing Championships. The monument was made by sculptor Lubomir Grigorov.
On 2 March 2023, in the park was unveiled the monument of Piotr Drzewicki who was the mayor of Warsaw from 1917 to 1921.
The Mier Park has the form a a long and thin rectangular strip of land between Jana Pawła II Avenue and Marszałkowska Street. Its central pathway is Piotra Drzewieckiego Avenue. The park has the total area of 5.35 ha.
It borders the Mier Square and Mier Halls to the north, the Iron Gate Square to the north-east, and Za Żelazną Bramą neighbourhood to the south.
In the park are located the monument of Feliks Stamm by Lubomir Grigorov, the monument of Piotr Drzewicki, and the sculpture of Mermaid of Warsaw by Ryszard Kozłowski. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Mier Park (Polish: Park Mirowski), also known as the Downtown Park (Polish: Park Śródmiejski), is an urban park in Warsaw, Poland. The park is located in the district of Downtown, between Jana Pawła II Avenue, Marszałkowska Street, Mier Halls, and the Za Żelazną Bramą neighbourhood.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Mier Park was named after the nearby Mier Halls and Mier Square, which in turn were named after the Mier Barracks, which were located there in 18th and 19th centuries. They in turn were named after Wilhelm Mier, who was the commanding officer of the Crown Horse Guard Regiment, which was stationed there.",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "It is also alternatively known as the Downtown Park (Polish: Park Śródmiejski), due to its location in the Downtown district, and relatively close location to the city centre.",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Mier Park was opened in the 1960s.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In June 1968 in the park was unveiled the moment of Julian Marchlewski, a communist politican and revolutionary, who was the chairperson of the Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee. It was deconstructed in 1990.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 21 May 2019 in the park was unveiled the monument of Feliks Stamm, a 20th century boxing champion. The monument was placed next to the East Hall of the Mier Halls were Stamm won the championship in the 1953 European Amateur Boxing Championships. The monument was made by sculptor Lubomir Grigorov.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 2 March 2023, in the park was unveiled the monument of Piotr Drzewicki who was the mayor of Warsaw from 1917 to 1921.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The Mier Park has the form a a long and thin rectangular strip of land between Jana Pawła II Avenue and Marszałkowska Street. Its central pathway is Piotra Drzewieckiego Avenue. The park has the total area of 5.35 ha.",
"title": "Characteristics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "It borders the Mier Square and Mier Halls to the north, the Iron Gate Square to the north-east, and Za Żelazną Bramą neighbourhood to the south.",
"title": "Characteristics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In the park are located the monument of Feliks Stamm by Lubomir Grigorov, the monument of Piotr Drzewicki, and the sculpture of Mermaid of Warsaw by Ryszard Kozłowski.",
"title": "Characteristics"
}
] | The Mier Park, also known as the Downtown Park, is an urban park in Warsaw, Poland. The park is located in the district of Downtown, between Jana Pawła II Avenue, Marszałkowska Street, Mier Halls, and the Za Żelazną Bramą neighbourhood. | 2023-12-14T19:36:27Z | 2023-12-15T15:47:00Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox park",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mier_Park |
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