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75,558,796 | List of terrorist incidents linked to Islamic State – Khorasan Province | The following is a list of terrorist attacks that have been attributed to or claimed by the Islamic State – Khorasan Province.
The Islamic State – Khorasan Province (ISIS–K) is a regional branch of the Islamic State terrorist group active in South-Central Asia, primarily Afghanistan. ISIS-K, like its sister branches in other regions, seeks to destabilize and overthrow existing governments of the historic Khorasan region to establish an Islamic caliphate under its strict, fundamentalist Islamist rule.
ISIS-K has conducted numerous high-profile attacks against civilians in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Some of its most notable attacks include a suicide bombing in August 2021 that killed 13 American military personnel and least 169 Afghans in Kabul during the U.S. withdrawal from the country, twin suicide bombings in July 2018 that killed at least 131 at election rallies in Pakistan, and twin bombings in July 2016 that killed 97 Hazara protestors in downtown Kabul.
ISIS-K began with the dispatch of Afghan and Pakistani militants from al-Qaeda-aligned groups to the Syrian Civil War, who returned to the region with instructions and funding to recruit fighters for a branch of the Islamic State in the Khorasan region. The group's traditional base of power began and remains in eastern Afghanistan along the border with Pakistan. While the majority of ISIS-K attacks occur in eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan, the group has claimed to have fired rockets into Afghanistan's northern neighbors, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
Today, ISIS-K is engaged in a protracted, low-intensity conflict with the Taliban government. Though the Taliban and ISIS-K actively fought against the United States, since the U.S. withdrawal, ISIS-K has shifted its efforts to discredit, destabilize, and overthrow the Taliban regime to establish its envisioned Islamic caliphate. The Taliban, on the other hand, make efforts to target ISIS-K militants through violent raids, protect foreign diplomats and investors from ISIS-K attacks, and publicly downplay the presence of ISIS to attract foreign recognition and investment. | [
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"title": ""
},
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"text": "The Islamic State – Khorasan Province (ISIS–K) is a regional branch of the Islamic State terrorist group active in South-Central Asia, primarily Afghanistan. ISIS-K, like its sister branches in other regions, seeks to destabilize and overthrow existing governments of the historic Khorasan region to establish an Islamic caliphate under its strict, fundamentalist Islamist rule.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "ISIS-K has conducted numerous high-profile attacks against civilians in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Some of its most notable attacks include a suicide bombing in August 2021 that killed 13 American military personnel and least 169 Afghans in Kabul during the U.S. withdrawal from the country, twin suicide bombings in July 2018 that killed at least 131 at election rallies in Pakistan, and twin bombings in July 2016 that killed 97 Hazara protestors in downtown Kabul.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "ISIS-K began with the dispatch of Afghan and Pakistani militants from al-Qaeda-aligned groups to the Syrian Civil War, who returned to the region with instructions and funding to recruit fighters for a branch of the Islamic State in the Khorasan region. The group's traditional base of power began and remains in eastern Afghanistan along the border with Pakistan. While the majority of ISIS-K attacks occur in eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan, the group has claimed to have fired rockets into Afghanistan's northern neighbors, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Today, ISIS-K is engaged in a protracted, low-intensity conflict with the Taliban government. Though the Taliban and ISIS-K actively fought against the United States, since the U.S. withdrawal, ISIS-K has shifted its efforts to discredit, destabilize, and overthrow the Taliban regime to establish its envisioned Islamic caliphate. The Taliban, on the other hand, make efforts to target ISIS-K militants through violent raids, protect foreign diplomats and investors from ISIS-K attacks, and publicly downplay the presence of ISIS to attract foreign recognition and investment.",
"title": ""
}
] | The following is a list of terrorist attacks that have been attributed to or claimed by the Islamic State – Khorasan Province. The Islamic State – Khorasan Province (ISIS–K) is a regional branch of the Islamic State terrorist group active in South-Central Asia, primarily Afghanistan. ISIS-K, like its sister branches in other regions, seeks to destabilize and overthrow existing governments of the historic Khorasan region to establish an Islamic caliphate under its strict, fundamentalist Islamist rule. ISIS-K has conducted numerous high-profile attacks against civilians in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Some of its most notable attacks include a suicide bombing in August 2021 that killed 13 American military personnel and least 169 Afghans in Kabul during the U.S. withdrawal from the country, twin suicide bombings in July 2018 that killed at least 131 at election rallies in Pakistan, and twin bombings in July 2016 that killed 97 Hazara protestors in downtown Kabul. ISIS-K began with the dispatch of Afghan and Pakistani militants from al-Qaeda-aligned groups to the Syrian Civil War, who returned to the region with instructions and funding to recruit fighters for a branch of the Islamic State in the Khorasan region. The group's traditional base of power began and remains in eastern Afghanistan along the border with Pakistan. While the majority of ISIS-K attacks occur in eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan, the group has claimed to have fired rockets into Afghanistan's northern neighbors, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Today, ISIS-K is engaged in a protracted, low-intensity conflict with the Taliban government. Though the Taliban and ISIS-K actively fought against the United States, since the U.S. withdrawal, ISIS-K has shifted its efforts to discredit, destabilize, and overthrow the Taliban regime to establish its envisioned Islamic caliphate. The Taliban, on the other hand, make efforts to target ISIS-K militants through violent raids, protect foreign diplomats and investors from ISIS-K attacks, and publicly downplay the presence of ISIS to attract foreign recognition and investment. | 2023-12-14T00:30:01Z | 2023-12-17T09:09:51Z | [
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75,558,806 | Hostages Square | Hostages Square (Hebrew: כיכר החטופים) is a public plaza located in front of the Tel Aviv Museum of Art. It received its current name following the 7 October 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, when families of the hostages and their supporters started to encamp and gather there, given its proximity to the Israel Defense Forces headquarters. The Square features art installations and banners highlighting the plight of the hostages and calling for their release.
On 25 November, some 100,000 people rallied at Hostages Square to mark "50 Days of Hell" since the Hamas assault and hostage-taking. | [
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"text": "Hostages Square (Hebrew: כיכר החטופים) is a public plaza located in front of the Tel Aviv Museum of Art. It received its current name following the 7 October 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, when families of the hostages and their supporters started to encamp and gather there, given its proximity to the Israel Defense Forces headquarters. The Square features art installations and banners highlighting the plight of the hostages and calling for their release.",
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"text": "On 25 November, some 100,000 people rallied at Hostages Square to mark \"50 Days of Hell\" since the Hamas assault and hostage-taking.",
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] | Hostages Square is a public plaza located in front of the Tel Aviv Museum of Art. It received its current name following the 7 October 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel, when families of the hostages and their supporters started to encamp and gather there, given its proximity to the Israel Defense Forces headquarters. The Square features art installations and banners highlighting the plight of the hostages and calling for their release. On 25 November, some 100,000 people rallied at Hostages Square to mark "50 Days of Hell" since the Hamas assault and hostage-taking. | 2023-12-14T00:32:00Z | 2023-12-30T00:26:40Z | [
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75,558,814 | Andrew Rice (American football) | Andrew Rice (born c. 1989) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Southwestern Oklahoma State University; a position he will hold in 2024. He was the head football coach for Miami High School in Miami, Oklahoma, in 2017. He also coached for Bixby High School, Charles Page High School, Bartlesville High School, Northeastern Oklahoma A&M, Central Oklahoma, and Southern Arkansas. He played college football for Northeastern State as a quarterback. | [
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] | Andrew Rice is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Southwestern Oklahoma State University; a position he will hold in 2024. He was the head football coach for Miami High School in Miami, Oklahoma, in 2017. He also coached for Bixby High School, Charles Page High School, Bartlesville High School, Northeastern Oklahoma A&M, Central Oklahoma, and Southern Arkansas. He played college football for Northeastern State as a quarterback. | 2023-12-14T00:33:30Z | 2023-12-25T05:26:06Z | [
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75,558,825 | List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in the Philippines | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.
The Philippines ratified the convention on 18 August 2006. | [
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] | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention. The Philippines ratified the convention on 18 August 2006. | 2023-12-14T00:35:55Z | 2023-12-14T00:35:55Z | [
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75,558,839 | KKP Stomilanki Olsztyn | #REDIRECT Stomil Olsztyn S.A. | [
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"text": "#REDIRECT Stomil Olsztyn S.A.",
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] | #REDIRECT Stomil Olsztyn S.A. | 2023-12-14T00:38:04Z | 2023-12-14T00:38:57Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKP_Stomilanki_Olsztyn |
75,558,869 | Bad Time (Alkaline Trio song) | "Bad Time" is a song by American rock band Alkaline Trio. It was released on November 30, 2023, as the second single from their tenth album, Blood, Hair, and Eyeballs. The song was written by Matt Skiba, Dan Andriano, and Derek Grant.
"Bad Time" was mainly inspired two life-threatening situations that Alkaline Trio guitarist Matt Skiba had been involved in during his life, and the comfort that he was given through hearing the voice of a loved one.
In 2019, Skiba was also the guitarist for Blink-182, who had stopped in El Paso, Texas for a show when a mass shooting occurred at a nearby Walmart the day before. The band were locked down in their hotel room shortly after being notified of the situation when Skiba received a phone call from a friend and crush.
“We could hear gunshots and sirens as the situation escalated. My friend asked if it was a bad time to talk, and I said no – I really wanted to speak with her. It was actually a terrible and terrifying time, but it was never a bad time to hear her voice." - Matt Skiba
Skiba also recounted a similar situation from earlier in his life when writing "Bad Time." While still living in Chicago, he and his roommate were in the crossfire of a drive-by shooting. Skiba recounted the events while writing the song, and thought about how helpful it would've been to hear his friend's voice back then.
"Bad Time" released on November 30, 2023, alongside the song's music video. Earlier that year, drummer Derek Grant made his departure from the group to focus on his mental health, so the video features new drummer, Atom Willard in his place. The video was directed by Ravi Dahr, who previously directed the video for their previous single “Blood, Hair, and Eyeballs.”
“Working again with Ravi and his beautiful team has been a lot of work but even more fun. We spent the short time we had to put this together, brainstorming and sending links, photos, and film references. It’s not every day I meet someone who loves Dario Argento or Stanley Kubrick or Kenneth Anger and so on as much as I do. Ravi did all the actual, real work on this thing, but I love being involved and hope that I helped to paint this beautiful picture.”
Alkaline Trio
Additional Musicians
Production | [
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"title": ""
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"title": "Background"
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"text": "In 2019, Skiba was also the guitarist for Blink-182, who had stopped in El Paso, Texas for a show when a mass shooting occurred at a nearby Walmart the day before. The band were locked down in their hotel room shortly after being notified of the situation when Skiba received a phone call from a friend and crush.",
"title": "Background"
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"text": "“We could hear gunshots and sirens as the situation escalated. My friend asked if it was a bad time to talk, and I said no – I really wanted to speak with her. It was actually a terrible and terrifying time, but it was never a bad time to hear her voice.\" - Matt Skiba",
"title": "Background"
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"text": "Skiba also recounted a similar situation from earlier in his life when writing \"Bad Time.\" While still living in Chicago, he and his roommate were in the crossfire of a drive-by shooting. Skiba recounted the events while writing the song, and thought about how helpful it would've been to hear his friend's voice back then.",
"title": "Background"
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"text": "\"Bad Time\" released on November 30, 2023, alongside the song's music video. Earlier that year, drummer Derek Grant made his departure from the group to focus on his mental health, so the video features new drummer, Atom Willard in his place. The video was directed by Ravi Dahr, who previously directed the video for their previous single “Blood, Hair, and Eyeballs.”",
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"text": "“Working again with Ravi and his beautiful team has been a lot of work but even more fun. We spent the short time we had to put this together, brainstorming and sending links, photos, and film references. It’s not every day I meet someone who loves Dario Argento or Stanley Kubrick or Kenneth Anger and so on as much as I do. Ravi did all the actual, real work on this thing, but I love being involved and hope that I helped to paint this beautiful picture.”",
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"title": "Personnel"
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"title": "Personnel"
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] | "Bad Time" is a song by American rock band Alkaline Trio. It was released on November 30, 2023, as the second single from their tenth album, Blood, Hair, and Eyeballs. The song was written by Matt Skiba, Dan Andriano, and Derek Grant. | 2023-12-14T00:41:58Z | 2023-12-26T16:20:11Z | [
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75,558,902 | Shorty Long (disambiguation) | Shorty Long (1940-1969) was an American soul singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer for Motown's Soul Records imprint. It may also refer to: | [
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"text": "Shorty Long (1940-1969) was an American soul singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer for Motown's Soul Records imprint. It may also refer to:",
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] | Shorty Long (1940-1969) was an American soul singer, songwriter, musician, and record producer for Motown's Soul Records imprint. It may also refer to: Shorty Long (1923–1991), American country/rockabilly musician who played on recordings for RCA records including piano on some of Elvis's early 1956 recordings on RCA, including Elvis.
Shorty Long-back, alternative name for the mullet haircut | 2023-12-14T00:49:23Z | 2023-12-15T12:11:36Z | [
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75,558,924 | Jemima Wyman | Jemima Wyman (born 1977) is an Australian contemporary artist best known for her photo collage work. She has also worked with performance and video art.
Wyman was born in Mackay and grew up in Queensland. After earning a bachelor's degree from Queensland University of Technology, Wyman attended California Institute of the Arts, graduating with a master's degree in fine arts in 2007.
Wyman first began doing performance art in the 1990s, with pieces inspired by feminist themes.
In 2004, Wyman came to Los Angeles, California after being awarded a studio residency by the Australian Government. Wyman has continued to work in Los Angeles, and is a lecturer in the art department of the University of California, Los Angeles. In Los Angeles, she is represented by the Koreatown-based Commonwealth and Council.
Wyman is interested in protest and its relationship to art, particularly the idea of visual resistance, such as the use of patterns by "outside groups", and Guy Fawkes masks.
Wyman's collage pieces draw on photos taken at protests from across the world, drawing from inspiration such as the Arab Spring, the Occupy movement, Russia's Pussy Riot, and Mexico's Zapatista Army of National Liberation. She has around 15,000 photos in her archives, which she has been collecting since 2008.
"Plume 20..." (2020) is a 15 ft x 17ft collage, which is made of photographs of smoke; she began collecting materials for the piece in 2018. The piece's full title is 24 pages long. It was included in "Air", an exhibition at the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art in 2022.
In 2014, Wyman designed Pattern Bandits, an exhibition at the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art targeted towards children.
In March 2017, Wyman had her first solo exhibition at Sullivan+Strumpf in Sydney. She exhibited at the same gallery again in 2021, with "Fume", and in 2023, with "World Cloud". All of her exhibitions featured her photo collage pieces.
Later in 2017, Wyman's work was included as part of The National 2017 at Carriageworks in Sydney.
In 2019, a collaborative video piece between Wyman and Zach Blas, im here to learn so :)))))) (2017), was exhibited at Haus der Elektronischen Künste in Basel, Switzerland.
In early 2022, Wyman’s exhibition A Haze Descends was presented at Commonwealth and Council in Los Angeles. | [
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"text": "Jemima Wyman (born 1977) is an Australian contemporary artist best known for her photo collage work. She has also worked with performance and video art.",
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"title": "Career"
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"text": "In 2004, Wyman came to Los Angeles, California after being awarded a studio residency by the Australian Government. Wyman has continued to work in Los Angeles, and is a lecturer in the art department of the University of California, Los Angeles. In Los Angeles, she is represented by the Koreatown-based Commonwealth and Council.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Wyman's collage pieces draw on photos taken at protests from across the world, drawing from inspiration such as the Arab Spring, the Occupy movement, Russia's Pussy Riot, and Mexico's Zapatista Army of National Liberation. She has around 15,000 photos in her archives, which she has been collecting since 2008.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
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"text": "\"Plume 20...\" (2020) is a 15 ft x 17ft collage, which is made of photographs of smoke; she began collecting materials for the piece in 2018. The piece's full title is 24 pages long. It was included in \"Air\", an exhibition at the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art in 2022.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2014, Wyman designed Pattern Bandits, an exhibition at the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art targeted towards children.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In March 2017, Wyman had her first solo exhibition at Sullivan+Strumpf in Sydney. She exhibited at the same gallery again in 2021, with \"Fume\", and in 2023, with \"World Cloud\". All of her exhibitions featured her photo collage pieces.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Later in 2017, Wyman's work was included as part of The National 2017 at Carriageworks in Sydney.",
"title": "Career"
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"text": "In 2019, a collaborative video piece between Wyman and Zach Blas, im here to learn so :)))))) (2017), was exhibited at Haus der Elektronischen Künste in Basel, Switzerland.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"text": "In early 2022, Wyman’s exhibition A Haze Descends was presented at Commonwealth and Council in Los Angeles.",
"title": "Career"
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] | Jemima Wyman is an Australian contemporary artist best known for her photo collage work. She has also worked with performance and video art. | 2023-12-14T00:50:37Z | 2023-12-16T17:47:39Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemima_Wyman |
75,558,933 | Kelly Higgins-Devine | Kelly Higgins-Devine is an Australian radio presenter.
She is perhaps best known for her lengthy tenure hosting programs on ABC Radio Brisbane.
Growing up in Victoria, Higgins-Devine attended Kaldara College in Malvern before completing Year 12 at Mt Maria College in the Brisbane suburb of Mitchelton in 1985.
As a high school student, Higgins-Devine completed work experience in the newsroom of a Melbourne radio station.
In 1993, she completed a Commercial Radio Training course at Swinburne University of Technology, after which she worked at regional commercial stations in Charleville, Cairns and Shepparton.
Moving to Brisbane, Higgins-Devine worked as a weekend newsreader at 4KQ in 1996 before becoming a newsreader at 4BC in 1997. She joined ABC NewsRadio in 1999 before becoming a news presenter and journalist at ABC Radio Brisbane.
In 2004, Higgins-Devine became a program presenter and has since hosted a number of programs including Afternoons, Drive and Evenings. Higgins-Devine was surprised in 2014 when Palmer United Party leader Clive Palmer rang her program to compete in a quiz segment.
In December 2023, it was confirmed Higgins-Devine would be returning to Drive in 2024.
Since 2021, Higgin-Devine has been a tutor at the University of Southern Queensland.
At the ABC Local Radio awards in 2007, Higgins-Devine was named as ABC Local Radio's Broadcaster of the Year.
At the 2011 ABC Local Radio awards, Higgins-Devine was recognised with an award in the “Best Use of the Medium” category for her coverage of Cyclone Yasi.
In 2022, Higgins-Devine underwent a double bypass after being diagnosed with cardiovascular disease.
After noticing symptoms including shortness of breath and chest pain, she underwent tests which confirmed she had two blocked arteries.
Higgins-Devine returned to Evenings on ABC Radio Brisbane after 12 weeks of recovery. She credited her husband and daughter for being able to heal steadily. | [
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"text": "Kelly Higgins-Devine is an Australian radio presenter.",
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"text": "She is perhaps best known for her lengthy tenure hosting programs on ABC Radio Brisbane.",
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"text": "Growing up in Victoria, Higgins-Devine attended Kaldara College in Malvern before completing Year 12 at Mt Maria College in the Brisbane suburb of Mitchelton in 1985.",
"title": "Early life"
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"text": "As a high school student, Higgins-Devine completed work experience in the newsroom of a Melbourne radio station.",
"title": "Early life"
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"text": "In 1993, she completed a Commercial Radio Training course at Swinburne University of Technology, after which she worked at regional commercial stations in Charleville, Cairns and Shepparton.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Moving to Brisbane, Higgins-Devine worked as a weekend newsreader at 4KQ in 1996 before becoming a newsreader at 4BC in 1997. She joined ABC NewsRadio in 1999 before becoming a news presenter and journalist at ABC Radio Brisbane.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2004, Higgins-Devine became a program presenter and has since hosted a number of programs including Afternoons, Drive and Evenings. Higgins-Devine was surprised in 2014 when Palmer United Party leader Clive Palmer rang her program to compete in a quiz segment.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In December 2023, it was confirmed Higgins-Devine would be returning to Drive in 2024.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Since 2021, Higgin-Devine has been a tutor at the University of Southern Queensland.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "At the ABC Local Radio awards in 2007, Higgins-Devine was named as ABC Local Radio's Broadcaster of the Year.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "At the 2011 ABC Local Radio awards, Higgins-Devine was recognised with an award in the “Best Use of the Medium” category for her coverage of Cyclone Yasi.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 2022, Higgins-Devine underwent a double bypass after being diagnosed with cardiovascular disease.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "After noticing symptoms including shortness of breath and chest pain, she underwent tests which confirmed she had two blocked arteries.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Higgins-Devine returned to Evenings on ABC Radio Brisbane after 12 weeks of recovery. She credited her husband and daughter for being able to heal steadily.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Kelly Higgins-Devine is an Australian radio presenter. She is perhaps best known for her lengthy tenure hosting programs on ABC Radio Brisbane. | 2023-12-14T00:51:37Z | 2023-12-15T17:01:53Z | [
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75,558,950 | Minusio railway station | Minusio railway station (Italian: Stazione di Minusio) is a railway station in the municipality of Minusio, in the Swiss canton of Ticino. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Giubiasco–Locarno line of Swiss Federal Railways.
The new station was built at a cost of SFr 24.7 million, split between Minusio, the canton of Ticino, and the federal government. Much of the expenditure was for a new crossover near the station. The station was inaugurated on 5 December 2023, and began serving passengers with the timetable change that December 10.
Minusio has two 291-metre (955 ft) long side platforms. Both are reached by ramps and are fully accessible.
As of the December 2023 timetable change, the following services stop at Minusio: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Minusio railway station (Italian: Stazione di Minusio) is a railway station in the municipality of Minusio, in the Swiss canton of Ticino. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Giubiasco–Locarno line of Swiss Federal Railways.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The new station was built at a cost of SFr 24.7 million, split between Minusio, the canton of Ticino, and the federal government. Much of the expenditure was for a new crossover near the station. The station was inaugurated on 5 December 2023, and began serving passengers with the timetable change that December 10.",
"title": "History"
},
{
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"text": "Minusio has two 291-metre (955 ft) long side platforms. Both are reached by ramps and are fully accessible.",
"title": "Layout"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "As of the December 2023 timetable change, the following services stop at Minusio:",
"title": "Services"
}
] | Minusio railway station is a railway station in the municipality of Minusio, in the Swiss canton of Ticino. It is an intermediate stop on the standard gauge Giubiasco–Locarno line of Swiss Federal Railways. | 2023-12-14T00:52:10Z | 2023-12-16T14:43:05Z | [
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75,559,097 | Dinamarca | Dinamarca is the term for Denmark in several of the Romance languages. As a surname, it may refer to the following people: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Dinamarca is the term for Denmark in several of the Romance languages. As a surname, it may refer to the following people:",
"title": ""
}
] | Dinamarca is the term for Denmark in several of the Romance languages. As a surname, it may refer to the following people: Mauricio Dinamarca, Chilean footballer
Rossana Dinamarca, Swedish politician | 2023-12-14T01:02:45Z | 2023-12-14T01:49:24Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinamarca |
75,559,111 | Unsodo | Unsodo (芸艸堂, Unsōdō) is a Japanese publishing company, specializing in art books. The company was founded in 1891 in Kyoto, Japan by Yamada Naosaburō (山田直三郎), and continues operations at its headquarters in Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto. Amongst other products, they produce hand carved and printed woodblock prints.
Unsodo (芸艸堂), contains a combination of the kanji 芸艸 (unsō), meaning Rue, and 堂 (dō), a suffix used to indicate a building. The use of rue in the name is due to its use in traditional Japanese bookmark production, as a way to deter pests from damaging books.
Founded in Kyoto Japan in 1891, a major part of early production at Unsodo was that of kimono pattern books. Traditional woodblock printing methods would be used, as well as more modern methods, such as collotype printing.
Over time Unsodo acquired carved woodblocks from other publishers in Japan, and would use them to print under their own Unsodo imprint. Unsodo is the only publisher of art books bound using a traditional method named tesuri mokuhanga (手摺木版画).
Unsodo have also commissioned and collaborate with 20th and 21st century artists to produce original carvings and prints, such as Shiro Kasamatsu, Takeuchi Seihō and Kamisaka Sekka. With Seihō, they produced Seihō's Masterpieces (栖鳳逸品集, Seihō's Ippin Shū) between 1937 and 1942 which was described by Jack Hillier as "one of the most magnificent printing achievements of the twentieth century." With Kasamatsu, they have produced in excess of 100 original Shin-hanga prints between 1898 and 1991, which they continue print. | [
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"text": "Unsodo (芸艸堂, Unsōdō) is a Japanese publishing company, specializing in art books. The company was founded in 1891 in Kyoto, Japan by Yamada Naosaburō (山田直三郎), and continues operations at its headquarters in Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto. Amongst other products, they produce hand carved and printed woodblock prints.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Unsodo (芸艸堂), contains a combination of the kanji 芸艸 (unsō), meaning Rue, and 堂 (dō), a suffix used to indicate a building. The use of rue in the name is due to its use in traditional Japanese bookmark production, as a way to deter pests from damaging books.",
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"text": "Founded in Kyoto Japan in 1891, a major part of early production at Unsodo was that of kimono pattern books. Traditional woodblock printing methods would be used, as well as more modern methods, such as collotype printing.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Over time Unsodo acquired carved woodblocks from other publishers in Japan, and would use them to print under their own Unsodo imprint. Unsodo is the only publisher of art books bound using a traditional method named tesuri mokuhanga (手摺木版画).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Unsodo have also commissioned and collaborate with 20th and 21st century artists to produce original carvings and prints, such as Shiro Kasamatsu, Takeuchi Seihō and Kamisaka Sekka. With Seihō, they produced Seihō's Masterpieces (栖鳳逸品集, Seihō's Ippin Shū) between 1937 and 1942 which was described by Jack Hillier as \"one of the most magnificent printing achievements of the twentieth century.\" With Kasamatsu, they have produced in excess of 100 original Shin-hanga prints between 1898 and 1991, which they continue print.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Unsodo is a Japanese publishing company, specializing in art books. The company was founded in 1891 in Kyoto, Japan by Yamada Naosaburō (山田直三郎), and continues operations at its headquarters in Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto. Amongst other products, they produce hand carved and printed woodblock prints. | 2023-12-14T01:04:33Z | 2023-12-31T05:12:48Z | [
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75,559,113 | Finances of the Islamic State – Khorasan Province | The Islamic State's Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) has historically relied on three primary sources of funding: payments from ISIS-Core, local taxation, and international donations. In a 2015 interview, an officer of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) commented that ISIS-K's real source of power in the region was in the organization's financial wealth. From its origins in 2013 to the present day, ISIS-K's monetary wealth has made it an attractive alternative for fighters unsatisfied with lower paying militant groups including TTP and the Afghan Taliban. Mirroring ISIS-Core and sister ISIS branches, ISIS-K's finances are managed by the province's Finance Commission.
At the core of ISIS-K's financial framework was the support received from ISIS-Central or the broader ISIS network. This internal coordination ensured a steady flow of funds to ISIS-K, strengthening its operational capacity. While the exact mechanisms of this financial relationship remain covert, the financial backing from the central leadership underscored the interconnected nature of various ISIS factions.
In the territories under its control, ISIS-K implemented a taxation system, imposing levies on local populations and businesses. This strategy allowed the group to extract resources directly from the communities it governed, showcasing a degree of financial autonomy within specific operational zones. The revenue generated through local taxation contributed to the group's self-sufficiency.
External and international funding constituted another crucial component of ISIS-K's financial ecosystem. The group attracted donations from sympathetic patrons, including wealthy individuals from Gulf countries like Qatar and Saudi Arabia. This external funding, coupled with collaborations with individuals willing to contribute resources, provided an additional layer of financial support. Moreover, engaging in criminal enterprises, such as human trafficking and smuggling, further diversified ISIS-K's funding sources, demonstrating adaptability in sustaining its operations.
Since its inception, ISIS-K has received financial support from ISIS-Core in the Levant. Early in the group's history, ISIS-K benefitted from neither local taxation nor international donors. Up until 2015, the group's commanders received strict instruction not to impose taxes for fears of stepping on the toes of other militant groups in the region who also taxed the local populous for funds. Similarly, the newly established group had yet to establish trusted relationships with international donors that then remained with ISIS-Core in the Levant. Consequently, the new organization relied almost entirely on payments from ISIS-Core. According to the U.S. Department of the Treasury, “ISIS is best characterized as a global network of loosely organized branches and cells with varying financial activities coordinated under a central financial system that funds the core network and redistributes funds to less wealthy affiliates or global regions that it sees as a priority.”
In 2015, the year Wilayat Khorasan (ISIS-K) was officially announced, ISIS-Core in the Levant began encouraging ISIS-K to begin raising its own funds. According to a 2016 interview with three leaders from within ISIS-K's Finance Commission, ISIS-K received $100 million (USD) in 2015 and $78 million in 2016, a 22% loss, likely offset by a nearly 82% gain in private international donations. An additional factor in the decrease in funding may have been the sharp 55% decrease in ISIS-Core's income between the height of the caliphate in 2014 ($1.89 billion) and 2016 ($870 million) when the group had experienced significant territorial losses, including half of Mosul, to U.S.-led forces in Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR). Brief statements by the United States Department of State and Department of Treasury between 2019 and 2021 indicate that “ISIS core was possibly providing some funds to ISIS-K,” however the extent or sum of financial support during this time period has not been published.
Details of ISIS-Core's funding support to ISIS-K following the August 2021 withdrawal of NATO forces remain publicly unclear, however the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and Department of the Treasury have provided characterizations, estimates, and updates regarding the financial support. According to the Department of the Treasury, the most revealing source on ISIS-Core financial support, ISIS-Core continues to directly fund ISIS-K, a province it views as a viable region to increase operational, fundraising, recruitment, and attack capabilities.
The report states that ISIS-Core money transfers, “hundreds of thousands of dollars,” largely originating in Somalia, are conducted over a variety of funds transfer mechanisms including virtual asset service providers and hawalas, transiting through financial facilitators in Turkey and Yemen, noting that Turkey remains a key hub for ISIS to transfer funds, weapons, and operatives between the Middle East, South Asia, and Europe. The report specifically identifies three significant cases of the ISIS-Core's financing of ISIS-K, the first of which was a 2021 transfer of funds from a Somalia-based ISIS network to ISIS-K with the probable intent of supporting external operations plotting in Europe. The second case concerned the provision of funds by ISIS-Core leaders to ISIS-K, specifically earmarked for use in external operations plots in Europe — funds that were moved through financial facilitators and supported successful attacks, including at least one attack in Russia. The third case identified transfers from Bilal al-Sudani, a key ISIS leader overseeing the organization's presence in Africa, to ISIS-K in late 2022. Bilal al-Sudani was killed by the United States military in January 2023 in a raid on his cave complex in northern Somalia. Citing an anonymous senior U.S. official, the New York Times reported shortly after his death that "Al-Sudani helped to put money in the pockets of the same elements of ISIS-K responsible for [the suicide bombing at] Abbey Gate."
Reports from DIA describe some probable reliance by ISIS-K on funding from ISIS-Core since April 2022, though no amount or estimate is provided. In Q4 (October–December) 2022, the report stated “This quarter, the international leadership of ISIS (ISIS-Core) almost certainly provided direct financial support to ISIS-K and exercises a degree of control over its Afghan affiliate through leadership appointment and financial support, the DIA said.” Later, in Q3 (July–September) of 2023, the report for the first time suggested that there had been no indications of ISIS-Core financial support to ISIS-K in the quarter, writing “The DIA said that it did not observe ISIS-K receive direct support from ISIS-Core or other ISIS branches, foreign actors, or other violent extremist groups this quarter.”
Among a number of individuals sanctioned by the United States for support to ISIS-K, Ismatullah Khalozai was sanctioned on 22 November 2021 for directly providing financial support to ISIS-K on behalf of the senior leadership of the ISIS-Core. According to the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), Khalozai operated a Turkey-based hawala business which he used for two years to transfer funds to finance ISIS-K operations and carry out tasks directly for senior ISIS-Core leaders. Khalozai is also accused of conducting human smuggling operations for ISIS-K and operating a UAE-based financing scheme which involved sending luxury items to international destinations for resale to generate funds for ISIS-K prior to his role in Turkey.
In 2015, the year ISIS-Core announced the establishment of ISIS-K, the former gave instructions to begin local taxation, lifting previous guidance forbidding ISIS-K from collecting taxes in order to avoid clashes with other militant groups collecting taxes in the region, including the Afghan and Pakistani Taliban. Interviewed in December 2015, an ISIS-K member in Herat explained, "Daesh told us that we must find some local source of money, which can help us. We are extracting from mines and collecting taxes from the people. They have told us that we need to make a lot of money for the future. We need to have a budget to buy weapons and ammunition for ourselves. Before we dd not have permission to collect money." ISIS-K began to internally generate revenue by taxing local businesses and citizens, seizing and taxing mines, operating illegal checkpoints to extort truck drivers, kidnapping for ransom, and (for a time) taxing the abundant narcotics traffickers. In a 2016 report to Congress, the Pentagon stated "command and control and funding from core ISIL is limited. Rather than relying on external funding, IS-K is attempting to develop its funding streams within Afghanistan, which has put it into conflict with the Taliban and other groups vying to raise revenue from illegal checkpoints and the trade of illicit goods."
ISIS-K invoked Islamic religious authorities to collect its taxes, specifically Zakat and Ushr. Zakat (Arabic: زكاة, lit. 'that which purifies') is a form of almsgiving (approximately 2.5% of one's wealth) often collected by the Muslim Ummah and is a religious duty for all Muslims as one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Notably, According to classical Islamic jurists, if the collector is unjust in the collection of zakat but just in its distribution, the concealment of property from him is allowed. If, on the other hand, the collector is just in the collection but unjust in the distribution, the concealment of property from him is an obligation (wajib). The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, as well as its geographically dispersed provinces, all use Zakat to collect taxes from subjects. ISIS-K also reportedly collected Ushr, a 10% tax on the harvests of land dependent on irrigation or rainwater or 5% tax on those dependent on well water. Zakat and Ushr have played significant roles in Islamic history and, in support of ISIS-K's narrative, were both mandated during historic Islamic caliphates.
Numerous ISIS-K sources adamantly argued that the group deliberately avoided taxing the poor farmers that constitute much of the Afghan agricultural economy, focusing its tax collection on the shopkeepers of the bazaars and the wealthy, whom it comprehensively taxed. A village elder in Helmand explained the taxes were collected "not from the village and elders, but they did collect tax from the businessmen, shopkeepers, and drug traffickers. In this way, Daesh were completely different from the Taliban. The Taliban collected Zakat from the villagers but Daesh took Zakat or tax from shopkeepers, drug traffickers, and businessmen."
Taxes collected varied between provinces. Below is a sample of monthly collection provided by ISIS-K finance officials in Kunar, Nangarhar, Farah, Herat and Kunduz Provinces between October 2015 and March 2017.
Narcotics trade, particularly opium poppies, has been a critical facet of ISIS-K's revenue generation in Afghanistan. Before the ban imposed in November 2015, ISIS-K strategically positioned itself to control heroin refineries, many of which were concentrated in districts under its sway, such as Achin, Momand Dara, Shinwari, and Chaparhar. The group, adhering to Shari’a principles, initially imposed zakat and ushr on poppy cultivation, adding a religious dimension to its taxation strategies.
The ban on poppies, ostensibly driven by internal power dynamics and efforts to bring order within ISIS-K, marked a significant shift in the group's financial landscape. It coincided with Abu Yasir al-Afghani's initiatives to streamline ISIS-K's operations and eliminate internal contentions over control of drug revenue. The ban, however, had broader implications, disrupting a major revenue stream and necessitating adjustments in ISIS-K's financial approach.
The ban's timing raises questions, as it was lifted in specific regions like southwest Afghanistan and Baluchistan in January 2017. This temporal correlation suggests a potential response to financial exigencies faced by IS-Central in Syria and Iraq, emphasizing the interconnected nature of the group's financial strategies on a global scale. It also underscores the pragmatic considerations within IS-K, allowing localized adaptations for economic gains.
The ban's implementation did not preclude the use of individuals with backgrounds in the drug trade, exemplified by figures like Abdul Zahir Brahawi, whose family members continued trading opium and heroin throughout the prohibition. Brahawi and others lobbied for lifting the ban, asserting its impediment to ISIS-K's progress in regions notorious for drug trafficking.
Kidnapping and demanding ransom, one of ISIS-K's historic sources of revenue, is a common practice for armed insurgent and terrorist groups including the Islamic State's abduction of hundreds of Assyrian Christians in Syria for ransom, and the Islamic State's kidnapping-for-ransom schemes in its African provinces. Even in the region, armed groups including Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP), and both the Taliban and Haqqani network prior to the United States withdrawal from Afghanistan, engage in kidnapping for ransom, often in Kabul. Even before ISIS-K was officially announced by ISIS-Core in January 2015, the group had allegedly carried out over 300 such kidnapping for ransoms with ransom prices starting as low as $20,000. This model, though generating sizable income for the group, came to alienate locals in Nangarhar Province (ISIS-K's core base of operations). These locals, who initially favored ISIS-K in its early days, soon became disenfranchised with the increasingly brutal governance including kidnappings for ransom as well as strict sharia law, school closures, public executions, killings of tribal elders, destruction of Sufi shrines, and bans on cigarettes.
Afghanistan, though one of the world's poorest nations, ranks sixth among nations by largest rare earth element reserves, a resource largely untapped because of the nation's lack of industrialization. The landlocked country sits atop an estimated $1 trillion worth mineral deposits including sizable deposits of iron, copper, gold, and lithium, as well as the rare earth elements in Helmand Province near the village of Khanashin where minerals from an extinct volcano now lay worth approximately $7.4 billion, according to the United States Geological Survey and Department of Defense.
During 2016, ISIS-K seized a number of mines, taxing profits and the transport of goods and in some cases directly taking control of mining activities. In Helmand Province in the south, ISIS-K seized a mine at the dormant Koh-i Khan Neshin stratovolcano, known for rare earth elements such as uranium and carbonatites. In the same year, ISIS-K took control of marble, talc, and luminescent mineral mining profits in the Nangarhar districts of Hissarak, Achin, Kot, Shinwar. Although no public quantization exists of income generated by ISIS-K's control over the mining industry, the group reportedly taxed the mining businesses anywhere between 200 and 500 Pakistani Rupees per ton extracted (material dependent) or 20% of the minerals' value.
According to a 2016 interview with village elders in December 2015, ISIS-K operated illegal checkpoints stopping trucks and charging drivers up to $9,000. This form of extortion is historically common in Afghanistan and was employed by a number of armed groups between the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 and the 1996 capture of Kabul by the Afghan Taliban, a period with no effective national government and two civil wars (1989–1992 and 1992–1996).
The total amount of international financial donations received by ISIS-K is not publicly known, but the group has provided estimates suggesting an influx of $129–$181 million in 2015 and around $160 million in 2016, compared to $100 million in support from ISIS-Core in 2015 and $78 million in 2016. The sharp drop in foreign government funding between the two years, a loss of between $23–$75 million, was partially offset by a near doubling of international private donors which netted an additional $54 million increase in 2016. This change, along with a decrease in funds provided by ISIS-Core implies that both foreign governments and ISIS-Core felt more comfortable reducing financial support with a strong uptick in private donations to the group.
Motivations for these governments to support ISIS-K varies, but interviews with private donors from these Gulf countries and ISIS-K Finance Commission leaders suggest two principal reasons. The first is sectarian support to radical Sunni organizations that challenge or attack Shia groups, whether it be ISIS-K's long-distant vision to establish a Sunni Islamic caliphate in the historic region of Khorasan which includes much of eastern Iran or attacks on Shia Muslims (primarily the Hazara minority in Afghanistan), and shrines in Afghanistan and Pakistan. ISIS-K has demonstrated its hatred for Shia Muslims through repeated terrorist attacks and suicide bombings, including its third deadliest attack ever, the 23 July 2016 twin bombing during a protest in Kabul which killed at least 97 Shia Hazara Afghans and injured over 260. The second motivating reason for Gulf governments to provide financial support to ISIS-K is belief that the group, should it effectively expand its operations (and supposedly one day its caliphate) into the Central Asian states of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, would bring Islamic terrorist pressure into the southern belly of the Soviet sphere of influence and Russia's southern border, prompting it to withdraw its forces from Syria and end its intervention in the nation.
These perceptions of Gulf governments and private donors alike are critical to ISIS-K's funding stream, and therefore the group is strongly incentivized to inflate claims of success to gain and retain foreign financial support. As an example, one Qatari private donor reported being told by ISIS-K that the group controlled sixty districts and 28% of Afghanistan in mid-2016 and that ISIS-K was successfully preventing the deployment of Shia militia groups from Afghanistan to the conflict in Syria, both of which were far from reality. In another case, following the 23 July 2016 bombing of a Shia Hazara protest, ISIS-K advertised to its donors that it had killed 500 Hazaras when the actual death toll reports 97 dead. In a third example, a Pakistani donor in January 2016 believed claims by ISIS-K that the group was engaged in 'large scale operations against American, British, and Afghan government forces' even though the group wasn't to launch their first real offensive until late summer that year. Reports among some donors indicated that they had reduced their support to ISIS-K and some were considering suspending donations because they believed the group was too caught up in conflicts with the Afghan Taliban. An ISIS-K leader admitted the same:
The donors have been telling us that we must be more active. They said that we must continue fighting and we are indeed increasing operations now. They have said that we must increase attacks. Rather than East Afghanistan, we are being asked to give a lot of importance to Shi'a areas and Central Asia, along with operations in the Northern Provinces of Afghanistan from where we must enter Central Asia. So they have been bringing pressure on us, telling us that we must increase the number of operations and capture more areas. The fighting which started in Nangarhar [in the summer of 2016] is a result of the pressure of these donors.
Private donations from foreign donors, nearly entirely from Sunni Gulf countries, constitute one of, if not the, largest revenue stream for ISIS-K. The group lacked the connection to foreign private donors early in its development, but once the province was officially announced by ISIS-Core in Iraq and Syria in January 2015, a number of private donors were redirected by ISIS-Core to begin donating to Khorasan Province instead of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. Private donors primarily came from Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, and Egypt with top donors paying millions of dollars worth each year, but the majority pad hundreds of thousands of dollars per year. Private donors are usually wealthy individuals, businessmen, government contractors, and reportedly some were members of royal families; most of the Saudi royal family, but also members of Emirati, Kuwaiti, and Qatari royal families.
To attract and manage the vital foreign donors, the ISIS-K Finance Commission established the group Community of Support for the Mujahideen (Pashto: مجاهدینو سره د مرستی ټولنه, romanized: Mujahideno Sara Da Marasti Tolana) to manage funding from external donors. The organization, totaling around eighty in staff, established offices abroad in the cities of Doha, Qatar; Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates; Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Medina, Saudi Arabia; and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia — strongly indicative of where the majority of ISIS-K's donors could be found. It also sent lobbyists to Middle East and South Asian countries to connect wealthy potential donors with ISIS-K.
Private donors were afforded special relationships with ISIS-K leaders, which sometimes created disruptive complexities for the group when different groups of donors would establish close relationships with prominent leaders of the various subgroups that coalesced to form ISIS-K. These different donor groups often had competing visions. At points, TKK and Muslim Dost had allegedly formed closer relations with Qatari donors (who contributed $20 million that year) while the Saudis aligned with Khilafat Afghan, TKP and Azizullah. These arrangements appeared to turn when the Qataris grew closer to Hafiz Saeed Khan (and TKP as a whole), and Khilafat Afghan as the Saudis warmed to Khilafat Afghan. These shifting streams of donations and relationships, along with the fact that two other subgroups, the Omar Ghazi Group and Shamali Khilafat, failed to achieve any similar connections with Gulf donors, suggest that ISIS-K had generally failed to truly unify and centralize income generation.
ISIS-K characterizes the motivations of private donors in the Gulf to ISIS-K stating:
First of all they are rich people and they think they have to give 1–2 percent to jihadists to secure a place in heaven. The second reason is that they are against the Shi'a. The say that Shi'as have a relationship with Iran and IS is against the Shi'a, so they support us. These people are from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Kuwait, and are encouraged by their governments to support ISIS, but in the UAE the private donors are without government support.
Beyond private donors from the Persian Gulf, a number of Gulf countries face allegations by foreign leaders, intelligence services, and admissions by ISIS-K's Finance Commission, of secretly providing financial support to ISIS-K.
The State of Qatar, more than any other nation, faces significant allegations of clandestine financial support for ISIS-K from a variety of foreign leaders, Pakistani intelligence, researchers, and even leaders within ISIS-K's Finance Commission. According to an leader in the ISIS-K Finance Commission, the Qatari government began supporting the al-Nusra Front and ISIS-K under what was known as the "Khorasan project" as early as 2013, a year before ISIS declared itself in Iraq and Syria and two years before ISIS-K would be announced by ISIS-Core. As of April 2015, the ISIS-K delegation in Qatar's capital of Doha was reportedly led by Mawlawi Nasratullah Popalzai, the leader of Tehrik-e Khalifat Khorasan (TKK), one of the largest groups to originally coalesce into ISIS-K, further highlighting the financial importance ISIS-K saw in Qatar.
Beyond longtime claims by Russia and Iran of Qatari support for the movement, a source in Pakistan's ISI alleged that both the governments of Qatar and Saudi Arabia provided ISIS-K with funds, trainers, and advisors. In one of the few books dedicated to ISIS-K, British researcher Antonio Giustozzi expresses support for claims of probable financial support to ISIS-K from the government of Qatar writing "Whether these allegations are credible or not... the question remains of whether private donors could really operate without some tacit consent by the authorities."
The government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has faced allegation, including by private donors, that it secretly financially supports ISIS-K in Afghanistan, though the public lacks concrete evidence to either confirm or deny these allegations.
Saudi Arabia faces numerous allegations, including from the then-Vice President Joe Biden, British Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn, and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, that its government secretly funds and arms the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. A report by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy on Saudi Arabia's funding of ISIS suggests that Riyadh benefits from ISIS's (a Sunni extremist organization) success against Iraq's Shiite government and Bashr al-Assad's Syrian government, but withholds serious support for the movement out of fears of blowback. The report cites a series of radical Islamic terrorist attacks in the kingdom from returning mujahideen in the Soviet-Afghan War, a movement heavily funded by the Saudi government, as the basis for its policy of restraint in supporting radical jihadist organizations.
Despite some allegations that the government of the State of Kuwait secretly provides financial support to ISIS-K, a majority of international concern regarding Kuwait surrounds the nation's permissive environment for international funding to the Islamic State in the Levant and in Afghanistan. One report from the Washington Institute for Near East Policy states that Kuwait is "long considered one of the most permissive terrorism financing environments in the Persian Gulf." Another report from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace writes "Kuwait has served as a clearinghouse. The tiny Gulf country of just over 3 million lacked a counterterrorist financing law until [the summer of 2013], and the new legislation has yet to be fully implemented. Donors have taken advantage not just of Kuwait's poor legal framework but also its pluralistic political environment, where free assembly and private charities are permitted." | [
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"text": "The Islamic State's Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) has historically relied on three primary sources of funding: payments from ISIS-Core, local taxation, and international donations. In a 2015 interview, an officer of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) commented that ISIS-K's real source of power in the region was in the organization's financial wealth. From its origins in 2013 to the present day, ISIS-K's monetary wealth has made it an attractive alternative for fighters unsatisfied with lower paying militant groups including TTP and the Afghan Taliban. Mirroring ISIS-Core and sister ISIS branches, ISIS-K's finances are managed by the province's Finance Commission.",
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{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the territories under its control, ISIS-K implemented a taxation system, imposing levies on local populations and businesses. This strategy allowed the group to extract resources directly from the communities it governed, showcasing a degree of financial autonomy within specific operational zones. The revenue generated through local taxation contributed to the group's self-sufficiency.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "External and international funding constituted another crucial component of ISIS-K's financial ecosystem. The group attracted donations from sympathetic patrons, including wealthy individuals from Gulf countries like Qatar and Saudi Arabia. This external funding, coupled with collaborations with individuals willing to contribute resources, provided an additional layer of financial support. Moreover, engaging in criminal enterprises, such as human trafficking and smuggling, further diversified ISIS-K's funding sources, demonstrating adaptability in sustaining its operations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Since its inception, ISIS-K has received financial support from ISIS-Core in the Levant. Early in the group's history, ISIS-K benefitted from neither local taxation nor international donors. Up until 2015, the group's commanders received strict instruction not to impose taxes for fears of stepping on the toes of other militant groups in the region who also taxed the local populous for funds. Similarly, the newly established group had yet to establish trusted relationships with international donors that then remained with ISIS-Core in the Levant. Consequently, the new organization relied almost entirely on payments from ISIS-Core. According to the U.S. Department of the Treasury, “ISIS is best characterized as a global network of loosely organized branches and cells with varying financial activities coordinated under a central financial system that funds the core network and redistributes funds to less wealthy affiliates or global regions that it sees as a priority.”",
"title": "Payments from ISIS-Core"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2015, the year Wilayat Khorasan (ISIS-K) was officially announced, ISIS-Core in the Levant began encouraging ISIS-K to begin raising its own funds. According to a 2016 interview with three leaders from within ISIS-K's Finance Commission, ISIS-K received $100 million (USD) in 2015 and $78 million in 2016, a 22% loss, likely offset by a nearly 82% gain in private international donations. An additional factor in the decrease in funding may have been the sharp 55% decrease in ISIS-Core's income between the height of the caliphate in 2014 ($1.89 billion) and 2016 ($870 million) when the group had experienced significant territorial losses, including half of Mosul, to U.S.-led forces in Operation Inherent Resolve (OIR). Brief statements by the United States Department of State and Department of Treasury between 2019 and 2021 indicate that “ISIS core was possibly providing some funds to ISIS-K,” however the extent or sum of financial support during this time period has not been published.",
"title": "Payments from ISIS-Core"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Details of ISIS-Core's funding support to ISIS-K following the August 2021 withdrawal of NATO forces remain publicly unclear, however the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and Department of the Treasury have provided characterizations, estimates, and updates regarding the financial support. According to the Department of the Treasury, the most revealing source on ISIS-Core financial support, ISIS-Core continues to directly fund ISIS-K, a province it views as a viable region to increase operational, fundraising, recruitment, and attack capabilities.",
"title": "Payments from ISIS-Core"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The report states that ISIS-Core money transfers, “hundreds of thousands of dollars,” largely originating in Somalia, are conducted over a variety of funds transfer mechanisms including virtual asset service providers and hawalas, transiting through financial facilitators in Turkey and Yemen, noting that Turkey remains a key hub for ISIS to transfer funds, weapons, and operatives between the Middle East, South Asia, and Europe. The report specifically identifies three significant cases of the ISIS-Core's financing of ISIS-K, the first of which was a 2021 transfer of funds from a Somalia-based ISIS network to ISIS-K with the probable intent of supporting external operations plotting in Europe. The second case concerned the provision of funds by ISIS-Core leaders to ISIS-K, specifically earmarked for use in external operations plots in Europe — funds that were moved through financial facilitators and supported successful attacks, including at least one attack in Russia. The third case identified transfers from Bilal al-Sudani, a key ISIS leader overseeing the organization's presence in Africa, to ISIS-K in late 2022. Bilal al-Sudani was killed by the United States military in January 2023 in a raid on his cave complex in northern Somalia. Citing an anonymous senior U.S. official, the New York Times reported shortly after his death that \"Al-Sudani helped to put money in the pockets of the same elements of ISIS-K responsible for [the suicide bombing at] Abbey Gate.\"",
"title": "Payments from ISIS-Core"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Reports from DIA describe some probable reliance by ISIS-K on funding from ISIS-Core since April 2022, though no amount or estimate is provided. In Q4 (October–December) 2022, the report stated “This quarter, the international leadership of ISIS (ISIS-Core) almost certainly provided direct financial support to ISIS-K and exercises a degree of control over its Afghan affiliate through leadership appointment and financial support, the DIA said.” Later, in Q3 (July–September) of 2023, the report for the first time suggested that there had been no indications of ISIS-Core financial support to ISIS-K in the quarter, writing “The DIA said that it did not observe ISIS-K receive direct support from ISIS-Core or other ISIS branches, foreign actors, or other violent extremist groups this quarter.”",
"title": "Payments from ISIS-Core"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Among a number of individuals sanctioned by the United States for support to ISIS-K, Ismatullah Khalozai was sanctioned on 22 November 2021 for directly providing financial support to ISIS-K on behalf of the senior leadership of the ISIS-Core. According to the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), Khalozai operated a Turkey-based hawala business which he used for two years to transfer funds to finance ISIS-K operations and carry out tasks directly for senior ISIS-Core leaders. Khalozai is also accused of conducting human smuggling operations for ISIS-K and operating a UAE-based financing scheme which involved sending luxury items to international destinations for resale to generate funds for ISIS-K prior to his role in Turkey.",
"title": "Payments from ISIS-Core"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In 2015, the year ISIS-Core announced the establishment of ISIS-K, the former gave instructions to begin local taxation, lifting previous guidance forbidding ISIS-K from collecting taxes in order to avoid clashes with other militant groups collecting taxes in the region, including the Afghan and Pakistani Taliban. Interviewed in December 2015, an ISIS-K member in Herat explained, \"Daesh told us that we must find some local source of money, which can help us. We are extracting from mines and collecting taxes from the people. They have told us that we need to make a lot of money for the future. We need to have a budget to buy weapons and ammunition for ourselves. Before we dd not have permission to collect money.\" ISIS-K began to internally generate revenue by taxing local businesses and citizens, seizing and taxing mines, operating illegal checkpoints to extort truck drivers, kidnapping for ransom, and (for a time) taxing the abundant narcotics traffickers. In a 2016 report to Congress, the Pentagon stated \"command and control and funding from core ISIL is limited. Rather than relying on external funding, IS-K is attempting to develop its funding streams within Afghanistan, which has put it into conflict with the Taliban and other groups vying to raise revenue from illegal checkpoints and the trade of illicit goods.\"",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "ISIS-K invoked Islamic religious authorities to collect its taxes, specifically Zakat and Ushr. Zakat (Arabic: زكاة, lit. 'that which purifies') is a form of almsgiving (approximately 2.5% of one's wealth) often collected by the Muslim Ummah and is a religious duty for all Muslims as one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Notably, According to classical Islamic jurists, if the collector is unjust in the collection of zakat but just in its distribution, the concealment of property from him is allowed. If, on the other hand, the collector is just in the collection but unjust in the distribution, the concealment of property from him is an obligation (wajib). The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, as well as its geographically dispersed provinces, all use Zakat to collect taxes from subjects. ISIS-K also reportedly collected Ushr, a 10% tax on the harvests of land dependent on irrigation or rainwater or 5% tax on those dependent on well water. Zakat and Ushr have played significant roles in Islamic history and, in support of ISIS-K's narrative, were both mandated during historic Islamic caliphates.",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Numerous ISIS-K sources adamantly argued that the group deliberately avoided taxing the poor farmers that constitute much of the Afghan agricultural economy, focusing its tax collection on the shopkeepers of the bazaars and the wealthy, whom it comprehensively taxed. A village elder in Helmand explained the taxes were collected \"not from the village and elders, but they did collect tax from the businessmen, shopkeepers, and drug traffickers. In this way, Daesh were completely different from the Taliban. The Taliban collected Zakat from the villagers but Daesh took Zakat or tax from shopkeepers, drug traffickers, and businessmen.\"",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Taxes collected varied between provinces. Below is a sample of monthly collection provided by ISIS-K finance officials in Kunar, Nangarhar, Farah, Herat and Kunduz Provinces between October 2015 and March 2017.",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Narcotics trade, particularly opium poppies, has been a critical facet of ISIS-K's revenue generation in Afghanistan. Before the ban imposed in November 2015, ISIS-K strategically positioned itself to control heroin refineries, many of which were concentrated in districts under its sway, such as Achin, Momand Dara, Shinwari, and Chaparhar. The group, adhering to Shari’a principles, initially imposed zakat and ushr on poppy cultivation, adding a religious dimension to its taxation strategies.",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The ban on poppies, ostensibly driven by internal power dynamics and efforts to bring order within ISIS-K, marked a significant shift in the group's financial landscape. It coincided with Abu Yasir al-Afghani's initiatives to streamline ISIS-K's operations and eliminate internal contentions over control of drug revenue. The ban, however, had broader implications, disrupting a major revenue stream and necessitating adjustments in ISIS-K's financial approach.",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The ban's timing raises questions, as it was lifted in specific regions like southwest Afghanistan and Baluchistan in January 2017. This temporal correlation suggests a potential response to financial exigencies faced by IS-Central in Syria and Iraq, emphasizing the interconnected nature of the group's financial strategies on a global scale. It also underscores the pragmatic considerations within IS-K, allowing localized adaptations for economic gains.",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The ban's implementation did not preclude the use of individuals with backgrounds in the drug trade, exemplified by figures like Abdul Zahir Brahawi, whose family members continued trading opium and heroin throughout the prohibition. Brahawi and others lobbied for lifting the ban, asserting its impediment to ISIS-K's progress in regions notorious for drug trafficking.",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Kidnapping and demanding ransom, one of ISIS-K's historic sources of revenue, is a common practice for armed insurgent and terrorist groups including the Islamic State's abduction of hundreds of Assyrian Christians in Syria for ransom, and the Islamic State's kidnapping-for-ransom schemes in its African provinces. Even in the region, armed groups including Tehrik-e Taliban Pakistan (TTP), and both the Taliban and Haqqani network prior to the United States withdrawal from Afghanistan, engage in kidnapping for ransom, often in Kabul. Even before ISIS-K was officially announced by ISIS-Core in January 2015, the group had allegedly carried out over 300 such kidnapping for ransoms with ransom prices starting as low as $20,000. This model, though generating sizable income for the group, came to alienate locals in Nangarhar Province (ISIS-K's core base of operations). These locals, who initially favored ISIS-K in its early days, soon became disenfranchised with the increasingly brutal governance including kidnappings for ransom as well as strict sharia law, school closures, public executions, killings of tribal elders, destruction of Sufi shrines, and bans on cigarettes.",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Afghanistan, though one of the world's poorest nations, ranks sixth among nations by largest rare earth element reserves, a resource largely untapped because of the nation's lack of industrialization. The landlocked country sits atop an estimated $1 trillion worth mineral deposits including sizable deposits of iron, copper, gold, and lithium, as well as the rare earth elements in Helmand Province near the village of Khanashin where minerals from an extinct volcano now lay worth approximately $7.4 billion, according to the United States Geological Survey and Department of Defense.",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "During 2016, ISIS-K seized a number of mines, taxing profits and the transport of goods and in some cases directly taking control of mining activities. In Helmand Province in the south, ISIS-K seized a mine at the dormant Koh-i Khan Neshin stratovolcano, known for rare earth elements such as uranium and carbonatites. In the same year, ISIS-K took control of marble, talc, and luminescent mineral mining profits in the Nangarhar districts of Hissarak, Achin, Kot, Shinwar. Although no public quantization exists of income generated by ISIS-K's control over the mining industry, the group reportedly taxed the mining businesses anywhere between 200 and 500 Pakistani Rupees per ton extracted (material dependent) or 20% of the minerals' value.",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "According to a 2016 interview with village elders in December 2015, ISIS-K operated illegal checkpoints stopping trucks and charging drivers up to $9,000. This form of extortion is historically common in Afghanistan and was employed by a number of armed groups between the Soviet withdrawal in 1989 and the 1996 capture of Kabul by the Afghan Taliban, a period with no effective national government and two civil wars (1989–1992 and 1992–1996).",
"title": "Taxation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The total amount of international financial donations received by ISIS-K is not publicly known, but the group has provided estimates suggesting an influx of $129–$181 million in 2015 and around $160 million in 2016, compared to $100 million in support from ISIS-Core in 2015 and $78 million in 2016. The sharp drop in foreign government funding between the two years, a loss of between $23–$75 million, was partially offset by a near doubling of international private donors which netted an additional $54 million increase in 2016. This change, along with a decrease in funds provided by ISIS-Core implies that both foreign governments and ISIS-Core felt more comfortable reducing financial support with a strong uptick in private donations to the group.",
"title": "International funding"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Motivations for these governments to support ISIS-K varies, but interviews with private donors from these Gulf countries and ISIS-K Finance Commission leaders suggest two principal reasons. The first is sectarian support to radical Sunni organizations that challenge or attack Shia groups, whether it be ISIS-K's long-distant vision to establish a Sunni Islamic caliphate in the historic region of Khorasan which includes much of eastern Iran or attacks on Shia Muslims (primarily the Hazara minority in Afghanistan), and shrines in Afghanistan and Pakistan. ISIS-K has demonstrated its hatred for Shia Muslims through repeated terrorist attacks and suicide bombings, including its third deadliest attack ever, the 23 July 2016 twin bombing during a protest in Kabul which killed at least 97 Shia Hazara Afghans and injured over 260. The second motivating reason for Gulf governments to provide financial support to ISIS-K is belief that the group, should it effectively expand its operations (and supposedly one day its caliphate) into the Central Asian states of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, would bring Islamic terrorist pressure into the southern belly of the Soviet sphere of influence and Russia's southern border, prompting it to withdraw its forces from Syria and end its intervention in the nation.",
"title": "International funding"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "These perceptions of Gulf governments and private donors alike are critical to ISIS-K's funding stream, and therefore the group is strongly incentivized to inflate claims of success to gain and retain foreign financial support. As an example, one Qatari private donor reported being told by ISIS-K that the group controlled sixty districts and 28% of Afghanistan in mid-2016 and that ISIS-K was successfully preventing the deployment of Shia militia groups from Afghanistan to the conflict in Syria, both of which were far from reality. In another case, following the 23 July 2016 bombing of a Shia Hazara protest, ISIS-K advertised to its donors that it had killed 500 Hazaras when the actual death toll reports 97 dead. In a third example, a Pakistani donor in January 2016 believed claims by ISIS-K that the group was engaged in 'large scale operations against American, British, and Afghan government forces' even though the group wasn't to launch their first real offensive until late summer that year. Reports among some donors indicated that they had reduced their support to ISIS-K and some were considering suspending donations because they believed the group was too caught up in conflicts with the Afghan Taliban. An ISIS-K leader admitted the same:",
"title": "International funding"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The donors have been telling us that we must be more active. They said that we must continue fighting and we are indeed increasing operations now. They have said that we must increase attacks. Rather than East Afghanistan, we are being asked to give a lot of importance to Shi'a areas and Central Asia, along with operations in the Northern Provinces of Afghanistan from where we must enter Central Asia. So they have been bringing pressure on us, telling us that we must increase the number of operations and capture more areas. The fighting which started in Nangarhar [in the summer of 2016] is a result of the pressure of these donors.",
"title": "International funding"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Private donations from foreign donors, nearly entirely from Sunni Gulf countries, constitute one of, if not the, largest revenue stream for ISIS-K. The group lacked the connection to foreign private donors early in its development, but once the province was officially announced by ISIS-Core in Iraq and Syria in January 2015, a number of private donors were redirected by ISIS-Core to begin donating to Khorasan Province instead of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. Private donors primarily came from Qatar, Kuwait, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Syria, and Egypt with top donors paying millions of dollars worth each year, but the majority pad hundreds of thousands of dollars per year. Private donors are usually wealthy individuals, businessmen, government contractors, and reportedly some were members of royal families; most of the Saudi royal family, but also members of Emirati, Kuwaiti, and Qatari royal families.",
"title": "Private donations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "To attract and manage the vital foreign donors, the ISIS-K Finance Commission established the group Community of Support for the Mujahideen (Pashto: مجاهدینو سره د مرستی ټولنه, romanized: Mujahideno Sara Da Marasti Tolana) to manage funding from external donors. The organization, totaling around eighty in staff, established offices abroad in the cities of Doha, Qatar; Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates; Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Medina, Saudi Arabia; and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia — strongly indicative of where the majority of ISIS-K's donors could be found. It also sent lobbyists to Middle East and South Asian countries to connect wealthy potential donors with ISIS-K.",
"title": "Private donations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Private donors were afforded special relationships with ISIS-K leaders, which sometimes created disruptive complexities for the group when different groups of donors would establish close relationships with prominent leaders of the various subgroups that coalesced to form ISIS-K. These different donor groups often had competing visions. At points, TKK and Muslim Dost had allegedly formed closer relations with Qatari donors (who contributed $20 million that year) while the Saudis aligned with Khilafat Afghan, TKP and Azizullah. These arrangements appeared to turn when the Qataris grew closer to Hafiz Saeed Khan (and TKP as a whole), and Khilafat Afghan as the Saudis warmed to Khilafat Afghan. These shifting streams of donations and relationships, along with the fact that two other subgroups, the Omar Ghazi Group and Shamali Khilafat, failed to achieve any similar connections with Gulf donors, suggest that ISIS-K had generally failed to truly unify and centralize income generation.",
"title": "Private donations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "ISIS-K characterizes the motivations of private donors in the Gulf to ISIS-K stating:",
"title": "Private donations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "First of all they are rich people and they think they have to give 1–2 percent to jihadists to secure a place in heaven. The second reason is that they are against the Shi'a. The say that Shi'as have a relationship with Iran and IS is against the Shi'a, so they support us. These people are from Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Kuwait, and are encouraged by their governments to support ISIS, but in the UAE the private donors are without government support.",
"title": "Private donations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Beyond private donors from the Persian Gulf, a number of Gulf countries face allegations by foreign leaders, intelligence services, and admissions by ISIS-K's Finance Commission, of secretly providing financial support to ISIS-K.",
"title": "Foreign government donations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "The State of Qatar, more than any other nation, faces significant allegations of clandestine financial support for ISIS-K from a variety of foreign leaders, Pakistani intelligence, researchers, and even leaders within ISIS-K's Finance Commission. According to an leader in the ISIS-K Finance Commission, the Qatari government began supporting the al-Nusra Front and ISIS-K under what was known as the \"Khorasan project\" as early as 2013, a year before ISIS declared itself in Iraq and Syria and two years before ISIS-K would be announced by ISIS-Core. As of April 2015, the ISIS-K delegation in Qatar's capital of Doha was reportedly led by Mawlawi Nasratullah Popalzai, the leader of Tehrik-e Khalifat Khorasan (TKK), one of the largest groups to originally coalesce into ISIS-K, further highlighting the financial importance ISIS-K saw in Qatar.",
"title": "Foreign government donations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "Beyond longtime claims by Russia and Iran of Qatari support for the movement, a source in Pakistan's ISI alleged that both the governments of Qatar and Saudi Arabia provided ISIS-K with funds, trainers, and advisors. In one of the few books dedicated to ISIS-K, British researcher Antonio Giustozzi expresses support for claims of probable financial support to ISIS-K from the government of Qatar writing \"Whether these allegations are credible or not... the question remains of whether private donors could really operate without some tacit consent by the authorities.\"",
"title": "Foreign government donations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "The government of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has faced allegation, including by private donors, that it secretly financially supports ISIS-K in Afghanistan, though the public lacks concrete evidence to either confirm or deny these allegations.",
"title": "Foreign government donations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "Saudi Arabia faces numerous allegations, including from the then-Vice President Joe Biden, British Labour Party Leader Jeremy Corbyn, and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki, that its government secretly funds and arms the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. A report by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy on Saudi Arabia's funding of ISIS suggests that Riyadh benefits from ISIS's (a Sunni extremist organization) success against Iraq's Shiite government and Bashr al-Assad's Syrian government, but withholds serious support for the movement out of fears of blowback. The report cites a series of radical Islamic terrorist attacks in the kingdom from returning mujahideen in the Soviet-Afghan War, a movement heavily funded by the Saudi government, as the basis for its policy of restraint in supporting radical jihadist organizations.",
"title": "Foreign government donations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "Despite some allegations that the government of the State of Kuwait secretly provides financial support to ISIS-K, a majority of international concern regarding Kuwait surrounds the nation's permissive environment for international funding to the Islamic State in the Levant and in Afghanistan. One report from the Washington Institute for Near East Policy states that Kuwait is \"long considered one of the most permissive terrorism financing environments in the Persian Gulf.\" Another report from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace writes \"Kuwait has served as a clearinghouse. The tiny Gulf country of just over 3 million lacked a counterterrorist financing law until [the summer of 2013], and the new legislation has yet to be fully implemented. Donors have taken advantage not just of Kuwait's poor legal framework but also its pluralistic political environment, where free assembly and private charities are permitted.\"",
"title": "Foreign government donations"
}
] | The Islamic State's Khorasan Province (ISIS-K) has historically relied on three primary sources of funding: payments from ISIS-Core, local taxation, and international donations. In a 2015 interview, an officer of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) commented that ISIS-K's real source of power in the region was in the organization's financial wealth. From its origins in 2013 to the present day, ISIS-K's monetary wealth has made it an attractive alternative for fighters unsatisfied with lower paying militant groups including TTP and the Afghan Taliban. Mirroring ISIS-Core and sister ISIS branches, ISIS-K's finances are managed by the province's Finance Commission. At the core of ISIS-K's financial framework was the support received from ISIS-Central or the broader ISIS network. This internal coordination ensured a steady flow of funds to ISIS-K, strengthening its operational capacity. While the exact mechanisms of this financial relationship remain covert, the financial backing from the central leadership underscored the interconnected nature of various ISIS factions. In the territories under its control, ISIS-K implemented a taxation system, imposing levies on local populations and businesses. This strategy allowed the group to extract resources directly from the communities it governed, showcasing a degree of financial autonomy within specific operational zones. The revenue generated through local taxation contributed to the group's self-sufficiency. External and international funding constituted another crucial component of ISIS-K's financial ecosystem. The group attracted donations from sympathetic patrons, including wealthy individuals from Gulf countries like Qatar and Saudi Arabia. This external funding, coupled with collaborations with individuals willing to contribute resources, provided an additional layer of financial support. Moreover, engaging in criminal enterprises, such as human trafficking and smuggling, further diversified ISIS-K's funding sources, demonstrating adaptability in sustaining its operations. | 2023-12-14T01:04:39Z | 2023-12-19T02:06:40Z | [
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75,559,136 | Andrés Lima (politician) | Andrés Pablo Lima Proserpio (born 31 October 1973) is a Uruguayan politician of the Broad Front (PN), serving as Intendant of the Salto Department, since 26 November 2020.
Lima Proserpio was born in Salto on October 31, 1971. He graduated as a lawyer from the University of the Republic.
Raised Catholic, in 2018 he became a member of the Evangelical Church, to which his then partner belonged. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Andrés Pablo Lima Proserpio (born 31 October 1973) is a Uruguayan politician of the Broad Front (PN), serving as Intendant of the Salto Department, since 26 November 2020.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Lima Proserpio was born in Salto on October 31, 1971. He graduated as a lawyer from the University of the Republic.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Raised Catholic, in 2018 he became a member of the Evangelical Church, to which his then partner belonged.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Andrés Pablo Lima Proserpio is a Uruguayan politician of the Broad Front (PN), serving as Intendant of the Salto Department, since 26 November 2020. | 2023-12-14T01:08:46Z | 2023-12-16T20:04:18Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Lima_(politician) |
75,559,146 | 2023 Big East Conference women's soccer tournament | The 2023 Big East Conference women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Big East Conference held from October 29 through November 5, 2023. The five-match tournament took place at the Maryland SoccerPlex in Boyds, Maryland for the semifinals and finals, while the first-round games were hosted by the higher seeded team. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The defending champions were the Georgetown Hoyas. They successfully defended their title by defeating Xavier in the final 2–0. This was the second straight year that Georgetown defeated Xavier in the Final. This is the seventh title in program history for Georgetown and head coach Dave Nolan. All seven of their titles have come in the last eight years and Georgetown has now won four straight titles. As tournament champions, Georgetown earned the Big East's automatic berth into the 2023 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament.
The top six teams in the regular season earned a spot in the tournament. A tiebreaker was required to determine the first and second seeds for the tournament after Xavier and Georgetown finished the regular season with identical 6–1–4 regular season conference records. The two teams tied 0–0 in their October 6 regular season match up so a second tiebreaker was used. The second tiebreaker was points earned versus teams qualified for the Big East tournament. Xavier was awarded the first seed while Georgetown was the second seed.
There were 14 goals scored in 5 matches, for an average of 2.8 goals per match (as of November 5, 2023).
2 goals
1 goal
Source:
* Offensive MVP ^ Defensive MVP | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 Big East Conference women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Big East Conference held from October 29 through November 5, 2023. The five-match tournament took place at the Maryland SoccerPlex in Boyds, Maryland for the semifinals and finals, while the first-round games were hosted by the higher seeded team. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The defending champions were the Georgetown Hoyas. They successfully defended their title by defeating Xavier in the final 2–0. This was the second straight year that Georgetown defeated Xavier in the Final. This is the seventh title in program history for Georgetown and head coach Dave Nolan. All seven of their titles have come in the last eight years and Georgetown has now won four straight titles. As tournament champions, Georgetown earned the Big East's automatic berth into the 2023 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The top six teams in the regular season earned a spot in the tournament. A tiebreaker was required to determine the first and second seeds for the tournament after Xavier and Georgetown finished the regular season with identical 6–1–4 regular season conference records. The two teams tied 0–0 in their October 6 regular season match up so a second tiebreaker was used. The second tiebreaker was points earned versus teams qualified for the Big East tournament. Xavier was awarded the first seed while Georgetown was the second seed.",
"title": "Seeding"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "There were 14 goals scored in 5 matches, for an average of 2.8 goals per match (as of November 5, 2023).",
"title": "Statistics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "2 goals",
"title": "Statistics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "1 goal",
"title": "Statistics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Source:",
"title": "All-Tournament team"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "* Offensive MVP ^ Defensive MVP",
"title": "All-Tournament team"
}
] | The 2023 Big East Conference women's soccer tournament was the postseason women's soccer tournament for the Big East Conference held from October 29 through November 5, 2023. The five-match tournament took place at the Maryland SoccerPlex in Boyds, Maryland for the semifinals and finals, while the first-round games were hosted by the higher seeded team. The six-team single-elimination tournament consisted of three rounds based on seeding from regular season conference play. The defending champions were the Georgetown Hoyas. They successfully defended their title by defeating Xavier in the final 2–0. This was the second straight year that Georgetown defeated Xavier in the Final. This is the seventh title in program history for Georgetown and head coach Dave Nolan. All seven of their titles have come in the last eight years and Georgetown has now won four straight titles. As tournament champions, Georgetown earned the Big East's automatic berth into the 2023 NCAA Division I women's soccer tournament. | 2023-12-14T01:10:54Z | 2023-12-21T12:49:59Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Big_East_Conference_women%27s_soccer_tournament |
75,559,153 | Tayfun (missile) | The Tayfun (Turkish Typhoon) is a Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) developed basis on Bora (missile) by Turkish state-owned Roketsan. It's Turkey's first SRBM system.Turkey accidentally revealed the Typhoon, which was being secretly developed, during a test launch on October 20, 2022, and although the characteristics of the missiles were unknown, it was later announced by the Ministry of National Defense; TAYFUN (Typhoon), hitting its target from a distance of 561 kilometers in a duration of 456 seconds.
Since Tayfun was developed secretly, there is no information about its design period. It caused controversy in Greece when it accidentally appeared during a test launch in Rize and was later announced by Erdoğan. Later Erdoğan said that Now we have started to build our missiles. Of course, this production frightens the Greeks. When you say ‘Tayfun' (Typhoon), the Greek is scared. They (Greece) say it will hit Athens. Of course, it will hit it, Erdoğan said at an event in northern Samsun province.
Tayfun tested again on 23 May 2023 successfully and 4 days after entered mass production on 29 May 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Tayfun (Turkish Typhoon) is a Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) developed basis on Bora (missile) by Turkish state-owned Roketsan. It's Turkey's first SRBM system.Turkey accidentally revealed the Typhoon, which was being secretly developed, during a test launch on October 20, 2022, and although the characteristics of the missiles were unknown, it was later announced by the Ministry of National Defense; TAYFUN (Typhoon), hitting its target from a distance of 561 kilometers in a duration of 456 seconds.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Since Tayfun was developed secretly, there is no information about its design period. It caused controversy in Greece when it accidentally appeared during a test launch in Rize and was later announced by Erdoğan. Later Erdoğan said that Now we have started to build our missiles. Of course, this production frightens the Greeks. When you say ‘Tayfun' (Typhoon), the Greek is scared. They (Greece) say it will hit Athens. Of course, it will hit it, Erdoğan said at an event in northern Samsun province.",
"title": "Design and Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Tayfun tested again on 23 May 2023 successfully and 4 days after entered mass production on 29 May 2023.",
"title": "Design and Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The Tayfun is a Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) developed basis on Bora (missile) by Turkish state-owned Roketsan. It's Turkey's first SRBM system.Turkey accidentally revealed the Typhoon, which was being secretly developed, during a test launch on October 20, 2022, and although the characteristics of the missiles were unknown, it was later announced by the Ministry of National Defense; TAYFUN (Typhoon), hitting its target from a distance of 561 kilometers in a duration of 456 seconds. | 2023-12-14T01:11:28Z | 2023-12-19T01:49:23Z | [
"Template:Short description",
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"Template:Flag",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Missile-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayfun_(missile) |
75,559,218 | Contraband Police | Contraband Police is a 2023 video game from PlayWay.
The player performs the duties of a border control agent. The player is responsible for controlling entrants, comparing passports and other documentation, and rejecting entrants with improper documentation.
Contraband Police was positively received on release, with Metacritic aggregating reviews as "generally favorable" out of 10 critic reviews.
In the first month since its release, the game's developer announced that it had surpassed 250,000 units sold since its launch. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Contraband Police is a 2023 video game from PlayWay.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The player performs the duties of a border control agent. The player is responsible for controlling entrants, comparing passports and other documentation, and rejecting entrants with improper documentation.",
"title": "Gameplay"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Contraband Police was positively received on release, with Metacritic aggregating reviews as \"generally favorable\" out of 10 critic reviews.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In the first month since its release, the game's developer announced that it had surpassed 250,000 units sold since its launch.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Contraband Police is a 2023 video game from PlayWay. | 2023-12-14T01:24:31Z | 2023-12-30T05:38:03Z | [
"Template:Notability",
"Template:Infobox video game",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraband_Police |
75,559,221 | List of Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football seasons | This is a list of seasons completed by the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team. The Blue Raiders compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of Conference USA. They play their home games at Johnny "Red" Floyd Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 30,788.
Middle Tennessee began playing football in 1911 as a small-college program. Following the NCAA's reclassification into divisions in 1973, the Blue Raiders competed as a Division II program for five seasons before moving up to the Division I-AA (now FCS) level in 1978. MTSU made seven appearances in the I-AA/FCS playoff before transitioning to Division I-A/FBS in 1999.
The Blue Raiders have won 13 conference championships in program history and have played in 13 bowl games, winning eight. The team is currently led by first-year head coach Derek Mason, who took over for Rick Stockstill after 18 years at the helm. | [
{
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"text": "This is a list of seasons completed by the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team. The Blue Raiders compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of Conference USA. They play their home games at Johnny \"Red\" Floyd Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 30,788.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Middle Tennessee began playing football in 1911 as a small-college program. Following the NCAA's reclassification into divisions in 1973, the Blue Raiders competed as a Division II program for five seasons before moving up to the Division I-AA (now FCS) level in 1978. MTSU made seven appearances in the I-AA/FCS playoff before transitioning to Division I-A/FBS in 1999.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Blue Raiders have won 13 conference championships in program history and have played in 13 bowl games, winning eight. The team is currently led by first-year head coach Derek Mason, who took over for Rick Stockstill after 18 years at the helm.",
"title": ""
}
] | This is a list of seasons completed by the Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team. The Blue Raiders compete in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) as a member of Conference USA. They play their home games at Johnny "Red" Floyd Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 30,788. Middle Tennessee began playing football in 1911 as a small-college program. Following the NCAA's reclassification into divisions in 1973, the Blue Raiders competed as a Division II program for five seasons before moving up to the Division I-AA level in 1978. MTSU made seven appearances in the I-AA/FCS playoff before transitioning to Division I-A/FBS in 1999. The Blue Raiders have won 13 conference championships in program history and have played in 13 bowl games, winning eight. The team is currently led by first-year head coach Derek Mason, who took over for Rick Stockstill after 18 years at the helm. | 2023-12-14T01:25:02Z | 2023-12-14T06:47:33Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Middle_Tennessee_Blue_Raiders_football_seasons |
75,559,224 | The Blackwoods | The Blackwoods is a 2023 young adult novel by Brandy Colbert. The novel is told through three alternative perspectives, starting in 1942 with the rise of Hollywood film star Blossom Blackwood to the present day, following Blackwood's death and her family's subsequent grieving process and their relationship with Blossom's success, especially after a decades-long secret is revealed.
The Blackwoods received starred reviews from Kirkus Reviews, Publishers Weekly, and Shelf Awareness.
Kirkus Reviews referred to The Blackwoods as "a striking testament to the bonds of family and a perceptive study in how events can echo throughout generations". They further praised how "Colbert expertly juggles each protagonist’s POV, rendering them with distinct tones and rhythmic prose that complements the characters’ individual situations". Publishers Weekly and Shelf Awareness's Natasha Harris shared the sentiment.
Kirkus Reviews, Publishers Weekly, and Shelf Awareness all also highlighted Colbert's strength in navigating difficult topics, including racism, sexual harassment, sexism, and addiction.
Booklist and School Library Journal also reviewed the novel.
The Blackwoods is a Junior Library Guild book. In 2023, Kirkus Reviews named The Blackwoods one of the best young adult books of the year. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Blackwoods is a 2023 young adult novel by Brandy Colbert. The novel is told through three alternative perspectives, starting in 1942 with the rise of Hollywood film star Blossom Blackwood to the present day, following Blackwood's death and her family's subsequent grieving process and their relationship with Blossom's success, especially after a decades-long secret is revealed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Blackwoods received starred reviews from Kirkus Reviews, Publishers Weekly, and Shelf Awareness.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Kirkus Reviews referred to The Blackwoods as \"a striking testament to the bonds of family and a perceptive study in how events can echo throughout generations\". They further praised how \"Colbert expertly juggles each protagonist’s POV, rendering them with distinct tones and rhythmic prose that complements the characters’ individual situations\". Publishers Weekly and Shelf Awareness's Natasha Harris shared the sentiment.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Kirkus Reviews, Publishers Weekly, and Shelf Awareness all also highlighted Colbert's strength in navigating difficult topics, including racism, sexual harassment, sexism, and addiction.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Booklist and School Library Journal also reviewed the novel.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The Blackwoods is a Junior Library Guild book. In 2023, Kirkus Reviews named The Blackwoods one of the best young adult books of the year.",
"title": "Awards and honors"
}
] | The Blackwoods is a 2023 young adult novel by Brandy Colbert. The novel is told through three alternative perspectives, starting in 1942 with the rise of Hollywood film star Blossom Blackwood to the present day, following Blackwood's death and her family's subsequent grieving process and their relationship with Blossom's success, especially after a decades-long secret is revealed. | 2023-12-14T01:25:23Z | 2023-12-14T01:42:23Z | [
"Template:Infobox book",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blackwoods |
75,559,238 | Cecilie Winther Johansen | Cecilie Winther Johansen (born 14 June 2000) is a Danish footballer who plays for the German team Bayer 04 Leverkusen. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Cecilie Winther Johansen (born 14 June 2000) is a Danish footballer who plays for the German team Bayer 04 Leverkusen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Cecilie Winther Johansen is a Danish footballer who plays for the German team Bayer 04 Leverkusen. | 2023-12-14T01:30:02Z | 2023-12-14T11:20:44Z | [
"Template:Denmark-women-footy-bio-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilie_Winther_Johansen |
75,559,239 | Asperarca | Asperarca is a genus in the family Arcidae which currently consists of eight species. They attach themselves to rocks or hard substrates with byssal threads in shallower, coastal waters. It was first described by Dr. Federico Sacco in December 1898 with the type taxon A. nodulosa that has been recorded throughout the coastal Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, and northeastern Atlantic Ocean. The earliest known species are A. acuta and A. microida which were found in 2014 in Ukraine from the Eocene Epoch.
Shells in this genus are elongated and rectangular at about 6-32 millimeters in length. The hinged side of the shell is a straight line which curves into a rounded edge. One side of the hinge has 10-20 prominent teeth while the other has matching indentations. The prodissoconch starts out rounded and nearly circular before stretching into a parallelogram with a distinct diagonal point on the far end of the adult shell. Some have described it as more of a trapezoid shape. Shells tend to have a tan or beige periostracum and are convex with the highest point just in front of the hinge. Byssal threads extend from the hinge to attach shells to hard surfaces or substrates. There is no noticeable difference between the extinct Eocene shells and the extant ones other than size. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Asperarca is a genus in the family Arcidae which currently consists of eight species. They attach themselves to rocks or hard substrates with byssal threads in shallower, coastal waters. It was first described by Dr. Federico Sacco in December 1898 with the type taxon A. nodulosa that has been recorded throughout the coastal Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, and northeastern Atlantic Ocean. The earliest known species are A. acuta and A. microida which were found in 2014 in Ukraine from the Eocene Epoch.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Shells in this genus are elongated and rectangular at about 6-32 millimeters in length. The hinged side of the shell is a straight line which curves into a rounded edge. One side of the hinge has 10-20 prominent teeth while the other has matching indentations. The prodissoconch starts out rounded and nearly circular before stretching into a parallelogram with a distinct diagonal point on the far end of the adult shell. Some have described it as more of a trapezoid shape. Shells tend to have a tan or beige periostracum and are convex with the highest point just in front of the hinge. Byssal threads extend from the hinge to attach shells to hard surfaces or substrates. There is no noticeable difference between the extinct Eocene shells and the extant ones other than size.",
"title": ""
}
] | Asperarca is a genus in the family Arcidae which currently consists of eight species. They attach themselves to rocks or hard substrates with byssal threads in shallower, coastal waters. It was first described by Dr. Federico Sacco in December 1898 with the type taxon A. nodulosa that has been recorded throughout the coastal Mediterranean Sea, Baltic Sea, and northeastern Atlantic Ocean. The earliest known species are A. acuta and A. microida which were found in 2014 in Ukraine from the Eocene Epoch. | 2023-12-14T01:30:08Z | 2023-12-14T20:21:00Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperarca |
75,559,291 | 1908 Aberdeen Corporation election | An election to the Aberdeen Corporation was held on 3 November 1908, alongside municipal elections across Scotland. 11 of the corporation's 34 seats were up for election, although only 3 were contested.
The primary question in this election was the 'Water Question,' a debate of whether the city should continue to obtain drinking water from the River Dee, or if a new supply should be pulled from River Avon. Many reports had been commissioned over the years, the most recent one from Alexander Binnie and George Deacon in October 1908, which had recommended a new water intake to be constructed on the Avon near the settlement of Inchrory. Issues had been raised over pollutants coming from villages upstream of Aberdeen on the Dee, resulting in some favouring another river, while others felt attached to the Dee, desiring funding to be put towards filtration of the present system. All three Labour candidates supported the Avon scheme, while all three independents supported continuing to use the Dee. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "An election to the Aberdeen Corporation was held on 3 November 1908, alongside municipal elections across Scotland. 11 of the corporation's 34 seats were up for election, although only 3 were contested.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The primary question in this election was the 'Water Question,' a debate of whether the city should continue to obtain drinking water from the River Dee, or if a new supply should be pulled from River Avon. Many reports had been commissioned over the years, the most recent one from Alexander Binnie and George Deacon in October 1908, which had recommended a new water intake to be constructed on the Avon near the settlement of Inchrory. Issues had been raised over pollutants coming from villages upstream of Aberdeen on the Dee, resulting in some favouring another river, while others felt attached to the Dee, desiring funding to be put towards filtration of the present system. All three Labour candidates supported the Avon scheme, while all three independents supported continuing to use the Dee.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "Ward results"
}
] | An election to the Aberdeen Corporation was held on 3 November 1908, alongside municipal elections across Scotland. 11 of the corporation's 34 seats were up for election, although only 3 were contested. The primary question in this election was the 'Water Question,' a debate of whether the city should continue to obtain drinking water from the River Dee, or if a new supply should be pulled from River Avon. Many reports had been commissioned over the years, the most recent one from Alexander Binnie and George Deacon in October 1908, which had recommended a new water intake to be constructed on the Avon near the settlement of Inchrory. Issues had been raised over pollutants coming from villages upstream of Aberdeen on the Dee, resulting in some favouring another river, while others felt attached to the Dee, desiring funding to be put towards filtration of the present system. All three Labour candidates supported the Avon scheme, while all three independents supported continuing to use the Dee. | 2023-12-14T01:32:34Z | 2023-12-26T16:16:56Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Aberdeen_Corporation_election |
75,559,293 | Anhanga (insect) | Anhanga is a genus of Brazilian shield bugs, erected by William Lucas Distant in 1887.
Originally described from the subfamily Discocephalinae (Discocephalini), Anhanga was reassigned by a 2016 study to the Pentatominae subfamily. Anhanga is rare in museums with four specimens in total, and had not been evaluated since its description by Distant in 1887.
Anhanga's general and genital morphology aligns best with Galedanta, another Neotropical pentatomine shield bug. Mutually aligned features include a medium-sized to large body covered in punctures, mandibular plates rounded at apex which are convergent and longer than clypeus, and scutellum bearing foveae. Females bear finger-like processes, with males possessing a projected ‘V-shaped’ ventral rim of the pygophore. However, Anhanga can be distinguished by the rounded lateral angles of the anterolateral margin of pronotum crenulate along the anterior half of specimens.
Anhanga is endemic to the moist ranges of Atlantic forest in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Data related to Anhanga (insect) at Wikispecies | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Anhanga is a genus of Brazilian shield bugs, erected by William Lucas Distant in 1887.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Originally described from the subfamily Discocephalinae (Discocephalini), Anhanga was reassigned by a 2016 study to the Pentatominae subfamily. Anhanga is rare in museums with four specimens in total, and had not been evaluated since its description by Distant in 1887.",
"title": "Taxonomy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Anhanga's general and genital morphology aligns best with Galedanta, another Neotropical pentatomine shield bug. Mutually aligned features include a medium-sized to large body covered in punctures, mandibular plates rounded at apex which are convergent and longer than clypeus, and scutellum bearing foveae. Females bear finger-like processes, with males possessing a projected ‘V-shaped’ ventral rim of the pygophore. However, Anhanga can be distinguished by the rounded lateral angles of the anterolateral margin of pronotum crenulate along the anterior half of specimens.",
"title": "Taxonomy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Anhanga is endemic to the moist ranges of Atlantic forest in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.",
"title": "Ecology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Data related to Anhanga (insect) at Wikispecies",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Anhanga is a genus of Brazilian shield bugs, erected by William Lucas Distant in 1887. | 2023-12-14T01:32:43Z | 2023-12-28T11:15:58Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhanga_(insect) |
75,559,351 | John Henry Kurtz | John Henry Kurtz (October 24, 1945 – March 8, 2008) was an American singer-songwriter and actor best known for performing the song "Drift Away", though the most popular version of it is recorded by Dobie Gray.
John Henry Kurtz was born on October 24, 1945, in Havertown, Pennsylvania. He released his first and only studio album, Reunion, in 1972. The album contains "Drift Away", which was written by Mentor Williams but performed by Kurtz.
While Kurtz's musical career was unsuccessful, he later turned to acting. He lived most of his life in Vail, Colorado and moved to New York City in 1981. He also served in the U.S. Navy during the Vietnam era. On March 8, 2008, Kurtz died after a long battle with cancer. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "John Henry Kurtz (October 24, 1945 – March 8, 2008) was an American singer-songwriter and actor best known for performing the song \"Drift Away\", though the most popular version of it is recorded by Dobie Gray.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "John Henry Kurtz was born on October 24, 1945, in Havertown, Pennsylvania. He released his first and only studio album, Reunion, in 1972. The album contains \"Drift Away\", which was written by Mentor Williams but performed by Kurtz.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "While Kurtz's musical career was unsuccessful, he later turned to acting. He lived most of his life in Vail, Colorado and moved to New York City in 1981. He also served in the U.S. Navy during the Vietnam era. On March 8, 2008, Kurtz died after a long battle with cancer.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | John Henry Kurtz was an American singer-songwriter and actor best known for performing the song "Drift Away", though the most popular version of it is recorded by Dobie Gray. | 2023-12-14T01:35:43Z | 2023-12-22T00:55:14Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Official website",
"Template:IMDb name",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox musical artist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Kurtz |
75,559,421 | Caitlin Fisher | Caitlin Fisher is a Canadian media artist, writer, and scholar who is known for the 2001 hypermedia novel These Waves of Girls, and for her work with augmented reality.
Caitlin Fisher is the Canada Research Chair in Digital Culture in the Faculty of Fine Arts, York University, Toronto. She is a co-founder of York's Future Cinema Lab, and Director of York's Augmented Reality Lab. Fisher sits on the executive of the Centre for Information Visualization and Data-Driven Design.
Fisher is the author of Canada's first born-digital hypertextual dissertation.
Fisher became president of the Electronic Literature Organization in 2022.
The Electronic Literature Organization awarded its fiction award to These Waves of Girls in 2001. Larry McCaffery, the award juror, wrote: "I found myself hooked on Waves from the moment I first logged on and watched Caitlin's gorgeous graphic interface assemble itself out of images of moving clouds drifting across the screen, mingling with the sounds of girls laughing."
The work is taught in undergraduate literature courses and is referenced in the scholarship as a highly influential example of early multimodal web-based hypertext fiction. Fisher is described as having "established herself at the forefront of digital writing" with These Waves of Girls (2001) and the augmented reality poem Andromeda (2008).
The Electronic Literature Collection Volume 2 describes Fisher's Andromeda, "Andromeda is both a physical children's book and a digital book with AR codes that needs to be read with the use of a webcam. The human reader shows the book to the machine, and the machine reads the code that is provided in the cards that are attached to the pop-ups. The human reader then sees on the screen what the computer has in a sense translated into human languages. The complexity of reading and the double process of decoding is thus one of the more interesting and significant issues of the project. The use of a children's book in the project is significant because the symbolic process that takes place while reading the text is linked to the diegetic scene of a mother and a child reading a fairy tale."
Her novella, These Waves of Girls, won the International Electronic Literature Award for Fiction in 2001. Her poem, Andromeda, shared the International Vinaròs Prize for Electronic Literature in the digital poetry category in 2008. An early version of Circle was shortlisted for the New Media Writing Prize in 2011. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Caitlin Fisher is a Canadian media artist, writer, and scholar who is known for the 2001 hypermedia novel These Waves of Girls, and for her work with augmented reality.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Caitlin Fisher is the Canada Research Chair in Digital Culture in the Faculty of Fine Arts, York University, Toronto. She is a co-founder of York's Future Cinema Lab, and Director of York's Augmented Reality Lab. Fisher sits on the executive of the Centre for Information Visualization and Data-Driven Design.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Fisher is the author of Canada's first born-digital hypertextual dissertation.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Fisher became president of the Electronic Literature Organization in 2022.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Electronic Literature Organization awarded its fiction award to These Waves of Girls in 2001. Larry McCaffery, the award juror, wrote: \"I found myself hooked on Waves from the moment I first logged on and watched Caitlin's gorgeous graphic interface assemble itself out of images of moving clouds drifting across the screen, mingling with the sounds of girls laughing.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The work is taught in undergraduate literature courses and is referenced in the scholarship as a highly influential example of early multimodal web-based hypertext fiction. Fisher is described as having \"established herself at the forefront of digital writing\" with These Waves of Girls (2001) and the augmented reality poem Andromeda (2008).",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The Electronic Literature Collection Volume 2 describes Fisher's Andromeda, \"Andromeda is both a physical children's book and a digital book with AR codes that needs to be read with the use of a webcam. The human reader shows the book to the machine, and the machine reads the code that is provided in the cards that are attached to the pop-ups. The human reader then sees on the screen what the computer has in a sense translated into human languages. The complexity of reading and the double process of decoding is thus one of the more interesting and significant issues of the project. The use of a children's book in the project is significant because the symbolic process that takes place while reading the text is linked to the diegetic scene of a mother and a child reading a fairy tale.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Her novella, These Waves of Girls, won the International Electronic Literature Award for Fiction in 2001. Her poem, Andromeda, shared the International Vinaròs Prize for Electronic Literature in the digital poetry category in 2008. An early version of Circle was shortlisted for the New Media Writing Prize in 2011.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Caitlin Fisher is a Canadian media artist, writer, and scholar who is known for the 2001 hypermedia novel These Waves of Girls, and for her work with augmented reality. | 2023-12-14T01:38:08Z | 2023-12-31T03:21:26Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
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75,559,456 | New Year's Smash (2023) | The 2023 New Year's Smash was the fourth annual New Year's Smash professional wrestling television special produced by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). The two-part event took place on December 27, 2023, at the Addition Financial Arena in Orlando, Florida, encompassing AEW's weekly television programs, Wednesday Night Dynamite and Friday Night Rampage. Dynamite aired live on TBS while Rampage aired on tape delay on December 29 on TNT.
Seven matches were contested at the event, four of which aired live on Dynamite with the other three taped for Rampage. In the main event of the Dynamite broadcast, The Devil's Masked Men (both members unidentified) defeated MJF in a 2-on-1 Handicap match to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship. In the main event of the Rampage broadcast, Action Andretti and Top Flight (Darius Martin and Dante Martin) defeated Rocky Romero, Trent Beretta, and Orange Cassidy in a trios match.
New Year's Smash is a two-part professional wrestling television special held around New Year's by All Elite Wrestling (AEW) since January 2021. The fourth New Year's Smash was scheduled to be held on December 27, 2023, at the Addition Financial Arena in Orlando, Florida. The first part aired live as a special episode of Wednesday Night Dynamite on TBS, while the second part was taped the same night and aired on tape delay on December 29 as a special episode of Friday Night Rampage on TNT.
New Year's Smash featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines, written by AEW's writers. Storylines were produced on AEW's weekly television programs, Dynamite, Rampage, and Collision.
On the November 11 episode of Collision, AEW president Tony Khan announced the AEW Continental Classic, a 12-man round-robin tournament similar to New Japan Pro-Wrestling's (NJPW) G1 Climax, to be held across episodes of Dynamite, Rampage, and Collision, starting from the November 22 episode of Dynamite. The semi-finals, promoted as the League Finals, were scheduled for Dynamite: New Year's Smash. As a result of Jay White's win over Jon Moxley on Dynamite: Holiday Bash, that tied him in points with Moxley and Swerve Strickland, with the three facing off in a three-way match in the Gold League Final. Additionally, due to Bryan Danielson and Claudio Castagnoli's time limit draw on Collision: Holiday Bash, that kept Danielson ahead in points to face Eddie Kingston in the Blue League Final. | [
{
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"title": ""
},
{
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"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "New Year's Smash is a two-part professional wrestling television special held around New Year's by All Elite Wrestling (AEW) since January 2021. The fourth New Year's Smash was scheduled to be held on December 27, 2023, at the Addition Financial Arena in Orlando, Florida. The first part aired live as a special episode of Wednesday Night Dynamite on TBS, while the second part was taped the same night and aired on tape delay on December 29 as a special episode of Friday Night Rampage on TNT.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "New Year's Smash featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines, written by AEW's writers. Storylines were produced on AEW's weekly television programs, Dynamite, Rampage, and Collision.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On the November 11 episode of Collision, AEW president Tony Khan announced the AEW Continental Classic, a 12-man round-robin tournament similar to New Japan Pro-Wrestling's (NJPW) G1 Climax, to be held across episodes of Dynamite, Rampage, and Collision, starting from the November 22 episode of Dynamite. The semi-finals, promoted as the League Finals, were scheduled for Dynamite: New Year's Smash. As a result of Jay White's win over Jon Moxley on Dynamite: Holiday Bash, that tied him in points with Moxley and Swerve Strickland, with the three facing off in a three-way match in the Gold League Final. Additionally, due to Bryan Danielson and Claudio Castagnoli's time limit draw on Collision: Holiday Bash, that kept Danielson ahead in points to face Eddie Kingston in the Blue League Final.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The 2023 New Year's Smash was the fourth annual New Year's Smash professional wrestling television special produced by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). The two-part event took place on December 27, 2023, at the Addition Financial Arena in Orlando, Florida, encompassing AEW's weekly television programs, Wednesday Night Dynamite and Friday Night Rampage. Dynamite aired live on TBS while Rampage aired on tape delay on December 29 on TNT. Seven matches were contested at the event, four of which aired live on Dynamite with the other three taped for Rampage. In the main event of the Dynamite broadcast, The Devil's Masked Men defeated MJF in a 2-on-1 Handicap match to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship. In the main event of the Rampage broadcast, Action Andretti and Top Flight defeated Rocky Romero, Trent Beretta, and Orange Cassidy in a trios match. | 2023-12-14T01:39:37Z | 2023-12-31T11:31:35Z | [
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75,559,464 | Dewey Lusk | Dewey Lusk (born c. 1963) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Bluefield University, a position he has held since 2017. He was the head football coach for the University of Virginia's College at Wise from 2011 to 2015. He also coached for Gardner–Webb, Abingdon High School, Emory & Henry, and Webber International. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Dewey Lusk (born c. 1963) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Bluefield University, a position he has held since 2017. He was the head football coach for the University of Virginia's College at Wise from 2011 to 2015. He also coached for Gardner–Webb, Abingdon High School, Emory & Henry, and Webber International.",
"title": ""
}
] | Dewey Lusk is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Bluefield University, a position he has held since 2017. He was the head football coach for the University of Virginia's College at Wise from 2011 to 2015. He also coached for Gardner–Webb, Abingdon High School, Emory & Henry, and Webber International. | 2023-12-14T01:40:23Z | 2023-12-14T02:51:56Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Lusk |
75,559,474 | Phra Khanong subdistrict | Phra Khanong (Thai: พระโขนง, pronounced [pʰráʔ kʰā.nǒːŋ]) is a khwaeng (subdistrict) of Khlong Toei district, Bangkok.
In the past, the area of Phra Khanong covered as far as Phra Khanong or Bang Na districts today. It is named after the khlong (canal) of the same name runs through the area. The mouth of the canal separates itself from the Chao Phraya river near Bangkok Port at present.
The name Phra Khanong no one knows for sure what is means. But it appears to consists of Phra or "royal" and a distortion of Khanong, a Khmer word meaning "eyebrow". It is possible that it may mean a canal that curves like an eyebrow.
Phra Khanong is known for being the locale of the romantic-tragic ghost story Mae Nak Phra Khanong. Historically, Mae Nak was the daughter of the headman of Phra Khanong, it is possible that her house may be in this Phra Khanong area.
From the current division of space. As a result, the area of Phra Khanong has been separated into many administrative areas at both the district and subdistrict levels.
Currently, the remaining evidence of Phra Khanong in Khlong Toei is Phra Khanong junction, a T junction where Rama VI combines Sukhumvit (Highway 3) roads and is the ending of Rama IV road.
Phra Khanong is the eastern edge of the district. Its neighbouring subdistricts, clockwise from the north, are Khlong Tan Nuea and Phra Khanong Nuea in Watthana district, Phra Khanong Tai in Phra Khanong district, across the Chao Phraya river Bang Ko Bua in Phra Pradaeng district of Samut Prakan province, Khlong Toei and Khlong Tan in its district, respectively. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Phra Khanong (Thai: พระโขนง, pronounced [pʰráʔ kʰā.nǒːŋ]) is a khwaeng (subdistrict) of Khlong Toei district, Bangkok.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the past, the area of Phra Khanong covered as far as Phra Khanong or Bang Na districts today. It is named after the khlong (canal) of the same name runs through the area. The mouth of the canal separates itself from the Chao Phraya river near Bangkok Port at present.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The name Phra Khanong no one knows for sure what is means. But it appears to consists of Phra or \"royal\" and a distortion of Khanong, a Khmer word meaning \"eyebrow\". It is possible that it may mean a canal that curves like an eyebrow.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Phra Khanong is known for being the locale of the romantic-tragic ghost story Mae Nak Phra Khanong. Historically, Mae Nak was the daughter of the headman of Phra Khanong, it is possible that her house may be in this Phra Khanong area.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "From the current division of space. As a result, the area of Phra Khanong has been separated into many administrative areas at both the district and subdistrict levels.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Currently, the remaining evidence of Phra Khanong in Khlong Toei is Phra Khanong junction, a T junction where Rama VI combines Sukhumvit (Highway 3) roads and is the ending of Rama IV road.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Phra Khanong is the eastern edge of the district. Its neighbouring subdistricts, clockwise from the north, are Khlong Tan Nuea and Phra Khanong Nuea in Watthana district, Phra Khanong Tai in Phra Khanong district, across the Chao Phraya river Bang Ko Bua in Phra Pradaeng district of Samut Prakan province, Khlong Toei and Khlong Tan in its district, respectively.",
"title": "Geography"
}
] | Phra Khanong is a khwaeng (subdistrict) of Khlong Toei district, Bangkok. | 2023-12-14T01:40:47Z | 2023-12-14T01:40:47Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Khanong_subdistrict |
75,559,493 | The Old Geezers | The Old Geezers (French: Les Vieux Fourneaux) is a comic book series written by Wilfrid Lupano [fr] with illustrations by Paul Cauuet [fr]. It was published in France beginning in 2014 by Dargaud. The English version was published by Ablaze beginning in 2020; Montana Kane is the translator.
It is about three elderly men who are best friends: Antoine, Emile, and Pierre; all of them have leftist political views.
Publishers Weekly wrote that Volume 1 "lampoons the more outrageous aspects of leftist groups".
Two films were based on the series, Tricky Old Dogs [fr] (in French, Les Vieux Fourneaux) and Tricky Old Dogs 2 [fr].
The Wolf in Underpants was made as a spin-off of The Old Geezers.
Publishers Weekly stated that in Volume 1 the "detailed cartooning is superbly expressive." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Old Geezers (French: Les Vieux Fourneaux) is a comic book series written by Wilfrid Lupano [fr] with illustrations by Paul Cauuet [fr]. It was published in France beginning in 2014 by Dargaud. The English version was published by Ablaze beginning in 2020; Montana Kane is the translator.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "It is about three elderly men who are best friends: Antoine, Emile, and Pierre; all of them have leftist political views.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Publishers Weekly wrote that Volume 1 \"lampoons the more outrageous aspects of leftist groups\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Two films were based on the series, Tricky Old Dogs [fr] (in French, Les Vieux Fourneaux) and Tricky Old Dogs 2 [fr].",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Wolf in Underpants was made as a spin-off of The Old Geezers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Publishers Weekly stated that in Volume 1 the \"detailed cartooning is superbly expressive.\"",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | The Old Geezers is a comic book series written by Wilfrid Lupano with illustrations by Paul Cauuet. It was published in France beginning in 2014 by Dargaud. The English version was published by Ablaze beginning in 2020; Montana Kane is the translator. It is about three elderly men who are best friends: Antoine, Emile, and Pierre; all of them have leftist political views. Publishers Weekly wrote that Volume 1 "lampoons the more outrageous aspects of leftist groups". Two films were based on the series, Tricky Old Dogs and Tricky Old Dogs 2. The Wolf in Underpants was made as a spin-off of The Old Geezers. | 2023-12-14T01:41:43Z | 2023-12-18T19:18:52Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Geezers |
75,559,528 | 2023–24 South Florida Bulls women's basketball team | The 2023–24 South Florida Bulls women's basketball team represents the University of South Florida during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Bulls, led by 24th-year head coach Jose Fernandez, play their home games at Yuengling Center in Tampa, Florida as members of the American Athletic Conference.
The Bulls finished the 2022–23 season 27–7, 15–1 in AAC play to finish as AAC regular season champions. As the #1 seed in the AAC tournament, they were upset by #8 seed Wichita State in the quarterfinals. They received an at-large bid into the NCAA tournament, receiving the #8 seed in the Greenville 1 Region. They defeated #9 region seed Marquette in the first round, before falling to #1 overall seed South Carolina in the second round.
Sources: | [
{
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"text": "The 2023–24 South Florida Bulls women's basketball team represents the University of South Florida during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Bulls, led by 24th-year head coach Jose Fernandez, play their home games at Yuengling Center in Tampa, Florida as members of the American Athletic Conference.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Bulls finished the 2022–23 season 27–7, 15–1 in AAC play to finish as AAC regular season champions. As the #1 seed in the AAC tournament, they were upset by #8 seed Wichita State in the quarterfinals. They received an at-large bid into the NCAA tournament, receiving the #8 seed in the Greenville 1 Region. They defeated #9 region seed Marquette in the first round, before falling to #1 overall seed South Carolina in the second round.",
"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Schedule and results"
}
] | The 2023–24 South Florida Bulls women's basketball team represents the University of South Florida during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Bulls, led by 24th-year head coach Jose Fernandez, play their home games at Yuengling Center in Tampa, Florida as members of the American Athletic Conference. | 2023-12-14T01:43:02Z | 2023-12-22T14:29:22Z | [
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75,559,589 | Convivendo parte 1 | Convivendo parte 1 ("Convivendo, Pt. 1") is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 19 March 2004 on his label Iris and distributed by Universal Music Group. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Convivendo parte 1 (\"Convivendo, Pt. 1\") is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 19 March 2004 on his label Iris and distributed by Universal Music Group.",
"title": ""
}
] | Convivendo parte 1 is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 19 March 2004 on his label Iris and distributed by Universal Music Group. | 2023-12-14T01:45:15Z | 2023-12-30T01:06:23Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convivendo_parte_1 |
75,559,601 | Bradley Bunch | Bradley Bunch (December 9, 1818 – 1894) was a state legislator, judge, and historian in Arkansas. He served in the Arkansas House of Representatives (twice as Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives) and in the Arkansas Senate. He represented Carroll County, Arkansas in the 1885 Arkansas Senate. His post office was in Berryville, Arkansas. He was a Democrat.
He was born in Overton County, Tennessee to Captain Nathaniel Bunch and Sally Wade Ray Bunch. He married and had numerous children.
He was a delegate to the 1874 Constitutional Convention in Arkansas. He wrote a sketch of the history of Carroll County.
In 1870 he received $7 per day for his services as Speaker of the Arkansas House. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bradley Bunch (December 9, 1818 – 1894) was a state legislator, judge, and historian in Arkansas. He served in the Arkansas House of Representatives (twice as Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives) and in the Arkansas Senate. He represented Carroll County, Arkansas in the 1885 Arkansas Senate. His post office was in Berryville, Arkansas. He was a Democrat.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was born in Overton County, Tennessee to Captain Nathaniel Bunch and Sally Wade Ray Bunch. He married and had numerous children.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He was a delegate to the 1874 Constitutional Convention in Arkansas. He wrote a sketch of the history of Carroll County.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1870 he received $7 per day for his services as Speaker of the Arkansas House.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Bradley Bunch was a state legislator, judge, and historian in Arkansas. He served in the Arkansas House of Representatives and in the Arkansas Senate. He represented Carroll County, Arkansas in the 1885 Arkansas Senate. His post office was in Berryville, Arkansas. He was a Democrat. He was born in Overton County, Tennessee to Captain Nathaniel Bunch and Sally Wade Ray Bunch. He married and had numerous children. He was a delegate to the 1874 Constitutional Convention in Arkansas. He wrote a sketch of the history of Carroll County. In 1870 he received $7 per day for his services as Speaker of the Arkansas House. | 2023-12-14T01:47:39Z | 2023-12-25T12:13:50Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Bunch |
75,559,640 | Fiona McQueen (rheumatologist) | Fiona Marion Florence McQueen is a New Zealand rheumatologist, environmentalist and children's writer, and was a full professor at the University of Auckland before retiring to run a private herbalist practice in Glenorchy in Otago. She was New Zealand's first woman professor of rheumatology.
McQueen graduated from the University of Otago with a MB Chb in 1980, and worked as a consultant rheumatologist in New Zealand. She completed a PhD titled Investigations into the immunopathology of inflammatory arthritis at the University of Auckland in 1996. McQueen then joined the faculty of the University of Auckland, rising to full professor in 2009. She was New Zealand's first woman professor of rheumatology, and is an honorary clinical professor at the University of Otago. McQueen used magnetic resonance imaging to show the development of bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis, and published a ten-year longitudinal study that was "the first of its kind and identified the central importance of osteitis in the development of bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis". Consultant rheumatologist Nicola Dalbeth nominated her as one of the "25 great women" in rheumatology.
McQueen's lifelong hobby of tramping led to an interest in conservation, and in 2017 she published a book arguing against the use of 1080 for pest control in New Zealand forests.
McQueen is also a children's writer, having written two books out of a planned trilogy about the adventures of a marmot and a squirrel, Roderick and the Wizard of Endor, and Roderick and the Creeping Evil. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Fiona Marion Florence McQueen is a New Zealand rheumatologist, environmentalist and children's writer, and was a full professor at the University of Auckland before retiring to run a private herbalist practice in Glenorchy in Otago. She was New Zealand's first woman professor of rheumatology.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "McQueen graduated from the University of Otago with a MB Chb in 1980, and worked as a consultant rheumatologist in New Zealand. She completed a PhD titled Investigations into the immunopathology of inflammatory arthritis at the University of Auckland in 1996. McQueen then joined the faculty of the University of Auckland, rising to full professor in 2009. She was New Zealand's first woman professor of rheumatology, and is an honorary clinical professor at the University of Otago. McQueen used magnetic resonance imaging to show the development of bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis, and published a ten-year longitudinal study that was \"the first of its kind and identified the central importance of osteitis in the development of bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis\". Consultant rheumatologist Nicola Dalbeth nominated her as one of the \"25 great women\" in rheumatology.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "McQueen's lifelong hobby of tramping led to an interest in conservation, and in 2017 she published a book arguing against the use of 1080 for pest control in New Zealand forests.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "McQueen is also a children's writer, having written two books out of a planned trilogy about the adventures of a marmot and a squirrel, Roderick and the Wizard of Endor, and Roderick and the Creeping Evil.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Fiona Marion Florence McQueen is a New Zealand rheumatologist, environmentalist and children's writer, and was a full professor at the University of Auckland before retiring to run a private herbalist practice in Glenorchy in Otago. She was New Zealand's first woman professor of rheumatology. | 2023-12-14T01:50:59Z | 2023-12-15T20:10:56Z | [
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75,559,669 | Abby Weed Grey | Abby Weed Grey (d. 1983) was an art collector and patron for whom New York University's Grey Art Gallery is named. Grey had a particular interest in non-Western modern art and art of the Middle East was particularly well-represented in her collection.
Grey was a native of Saint Paul, Minnesota and a graduate of Vassar College, and established the Ben and Abby Grey Foundation to sponsor artists. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Grey undertook curatorial projects such as Fourteen Contemporary Iranians (1962–65) and Turkish Art Today (1966–70), each of which toured the United States; Communication Through Art (1964), which opened simultaneously in Istanbul, Tehran, and Lahore, before traveling throughout the eastern Mediterranean, Asia, and eastern Africa; and One World Through Art. By 1979, Grey had become one of American's prominent collectors of Asian and Middle Eastern art.
Grey served on the Board of Trustees of The Minnesota Society of Fine Arts (1967–1973) and the Minneapolis College of Art and Design's Board of Overseers (1964–1983). She endowed the Grey Fellowship in Museum Studies at the Walker Art Center, and in 1979, established and endowed The Grey Fine Arts Library and Study Center, a resource in NYU's Department of Art History (formerly Department of Fine Arts).
Grey was also the author of The Picture is the Window; the Window is the Picture, her autobiography, which was published by New York University Press. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Abby Weed Grey (d. 1983) was an art collector and patron for whom New York University's Grey Art Gallery is named. Grey had a particular interest in non-Western modern art and art of the Middle East was particularly well-represented in her collection.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Grey was a native of Saint Paul, Minnesota and a graduate of Vassar College, and established the Ben and Abby Grey Foundation to sponsor artists. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Grey undertook curatorial projects such as Fourteen Contemporary Iranians (1962–65) and Turkish Art Today (1966–70), each of which toured the United States; Communication Through Art (1964), which opened simultaneously in Istanbul, Tehran, and Lahore, before traveling throughout the eastern Mediterranean, Asia, and eastern Africa; and One World Through Art. By 1979, Grey had become one of American's prominent collectors of Asian and Middle Eastern art.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Grey served on the Board of Trustees of The Minnesota Society of Fine Arts (1967–1973) and the Minneapolis College of Art and Design's Board of Overseers (1964–1983). She endowed the Grey Fellowship in Museum Studies at the Walker Art Center, and in 1979, established and endowed The Grey Fine Arts Library and Study Center, a resource in NYU's Department of Art History (formerly Department of Fine Arts).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Grey was also the author of The Picture is the Window; the Window is the Picture, her autobiography, which was published by New York University Press.",
"title": ""
}
] | Abby Weed Grey was an art collector and patron for whom New York University's Grey Art Gallery is named. Grey had a particular interest in non-Western modern art and art of the Middle East was particularly well-represented in her collection. Grey was a native of Saint Paul, Minnesota and a graduate of Vassar College, and established the Ben and Abby Grey Foundation to sponsor artists. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Grey undertook curatorial projects such as Fourteen Contemporary Iranians (1962–65) and Turkish Art Today (1966–70), each of which toured the United States; Communication Through Art (1964), which opened simultaneously in Istanbul, Tehran, and Lahore, before traveling throughout the eastern Mediterranean, Asia, and eastern Africa; and One World Through Art. By 1979, Grey had become one of American's prominent collectors of Asian and Middle Eastern art. Grey served on the Board of Trustees of The Minnesota Society of Fine Arts (1967–1973) and the Minneapolis College of Art and Design's Board of Overseers (1964–1983). She endowed the Grey Fellowship in Museum Studies at the Walker Art Center, and in 1979, established and endowed The Grey Fine Arts Library and Study Center, a resource in NYU's Department of Art History. Grey was also the author of The Picture is the Window; the Window is the Picture, her autobiography, which was published by New York University Press. | 2023-12-14T01:53:47Z | 2023-12-27T22:32:50Z | [
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75,559,677 | A. L. Stanford | A. L. Stanford was a state legislator in Arkansas. He served in the Arkansas Senate in 1885. He represented Phillips County, Arkansas and his post office was in Helena, Arkansas. | [
{
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"text": "A. L. Stanford was a state legislator in Arkansas. He served in the Arkansas Senate in 1885. He represented Phillips County, Arkansas and his post office was in Helena, Arkansas.",
"title": ""
}
] | A. L. Stanford was a state legislator in Arkansas. He served in the Arkansas Senate in 1885. He represented Phillips County, Arkansas and his post office was in Helena, Arkansas. | 2023-12-14T01:55:24Z | 2023-12-14T02:25:32Z | [
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75,559,690 | Herwig Zahorka | Herwig Zahorka (12 June 1932 – 23 February 2019) was a German writer, author and historia. He has conducted research in several countries, especially in Asia. His parents are Franz and Maria. He had two sisters. He graduated with an M.Sc. degree from the University of Göttingen in Forest Science/Tropical Forest Ecology. Later he became director of forestry in Wiesbaden, Germany.
He was a retired director of the Hessen state forestry service in Wiesbaden who had lived in Indonesia since 1995 and was awarded the service star of the Federal Republic of Germany Verdienstkreuz am Bande. This decoration was awarded by the German president for Zahorka's services in advancing German-Indonesian cooperation and was handed over by the German ambassador to Indonesia, Georg Witschel in Jakarta. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Herwig Zahorka (12 June 1932 – 23 February 2019) was a German writer, author and historia. He has conducted research in several countries, especially in Asia. His parents are Franz and Maria. He had two sisters. He graduated with an M.Sc. degree from the University of Göttingen in Forest Science/Tropical Forest Ecology. Later he became director of forestry in Wiesbaden, Germany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was a retired director of the Hessen state forestry service in Wiesbaden who had lived in Indonesia since 1995 and was awarded the service star of the Federal Republic of Germany Verdienstkreuz am Bande. This decoration was awarded by the German president for Zahorka's services in advancing German-Indonesian cooperation and was handed over by the German ambassador to Indonesia, Georg Witschel in Jakarta.",
"title": ""
}
] | Herwig Zahorka was a German writer, author and historia. He has conducted research in several countries, especially in Asia. His parents are Franz and Maria. He had two sisters. He graduated with an M.Sc. degree from the University of Göttingen in Forest Science/Tropical Forest Ecology. Later he became director of forestry in Wiesbaden, Germany. He was a retired director of the Hessen state forestry service in Wiesbaden who had lived in Indonesia since 1995 and was awarded the service star of the Federal Republic of Germany Verdienstkreuz am Bande. This decoration was awarded by the German president for Zahorka's services in advancing German-Indonesian cooperation and was handed over by the German ambassador to Indonesia, Georg Witschel in Jakarta. | 2023-12-14T01:55:50Z | 2023-12-25T23:53:16Z | [
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75,559,696 | 2024 ATP Hong Kong Tennis Open | The 2024 ATP Hong Kong Tennis Open (also known as the Bank of China Hong Kong Tennis Open for sponsorship reasons) is a men's tennis tournament to be played on outdoor hard courts. It will be the 28th edition of the ATP Hong Kong Open, and the first since 2002. It will take place at the Victoria Park Tennis Stadium in Hong Kong, China, from 1 to 7 January 2024.
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
The following player received entry using a protected ranking:
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw: | [
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"text": "The 2024 ATP Hong Kong Tennis Open (also known as the Bank of China Hong Kong Tennis Open for sponsorship reasons) is a men's tennis tournament to be played on outdoor hard courts. It will be the 28th edition of the ATP Hong Kong Open, and the first since 2002. It will take place at the Victoria Park Tennis Stadium in Hong Kong, China, from 1 to 7 January 2024.",
"title": ""
},
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},
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"title": "Singles main-draw entrants"
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"text": "The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:",
"title": "Doubles main-draw entrants"
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] | The 2024 ATP Hong Kong Tennis Open is a men's tennis tournament to be played on outdoor hard courts. It will be the 28th edition of the ATP Hong Kong Open, and the first since 2002. It will take place at the Victoria Park Tennis Stadium in Hong Kong, China, from 1 to 7 January 2024. | 2023-12-14T01:55:58Z | 2023-12-31T22:58:25Z | [
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75,559,745 | Megastudy | A megastudy or mega-study is a research study in which a large number of different treatments or interventions are tested at the same time, on the same sample or similar samples, using a common outcome measure, and using the same experimental protocol.
This research design ensures the outcomes across interventions are comparable. Additionally, due to generous inclusion of various interventions in the study, megastudies may be less prone to publication bias, where the interventions expected to be effective are more likely to be studied and the interventions found to be ineffective are underreported due to the file-drawer problem.
The megastudy technique can be combined with the many-labs approach, so that teams of researchers from across the planet conduct the same experiment locally. | [
{
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"text": "A megastudy or mega-study is a research study in which a large number of different treatments or interventions are tested at the same time, on the same sample or similar samples, using a common outcome measure, and using the same experimental protocol.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This research design ensures the outcomes across interventions are comparable. Additionally, due to generous inclusion of various interventions in the study, megastudies may be less prone to publication bias, where the interventions expected to be effective are more likely to be studied and the interventions found to be ineffective are underreported due to the file-drawer problem.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The megastudy technique can be combined with the many-labs approach, so that teams of researchers from across the planet conduct the same experiment locally.",
"title": "Many-lab studies"
}
] | A megastudy or mega-study is a research study in which a large number of different treatments or interventions are tested at the same time, on the same sample or similar samples, using a common outcome measure, and using the same experimental protocol. This research design ensures the outcomes across interventions are comparable. Additionally, due to generous inclusion of various interventions in the study, megastudies may be less prone to publication bias, where the interventions expected to be effective are more likely to be studied and the interventions found to be ineffective are underreported due to the file-drawer problem. | 2023-12-14T01:57:21Z | 2023-12-29T10:17:42Z | [
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75,559,769 | Rustam Dil Khan | Rustam Dil Khan (died September 1708) was a noble of the Mughal Empire during the reign of emperor Aurangzeb. His activities were centred around the Mughal province of Hyderabad Subah, which he administered as deputy subahdar (governor) for most of his official career. He was killed by prince Kam Bakhsh during the war of succession after Aurangzeb's death, as the prince attempted a bid for independent rule in the Deccan. He is buried in the Kali Masjid, a mosque he built in the city of Hyderabad.
Rustam Dil Khan came from a family that had served the Mughal Empire through several generations. His grandfather, named Sayyid Muhammad Zanzwari, was native to Iraq. Following a stint in the region of Khurasan, he migrated to Mughal India in the early 17th century, joining the service of the emperor Jahangir. Zanzwari held the governorship of Delhi during some point of his career, and was titled Mukhtar Khan.
Rustam Dil Khan's father was Jan Sipar Khan (lit. 'The 'Life-scattering' Khan', born Mir Bahadur Dil), who followed in his father Zanzwari's footsteps by joining the Mughal service. He supported Aurangzeb during the latter's struggle for the Mughal succession, and was later made faujdar of the city of Bidar. Aurangzeb selected him to personally escort Abul Hasan Qutb Shah during the latter's arrest after the Mughal conquest of Golconda. Jan Sipar Khan was subsequently made the first permanent governor of Hyderabad Subah, and served for twelve years before his death in 1700. Rustam Dil Khan's mother was a daughter of a Mughal noble named Khan Zaman.
Rustam Dil Khan assisted his father Jan Sipar Khan during the latter's governorship of Bidar. Jan Sipar Khan was promoted to governor of Hyderabad, following which Rustam Dil Khan took over the governorship of Bidar. He served for a brief period in the late seventeenth century, though the exact dates of his tenure are unclear.
Rustam Dil Khan served as the deputy governor of Hyderabad during his father's tenure. His father stayed at the capital while he led military expeditions against threats to imperial authority in the province. At this time, he was a rank-holding noble. Notable events he was involved in during this time include: his capture of Venkat Rao, a rogue deshmukh, in 1691; his successful negotiation of tribute with Anand Ashwa Rao, a rebellious Valama chief, in 1692; and his unsuccessful pursuit of Maratha general Santaji in 1695.
Following Jan Sipar Khan's death in 1700, the Mughal prince Kam Bakhsh was made the governor of Hyderabad. Rustam Dil Khan was made the prince's deputy governor, and his rank was increased. The prince held this position in absentee, making Rustam Dil Khan the effective governor of the province. His administration was generally unsuccessful; the governor failed to act against multiple instances of banditry and insurgency. In 1702, Rustam Dil Khan besieged Shahpur's fort to capture the bandit Papadu, but the latter escaped. In 1703, the Bedar chief Pidia Nayak occupied Kondaveedu Fort and plundered the coastal districts - the emperor Aurangzeb reduced Rustam Dil Khan's rank for his inaction. Just over a year after Rustam Dil Khan's governorship began, a large Maratha force of 50,000 occupied the capital city of Hyderabad and freely plundered it for three days. Rustam Dil Khan holed himself up in the Golconda fort and eventually got the attackers to withdraw, only by using funds illegally obtained from the imperial treasury.
Reports of Rustam Dil Khan's performance caused emperor Aurangzeb to dismiss him from the deputy governorship by May 1703; he was demoted to faujdar of Sikakul, giving him control over the coastal districts of Hyderabad province. By November 1704, he lost this position as well and was transferred out of Hyderabad; he was appointed faujdar of the Bijapur-Carnatic.
For reasons that are unclear, Aurangzeb reinstated Rustam Dil Khan to the deputy governorship of Hyderabad by 1705, and raised his rank; this ended the short tenure of Daud Khan Panni. Rustam Dil Khan focused on amassing wealth, and built close connections with local powers: the bandit Riza Khan, the Maratha chieftain Krishna Malhar, and the Telugu zamindar Ananda Razu Pusapati of Vizianagaram. According to John F. Richards, such actions may have been to deter the possibility of dismissal from the province of Hyderabad, and to set up one of his own sons as the natural successor to the position.
In 1707, emperor Aurangzeb died, triggering a war of succession between the princes. The prince Muhammad Mu'azzam defeated Azam Shah in the Battle of Jajau and crowned himself as emperor Bahadur Shah. Bahadur Shah nominally confirmed Rustam Dil Khan as governor of Hyderabad, and awarded him his father's title of Jan Sipar Khan. Kam Bakhsh, the remaining Mughal prince, still remained active in the Deccan; Rustam Dil Khan intensified his efforts to amass wealth, plundering the region and harassing Mughal officials.
Kam Bakhsh arrived in Hyderabad in early 1708, crowning himself the independent 'king of Golconda'. Rustam Dil Khan offered his tribute and formal submission, upon which Kam Bakhsh confirmed his post as governor of Hyderabad, raised his rank, and awarded him the title 'Azam Khan'. Kam Bakhsh set out to consolidate his rule over the next few months. Discovering that the treasury at Machilipatnam contained a great amount of wealth, Kam Bakhsh attempted to seize it to support his own precarious rule. He was met with resistance from Rustam Dil Khan, who prevented the diwan of Machilipatnam from releasing the funds. Kam Bakhsh was also influenced by his advisors, who had convinced him that Rustam Dil Khan was secretly plotting against him. These factors enraged the prince, who after a few months of conflict, arrested Rustam Dil Khan. Kam Bakhsh invited the unassuming governor to his quarters to help him with a letter to Bahadur Shah; when the governor arrived and removed his weapons, Kam Bakhsh excused himself from the premises, and his associates arrested him.
After three days in confinement, Rustam Dil Khan was executed in September 1708 on Kam Bakhsh's order, by the trampling of an elephant. He was then buried by his residence in Hyderabad, named Imli Mahal. Kam Bakhsh took over his vast personal treasury (reported to be more than 3.3 million gold coins), and imprisoned his family. The prince would go on to be defeated and killed by Bahadur Shah in 1709, clearing the way for the latter's emperorship.
As the Mughal governor of Bidar, Rustam Dil Khan built a mosque in the city, within the tomb-shrine of Sufi saint Shah Ali Qadiri. Though local records attest that Rustam Dil Khan's governorship was until 1688, the mosque's inscriptions date the structure to the year 1695, indicating he may have governed for a longer term.
In 1702, Rustam Dil Khan built a mosque in Hyderabad named the Kali Masjid, located in Yakutpura. An inscription on the mosque indicates that he built it a year after his father Jan Sipar Khan's death. The mosque was built close to Rustam Dil Khan's former residence, known as Imli Mahal. The mosque's courtyard contains the tombs of both his father and himself; he constructed his father's tomb during his lifetime, and was interred here following his execution. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Rustam Dil Khan (died September 1708) was a noble of the Mughal Empire during the reign of emperor Aurangzeb. His activities were centred around the Mughal province of Hyderabad Subah, which he administered as deputy subahdar (governor) for most of his official career. He was killed by prince Kam Bakhsh during the war of succession after Aurangzeb's death, as the prince attempted a bid for independent rule in the Deccan. He is buried in the Kali Masjid, a mosque he built in the city of Hyderabad.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Rustam Dil Khan came from a family that had served the Mughal Empire through several generations. His grandfather, named Sayyid Muhammad Zanzwari, was native to Iraq. Following a stint in the region of Khurasan, he migrated to Mughal India in the early 17th century, joining the service of the emperor Jahangir. Zanzwari held the governorship of Delhi during some point of his career, and was titled Mukhtar Khan.",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Rustam Dil Khan's father was Jan Sipar Khan (lit. 'The 'Life-scattering' Khan', born Mir Bahadur Dil), who followed in his father Zanzwari's footsteps by joining the Mughal service. He supported Aurangzeb during the latter's struggle for the Mughal succession, and was later made faujdar of the city of Bidar. Aurangzeb selected him to personally escort Abul Hasan Qutb Shah during the latter's arrest after the Mughal conquest of Golconda. Jan Sipar Khan was subsequently made the first permanent governor of Hyderabad Subah, and served for twelve years before his death in 1700. Rustam Dil Khan's mother was a daughter of a Mughal noble named Khan Zaman.",
"title": "Origins"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Rustam Dil Khan assisted his father Jan Sipar Khan during the latter's governorship of Bidar. Jan Sipar Khan was promoted to governor of Hyderabad, following which Rustam Dil Khan took over the governorship of Bidar. He served for a brief period in the late seventeenth century, though the exact dates of his tenure are unclear.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Rustam Dil Khan served as the deputy governor of Hyderabad during his father's tenure. His father stayed at the capital while he led military expeditions against threats to imperial authority in the province. At this time, he was a rank-holding noble. Notable events he was involved in during this time include: his capture of Venkat Rao, a rogue deshmukh, in 1691; his successful negotiation of tribute with Anand Ashwa Rao, a rebellious Valama chief, in 1692; and his unsuccessful pursuit of Maratha general Santaji in 1695.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Following Jan Sipar Khan's death in 1700, the Mughal prince Kam Bakhsh was made the governor of Hyderabad. Rustam Dil Khan was made the prince's deputy governor, and his rank was increased. The prince held this position in absentee, making Rustam Dil Khan the effective governor of the province. His administration was generally unsuccessful; the governor failed to act against multiple instances of banditry and insurgency. In 1702, Rustam Dil Khan besieged Shahpur's fort to capture the bandit Papadu, but the latter escaped. In 1703, the Bedar chief Pidia Nayak occupied Kondaveedu Fort and plundered the coastal districts - the emperor Aurangzeb reduced Rustam Dil Khan's rank for his inaction. Just over a year after Rustam Dil Khan's governorship began, a large Maratha force of 50,000 occupied the capital city of Hyderabad and freely plundered it for three days. Rustam Dil Khan holed himself up in the Golconda fort and eventually got the attackers to withdraw, only by using funds illegally obtained from the imperial treasury.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Reports of Rustam Dil Khan's performance caused emperor Aurangzeb to dismiss him from the deputy governorship by May 1703; he was demoted to faujdar of Sikakul, giving him control over the coastal districts of Hyderabad province. By November 1704, he lost this position as well and was transferred out of Hyderabad; he was appointed faujdar of the Bijapur-Carnatic.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "For reasons that are unclear, Aurangzeb reinstated Rustam Dil Khan to the deputy governorship of Hyderabad by 1705, and raised his rank; this ended the short tenure of Daud Khan Panni. Rustam Dil Khan focused on amassing wealth, and built close connections with local powers: the bandit Riza Khan, the Maratha chieftain Krishna Malhar, and the Telugu zamindar Ananda Razu Pusapati of Vizianagaram. According to John F. Richards, such actions may have been to deter the possibility of dismissal from the province of Hyderabad, and to set up one of his own sons as the natural successor to the position.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1707, emperor Aurangzeb died, triggering a war of succession between the princes. The prince Muhammad Mu'azzam defeated Azam Shah in the Battle of Jajau and crowned himself as emperor Bahadur Shah. Bahadur Shah nominally confirmed Rustam Dil Khan as governor of Hyderabad, and awarded him his father's title of Jan Sipar Khan. Kam Bakhsh, the remaining Mughal prince, still remained active in the Deccan; Rustam Dil Khan intensified his efforts to amass wealth, plundering the region and harassing Mughal officials.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Kam Bakhsh arrived in Hyderabad in early 1708, crowning himself the independent 'king of Golconda'. Rustam Dil Khan offered his tribute and formal submission, upon which Kam Bakhsh confirmed his post as governor of Hyderabad, raised his rank, and awarded him the title 'Azam Khan'. Kam Bakhsh set out to consolidate his rule over the next few months. Discovering that the treasury at Machilipatnam contained a great amount of wealth, Kam Bakhsh attempted to seize it to support his own precarious rule. He was met with resistance from Rustam Dil Khan, who prevented the diwan of Machilipatnam from releasing the funds. Kam Bakhsh was also influenced by his advisors, who had convinced him that Rustam Dil Khan was secretly plotting against him. These factors enraged the prince, who after a few months of conflict, arrested Rustam Dil Khan. Kam Bakhsh invited the unassuming governor to his quarters to help him with a letter to Bahadur Shah; when the governor arrived and removed his weapons, Kam Bakhsh excused himself from the premises, and his associates arrested him.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "After three days in confinement, Rustam Dil Khan was executed in September 1708 on Kam Bakhsh's order, by the trampling of an elephant. He was then buried by his residence in Hyderabad, named Imli Mahal. Kam Bakhsh took over his vast personal treasury (reported to be more than 3.3 million gold coins), and imprisoned his family. The prince would go on to be defeated and killed by Bahadur Shah in 1709, clearing the way for the latter's emperorship.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "As the Mughal governor of Bidar, Rustam Dil Khan built a mosque in the city, within the tomb-shrine of Sufi saint Shah Ali Qadiri. Though local records attest that Rustam Dil Khan's governorship was until 1688, the mosque's inscriptions date the structure to the year 1695, indicating he may have governed for a longer term.",
"title": "Patronage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 1702, Rustam Dil Khan built a mosque in Hyderabad named the Kali Masjid, located in Yakutpura. An inscription on the mosque indicates that he built it a year after his father Jan Sipar Khan's death. The mosque was built close to Rustam Dil Khan's former residence, known as Imli Mahal. The mosque's courtyard contains the tombs of both his father and himself; he constructed his father's tomb during his lifetime, and was interred here following his execution.",
"title": "Patronage"
}
] | Rustam Dil Khan was a noble of the Mughal Empire during the reign of emperor Aurangzeb. His activities were centred around the Mughal province of Hyderabad Subah, which he administered as deputy subahdar (governor) for most of his official career. He was killed by prince Kam Bakhsh during the war of succession after Aurangzeb's death, as the prince attempted a bid for independent rule in the Deccan. He is buried in the Kali Masjid, a mosque he built in the city of Hyderabad. | 2023-12-14T01:59:54Z | 2023-12-17T06:04:24Z | [
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75,559,855 | Barry Stumbles | Barry Donald Stumbles (born 29 September 1948) is an Australian former rugby union international who represented Australia in four Test matches. He also played rugby league for the St. George Dragons.
Born in Canberra, Stumbles was educated at Canberra High School, for which he played 1st XV rugby union while a junior school student. He played as a back rower or lock and was a good performer in line outs. Initially playing first-grade for ACT club Northern Suburbs, after moving to Sydney he represented Western Suburbs and St. George.
Stumbles gained his first Wallabies call up for the 1971 tour of France, where he remained outside of Test selection. His break came on the 1972 tour of New Zealand, with an injury to Peter Sullivan giving him a debut off the bench in the 1st Test at Wellington. He contributed well enough to earn a place as starting lock for the 2nd Test at Christchurch, before switching to No. 8 for the 3rd Test at Auckland. The touring party then visited Fiji and he scored his only Test try in a two-point win over the home side at Suva.
Switching to rugby league in 1974, Stumbles made five first-grade appearances for the St. George Dragons in that year's NSWRFL season. He was used as a second rower by St. George and earned plaudits for his performance in a win over Balmain at a muddy Kogarah Oval. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Barry Donald Stumbles (born 29 September 1948) is an Australian former rugby union international who represented Australia in four Test matches. He also played rugby league for the St. George Dragons.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born in Canberra, Stumbles was educated at Canberra High School, for which he played 1st XV rugby union while a junior school student. He played as a back rower or lock and was a good performer in line outs. Initially playing first-grade for ACT club Northern Suburbs, after moving to Sydney he represented Western Suburbs and St. George.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Stumbles gained his first Wallabies call up for the 1971 tour of France, where he remained outside of Test selection. His break came on the 1972 tour of New Zealand, with an injury to Peter Sullivan giving him a debut off the bench in the 1st Test at Wellington. He contributed well enough to earn a place as starting lock for the 2nd Test at Christchurch, before switching to No. 8 for the 3rd Test at Auckland. The touring party then visited Fiji and he scored his only Test try in a two-point win over the home side at Suva.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Switching to rugby league in 1974, Stumbles made five first-grade appearances for the St. George Dragons in that year's NSWRFL season. He was used as a second rower by St. George and earned plaudits for his performance in a win over Balmain at a muddy Kogarah Oval.",
"title": ""
}
] | Barry Donald Stumbles is an Australian former rugby union international who represented Australia in four Test matches. He also played rugby league for the St. George Dragons. Born in Canberra, Stumbles was educated at Canberra High School, for which he played 1st XV rugby union while a junior school student. He played as a back rower or lock and was a good performer in line outs. Initially playing first-grade for ACT club Northern Suburbs, after moving to Sydney he represented Western Suburbs and St. George. Stumbles gained his first Wallabies call up for the 1971 tour of France, where he remained outside of Test selection. His break came on the 1972 tour of New Zealand, with an injury to Peter Sullivan giving him a debut off the bench in the 1st Test at Wellington. He contributed well enough to earn a place as starting lock for the 2nd Test at Christchurch, before switching to No. 8 for the 3rd Test at Auckland. The touring party then visited Fiji and he scored his only Test try in a two-point win over the home side at Suva. Switching to rugby league in 1974, Stumbles made five first-grade appearances for the St. George Dragons in that year's NSWRFL season. He was used as a second rower by St. George and earned plaudits for his performance in a win over Balmain at a muddy Kogarah Oval. | 2023-12-14T02:05:17Z | 2023-12-18T20:50:41Z | [
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75,559,928 | Chet Pobolish | Chet Pobolish (born c. 1976) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Arkansas City High School, a position he has held since 2023. He was the head football coach for Southwestern Oklahoma State University from 2018 to 2021. He also coached for Emporia State, Delta State, Southeastern Louisiana, Missouri Western, and Reinhardt. He played college football for Emporia State as a wide receiver. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Chet Pobolish (born c. 1976) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Arkansas City High School, a position he has held since 2023. He was the head football coach for Southwestern Oklahoma State University from 2018 to 2021. He also coached for Emporia State, Delta State, Southeastern Louisiana, Missouri Western, and Reinhardt. He played college football for Emporia State as a wide receiver.",
"title": ""
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] | Chet Pobolish is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Arkansas City High School, a position he has held since 2023. He was the head football coach for Southwestern Oklahoma State University from 2018 to 2021. He also coached for Emporia State, Delta State, Southeastern Louisiana, Missouri Western, and Reinhardt. He played college football for Emporia State as a wide receiver. | 2023-12-14T02:19:20Z | 2023-12-14T05:03:09Z | [
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75,559,940 | Convivendo parte 2 | Convivendo parte 2 ("Convivendo, Pt. 2") is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 11 February 2005 on his label Iris and distributed by Universal Music Group. | [
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] | Convivendo parte 2 is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 11 February 2005 on his label Iris and distributed by Universal Music Group. | 2023-12-14T02:20:17Z | 2023-12-30T01:09:58Z | [
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75,559,948 | 2024 in Legacy Fighting Alliance | 2024 is the eighth year in the history of Legacy Fighting Alliance, a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States.
Legacy Fighting Alliance 174: Jones vs. Gennrich will be a mixed martial arts event promoted by Legacy Fighting Alliance and that take place on January 12, 2024. It aired on UFC Fight Pass.
A LFA Lightweight Championship bout between reigning champion JaCobi Jones and challenger Kegan Gennrich is scheduled to headline the event. The winner will then get a chance to unify the title against newly crowned interim champion Jefferson Nascimento, who is taking time to heal an injury.
Legacy Fighting Alliance 175: Lopes vs. Brigagão will be a mixed martial arts event promoted by Legacy Fighting Alliance and that take place on January 27, 2024. It aired on UFC Fight Pass.
A LFA Light Heavyweight Championship bout between reigning champion Bruno Lopes and challenger Marcos Brigagão is scheduled to headline the event.. | [
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] | 2024 is the eighth year in the history of Legacy Fighting Alliance, a mixed martial arts promotion based in the United States. | 2023-12-14T02:21:33Z | 2023-12-31T21:06:20Z | [
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75,559,963 | P/2021 U3 (Attard-Maury) | P/2021 U3 (Attard-Maury) is a comet of the Jupiter family discovered on 24 October 2021 by Georges Attard and Alain Maury... The comet had a magnitude of 19 at the time of its discovery. It is the second comet discovered using the synthetic tracking technique, using the Tycho software, as part of the MAP Observation Program.
The comet was discovered on October 24, 2021 by Georges Attard, an amateur astronomer from Mougins, and Alain Maury, a former astronomer at the CERGA and the Palomar Observatory, now director of the astronomical resources center Space in San Pedro de Atacama, Chile.
To detect near-Earth objects, Alain Maury, Georges Attard, and Daniel Parrott designed the MAP project. This project is based on a method, observation telescopes, processing software, and of course, diligent observers.
The characteristics are detailed in the database of the Minor Planet Center (MPC) and in the database of JPL's Solar System Dynamics group at (Caltech/NASA)
The orbital period is 8 and a half years. Its trajectory can be observed in the small bodies database
The aphelion is 6.56 AU, close to the orbit of Jupiter. | [
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75,559,994 | Pueblo, Texas | Pueblo is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 46 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area.
Pueblo was founded as a station on the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. A post office was established at Pueblo in 1909 with Edgar Robinson serving as postmaster. During its most prosperous point in 1915, Pueblo had 50 residents who were served by a general store and the post office. The community began its decline after the post office closed in 1918. There were 18 residents served by one business from 1930 to the 1940s. The 1948 county highway map showed a business and several scattered dwellings in Pueblo. Its population was reported as 24 by the Texas Almanac in 1964, but it was listed as being in nearby Eastland County. The former townsite, still shown on Callahan County highway maps as a dispersed rural settlement, is located half a mile east of Pueblo's Eastland County location. The Pueblo Plant, a gas pressure plant located on Texas State Highway 6 8 mi (13 km) northwest of Cisco, is located in Eastland County. In addition, the plant provided housing for its workers. The population grew to 46 from 1968 through 2000.
Pueblo is located on the Eastland County line in northeastern Callahan County.
Pueblo had its own school in 1948. Today, the community is served by the Moran Independent School District. | [
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"text": "Pueblo was founded as a station on the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. A post office was established at Pueblo in 1909 with Edgar Robinson serving as postmaster. During its most prosperous point in 1915, Pueblo had 50 residents who were served by a general store and the post office. The community began its decline after the post office closed in 1918. There were 18 residents served by one business from 1930 to the 1940s. The 1948 county highway map showed a business and several scattered dwellings in Pueblo. Its population was reported as 24 by the Texas Almanac in 1964, but it was listed as being in nearby Eastland County. The former townsite, still shown on Callahan County highway maps as a dispersed rural settlement, is located half a mile east of Pueblo's Eastland County location. The Pueblo Plant, a gas pressure plant located on Texas State Highway 6 8 mi (13 km) northwest of Cisco, is located in Eastland County. In addition, the plant provided housing for its workers. The population grew to 46 from 1968 through 2000.",
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] | Pueblo is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 46 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area. | 2023-12-14T02:26:21Z | 2023-12-14T02:27:06Z | [
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75,560,030 | Synagogal Judaism | Synagogal Judaism or Synagogal and Sacerdotal Judaism was a branch of Judaism that emerged around the 2nd century BCE with the construction of the first synagogues in the Jewish diaspora and ancient Judea. Parallel to the Rabbinic and Jewish Christian movements, it developed after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE.
Also known as "common Judaism" or "para-rabbinic Judaism", the synagogal movement encompassed the rites and traditions predominantly followed by the Judeans in the early centuries of the common era. It is within this movement that the religious practices and culture common to the ancient Jewish diaspora were formed. Influenced by Greek and Persian cultures, it gave rise to a distinct art form in the 3rd century. According to researchers, Jewish priests mostly stayed inside that movement after the destruction of the Second Temple.
"Between Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity, there existed another entity", notes Simon Claude Mimouni, "which undoubtedly had more legitimacy due to its antiquity and the fact that it was based more on ethnicity than belief. This entity can be called Synagogal Judaism, which was caught between the identities of the Rabbinic and Christian movements that were forming between the 2nd and 4th centuries. The former gradually disappeared by assimilating into either the Rabbinic movement or the Christian movement, although its reality persisted in certain regions throughout the Middle Ages in both the West and the East."
Distinct from Rabbinic Judaism and Christian Judaism, synagogal Judaism carried a mysticism associated with the literature of the Palaces and the Targum. It is considered the source of the Kabbalistic movement, according to Moshe Idel.
Synagogal Judaism was called a "triplet brother" of Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity.
Following the discovery of the ruins of the Dura-Europos synagogue in the 1930s, art historians and historians of religion were confronted with archaeological remains that challenged the commonly accepted historiography of Judaism. The Dura-Europos synagogue, dating back to the mid-3rd century CE, revealed a significant collection of figurative paintings depicting scenes from the narratives of the Tanakh. The excavation of ruins from other ancient synagogues in the following decades yielded comparable iconography that contradicted the prohibitions imposed by contemporary rabbinic academies regarding the creation of images.
Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough was the first to propose the hypothesis that there existed in antiquity a form of Judaism that had fallen into oblivion, influenced particularly by Greek culture. He referred to it as "Hellenistic Judaism", which was distinct from both Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity.
The research conducted by Gershom Scholem on the ancient sources of Kabbalah led him to propose a similar hypothesis based on the data provided by texts of ancient Jewish mysticism, particularly associated with the Judeo-Platonic school of Philo of Alexandria in the 1st century.
Goodenough was convinced that his work complemented Scholem's. One, through archaeology, and the other, through texts, attested to the existence of an ancient mystical tradition unknown in the history of Judaism until the emergence of Kabbalah in the 12th century.
Scholem did not make as radical a distinction as Goodenough between mystical Judaism and Rabbinic Judaism. However, they agreed that Greek, Platonic, Gnostic, and Orphic influences played a decisive role in the creation of Jewish mysticism. This viewpoint is contested by Moshe Idel and Charles Mopsik, who believe that "Scholem underestimated the specifically Jewish element in the formation of Kabbalah and exaggerated the influence of Gnosticism."
The historiographical research conducted by scholars such as Daniel Boyarin, Stuart Miller, Lee I. Levine, and others, introduced two components in ancient Jewish mysticism: a Greek-language component and an Aramaic-language component (the native language of Syria, widely spoken in the ancient Near East). This bilingualism, characteristic of Judean culture in the early centuries of the common era, defines a "complex and non-monolithic communal Judaism," according to Stuart Miller. The Targum literature (Aramaic commentaries on the biblical text) played an equally important role as the Judeo-Greek literature.
"This Judaism", noted José Costa, "is communal, as it is founded on a common source for all its components: the broad biblical tradition. It is complex in that it gave rise to monumental synagogues in all their diversity [...]. It incorporates both the ethnic and religious components of Jewish identity. Lastly, it allows us to understand how pagan material culture underwent a process of appropriation within a Jewish context." Simon Claude Mimouni prefers to call it "synagogal Judaism", a notion that refers to the same historiographical foundations.
The first synagogues (from the Greek "sunagōgē", meaning "assembly") or proseuches (from the Greek "proseuchē," meaning "[place of] prayers") appeared around the 2nd century BCE in the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Eastern Diaspora, such as Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, and others. According to Lee I. Levine, they were modeled after the Hellenistic concept of associations. Synagogue associations were not fundamentally different from pagan associations in Greco-Roman cities. Consisting various communities, their mission was to establish a sanctuary and conduct worship, as well as to organize solidarity among their members through charitable practices in particular.
The synagogue movement, which first emerged in the Diaspora, soon spread to the Kingdom of Judah, serving as a link between the Jews within, who focused on the institution of the Temple, and the Jews outside, who centered their religious life around the synagogue. According to Solomon W. Baron, the Jewish population at that time, shortly before the First Jewish Revolt against Rome in 70 CE, reached approximately eight million people (two million in Palestine and six million in the Diaspora, including one million in Persia). This was a significant mass, accounting for nearly one-tenth of the overall population of the Roman Empire. The synagogue movement played a crucial role in fostering unity among the Jewish people.
The destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, during the First Jewish Revolt, led to the demise of the priestly Judaism and its replacement by synagogal Judaism. Both the Jews in Palestine and those in the Diaspora "slowly turned towards the rabbinic movement and its alternative of a Judaism without a sanctuary or priesthood, in other words, without cultic worship", as observed by Mimouni. At that time, rabbinic Judaism and Jewish Christianity represented only a minority among the religious Jewish population.
The Bar Kokhba revolt originated within the synagogal movement. After the failure of the revolt, the synagogue movement underwent pagan influences, particularly in Palestine.
Seth Schwartz distinguishes two periods: the first, between 135 and 350 CE, marked by a rise of paganism among the Jews, and the second, between 350 and 640 CE, characterized by a desire to re-Judaize. However, the responsibility for this re-Judaization did not lie with the rabbis, but rather with the decline of paganism in the Roman Empire, associated with the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity.
The synagogue, drawing from its own culture, pushed the Jews to establish connections either with the rabbis or with the Christians, depending on the context. Rabbinic Judaism, which generally held a hostile stance toward the rites practiced in the synagogues, changed its position by incorporating synagogal culture within itself in order to adapt to the convergence of these two streams around the 4th and 5th centuries, according to Schwartz.
However, historians like Mimouni, Boyarin, and Levine find this view too simplistic. Levine, in particular, observes that the rabbis began showing increasing interest in the synagogue from the 2nd century onwards, but they did not hold a dominant position within it until the 5th century.
According to Stuart Miller, Synagogal Jews were not significantly different from pagans. They dressed similarly and engaged in similar activities. Many of them participated in civic cults dedicated to the gods of the city. They did not hesitate to include images of these gods in their synagogues, as seen in Dura-Europos, where effigies of Cybele, Persephone, Helios, and others adorned the ceiling of the prayer hall. However, they circumcised their children and abstained from eating pork, which were major signs of their adherence to Judaism. Judaism, in this context, is better understood as a culture rather than a strictly defined religion.
The scarcity of the term "Rabbi" in archaeological inscriptions found in the Diaspora and Palestine suggests that the rabbinic movement had limited presence and influence in synagogues (excluding Babylonia, where changes occurred earlier). They followed the prescriptions of Jewish law as they interpreted them, and thus refrained from making images, avoided entering pagan places of worship, and generally did not share meals with pagans. However, they generally coexisted with the majority population. Fergus Millar was drawn to a similar conclusion when studying the inscriptions in Palestine; asking himself about the possibility of a clear distinction between Rabbinic and Synagogal Judaism.
The Jewish-Christian minority also coexisted with Jews from the other groups in the same neighborhoods, as seen in Dura-Europos. They were perceived as a dissident Jewish movement rather than a new religion, at least until the mid-2nd century, notes Costa. Jewish Christians were relatively well received by non-Pharisaic Jews, and even by moderate Pharisees who did not adhere to the formalism of the more radical Pharisees, according to Costa.
The synagogue assumed the role of a temple in Greco-Roman or Persian society. Jewish Priests (Kohanim) held a central place within it. They conducted the services, read targums (commentaries on the Bible), delivered teachings, and were part of the ruling elite. They represented their community to the imperial authorities.
"Priests were the only social group with a fixed role in synagogue liturgy, while the rabbis presented themselves, at least in the tannaitic texts, as having no interest in the synagogue", notes Paul Flesher. Jewish priests were seen as figures from the past, associated with liturgical practices that were more or less influenced by paganism, according to the attacks of the rabbis. According to Rachel Elior, Simon-Claude Mimouni and other researchers, Jewish priests mostly stayed inside Synagogal Judaism after the destruction of the Second Temple, before progressively joining Rabbinic Judaism or Christianity.
Charles Mopsik and Moshe Idel suggested that mystical currents within Judaism find their source in writings attributed to the prophet Elijah, "the oldest and most prominent figure" of biblical mysticism, the celestial messenger who initiates the reader into the secrets of the Torah.
The figure of Elijah holds a significant place in apocalyptic literature that emerged in the 3rd century BCE in the Jewish schools of the ancient East. This literature of resistance was formed by authors who critically observed the world they lived in while conveying a message of hope. It is associated with another biblical figure, the prophet Ezekiel. His vision of the Merkavah (the "Chariot of God") plays an important role in synagogal literature. A third figure that holds a remarkable position is that of the prophet Daniel, associated with his own vision of God. Angels, messengers, visionaries, and intermediary beings between God and humans take center stage in this literature, while the divine itself appears to distance itself from humanity.
E.R. Goodenough observed similarities between "Jewish mysteries" and "pagan mysteries." The work of Philo of Alexandria, in particular, absorbed influences from Platonism, Pythagoreanism, Dionysianism, Orphism, and Persian traditions, forming a mystical repository that Goodenough found reflected in the decorations of ancient synagogues. According to Goodenough, what characterizes synagogue art is a "Judaism of light". Thus, for Philo, the God of Israel, incomprehensible, elusive, and inconceivable in theological terms, could still reveal Himself in the form of illumination, a flash of lightning, a "light", which was equated with the cosmic logos, the Messiah, the link between God and humans.
Philo's influence on ancient Christian Judaism is considerable, and his influence on synagogue Judaism is no less significant. The figures of the zodiac and the god Helios systematically appear in ancient synagogues. Helios symbolizes "divine emanation", a concept also found in the Shekhinah, the immanent divine presence, which the rabbis eventually, albeit reluctantly, accepted in their literature, and which Goodenough associates with ancient Jewish mysticism.
Willem F. Smelik, based on an analysis of Qumran and Targumic texts, corroborated Goodenough's analysis: the righteous become light in the afterlife, taking on the form of an angel or a star. This conception, specific to synagogal mysticism, is not widely appreciated by the rabbis as a whole.
Messianism and mysticism converged within the synagogal movement, whereas this was far from the case in the rabbinic movement. The rabbis, at that time, were wary of messianic conceptions. They often involved processes of divine emanation that they disapproved of. The tendency of the rabbis, until the beginning of the 6th century, was "deeply anti-messianic," as noted by Philip Alexander.
Daniel Boyarin introduces the concept of binitarianism, which refers to a dual identity of God, with a transcendent, absent, and unrepresentable aspect, as well as an immanent, present, and representable aspect, within both synagogal Judaism and Christian Judaism. Justin Martyr, one of the early Church Fathers, considered this understanding of the divine as one of the foundations of Christian thought, while the rabbis regarded it as heresy, notes Boyarin. He emphasizes that it is through this theological conflict that both Christianity and Judaism were developed, with each constructing themselves through heresiological processes by defining both dogma and heresy. "The two heresiological projects form a perfect mirror", explains Boyarin. "The Rabbis construct (so to speak) Christianity, while Christian authors like Justin construct (so to speak) Judaism."
According to Steeve Bélanger, most of the first Christian-Jewish polemical literature, for example the Dialogue with Trypho, is to be considered as a result of Synagogal/Sacerdotal Judaism conflicts with Christianity, and not a representation of the Rabbinic movement.
However, a rupture occurred around the 5th century in Rabbinic Judaism when the authors of the Babylonian Talmud admitted that "an Israelite, even if he sins, remains an Israelite." The necessity to integrate, at least partially, the elements of synagogal mysticism into rabbinic literature in order to satisfy a society for whom the synagogue remained an essential place, imposed on the rabbis to break away from heresiology. According to Boyarin, this was a significant change. Rabbinic Judaism no longer conceived of heretics among the Jews. It abandoned its initial project to embrace a plurality of beliefs, sometimes contradictory, focusing on practices rather than faith.
"This directive becomes almost omnipresent and foundational for later forms of Rabbinic Judaism. There is now practically no possibility for a Jew to cease being Jewish because the very notion of heresy has been ultimately rejected, and Judaism (even if the term is anachronistic) refused to be, ultimately, a religion", concludes Boyarin.
The nature of the opposition between ancient Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism lies in the fact that "they belong to completely different categories," notes Mimouni, who further explains, "From the Christian perspective, Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity fall into the category of religions [...]. From the perspective of the rabbis, Christianity is a religion, while Judaism is not, at least until the attempt of Maimonides and especially until the time of Modernity, when the notion of 'Jewish faith' emerged."
According to Goodenough, synagogues were conceived within the framework of Hellenistic Judaism in Alexandria. Serving as substitutes for the Jerusalem Temple in the Diaspora, they provided Judeans with a place to celebrate the "mysteries" of a cult that was both mystical and messianic, with the theological keys provided by the philosophy of Philo.
Schwartz challenged this viewpoint by denying Philo such a significant role in the creation of synagogal art, but without questioning the overall project assigned to him by Goodenough. The synagogue aimed to approach, through its architecture, decor, and liturgy, the mystical union of the divine and the human.
A motif like that of King David depicted as Orpheus creates a connection between Jewish mysticism and Hellenistic Orphic mysticism. The Judeans who appreciated this representation, disregarding the prohibitions set by the rabbis, were not seeking to assimilate into Greek culture but rather to "Judaize Hellenism," according to Goodenough.
The rabbis had a different perspective. They focused on the house of study (bet midrash) and the civil court (bet din) rather than the synagogue (bet knesset). The house of study sometimes took on the role of a synagogue for the rabbis, but it maintained a sense of sobriety both in its exterior and interior. However, the Alexandrian synagogues during Philo's time did not feature figurative images. Such images only appeared in synagogal art around the third century and disappeared by the eighth century, coinciding with the period of convergence and soon fusion between the synagogal movement and the rabbinic movement.
This led Jacob Neusner to propose the hypothesis of a continuous convergence between these two movements since the 1st century. Neusner suggests that by the third century, the convergence was already advanced enough to allow for the emergence of figurative art shared by both tendencies or at least tolerated by the rabbinic trend. This was not only the case in the Roman Empire but also in Babylonia, where the most famous synagogue, Nehardea, was adorned with a statue of a Persian king. The prohibitions stated by the rabbis regarding painting or architecture were always subject to interpretation. Urbach notes that the most tolerant opinions prevailed in the Talmudic academies. By the middle of the 3rd century, the danger of paganism was no longer significant. The rabbis of the Palestinian academies no longer condemned figurative representations. Therefore, ancient Jewish art, instead of resulting from the opposition between the synagogue movement and the rabbinic movement as believed by Goodenough, would rather result from their union.
"Synagogal Judaism is documented by sources that were previously considered either Christian (for the pseudepigraphic or apocryphal literature) or rabbinic (for the Targumic or poetic literature)," notes Mimouni. The rabbis primarily preserved texts written in Aramaic, while Christians preserved texts written in Greek. This suggests that Judeans who spoke Aramaic mostly joined the rabbinic movement, while those who spoke Greek aligned with the Christian movement.
It comes in three main forms:
Written between the third and eighth centuries, Hekhalot literature discusses the "Palace", which refers to the ideal Temple, the dwelling place of God, and the chariot of God beyond time. The authors of this literature describe their visionary experiences of visiting the Palace in dreams or mystical transports. They explicitly align themselves with the tradition of mystical visionaries from previous centuries, particularly referencing Ezekiel's vision in the Bible. Around twenty texts attributed by tradition to Talmudic sages such as Rabbi Akiva, Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Rabbi Ishmael, Rabbi Nehunia ben Haqana, and others have been preserved. However, the question remains: were these texts truly written by the rabbis themselves, or do they simply indicate the rabbinic culture's appropriation of these texts? This question remains unanswered.
Gershom Scholem was convinced that the Hekhalot literature belonged to the realm of rabbinic mysticism because its content referred to Talmudic sources, primarily aggadic (non-legal) materials. The "narrative of creation" and the "narrative of the chariot", found in the Talmud, would retain an embryonic form of mysticism that fully unfolds in the Hekhalot literature. This suggests a common mystical foundation shared by the synagogal movement and the rabbinic movement. This analysis is shared by Neusner and Mimouni. The two movements were likely not as opposed as Goodenough believed, although significant differences did exist between them.
The rabbis were interested in celestial visions in order to derive theological interpretations from them. However, they generally disapproved of mystical experiences such as transports, trances, and ecstasy that led to such visions. "The ideas, values, ethical notions, and theological concepts are shared by both literatures, although some concepts are more emphasized in one or the other," notes Ron Naiwel. "What sets them apart lies elsewhere: they do not have the same ethical project. Rabbinic literature is centered on the present world, while the Hekhalot literature focuses on immediate access to the celestial realm."
Produced over a long period of time, Targumic literature emerged from the liturgical need to translate the Hebrew Bible into Aramaic. Stemming from synagogal culture, it provides a collection of commentaries that have been integrated into rabbinic literature without much difficulty, although Mimouni points out that "the rabbinic movement has not always been favorable to this form of literature and has sometimes censored it."
The main work in this category is the Sefer Yetzirah (the "Book of Creation"), a short treatise that presents itself as a compendium of discoveries regarding the creation of the world. According to rabbinic tradition, it was written by Abraham, while other sources from the same tradition attribute it to Akiva.
Appearing at an uncertain date between the first and eighth centuries, the Sefer Yetzirah is still connected to the Hekhalot literature in its poetic and visionary form, but it distinguishes itself by its primarily cosmological and speculative nature. It succinctly and suggestively presents the major concepts on which Kabbalah is based, particularly the ten sefirot: the "ten abyssal numbers" (esser sefirot belimah), which are assimilated to the ten extensions or "infinite measures" of a central, unique, and unknown principle. It also describes the ten dimensions of the universe in which God has spread: the high, the low, the south, the north, the east, the west, the beginning, the end, the good, and the evil. The Sefer Yetzirah is the first work classified within the Kabbalistic corpus, bridging the culture of the Synagogue and that of Kabbalah.
It comes into four main forms:
This includes the Septuagint, the most famous translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, written around the second century BCE, even before the canon of the Hebrew Bible was fixed. It was followed by the translations of Aquila of Sinope, Theodotion, and Symmachus. Additionally, there is the Deuterocanonical literature, which refers to the books classified in the Old Testament according to the Christian canon but not accepted by the Rabbinic canon. These include the two books of Maccabees, the Book of Judith, the Book of Tobit, the Greek passages of the Book of Esther, the Book of Wisdom, Sirach, the Greek passages of the Book of Baruch, and the Greek passages of the Book of Daniel.
This category encompasses a collection of mystical texts that were rejected by both the Christian and Rabbinic canons but still enjoyed prestige, leading to their unofficial preservation by members of either movement. These texts are known as Biblical Apocrypha. Simon Claude Mimouni emphasizes that originally, they held the same theological legitimacy as the canonical texts of either tradition. Notably, during their composition in the late 1st century and throughout the 2nd century, both types of texts likely held similar theological status. Remarkable texts in this literature include the Book of Jubilees, the Greek version of the Book of Enoch, the Letter of Aristeas, and the Sibylline Oracles.
The Greek texts from the Dead Sea Scrolls also fall into this category.
This primarily refers to the works of Flavius Josephus, such as "The Jewish War," "Antiquities of the Jews," and "Against Apion". Josephus provides the perspective of the first historian of Judaism on the various Judean tendencies in the first century.
This mainly pertains to the works of Philo of Alexandria. While preserved by Christian authorities, Philo's works were distanced, if not outright marginalized, by rabbinic authorities. However, Philo's works experienced a resurgence within Judaism in the 12th century, not only within the Kabbalistic schools that revived the ancient Jewish mysticism but also within the Maimonidean schools that extended the Talmudic tradition. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Synagogal Judaism or Synagogal and Sacerdotal Judaism was a branch of Judaism that emerged around the 2nd century BCE with the construction of the first synagogues in the Jewish diaspora and ancient Judea. Parallel to the Rabbinic and Jewish Christian movements, it developed after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Also known as \"common Judaism\" or \"para-rabbinic Judaism\", the synagogal movement encompassed the rites and traditions predominantly followed by the Judeans in the early centuries of the common era. It is within this movement that the religious practices and culture common to the ancient Jewish diaspora were formed. Influenced by Greek and Persian cultures, it gave rise to a distinct art form in the 3rd century. According to researchers, Jewish priests mostly stayed inside that movement after the destruction of the Second Temple.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "\"Between Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity, there existed another entity\", notes Simon Claude Mimouni, \"which undoubtedly had more legitimacy due to its antiquity and the fact that it was based more on ethnicity than belief. This entity can be called Synagogal Judaism, which was caught between the identities of the Rabbinic and Christian movements that were forming between the 2nd and 4th centuries. The former gradually disappeared by assimilating into either the Rabbinic movement or the Christian movement, although its reality persisted in certain regions throughout the Middle Ages in both the West and the East.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Distinct from Rabbinic Judaism and Christian Judaism, synagogal Judaism carried a mysticism associated with the literature of the Palaces and the Targum. It is considered the source of the Kabbalistic movement, according to Moshe Idel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Synagogal Judaism was called a \"triplet brother\" of Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Following the discovery of the ruins of the Dura-Europos synagogue in the 1930s, art historians and historians of religion were confronted with archaeological remains that challenged the commonly accepted historiography of Judaism. The Dura-Europos synagogue, dating back to the mid-3rd century CE, revealed a significant collection of figurative paintings depicting scenes from the narratives of the Tanakh. The excavation of ruins from other ancient synagogues in the following decades yielded comparable iconography that contradicted the prohibitions imposed by contemporary rabbinic academies regarding the creation of images.",
"title": "Concept"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough was the first to propose the hypothesis that there existed in antiquity a form of Judaism that had fallen into oblivion, influenced particularly by Greek culture. He referred to it as \"Hellenistic Judaism\", which was distinct from both Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity.",
"title": "Concept"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The research conducted by Gershom Scholem on the ancient sources of Kabbalah led him to propose a similar hypothesis based on the data provided by texts of ancient Jewish mysticism, particularly associated with the Judeo-Platonic school of Philo of Alexandria in the 1st century.",
"title": "Concept"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Goodenough was convinced that his work complemented Scholem's. One, through archaeology, and the other, through texts, attested to the existence of an ancient mystical tradition unknown in the history of Judaism until the emergence of Kabbalah in the 12th century.",
"title": "Concept"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Scholem did not make as radical a distinction as Goodenough between mystical Judaism and Rabbinic Judaism. However, they agreed that Greek, Platonic, Gnostic, and Orphic influences played a decisive role in the creation of Jewish mysticism. This viewpoint is contested by Moshe Idel and Charles Mopsik, who believe that \"Scholem underestimated the specifically Jewish element in the formation of Kabbalah and exaggerated the influence of Gnosticism.\"",
"title": "Concept"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The historiographical research conducted by scholars such as Daniel Boyarin, Stuart Miller, Lee I. Levine, and others, introduced two components in ancient Jewish mysticism: a Greek-language component and an Aramaic-language component (the native language of Syria, widely spoken in the ancient Near East). This bilingualism, characteristic of Judean culture in the early centuries of the common era, defines a \"complex and non-monolithic communal Judaism,\" according to Stuart Miller. The Targum literature (Aramaic commentaries on the biblical text) played an equally important role as the Judeo-Greek literature.",
"title": "Concept"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "\"This Judaism\", noted José Costa, \"is communal, as it is founded on a common source for all its components: the broad biblical tradition. It is complex in that it gave rise to monumental synagogues in all their diversity [...]. It incorporates both the ethnic and religious components of Jewish identity. Lastly, it allows us to understand how pagan material culture underwent a process of appropriation within a Jewish context.\" Simon Claude Mimouni prefers to call it \"synagogal Judaism\", a notion that refers to the same historiographical foundations.",
"title": "Concept"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The first synagogues (from the Greek \"sunagōgē\", meaning \"assembly\") or proseuches (from the Greek \"proseuchē,\" meaning \"[place of] prayers\") appeared around the 2nd century BCE in the Hellenistic kingdoms of the Eastern Diaspora, such as Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, and others. According to Lee I. Levine, they were modeled after the Hellenistic concept of associations. Synagogue associations were not fundamentally different from pagan associations in Greco-Roman cities. Consisting various communities, their mission was to establish a sanctuary and conduct worship, as well as to organize solidarity among their members through charitable practices in particular.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The synagogue movement, which first emerged in the Diaspora, soon spread to the Kingdom of Judah, serving as a link between the Jews within, who focused on the institution of the Temple, and the Jews outside, who centered their religious life around the synagogue. According to Solomon W. Baron, the Jewish population at that time, shortly before the First Jewish Revolt against Rome in 70 CE, reached approximately eight million people (two million in Palestine and six million in the Diaspora, including one million in Persia). This was a significant mass, accounting for nearly one-tenth of the overall population of the Roman Empire. The synagogue movement played a crucial role in fostering unity among the Jewish people.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, during the First Jewish Revolt, led to the demise of the priestly Judaism and its replacement by synagogal Judaism. Both the Jews in Palestine and those in the Diaspora \"slowly turned towards the rabbinic movement and its alternative of a Judaism without a sanctuary or priesthood, in other words, without cultic worship\", as observed by Mimouni. At that time, rabbinic Judaism and Jewish Christianity represented only a minority among the religious Jewish population.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The Bar Kokhba revolt originated within the synagogal movement. After the failure of the revolt, the synagogue movement underwent pagan influences, particularly in Palestine.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Seth Schwartz distinguishes two periods: the first, between 135 and 350 CE, marked by a rise of paganism among the Jews, and the second, between 350 and 640 CE, characterized by a desire to re-Judaize. However, the responsibility for this re-Judaization did not lie with the rabbis, but rather with the decline of paganism in the Roman Empire, associated with the conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The synagogue, drawing from its own culture, pushed the Jews to establish connections either with the rabbis or with the Christians, depending on the context. Rabbinic Judaism, which generally held a hostile stance toward the rites practiced in the synagogues, changed its position by incorporating synagogal culture within itself in order to adapt to the convergence of these two streams around the 4th and 5th centuries, according to Schwartz.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "However, historians like Mimouni, Boyarin, and Levine find this view too simplistic. Levine, in particular, observes that the rabbis began showing increasing interest in the synagogue from the 2nd century onwards, but they did not hold a dominant position within it until the 5th century.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "According to Stuart Miller, Synagogal Jews were not significantly different from pagans. They dressed similarly and engaged in similar activities. Many of them participated in civic cults dedicated to the gods of the city. They did not hesitate to include images of these gods in their synagogues, as seen in Dura-Europos, where effigies of Cybele, Persephone, Helios, and others adorned the ceiling of the prayer hall. However, they circumcised their children and abstained from eating pork, which were major signs of their adherence to Judaism. Judaism, in this context, is better understood as a culture rather than a strictly defined religion.",
"title": "Society"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "The scarcity of the term \"Rabbi\" in archaeological inscriptions found in the Diaspora and Palestine suggests that the rabbinic movement had limited presence and influence in synagogues (excluding Babylonia, where changes occurred earlier). They followed the prescriptions of Jewish law as they interpreted them, and thus refrained from making images, avoided entering pagan places of worship, and generally did not share meals with pagans. However, they generally coexisted with the majority population. Fergus Millar was drawn to a similar conclusion when studying the inscriptions in Palestine; asking himself about the possibility of a clear distinction between Rabbinic and Synagogal Judaism.",
"title": "Society"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "The Jewish-Christian minority also coexisted with Jews from the other groups in the same neighborhoods, as seen in Dura-Europos. They were perceived as a dissident Jewish movement rather than a new religion, at least until the mid-2nd century, notes Costa. Jewish Christians were relatively well received by non-Pharisaic Jews, and even by moderate Pharisees who did not adhere to the formalism of the more radical Pharisees, according to Costa.",
"title": "Society"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The synagogue assumed the role of a temple in Greco-Roman or Persian society. Jewish Priests (Kohanim) held a central place within it. They conducted the services, read targums (commentaries on the Bible), delivered teachings, and were part of the ruling elite. They represented their community to the imperial authorities.",
"title": "Society"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "\"Priests were the only social group with a fixed role in synagogue liturgy, while the rabbis presented themselves, at least in the tannaitic texts, as having no interest in the synagogue\", notes Paul Flesher. Jewish priests were seen as figures from the past, associated with liturgical practices that were more or less influenced by paganism, according to the attacks of the rabbis. According to Rachel Elior, Simon-Claude Mimouni and other researchers, Jewish priests mostly stayed inside Synagogal Judaism after the destruction of the Second Temple, before progressively joining Rabbinic Judaism or Christianity.",
"title": "Society"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Charles Mopsik and Moshe Idel suggested that mystical currents within Judaism find their source in writings attributed to the prophet Elijah, \"the oldest and most prominent figure\" of biblical mysticism, the celestial messenger who initiates the reader into the secrets of the Torah.",
"title": "Synagogal mysticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The figure of Elijah holds a significant place in apocalyptic literature that emerged in the 3rd century BCE in the Jewish schools of the ancient East. This literature of resistance was formed by authors who critically observed the world they lived in while conveying a message of hope. It is associated with another biblical figure, the prophet Ezekiel. His vision of the Merkavah (the \"Chariot of God\") plays an important role in synagogal literature. A third figure that holds a remarkable position is that of the prophet Daniel, associated with his own vision of God. Angels, messengers, visionaries, and intermediary beings between God and humans take center stage in this literature, while the divine itself appears to distance itself from humanity.",
"title": "Synagogal mysticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "E.R. Goodenough observed similarities between \"Jewish mysteries\" and \"pagan mysteries.\" The work of Philo of Alexandria, in particular, absorbed influences from Platonism, Pythagoreanism, Dionysianism, Orphism, and Persian traditions, forming a mystical repository that Goodenough found reflected in the decorations of ancient synagogues. According to Goodenough, what characterizes synagogue art is a \"Judaism of light\". Thus, for Philo, the God of Israel, incomprehensible, elusive, and inconceivable in theological terms, could still reveal Himself in the form of illumination, a flash of lightning, a \"light\", which was equated with the cosmic logos, the Messiah, the link between God and humans.",
"title": "Synagogal mysticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Philo's influence on ancient Christian Judaism is considerable, and his influence on synagogue Judaism is no less significant. The figures of the zodiac and the god Helios systematically appear in ancient synagogues. Helios symbolizes \"divine emanation\", a concept also found in the Shekhinah, the immanent divine presence, which the rabbis eventually, albeit reluctantly, accepted in their literature, and which Goodenough associates with ancient Jewish mysticism.",
"title": "Synagogal mysticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Willem F. Smelik, based on an analysis of Qumran and Targumic texts, corroborated Goodenough's analysis: the righteous become light in the afterlife, taking on the form of an angel or a star. This conception, specific to synagogal mysticism, is not widely appreciated by the rabbis as a whole.",
"title": "Synagogal mysticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Messianism and mysticism converged within the synagogal movement, whereas this was far from the case in the rabbinic movement. The rabbis, at that time, were wary of messianic conceptions. They often involved processes of divine emanation that they disapproved of. The tendency of the rabbis, until the beginning of the 6th century, was \"deeply anti-messianic,\" as noted by Philip Alexander.",
"title": "Synagogal mysticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Daniel Boyarin introduces the concept of binitarianism, which refers to a dual identity of God, with a transcendent, absent, and unrepresentable aspect, as well as an immanent, present, and representable aspect, within both synagogal Judaism and Christian Judaism. Justin Martyr, one of the early Church Fathers, considered this understanding of the divine as one of the foundations of Christian thought, while the rabbis regarded it as heresy, notes Boyarin. He emphasizes that it is through this theological conflict that both Christianity and Judaism were developed, with each constructing themselves through heresiological processes by defining both dogma and heresy. \"The two heresiological projects form a perfect mirror\", explains Boyarin. \"The Rabbis construct (so to speak) Christianity, while Christian authors like Justin construct (so to speak) Judaism.\"",
"title": "Synagogal mysticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "According to Steeve Bélanger, most of the first Christian-Jewish polemical literature, for example the Dialogue with Trypho, is to be considered as a result of Synagogal/Sacerdotal Judaism conflicts with Christianity, and not a representation of the Rabbinic movement.",
"title": "Synagogal mysticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "However, a rupture occurred around the 5th century in Rabbinic Judaism when the authors of the Babylonian Talmud admitted that \"an Israelite, even if he sins, remains an Israelite.\" The necessity to integrate, at least partially, the elements of synagogal mysticism into rabbinic literature in order to satisfy a society for whom the synagogue remained an essential place, imposed on the rabbis to break away from heresiology. According to Boyarin, this was a significant change. Rabbinic Judaism no longer conceived of heretics among the Jews. It abandoned its initial project to embrace a plurality of beliefs, sometimes contradictory, focusing on practices rather than faith.",
"title": "Synagogal mysticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "\"This directive becomes almost omnipresent and foundational for later forms of Rabbinic Judaism. There is now practically no possibility for a Jew to cease being Jewish because the very notion of heresy has been ultimately rejected, and Judaism (even if the term is anachronistic) refused to be, ultimately, a religion\", concludes Boyarin.",
"title": "Synagogal mysticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "The nature of the opposition between ancient Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism lies in the fact that \"they belong to completely different categories,\" notes Mimouni, who further explains, \"From the Christian perspective, Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity fall into the category of religions [...]. From the perspective of the rabbis, Christianity is a religion, while Judaism is not, at least until the attempt of Maimonides and especially until the time of Modernity, when the notion of 'Jewish faith' emerged.\"",
"title": "Synagogal mysticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "According to Goodenough, synagogues were conceived within the framework of Hellenistic Judaism in Alexandria. Serving as substitutes for the Jerusalem Temple in the Diaspora, they provided Judeans with a place to celebrate the \"mysteries\" of a cult that was both mystical and messianic, with the theological keys provided by the philosophy of Philo.",
"title": "Synagogal art"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "Schwartz challenged this viewpoint by denying Philo such a significant role in the creation of synagogal art, but without questioning the overall project assigned to him by Goodenough. The synagogue aimed to approach, through its architecture, decor, and liturgy, the mystical union of the divine and the human.",
"title": "Synagogal art"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "A motif like that of King David depicted as Orpheus creates a connection between Jewish mysticism and Hellenistic Orphic mysticism. The Judeans who appreciated this representation, disregarding the prohibitions set by the rabbis, were not seeking to assimilate into Greek culture but rather to \"Judaize Hellenism,\" according to Goodenough.",
"title": "Synagogal art"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "The rabbis had a different perspective. They focused on the house of study (bet midrash) and the civil court (bet din) rather than the synagogue (bet knesset). The house of study sometimes took on the role of a synagogue for the rabbis, but it maintained a sense of sobriety both in its exterior and interior. However, the Alexandrian synagogues during Philo's time did not feature figurative images. Such images only appeared in synagogal art around the third century and disappeared by the eighth century, coinciding with the period of convergence and soon fusion between the synagogal movement and the rabbinic movement.",
"title": "Synagogal art"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "This led Jacob Neusner to propose the hypothesis of a continuous convergence between these two movements since the 1st century. Neusner suggests that by the third century, the convergence was already advanced enough to allow for the emergence of figurative art shared by both tendencies or at least tolerated by the rabbinic trend. This was not only the case in the Roman Empire but also in Babylonia, where the most famous synagogue, Nehardea, was adorned with a statue of a Persian king. The prohibitions stated by the rabbis regarding painting or architecture were always subject to interpretation. Urbach notes that the most tolerant opinions prevailed in the Talmudic academies. By the middle of the 3rd century, the danger of paganism was no longer significant. The rabbis of the Palestinian academies no longer condemned figurative representations. Therefore, ancient Jewish art, instead of resulting from the opposition between the synagogue movement and the rabbinic movement as believed by Goodenough, would rather result from their union.",
"title": "Synagogal art"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "\"Synagogal Judaism is documented by sources that were previously considered either Christian (for the pseudepigraphic or apocryphal literature) or rabbinic (for the Targumic or poetic literature),\" notes Mimouni. The rabbis primarily preserved texts written in Aramaic, while Christians preserved texts written in Greek. This suggests that Judeans who spoke Aramaic mostly joined the rabbinic movement, while those who spoke Greek aligned with the Christian movement.",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "It comes in three main forms:",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "Written between the third and eighth centuries, Hekhalot literature discusses the \"Palace\", which refers to the ideal Temple, the dwelling place of God, and the chariot of God beyond time. The authors of this literature describe their visionary experiences of visiting the Palace in dreams or mystical transports. They explicitly align themselves with the tradition of mystical visionaries from previous centuries, particularly referencing Ezekiel's vision in the Bible. Around twenty texts attributed by tradition to Talmudic sages such as Rabbi Akiva, Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai, Rabbi Ishmael, Rabbi Nehunia ben Haqana, and others have been preserved. However, the question remains: were these texts truly written by the rabbis themselves, or do they simply indicate the rabbinic culture's appropriation of these texts? This question remains unanswered.",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "Gershom Scholem was convinced that the Hekhalot literature belonged to the realm of rabbinic mysticism because its content referred to Talmudic sources, primarily aggadic (non-legal) materials. The \"narrative of creation\" and the \"narrative of the chariot\", found in the Talmud, would retain an embryonic form of mysticism that fully unfolds in the Hekhalot literature. This suggests a common mystical foundation shared by the synagogal movement and the rabbinic movement. This analysis is shared by Neusner and Mimouni. The two movements were likely not as opposed as Goodenough believed, although significant differences did exist between them.",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "The rabbis were interested in celestial visions in order to derive theological interpretations from them. However, they generally disapproved of mystical experiences such as transports, trances, and ecstasy that led to such visions. \"The ideas, values, ethical notions, and theological concepts are shared by both literatures, although some concepts are more emphasized in one or the other,\" notes Ron Naiwel. \"What sets them apart lies elsewhere: they do not have the same ethical project. Rabbinic literature is centered on the present world, while the Hekhalot literature focuses on immediate access to the celestial realm.\"",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "Produced over a long period of time, Targumic literature emerged from the liturgical need to translate the Hebrew Bible into Aramaic. Stemming from synagogal culture, it provides a collection of commentaries that have been integrated into rabbinic literature without much difficulty, although Mimouni points out that \"the rabbinic movement has not always been favorable to this form of literature and has sometimes censored it.\"",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "The main work in this category is the Sefer Yetzirah (the \"Book of Creation\"), a short treatise that presents itself as a compendium of discoveries regarding the creation of the world. According to rabbinic tradition, it was written by Abraham, while other sources from the same tradition attribute it to Akiva.",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "Appearing at an uncertain date between the first and eighth centuries, the Sefer Yetzirah is still connected to the Hekhalot literature in its poetic and visionary form, but it distinguishes itself by its primarily cosmological and speculative nature. It succinctly and suggestively presents the major concepts on which Kabbalah is based, particularly the ten sefirot: the \"ten abyssal numbers\" (esser sefirot belimah), which are assimilated to the ten extensions or \"infinite measures\" of a central, unique, and unknown principle. It also describes the ten dimensions of the universe in which God has spread: the high, the low, the south, the north, the east, the west, the beginning, the end, the good, and the evil. The Sefer Yetzirah is the first work classified within the Kabbalistic corpus, bridging the culture of the Synagogue and that of Kabbalah.",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "It comes into four main forms:",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "This includes the Septuagint, the most famous translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, written around the second century BCE, even before the canon of the Hebrew Bible was fixed. It was followed by the translations of Aquila of Sinope, Theodotion, and Symmachus. Additionally, there is the Deuterocanonical literature, which refers to the books classified in the Old Testament according to the Christian canon but not accepted by the Rabbinic canon. These include the two books of Maccabees, the Book of Judith, the Book of Tobit, the Greek passages of the Book of Esther, the Book of Wisdom, Sirach, the Greek passages of the Book of Baruch, and the Greek passages of the Book of Daniel.",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "This category encompasses a collection of mystical texts that were rejected by both the Christian and Rabbinic canons but still enjoyed prestige, leading to their unofficial preservation by members of either movement. These texts are known as Biblical Apocrypha. Simon Claude Mimouni emphasizes that originally, they held the same theological legitimacy as the canonical texts of either tradition. Notably, during their composition in the late 1st century and throughout the 2nd century, both types of texts likely held similar theological status. Remarkable texts in this literature include the Book of Jubilees, the Greek version of the Book of Enoch, the Letter of Aristeas, and the Sibylline Oracles.",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "The Greek texts from the Dead Sea Scrolls also fall into this category.",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "This primarily refers to the works of Flavius Josephus, such as \"The Jewish War,\" \"Antiquities of the Jews,\" and \"Against Apion\". Josephus provides the perspective of the first historian of Judaism on the various Judean tendencies in the first century.",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "This mainly pertains to the works of Philo of Alexandria. While preserved by Christian authorities, Philo's works were distanced, if not outright marginalized, by rabbinic authorities. However, Philo's works experienced a resurgence within Judaism in the 12th century, not only within the Kabbalistic schools that revived the ancient Jewish mysticism but also within the Maimonidean schools that extended the Talmudic tradition.",
"title": "Synagogal literature"
}
] | Synagogal Judaism or Synagogal and Sacerdotal Judaism was a branch of Judaism that emerged around the 2nd century BCE with the construction of the first synagogues in the Jewish diaspora and ancient Judea. Parallel to the Rabbinic and Jewish Christian movements, it developed after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE. Also known as "common Judaism" or "para-rabbinic Judaism", the synagogal movement encompassed the rites and traditions predominantly followed by the Judeans in the early centuries of the common era. It is within this movement that the religious practices and culture common to the ancient Jewish diaspora were formed. Influenced by Greek and Persian cultures, it gave rise to a distinct art form in the 3rd century. According to researchers, Jewish priests mostly stayed inside that movement after the destruction of the Second Temple. "Between Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity, there existed another entity", notes Simon Claude Mimouni, "which undoubtedly had more legitimacy due to its antiquity and the fact that it was based more on ethnicity than belief. This entity can be called Synagogal Judaism, which was caught between the identities of the Rabbinic and Christian movements that were forming between the 2nd and 4th centuries. The former gradually disappeared by assimilating into either the Rabbinic movement or the Christian movement, although its reality persisted in certain regions throughout the Middle Ages in both the West and the East." Distinct from Rabbinic Judaism and Christian Judaism, synagogal Judaism carried a mysticism associated with the literature of the Palaces and the Targum. It is considered the source of the Kabbalistic movement, according to Moshe Idel. Synagogal Judaism was called a "triplet brother" of Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity. | 2023-12-14T02:29:01Z | 2023-12-28T02:04:43Z | [
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"Template:Jews and Judaism",
"Template:Jewish history",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism |
75,560,047 | Ahmed Mohamed Kismayo | Ahmed Mohamed Ali 'Kismayo' (Somali: Axmed Mohamed Cali Kismaayo; born 1964—2017, Arabic: أحمد محمد علي كيسمايو); was a Somali journalist who worked for the BBC Somali Service between 1997 — 2012, Later he was the first Director of the Puntland TV and Radio which was established in 2013, and held that position since 2014. He was succeeded by Abdul Fatah Nur Ashkir, Kismayo died in Hyderabad, India, in 2017.
Ahmed Mohamed Ali 'Kismayo' was born in Kismayo, the capital city of Lower Jubba, in 1964. He completed his primary and secondary education in Mogadishu.
Kismayo was earned a bachelor’s degree in journalism from the Somali National University in 1990. Fluent in Arabic, Somali, and English, Kismayo was married to three wives and fathered eleven children. He hailed from the Isse Mohamoud sub-clan of Majeerteen.
Previous earning a diploma of journalism, Kismayo commenced his career at Radio Mogadishu in 1987. His tenure there persisted until the collapse of Somali Democratic Republic government and the onset of the Somali civil war in 1991. Displaced with his family, he first relocated to Kismayo and later to Mombasa, Kenya, where he resided for four years. Returning to Somalia, he played a pivotal role in founding Riyaaq magazine in 1998, collaborating with academics like Said Hussein Iid and serving as his editor.
Ahmed Kismayo transitioned to the BBC Somali Service, dedicating his efforts until 2012. Subsequently, in 2013, he played a crucial role in the establishment of the Puntland TV and Radio in the Government of Puntland. Assuming the role of director, he held the position until 2014. In 2017, he took on the responsibility of heading of the Puntland Electoral Commission and he resigned in the same year due to health issues.
Beyond his journalistic pursuits, Ahmed Kismayo's multifaceted career includes a stint as a Alwaha Secondary School teacher in Garowe from 1995 to 1997, where he also imparted Sharia sciences in the city's mosques.
Ahmed Mohamed Kismayo was passed away on August 9, 2017, following a valiant battle with illness in Hyderabad, India, where he was undergoing medical treatment. The former President of the Puntland, Abdiweli Gaas, conveyed his condolences through a formal letter mourning the loss of the esteemed journalist. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ahmed Mohamed Ali 'Kismayo' (Somali: Axmed Mohamed Cali Kismaayo; born 1964—2017, Arabic: أحمد محمد علي كيسمايو); was a Somali journalist who worked for the BBC Somali Service between 1997 — 2012, Later he was the first Director of the Puntland TV and Radio which was established in 2013, and held that position since 2014. He was succeeded by Abdul Fatah Nur Ashkir, Kismayo died in Hyderabad, India, in 2017.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ahmed Mohamed Ali 'Kismayo' was born in Kismayo, the capital city of Lower Jubba, in 1964. He completed his primary and secondary education in Mogadishu.",
"title": "Personal life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Kismayo was earned a bachelor’s degree in journalism from the Somali National University in 1990. Fluent in Arabic, Somali, and English, Kismayo was married to three wives and fathered eleven children. He hailed from the Isse Mohamoud sub-clan of Majeerteen.",
"title": "Personal life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Previous earning a diploma of journalism, Kismayo commenced his career at Radio Mogadishu in 1987. His tenure there persisted until the collapse of Somali Democratic Republic government and the onset of the Somali civil war in 1991. Displaced with his family, he first relocated to Kismayo and later to Mombasa, Kenya, where he resided for four years. Returning to Somalia, he played a pivotal role in founding Riyaaq magazine in 1998, collaborating with academics like Said Hussein Iid and serving as his editor.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Ahmed Kismayo transitioned to the BBC Somali Service, dedicating his efforts until 2012. Subsequently, in 2013, he played a crucial role in the establishment of the Puntland TV and Radio in the Government of Puntland. Assuming the role of director, he held the position until 2014. In 2017, he took on the responsibility of heading of the Puntland Electoral Commission and he resigned in the same year due to health issues.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Beyond his journalistic pursuits, Ahmed Kismayo's multifaceted career includes a stint as a Alwaha Secondary School teacher in Garowe from 1995 to 1997, where he also imparted Sharia sciences in the city's mosques.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Ahmed Mohamed Kismayo was passed away on August 9, 2017, following a valiant battle with illness in Hyderabad, India, where he was undergoing medical treatment. The former President of the Puntland, Abdiweli Gaas, conveyed his condolences through a formal letter mourning the loss of the esteemed journalist.",
"title": "Death"
}
] | Ahmed Mohamed Ali 'Kismayo'; was a Somali journalist who worked for the BBC Somali Service between 1997 — 2012, Later he was the first Director of the Puntland TV and Radio which was established in 2013, and held that position since 2014. He was succeeded by Abdul Fatah Nur Ashkir, Kismayo died in Hyderabad, India, in 2017. | 2023-12-14T02:31:27Z | 2023-12-30T05:08:26Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Mohamed_Kismayo |
75,560,074 | John Reed Fitness | John Reed Fitness Music Club is an international health club chain with studios in Europe and the USA. It is a brand of the RSG Group, whose headquarters are located in Schlüsselfeld and Berlin, Germany. With more than 4.5 million members, the RSG Group is one of the leading fitness companies worldwide. It also owns the fitness brands McFit and Gold's Gym.
The first John Reed Fitness Club opened in Bonn in 2016. Rainer Schaller, who also founded the health club chain McFit, wanted to bring a studio concept onto the market with John Reed that placed a strong focus on the interior design and the musical accompaniment during training. This approach should be significantly different from his own chain McFit and classic fitness studio chains in order to appeal to broader target groups. The second John Reed Fitness Music Club opened in July of the same year in Salzburg, Austria. In 2017, a John Reed Club opened exclusively for women in the Prenzlauer Berg district of Berlin. From then on, rapid expansion followed across Europe: in 2017, clubs opened in the Czech Republic and Hungary, in 2019 the entry into Switzerland followed. In 2020, John Reed opened in Turkey, in 2021 in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
In 2022, John Reed Fitness Music Club cooperates with soccer world champion Sergio Ramos and opens a joint studio in the Spanish capital Madrid under the name SERGIO RAMOS by John Reed. After the death of John Reed's founder, Rainer Schaller, the collaboration with Sergio Ramos was dissolved in 2023. The studio continues to exist, but now under the name McFit Gold. Global expansion into the US market followed with the studio opening in 2022 in Dallas and 2023 in Hollywood in Los Angeles. Today (as of October 2023), the chain has 48 locations in 12 countries.
The facilities at John Reed Fitness Music Club are visually very different from traditional gyms. Each location has its own unique design and art concept. The studios feature large-scale paintings on the walls, such as graffiti, calligraffitis, or stencil painting. Some clubs also have small art galleries integrated into them. The exhibition of works of art primarily supports local and national artists. For example, works by Ron Miller or El Bocho can be found in many of the studios. The artworks are combined with special decorative elements, sculptures and different furnishing styles.
The studios have various training areas with free weights, exercise machines, cardio and functional areas. A large selection of fitness courses using the methods Pilates, Yoga or strengthening and endurance are also offered. Each studio is equipped with its own DJ booth, where international DJs play live music twice a week. Meanwhile, a training program is offered in the form of group courses. In addition, John Reed has his own radio station with four different stations, which can be listened to in the studio or on the go via an app. The company puts together the music itself. Depending on the size and situation, around a third of the clubs have wellness areas with a sauna, swimming pool, whirlpool and relaxation room.
Some studio locations are housed in historically relevant buildings. In Salzburg, Austria, a former cinema was converted to retain many old features. Cardio training, for example, takes place in front of the big cinema screen. In Vienna-Schottentor, the John Reed Fitness Music Club is located on 5,000 m in a former bank building that is a listed building. The meter-thick walls and armored doors remained here, as did the vault in which the weight benches were housed. In Hanover, John Reed Fitness Music Club has converted the former main freight station into a fitness studio. Many elements were left in the industrial style or designed in the shabby chic style in order to maintain the atmosphere of the station. The largest German studio opened in Berlin in September 2023 in the vaulted cellars of the former Bötzow brewery. Here too, the architectural conditions were integrated into the design. Under seven-meter-high vaulted ceilings, there are now individual relaxation areas in the old coolships of the beer brewery.
Some John Reed Fitness studios offer free childcare from ages six months to six years. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "John Reed Fitness Music Club is an international health club chain with studios in Europe and the USA. It is a brand of the RSG Group, whose headquarters are located in Schlüsselfeld and Berlin, Germany. With more than 4.5 million members, the RSG Group is one of the leading fitness companies worldwide. It also owns the fitness brands McFit and Gold's Gym.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The first John Reed Fitness Club opened in Bonn in 2016. Rainer Schaller, who also founded the health club chain McFit, wanted to bring a studio concept onto the market with John Reed that placed a strong focus on the interior design and the musical accompaniment during training. This approach should be significantly different from his own chain McFit and classic fitness studio chains in order to appeal to broader target groups. The second John Reed Fitness Music Club opened in July of the same year in Salzburg, Austria. In 2017, a John Reed Club opened exclusively for women in the Prenzlauer Berg district of Berlin. From then on, rapid expansion followed across Europe: in 2017, clubs opened in the Czech Republic and Hungary, in 2019 the entry into Switzerland followed. In 2020, John Reed opened in Turkey, in 2021 in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2022, John Reed Fitness Music Club cooperates with soccer world champion Sergio Ramos and opens a joint studio in the Spanish capital Madrid under the name SERGIO RAMOS by John Reed. After the death of John Reed's founder, Rainer Schaller, the collaboration with Sergio Ramos was dissolved in 2023. The studio continues to exist, but now under the name McFit Gold. Global expansion into the US market followed with the studio opening in 2022 in Dallas and 2023 in Hollywood in Los Angeles. Today (as of October 2023), the chain has 48 locations in 12 countries.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The facilities at John Reed Fitness Music Club are visually very different from traditional gyms. Each location has its own unique design and art concept. The studios feature large-scale paintings on the walls, such as graffiti, calligraffitis, or stencil painting. Some clubs also have small art galleries integrated into them. The exhibition of works of art primarily supports local and national artists. For example, works by Ron Miller or El Bocho can be found in many of the studios. The artworks are combined with special decorative elements, sculptures and different furnishing styles.",
"title": "Concept"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The studios have various training areas with free weights, exercise machines, cardio and functional areas. A large selection of fitness courses using the methods Pilates, Yoga or strengthening and endurance are also offered. Each studio is equipped with its own DJ booth, where international DJs play live music twice a week. Meanwhile, a training program is offered in the form of group courses. In addition, John Reed has his own radio station with four different stations, which can be listened to in the studio or on the go via an app. The company puts together the music itself. Depending on the size and situation, around a third of the clubs have wellness areas with a sauna, swimming pool, whirlpool and relaxation room.",
"title": "Concept"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Some studio locations are housed in historically relevant buildings. In Salzburg, Austria, a former cinema was converted to retain many old features. Cardio training, for example, takes place in front of the big cinema screen. In Vienna-Schottentor, the John Reed Fitness Music Club is located on 5,000 m in a former bank building that is a listed building. The meter-thick walls and armored doors remained here, as did the vault in which the weight benches were housed. In Hanover, John Reed Fitness Music Club has converted the former main freight station into a fitness studio. Many elements were left in the industrial style or designed in the shabby chic style in order to maintain the atmosphere of the station. The largest German studio opened in Berlin in September 2023 in the vaulted cellars of the former Bötzow brewery. Here too, the architectural conditions were integrated into the design. Under seven-meter-high vaulted ceilings, there are now individual relaxation areas in the old coolships of the beer brewery.",
"title": "Concept"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Some John Reed Fitness studios offer free childcare from ages six months to six years.",
"title": "Concept"
}
] | John Reed Fitness Music Club is an international health club chain with studios in Europe and the USA. It is a brand of the RSG Group, whose headquarters are located in Schlüsselfeld and Berlin, Germany. With more than 4.5 million members, the RSG Group is one of the leading fitness companies worldwide. It also owns the fitness brands McFit and Gold's Gym. | 2023-12-14T02:35:26Z | 2023-12-17T19:00:23Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Infobox company",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reed_Fitness |
75,560,117 | Ennis Rakestraw Jr. | Ennis Rakestraw Jr. is an American football cornerback for the Missouri Tigers | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ennis Rakestraw Jr. is an American football cornerback for the Missouri Tigers",
"title": ""
}
] | Ennis Rakestraw Jr. is an American football cornerback for the Missouri Tigers | 2023-12-14T02:38:06Z | 2023-12-14T04:20:17Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennis_Rakestraw_Jr. |
75,560,122 | Estella Weeks | Estella Terry Weeks (September 6, 1886 – October 17, 1969) was an American educator, statistician, and researcher, who studied reconstruction efforts after World War I, and the Shakers religious sect, among other subjects.
Weeks was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of William H. Weeks and Lydia Elizabeth Kelsey Weeks. Her father was a salesman for Brooks Brothers for over fifty years. She graduated from Long Island City High School in Queens, and studied social science at Teachers College, Columbia University.
Weeks taught school in New York City as a young woman. She directed a summer school in Bernardsville, New Jersey in 1915. In 1918, she was working in Washington, D.C. as assistant director of a division at the Committee on Public Information.
Weeks was head of the research and statistics department at Hoggson Brothers, an architectural firm in New York City. She traveled to France after World War I with the American Committee for Devastated France. During World War II, she worked as a research assistant at the headquarters of the National Association of Secondary School Principals in Washington, D.C.
Weeks moved to the Berkshires with her mother for health reasons, and there became acquainted with the United Believers or "Shakers", an American religious sect. For over forty years, she studied Shaker lore, especially their music, dances, and liturgical practices. She presented a paper on this work at the National Folk Festival in Washington, D.C. in 1941, received a grant from the American Philosophical Society in 1942 to support her research, and spoke to the Hymn Society of America about her findings in 1946. She died before she finished her intended book on the subject.
Weeks died in 1969, in Staunton, Virginia, at the age of 83. There is a folder of correspondence related to Weeks in the Manuscripts and Folklife Archives of Western Kentucky University. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Estella Terry Weeks (September 6, 1886 – October 17, 1969) was an American educator, statistician, and researcher, who studied reconstruction efforts after World War I, and the Shakers religious sect, among other subjects.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Weeks was born in Brooklyn, New York, the daughter of William H. Weeks and Lydia Elizabeth Kelsey Weeks. Her father was a salesman for Brooks Brothers for over fifty years. She graduated from Long Island City High School in Queens, and studied social science at Teachers College, Columbia University.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Weeks taught school in New York City as a young woman. She directed a summer school in Bernardsville, New Jersey in 1915. In 1918, she was working in Washington, D.C. as assistant director of a division at the Committee on Public Information.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Weeks was head of the research and statistics department at Hoggson Brothers, an architectural firm in New York City. She traveled to France after World War I with the American Committee for Devastated France. During World War II, she worked as a research assistant at the headquarters of the National Association of Secondary School Principals in Washington, D.C.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Weeks moved to the Berkshires with her mother for health reasons, and there became acquainted with the United Believers or \"Shakers\", an American religious sect. For over forty years, she studied Shaker lore, especially their music, dances, and liturgical practices. She presented a paper on this work at the National Folk Festival in Washington, D.C. in 1941, received a grant from the American Philosophical Society in 1942 to support her research, and spoke to the Hymn Society of America about her findings in 1946. She died before she finished her intended book on the subject.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Weeks died in 1969, in Staunton, Virginia, at the age of 83. There is a folder of correspondence related to Weeks in the Manuscripts and Folklife Archives of Western Kentucky University.",
"title": "Personal life and legacy"
}
] | Estella Terry Weeks was an American educator, statistician, and researcher, who studied reconstruction efforts after World War I, and the Shakers religious sect, among other subjects. | 2023-12-14T02:38:12Z | 2023-12-26T14:37:55Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estella_Weeks |
75,560,136 | Rhea Maheshwari | Rhea Maheshwari (born 1993 Mumbai, India) is an Indian and New Zealand artist notable for her colour palette of blues and purples pastels coloured dreamscapes, she primarily creates large-scale ornamental paintings that resemble tapestries. Maheshwari also draws inspiration from 17th- and 18th-century Mughal miniatures, especially their decorative and ornamental elements.
Maheswari arrived in New Zealand as a child with her family from Mumbai. The exhibition Kiss Taraf (2023) at The Art Paper headquarters, represents her journey in New Zealand as she discovers authentic ways to express herself. Maheswari highlights the challenges faced by Asian artists in New Zealand who encounter resistance from both their families and the art world. She said. "There are so many things working against you, including family members who misunderstand our artistic pursuits." and "You have to grapple with the feeling of being an outsider and make it a part of your life journey of creating art."
Maheshwari has exhibited extensively throughout New Zealand, including Depot Artspace, Bergman Gallery, Broker Gallery, Pah Homestead, and The Physics Room. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Rhea Maheshwari (born 1993 Mumbai, India) is an Indian and New Zealand artist notable for her colour palette of blues and purples pastels coloured dreamscapes, she primarily creates large-scale ornamental paintings that resemble tapestries. Maheshwari also draws inspiration from 17th- and 18th-century Mughal miniatures, especially their decorative and ornamental elements.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Maheswari arrived in New Zealand as a child with her family from Mumbai. The exhibition Kiss Taraf (2023) at The Art Paper headquarters, represents her journey in New Zealand as she discovers authentic ways to express herself. Maheswari highlights the challenges faced by Asian artists in New Zealand who encounter resistance from both their families and the art world. She said. \"There are so many things working against you, including family members who misunderstand our artistic pursuits.\" and \"You have to grapple with the feeling of being an outsider and make it a part of your life journey of creating art.\"",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Maheshwari has exhibited extensively throughout New Zealand, including Depot Artspace, Bergman Gallery, Broker Gallery, Pah Homestead, and The Physics Room.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Rhea Maheshwari is an Indian and New Zealand artist notable for her colour palette of blues and purples pastels coloured dreamscapes, she primarily creates large-scale ornamental paintings that resemble tapestries. Maheshwari also draws inspiration from 17th- and 18th-century Mughal miniatures, especially their decorative and ornamental elements. | 2023-12-14T02:39:11Z | 2023-12-19T04:44:12Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox artist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_Maheshwari |
75,560,140 | Office Central de Crédit Hypothécaire | [] | 2023-12-14T02:39:27Z | 2023-12-14T22:51:22Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_Central_de_Cr%C3%A9dit_Hypoth%C3%A9caire |
||
75,560,143 | 13th Gaon Chart Music Awards | The 13th Circle Chart Music Awards (formerly Gaon Chart) ceremony will be held at Busan Exhibition and Convention Center in Busan on January 10, 2024, to recognise the best artists and recordings, primarily based on Circle Music Chart of the year from December 1, 2022, to November 30, 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 13th Circle Chart Music Awards (formerly Gaon Chart) ceremony will be held at Busan Exhibition and Convention Center in Busan on January 10, 2024, to recognise the best artists and recordings, primarily based on Circle Music Chart of the year from December 1, 2022, to November 30, 2023.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 13th Circle Chart Music Awards ceremony will be held at Busan Exhibition and Convention Center in Busan on January 10, 2024, to recognise the best artists and recordings, primarily based on Circle Music Chart of the year from December 1, 2022, to November 30, 2023. | 2023-12-14T02:39:45Z | 2023-12-14T02:39:45Z | [
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75,560,213 | Mortal (gamer) | Naman Mathur, known professionally as Mortal, is an Indian YouTuber, gamer, online streamer and a former esports athlete. He is best known for live streaming PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds Mobile and Battlegrounds Mobile India.
Naman Mathur was born on 22 May 1997 in a Mathur Kayastha family in Mumbai, India.
Mortal began his gaming journey in 2016 when he launched his YouTube channel, where he posted videos of himself playing various games. However, it wasn't until 2018 when he started playing PUBG Mobile that he gained substantial traction and popularity.
In 2019, he won the PUBG Mobile India Series playing for Team SouL. Continuing the winning streak, he won the PUBG Mobile Club Open - Spring Split: India in New Delhi, qualifying for PUBG Mobile Club Open - Spring Split Global Finals in Berlin, Germany, where his team finished 12th. In 2019, he won the Esports Mobile Player of the Year award at the Indian Gaming Awards, which further cemented his status as one of India's most prominent gaming personalities. He continued his esports career in BGMI after the ban of PUBG Mobile in India. In 2022, he won the Battlegrounds Mobile India Pro Series, playing for Team SouL.
He has expressed his support for the growth of esports in India and has been a vocal advocate for its recognition as a legitimate form of sports in the country. Mortal is co-owner of the gaming content creation organisation S8UL, which is group of online gaming content creators and esport athletes. S8UL has won the Content Creator of the Year award at the Esports Awards twice in the year 2022 and 2023.
Mortal was nominated for the Esports Personality of the Year award at the Esports Awards consecutively for two times in 2022 and 2023. He had also won the second place twice for Streamer of the Year for the years 2020 and 2021. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Naman Mathur, known professionally as Mortal, is an Indian YouTuber, gamer, online streamer and a former esports athlete. He is best known for live streaming PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds Mobile and Battlegrounds Mobile India.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Naman Mathur was born on 22 May 1997 in a Mathur Kayastha family in Mumbai, India.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Mortal began his gaming journey in 2016 when he launched his YouTube channel, where he posted videos of himself playing various games. However, it wasn't until 2018 when he started playing PUBG Mobile that he gained substantial traction and popularity.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2019, he won the PUBG Mobile India Series playing for Team SouL. Continuing the winning streak, he won the PUBG Mobile Club Open - Spring Split: India in New Delhi, qualifying for PUBG Mobile Club Open - Spring Split Global Finals in Berlin, Germany, where his team finished 12th. In 2019, he won the Esports Mobile Player of the Year award at the Indian Gaming Awards, which further cemented his status as one of India's most prominent gaming personalities. He continued his esports career in BGMI after the ban of PUBG Mobile in India. In 2022, he won the Battlegrounds Mobile India Pro Series, playing for Team SouL.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He has expressed his support for the growth of esports in India and has been a vocal advocate for its recognition as a legitimate form of sports in the country. Mortal is co-owner of the gaming content creation organisation S8UL, which is group of online gaming content creators and esport athletes. S8UL has won the Content Creator of the Year award at the Esports Awards twice in the year 2022 and 2023.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Mortal was nominated for the Esports Personality of the Year award at the Esports Awards consecutively for two times in 2022 and 2023. He had also won the second place twice for Streamer of the Year for the years 2020 and 2021.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Naman Mathur, known professionally as Mortal, is an Indian YouTuber, gamer, online streamer and a former esports athlete. He is best known for live streaming PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds Mobile and Battlegrounds Mobile India. | 2023-12-14T02:43:27Z | 2023-12-20T09:38:12Z | [
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75,560,265 | Miss Universe Philippines 2024 | Miss Universe Philippines 2024 will be the 5th edition of the Miss Universe Philippines competition.
Michelle Dee of Makati will crown her successor at the end of the event. The winner will be representing the Philippines at the Miss Universe 2024 competition to be held in Mexico.
Changes in the selection of candidates were announced during the press presentation for Miss Universe Philippines in Marquis Events Hall in Taguig City on April 11, 2023. Starting from the 2024 pageant, there will be no more screening by the Miss Universe Philippines organization to determine the candidates. Instead, they will qualify through either winning local pageants organized by accredited partners or appointment by accredited partners.
In September 2023, during the peak of Tanner Fletcher's show in New York Fashion Week, Miss Universe 2022 R'Bonney Gabriel announced that the Miss Universe Organization had decided to remove age restrictions for candidates aged 18 and above starting in the 73rd edition of Miss Universe. Because of this, candidates aged 18 and above are now allowed to participate in Miss Universe Philippines.
Fifteen candidates have been confirmed to compete for the title. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Miss Universe Philippines 2024 will be the 5th edition of the Miss Universe Philippines competition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Michelle Dee of Makati will crown her successor at the end of the event. The winner will be representing the Philippines at the Miss Universe 2024 competition to be held in Mexico.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Changes in the selection of candidates were announced during the press presentation for Miss Universe Philippines in Marquis Events Hall in Taguig City on April 11, 2023. Starting from the 2024 pageant, there will be no more screening by the Miss Universe Philippines organization to determine the candidates. Instead, they will qualify through either winning local pageants organized by accredited partners or appointment by accredited partners.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In September 2023, during the peak of Tanner Fletcher's show in New York Fashion Week, Miss Universe 2022 R'Bonney Gabriel announced that the Miss Universe Organization had decided to remove age restrictions for candidates aged 18 and above starting in the 73rd edition of Miss Universe. Because of this, candidates aged 18 and above are now allowed to participate in Miss Universe Philippines.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Fifteen candidates have been confirmed to compete for the title.",
"title": "Contestants"
}
] | Miss Universe Philippines 2024 will be the 5th edition of the Miss Universe Philippines competition. Michelle Dee of Makati will crown her successor at the end of the event. The winner will be representing the Philippines at the Miss Universe 2024 competition to be held in Mexico. | 2023-12-14T02:48:49Z | 2023-12-31T08:54:02Z | [
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75,560,302 | 2023 in Paraguayan football | The following article presents a summary of the 2023 football season in Paraguay, which was the 113th season of competitive football in the country.
The 2023 Primera División started on 27 January 2023 and ended on 1 December 2023.
Relegation is determined at the end of the season by computing an average of the number of points earned per game over the past three seasons. The two teams with the lowest average were relegated to the División Intermedia for the following season.
Source: APF
The second-tier División Intermedia began on 31 March and ended on 9 October 2023.
Relegation is determined at the end of the season by computing an average of the number of points earned per game over the past three seasons. The three teams with the lowest average were relegated to Primera División B or Primera División B Nacional for the following season, depending on their geographical location.
Source: APF
The Third Division is divided into three leagues: the Primera B Metropolitana, the Primera B Nacional and the Campeonato Nacional de Interligas.
Relegation is determined at the end of the season by computing an average of the number of points earned per game over the past three seasons. The two teams with the lowest average will be relegated to the Primera División C for the following season.
Source: APF
The champions of the B Nacional plays round-trip matches against the runner-up of the B Metropolitana for a promotion spot to the Second Division.
The 2023 Copa Paraguay started on 18 April 2023 and ended on 2 December 2023 with a total of 74 teams. The Copa Paraguay final was played between Sportivo Trinidense and Libertad.
After winning the Primera División Apertura and Clausura, and also the Copa Paraguay, Libertad was awarded the 2023 Supercopa Paraguay. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following article presents a summary of the 2023 football season in Paraguay, which was the 113th season of competitive football in the country.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The 2023 Primera División started on 27 January 2023 and ended on 1 December 2023.",
"title": "First Division"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Relegation is determined at the end of the season by computing an average of the number of points earned per game over the past three seasons. The two teams with the lowest average were relegated to the División Intermedia for the following season.",
"title": "First Division"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Source: APF",
"title": "First Division"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The second-tier División Intermedia began on 31 March and ended on 9 October 2023.",
"title": "Second Division"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Relegation is determined at the end of the season by computing an average of the number of points earned per game over the past three seasons. The three teams with the lowest average were relegated to Primera División B or Primera División B Nacional for the following season, depending on their geographical location.",
"title": "Second Division"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Source: APF",
"title": "Second Division"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The Third Division is divided into three leagues: the Primera B Metropolitana, the Primera B Nacional and the Campeonato Nacional de Interligas.",
"title": "Third Division"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Relegation is determined at the end of the season by computing an average of the number of points earned per game over the past three seasons. The two teams with the lowest average will be relegated to the Primera División C for the following season.",
"title": "Third Division"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Source: APF",
"title": "Third Division"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The champions of the B Nacional plays round-trip matches against the runner-up of the B Metropolitana for a promotion spot to the Second Division.",
"title": "Third Division"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The 2023 Copa Paraguay started on 18 April 2023 and ended on 2 December 2023 with a total of 74 teams. The Copa Paraguay final was played between Sportivo Trinidense and Libertad.",
"title": "Domestic cup"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "After winning the Primera División Apertura and Clausura, and also the Copa Paraguay, Libertad was awarded the 2023 Supercopa Paraguay.",
"title": "Super cup"
}
] | The following article presents a summary of the 2023 football season in Paraguay, which was the 113th season of competitive football in the country. | 2023-12-14T02:54:30Z | 2023-12-15T09:42:55Z | [
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75,560,347 | MCGS Huravee | The following ships of the Maldivian Coastguard have been named Huravee: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The following ships of the Maldivian Coastguard have been named Huravee:",
"title": ""
}
] | The following ships of the Maldivian Coastguard have been named Huravee: MCGS Huravee (2006) is a Trinkat-class patrol vessel originally commissioned as INS Tillanchang in 2001. She was lent to the Maldivian Coastguard and renamed Huravee in 2006. Returned to India in 2023 and renamed Tarmugli.
MCGS Huravee (2023) is a Car Nicobar-class patrol vessel commissioned in 2016 and transferred to the Maldivian Coast Guard as MCGS Huravee in 2023 | 2023-12-14T03:01:07Z | 2023-12-15T09:28:05Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCGS_Huravee |
75,560,351 | Anna Lemmer Badenhorst Rudolph | Anna Lemmer Badenhorst Swart Rudolph (9 March 1924 - 2 September 1995) was a South African author, composer, and singer who wrote books, theatrical works, and songs for children.
Rudolph was born in Potchefstroom, South Africa. She studied at the Pretoriase Normaalkollege from 1942 to 1944. In 1945, she married the playwright Coenraad Frederik Rudolph (who published under the name Coenie Rudolph). They had three daughters and one son.
Rudolph sang professionally in Pretoria with the Cantare singing group. Later, she and her family sang together and produced LP recordings, often of Rudolph’s compositions. After writing stories for children and adults, Rudolph began writing plays and eventually works for musical theatre, often collaborating with her husband. During the 1960s, the Dramatic, Artistic and Literary Rights Organisation (DALRO) encouraged her to write more theatrical works for children and amateur groups, and published several of them. In 1965, she won a special drama prize from the National Council for Adult Education for her play Bye Om ‘N Aster.
Rudolph’s works were published by DALRO, Melody Music Publishers, N.G. Kerkboekhandel, Perskor, and Voortrekkerpers. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Anna Lemmer Badenhorst Swart Rudolph (9 March 1924 - 2 September 1995) was a South African author, composer, and singer who wrote books, theatrical works, and songs for children.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Rudolph was born in Potchefstroom, South Africa. She studied at the Pretoriase Normaalkollege from 1942 to 1944. In 1945, she married the playwright Coenraad Frederik Rudolph (who published under the name Coenie Rudolph). They had three daughters and one son.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Rudolph sang professionally in Pretoria with the Cantare singing group. Later, she and her family sang together and produced LP recordings, often of Rudolph’s compositions. After writing stories for children and adults, Rudolph began writing plays and eventually works for musical theatre, often collaborating with her husband. During the 1960s, the Dramatic, Artistic and Literary Rights Organisation (DALRO) encouraged her to write more theatrical works for children and amateur groups, and published several of them. In 1965, she won a special drama prize from the National Council for Adult Education for her play Bye Om ‘N Aster.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Rudolph’s works were published by DALRO, Melody Music Publishers, N.G. Kerkboekhandel, Perskor, and Voortrekkerpers.",
"title": ""
}
] | Anna Lemmer Badenhorst Swart Rudolph was a South African author, composer, and singer who wrote books, theatrical works, and songs for children. Rudolph was born in Potchefstroom, South Africa. She studied at the Pretoriase Normaalkollege from 1942 to 1944. In 1945, she married the playwright Coenraad Frederik Rudolph. They had three daughters and one son. Rudolph sang professionally in Pretoria with the Cantare singing group. Later, she and her family sang together and produced LP recordings, often of Rudolph’s compositions. After writing stories for children and adults, Rudolph began writing plays and eventually works for musical theatre, often collaborating with her husband. During the 1960s, the Dramatic, Artistic and Literary Rights Organisation (DALRO) encouraged her to write more theatrical works for children and amateur groups, and published several of them. In 1965, she won a special drama prize from the National Council for Adult Education for her play Bye Om ‘N Aster. Rudolph’s works were published by DALRO, Melody Music Publishers, N.G. Kerkboekhandel, Perskor, and Voortrekkerpers. | 2023-12-14T03:02:02Z | 2023-12-15T19:41:27Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lemmer_Badenhorst_Rudolph |
75,560,352 | 1946–47 Michigan State Normal Hurons men's basketball team | The 1946–47 Michigan State Normal Normalites men's basketball team represented the Michigan State Normal School, now Eastern Michigan University, in the 1946–47 NCAA men's basketball season. The team finished with a record of 9–9. The team was the champions of the inaugural Central Michigan Tournament Champs/Midwest College Invitational. The team was led by first year head coach Ray Stites. Charles Sampier was the team captain and leading scorer.
The Aurora list the opponent as Northern Illinois. The Media Guide has Illinois State.
The Aurora has a score of 40–47, while the Media Guide has 47–40.
The Aurora has a score of 42–73, while the Media Guide has 32–73. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1946–47 Michigan State Normal Normalites men's basketball team represented the Michigan State Normal School, now Eastern Michigan University, in the 1946–47 NCAA men's basketball season. The team finished with a record of 9–9. The team was the champions of the inaugural Central Michigan Tournament Champs/Midwest College Invitational. The team was led by first year head coach Ray Stites. Charles Sampier was the team captain and leading scorer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "Schedule"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Aurora list the opponent as Northern Illinois. The Media Guide has Illinois State.",
"title": "Game Notes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Aurora has a score of 40–47, while the Media Guide has 47–40.",
"title": "Game Notes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Aurora has a score of 42–73, while the Media Guide has 32–73.",
"title": "Game Notes"
}
] | The 1946–47 Michigan State Normal Normalites men's basketball team represented the Michigan State Normal School, now Eastern Michigan University, in the 1946–47 NCAA men's basketball season. The team finished with a record of 9–9. The team was the champions of the inaugural Central Michigan Tournament Champs/Midwest College Invitational. The team was led by first year head coach Ray Stites. Charles Sampier was the team captain and leading scorer. | 2023-12-14T03:02:08Z | 2023-12-28T02:01:44Z | [
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75,560,374 | Dino D'Santiago | Claudino Jesus Borges Pereira, better known by his stage name Dino D'Santiago (born 13 December 1982), is a Portuguese activist, composer, and musician of Cape Verdean descent. First appearing in Operação Triunfo, he has released several albums, both with groups such as Expensive Soul and his project Nu Soul Family, as well as solo projects. He has won various awards from organizations such as Cabo Verde Music Awards and the MTV Europe Music Awards. He has also been featured on magazines such as GQ and the Rolling Stone.
D’Santiago was born on 13 December 1982 in the freguesia of Quarteira, in the Algarve. The son of immigrants from the island of Santiago in Cape Verde, he was raised in Bairro dos Pescadores, an older bairro de lata in Quarteira, where his parents had moved to after arriving in Portugal. The neighborhood, which after the Carnation Revolution, became the residence of various immigrants that came from the former Portuguese colonies, namely places such as Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe, began to be demolished in 1997. During this time, D'Santiago, at 15, moved to Bairro da Abelheira with his parents and siblings. At 21, he moved to Porto, where he stayed for 11 years, followed by a move to Lisbon, where he has been a resident of since then, while also visiting Santiago at various points.
D'Santiago's musical career began when he sang in the church choir while still a child, following the example of his parents, whom sang in choirs and whose rehearsals he helped write. In the 1990s, with the popularization of rap and hip-hop in Portugal, he was invited by local rappers in Bairro dos Pescadores to make hooks for their music. It was during this time period that he began to compose music.
D'Santiago became more well known in 2003 when he accompanied his friend Carla de Sousa to the casting session for the second edition of Operação Triunfo, and was recorded singing to one of the cameras. He was later asked by his friend at the time, rapper Virgul of Da Weasel fame, as to why he had not signed up for the session. He went to participate in the show, where he reached the final. As part of the session, he began singing music for the rap group Black Company and recorded some of his own original music. During his time on the set of Operação Triunfo, D'Santiago met Ludgero Rosas, who convinced him to change his artistic name. Afterwards, he became part of Jaguar Band. In 2008, he launched his first solo album under the name "Dino SoulMotion". He came to be known as Dino D'Santiago, the name he went by in Cape Verde. He made the name change as a homage to his parent's home country. After his participation on the show, D'Santiago dedicated himself to various hip-hop, R&B, and soul projects. He collaborated with groups such as Expensive Soul, for who he made choruses. At the end of the 2000s, he formed his own group, named "Dino & The SoulMotion", and integrated that with his project Nu Soul Family, which he had been a part of for 11 years to that point. With the project, he had collaborated with names such as Virgul.
While living in Lisbon, Madonna met D'Santiago, who introduced her to many local musicians playing fado, morna, and samba music. They regularly invited her to their "living room sessions", thus she was inspired to make her 14th studio album, Madame X.
He was part of the interval act for the final of Eurovision Song Contest 2018, held in Lisbon. He was joined by on stage with artists such as Branko, Sara Tavares, and Mayra Andrade, the other interval act featuring Caetano Veloso and 2017 winner Salvador Sobral. In 2019, he appeared at both NOS Primavera Sound 2019 and Super Bock Super Rock.
D'Santiago performed at The Jazz Cafe in London, United Kingdom in January 2020. In 2020, he participated as a composer at Festival da Canção 2020, composing the song Diz só, performed by Kady. The entry ultimately reached 5th place. During the George Floyd protests in 2020, he gave a performance at Campo Pequeno in Lisbon in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement.
In addition to his work, D'Santiago has also created the website Lisboa Criola, which, led by Bissau-Guinean activist and singer Karyna Gomes and in conjunction with the Portuguese online news organization Mensagem de Lisboa, created one of the first journalism projects to report in various types of Creole languages (in particular Cape Verdean and Guinean) in 2021. This project was one of 12 projects selected by the New Spectrum Fellowships program to receive a grant.
On the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the Carnation Revolution, D'Santiago gave a performance at São Bento Mansion to commemorate the occasion. Since season 10, first broadcast in 2022, he has been a mentor on The Voice Portugal. He appeared at NOS Alive in 2022.
His project Nu Soul Family was awarded the Best Portuguese Artist award at the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards. In 2011, with the song "O Amor É Mágico", Expensive Soul (which D'Santiago is a part of) won a Golden Globe for Best Music. In 2013, Expensive Soul won another Golden Globe for Best Group with Syphonic Experience. D'Santiago's 2013 debut solo album Eva was rated by the jury from the Europe World Music Charts as one of the best in the world in 2013. He won two prizes during the Cabo Verde Music Awards in 2014: Best Acoustic album for Eva and Best Batuko/Kola San Jon [pt] with the song Ka bu Tchora.
D'Santiago was the most awarded artist at the inaugural Portuguese Music Awards in 2019, winning the following awards: Best Solo Artist, Best Album, and Critics' Award. He was nominated for the same category again in 2020, this time for his solo projects. That same year, he was nominated Personality of the Year in the music category for the 5th edition of the Somos Cabo Verde awards. He was also declared one of the Men of The Year by GQ Portugal, and was also highlighted by Rolling Stone, becoming the first Portuguese artist to do so. In 2019, he was nominated for PALOP Male Artist during the 2019 African Entertainment Awards USA in Newark, New Jersey, USA. D'Santiago's album Eva is considered by the jury from the Europe World Music Charts as one of the best in the world.
In 2020, Portuguese magazine Blitz chose D'Santiago's album Kriola as the best of the year. He was awarded the Gold Medal of Honour by the Municipal Chamber of Loulé that year. He again became the most awarded artist during the Portuguese Music Awards, being awarded for: Best Male Artist, Best Album with Kriola and the Critics' Award. He was again nominated by the Golden Globes that year as well for Best Interpreter and Best Music, as well as being named as one of the most influential Black personalities in Portuguese-speaking countries on the PowerList100, created by Bantumen with support by various entities.
In 2022, he received the Best Interpreter award during the Globos de Ouro. He was named among the Most Influential People of African Descent in 2021 by MIPAD, with the support of the United Nations.
In October 2020, the magazine Sábado reported that a concert titled "Juntos Pelo Iémen" was held on 12 September 2020 at the Capitólio in Lisbon, which was meant to be a fundraising event to raise money for Doctors Without Borders in Yemen during the civil war. One of the organizers was Cláudia Semedo [pt]. In regards to the concert, the costs for hosting the concert had been five times more than the total amount of money raised. The Municipal Chamber of Lisbon, led by mayor Fernando Medina during this time period, awarded Semedo 10,000 Euros that were distributed to renowned artists, among them D'Santiago, who received a thousand Euros for the concert.
In September 2021, Sábado then revealed another case which involved members of the Lisbon municipal chamber and D'Santiago, where the singer was one of the artists that later would take part in the Honors' Commission of Medina's reelection campaign. While the camapign was underway, D'Santiago had been contracted to provide artistic services, including a performance which took place on 11 October 2018, taking place during ModaLisboa and had a cost of 6,000 euros. This was during Medina's time in office, between 2015 and 2021.
However, the controversy for which D'Santiago and other artists had been the target of national discussion would arise in 2022 as the D'Santiago accepted to perform at that year's Avante! Festival. The event is associated with the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), which was the only party in the Portuguese Parliament to not condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine that year. As a response to criticism and pressure to not perform at the festival, D'Santiago defended his performance, which ultimately happened, criticizing what he pointed to as a trend on the part of Western countries to ignore wars and humanitarian crises that occur outside of Europe, such as that of Yemen's civil war and the subsequent humanitarian crisis.
Among his discography are albums and songs such as: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Claudino Jesus Borges Pereira, better known by his stage name Dino D'Santiago (born 13 December 1982), is a Portuguese activist, composer, and musician of Cape Verdean descent. First appearing in Operação Triunfo, he has released several albums, both with groups such as Expensive Soul and his project Nu Soul Family, as well as solo projects. He has won various awards from organizations such as Cabo Verde Music Awards and the MTV Europe Music Awards. He has also been featured on magazines such as GQ and the Rolling Stone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "D’Santiago was born on 13 December 1982 in the freguesia of Quarteira, in the Algarve. The son of immigrants from the island of Santiago in Cape Verde, he was raised in Bairro dos Pescadores, an older bairro de lata in Quarteira, where his parents had moved to after arriving in Portugal. The neighborhood, which after the Carnation Revolution, became the residence of various immigrants that came from the former Portuguese colonies, namely places such as Angola, Cape Verde, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe, began to be demolished in 1997. During this time, D'Santiago, at 15, moved to Bairro da Abelheira with his parents and siblings. At 21, he moved to Porto, where he stayed for 11 years, followed by a move to Lisbon, where he has been a resident of since then, while also visiting Santiago at various points.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "D'Santiago's musical career began when he sang in the church choir while still a child, following the example of his parents, whom sang in choirs and whose rehearsals he helped write. In the 1990s, with the popularization of rap and hip-hop in Portugal, he was invited by local rappers in Bairro dos Pescadores to make hooks for their music. It was during this time period that he began to compose music.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "D'Santiago became more well known in 2003 when he accompanied his friend Carla de Sousa to the casting session for the second edition of Operação Triunfo, and was recorded singing to one of the cameras. He was later asked by his friend at the time, rapper Virgul of Da Weasel fame, as to why he had not signed up for the session. He went to participate in the show, where he reached the final. As part of the session, he began singing music for the rap group Black Company and recorded some of his own original music. During his time on the set of Operação Triunfo, D'Santiago met Ludgero Rosas, who convinced him to change his artistic name. Afterwards, he became part of Jaguar Band. In 2008, he launched his first solo album under the name \"Dino SoulMotion\". He came to be known as Dino D'Santiago, the name he went by in Cape Verde. He made the name change as a homage to his parent's home country. After his participation on the show, D'Santiago dedicated himself to various hip-hop, R&B, and soul projects. He collaborated with groups such as Expensive Soul, for who he made choruses. At the end of the 2000s, he formed his own group, named \"Dino & The SoulMotion\", and integrated that with his project Nu Soul Family, which he had been a part of for 11 years to that point. With the project, he had collaborated with names such as Virgul.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "While living in Lisbon, Madonna met D'Santiago, who introduced her to many local musicians playing fado, morna, and samba music. They regularly invited her to their \"living room sessions\", thus she was inspired to make her 14th studio album, Madame X.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He was part of the interval act for the final of Eurovision Song Contest 2018, held in Lisbon. He was joined by on stage with artists such as Branko, Sara Tavares, and Mayra Andrade, the other interval act featuring Caetano Veloso and 2017 winner Salvador Sobral. In 2019, he appeared at both NOS Primavera Sound 2019 and Super Bock Super Rock.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "D'Santiago performed at The Jazz Cafe in London, United Kingdom in January 2020. In 2020, he participated as a composer at Festival da Canção 2020, composing the song Diz só, performed by Kady. The entry ultimately reached 5th place. During the George Floyd protests in 2020, he gave a performance at Campo Pequeno in Lisbon in solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In addition to his work, D'Santiago has also created the website Lisboa Criola, which, led by Bissau-Guinean activist and singer Karyna Gomes and in conjunction with the Portuguese online news organization Mensagem de Lisboa, created one of the first journalism projects to report in various types of Creole languages (in particular Cape Verdean and Guinean) in 2021. This project was one of 12 projects selected by the New Spectrum Fellowships program to receive a grant.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "On the 50th anniversary of the beginning of the Carnation Revolution, D'Santiago gave a performance at São Bento Mansion to commemorate the occasion. Since season 10, first broadcast in 2022, he has been a mentor on The Voice Portugal. He appeared at NOS Alive in 2022.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "His project Nu Soul Family was awarded the Best Portuguese Artist award at the 2010 MTV Europe Music Awards. In 2011, with the song \"O Amor É Mágico\", Expensive Soul (which D'Santiago is a part of) won a Golden Globe for Best Music. In 2013, Expensive Soul won another Golden Globe for Best Group with Syphonic Experience. D'Santiago's 2013 debut solo album Eva was rated by the jury from the Europe World Music Charts as one of the best in the world in 2013. He won two prizes during the Cabo Verde Music Awards in 2014: Best Acoustic album for Eva and Best Batuko/Kola San Jon [pt] with the song Ka bu Tchora.",
"title": "Awards and distinctions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "D'Santiago was the most awarded artist at the inaugural Portuguese Music Awards in 2019, winning the following awards: Best Solo Artist, Best Album, and Critics' Award. He was nominated for the same category again in 2020, this time for his solo projects. That same year, he was nominated Personality of the Year in the music category for the 5th edition of the Somos Cabo Verde awards. He was also declared one of the Men of The Year by GQ Portugal, and was also highlighted by Rolling Stone, becoming the first Portuguese artist to do so. In 2019, he was nominated for PALOP Male Artist during the 2019 African Entertainment Awards USA in Newark, New Jersey, USA. D'Santiago's album Eva is considered by the jury from the Europe World Music Charts as one of the best in the world.",
"title": "Awards and distinctions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 2020, Portuguese magazine Blitz chose D'Santiago's album Kriola as the best of the year. He was awarded the Gold Medal of Honour by the Municipal Chamber of Loulé that year. He again became the most awarded artist during the Portuguese Music Awards, being awarded for: Best Male Artist, Best Album with Kriola and the Critics' Award. He was again nominated by the Golden Globes that year as well for Best Interpreter and Best Music, as well as being named as one of the most influential Black personalities in Portuguese-speaking countries on the PowerList100, created by Bantumen with support by various entities.",
"title": "Awards and distinctions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 2022, he received the Best Interpreter award during the Globos de Ouro. He was named among the Most Influential People of African Descent in 2021 by MIPAD, with the support of the United Nations.",
"title": "Awards and distinctions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In October 2020, the magazine Sábado reported that a concert titled \"Juntos Pelo Iémen\" was held on 12 September 2020 at the Capitólio in Lisbon, which was meant to be a fundraising event to raise money for Doctors Without Borders in Yemen during the civil war. One of the organizers was Cláudia Semedo [pt]. In regards to the concert, the costs for hosting the concert had been five times more than the total amount of money raised. The Municipal Chamber of Lisbon, led by mayor Fernando Medina during this time period, awarded Semedo 10,000 Euros that were distributed to renowned artists, among them D'Santiago, who received a thousand Euros for the concert.",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In September 2021, Sábado then revealed another case which involved members of the Lisbon municipal chamber and D'Santiago, where the singer was one of the artists that later would take part in the Honors' Commission of Medina's reelection campaign. While the camapign was underway, D'Santiago had been contracted to provide artistic services, including a performance which took place on 11 October 2018, taking place during ModaLisboa and had a cost of 6,000 euros. This was during Medina's time in office, between 2015 and 2021.",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "However, the controversy for which D'Santiago and other artists had been the target of national discussion would arise in 2022 as the D'Santiago accepted to perform at that year's Avante! Festival. The event is associated with the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP), which was the only party in the Portuguese Parliament to not condemn the Russian invasion of Ukraine that year. As a response to criticism and pressure to not perform at the festival, D'Santiago defended his performance, which ultimately happened, criticizing what he pointed to as a trend on the part of Western countries to ignore wars and humanitarian crises that occur outside of Europe, such as that of Yemen's civil war and the subsequent humanitarian crisis.",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Among his discography are albums and songs such as:",
"title": "Select Discography"
}
] | Claudino Jesus Borges Pereira, better known by his stage name Dino D'Santiago, is a Portuguese activist, composer, and musician of Cape Verdean descent. First appearing in Operação Triunfo, he has released several albums, both with groups such as Expensive Soul and his project Nu Soul Family, as well as solo projects. He has won various awards from organizations such as Cabo Verde Music Awards and the MTV Europe Music Awards. He has also been featured on magazines such as GQ and the Rolling Stone. | 2023-12-14T03:07:44Z | 2023-12-23T00:01:02Z | [
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75,560,387 | Dave Burnet | David Ronald Burnet (born 8 September 1950) is an Australian former rugby union international who represented Australia in six Test matches. He also played rugby league for the North Sydney Bears.
Burnet and born in Sydney and educated at Knox Grammar School.
A Gordon first-grade player, Burnet was an outside centre and made all of his Wallabies appearances in 1972, debuting in a home series against France. He kept his place for the tour of New Zealand that followed and he played in all three Tests, then scored his only Wallabies try in a one-off Test against Fiji in Suva.
Burnet converted to rugby league in 1974, signing a one-year contract with Manly Warringah. He featured in two pre-season matches for Manly Warringah but struggled to maintain a spot in the reserves and requested to be released from his contract. North Sydney subsequently signed Burnet and he made 11 first-grade appearances in the 1974 NSWRFL season, with coach Noel Kelly naming him the side's most improved player. He spent one further season at North Sydney, playing another seven first-grade games in 1975. | [
{
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"text": "David Ronald Burnet (born 8 September 1950) is an Australian former rugby union international who represented Australia in six Test matches. He also played rugby league for the North Sydney Bears.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Burnet and born in Sydney and educated at Knox Grammar School.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A Gordon first-grade player, Burnet was an outside centre and made all of his Wallabies appearances in 1972, debuting in a home series against France. He kept his place for the tour of New Zealand that followed and he played in all three Tests, then scored his only Wallabies try in a one-off Test against Fiji in Suva.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Burnet converted to rugby league in 1974, signing a one-year contract with Manly Warringah. He featured in two pre-season matches for Manly Warringah but struggled to maintain a spot in the reserves and requested to be released from his contract. North Sydney subsequently signed Burnet and he made 11 first-grade appearances in the 1974 NSWRFL season, with coach Noel Kelly naming him the side's most improved player. He spent one further season at North Sydney, playing another seven first-grade games in 1975.",
"title": ""
}
] | David Ronald Burnet is an Australian former rugby union international who represented Australia in six Test matches. He also played rugby league for the North Sydney Bears. Burnet and born in Sydney and educated at Knox Grammar School. A Gordon first-grade player, Burnet was an outside centre and made all of his Wallabies appearances in 1972, debuting in a home series against France. He kept his place for the tour of New Zealand that followed and he played in all three Tests, then scored his only Wallabies try in a one-off Test against Fiji in Suva. Burnet converted to rugby league in 1974, signing a one-year contract with Manly Warringah. He featured in two pre-season matches for Manly Warringah but struggled to maintain a spot in the reserves and requested to be released from his contract. North Sydney subsequently signed Burnet and he made 11 first-grade appearances in the 1974 NSWRFL season, with coach Noel Kelly naming him the side's most improved player. He spent one further season at North Sydney, playing another seven first-grade games in 1975. | 2023-12-14T03:09:32Z | 2023-12-14T03:16:08Z | [
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75,560,391 | Prafulla Moharkar | Prafulla Moharkar (30 June 1985 – 23 December 2017) was an Indian Army officer of the Sikh Regiment. He was killed after being injured in heavy firing along with his two lance naiks and a soldier while fighting with Pakistani soldiers on 23 December 2017 while deployed on LOC in Kerry sector of Rajouri district.
Prafulla Moharkar was born on 30 June 1985 in Junona village. He was survived by his wife Aboli Moharkar, father Ambadas Moharkar, mother Sudha Moharkar and brother Paresh Moharkar.
He was commissioned into the Sikh regiment after passing out from Officers Training Academy (OTA) as Lieutenant and later was promoted to the rank of Major. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Prafulla Moharkar (30 June 1985 – 23 December 2017) was an Indian Army officer of the Sikh Regiment. He was killed after being injured in heavy firing along with his two lance naiks and a soldier while fighting with Pakistani soldiers on 23 December 2017 while deployed on LOC in Kerry sector of Rajouri district.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Prafulla Moharkar was born on 30 June 1985 in Junona village. He was survived by his wife Aboli Moharkar, father Ambadas Moharkar, mother Sudha Moharkar and brother Paresh Moharkar.",
"title": "Early life and Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He was commissioned into the Sikh regiment after passing out from Officers Training Academy (OTA) as Lieutenant and later was promoted to the rank of Major.",
"title": "Early life and Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Prafulla Moharkar was an Indian Army officer of the Sikh Regiment. He was killed after being injured in heavy firing along with his two lance naiks and a soldier while fighting with Pakistani soldiers on 23 December 2017 while deployed on LOC in Kerry sector of Rajouri district. | 2023-12-14T03:10:04Z | 2023-12-27T13:10:01Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prafulla_Moharkar |
75,560,396 | List of Decrees of First Plenary Council in Baltimore (1852) | This is a list of the decrees of the First Plenary Council in Baltimore of the American Catholic Church. Meeting in 1852 in Baltimore, Maryland, the council was the first national gathering of all American bishops, archbishops, and leaders of major religious orders. The conference published the decrees listed in this article to serve as policies and procedures for Catholic leaders and laypeople in the United States.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Plenary Councils of Baltimore". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is a list of the decrees of the First Plenary Council in Baltimore of the American Catholic Church. Meeting in 1852 in Baltimore, Maryland, the council was the first national gathering of all American bishops, archbishops, and leaders of major religious orders. The conference published the decrees listed in this article to serve as policies and procedures for Catholic leaders and laypeople in the United States.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Plenary Councils of Baltimore\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.",
"title": "Sources"
}
] | This is a list of the decrees of the First Plenary Council in Baltimore of the American Catholic Church. Meeting in 1852 in Baltimore, Maryland, the council was the first national gathering of all American bishops, archbishops, and leaders of major religious orders. The conference published the decrees listed in this article to serve as policies and procedures for Catholic leaders and laypeople in the United States. | 2023-12-14T03:10:32Z | 2023-12-16T05:04:17Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Decrees_of_First_Plenary_Council_in_Baltimore_(1852) |
75,560,408 | 2024 Kentucky Wildcats football team | The 2024 Kentucky Wildcats football team will represent the University of Kentucky in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Wildcats are led by Mark Stoops in his 12th year as their head coach. The Kentucky football team plays its home games at Kroger Field in Lexington, Kentucky.
Kentucky and the SEC announced the 2024 football schedule on December 13, 2023. The 2024 Wildcats' schedule consists of 8 home games and 4 away games for the regular season. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 Kentucky Wildcats football team will represent the University of Kentucky in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Wildcats are led by Mark Stoops in his 12th year as their head coach. The Kentucky football team plays its home games at Kroger Field in Lexington, Kentucky.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kentucky and the SEC announced the 2024 football schedule on December 13, 2023. The 2024 Wildcats' schedule consists of 8 home games and 4 away games for the regular season.",
"title": "Schedule"
}
] | The 2024 Kentucky Wildcats football team will represent the University of Kentucky in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 2024 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Wildcats are led by Mark Stoops in his 12th year as their head coach.
The Kentucky football team plays its home games at Kroger Field in Lexington, Kentucky. | 2023-12-14T03:12:22Z | 2023-12-29T20:25:07Z | [
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75,560,417 | 1993 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol Serie A | The 1993 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 35th season of the Serie A, the top level of professional football in Ecuador.
The number of teams for this season was played by 12 teams.
They played against Barcelona and El Nacional, the winner of which finished runner-up and qualified for the 1994 Copa Libertadores, while the loser had to play against the winner of the Pre-Conmebol Triangular to play for a place in the 1994 Copa CONMEBOL.
They faced each other between El Nacional (loser of the subtitle match) and Green Cross (best placed in the Pre-Conmebol Triangular Cup). The winner was El Nacional and they qualified for the 1994 Copa CONMEBOL. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1993 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 35th season of the Serie A, the top level of professional football in Ecuador.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The number of teams for this season was played by 12 teams.",
"title": "Teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
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"title": "First stage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "First stage"
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"title": "Second stage"
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"title": "Second stage"
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{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "Aggregate table"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "Octagonal Final"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "They played against Barcelona and El Nacional, the winner of which finished runner-up and qualified for the 1994 Copa Libertadores, while the loser had to play against the winner of the Pre-Conmebol Triangular to play for a place in the 1994 Copa CONMEBOL.",
"title": "Runner-up playoff"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "",
"title": "Triangular Pre-CONMEBOL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "They faced each other between El Nacional (loser of the subtitle match) and Green Cross (best placed in the Pre-Conmebol Triangular Cup). The winner was El Nacional and they qualified for the 1994 Copa CONMEBOL.",
"title": "Fase Pre-CONMEBOL"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "",
"title": "Fase Pre-CONMEBOL"
}
] | The 1993 Campeonato Ecuatoriano de Fútbol de la Serie A was the 35th season of the Serie A, the top level of professional football in Ecuador. | 2023-12-14T03:13:19Z | 2023-12-15T08:02:00Z | [
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75,560,457 | Icy Peak (Alaska) | Icy Peak is a 4,550-foot-elevation (1,390-meter) mountain summit in Alaska, United States.
Part of the Aleutian Range, Icy Peak is set 9.5 miles (15.3 km) southwest of Cape Kayakliut on the south coast of the Alaska Peninsula and within the Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge. Precipitation runoff and glacial meltwater from the mountain drains north into Kialagvik Creek, and south into Glacier Creek and Agripina River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises over 4,500 feet (1,372 meters) above tidewater of Wide Bay in approximately two miles (3.2 km). The mountain's local descriptive name was published by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in the early 1880s and the toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names.
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Icy Peak is located in a subpolar oceanic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool summers. Weather systems coming off the North Pacific are forced upwards by the mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop to 0 °F with wind chill factors below −10 °F. This climate supports 2.5 square miles (6.5 km) of unnamed glaciers and ice on the slopes surrounding the peak. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Icy Peak is a 4,550-foot-elevation (1,390-meter) mountain summit in Alaska, United States.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Part of the Aleutian Range, Icy Peak is set 9.5 miles (15.3 km) southwest of Cape Kayakliut on the south coast of the Alaska Peninsula and within the Alaska Peninsula National Wildlife Refuge. Precipitation runoff and glacial meltwater from the mountain drains north into Kialagvik Creek, and south into Glacier Creek and Agripina River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises over 4,500 feet (1,372 meters) above tidewater of Wide Bay in approximately two miles (3.2 km). The mountain's local descriptive name was published by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in the early 1880s and the toponym has been officially adopted by the United States Board on Geographic Names.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "According to the Köppen climate classification system, Icy Peak is located in a subpolar oceanic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and cool summers. Weather systems coming off the North Pacific are forced upwards by the mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop to 0 °F with wind chill factors below −10 °F. This climate supports 2.5 square miles (6.5 km) of unnamed glaciers and ice on the slopes surrounding the peak.",
"title": "Climate"
}
] | Icy Peak is a 4,550-foot-elevation (1,390-meter) mountain summit in Alaska, United States. | 2023-12-14T03:17:35Z | 2023-12-21T04:29:55Z | [
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75,560,487 | The Wrong Man (1938 film) | The Wrong Man (Hungarian: Elcserélt ember) is a 1938 Hungarian drama film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Margit Dajka, Ferenc Kiss and Gerö Mály. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Béla Mátyus. It was made as a co-production between Hunnia and the German firm Terra Film. | [
{
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"text": "The Wrong Man (Hungarian: Elcserélt ember) is a 1938 Hungarian drama film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Margit Dajka, Ferenc Kiss and Gerö Mály. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Béla Mátyus. It was made as a co-production between Hunnia and the German firm Terra Film.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Wrong Man is a 1938 Hungarian drama film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Margit Dajka, Ferenc Kiss and Gerö Mály. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Béla Mátyus. It was made as a co-production between Hunnia and the German firm Terra Film. | 2023-12-14T03:22:20Z | 2023-12-26T03:51:32Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrong_Man_(1938_film) |
75,560,555 | Josef Jiří Švec | Josef Jiří Švec (19 July 1883 – 25 October 1918) was a Czech military officer, member of Česká družina and later Czechoslovak Legion in Russia, formerly working as a teacher. He committed suicide because the men of his troops refused to accomplish the task. He is one of the most commemorated members the Czechoslovak legions.
Švec was born in Čenkov (today part of Třešť), Moravia, Austria-Hungary. He went to the municipal school in Třešť and then grammar school in Pelhřimov before attending an institute for educating teachers.
After eight years of teaching praxis at the municipal school in Třebíč he, as a member of Sokol sport organization, accepted an offer to go to Russian Empire to work there. Švec started as a physical education teacher at the economic lyceum in Yekaterinodar in the North Caucasus, but due to his poor health (recurring colds), he was forced to go to the Black Sea coast to the city of Gelendzhik.
Here he received the news of the Sarajevo assassination and about the beginning of the war. As a panslavist and rusophile Švec decided not to came back home and being reccruited to fight in Austro-Hungarian army against Russia, but volunteered for the Česká družina, military troop formed in Kyiv from Czech expats in Russia, later transformed to the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia. He started as the commander of the first platoon, where he participated in conducting intelligence. During his military campaign near the town of Berezhnica, he converted to Orthodox church and gave himself the middle name Georgij (not George or Yuri). Orthodoxy accepted more legionnaires, mainly for political reasons.
He gained the greatest fame as the commander of the eighth company of the 1st Rifle Regiment. In June 1917 he successfully fought with his company in the Battle of Zboriv. After this victorious battle, Švec was promoted to lieutenant for his heroism and appointed commander of the 3rd Battalion of the 1st Regiment Mistra Jana Husa. After Russian Civil War started and legionnaries were forced to escape from the country by taking the Trans-Siberian Railway, embark on the ships in Vladivostok and sail around Asia to Europe. Švec participated in as commander of his battalion in the Battle of Kazan, the Battle of Penza, the Battle of Lipyagi and the capture of Samara by the Legion. These battles were already fought against the Bolsheviks, who were preventing the departure of the Czechoslovak Legion from Russia. In August 1918, Švec was promoted to colonel, and in mid-October he became the commander of the entire 1st division.
On 24 October 1918 was his troops, based at the Aksakovo-Belebej station and onboarded in trains, ordered by Švec to attack and dislodge the superior force of the Bolsheviks from the Buzuluk-Bugulma line. His subordinates, mainly under the influence of the troop member and communist agitator Jan Vodička, disobeyed him and refused to comply with the order. Švec then left to the staff wagon, wrote a farewell letter and at three o'clock in the morning on 25 October 1918 he shot himself with his handgun. The death of their colonel shook the Czechoslovak soldiers and they finally executed the order. Švec was buried in Chelyabinsk on 28 October 1918, the very same date when independent Czechoslovakia was established.
His story became well known, first among the legionnary troops, after their return in newborn Czechoslovakia also there, especially after presenting Rudolf Medek's stageplay Plukovník Švec (Colonel Švec), premiered in the National Theatre in Prague. In 1933, during the liquidation of the Chelyabinsk military cemetery due to building a residential housing, Czechoslovak diplomats were able to persuade the Soviet government to allow exhuming and transferring the remains of Colonel Švec to Czechoslovakia. The remains were, along with the remains of Lt. Col. K. Vašátko, placed in the monumental Liberation Memorial at Vítkov Hill in Prague. Twenty thousand people attended the funeral. During the Nazi occupation of the country, by order of the Gestapo, the remains were definitively placed in the family tomb in Třešť cemetery.
Švec is also commemorated by a multiple statues or memorial plaques, some of those also destroyed during the Nazi occupation. His diaries was first published in 1920. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Josef Jiří Švec (19 July 1883 – 25 October 1918) was a Czech military officer, member of Česká družina and later Czechoslovak Legion in Russia, formerly working as a teacher. He committed suicide because the men of his troops refused to accomplish the task. He is one of the most commemorated members the Czechoslovak legions.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Švec was born in Čenkov (today part of Třešť), Moravia, Austria-Hungary. He went to the municipal school in Třešť and then grammar school in Pelhřimov before attending an institute for educating teachers.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After eight years of teaching praxis at the municipal school in Třebíč he, as a member of Sokol sport organization, accepted an offer to go to Russian Empire to work there. Švec started as a physical education teacher at the economic lyceum in Yekaterinodar in the North Caucasus, but due to his poor health (recurring colds), he was forced to go to the Black Sea coast to the city of Gelendzhik.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Here he received the news of the Sarajevo assassination and about the beginning of the war. As a panslavist and rusophile Švec decided not to came back home and being reccruited to fight in Austro-Hungarian army against Russia, but volunteered for the Česká družina, military troop formed in Kyiv from Czech expats in Russia, later transformed to the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia. He started as the commander of the first platoon, where he participated in conducting intelligence. During his military campaign near the town of Berezhnica, he converted to Orthodox church and gave himself the middle name Georgij (not George or Yuri). Orthodoxy accepted more legionnaires, mainly for political reasons.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He gained the greatest fame as the commander of the eighth company of the 1st Rifle Regiment. In June 1917 he successfully fought with his company in the Battle of Zboriv. After this victorious battle, Švec was promoted to lieutenant for his heroism and appointed commander of the 3rd Battalion of the 1st Regiment Mistra Jana Husa. After Russian Civil War started and legionnaries were forced to escape from the country by taking the Trans-Siberian Railway, embark on the ships in Vladivostok and sail around Asia to Europe. Švec participated in as commander of his battalion in the Battle of Kazan, the Battle of Penza, the Battle of Lipyagi and the capture of Samara by the Legion. These battles were already fought against the Bolsheviks, who were preventing the departure of the Czechoslovak Legion from Russia. In August 1918, Švec was promoted to colonel, and in mid-October he became the commander of the entire 1st division.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 24 October 1918 was his troops, based at the Aksakovo-Belebej station and onboarded in trains, ordered by Švec to attack and dislodge the superior force of the Bolsheviks from the Buzuluk-Bugulma line. His subordinates, mainly under the influence of the troop member and communist agitator Jan Vodička, disobeyed him and refused to comply with the order. Švec then left to the staff wagon, wrote a farewell letter and at three o'clock in the morning on 25 October 1918 he shot himself with his handgun. The death of their colonel shook the Czechoslovak soldiers and they finally executed the order. Švec was buried in Chelyabinsk on 28 October 1918, the very same date when independent Czechoslovakia was established.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "His story became well known, first among the legionnary troops, after their return in newborn Czechoslovakia also there, especially after presenting Rudolf Medek's stageplay Plukovník Švec (Colonel Švec), premiered in the National Theatre in Prague. In 1933, during the liquidation of the Chelyabinsk military cemetery due to building a residential housing, Czechoslovak diplomats were able to persuade the Soviet government to allow exhuming and transferring the remains of Colonel Švec to Czechoslovakia. The remains were, along with the remains of Lt. Col. K. Vašátko, placed in the monumental Liberation Memorial at Vítkov Hill in Prague. Twenty thousand people attended the funeral. During the Nazi occupation of the country, by order of the Gestapo, the remains were definitively placed in the family tomb in Třešť cemetery.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Švec is also commemorated by a multiple statues or memorial plaques, some of those also destroyed during the Nazi occupation. His diaries was first published in 1920.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] | Josef Jiří Švec was a Czech military officer, member of Česká družina and later Czechoslovak Legion in Russia, formerly working as a teacher. He committed suicide because the men of his troops refused to accomplish the task. He is one of the most commemorated members the Czechoslovak legions. | 2023-12-14T03:33:09Z | 2023-12-26T15:28:28Z | [
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75,560,564 | 1998–99 NHL transactions | This list is for 1998–99 NHL transactions within professional ice hockey league of players in North America. The following contains team-to-team transactions that occurred in the National Hockey League during the 1998–99 NHL season. It lists what team each player has been traded to, or claimed by, and for which players or draft picks, if applicable. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This list is for 1998–99 NHL transactions within professional ice hockey league of players in North America. The following contains team-to-team transactions that occurred in the National Hockey League during the 1998–99 NHL season. It lists what team each player has been traded to, or claimed by, and for which players or draft picks, if applicable.",
"title": ""
}
] | This list is for 1998–99 NHL transactions within professional ice hockey league of players in North America. The following contains team-to-team transactions that occurred in the National Hockey League during the 1998–99 NHL season. It lists what team each player has been traded to, or claimed by, and for which players or draft picks, if applicable. | 2023-12-14T03:34:26Z | 2024-01-01T00:17:02Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_NHL_transactions |
75,560,571 | John Jager | John Jager (Slovenized: Ivan Jager, May 16, 1871 – October 31, 1959) was a Slovene–American architect and urban planner.
John Jager was born in Bistra, Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia) at Railway Guard House 365A above the village, where his father worked as a railway guard. He was baptized Johann Jager.
He graduated from high school in Ljubljana in 1892, after which he studied architecture at the Vienna University of Technology under Joseph Maria Olbrich and Otto Wagner. In 1898, he toured Lower Carniola, Pivka, the Vipava region, and the Karst Plateau, where he collected folk motifs to decorate the National Café (Slovene: Narodna kavarna) in Ljubljana. In Vienna, he worked as an assistant to Max Fabiani. He graduated from the University of Vienna in 1900. In 1901, he went to Beijing at the invitation of the Austrian government to build shelters for its soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion. He emigrated to the United States in 1902. In 1918, Jager traveled to Serbia, where he worked as an inspector for a Red Cross unit in charge of rebuilding 60 villages damaged during the First World War; for this work he was made a Red Cross captain, and in 1940 he was awarded the Order of the Yugoslav Crown. Jager lived in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he died in 1959. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "John Jager (Slovenized: Ivan Jager, May 16, 1871 – October 31, 1959) was a Slovene–American architect and urban planner.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "John Jager was born in Bistra, Austria-Hungary (now Slovenia) at Railway Guard House 365A above the village, where his father worked as a railway guard. He was baptized Johann Jager.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He graduated from high school in Ljubljana in 1892, after which he studied architecture at the Vienna University of Technology under Joseph Maria Olbrich and Otto Wagner. In 1898, he toured Lower Carniola, Pivka, the Vipava region, and the Karst Plateau, where he collected folk motifs to decorate the National Café (Slovene: Narodna kavarna) in Ljubljana. In Vienna, he worked as an assistant to Max Fabiani. He graduated from the University of Vienna in 1900. In 1901, he went to Beijing at the invitation of the Austrian government to build shelters for its soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion. He emigrated to the United States in 1902. In 1918, Jager traveled to Serbia, where he worked as an inspector for a Red Cross unit in charge of rebuilding 60 villages damaged during the First World War; for this work he was made a Red Cross captain, and in 1940 he was awarded the Order of the Yugoslav Crown. Jager lived in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he died in 1959.",
"title": ""
}
] | John Jager was a Slovene–American architect and urban planner. John Jager was born in Bistra, Austria-Hungary at Railway Guard House 365A above the village, where his father worked as a railway guard. He was baptized Johann Jager. He graduated from high school in Ljubljana in 1892, after which he studied architecture at the Vienna University of Technology under Joseph Maria Olbrich and Otto Wagner. In 1898, he toured Lower Carniola, Pivka, the Vipava region, and the Karst Plateau, where he collected folk motifs to decorate the National Café in Ljubljana. In Vienna, he worked as an assistant to Max Fabiani. He graduated from the University of Vienna in 1900. In 1901, he went to Beijing at the invitation of the Austrian government to build shelters for its soldiers during the Boxer Rebellion. He emigrated to the United States in 1902. In 1918, Jager traveled to Serbia, where he worked as an inspector for a Red Cross unit in charge of rebuilding 60 villages damaged during the First World War; for this work he was made a Red Cross captain, and in 1940 he was awarded the Order of the Yugoslav Crown. Jager lived in Minneapolis, Minnesota, where he died in 1959. | 2023-12-14T03:35:27Z | 2023-12-20T21:05:45Z | [
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75,560,605 | Am I Blue? Coming Out from the Silence | Am I Blue? Coming Out from the Silence is a 1995 short story collection edited by Marion Dane Bauer. Geared toward young adults, the book covers topics such as homosexuality in "entertaining, informative ways. The stories vary from fantasy to very realistic, slice of life pieces." When the book was initially published, some proceeds were donated to PFLAG.
In 1995, Am I Blue? won the Lambda Literary Award for Children's and Young Adult Literature, the American Library Association's Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Book Award, and the Minnesota Book Award for Older Children.
Am I Blue? received starred reviews from Booklist and Kirkus Reviews.
Booklist's Stephanie Zvirin highlighted how the stories in the collection are "wonderfully diverse in tone and setting". However, Zvirin said the collection's title tale, , was its "one off note", referring to it as "a campy, messagey piece". Zvirin noted that while the piece "is actually humorous as well as pointed, [it] would have been more effective had it been placed elsewhere in the collection. As leadoff to the anthology, it gives readers the impression they're in for sermons, not good storytelling, and nothing could be further from the truth". Zvirin praised Jim Giblin's "Three Mondays in July" and Lois Lowry's "Holding" as the collection's best works.
Kirkus Reviews also referred to Bruce Coville's "Am I Blue?" as "campy and humorous" while praising Francesca Lia Block's "Winnie and Teddy," Jim Giblin's "Three Mondays in July", Lois Lowry's "Holding", and Marion Dane Bauer's "Dancing Backwards". They further highlighted the blurbs authors provided following each story, which "can be as interesting as the stories themselves".
Similarly, English Journal's Lois Stover noted that "one especially notable aspect of the collection is that the authors tell the story of how they came to write the tale that 'helps break the silence'".
Publishers Weekly said the book is "honest, well-written and true to life".
Christine Jenkins, writing for School Library Journal, noted, "As is the case with most short story collections, the overall quality is uneven, but the best stories are memorable. They speak of survival and hope; they say, like the man on the beach in Giblin's story, 'You're not alone.''"
According to the American Library Association, Am I Blue? has been frequently banned and challenged in the United States since its initial publication.
Writing about such challenges in 2002, William J. Broz pointed out in the Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy that it was not surprising that "a fight about a middle school library book addressing homosexuality would be politically and emotionally charged". Broz further noted the book's discussion of topics such as "social class and religion, issues about which people do not change their minds based on reasoned discussion". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Am I Blue? Coming Out from the Silence is a 1995 short story collection edited by Marion Dane Bauer. Geared toward young adults, the book covers topics such as homosexuality in \"entertaining, informative ways. The stories vary from fantasy to very realistic, slice of life pieces.\" When the book was initially published, some proceeds were donated to PFLAG.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1995, Am I Blue? won the Lambda Literary Award for Children's and Young Adult Literature, the American Library Association's Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Book Award, and the Minnesota Book Award for Older Children.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Am I Blue? received starred reviews from Booklist and Kirkus Reviews.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Booklist's Stephanie Zvirin highlighted how the stories in the collection are \"wonderfully diverse in tone and setting\". However, Zvirin said the collection's title tale, , was its \"one off note\", referring to it as \"a campy, messagey piece\". Zvirin noted that while the piece \"is actually humorous as well as pointed, [it] would have been more effective had it been placed elsewhere in the collection. As leadoff to the anthology, it gives readers the impression they're in for sermons, not good storytelling, and nothing could be further from the truth\". Zvirin praised Jim Giblin's \"Three Mondays in July\" and Lois Lowry's \"Holding\" as the collection's best works.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Kirkus Reviews also referred to Bruce Coville's \"Am I Blue?\" as \"campy and humorous\" while praising Francesca Lia Block's \"Winnie and Teddy,\" Jim Giblin's \"Three Mondays in July\", Lois Lowry's \"Holding\", and Marion Dane Bauer's \"Dancing Backwards\". They further highlighted the blurbs authors provided following each story, which \"can be as interesting as the stories themselves\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Similarly, English Journal's Lois Stover noted that \"one especially notable aspect of the collection is that the authors tell the story of how they came to write the tale that 'helps break the silence'\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Publishers Weekly said the book is \"honest, well-written and true to life\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Christine Jenkins, writing for School Library Journal, noted, \"As is the case with most short story collections, the overall quality is uneven, but the best stories are memorable. They speak of survival and hope; they say, like the man on the beach in Giblin's story, 'You're not alone.''\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "According to the American Library Association, Am I Blue? has been frequently banned and challenged in the United States since its initial publication.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Writing about such challenges in 2002, William J. Broz pointed out in the Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy that it was not surprising that \"a fight about a middle school library book addressing homosexuality would be politically and emotionally charged\". Broz further noted the book's discussion of topics such as \"social class and religion, issues about which people do not change their minds based on reasoned discussion\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Am I Blue? Coming Out from the Silence is a 1995 short story collection edited by Marion Dane Bauer. Geared toward young adults, the book covers topics such as homosexuality in "entertaining, informative ways. The stories vary from fantasy to very realistic, slice of life pieces." When the book was initially published, some proceeds were donated to PFLAG. In 1995, Am I Blue? won the Lambda Literary Award for Children's and Young Adult Literature, the American Library Association's Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Book Award, and the Minnesota Book Award for Older Children. | 2023-12-14T03:39:44Z | 2023-12-16T06:00:47Z | [
"Template:Short description",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_I_Blue%3F_Coming_Out_from_the_Silence |
75,560,609 | 2024 in San Marino | Events in the year 2024 in San Marino. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events in the year 2024 in San Marino.",
"title": ""
}
] | Events in the year 2024 in San Marino. | 2023-12-14T03:40:22Z | 2023-12-14T06:02:40Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_San_Marino |
75,560,643 | Kyiv University of Culture | Kyiv University of Culture (KUC, Ukrainian: Київський університет культури) is a private higher education institution in Ukraine.
Kyiv University of Culture carries out scientific and educational activities at the first (bachelor's), second (master's) and third (educational and scientific) levels of higher education. It was founded in 2000. KUC carries out its educational activities in accordance with the licence of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine to provide educational services. KUC is accredited at the fourth, highest level of accreditation. It is located in Kyiv. The rector of the institution is Professor Volodymyr Pylypiv.
As of 2023, KUC includes 2 institutes, 5 faculties, 1 college and a number of separate structural units in other cities of Ukraine and Poland. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kyiv University of Culture (KUC, Ukrainian: Київський університет культури) is a private higher education institution in Ukraine.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kyiv University of Culture carries out scientific and educational activities at the first (bachelor's), second (master's) and third (educational and scientific) levels of higher education. It was founded in 2000. KUC carries out its educational activities in accordance with the licence of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine to provide educational services. KUC is accredited at the fourth, highest level of accreditation. It is located in Kyiv. The rector of the institution is Professor Volodymyr Pylypiv.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As of 2023, KUC includes 2 institutes, 5 faculties, 1 college and a number of separate structural units in other cities of Ukraine and Poland.",
"title": "KUC structure"
}
] | Kyiv University of Culture is a private higher education institution in Ukraine. | 2023-12-14T03:49:10Z | 2023-12-14T03:49:10Z | [
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75,560,673 | I Can See Your Voice (American season 3) | The third season of the American television mystery music game show I Can See Your Voice will premiere on Fox on January 3, 2024.
Under the original format, the contestant can eliminate one or two mystery singers after each round. The game concludes with the last mystery singer standing which depends on the outcome of a duet performance with a guest artist.
The contestant must eliminate one mystery singer at the end of each of first five rounds, receiving $15,000 if they eliminate a bad singer. At the end of the game, the contestant may either end the game and keep the money they had won in previous rounds, or risk it for a chance to win $100,000 by correctly guessing whether the last remaining mystery singer is good or bad.
Each episode presents the guest artist and contestant with six people whose identities and singing voices are kept concealed until they are eliminated to perform on the "stage of truth" or remain in the end to perform the final duet. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The third season of the American television mystery music game show I Can See Your Voice will premiere on Fox on January 3, 2024.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Under the original format, the contestant can eliminate one or two mystery singers after each round. The game concludes with the last mystery singer standing which depends on the outcome of a duet performance with a guest artist.",
"title": "Gameplay"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The contestant must eliminate one mystery singer at the end of each of first five rounds, receiving $15,000 if they eliminate a bad singer. At the end of the game, the contestant may either end the game and keep the money they had won in previous rounds, or risk it for a chance to win $100,000 by correctly guessing whether the last remaining mystery singer is good or bad.",
"title": "Gameplay"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Each episode presents the guest artist and contestant with six people whose identities and singing voices are kept concealed until they are eliminated to perform on the \"stage of truth\" or remain in the end to perform the final duet.",
"title": "Gameplay"
}
] | The third season of the American television mystery music game show I Can See Your Voice will premiere on Fox on January 3, 2024. | 2023-12-14T03:54:39Z | 2023-12-28T18:36:10Z | [
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75,560,750 | Glenn Hamilton | Glenn Lewis Hamilton (born January 7, 1938) is an American politician. He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from the 20th District, serving from 1997 to 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party.
Glenn Lewis Hamilton was born in Miami, Florida to Meade and Dorothy Hamilton. He attended Bob Jones University.
After his time at University, Hamilton served for seven years in the United States Navy. He trained as a pilot, flew antisub warfare and taught other pilots how to land on carriers. Following his military service, he was a pilot with Delta Airlines for thirty three years.
Hamilton chaired the House Interstate Cooperation Committee and served on the House Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee.
In 1997 he retired from the State House and his adopted son Dan Hamilton won the election to replace him. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Glenn Lewis Hamilton (born January 7, 1938) is an American politician. He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from the 20th District, serving from 1997 to 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Glenn Lewis Hamilton was born in Miami, Florida to Meade and Dorothy Hamilton. He attended Bob Jones University.",
"title": "Early life and Military career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After his time at University, Hamilton served for seven years in the United States Navy. He trained as a pilot, flew antisub warfare and taught other pilots how to land on carriers. Following his military service, he was a pilot with Delta Airlines for thirty three years.",
"title": "Early life and Military career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Hamilton chaired the House Interstate Cooperation Committee and served on the House Labor, Commerce and Industry Committee.",
"title": "Political Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1997 he retired from the State House and his adopted son Dan Hamilton won the election to replace him.",
"title": "Political Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Glenn Lewis Hamilton is an American politician. He was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from the 20th District, serving from 1997 to 2007. He is a member of the Republican Party. | 2023-12-14T04:11:39Z | 2023-12-27T18:39:51Z | [
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75,560,776 | Dick Cocks | Michael Richard Cocks (born 1 March 1945) is an Australian former rugby union international.
A Gosford High School product, Cocks played as a loose forward and was capped 10 times for the Wallabies between 1972 and 1975. After first gaining experience as a reserve on the 1969 tour of South Africa, he made his Wallabies debut in the 1972 home Tests against France, featuring in both matches. His international career included caps on the 1972 tour of New Zealand and the 1973 tour of Britain, where he captained the Wallabies in a tour match against South and South-West Counties in Bath.
Cocks, a teacher by profession, has had a long association with South Africa. He played club rugby for Cape Town club Villagers in 1971, making three representative appearances for Western Province at this time, then captained Natal on his return to the country post his Wallabies career. His wife is a South African. They met during his time as a teacher at Westville Boys' High School in the 1980s. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Michael Richard Cocks (born 1 March 1945) is an Australian former rugby union international.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A Gosford High School product, Cocks played as a loose forward and was capped 10 times for the Wallabies between 1972 and 1975. After first gaining experience as a reserve on the 1969 tour of South Africa, he made his Wallabies debut in the 1972 home Tests against France, featuring in both matches. His international career included caps on the 1972 tour of New Zealand and the 1973 tour of Britain, where he captained the Wallabies in a tour match against South and South-West Counties in Bath.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Cocks, a teacher by profession, has had a long association with South Africa. He played club rugby for Cape Town club Villagers in 1971, making three representative appearances for Western Province at this time, then captained Natal on his return to the country post his Wallabies career. His wife is a South African. They met during his time as a teacher at Westville Boys' High School in the 1980s.",
"title": ""
}
] | Michael Richard Cocks is an Australian former rugby union international. A Gosford High School product, Cocks played as a loose forward and was capped 10 times for the Wallabies between 1972 and 1975. After first gaining experience as a reserve on the 1969 tour of South Africa, he made his Wallabies debut in the 1972 home Tests against France, featuring in both matches. His international career included caps on the 1972 tour of New Zealand and the 1973 tour of Britain, where he captained the Wallabies in a tour match against South and South-West Counties in Bath. Cocks, a teacher by profession, has had a long association with South Africa. He played club rugby for Cape Town club Villagers in 1971, making three representative appearances for Western Province at this time, then captained Natal on his return to the country post his Wallabies career. His wife is a South African. They met during his time as a teacher at Westville Boys' High School in the 1980s. | 2023-12-14T04:16:54Z | 2023-12-14T04:25:50Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cocks |
75,560,800 | Civil Information and Education Section | The Civil Information and Education Section (Japanese: 民間情報教育局(Minkan Jōhō Kyōikukyoku)) or CIE was one of the divisions of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) Staff Department, in charge of measures related to education, religion and cultural property conducted by Allied forces in Japan and Korea during the occupation of Japan after the end of World War II. It existed from September 1945 to April 1952.
It was involved in controlling and censoring media and educational content in Japan, overseeing newspapers, radio broadcasts, movies, and books to ensure they aligned with the Allied objectives of democratization and demilitarization. It played a major part in Japan's postwar educational reform, restructuring the curriculum to emphasize democratic values and critical thinking. It sought more generally through various campaigns to promote change in cultural norms, such as fostering individualism, gender equality, and democracy.
It is said to have had a lasting impact on Japanese society in its promotion of a liberal democratic society.
The CIE was initially established in the Yokohama General Headquarters, US Pacific Command, on September 22, 1945, through General Orders 193. It was formed initially as an independent staff group from two different organizations, the Education Branch of the Public Affairs Division and the Information Dissemination Section, which themselves had been created only a few months before. On October 2 of the same year, it was incorporated into General Headquarters and moved to the Radio Tokyo Building in Hibiya Park.
After several reorganizations in the course of the occupation administration, the CIE as an organization was abolished at the end of the occupation on 28 April 1952.
The first Chief of Section was Brigadier General Kermit R. Dyke, formerly a vice-president of the National Broadcasting Corporation. In May 1946, Lieutenant Colonel Donald R. Nugent became the second Chief.
CIE consisted of the following four groups and seven committees
Members of the Bureau who have served <bullet>
The CIE undertook a very wide range of educational and cultural reforms in occupied Japan, including education in general (primary, secondary and higher education, social education), qualification of education personnel, various media (newspapers, magazines, radio), arts (film, theater), religion (Shinto, Buddhism, Christianity, emerging religions), public opinion research, and cultural property protection. Compared to Germany and Italy, which were also defeated, control over Japan was stricter.
The initial role of the CIE in news media was to promote an independent press as part of its support for democratization. The CIE intervened to prompt reform the press club system in 1949.
During the occupation, completed films had to be shown to two organisations, the CIE for civilian censorship. and the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) for military censorsihp. Themes that could lead to censorship included militarism, anti-democracy, nationalism, as well as sensitive topics such as the atomic bombings that ended the war.
The CIE was involved in the enactment of the Fundamental Law of Education through the Education Reform Commission and other committees, the establishment of the National Diet Library, the promotion of public and school libraries, and the establishment of 23 information centres (CIE libraries) in various parts of Japan. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Civil Information and Education Section (Japanese: 民間情報教育局(Minkan Jōhō Kyōikukyoku)) or CIE was one of the divisions of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) Staff Department, in charge of measures related to education, religion and cultural property conducted by Allied forces in Japan and Korea during the occupation of Japan after the end of World War II. It existed from September 1945 to April 1952.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It was involved in controlling and censoring media and educational content in Japan, overseeing newspapers, radio broadcasts, movies, and books to ensure they aligned with the Allied objectives of democratization and demilitarization. It played a major part in Japan's postwar educational reform, restructuring the curriculum to emphasize democratic values and critical thinking. It sought more generally through various campaigns to promote change in cultural norms, such as fostering individualism, gender equality, and democracy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "It is said to have had a lasting impact on Japanese society in its promotion of a liberal democratic society.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The CIE was initially established in the Yokohama General Headquarters, US Pacific Command, on September 22, 1945, through General Orders 193. It was formed initially as an independent staff group from two different organizations, the Education Branch of the Public Affairs Division and the Information Dissemination Section, which themselves had been created only a few months before. On October 2 of the same year, it was incorporated into General Headquarters and moved to the Radio Tokyo Building in Hibiya Park.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After several reorganizations in the course of the occupation administration, the CIE as an organization was abolished at the end of the occupation on 28 April 1952.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The first Chief of Section was Brigadier General Kermit R. Dyke, formerly a vice-president of the National Broadcasting Corporation. In May 1946, Lieutenant Colonel Donald R. Nugent became the second Chief.",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "CIE consisted of the following four groups and seven committees",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Members of the Bureau who have served <bullet>",
"title": "Organization"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The CIE undertook a very wide range of educational and cultural reforms in occupied Japan, including education in general (primary, secondary and higher education, social education), qualification of education personnel, various media (newspapers, magazines, radio), arts (film, theater), religion (Shinto, Buddhism, Christianity, emerging religions), public opinion research, and cultural property protection. Compared to Germany and Italy, which were also defeated, control over Japan was stricter.",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The initial role of the CIE in news media was to promote an independent press as part of its support for democratization. The CIE intervened to prompt reform the press club system in 1949.",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "During the occupation, completed films had to be shown to two organisations, the CIE for civilian censorship. and the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) for military censorsihp. Themes that could lead to censorship included militarism, anti-democracy, nationalism, as well as sensitive topics such as the atomic bombings that ended the war.",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The CIE was involved in the enactment of the Fundamental Law of Education through the Education Reform Commission and other committees, the establishment of the National Diet Library, the promotion of public and school libraries, and the establishment of 23 information centres (CIE libraries) in various parts of Japan.",
"title": "Activities"
}
] | The Civil Information and Education Section or CIE was one of the divisions of the General Headquarters of the Allied Powers (GHQ/SCAP) Staff Department, in charge of measures related to education, religion and cultural property conducted by Allied forces in Japan and Korea during the occupation of Japan after the end of World War II. It existed from September 1945 to April 1952. It was involved in controlling and censoring media and educational content in Japan, overseeing newspapers, radio broadcasts, movies, and books to ensure they aligned with the Allied objectives of democratization and demilitarization. It played a major part in Japan's postwar educational reform, restructuring the curriculum to emphasize democratic values and critical thinking. It sought more generally through various campaigns to promote change in cultural norms, such as fostering individualism, gender equality, and democracy. It is said to have had a lasting impact on Japanese society in its promotion of a liberal democratic society. | 2023-12-14T04:20:41Z | 2023-12-28T10:26:10Z | [
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75,560,831 | Judith Blow Williams | Judith Blow Williams (August 1, 1890 – October 16, 1956) was an American historian who specialized in the economic history of the United Kingdom, publishing the books A Guide to the Printed Materials for English Social and Economic History, 1750–1850 (1926) and British Commercial Policy and Trade Expansion, 1750-1850 (1972). She spent four decades as a professor at Wellesley College.
Judith Blow Williams was born on August 1, 1890 in New York City. Her father Thomas Williams was a publishing executive who was manager of Charles L. Webster and Company.
After receiving her AB at Vassar College in 1912, she moved to Columbia University, where she got her AM in 1913 and eventually her PhD in 1916. Her dissertation was An Introduction to the Literature and Sources for the English Industrial Revolution. She joined the faculty of Wellesley College in 1916 as an instructor in history, and she was promoted to assistant professor in 1920. After spending a year as an American Association of University Women European Fellow (1921–1922), she was promoted to associate professor in 1926 and professor in 1935. In June 1956, she retired from Wellesley College after four decades of service.
As an academic, she specialized in the economic history of the United Kingdom. In 1926, she published the bibliography A Guide to the Printed Materials for English Social and Economic History, 1750–1850. In 1927 and 1929, she was appointed a Guggenheim Fellow, in both cases to work on research on the industrial revolution in England. She wrote scholarly reviews of books on the economic history of the United Kingdom. In 1935, she published a history of economic relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina in The Hispanic American Historical Review.
On October 16, 1956, four months after her retirement, while driving on the Merritt Parkway, Williams was fatally injured in a head-on collision with former Rhode Island Port Authority member Richard A. Moran.
At the time of her death, Williams was a resident of North White Plains, New York.
Williams was the owner of the master copy of E. W. Kemble's drawing of the titular main character of the Mark Twain novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, where it appeared on the first editions' frontispiece, having been personally gifted it by Twain himself as a young child. It later went into the possession of her brother Lessing Whitford Williams, who then donated it to the Mark Twain House. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Judith Blow Williams (August 1, 1890 – October 16, 1956) was an American historian who specialized in the economic history of the United Kingdom, publishing the books A Guide to the Printed Materials for English Social and Economic History, 1750–1850 (1926) and British Commercial Policy and Trade Expansion, 1750-1850 (1972). She spent four decades as a professor at Wellesley College.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Judith Blow Williams was born on August 1, 1890 in New York City. Her father Thomas Williams was a publishing executive who was manager of Charles L. Webster and Company.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After receiving her AB at Vassar College in 1912, she moved to Columbia University, where she got her AM in 1913 and eventually her PhD in 1916. Her dissertation was An Introduction to the Literature and Sources for the English Industrial Revolution. She joined the faculty of Wellesley College in 1916 as an instructor in history, and she was promoted to assistant professor in 1920. After spending a year as an American Association of University Women European Fellow (1921–1922), she was promoted to associate professor in 1926 and professor in 1935. In June 1956, she retired from Wellesley College after four decades of service.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "As an academic, she specialized in the economic history of the United Kingdom. In 1926, she published the bibliography A Guide to the Printed Materials for English Social and Economic History, 1750–1850. In 1927 and 1929, she was appointed a Guggenheim Fellow, in both cases to work on research on the industrial revolution in England. She wrote scholarly reviews of books on the economic history of the United Kingdom. In 1935, she published a history of economic relations between the United Kingdom and Argentina in The Hispanic American Historical Review.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On October 16, 1956, four months after her retirement, while driving on the Merritt Parkway, Williams was fatally injured in a head-on collision with former Rhode Island Port Authority member Richard A. Moran.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "At the time of her death, Williams was a resident of North White Plains, New York.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Williams was the owner of the master copy of E. W. Kemble's drawing of the titular main character of the Mark Twain novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, where it appeared on the first editions' frontispiece, having been personally gifted it by Twain himself as a young child. It later went into the possession of her brother Lessing Whitford Williams, who then donated it to the Mark Twain House.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Judith Blow Williams was an American historian who specialized in the economic history of the United Kingdom, publishing the books A Guide to the Printed Materials for English Social and Economic History, 1750–1850 (1926) and British Commercial Policy and Trade Expansion, 1750-1850 (1972). She spent four decades as a professor at Wellesley College. | 2023-12-14T04:29:21Z | 2023-12-29T14:12:42Z | [
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75,560,893 | Shadia Abu Ghazala school massacre | On 13 December 2023, the bodies of fifteen Palestinians were discovered at the Shadia Abu Ghazala School, west of Jabalia refugee camp in Al-Faluja, Gaza Strip. The school had been used as a shelter and had been surrounded by the Israeli military for several days. Images released several days after showed damage to the school's interior.
Eyewitnesses reported the victims had been shot and killed point-blank by Israeli soldiers. A woman stated, "They took all men, then entered classrooms and opened fire on a woman and all the children with her."
A grandfather of some of the victims stated that IDF soldiers had entered the school and began shooting indiscriminately, stating, "They are my children and grandchildren. Why did they shoot them in front of my eyes?"
The Euro-Med Monitor stated the victims were subjected to “field executions” while being questioned. The Council on American-Islamic Relations called on the Biden administration to respond to reports of the massacre. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "On 13 December 2023, the bodies of fifteen Palestinians were discovered at the Shadia Abu Ghazala School, west of Jabalia refugee camp in Al-Faluja, Gaza Strip. The school had been used as a shelter and had been surrounded by the Israeli military for several days. Images released several days after showed damage to the school's interior.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Eyewitnesses reported the victims had been shot and killed point-blank by Israeli soldiers. A woman stated, \"They took all men, then entered classrooms and opened fire on a woman and all the children with her.\"",
"title": "Witnesses"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A grandfather of some of the victims stated that IDF soldiers had entered the school and began shooting indiscriminately, stating, \"They are my children and grandchildren. Why did they shoot them in front of my eyes?\"",
"title": "Witnesses"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Euro-Med Monitor stated the victims were subjected to “field executions” while being questioned. The Council on American-Islamic Relations called on the Biden administration to respond to reports of the massacre.",
"title": "Reactions"
}
] | On 13 December 2023, the bodies of fifteen Palestinians were discovered at the Shadia Abu Ghazala School, west of Jabalia refugee camp in Al-Faluja, Gaza Strip. The school had been used as a shelter and had been surrounded by the Israeli military for several days. Images released several days after showed damage to the school's interior. | 2023-12-14T04:43:25Z | 2023-12-26T16:00:35Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadia_Abu_Ghazala_school_massacre |
75,560,895 | Fillet (heraldry) | In English-language heraldry, the fillet is considered a diminutive of the chief. It is defined as occupying one fourth the width of the chief and typically positioned at its bottom edge. When so positioned the chief is blazoned as supported by the fillet; but, when the chief is charged by the fillet, when the fillet positioned at its top edge or middle, the chief is blazoned as surmounted. In French heraldry, terms for this charge are divise and filet en chef. The term chef retrait has also been used. The fillet or divise placed beneath the chief is of a different tincture than the field, evidently to avoid violations of the rule of tincture (see Berry 1828).
There are other uses of the English fillet that are similar to its use above as diminutive of the chief. The term is used by some for a diminutive of the fess narrower than the bar, as a synonym for barrulet. It is also used by some more generally for a narrow band as charge that can be positioned variously on the field—as a diminutive of the bend, as synonym of riband as well as the fess, as synonym of barrulet. This latter use parallels that of the cognate term, filet, in French heraldry, where authors write of the filet en bande or filet en croix, referring to the narrowest diminutive of the ordinary. Such uses of the term fillet in English (or filet in French) often employ it as term for a component element of other devices such as the cross parted and fretted, the ordinary the fret, or the variation of the field fretty. ‘Fretted’ and ‘fretty’ refer to the interlacing of the fillets. The Jumelle (Eng. bar gemel, etc.) and Tierce are other charges also said to be composed of filets. The pentagram has even been described as a "star reduced to an interlaced fillet".
This use of the term, as the diminutive of an ordinary, is to be distinguished from other uses of the term fillet in heraldry. See section #Other uses of fillet in a heraldic context below.
The adjective ‘fillet’—as in fillet cross, fillet saltire—is used to denote a mode of diminution achieved by a reduction in thickness, to typically one-fourth that of the ordinary, without any corresponding reduction in the extent of the charge, in terms of length or width, or both. The fillet cross and fillet saltire occupy the full length and breadth field, as the cross and saltire as ordinaries do. The fillet bordure adheres to the outer edges of the field in the same manner as the bordure. In French heraldry, the ‘fillet bordure’ is the filière.
The terms fillet and fimbriation share etymological roots with words associated with clothing, sewing and stitching. The word fillet derives from the Middle English and Old French filet, a diminutive of thread. But the heraldic use may derive more proximately from use of the term for an item of clothing, a headband of white silk or linen worn to indicate sovereignty. In its practical inspiration dating to the Age of Chivalry, as a cloth worn around the helmets of knights, sometimes by sons of nobles as a mark of cadency, the fillet is related to another heraldic charge, the lambel or label. But the meaning of the word fillet extends to bands of metal historically worn around the head as marks of distinction, as crowns. For its part, fimbriate derives from the Latin for ’fibers, fringe, and thread’ and more proximately from the word for the skirt or hem of a garment, "implying an ordinary or charge bordered all round". The use of the term 'fimbriation' for the bordering of ordinaries like crosses and bends that extends only to the edge of the field and does not fully encompass the charge, though common, is considered by authorities like William Berry to be likely mistaken.
Aside from the use of the term fillet for the diminutive of an ordinary as a narrow band, the term is also used in a figurative-representational manner drawing on the meanings of fillet discussed above, as ribbon, cloth headband, or band of metal. In the first case, it is used to describe a decorative element of an achievement of arms, the figurative representation of a ribbon entwined around a helmet. The fillet in this sense is also frequently incorporated (twisted into) the torse. In the second, the term is used for representations of cloth wrapped around the heads of 'Moors' or 'Saracens'. When used thusly, the human figures portrayed with a candida fascia, after the diadem of the Roman kings, are blazoned diadameté. A third use, resembling the two preceding, is for the representation of a band of cloth or bandage used to bundle a sheaf of wheat or arrows together. Finally, the term is used for representations of a metal band, of gold, as a plain crown or as a component of a more elaborate crown. A derivative of this usage, is the use of fillet to describe a design component of some heraldic representations of the fleur-de-lis, such as that seen on the Flag of Quebec or the Flag of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (see section #Band as design element of fleur-de-lis below).
See also the Coat of arms of the Harvard Medical School, blazoned as "sustained by a fillet compony".
The use of the fillet as diminutive of the chief is, on flags, quite rare. However, the fillet as narrow band is used in a similar manner to offset other ordinaries like the base or sides (for examples, see the section #Fillet-adjacent diminutives* below). There are examples of the fillet as narrow band used on its own as a diminutive of charges such as the fess or bend (see same). There are examples of the fillet cross, fillet saltire, and fillet bordure (filière). And there are examples of the fillet used as component of other charges such as the Fret, the Jumelle, and the Tierce.
*In English language vexillology, many of these would likely be blazoned as instances of fimbriation or cottissing. For 'fillet esquarre' as border of canton, see Esquarre (heraldry).
Chief (heraldry) Fimbriation Esquarre (heraldry) Ordinary (heraldry) Charge (heraldry) Liste de pièces héraldiques | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In English-language heraldry, the fillet is considered a diminutive of the chief. It is defined as occupying one fourth the width of the chief and typically positioned at its bottom edge. When so positioned the chief is blazoned as supported by the fillet; but, when the chief is charged by the fillet, when the fillet positioned at its top edge or middle, the chief is blazoned as surmounted. In French heraldry, terms for this charge are divise and filet en chef. The term chef retrait has also been used. The fillet or divise placed beneath the chief is of a different tincture than the field, evidently to avoid violations of the rule of tincture (see Berry 1828).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "There are other uses of the English fillet that are similar to its use above as diminutive of the chief. The term is used by some for a diminutive of the fess narrower than the bar, as a synonym for barrulet. It is also used by some more generally for a narrow band as charge that can be positioned variously on the field—as a diminutive of the bend, as synonym of riband as well as the fess, as synonym of barrulet. This latter use parallels that of the cognate term, filet, in French heraldry, where authors write of the filet en bande or filet en croix, referring to the narrowest diminutive of the ordinary. Such uses of the term fillet in English (or filet in French) often employ it as term for a component element of other devices such as the cross parted and fretted, the ordinary the fret, or the variation of the field fretty. ‘Fretted’ and ‘fretty’ refer to the interlacing of the fillets. The Jumelle (Eng. bar gemel, etc.) and Tierce are other charges also said to be composed of filets. The pentagram has even been described as a \"star reduced to an interlaced fillet\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "This use of the term, as the diminutive of an ordinary, is to be distinguished from other uses of the term fillet in heraldry. See section #Other uses of fillet in a heraldic context below.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The adjective ‘fillet’—as in fillet cross, fillet saltire—is used to denote a mode of diminution achieved by a reduction in thickness, to typically one-fourth that of the ordinary, without any corresponding reduction in the extent of the charge, in terms of length or width, or both. The fillet cross and fillet saltire occupy the full length and breadth field, as the cross and saltire as ordinaries do. The fillet bordure adheres to the outer edges of the field in the same manner as the bordure. In French heraldry, the ‘fillet bordure’ is the filière.",
"title": "Fillet as adjective"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The terms fillet and fimbriation share etymological roots with words associated with clothing, sewing and stitching. The word fillet derives from the Middle English and Old French filet, a diminutive of thread. But the heraldic use may derive more proximately from use of the term for an item of clothing, a headband of white silk or linen worn to indicate sovereignty. In its practical inspiration dating to the Age of Chivalry, as a cloth worn around the helmets of knights, sometimes by sons of nobles as a mark of cadency, the fillet is related to another heraldic charge, the lambel or label. But the meaning of the word fillet extends to bands of metal historically worn around the head as marks of distinction, as crowns. For its part, fimbriate derives from the Latin for ’fibers, fringe, and thread’ and more proximately from the word for the skirt or hem of a garment, \"implying an ordinary or charge bordered all round\". The use of the term 'fimbriation' for the bordering of ordinaries like crosses and bends that extends only to the edge of the field and does not fully encompass the charge, though common, is considered by authorities like William Berry to be likely mistaken.",
"title": "Filleting and fimbriation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Aside from the use of the term fillet for the diminutive of an ordinary as a narrow band, the term is also used in a figurative-representational manner drawing on the meanings of fillet discussed above, as ribbon, cloth headband, or band of metal. In the first case, it is used to describe a decorative element of an achievement of arms, the figurative representation of a ribbon entwined around a helmet. The fillet in this sense is also frequently incorporated (twisted into) the torse. In the second, the term is used for representations of cloth wrapped around the heads of 'Moors' or 'Saracens'. When used thusly, the human figures portrayed with a candida fascia, after the diadem of the Roman kings, are blazoned diadameté. A third use, resembling the two preceding, is for the representation of a band of cloth or bandage used to bundle a sheaf of wheat or arrows together. Finally, the term is used for representations of a metal band, of gold, as a plain crown or as a component of a more elaborate crown. A derivative of this usage, is the use of fillet to describe a design component of some heraldic representations of the fleur-de-lis, such as that seen on the Flag of Quebec or the Flag of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (see section #Band as design element of fleur-de-lis below).",
"title": "Other uses of fillet in a heraldic context"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "See also the Coat of arms of the Harvard Medical School, blazoned as \"sustained by a fillet compony\".",
"title": "Coats of arms"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The use of the fillet as diminutive of the chief is, on flags, quite rare. However, the fillet as narrow band is used in a similar manner to offset other ordinaries like the base or sides (for examples, see the section #Fillet-adjacent diminutives* below). There are examples of the fillet as narrow band used on its own as a diminutive of charges such as the fess or bend (see same). There are examples of the fillet cross, fillet saltire, and fillet bordure (filière). And there are examples of the fillet used as component of other charges such as the Fret, the Jumelle, and the Tierce.",
"title": "Coats of arms"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "*In English language vexillology, many of these would likely be blazoned as instances of fimbriation or cottissing. For 'fillet esquarre' as border of canton, see Esquarre (heraldry).",
"title": "Coats of arms"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Chief (heraldry) Fimbriation Esquarre (heraldry) Ordinary (heraldry) Charge (heraldry) Liste de pièces héraldiques",
"title": "Coats of arms"
}
] | In English-language heraldry, the fillet is considered a diminutive of the chief. It is defined as occupying one fourth the width of the chief and typically positioned at its bottom edge. When so positioned the chief is blazoned as supported by the fillet; but, when the chief is charged by the fillet, when the fillet positioned at its top edge or middle, the chief is blazoned as surmounted. In French heraldry, terms for this charge are divise and filet en chef. The term chef retrait has also been used. The fillet or divise placed beneath the chief is of a different tincture than the field, evidently to avoid violations of the rule of tincture. There are other uses of the English fillet that are similar to its use above as diminutive of the chief. The term is used by some for a diminutive of the fess narrower than the bar, as a synonym for barrulet. It is also used by some more generally for a narrow band as charge that can be positioned variously on the field—as a diminutive of the bend, as synonym of riband as well as the fess, as synonym of barrulet. This latter use parallels that of the cognate term, filet, in French heraldry, where authors write of the filet en bande or filet en croix, referring to the narrowest diminutive of the ordinary. Such uses of the term fillet in English often employ it as term for a component element of other devices such as the cross parted and fretted, the ordinary the fret, or the variation of the field fretty. ‘Fretted’ and ‘fretty’ refer to the interlacing of the fillets. The Jumelle and Tierce are other charges also said to be composed of filets. The pentagram has even been described as a "star reduced to an interlaced fillet". This use of the term, as the diminutive of an ordinary, is to be distinguished from other uses of the term fillet in heraldry. See section #Other uses of fillet in a heraldic context below. | 2023-12-14T04:43:40Z | 2023-12-30T17:47:31Z | [
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75,560,897 | Saumalkol, Bukhar-Zhyrau District | Saumalkol (Kazakh: Саумалкөл; Russian: Саумалколь), also known as "Ashchykol", is a permanent lake in Bukhar-Zhyrau District, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan.
The nearest inhabited place is Akore, former Kalininskoye, 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) to the north. The now uninhabited hamlet of Rubinskoye lies in ruins near the eastern lakeshore. There are plowed fields and cattle-grazing grounds in the basin of the lake.
Saumalkol is an endorheic lake in the Nura basin, Kazakh Uplands. It lies roughly 30 kilometers (19 mi) southwest of lake Rudnichnoye. The lake is relatively deep and has water all year round. Its waters freeze in late November and thaw by the end of March.
The lakeshore is open and flat. It is fed mainly by precipitation and groundwater. The waters are rich in fish. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Saumalkol (Kazakh: Саумалкөл; Russian: Саумалколь), also known as \"Ashchykol\", is a permanent lake in Bukhar-Zhyrau District, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The nearest inhabited place is Akore, former Kalininskoye, 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) to the north. The now uninhabited hamlet of Rubinskoye lies in ruins near the eastern lakeshore. There are plowed fields and cattle-grazing grounds in the basin of the lake.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Saumalkol is an endorheic lake in the Nura basin, Kazakh Uplands. It lies roughly 30 kilometers (19 mi) southwest of lake Rudnichnoye. The lake is relatively deep and has water all year round. Its waters freeze in late November and thaw by the end of March.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The lakeshore is open and flat. It is fed mainly by precipitation and groundwater. The waters are rich in fish.",
"title": "Geography"
}
] | Saumalkol, also known as "Ashchykol", is a permanent lake in Bukhar-Zhyrau District, Karaganda Region, Kazakhstan. The nearest inhabited place is Akore, former Kalininskoye, 11 kilometers (6.8 mi) to the north. The now uninhabited hamlet of Rubinskoye lies in ruins near the eastern lakeshore. There are plowed fields and cattle-grazing grounds in the basin of the lake. | 2023-12-14T04:44:06Z | 2023-12-14T07:44:38Z | [
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75,560,904 | 2024 LCS season | The 2024 LCS season will be the 12th season of the League Championship Series (LCS), a North American professional esports league for the video game League of Legends. The season is divided into two splits: Spring and Summer. The Spring Split will begin on January 20, 2024. For the first time since 2014, the league will have eight teams competing instead of 10.
Following the 2023 season season, TSM sold their LCS franchise slot to Shopify Rebellion. In addition, on November 19, 2023, Golden Guardians and Evil Geniuses exited the LCS, as their third-party administrator agreement with Riot Games was terminated. With not enough time to fill the two vacancies, the league announced that they would continue with eight teams for the 2024 season. The 2024 season marks the first time in a decade that the LCS had only eight teams competing in the league.
On December 13, 2023, Riot Games has announced that Mark "MarkZ" Zimmerman would be the new commissioner for the LCS. His appointment followed the departure of Jackie Felling, who stepped down from the commissioner position in summer 2023 due to health-related complications.
The Spring Split regular will begin on January 20, 2024.
The LCS will return to Saturday and Sunday broadcasts after a year of weekday broadcasts. Riot Games announced the decision to revert to the original Saturday and Sunday broadcast days in response to widespread feedback from the North American League of Legends community. The move to Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday broadcasts in the previous year faced backlash from fans, contributing to a decline in overall viewership. The previous year saw a notable decrease in LCS viewership, reaching its lowest levels in peak viewership and average viewer counts over the last six seasons. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 LCS season will be the 12th season of the League Championship Series (LCS), a North American professional esports league for the video game League of Legends. The season is divided into two splits: Spring and Summer. The Spring Split will begin on January 20, 2024. For the first time since 2014, the league will have eight teams competing instead of 10.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following the 2023 season season, TSM sold their LCS franchise slot to Shopify Rebellion. In addition, on November 19, 2023, Golden Guardians and Evil Geniuses exited the LCS, as their third-party administrator agreement with Riot Games was terminated. With not enough time to fill the two vacancies, the league announced that they would continue with eight teams for the 2024 season. The 2024 season marks the first time in a decade that the LCS had only eight teams competing in the league.",
"title": "League changes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On December 13, 2023, Riot Games has announced that Mark \"MarkZ\" Zimmerman would be the new commissioner for the LCS. His appointment followed the departure of Jackie Felling, who stepped down from the commissioner position in summer 2023 due to health-related complications.",
"title": "League changes"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Spring Split regular will begin on January 20, 2024.",
"title": "Spring"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The LCS will return to Saturday and Sunday broadcasts after a year of weekday broadcasts. Riot Games announced the decision to revert to the original Saturday and Sunday broadcast days in response to widespread feedback from the North American League of Legends community. The move to Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday broadcasts in the previous year faced backlash from fans, contributing to a decline in overall viewership. The previous year saw a notable decrease in LCS viewership, reaching its lowest levels in peak viewership and average viewer counts over the last six seasons.",
"title": "Broadcast"
}
] | The 2024 LCS season will be the 12th season of the League Championship Series (LCS), a North American professional esports league for the video game League of Legends. The season is divided into two splits: Spring and Summer. The Spring Split will begin on January 20, 2024. For the first time since 2014, the league will have eight teams competing instead of 10. | 2023-12-14T04:46:23Z | 2023-12-14T04:46:23Z | [
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75,560,910 | Kaleido (band) | Kaleido is an American heavy metal band from Detroit, USA, They toured with Sebastian Bach. | [
{
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"title": ""
},
{
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] | Kaleido is an American heavy metal band from Detroit, USA, They toured with Sebastian Bach. | 2023-12-14T04:46:59Z | 2023-12-28T20:26:03Z | [
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75,560,947 | 2022–23 Marshall Thundering Herd women's basketball team | The 2022–23 Marshall Thundering Herd women's basketball team represented Marshall University during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Thundering Herd, led by sixth-year head coach Tony Kemper, played their home games at Cam Henderson Center in Huntington, West Virginia as members of the Sun Belt Conference.
The Herd finished with a record of 17–14 overall and 9–9 in conference play.
In their 2021–22 season, the Thundering Herd finished fifth-ranked in divisional conference play with a record of 15–13 overall and 10–8 in conference play. They lost to Rice in the second round of the C-USA conference tournament and did not advance to postseason play.
In March 2022, Marshall, as well as C-USA members Old Dominion and Southern Miss, announced that they would be joining the Sun Belt Conference effective July 1, 2022 to compete as full-time members for the 2022–23 season. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2022–23 Marshall Thundering Herd women's basketball team represented Marshall University during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Thundering Herd, led by sixth-year head coach Tony Kemper, played their home games at Cam Henderson Center in Huntington, West Virginia as members of the Sun Belt Conference.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Herd finished with a record of 17–14 overall and 9–9 in conference play.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In their 2021–22 season, the Thundering Herd finished fifth-ranked in divisional conference play with a record of 15–13 overall and 10–8 in conference play. They lost to Rice in the second round of the C-USA conference tournament and did not advance to postseason play.",
"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In March 2022, Marshall, as well as C-USA members Old Dominion and Southern Miss, announced that they would be joining the Sun Belt Conference effective July 1, 2022 to compete as full-time members for the 2022–23 season.",
"title": "Previous season"
}
] | The 2022–23 Marshall Thundering Herd women's basketball team represented Marshall University during the 2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Thundering Herd, led by sixth-year head coach Tony Kemper, played their home games at Cam Henderson Center in Huntington, West Virginia as members of the Sun Belt Conference. The Herd finished with a record of 17–14 overall and 9–9 in conference play. | 2023-12-14T04:54:08Z | 2023-12-14T15:20:58Z | [
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75,560,969 | Thomas Maude (estate manager) | Thomas Maude (1718–1798) was a British physician, estate steward, and minor poet and essayist.
Thomas Maude was, according to Charlotte Fell Smith, author of Maude's Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) entry, a member of the ancient family of Maude of Alverthorpe and Wakefield, Yorkshire.
Maude's place of birth is disputed. The DNB, citing Gentleman's Magazine (1841) asserts he was born in Downing Street, Westminster, during May 1718. Taylor, in Biographia Leodiensis, probably following Jones in The history and antiquities of Harewood, suggests Harewood, West Yorkshire as a place of birth with Westminster less likely.
Maude entered the medical profession. In 1755 he was appointed surgeon on board the Barfleur, commanded by Lord Harry Powlett. Maude's favourable evidence at a court-martial before which Lord Harry was tried at Portsmouth in October 1755 was so highly valued by his commander that upon his succession as sixth and last Duke of Bolton in 1765 he appointed Maude steward of his Yorkshire estates. This post he held, residing at Bolton Hall, Wensleydale, until the death of the duke in 1794. He then retired to Burley Hall, at Burley in Wharfedale, where he died unmarried in December 1798, aged 80. He was buried in Wensley churchyard; lines from the ‘Deserted Village’ are engraved on his tomb.
Maude's accomplishments were, according to the DNB, inconsiderable, but he was esteemed for his love of ‘letters and of man.’ His verses are mainly descriptive of the Yorkshire dales. He contributed to Francis Grose's Antiquities the information about Bolton Castle and Wensleydale. Grose, who was his friend, quotes from 'Wharfedale' in illustration of Aysgarth Bridge. William Paley, Anglican clergyman, also visited Maude at Bolton.
His works are: | [
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"text": "Thomas Maude (1718–1798) was a British physician, estate steward, and minor poet and essayist.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Thomas Maude was, according to Charlotte Fell Smith, author of Maude's Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) entry, a member of the ancient family of Maude of Alverthorpe and Wakefield, Yorkshire.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Maude's place of birth is disputed. The DNB, citing Gentleman's Magazine (1841) asserts he was born in Downing Street, Westminster, during May 1718. Taylor, in Biographia Leodiensis, probably following Jones in The history and antiquities of Harewood, suggests Harewood, West Yorkshire as a place of birth with Westminster less likely.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Maude entered the medical profession. In 1755 he was appointed surgeon on board the Barfleur, commanded by Lord Harry Powlett. Maude's favourable evidence at a court-martial before which Lord Harry was tried at Portsmouth in October 1755 was so highly valued by his commander that upon his succession as sixth and last Duke of Bolton in 1765 he appointed Maude steward of his Yorkshire estates. This post he held, residing at Bolton Hall, Wensleydale, until the death of the duke in 1794. He then retired to Burley Hall, at Burley in Wharfedale, where he died unmarried in December 1798, aged 80. He was buried in Wensley churchyard; lines from the ‘Deserted Village’ are engraved on his tomb.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Maude's accomplishments were, according to the DNB, inconsiderable, but he was esteemed for his love of ‘letters and of man.’ His verses are mainly descriptive of the Yorkshire dales. He contributed to Francis Grose's Antiquities the information about Bolton Castle and Wensleydale. Grose, who was his friend, quotes from 'Wharfedale' in illustration of Aysgarth Bridge. William Paley, Anglican clergyman, also visited Maude at Bolton.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "His works are:",
"title": "Works"
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] | Thomas Maude (1718–1798) was a British physician, estate steward, and minor poet and essayist. | 2023-12-14T04:56:29Z | 2023-12-15T02:47:30Z | [
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75,560,974 | Thomas Maude | Thomas Maude (1801–1865) was an English clergyman, writer and poet.
He was the son of Thomas Maude (1770–1831) of Newcastle upon Tyne, a partner in the Tyne Bank, and his wife Jane Roxby, daughter of Henry Roxby of Clapham Rise and niece of Sir James Sanderson, 1st Baronet. He was a student at University College, Oxford, matriculating in 1819 at age 17. He graduated B.A. in 1822, M.A. in 1827, and entered the Inner Temple in 1826.
Maude was ordained deacon in 1834, and priest in 1835. He was assistant curate at Birmingham St Thomas in 1834, and curate at St Paul Covent Garden in 1835. He was presented to the rectory of Elvington, City of York in 1841.
Maude published:
As a poet, his name was coupled in the Fraserian Papers with those of Edwin Atherstone, Edward Ball and Robert Montgomery.
Maude married Elizabeth Stewart Hay, in 1835. The daughter of David Stewart Hay of Perth, Scotland, she was the niece of James Laing of Dominica, and counter-claimant under his will. | [
{
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"text": "Thomas Maude (1801–1865) was an English clergyman, writer and poet.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He was the son of Thomas Maude (1770–1831) of Newcastle upon Tyne, a partner in the Tyne Bank, and his wife Jane Roxby, daughter of Henry Roxby of Clapham Rise and niece of Sir James Sanderson, 1st Baronet. He was a student at University College, Oxford, matriculating in 1819 at age 17. He graduated B.A. in 1822, M.A. in 1827, and entered the Inner Temple in 1826.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Maude was ordained deacon in 1834, and priest in 1835. He was assistant curate at Birmingham St Thomas in 1834, and curate at St Paul Covent Garden in 1835. He was presented to the rectory of Elvington, City of York in 1841.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Maude published:",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "As a poet, his name was coupled in the Fraserian Papers with those of Edwin Atherstone, Edward Ball and Robert Montgomery.",
"title": "Works"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Maude married Elizabeth Stewart Hay, in 1835. The daughter of David Stewart Hay of Perth, Scotland, she was the niece of James Laing of Dominica, and counter-claimant under his will.",
"title": "Family"
}
] | Thomas Maude (1801–1865) was an English clergyman, writer and poet. | 2023-12-14T04:56:59Z | 2023-12-14T05:00:04Z | [
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75,560,977 | Echinocereus spinigemmatus | Echinocereus spinigemmatus is a species of cactus native to Mexico.
Echinocereus spinigesmatus usually branches and forms loose groups consisting of seven to ten shoots. The green cylindrical shoots gradually taper towards their tip. They are up to 30 centimeters long and have a diameter of 4 to 7 centimeters. There are ten to 14 ribs that are slightly tuberous. The two to four yellowish and protruding central spines are difficult to distinguish from the peripheral spines. They are 0.5 to 4 centimeters long. The ten to 13 slender and yellowish marginal spines are 0.3 to 2.3 centimeters long.
The funnel-shaped flowers are slightly pinkish lilac to light purple. They appear near the tips of the shoots, are 4 to 5 centimeters long and reach 5 to 6 centimeters in diameter. The green egg-shaped fruits are heavily thorny.
Echinocereus spinigesmatus is distributed in the Mexican states of Zacatecas and Jalisco.
The first description by Alfred Bernhard Lau was published in 1984. The specific epithet spinigtematus is derived from the Latin words spina for 'sting' or 'thorn' and gemmatus for 'to have buds'. It refers to the species' thorny flower buds.
Media related to Echinocereus spinigemmatus at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Echinocereus spinigemmatus at Wikispecies | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Echinocereus spinigemmatus is a species of cactus native to Mexico.",
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},
{
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"text": "Echinocereus spinigesmatus usually branches and forms loose groups consisting of seven to ten shoots. The green cylindrical shoots gradually taper towards their tip. They are up to 30 centimeters long and have a diameter of 4 to 7 centimeters. There are ten to 14 ribs that are slightly tuberous. The two to four yellowish and protruding central spines are difficult to distinguish from the peripheral spines. They are 0.5 to 4 centimeters long. The ten to 13 slender and yellowish marginal spines are 0.3 to 2.3 centimeters long.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The funnel-shaped flowers are slightly pinkish lilac to light purple. They appear near the tips of the shoots, are 4 to 5 centimeters long and reach 5 to 6 centimeters in diameter. The green egg-shaped fruits are heavily thorny.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Echinocereus spinigesmatus is distributed in the Mexican states of Zacatecas and Jalisco.",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The first description by Alfred Bernhard Lau was published in 1984. The specific epithet spinigtematus is derived from the Latin words spina for 'sting' or 'thorn' and gemmatus for 'to have buds'. It refers to the species' thorny flower buds.",
"title": "Taxonomy"
},
{
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"text": "Media related to Echinocereus spinigemmatus at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Echinocereus spinigemmatus at Wikispecies",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Echinocereus spinigemmatus is a species of cactus native to Mexico. | 2023-12-14T04:57:31Z | 2023-12-24T00:05:18Z | [
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75,560,985 | Thennangkeetru | Thennangkeetru (transl. Coconut leaflet) is a 1975 Indian Tamil-language drama film written by Kovi Manisekaran in his directorial debut. It is based on his novel of the same name, and was simultaneously shot in Kannada as Nireekshe (transl. Expectation). The film stars Sujatha, Vijayakumar and Kalpana. Manjula and Srinath replace Sujatha and Vijayakumar, respectively, in the Kannada version. Thennangkeetru was released on 4 July 1975, and Nireekshe on 14 August the same year.
Thennangkeetru, directed by Kovi Manisekaran, is based on his novel of the same name, and his directorial debut. It was simultaneously shot in Kannada as Nireekshe.
The music was composed by G. K. Venkatesh.
Thennangkeetru was released on 4 July 1975. Kanthan of Kalki wrote the film tries to be away from formula but its a complete disappointment as the basic plot appears to be weak and noted the film had too many unbelievable twists and he was shocked this was written by Manisekaran and concluded saying throught this film it feels proud to see a writer making his directorial debut in films and added the writer-turned-director left his old career behind when he fulfilled his new role well. Kumudam wrote Manisekaran's innovation in taking up a different subject cannot but be welcomed. Even if he is not completely successful in directing and scripting, he has set his mind that he wants to make a film like this and has worked hard to achieve it with all his heart. While Nireekshe was a success, Thennangkeetru was not, as it ran for four weeks in theatres, although it won the Tamil Nadu Film Fans' Association Award. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Thennangkeetru (transl. Coconut leaflet) is a 1975 Indian Tamil-language drama film written by Kovi Manisekaran in his directorial debut. It is based on his novel of the same name, and was simultaneously shot in Kannada as Nireekshe (transl. Expectation). The film stars Sujatha, Vijayakumar and Kalpana. Manjula and Srinath replace Sujatha and Vijayakumar, respectively, in the Kannada version. Thennangkeetru was released on 4 July 1975, and Nireekshe on 14 August the same year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Thennangkeetru, directed by Kovi Manisekaran, is based on his novel of the same name, and his directorial debut. It was simultaneously shot in Kannada as Nireekshe.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The music was composed by G. K. Venkatesh.",
"title": "Soundtrack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Thennangkeetru was released on 4 July 1975. Kanthan of Kalki wrote the film tries to be away from formula but its a complete disappointment as the basic plot appears to be weak and noted the film had too many unbelievable twists and he was shocked this was written by Manisekaran and concluded saying throught this film it feels proud to see a writer making his directorial debut in films and added the writer-turned-director left his old career behind when he fulfilled his new role well. Kumudam wrote Manisekaran's innovation in taking up a different subject cannot but be welcomed. Even if he is not completely successful in directing and scripting, he has set his mind that he wants to make a film like this and has worked hard to achieve it with all his heart. While Nireekshe was a success, Thennangkeetru was not, as it ran for four weeks in theatres, although it won the Tamil Nadu Film Fans' Association Award.",
"title": "Release and reception"
}
] | Thennangkeetru is a 1975 Indian Tamil-language drama film written by Kovi Manisekaran in his directorial debut. It is based on his novel of the same name, and was simultaneously shot in Kannada as Nireekshe. The film stars Sujatha, Vijayakumar and Kalpana. Manjula and Srinath replace Sujatha and Vijayakumar, respectively, in the Kannada version. Thennangkeetru was released on 4 July 1975, and Nireekshe on 14 August the same year. | 2023-12-14T05:00:53Z | 2023-12-24T09:12:14Z | [
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75,560,986 | Trent Bray | Trent Bray may refer to: | [
{
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] | Trent Bray may refer to: Trent Bray, American footballer
Trent Bray (swimmer), New Zealand swimmer | 2023-12-14T05:00:54Z | 2023-12-14T23:50:10Z | [
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75,560,991 | Beulah Cemetery | Beulah Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S.. It is a National Register of Historic Places listed place since 1992, and is significant as one of the most intact historic sites associated with the growth of the African-American community of Vicksburg. It is still an active cemetery.
Beulah was established in 1884 by the Vicksburg Tabernacle No. 19 Independent Order of Brothers and Sisters of Love and Charity, a fraternal order that had wide support among Blacks. It was Vicksburg's only cemetery for African-Americans. The 52 acres (21 ha) of land for the cemetery was purchased by Harvey and Lucy Shannon for US $1000. Prior to the development of Beulah Cemetery, Black people were buried in church cemeteries or in private yards. Beulah Cemetery is abutting the Vicksburg National Military Park.
There are more than 5,500 graves in the 52 acres (21 ha) cemetery. The majority of the graves date from 1884 to the 1940s. The back of the cemetery was known as "paupers field", a place for the burial of unknown, or indigent people.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Park Service. | [
{
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"text": "Beulah Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S.. It is a National Register of Historic Places listed place since 1992, and is significant as one of the most intact historic sites associated with the growth of the African-American community of Vicksburg. It is still an active cemetery.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Beulah was established in 1884 by the Vicksburg Tabernacle No. 19 Independent Order of Brothers and Sisters of Love and Charity, a fraternal order that had wide support among Blacks. It was Vicksburg's only cemetery for African-Americans. The 52 acres (21 ha) of land for the cemetery was purchased by Harvey and Lucy Shannon for US $1000. Prior to the development of Beulah Cemetery, Black people were buried in church cemeteries or in private yards. Beulah Cemetery is abutting the Vicksburg National Military Park.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "There are more than 5,500 graves in the 52 acres (21 ha) cemetery. The majority of the graves date from 1884 to the 1940s. The back of the cemetery was known as \"paupers field\", a place for the burial of unknown, or indigent people.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Park Service.",
"title": "References"
}
] | Beulah Cemetery is a historic cemetery in Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S.. It is a National Register of Historic Places listed place since 1992, and is significant as one of the most intact historic sites associated with the growth of the African-American community of Vicksburg. It is still an active cemetery. | 2023-12-14T05:01:41Z | 2023-12-22T21:05:43Z | [
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75,561,004 | Rowden, Texas | Rowden is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 30 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area.
At the northwest corner of Miller Place, Walter V. Roberts established a store and post office in 1906. The community was named for Jack Rowden and his family, which was chosen at random. South of Rowden, near Pecan Bayou, ranching was the main industry in the area. In 1912, Narbon Sikes constructed a new store. Ott Richardson had previously owned the blacksmith shop, which Jesse Mauldin acquired in 1915. Baptists, Methodists, and members of the Church of Christ gathered in 1896 and used the first Antioch Baptist Church, which was presided over by A. T. Ford. The Church of Christ met in the former Baptist church, while Methodists and Baptists convened in the new structure. Following the relocation of the town's sole retail establishment to Highway 36, E. L. Redden, the pastor of the recently established Antioch Baptist Church, and his members decided to relocate the church next to the store. The church was renamed Rowden Baptist Church after Blan and Jessie Odom donated the site. After Highway 36 was finished, the business was relocated to its current site. Weldon Gary owned the concrete building in 1986, and it was utilized to store farming equipment. After Baird took over as the county seat from Belle Plain, Rowden declined. The final person to occupy the position was George Cunningham, who was appointed postmaster in 1930. Thirty people were living in the community in both 1990 and 2000.
Rowden is located on Texas State Highway 36, 16 mi (26 km) northwest of Cross Plains in south-central Callahan County.
After the original Pilgrim School was destroyed by lightning in 1912, a new school was constructed in 1913–1914. West of Sikes's store stood the new school, Rowden School, a two-story wooden building. Mrs. Houston and Mrs. Claude Sikes were the school's original instructors. Other teachers were Ola Ashbury, Ada Sikes, Gladys Slater, Arthur Slaton, and Garvin Hester. The building was remodeled into a single story with two rooms separated by a wall that was later taken down to create a single, spacious area for events and community gatherings. A wood burner provided heat for the school and well-provided water. Today, the community is served by the Cross Plains Independent School District. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Rowden is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 30 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "At the northwest corner of Miller Place, Walter V. Roberts established a store and post office in 1906. The community was named for Jack Rowden and his family, which was chosen at random. South of Rowden, near Pecan Bayou, ranching was the main industry in the area. In 1912, Narbon Sikes constructed a new store. Ott Richardson had previously owned the blacksmith shop, which Jesse Mauldin acquired in 1915. Baptists, Methodists, and members of the Church of Christ gathered in 1896 and used the first Antioch Baptist Church, which was presided over by A. T. Ford. The Church of Christ met in the former Baptist church, while Methodists and Baptists convened in the new structure. Following the relocation of the town's sole retail establishment to Highway 36, E. L. Redden, the pastor of the recently established Antioch Baptist Church, and his members decided to relocate the church next to the store. The church was renamed Rowden Baptist Church after Blan and Jessie Odom donated the site. After Highway 36 was finished, the business was relocated to its current site. Weldon Gary owned the concrete building in 1986, and it was utilized to store farming equipment. After Baird took over as the county seat from Belle Plain, Rowden declined. The final person to occupy the position was George Cunningham, who was appointed postmaster in 1930. Thirty people were living in the community in both 1990 and 2000.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Rowden is located on Texas State Highway 36, 16 mi (26 km) northwest of Cross Plains in south-central Callahan County.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After the original Pilgrim School was destroyed by lightning in 1912, a new school was constructed in 1913–1914. West of Sikes's store stood the new school, Rowden School, a two-story wooden building. Mrs. Houston and Mrs. Claude Sikes were the school's original instructors. Other teachers were Ola Ashbury, Ada Sikes, Gladys Slater, Arthur Slaton, and Garvin Hester. The building was remodeled into a single story with two rooms separated by a wall that was later taken down to create a single, spacious area for events and community gatherings. A wood burner provided heat for the school and well-provided water. Today, the community is served by the Cross Plains Independent School District.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Rowden is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 30 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area. | 2023-12-14T05:03:49Z | 2023-12-14T05:03:49Z | [
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75,561,019 | Kobie Dee | Kobie Duncan (known professionally as Kobie Dee) is an Australian singer and songwriter. Kobie Dee released his debut EP in 2021. At the 2022 J Awards he won the Done Good Award for enriching First Nations communities.
He is a Gomeroi man from Maroubra, New South Wales.
Kobie Duncan grew up on Bidjigal country, modern day Maroubra, New South Wales. He grew up without a father in his life.
At age 10, Duncan wrote his first song after listening to "Eazy-Duz-It" by Eazy-E. At age 10, Kobie attended Weave's Kool Kids Program and met Mardi Diles, who would later become his manager. Kobie "looked up to" Briggs, who he met at a local performance in 2018 and whose label he would sign to in 2019.
Kobie Dee released his debut single "Right Now" in May 2018.
In 2019 Kobie met Nooky, an artist signed to Bad Apples Music label, who heard and forwarded his song "About a Girl" to Briggs, who signed him to Bad Apples the same year.
In November 2021, Kobie Dee released his debut EP, Gratitude Over Pity. It was produced by Papertoy, Jaytee Hazard and Magic Nic. As per the press release, the resulting EP is a "pen-to-paper journey, thematically encapsulating how real-time events and inspired moments have helped uncover a perspective of gratitude and appreciation towards the present through a lens of dedicated optimism."
About the EP, GQ said "Kobie Dee implement his trademark technical flow over five tracks which range from bouncing, catchy songs to introspective, raw stories."
In January 2023, Kobie Dee completed a six-week residency hosting Triple J's Hip Hop Show.
In April 2019, Kobie became a father to a daughter named Kali.
Kobie is a youth ambassador for Weave Youth and Community Services and Just Reinvest NSW.
In 2021, Kobie launched the podcast Know Role Models where he converses with First Nations People.
The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.
The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.
The National Indigenous Music Awards recognise excellence, innovation and leadership among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander musicians from throughout Australia. They commenced in 2004. | [
{
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"text": "Kobie Duncan (known professionally as Kobie Dee) is an Australian singer and songwriter. Kobie Dee released his debut EP in 2021. At the 2022 J Awards he won the Done Good Award for enriching First Nations communities.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He is a Gomeroi man from Maroubra, New South Wales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Kobie Duncan grew up on Bidjigal country, modern day Maroubra, New South Wales. He grew up without a father in his life.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "At age 10, Duncan wrote his first song after listening to \"Eazy-Duz-It\" by Eazy-E. At age 10, Kobie attended Weave's Kool Kids Program and met Mardi Diles, who would later become his manager. Kobie \"looked up to\" Briggs, who he met at a local performance in 2018 and whose label he would sign to in 2019.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Kobie Dee released his debut single \"Right Now\" in May 2018.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2019 Kobie met Nooky, an artist signed to Bad Apples Music label, who heard and forwarded his song \"About a Girl\" to Briggs, who signed him to Bad Apples the same year.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In November 2021, Kobie Dee released his debut EP, Gratitude Over Pity. It was produced by Papertoy, Jaytee Hazard and Magic Nic. As per the press release, the resulting EP is a \"pen-to-paper journey, thematically encapsulating how real-time events and inspired moments have helped uncover a perspective of gratitude and appreciation towards the present through a lens of dedicated optimism.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "About the EP, GQ said \"Kobie Dee implement his trademark technical flow over five tracks which range from bouncing, catchy songs to introspective, raw stories.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In January 2023, Kobie Dee completed a six-week residency hosting Triple J's Hip Hop Show.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In April 2019, Kobie became a father to a daughter named Kali.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Kobie is a youth ambassador for Weave Youth and Community Services and Just Reinvest NSW.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 2021, Kobie launched the podcast Know Role Models where he converses with First Nations People.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
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"text": "The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The National Indigenous Music Awards recognise excellence, innovation and leadership among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander musicians from throughout Australia. They commenced in 2004.",
"title": "Awards and nominations"
}
] | Kobie Duncan is an Australian singer and songwriter. Kobie Dee released his debut EP in 2021. At the 2022 J Awards he won the Done Good Award for enriching First Nations communities. He is a Gomeroi man from Maroubra, New South Wales. | 2023-12-14T05:10:19Z | 2023-12-19T01:45:35Z | [
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75,561,037 | Vierhapper | Vierhapper is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: | [
{
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"text": "Vierhapper is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:",
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] | Vierhapper is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Friedrich Karl Max Vierhapper (1876–1932), Austrian plant collector
Friedrich Vierhapper (1844–1903), Austrian amateur botanist | 2023-12-14T05:15:14Z | 2023-12-14T05:15:14Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierhapper |
75,561,049 | Androstenetriol | Androstenetriol (AET, androst-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol, β-androstenetriol, or βAET) is a steroid produced in the adrenal glands as a metabolite of DHEA. It is believed to have similar effects as DHEA and androstenediol. A study in rodents found that the compound was a weak androgen and estrogen, but did not attach to the androgen, estrogen, progesterone, or glucocorticoid receptors. Synthetic analogs of AET known as HE3286 and NE3107 have been developed. | [
{
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"text": "Androstenetriol (AET, androst-5-ene-3β,7β,17β-triol, β-androstenetriol, or βAET) is a steroid produced in the adrenal glands as a metabolite of DHEA. It is believed to have similar effects as DHEA and androstenediol. A study in rodents found that the compound was a weak androgen and estrogen, but did not attach to the androgen, estrogen, progesterone, or glucocorticoid receptors. Synthetic analogs of AET known as HE3286 and NE3107 have been developed.",
"title": ""
}
] | Androstenetriol is a steroid produced in the adrenal glands as a metabolite of DHEA. It is believed to have similar effects as DHEA and androstenediol. A study in rodents found that the compound was a weak androgen and estrogen, but did not attach to the androgen, estrogen, progesterone, or glucocorticoid receptors. Synthetic analogs of AET known as HE3286 and NE3107 have been developed. | 2023-12-14T05:19:44Z | 2023-12-18T03:31:30Z | [
"Template:Distinguish",
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"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androstenetriol |
75,561,052 | Vierny | Vierny is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vierny is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Vierny is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Dina Vierny (1919–2009), French artists' model
Sacha Vierny(1919–2001), French cinematographer | 2023-12-14T05:21:10Z | 2023-12-14T05:21:10Z | [
"Template:Surname",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierny |
75,561,054 | Viero | Viero is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Viero is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Viero is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Federico Viero, Italian professional footballer
Teodoro Viero (1740–1819), Italian printmaker | 2023-12-14T05:21:52Z | 2023-12-14T05:21:52Z | [
"Template:Surname",
"Template:Short pages monitor"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viero |
75,561,057 | Vierthaler | Vierthaler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vierthaler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Vierthaler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Franz Michael Vierthaler (1758–1827), Austrian pedagogue
Johann Vierthaler (1869–1957), German sculptor | 2023-12-14T05:22:52Z | 2023-12-14T05:22:52Z | [
"Template:Surname",
"Template:Short pages monitor"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vierthaler |
75,561,065 | Prawdzinski | Prawdzinski (Belarusian: Праўдзінскі, romanized: Praŭdzinski; Russian: Правдинский, romanized: Pravdinsky) is an urban-type settlement in Pukhavichy District, Minsk Region, Belarus. As of 2023, it has a population of 2,288. | [
{
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"text": "Prawdzinski (Belarusian: Праўдзінскі, romanized: Praŭdzinski; Russian: Правдинский, romanized: Pravdinsky) is an urban-type settlement in Pukhavichy District, Minsk Region, Belarus. As of 2023, it has a population of 2,288.",
"title": ""
}
] | Prawdzinski is an urban-type settlement in Pukhavichy District, Minsk Region, Belarus. As of 2023, it has a population of 2,288. | 2023-12-14T05:25:40Z | 2023-12-30T02:59:23Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawdzinski |
75,561,066 | Vieuchange | Vieuchange is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vieuchange is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Vieuchange is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Jean Vieuchange (1906–2003), French adventurer
Michel Vieuchange (1904–1930), French adventurer | 2023-12-14T05:25:49Z | 2023-12-14T05:25:49Z | [
"Template:Surname",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieuchange |
75,561,072 | Vieuille | Vieuille is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vieuille is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Vieuille is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Félix Vieuille (1872–1953), French operatic bass
Jean Vieuille (1902–1967), French bass-baritone singer | 2023-12-14T05:26:40Z | 2023-12-14T05:26:40Z | [
"Template:Surname",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieuille |
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