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75,554,492 | Mittel Site | The Mittel Site (41SL15) is a Late Prehistoric archaeological site located near Eldorado in rural Schleicher County, Texas, on the Edwards Plateau. It includes six rock middens that show evidence of burning, as well as several graves inside a natural sinkhole. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
The Mittel Site was discovered by a private landowner, who was clearing brush in the area and came across the sinkhole containing human remains. The Texas Archeological Research Laboratory then carried out an archaeological survey between 1988 and 1989. The remains of at least five individuals were identified inside the sinkhole gravesite. Additionally, they found the remains of six burned rock middens and concentrations dotted throughout the site, which they determined to have been used to bake plants, dating to the Middle to Late Archaic period. The burials were found to have been interred sometime after the rock middens were created and date to the Late Prehistoric period, sometime after A.D. 1300. | [
{
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"text": "The Mittel Site (41SL15) is a Late Prehistoric archaeological site located near Eldorado in rural Schleicher County, Texas, on the Edwards Plateau. It includes six rock middens that show evidence of burning, as well as several graves inside a natural sinkhole. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Mittel Site was discovered by a private landowner, who was clearing brush in the area and came across the sinkhole containing human remains. The Texas Archeological Research Laboratory then carried out an archaeological survey between 1988 and 1989. The remains of at least five individuals were identified inside the sinkhole gravesite. Additionally, they found the remains of six burned rock middens and concentrations dotted throughout the site, which they determined to have been used to bake plants, dating to the Middle to Late Archaic period. The burials were found to have been interred sometime after the rock middens were created and date to the Late Prehistoric period, sometime after A.D. 1300.",
"title": "Archaeology"
},
{
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"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The Mittel Site (41SL15) is a Late Prehistoric archaeological site located near Eldorado in rural Schleicher County, Texas, on the Edwards Plateau. It includes six rock middens that show evidence of burning, as well as several graves inside a natural sinkhole. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. | 2023-12-13T16:36:12Z | 2023-12-13T16:36:12Z | [
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75,554,495 | Caesium selenate | Caesium selanate is an inorganic compound, with the chemical formula of Cs2SeO4. It can form colourless crystals of the orthorhombic crystal system.
caesium selenate can be obtained from the reaction of caesium carbonate and selenic acid solution:
caesium selenate can also be prepared by the neutralization reaction of selenic acid and caesium hydroxide:
caesium selenate can precipitate compounds such as CsLiSeO4·1⁄2H2O and Cs4LiH3(SeO4)4 in Cs2SeO4-Li2SeO4-H2O and its acidification system. It can also form double salts with other metals, such as Cs2Mg(SeO4)2·6H2O, Cs2Co(SeO4)2·6H2O, etc. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Caesium selanate is an inorganic compound, with the chemical formula of Cs2SeO4. It can form colourless crystals of the orthorhombic crystal system.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "caesium selenate can be obtained from the reaction of caesium carbonate and selenic acid solution:",
"title": "Preparation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "caesium selenate can also be prepared by the neutralization reaction of selenic acid and caesium hydroxide:",
"title": "Preparation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "caesium selenate can precipitate compounds such as CsLiSeO4·1⁄2H2O and Cs4LiH3(SeO4)4 in Cs2SeO4-Li2SeO4-H2O and its acidification system. It can also form double salts with other metals, such as Cs2Mg(SeO4)2·6H2O, Cs2Co(SeO4)2·6H2O, etc.",
"title": "Properties"
}
] | Caesium selanate is an inorganic compound, with the chemical formula of Cs2SeO4. It can form colourless crystals of the orthorhombic crystal system. | 2023-12-13T16:36:39Z | 2023-12-13T16:56:40Z | [
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75,554,519 | The Likes of Us (Big Big Train album) | The Likes of Us is the upcoming sixteenth studio album by English progressive rock band Big Big Train, set for release on 1 March 2024. It is the band's first album of new material with singer Alberto Bravin and keyboardist Oskar Holldorff who joined in 2022 and 2023 respectively, as well as first without singer David Longdon who died in 2021. It is the first album to be released on progressive label InsideOut Music, which the band signed to in July 2023, having self released all of their albums before.
Big Big Train
Technical | [
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"text": "The Likes of Us is the upcoming sixteenth studio album by English progressive rock band Big Big Train, set for release on 1 March 2024. It is the band's first album of new material with singer Alberto Bravin and keyboardist Oskar Holldorff who joined in 2022 and 2023 respectively, as well as first without singer David Longdon who died in 2021. It is the first album to be released on progressive label InsideOut Music, which the band signed to in July 2023, having self released all of their albums before.",
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"text": "Big Big Train",
"title": "Personnel"
},
{
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"text": "Technical",
"title": "Personnel"
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] | The Likes of Us is the upcoming sixteenth studio album by English progressive rock band Big Big Train, set for release on 1 March 2024. It is the band's first album of new material with singer Alberto Bravin and keyboardist Oskar Holldorff who joined in 2022 and 2023 respectively, as well as first without singer David Longdon who died in 2021. It is the first album to be released on progressive label InsideOut Music, which the band signed to in July 2023, having self released all of their albums before. | 2023-12-13T16:39:27Z | 2023-12-26T09:03:51Z | [
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75,554,523 | List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Switzerland | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.
Switzerland ratified the convention on 16 July 2008. | [
{
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"text": "The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The \"intangible cultural heritage\" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.",
"title": ""
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"text": "Switzerland ratified the convention on 16 July 2008.",
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] | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention. Switzerland ratified the convention on 16 July 2008. | 2023-12-13T16:39:50Z | 2023-12-13T16:39:50Z | [
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75,554,545 | Jorge Álvares Foundation | Jorge Álvares Foundation is a non-profit organization with public utility status established in Lisbon on 14 December 1999. It was recognized by the Portuguese government in 2002, and received its public utility status in 2004. It received its initial funding from the Fundação para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento de Macau (MOP 50 million) and Stanley Ho (MOP 100 million).
The foundation is named after Jorge Álvares, credited as the first European to have reached China by sea during the Age of Discovery. According to its by-laws, it takes as its purpose the development of cultural, educational, scientific, artistic, and social activities that promote an intercultural dialogue resulting from the specificity of Macau and multicentury Portuguese presence in this territory. In addition, it intends to support Portuguese institutions that promote the study and promotion of Macau, as well as activities related to the Macanese diaspora. | [
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"text": "Jorge Álvares Foundation is a non-profit organization with public utility status established in Lisbon on 14 December 1999. It was recognized by the Portuguese government in 2002, and received its public utility status in 2004. It received its initial funding from the Fundação para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento de Macau (MOP 50 million) and Stanley Ho (MOP 100 million).",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The foundation is named after Jorge Álvares, credited as the first European to have reached China by sea during the Age of Discovery. According to its by-laws, it takes as its purpose the development of cultural, educational, scientific, artistic, and social activities that promote an intercultural dialogue resulting from the specificity of Macau and multicentury Portuguese presence in this territory. In addition, it intends to support Portuguese institutions that promote the study and promotion of Macau, as well as activities related to the Macanese diaspora.",
"title": ""
}
] | Jorge Álvares Foundation is a non-profit organization with public utility status established in Lisbon on 14 December 1999. It was recognized by the Portuguese government in 2002, and received its public utility status in 2004. It received its initial funding from the Fundação para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento de Macau and Stanley Ho. The foundation is named after Jorge Álvares, credited as the first European to have reached China by sea during the Age of Discovery. According to its by-laws, it takes as its purpose the development of cultural, educational, scientific, artistic, and social activities that promote an intercultural dialogue resulting from the specificity of Macau and multicentury Portuguese presence in this territory. In addition, it intends to support Portuguese institutions that promote the study and promotion of Macau, as well as activities related to the Macanese diaspora. | 2023-12-13T16:43:33Z | 2023-12-14T21:54:27Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_%C3%81lvares_Foundation |
75,554,561 | Atwell, Texas | Atwell is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 8 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area.
Atwell was founded in the 1870s. Some of the community's early residents were Tobie Bell, Uncle Johnny Surles, J. T. Purvis, J. P. Hutchins, and Frank Abbott. In 1885 and 1886, several other families relocated here. It was named in honor of William H. Atwell, a Federal District Court of Northern Texas district attorney. A post office was founded in the community in 1899. The village featured a gin, a blacksmith shop, three churches, and several merchants by 1905. However, after 1915, the population plummeted, and the post office closed on June 29, 1929. From 1925 to 1948, Atwell's population was recorded as 65. After that, no more estimates were available until 2000, when only eight people were reported to be living here.
Atwell is located in eastern Callahan County.
A school was established in Atwell around 1886 and was named Bell Branch, then Flag Springs. Today, the community is served by the Cross Plains Independent School District. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Atwell is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 8 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Atwell was founded in the 1870s. Some of the community's early residents were Tobie Bell, Uncle Johnny Surles, J. T. Purvis, J. P. Hutchins, and Frank Abbott. In 1885 and 1886, several other families relocated here. It was named in honor of William H. Atwell, a Federal District Court of Northern Texas district attorney. A post office was founded in the community in 1899. The village featured a gin, a blacksmith shop, three churches, and several merchants by 1905. However, after 1915, the population plummeted, and the post office closed on June 29, 1929. From 1925 to 1948, Atwell's population was recorded as 65. After that, no more estimates were available until 2000, when only eight people were reported to be living here.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Atwell is located in eastern Callahan County.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "A school was established in Atwell around 1886 and was named Bell Branch, then Flag Springs. Today, the community is served by the Cross Plains Independent School District.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Atwell is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 8 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area. | 2023-12-13T16:46:23Z | 2023-12-13T19:21:40Z | [
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75,554,576 | Melba (radio serial) | Melba is a 1946 Australian radio drama about the life of Nellie Melba. and first broadcast by stations 3DB and 3LK 1946–1947 in fifty 30-minute episodes. It was produced by Hector Crawford, who knew Melba.
The scripting involved months of research.
Four actresses played Melba:
and many real-life friends and colleagues played themselves.
ABC Weekly said "The woven story is interesting and the music-dialogue balance nicely placed, with the story itself built on factual references to Melba’s career."
The Advocate said it was "very pleasant listening." | [
{
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"text": "Melba is a 1946 Australian radio drama about the life of Nellie Melba. and first broadcast by stations 3DB and 3LK 1946–1947 in fifty 30-minute episodes. It was produced by Hector Crawford, who knew Melba.",
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},
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},
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"text": "Four actresses played Melba:",
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},
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"text": "and many real-life friends and colleagues played themselves.",
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},
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"text": "ABC Weekly said \"The woven story is interesting and the music-dialogue balance nicely placed, with the story itself built on factual references to Melba’s career.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The Advocate said it was \"very pleasant listening.\"",
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}
] | Melba is a 1946 Australian radio drama about the life of Nellie Melba. and first broadcast by stations 3DB and 3LK 1946–1947 in fifty 30-minute episodes. It was produced by Hector Crawford, who knew Melba. The scripting involved months of research. Four actresses played Melba: Eight-year-old Kareen Wilson spoke and sang the young Melba — "Comin' Thro' the Rye" and "See Me Dance the Polka" in the Richmond Town Hall. She was the daughter of baritone Ernest Wilson and soprano Freda Northcote.
Glenda Raymond, a coloratura soprano from Melbourne, sang all the arias of Melba in her emerging years, in the original key and hitting the same notes. She was a relative unknown, but had a subsequent career in opera, notably as Etain in Rutland Boughton's The Immortal Hour.
Stella Power — dubbed "the Little Melba" by Melba herself — sang the mature Melba.
Patricia Kennedy played the speaking "Nellie Mitchell that scarifies you with the rough side of her tongue" Melba, "a remarkable success", said the Adelaide Advertiser, For continuity, Kennedy played ever stage of Melba's life. and many real-life friends and colleagues played themselves. ABC Weekly said "The woven story is interesting and the music-dialogue balance nicely placed, with the story itself built on factual references to Melba’s career." The Advocate said it was "very pleasant listening." | 2023-12-13T16:49:20Z | 2023-12-22T15:43:50Z | [
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75,554,585 | Cait Corrain review bombing controversy | In late 2023 fantasy author Cait Corrain created multiple fake accounts on Goodreads to review bomb other authors. Del Rey Books and agent Rebecca Podos canceled their contracts with Corrain.
On December 5, 2023, author Xiran Jay Zhao posted on X, "If you as a debut author are going to make a bunch of fake Goodreads accounts one-star-bombing fellow debuts you're threatened by can you at least not make it so obvious". After Internet speculation on the author's identity, Zhao named the author as Cait Corrain and shared a Google Doc showing screenshots of low ratings from accounts allegedly owned by Corrain.
Corrain issued an apology, saying that they had recently “suffered a complete psychological breakdown” after “fighting a losing battle against depression, alcoholism and substance abuse”. They entered an "intensive psychiatric care" facility on December 12, 2023.
The fantasy novel Crown of Starlight was scheduled to be Cait Corrain's debut title, published in 2024 through Del Rey, a science fiction and fantasy imprint of Penguin Random House. As of December 12, Corrain was no longer represented by agent Rebecca Podos. Del Rey and UK publisher Daphne Press also cancelled their contracts with Corrain.
While Corrain initially described the negative reviews as left by a friend and provided screenshots of a conversation between herself and the friend, they later said that the friend had been "non-existent". Internet users also commented that the list of targeted authors included people of color.
The controversy was cited by industry professionals as an example of abuse issues on Goodreads. | [
{
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"text": "In late 2023 fantasy author Cait Corrain created multiple fake accounts on Goodreads to review bomb other authors. Del Rey Books and agent Rebecca Podos canceled their contracts with Corrain.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "On December 5, 2023, author Xiran Jay Zhao posted on X, \"If you as a debut author are going to make a bunch of fake Goodreads accounts one-star-bombing fellow debuts you're threatened by can you at least not make it so obvious\". After Internet speculation on the author's identity, Zhao named the author as Cait Corrain and shared a Google Doc showing screenshots of low ratings from accounts allegedly owned by Corrain.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Corrain issued an apology, saying that they had recently “suffered a complete psychological breakdown” after “fighting a losing battle against depression, alcoholism and substance abuse”. They entered an \"intensive psychiatric care\" facility on December 12, 2023.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The fantasy novel Crown of Starlight was scheduled to be Cait Corrain's debut title, published in 2024 through Del Rey, a science fiction and fantasy imprint of Penguin Random House. As of December 12, Corrain was no longer represented by agent Rebecca Podos. Del Rey and UK publisher Daphne Press also cancelled their contracts with Corrain.",
"title": "Events"
},
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"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "While Corrain initially described the negative reviews as left by a friend and provided screenshots of a conversation between herself and the friend, they later said that the friend had been \"non-existent\". Internet users also commented that the list of targeted authors included people of color.",
"title": "Events"
},
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"text": "The controversy was cited by industry professionals as an example of abuse issues on Goodreads.",
"title": "Events"
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] | In late 2023 fantasy author Cait Corrain created multiple fake accounts on Goodreads to review bomb other authors. Del Rey Books and agent Rebecca Podos canceled their contracts with Corrain. | 2023-12-13T16:50:49Z | 2023-12-31T18:28:07Z | [
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75,554,591 | Sophie Lloyd | Sophie Lloyd (born in London, England) is a British musician and guitarist. She started playing guitar since the age of 10 and has done collaborations with bands like halestorm. | [
{
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"text": "Sophie Lloyd (born in London, England) is a British musician and guitarist. She started playing guitar since the age of 10 and has done collaborations with bands like halestorm.",
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] | Sophie Lloyd is a British musician and guitarist. She started playing guitar since the age of 10 and has done collaborations with bands like halestorm. | 2023-12-13T16:51:27Z | 2023-12-14T18:48:50Z | [
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75,554,620 | Víctor Rodríguez Párraga | Víctor Eladio Rodríguez Párraga (13 January 1836 – 16 February 1918) was a Venezuelan military personage and politician, who served as interim president of Venezuela from 20 to 23 October 1899. His short administration followed that of Ignacio Andrade and preceded that of Cipriano Castro, coinciding with the triumph of the Restorative Liberal Revolution. His parents were José del Rosario Rodríguez and Juana Párraga. Víctor Rodríguez was married to Luisa Mariño de Rodríguez, daughter of Santiago Mariño, with whom he had 6 children.
General Víctor Rodríguez served as head of the Council of Government during the presidency of Ignacio Andrade. On October 20, 1899, he was appointed president of Venezuela following the departure of President Ignacio Andrade from the country due to the Restoration Liberal Revolution. With the arrival of Cipriano Castro in Caracas, Victor Rodriguez handed over the presidency to Castro on October 23. Víctor Rodríguez was appointed Minister of Public Works by the new government and was later commissioned to suppress the uspring of caudillo José Manuel Hernández in December of that same year. | [
{
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"text": "Víctor Eladio Rodríguez Párraga (13 January 1836 – 16 February 1918) was a Venezuelan military personage and politician, who served as interim president of Venezuela from 20 to 23 October 1899. His short administration followed that of Ignacio Andrade and preceded that of Cipriano Castro, coinciding with the triumph of the Restorative Liberal Revolution. His parents were José del Rosario Rodríguez and Juana Párraga. Víctor Rodríguez was married to Luisa Mariño de Rodríguez, daughter of Santiago Mariño, with whom he had 6 children.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "General Víctor Rodríguez served as head of the Council of Government during the presidency of Ignacio Andrade. On October 20, 1899, he was appointed president of Venezuela following the departure of President Ignacio Andrade from the country due to the Restoration Liberal Revolution. With the arrival of Cipriano Castro in Caracas, Victor Rodriguez handed over the presidency to Castro on October 23. Víctor Rodríguez was appointed Minister of Public Works by the new government and was later commissioned to suppress the uspring of caudillo José Manuel Hernández in December of that same year.",
"title": ""
}
] | Víctor Eladio Rodríguez Párraga was a Venezuelan military personage and politician, who served as interim president of Venezuela from 20 to 23 October 1899. His short administration followed that of Ignacio Andrade and preceded that of Cipriano Castro, coinciding with the triumph of the Restorative Liberal Revolution.
His parents were José del Rosario Rodríguez and Juana Párraga. Víctor Rodríguez was married to Luisa Mariño de Rodríguez, daughter of Santiago Mariño, with whom he had 6 children. General Víctor Rodríguez served as head of the Council of Government during the presidency of Ignacio Andrade. On October 20, 1899, he was appointed president of Venezuela following the departure of President Ignacio Andrade from the country due to the Restoration Liberal Revolution. With the arrival of Cipriano Castro in Caracas, Victor Rodriguez handed over the presidency to Castro on October 23. Víctor Rodríguez was appointed Minister of Public Works by the new government and was later commissioned to suppress the uspring of caudillo José Manuel Hernández in December of that same year. | 2023-12-13T16:58:29Z | 2023-12-26T18:15:26Z | [
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75,554,629 | Impact of Yuna Kim | Yuna Kim, the retired South Korean competitive figure skater, also called "Queen Yuna" by figure skating fans and the press, has had an impact on the sport of figure skating, with her skating technique as an athlete and as an Olympic ambassador for both the 2014 and 2018 Olympic Winter Games. She was known for the "lighter-than-air grace in her movements on the ice", as well as her jumps, her speed, and her grounding in the demands of the ISU judging system, as well as her execution of her triple Lutz-triple toe loop combination jump, her "signature" layover camel spin (called the "Yuna Camel"), and her Ina Bauer jump. She trained with several coaches in her career, including Jong-hyun, Brian Orser, and Peter Oppegard. Her main choreographer was David Wilson, who helped her with her presentation skills and musicality. Kim was plagued with injuries throughout her career, which her training team tried to address, especially in the years leading up to the 2014 Olympics.
Kim was praised by reporters and by other members of the figure skating community for her artistry; she had "no rival in terms of artistry" and music was as important a part of her skating as her elements were. As early as 2005, it was reported that Kim's success boosted the popularity of figure skating in South Korea, where she was called "Queen Yuna". In 2010, she was the highest paid athlete at the 2014 Olympics. Her rivalry with Japanese skater Mao Asada was called "the best thing going in skating these days".
Kim was instrumental in bringing the Olympics to Pyeongchang in 2018 and has been involved with the International Olympic Committee since 2010. She has received numerous awards and honours, and has been featured in several lists, including the Time 100 in 2010 and in Forbes lists between 2010 and 2018.
Kim was known for the "lighter-than-air grace in her movements on the ice", as well as her jumps, her speed, and her grounding in the demands of the ISU judging system (IJS). According to Michelle Kwan, whom Kim said was her biggest influence early in her career, competition judges were looking for Kim's skating abilities "when it comes to jump quality, spin quality and edges".
In 2008, Kim told reporter Barry Mittan that she had tried triple axels, but had not yet landed any clean ones and had not attempted the jump during competition. Her grace and technical prowess was demonstrated, especially at the Vancouver Olympics, in her execution of her triple Lutz-triple toe loop combination jumps and her "signature" layover camel spin, also called the "Yuna Camel". Shizuka Arakawa from Japan called Kim's Ina Bauer jump, which Kim executed immediately before her double Axel, "unbelievable", going on to state, "Is it possible for her to achieve amazing speed and such distance when the blades of her skates are interlaced?” American skater Timothy Goebel called Kim "very special" and praised her skating for its quality and ease, her landings for their light and effortless nature, and her jumps for their power and speed. One of Kim's signature moves, the bent-leg layover camel spin, has been called the "Yuna camel".
According to the Associated Press (AP) in 2009, Kim skated with ease, lightness, speed, power, and strength. Unlike other skaters, she did not slow down as she approached her jumps, going into them with full speed, but landing "as if she's touching down on a pillow". The AP also stated that her edge quality was high and that "she carves the ice like a calligrapher". In 2020, U.S. Olympic gold medallist Scott Hamilton stated that Kim was the best model of how to earn the most points under the IJS, especially her component scores. He added that Kim "skates with much more speed (than her leading competitors. Her jumps have great technique and beautiful landing positions. She does gorgeous spiral sequences with great flexibility".
During Kim's junior years, South Korea had limited facilities for figure skaters. In an October 2010 interview with CNN, she pointed out that there were not many ice rinks in Korea, and that the few rinks that existed were public. She went on to add, "Even now, when athletes want to practice, they have to use the rink very early [in the] morning or late at night". The scarcity of facilities meant that skaters were often forced to alternate between rinks, and there was an increased risk of injury due to the cold temperatures. Her coach used a harness to teach her how to jump a triple toe loop.
Early in Kim's skating career, her parents were her most important financial support. Her monthly training costs averaged 2 million South Korean won (US$2,253.65), which included renting an ice rink in Gwacheon, near her family's home north of Seoul, and hiring instructors at home, plus the cost of hiring professionals such as choreographers outside of South Korea. At the time, South Korea had not invested, other than in short-track speed skating and a few other sports, in figure skating as much as other Asian countries had, but after she won the gold medal at the 2004 JGP Budapest, the Korea Skating Union awarded Kim with a grant of 1 million South Korean won (US$853.57). After winning the 2005 Junior Grand Prix final, the Korea Skating Union pledged to support Kim's training expenses.
In 2005, Kim trained for six hours a day, which included four hours on the ice and two hours for ballet and other kinds of training. The Korea Skating Union allowed her to train for two hours a day at the ice ring in Taeneung, the only rink in Korea not open to the public, which was also used by hockey teams and a few other figure skaters. She also trained at the rink in Gwacheon, which her parents rented for two hours per day, but was unable to use it until the rink closed for the public at 10 pm, so her training would often end at 1 or 2 am. She received regular massages for her pain and injuries, which her coach, Ryu Jong-hyun, considered "almost routine" in figure skating. In 2005, Korea JoongAng Daily reported that Kim strained a ligament in her right ankle, but did not take a break in her training, receiving treatment for the injury at the same time, although the level of her training was adjusted. She also injured her other ankle shortly afterwards, but continued her training as well, although she did not practice several jumps. In 2007, it was reported that Kim was in constant pain in her ankles due to "her strong jumping ability". Shortly before the Junior Grand Prix Final in 2005, which she won, she experienced significant pain that spread to her waist and knees, from new skates purchased two weeks before the competition. Korean news outlet KBS Global considered her Grand Prix win an example of Kim's "invincible determination" and her ability to overcome obstacles.
By 2006, Kim wanted more freedom, so she went to Toronto that summer to work with choreographer David Wilson. Juliet Macur of The New York Times called it "the turning point of her career". Kim began training with Brian Orser at the Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club in the summer of 2006 and then moved, with her mother, to Toronto in May 2007 to train with him year-round. At first, Orser declined to be Kim's coach, but eventually agreed. She told a reporter in 2008 that the training environment in Toronto was "very good" and that she and Orser "had a lot in common". She also said that she liked how Orser coached, how he explained jumps and elements to her, and the way he asked for her input. Orser reported that he and Kim had a good rapport and communicated well with each other. According to Macur, Kim gravitated towards Orser due to his "laid-back style and his perspective".
Macur reported that when Kim relocated to Toronto, she "was 15, a gangly, socially awkward, newly minted junior world champion with braces on her teeth", and who spoke no English. According to Wilson, despite her technical abilities, Kim was dispirited both as a skater and as a person and was plagued with ankle and knee injuries. Wilson told Macur that Kim's team, which included Orser, Wilson, and "a team of specialists", helped her accept "quality over quantity and worked to make her laugh". It took her a month after her arrival before she began to smile. In 2010, she said that although both Toronto and Los Angeles, where she trained after her break with Orser in 2010, had large Korean communities, she missed being around her friends and family in Korea.
Orser reported in 2008 that they had worked on improving Kim's many injuries, which included inflammation in her S1 joint, a tear in the tendon attached to her hip bone that was probably an overuse injury, and an injury to her coccyx. Orser said her injuries were the reason he thought no one had seen her at her best the previous few seasons and that his goal was "to get it fixed because we can't go through this every year". The summer before the season was spent treating her injuries by using acupuncture and alternative medicine in order to avoid surgery. Before training in Toronto, she would go through six pairs of skates per year, which Orser suspected contributed to her hip injury when she was younger, but she found good boots the year before they began working together and only used three boots per year going forward.
In 2010, Orser told Macur that Kim was able to lead a more "normal life", without the great fame she experienced in South Korea. She was able to train with "the ease of anonymity", and as Orser put it, "focus on what she has to do". Macur called Orser "a perfect coach for Kim" because like her, he and his co-coach, former Canadian ice dancer Tracy Wilson, understood and had also experienced the pressure she went through, something Orser felt Kim was comforted by. Orser was made an honorary citizen of Seoul, Korea, in 2010; also in 2010, Michelle Ha, Kim's agent, called Orser "the most popular foreigner in Korea".
As of 2008, Kim trained on the ice six days a week, for two and a half hours per day, plus three hours daily off the ice, which included cardio, strength training, and "an intense warm-up before each session". She did a lot of core strength work, but not Pilates. In October 2007, she added ballet lessons with Evelyn Hart, a ballerina with the Royal Winnipeg Ballet. In 2009, she told Golden Skate that she liked to be "perfectly prepared", and that when she was, she felt that she was able to give a better performance. She also said that she tried to "express all of myself" in every performance. In 2011, Kim told CNN that she worked on her short program with Wilson, as well as her jumps, spins, and steps, and her free skating program with her then-coach Peter Oppengard. She did basic strength training during her off-ice training.
According to Bae Young-eun of Donga Ilbo, Kim had "no rival in terms of artistry". Music was as important a part of her skating as her elements were. Her choreographer David Wilson stated that Kim's ability to interpret the music she used in her programs was part of the reason for her success, adding that she was able to intrinsically hear music "on a level that rarely people do". Kim felt classical music fit her and liked to skate to it. In 2011, Kim told Philip Hersh of the Los Angeles Times that despite the pressure she felt as a skater, she did not compete to win competitions or for her country, but that she did it for herself, adding, "I am not skating just to win gold. I am skating for skating".
Michelle Kwan said about Kim: "Yuna is very rare...She has the speed, the beauty, the jumping, the footwork". British skater Robin Cousins praised what he called Kim's "across-the-board quality," adding that she had the "it factor" and that her skating had "a supreme serenity that has no arrogance in it". Philip Hersh of the Los Angeles Times said about Kim, after the Vancouver Olympics, "Never have athlete and artist been more perfectly balanced than they are with Kim. Never has a skater with both those qualities displayed them so flawlessly in the sport's most important competition". Hersh also stated that Kim had a "concealed" strength and that she was able to withstand a great deal of the pressure she experienced in South Korea. David Wilson noticed Kim's ability to command an arena at 2007 Worlds. "Yuna is a chameleon", stated Wilson, further adding that "She hears music on a level that rarely people do", acknowledging that part of the reason for Kim's success was her ability to interpret the music with her programs. In 2009, Kim said that acting on the ice was the most important thing for her, and that she loved performing in front of the audience. In 2011, Japanese skater and coach Yuka Sato called Kim "wonderful to watch" and "amazing technically", adding that Kim had "great speed," "major star quality", and "catches your eyes...like a magnet".
Kim excelled at earning extra points for her transitions before and after her jumps, which were "as smooth as water". While Dorothy Hamill said "she will be remembered as a great artist, but it is a different kind of artistry," she still praised Kim's 2010 Olympics free skate, saying she had "jaw-dropping magnificence", and that her skating was like "magic", later praising the "modernness" to her skating. Frank Carroll, who was Michelle Kwan's coach, said that Kim was able to combine athletics and artistry, despite it being "almost impossible" under the new judging system. For example, as Philip Hersh pointed out, the IJS did not give skaters the time to develop landmark moves by holding innovative positions or classical skating postures, but at the 2010 Olympics, Kim performed two of these moves, the spread eagle and Ina Bauer, but she used them as brief transitions into jump combinations. Hersh stated, "The impression they left is not of breathtaking artistry but of the athletic command needed to handle the extra difficulty the moves add to the ensuing jumps". New York Post columnist Mike Vaccaro said that "watching Yuna Kim skate is like watching Michael Jordan play basketball”.
David Wilson initially began working with Kim as her choreographer prior to the 2006–07 season, shortly after her 2006 Junior World Championship title. Kim had wanted to work with Wilson for the 2004–05 season, but he declined because he did not know her and because had been contacted too late in the season, so Kim worked with Wilson's former student, former figure skater and choreographer Jeffrey Buttle, instead. When Kim contacted Wilson again two years later, Sébastien Britten, who had been working with junior skaters at the time and was one of Wilson's first students, recommended her to Wilson and he accepted her as his student. Buttle had told him that Kim was unhappy both as a person and as a skater, calling her "not a very happy skater", so Wilson had "very low expectations" and made it his mission to make her smile and to connect with her. Wilson later said that it was a challenge to connect with Kim because she expressed very little emotion and spoke almost no English; he spent the first three months getting Kim to smile and to laugh. As Jack Gallagher, a figure skating reporter from the Japan Times, stated, "Wilson made it his mission to bring Yuna out of her shell". In a 2009 interview, Kim said she did not take any special acting classes to enhance her choreography, but that she used Wilson's directions instead. Wilson choreographed all of Kim's competitive programs from the 2007–08 season until her retirement in 2014. He and Orser also choreographed Kim's Festa on Ice shows.
Wilson praised Kim's work ethic, noting that she "took everything [he] said to heart" and said that she believed in him, which was fulfilling, adding that she had never been rude or temperamental with him. He called her "an absolute dream" to work with. He also praised her integrity as a person. He later said that he helped her deal with the pressure she felt, advising her early in their collaboration that she needed to find a reason for skating other than winning, which he felt would protect her from all the pressure and expectations. In 2016, Wilson that Kim's team, which included himself, Orser, and Tracy Wilson, "turned Kim into a star" and that without his tutelage, she would not have been as professionally and financially successful. The 2010 Olympics was the first time he accompanied Kim at a competition and the first time he had attended an Olympic competition. He said that he tried to keep things "normal" during their time in Vancouver and to keep her laughing. He did not have coaching credentials, so he watched her skate from the stands with Kim's mother. He told Philip Hersh, "Every time she jumped, I was praying to my [late] mother in heaven to keep her upright. I was too rattled to enjoy it".
Wilson stated in 2018 that although Kim's split with Orser was one of the hardest things he experienced in his career, he chose to not let what happened affect his relationship with either Orser or Kim. He said he had tried to help them repair their relationship, but eventually realized that there was little he could do. He also said that he was heartbroken when Kim left Toronto.
As early as 2005, it was reported that Kim's success boosted the popularity of figure skating in South Korea, where she was called "Queen Yuna". As Philip Hersh stated shortly before the 2010 Olympics, no other figure skater was as celebrated as Kim was in her country. She was called South Korea's second greatest athlete, behind Olympic goal medal marathoner Sohn Kee-Chung and "one of the most iconic sports stars in Korea", and was considered South Korea's "daughter". in 2005, former skater and Kim's coach, Chi Hyun-jung, stated that Kim's success served as a turning point for skating in South Korea and expressed the hope that it would produce more competitors there. In 2020, her coach, Brian Orser, said that Kim's performances at the 2010 Olympics were among the greatest ever and that she inspired thousands of South Korean girls to take up figure skating. In 2003, when Kim won her first South Korean national title, eight senior women competed there; in 2020, 32 women competed as seniors and 24 competed as juniors at the South Korean Championships, and the highest nine senior women all performed a triple Lutz-triple toe loop combination in the free skate. The 2020 South Korean champion, You Young, stated in 2016 that Kim inspired her to become a figure skater.
In 2010, Orser said, about Kim's fame and popularity, "When you’re with her in Korea, it’s like you’re traveling with Princess Diana; Yu-na’s that famous there". Orser also stated that Kim was aware of her country's expectations of her and the difference she made there, especially to Korea's morale after the 2007–2008 financial crisis. Kim said in 2010 that she was happy that she "played a small part in the popularity of the sport" in Korea. American skater Johnny Weir stated in 2009 that she had done a great deal for figure skating in Korea and that "she deserves every ounce of credit and adoration she gets". As International Figure Skating magazine stated in 2009, some felt that she was the invigoration the sport needed. Canadian skater Kurt Browning compared her to a tsunami, adding that when he watched her skate, he would think, "This is what figure skating should be" and said, "She makes me a fan of figure skating". In 2010, according to Forbes magazine, she was one of the highest paid athletes in the world.
Kim and Japanese skater Mao Asada were called rivals since they competed as juniors. As Juliet Macur stated in The New York Times, Kim and Asada "grew up competing against each other, fueling one of the fiercest Japan versus Korea sports rivalries". In 2009, when Kim won the Worlds Championships and Asada came in second place, the Associated Press called their rivalry "the best thing going in skating these days" and stated that it was the reason for their fame in their respective countries.
According to Philip Hersh shortly before the 2010 Olympics, Kim and Asada's rivalry was about more than figure skating. As Hersh put it, most sports competitions between South Korea and Japan "had always been freighted with nationalistic implications" based upon a long and difficult history, going back to the 16th century, between the two neighbouring countries. Hersh stated that this history made, for the Koreans, beating the Japanese a matter of national pride and was also the source of the intense pressure Kim felt as she competed internationally. When asked about her rivalry with Asada in 2012, however, Klaus-Reinhold Kany of Ice Network reported that Kim was respectful towards Asada, stating that they "often competed against each other, but when we meet, everybody concentrates more on his own competition and does not always think of the other competitors".
In 2005, Kim was appointed a public relations ambassador by the South Korea Olympic Committee's unsuccessful bid to host the 2014 Olympics. In 2010, she was one of 24 Korean athletes chosen to serve on a committee to promote their bid for the 2018 Olympics.
The Korean committee members, including Kim, traveled to Durban, South Africa, where the International Olympic Committee (IOC)'s decision for the hosting city was finalized on July 6, 2011. There, she fulfilled her role as a member of the Korean delegation by promoting Pyeongchang as an athlete ambassador and Olympic champion. Kim was one of the Korean delegates who appeared before the July 6 IOC conference and delivered a presentation for Pyeongchang, which won the hosting rights over the other rival cities, Munich, Germany, and Annecy, France and was later credited with helping Korea win the bid. Terrance Burns, a consultant for the Pyeongchang bid, said that Kim lent "athlete credibility" to their successful campaign. In October 2011, Kim was appointed a member of the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Winter Games Organising Committee.
On August 18, 2011, Kim was named a Global Ambassador for the Special Olympics and Goodwill Ambassador for the 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games. In October, Kim was named an ambassador for the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck. In 2012, Kim stated that she hoped to become a member of the IOC after the 2014 Sochi Games. On August 27, 2015, Kim was named an ambassador for the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics in Lillehammer.
Kim was named an official ambassador for the 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea. She appeared as the final torch bearer and lit the Olympic flame in the Opening Ceremony. She later said that it took her breath away and that as an athlete, it was an honour. She also co-starred in Coca-Cola's 2018 Winter Olympics campaign with actor Park Bo-gum. In 2020, she was appointed an ambassador for the Pyeongchang 2018 Legacy Foundation's "Play Winter" campaign, designed to promote winter sports and continue the legacy of the Pyeongchang Olympics. She served as an instructor at the Play Winter Sports Academy, which used the Pyeongchang facilities in 2021 and 2022, teaching high level skating and presentation skills to develop young figure skaters' talents. In February 2022, she was named the honorary ambassador for the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics in Gangwon, South Korea. She was also appointed as a member of the Organising Committee.
Kim was honored in the sports category at the Republic of Korea National Assembly Awards in 2006, and received an Achievement Award in 2011. She was awarded the Talent Medal of Korea, which recognizes young people with leadership potential, in 2008. In 2008 and 2009, a major Korean newspaper named her Korea's "person of the year" and Gallop polls named her South Korea's top athlete in the three years preceding the 2010 Olympics. In August 2010, the city of Los Angeles designated August 7 as "Yu-Na Kim Day" and granted her honorary citizenship. She also received the Proud Korean Award from the Korean American Leadership Foundation. Kim received the Sportswoman of the Year Award from the Women's Sports Foundation later that year.
In 2012, Kim was awarded the Moran Medal of the Order of Physical Education, the second-highest grade in South Korea's Order of Civil Merit, for her contributions to the 2018 Pyeongchang bid. In 2013, she received an achievement award from her alma mater, Korea University, for "significantly raising the honor and dignity" of both the university and the country; she was also awarded her diploma during the ceremony because she was unable to attend her graduation ceremony due to her participation in the 2013 World Championships. She was later awarded the Blue Dragon Medal (Cheongnyong) at the 54th Korea Sports Awards, the highest decoration in the Order of Sports Merit, in October 2016. Kim was not originally eligible for the honor, having already received a different order less than seven years prior, but an exception was made in light of her achievements. She became the youngest and only winter sports athlete to be inducted into the Korean Sports Hall of Fame the subsequent month. Following the 2018 Winter Olympics, along with the unified women's ice hockey team of North and South Korea, she received the Outstanding Performance Award at the ANOC Awards. Kim received the Korea Image Cornerstone Award at the 19th Korea Image Awards alongside Squid Game actor Lee Jung-jae and swimmer Hwang Sun-woo on January 11, 2023.
Kim has been featured in various lists, including the Time 100 (2010) and Forbes 30 Under 30 (2016). In 2009, she was the first person to top the Forbes Korea Power Celebrity 40; she also topped the list in 2010 and appeared in the top 10 on five other occasions (2011-2012, 2014–2015, 2018). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Yuna Kim, the retired South Korean competitive figure skater, also called \"Queen Yuna\" by figure skating fans and the press, has had an impact on the sport of figure skating, with her skating technique as an athlete and as an Olympic ambassador for both the 2014 and 2018 Olympic Winter Games. She was known for the \"lighter-than-air grace in her movements on the ice\", as well as her jumps, her speed, and her grounding in the demands of the ISU judging system, as well as her execution of her triple Lutz-triple toe loop combination jump, her \"signature\" layover camel spin (called the \"Yuna Camel\"), and her Ina Bauer jump. She trained with several coaches in her career, including Jong-hyun, Brian Orser, and Peter Oppegard. Her main choreographer was David Wilson, who helped her with her presentation skills and musicality. Kim was plagued with injuries throughout her career, which her training team tried to address, especially in the years leading up to the 2014 Olympics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kim was praised by reporters and by other members of the figure skating community for her artistry; she had \"no rival in terms of artistry\" and music was as important a part of her skating as her elements were. As early as 2005, it was reported that Kim's success boosted the popularity of figure skating in South Korea, where she was called \"Queen Yuna\". In 2010, she was the highest paid athlete at the 2014 Olympics. Her rivalry with Japanese skater Mao Asada was called \"the best thing going in skating these days\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Kim was instrumental in bringing the Olympics to Pyeongchang in 2018 and has been involved with the International Olympic Committee since 2010. She has received numerous awards and honours, and has been featured in several lists, including the Time 100 in 2010 and in Forbes lists between 2010 and 2018.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Kim was known for the \"lighter-than-air grace in her movements on the ice\", as well as her jumps, her speed, and her grounding in the demands of the ISU judging system (IJS). According to Michelle Kwan, whom Kim said was her biggest influence early in her career, competition judges were looking for Kim's skating abilities \"when it comes to jump quality, spin quality and edges\".",
"title": "Skating technique"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2008, Kim told reporter Barry Mittan that she had tried triple axels, but had not yet landed any clean ones and had not attempted the jump during competition. Her grace and technical prowess was demonstrated, especially at the Vancouver Olympics, in her execution of her triple Lutz-triple toe loop combination jumps and her \"signature\" layover camel spin, also called the \"Yuna Camel\". Shizuka Arakawa from Japan called Kim's Ina Bauer jump, which Kim executed immediately before her double Axel, \"unbelievable\", going on to state, \"Is it possible for her to achieve amazing speed and such distance when the blades of her skates are interlaced?” American skater Timothy Goebel called Kim \"very special\" and praised her skating for its quality and ease, her landings for their light and effortless nature, and her jumps for their power and speed. One of Kim's signature moves, the bent-leg layover camel spin, has been called the \"Yuna camel\".",
"title": "Skating technique"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "According to the Associated Press (AP) in 2009, Kim skated with ease, lightness, speed, power, and strength. Unlike other skaters, she did not slow down as she approached her jumps, going into them with full speed, but landing \"as if she's touching down on a pillow\". The AP also stated that her edge quality was high and that \"she carves the ice like a calligrapher\". In 2020, U.S. Olympic gold medallist Scott Hamilton stated that Kim was the best model of how to earn the most points under the IJS, especially her component scores. He added that Kim \"skates with much more speed (than her leading competitors. Her jumps have great technique and beautiful landing positions. She does gorgeous spiral sequences with great flexibility\".",
"title": "Skating technique"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "During Kim's junior years, South Korea had limited facilities for figure skaters. In an October 2010 interview with CNN, she pointed out that there were not many ice rinks in Korea, and that the few rinks that existed were public. She went on to add, \"Even now, when athletes want to practice, they have to use the rink very early [in the] morning or late at night\". The scarcity of facilities meant that skaters were often forced to alternate between rinks, and there was an increased risk of injury due to the cold temperatures. Her coach used a harness to teach her how to jump a triple toe loop.",
"title": "Skating technique"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Early in Kim's skating career, her parents were her most important financial support. Her monthly training costs averaged 2 million South Korean won (US$2,253.65), which included renting an ice rink in Gwacheon, near her family's home north of Seoul, and hiring instructors at home, plus the cost of hiring professionals such as choreographers outside of South Korea. At the time, South Korea had not invested, other than in short-track speed skating and a few other sports, in figure skating as much as other Asian countries had, but after she won the gold medal at the 2004 JGP Budapest, the Korea Skating Union awarded Kim with a grant of 1 million South Korean won (US$853.57). After winning the 2005 Junior Grand Prix final, the Korea Skating Union pledged to support Kim's training expenses.",
"title": "Skating technique"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 2005, Kim trained for six hours a day, which included four hours on the ice and two hours for ballet and other kinds of training. The Korea Skating Union allowed her to train for two hours a day at the ice ring in Taeneung, the only rink in Korea not open to the public, which was also used by hockey teams and a few other figure skaters. She also trained at the rink in Gwacheon, which her parents rented for two hours per day, but was unable to use it until the rink closed for the public at 10 pm, so her training would often end at 1 or 2 am. She received regular massages for her pain and injuries, which her coach, Ryu Jong-hyun, considered \"almost routine\" in figure skating. In 2005, Korea JoongAng Daily reported that Kim strained a ligament in her right ankle, but did not take a break in her training, receiving treatment for the injury at the same time, although the level of her training was adjusted. She also injured her other ankle shortly afterwards, but continued her training as well, although she did not practice several jumps. In 2007, it was reported that Kim was in constant pain in her ankles due to \"her strong jumping ability\". Shortly before the Junior Grand Prix Final in 2005, which she won, she experienced significant pain that spread to her waist and knees, from new skates purchased two weeks before the competition. Korean news outlet KBS Global considered her Grand Prix win an example of Kim's \"invincible determination\" and her ability to overcome obstacles.",
"title": "Skating technique"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "By 2006, Kim wanted more freedom, so she went to Toronto that summer to work with choreographer David Wilson. Juliet Macur of The New York Times called it \"the turning point of her career\". Kim began training with Brian Orser at the Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club in the summer of 2006 and then moved, with her mother, to Toronto in May 2007 to train with him year-round. At first, Orser declined to be Kim's coach, but eventually agreed. She told a reporter in 2008 that the training environment in Toronto was \"very good\" and that she and Orser \"had a lot in common\". She also said that she liked how Orser coached, how he explained jumps and elements to her, and the way he asked for her input. Orser reported that he and Kim had a good rapport and communicated well with each other. According to Macur, Kim gravitated towards Orser due to his \"laid-back style and his perspective\".",
"title": "Skating technique"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Macur reported that when Kim relocated to Toronto, she \"was 15, a gangly, socially awkward, newly minted junior world champion with braces on her teeth\", and who spoke no English. According to Wilson, despite her technical abilities, Kim was dispirited both as a skater and as a person and was plagued with ankle and knee injuries. Wilson told Macur that Kim's team, which included Orser, Wilson, and \"a team of specialists\", helped her accept \"quality over quantity and worked to make her laugh\". It took her a month after her arrival before she began to smile. In 2010, she said that although both Toronto and Los Angeles, where she trained after her break with Orser in 2010, had large Korean communities, she missed being around her friends and family in Korea.",
"title": "Skating technique"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Orser reported in 2008 that they had worked on improving Kim's many injuries, which included inflammation in her S1 joint, a tear in the tendon attached to her hip bone that was probably an overuse injury, and an injury to her coccyx. Orser said her injuries were the reason he thought no one had seen her at her best the previous few seasons and that his goal was \"to get it fixed because we can't go through this every year\". The summer before the season was spent treating her injuries by using acupuncture and alternative medicine in order to avoid surgery. Before training in Toronto, she would go through six pairs of skates per year, which Orser suspected contributed to her hip injury when she was younger, but she found good boots the year before they began working together and only used three boots per year going forward.",
"title": "Skating technique"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 2010, Orser told Macur that Kim was able to lead a more \"normal life\", without the great fame she experienced in South Korea. She was able to train with \"the ease of anonymity\", and as Orser put it, \"focus on what she has to do\". Macur called Orser \"a perfect coach for Kim\" because like her, he and his co-coach, former Canadian ice dancer Tracy Wilson, understood and had also experienced the pressure she went through, something Orser felt Kim was comforted by. Orser was made an honorary citizen of Seoul, Korea, in 2010; also in 2010, Michelle Ha, Kim's agent, called Orser \"the most popular foreigner in Korea\".",
"title": "Skating technique"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "As of 2008, Kim trained on the ice six days a week, for two and a half hours per day, plus three hours daily off the ice, which included cardio, strength training, and \"an intense warm-up before each session\". She did a lot of core strength work, but not Pilates. In October 2007, she added ballet lessons with Evelyn Hart, a ballerina with the Royal Winnipeg Ballet. In 2009, she told Golden Skate that she liked to be \"perfectly prepared\", and that when she was, she felt that she was able to give a better performance. She also said that she tried to \"express all of myself\" in every performance. In 2011, Kim told CNN that she worked on her short program with Wilson, as well as her jumps, spins, and steps, and her free skating program with her then-coach Peter Oppengard. She did basic strength training during her off-ice training.",
"title": "Skating technique"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "According to Bae Young-eun of Donga Ilbo, Kim had \"no rival in terms of artistry\". Music was as important a part of her skating as her elements were. Her choreographer David Wilson stated that Kim's ability to interpret the music she used in her programs was part of the reason for her success, adding that she was able to intrinsically hear music \"on a level that rarely people do\". Kim felt classical music fit her and liked to skate to it. In 2011, Kim told Philip Hersh of the Los Angeles Times that despite the pressure she felt as a skater, she did not compete to win competitions or for her country, but that she did it for herself, adding, \"I am not skating just to win gold. I am skating for skating\".",
"title": "Artistry"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Michelle Kwan said about Kim: \"Yuna is very rare...She has the speed, the beauty, the jumping, the footwork\". British skater Robin Cousins praised what he called Kim's \"across-the-board quality,\" adding that she had the \"it factor\" and that her skating had \"a supreme serenity that has no arrogance in it\". Philip Hersh of the Los Angeles Times said about Kim, after the Vancouver Olympics, \"Never have athlete and artist been more perfectly balanced than they are with Kim. Never has a skater with both those qualities displayed them so flawlessly in the sport's most important competition\". Hersh also stated that Kim had a \"concealed\" strength and that she was able to withstand a great deal of the pressure she experienced in South Korea. David Wilson noticed Kim's ability to command an arena at 2007 Worlds. \"Yuna is a chameleon\", stated Wilson, further adding that \"She hears music on a level that rarely people do\", acknowledging that part of the reason for Kim's success was her ability to interpret the music with her programs. In 2009, Kim said that acting on the ice was the most important thing for her, and that she loved performing in front of the audience. In 2011, Japanese skater and coach Yuka Sato called Kim \"wonderful to watch\" and \"amazing technically\", adding that Kim had \"great speed,\" \"major star quality\", and \"catches your eyes...like a magnet\".",
"title": "Artistry"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Kim excelled at earning extra points for her transitions before and after her jumps, which were \"as smooth as water\". While Dorothy Hamill said \"she will be remembered as a great artist, but it is a different kind of artistry,\" she still praised Kim's 2010 Olympics free skate, saying she had \"jaw-dropping magnificence\", and that her skating was like \"magic\", later praising the \"modernness\" to her skating. Frank Carroll, who was Michelle Kwan's coach, said that Kim was able to combine athletics and artistry, despite it being \"almost impossible\" under the new judging system. For example, as Philip Hersh pointed out, the IJS did not give skaters the time to develop landmark moves by holding innovative positions or classical skating postures, but at the 2010 Olympics, Kim performed two of these moves, the spread eagle and Ina Bauer, but she used them as brief transitions into jump combinations. Hersh stated, \"The impression they left is not of breathtaking artistry but of the athletic command needed to handle the extra difficulty the moves add to the ensuing jumps\". New York Post columnist Mike Vaccaro said that \"watching Yuna Kim skate is like watching Michael Jordan play basketball”.",
"title": "Artistry"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "David Wilson initially began working with Kim as her choreographer prior to the 2006–07 season, shortly after her 2006 Junior World Championship title. Kim had wanted to work with Wilson for the 2004–05 season, but he declined because he did not know her and because had been contacted too late in the season, so Kim worked with Wilson's former student, former figure skater and choreographer Jeffrey Buttle, instead. When Kim contacted Wilson again two years later, Sébastien Britten, who had been working with junior skaters at the time and was one of Wilson's first students, recommended her to Wilson and he accepted her as his student. Buttle had told him that Kim was unhappy both as a person and as a skater, calling her \"not a very happy skater\", so Wilson had \"very low expectations\" and made it his mission to make her smile and to connect with her. Wilson later said that it was a challenge to connect with Kim because she expressed very little emotion and spoke almost no English; he spent the first three months getting Kim to smile and to laugh. As Jack Gallagher, a figure skating reporter from the Japan Times, stated, \"Wilson made it his mission to bring Yuna out of her shell\". In a 2009 interview, Kim said she did not take any special acting classes to enhance her choreography, but that she used Wilson's directions instead. Wilson choreographed all of Kim's competitive programs from the 2007–08 season until her retirement in 2014. He and Orser also choreographed Kim's Festa on Ice shows.",
"title": "Artistry"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Wilson praised Kim's work ethic, noting that she \"took everything [he] said to heart\" and said that she believed in him, which was fulfilling, adding that she had never been rude or temperamental with him. He called her \"an absolute dream\" to work with. He also praised her integrity as a person. He later said that he helped her deal with the pressure she felt, advising her early in their collaboration that she needed to find a reason for skating other than winning, which he felt would protect her from all the pressure and expectations. In 2016, Wilson that Kim's team, which included himself, Orser, and Tracy Wilson, \"turned Kim into a star\" and that without his tutelage, she would not have been as professionally and financially successful. The 2010 Olympics was the first time he accompanied Kim at a competition and the first time he had attended an Olympic competition. He said that he tried to keep things \"normal\" during their time in Vancouver and to keep her laughing. He did not have coaching credentials, so he watched her skate from the stands with Kim's mother. He told Philip Hersh, \"Every time she jumped, I was praying to my [late] mother in heaven to keep her upright. I was too rattled to enjoy it\".",
"title": "Artistry"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Wilson stated in 2018 that although Kim's split with Orser was one of the hardest things he experienced in his career, he chose to not let what happened affect his relationship with either Orser or Kim. He said he had tried to help them repair their relationship, but eventually realized that there was little he could do. He also said that he was heartbroken when Kim left Toronto.",
"title": "Artistry"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "As early as 2005, it was reported that Kim's success boosted the popularity of figure skating in South Korea, where she was called \"Queen Yuna\". As Philip Hersh stated shortly before the 2010 Olympics, no other figure skater was as celebrated as Kim was in her country. She was called South Korea's second greatest athlete, behind Olympic goal medal marathoner Sohn Kee-Chung and \"one of the most iconic sports stars in Korea\", and was considered South Korea's \"daughter\". in 2005, former skater and Kim's coach, Chi Hyun-jung, stated that Kim's success served as a turning point for skating in South Korea and expressed the hope that it would produce more competitors there. In 2020, her coach, Brian Orser, said that Kim's performances at the 2010 Olympics were among the greatest ever and that she inspired thousands of South Korean girls to take up figure skating. In 2003, when Kim won her first South Korean national title, eight senior women competed there; in 2020, 32 women competed as seniors and 24 competed as juniors at the South Korean Championships, and the highest nine senior women all performed a triple Lutz-triple toe loop combination in the free skate. The 2020 South Korean champion, You Young, stated in 2016 that Kim inspired her to become a figure skater.",
"title": "Impact on figure skating"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "In 2010, Orser said, about Kim's fame and popularity, \"When you’re with her in Korea, it’s like you’re traveling with Princess Diana; Yu-na’s that famous there\". Orser also stated that Kim was aware of her country's expectations of her and the difference she made there, especially to Korea's morale after the 2007–2008 financial crisis. Kim said in 2010 that she was happy that she \"played a small part in the popularity of the sport\" in Korea. American skater Johnny Weir stated in 2009 that she had done a great deal for figure skating in Korea and that \"she deserves every ounce of credit and adoration she gets\". As International Figure Skating magazine stated in 2009, some felt that she was the invigoration the sport needed. Canadian skater Kurt Browning compared her to a tsunami, adding that when he watched her skate, he would think, \"This is what figure skating should be\" and said, \"She makes me a fan of figure skating\". In 2010, according to Forbes magazine, she was one of the highest paid athletes in the world.",
"title": "Impact on figure skating"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Kim and Japanese skater Mao Asada were called rivals since they competed as juniors. As Juliet Macur stated in The New York Times, Kim and Asada \"grew up competing against each other, fueling one of the fiercest Japan versus Korea sports rivalries\". In 2009, when Kim won the Worlds Championships and Asada came in second place, the Associated Press called their rivalry \"the best thing going in skating these days\" and stated that it was the reason for their fame in their respective countries.",
"title": "Impact on figure skating"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "According to Philip Hersh shortly before the 2010 Olympics, Kim and Asada's rivalry was about more than figure skating. As Hersh put it, most sports competitions between South Korea and Japan \"had always been freighted with nationalistic implications\" based upon a long and difficult history, going back to the 16th century, between the two neighbouring countries. Hersh stated that this history made, for the Koreans, beating the Japanese a matter of national pride and was also the source of the intense pressure Kim felt as she competed internationally. When asked about her rivalry with Asada in 2012, however, Klaus-Reinhold Kany of Ice Network reported that Kim was respectful towards Asada, stating that they \"often competed against each other, but when we meet, everybody concentrates more on his own competition and does not always think of the other competitors\".",
"title": "Impact on figure skating"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "In 2005, Kim was appointed a public relations ambassador by the South Korea Olympic Committee's unsuccessful bid to host the 2014 Olympics. In 2010, she was one of 24 Korean athletes chosen to serve on a committee to promote their bid for the 2018 Olympics.",
"title": "Olympic ambassador"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The Korean committee members, including Kim, traveled to Durban, South Africa, where the International Olympic Committee (IOC)'s decision for the hosting city was finalized on July 6, 2011. There, she fulfilled her role as a member of the Korean delegation by promoting Pyeongchang as an athlete ambassador and Olympic champion. Kim was one of the Korean delegates who appeared before the July 6 IOC conference and delivered a presentation for Pyeongchang, which won the hosting rights over the other rival cities, Munich, Germany, and Annecy, France and was later credited with helping Korea win the bid. Terrance Burns, a consultant for the Pyeongchang bid, said that Kim lent \"athlete credibility\" to their successful campaign. In October 2011, Kim was appointed a member of the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Winter Games Organising Committee.",
"title": "Olympic ambassador"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "On August 18, 2011, Kim was named a Global Ambassador for the Special Olympics and Goodwill Ambassador for the 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games. In October, Kim was named an ambassador for the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck. In 2012, Kim stated that she hoped to become a member of the IOC after the 2014 Sochi Games. On August 27, 2015, Kim was named an ambassador for the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics in Lillehammer.",
"title": "Olympic ambassador"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Kim was named an official ambassador for the 2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea. She appeared as the final torch bearer and lit the Olympic flame in the Opening Ceremony. She later said that it took her breath away and that as an athlete, it was an honour. She also co-starred in Coca-Cola's 2018 Winter Olympics campaign with actor Park Bo-gum. In 2020, she was appointed an ambassador for the Pyeongchang 2018 Legacy Foundation's \"Play Winter\" campaign, designed to promote winter sports and continue the legacy of the Pyeongchang Olympics. She served as an instructor at the Play Winter Sports Academy, which used the Pyeongchang facilities in 2021 and 2022, teaching high level skating and presentation skills to develop young figure skaters' talents. In February 2022, she was named the honorary ambassador for the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics in Gangwon, South Korea. She was also appointed as a member of the Organising Committee.",
"title": "Olympic ambassador"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Kim was honored in the sports category at the Republic of Korea National Assembly Awards in 2006, and received an Achievement Award in 2011. She was awarded the Talent Medal of Korea, which recognizes young people with leadership potential, in 2008. In 2008 and 2009, a major Korean newspaper named her Korea's \"person of the year\" and Gallop polls named her South Korea's top athlete in the three years preceding the 2010 Olympics. In August 2010, the city of Los Angeles designated August 7 as \"Yu-Na Kim Day\" and granted her honorary citizenship. She also received the Proud Korean Award from the Korean American Leadership Foundation. Kim received the Sportswoman of the Year Award from the Women's Sports Foundation later that year.",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "In 2012, Kim was awarded the Moran Medal of the Order of Physical Education, the second-highest grade in South Korea's Order of Civil Merit, for her contributions to the 2018 Pyeongchang bid. In 2013, she received an achievement award from her alma mater, Korea University, for \"significantly raising the honor and dignity\" of both the university and the country; she was also awarded her diploma during the ceremony because she was unable to attend her graduation ceremony due to her participation in the 2013 World Championships. She was later awarded the Blue Dragon Medal (Cheongnyong) at the 54th Korea Sports Awards, the highest decoration in the Order of Sports Merit, in October 2016. Kim was not originally eligible for the honor, having already received a different order less than seven years prior, but an exception was made in light of her achievements. She became the youngest and only winter sports athlete to be inducted into the Korean Sports Hall of Fame the subsequent month. Following the 2018 Winter Olympics, along with the unified women's ice hockey team of North and South Korea, she received the Outstanding Performance Award at the ANOC Awards. Kim received the Korea Image Cornerstone Award at the 19th Korea Image Awards alongside Squid Game actor Lee Jung-jae and swimmer Hwang Sun-woo on January 11, 2023.",
"title": "Awards and honours"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Kim has been featured in various lists, including the Time 100 (2010) and Forbes 30 Under 30 (2016). In 2009, she was the first person to top the Forbes Korea Power Celebrity 40; she also topped the list in 2010 and appeared in the top 10 on five other occasions (2011-2012, 2014–2015, 2018).",
"title": "Awards and honours"
}
] | Yuna Kim, the retired South Korean competitive figure skater, also called "Queen Yuna" by figure skating fans and the press, has had an impact on the sport of figure skating, with her skating technique as an athlete and as an Olympic ambassador for both the 2014 and 2018 Olympic Winter Games. She was known for the "lighter-than-air grace in her movements on the ice", as well as her jumps, her speed, and her grounding in the demands of the ISU judging system, as well as her execution of her triple Lutz-triple toe loop combination jump, her "signature" layover camel spin, and her Ina Bauer jump. She trained with several coaches in her career, including Jong-hyun, Brian Orser, and Peter Oppegard. Her main choreographer was David Wilson, who helped her with her presentation skills and musicality. Kim was plagued with injuries throughout her career, which her training team tried to address, especially in the years leading up to the 2014 Olympics. Kim was praised by reporters and by other members of the figure skating community for her artistry; she had "no rival in terms of artistry" and music was as important a part of her skating as her elements were. As early as 2005, it was reported that Kim's success boosted the popularity of figure skating in South Korea, where she was called "Queen Yuna". In 2010, she was the highest paid athlete at the 2014 Olympics. Her rivalry with Japanese skater Mao Asada was called "the best thing going in skating these days". Kim was instrumental in bringing the Olympics to Pyeongchang in 2018 and has been involved with the International Olympic Committee since 2010. She has received numerous awards and honours, and has been featured in several lists, including the Time 100 in 2010 and in Forbes lists between 2010 and 2018. | 2023-12-13T17:00:56Z | 2023-12-24T23:11:06Z | [
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75,554,647 | Place Ducale | Place Ducale is the central and historical main square of Charleville, the northern part of Charleville-Mézières, in the Ardennes department of France.
The history of the square goes back to 1606, when it was planned as the centre of the new town Charleville, founded by Charles I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. Duke Charles commissioned architect Clément II Métezeau to make the plans for the square. He was the younger brother of Louis Métezeau, who might have designed Place des Vosges in Paris; the similarity between the two squares is striking.
The square consists of three symmetrical sides, each one centred around a central pavilion, originally with a dome. On the fourth side the Duke originally intended to erect a palace for himself, but this was never built. Instead, the present-day town hall, erected with a bell tower in 1840, partially occupies the fourth side. | [
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"text": "Place Ducale is the central and historical main square of Charleville, the northern part of Charleville-Mézières, in the Ardennes department of France.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The history of the square goes back to 1606, when it was planned as the centre of the new town Charleville, founded by Charles I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. Duke Charles commissioned architect Clément II Métezeau to make the plans for the square. He was the younger brother of Louis Métezeau, who might have designed Place des Vosges in Paris; the similarity between the two squares is striking.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The square consists of three symmetrical sides, each one centred around a central pavilion, originally with a dome. On the fourth side the Duke originally intended to erect a palace for himself, but this was never built. Instead, the present-day town hall, erected with a bell tower in 1840, partially occupies the fourth side.",
"title": ""
}
] | Place Ducale is the central and historical main square of Charleville, the northern part of Charleville-Mézières, in the Ardennes department of France. The history of the square goes back to 1606, when it was planned as the centre of the new town Charleville, founded by Charles I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua. Duke Charles commissioned architect Clément II Métezeau to make the plans for the square. He was the younger brother of Louis Métezeau, who might have designed Place des Vosges in Paris; the similarity between the two squares is striking. The square consists of three symmetrical sides, each one centred around a central pavilion, originally with a dome. On the fourth side the Duke originally intended to erect a palace for himself, but this was never built. Instead, the present-day town hall, erected with a bell tower in 1840, partially occupies the fourth side. | 2023-12-13T17:05:06Z | 2023-12-13T17:08:40Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_Ducale |
75,554,652 | 1923–24 RPI Engineers men's ice hockey season | The 1923–24 RPI Engineers men's ice hockey season was the 21st season of play for the program.
For the first time since before the war, Rensselaer was left without a hockey coach. After the departure of Leroy Clark, the squad was ostensibly run by team captain John Reuther. He, along with the team manager, put together a normal slate of games for the Engineers and the team set about practicing once the weather became cold enough. Unfortunately, while the team was able to get some practice in, their match with YMCA College had to be postponed. That meant Middlebury would be the first opponent of the season and that couldn't have turned out better for RPI. The Engineers won the match 2–0 and then prepared themselves for YMCA the following week. The game was held in a snowstorm but the ice was good enough to see Rensselaer earn its second victory of the year.
With the program on the cusp of its first winning season in 17 years, RPI had a 2-week break before they hit the road and met Hamilton. Unfortunately, in the interim, Reuther was forced to leave the team. Dureau was appointed acting captain but was unable to prevent RPI from being routed in the match. While the team may have been able to mollify itself with the fact that the Continentals were one of the best programs in the country, their subsequent opponents could not say the same. A week later, still without their captain, the team faced Cornell and were completely swept off of the ice. The Big Red scored 13 goals and, while Bolieau scored once for RPI, it didn't make the final score any less embarrassing. The final game was little better and Rensselaer resumed their capital district rivalry against Union with an 0–7 drubbing. | [
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"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1923–24 RPI Engineers men's ice hockey season was the 21st season of play for the program.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "For the first time since before the war, Rensselaer was left without a hockey coach. After the departure of Leroy Clark, the squad was ostensibly run by team captain John Reuther. He, along with the team manager, put together a normal slate of games for the Engineers and the team set about practicing once the weather became cold enough. Unfortunately, while the team was able to get some practice in, their match with YMCA College had to be postponed. That meant Middlebury would be the first opponent of the season and that couldn't have turned out better for RPI. The Engineers won the match 2–0 and then prepared themselves for YMCA the following week. The game was held in a snowstorm but the ice was good enough to see Rensselaer earn its second victory of the year.",
"title": "Season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "With the program on the cusp of its first winning season in 17 years, RPI had a 2-week break before they hit the road and met Hamilton. Unfortunately, in the interim, Reuther was forced to leave the team. Dureau was appointed acting captain but was unable to prevent RPI from being routed in the match. While the team may have been able to mollify itself with the fact that the Continentals were one of the best programs in the country, their subsequent opponents could not say the same. A week later, still without their captain, the team faced Cornell and were completely swept off of the ice. The Big Red scored 13 goals and, while Bolieau scored once for RPI, it didn't make the final score any less embarrassing. The final game was little better and Rensselaer resumed their capital district rivalry against Union with an 0–7 drubbing.",
"title": "Season"
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"title": "Roster"
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"title": "Schedule and Results"
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] | The 1923–24 RPI Engineers men's ice hockey season was the 21st season of play for the program. | 2023-12-13T17:05:35Z | 2023-12-29T05:13:12Z | [
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75,554,669 | Veterinary medicine in Indonesia | In Indonesia, veterinary medicine has been practiced for hundreds of years. Veterinary services and education were pioneered during the Dutch colonial era. As of 2023, there are 12 universities that offer veterinary education. The professional organization for veterinarians is the Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (PDHI).
Some veterinarians in Indonesia open their own practices, either independently or in groups. Others work for the Government of Indonesia, private companies, or non-profit organizations. They provide medical services, consulting, research, and teaching. Some veterinarians also become entrepreneurs in fields related to animal health, such as in the animal drug industry, livestock, and animal food processing. The motto of Indonesian veterinarians is "manusya mriga satwa sewaka", which means "serving human welfare through the animal world."
In Indonesia, veterinary education is pursued at the university level. Undergraduate education (S1) typically spans eight semesters. Upon completion of this stage, one is awarded a Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine (S.K.H.) degree. As of 2023, there are 12 universities in Indonesia with veterinary faculties or study programs, which are collectively affiliated with the Association of Indonesian Veterinary Medicine Faculties (AFKHI). These universities are:
After obtaining a bachelor's degree, individuals can pursue professional education (co-assistance), which requires a minimum of two semesters. The national curriculum for the veterinary professional program encompasses veterinary pathology, internal medicine, surgery, veterinary public health, veterinary reproduction, laboratory diagnosis, and is complemented with off-campus activities, such as internships or fieldwork practices. Following the completion of all co-assistance stages, individuals who pass the judiciary process will take a veterinary oath before attaining the title of veterinarian (drh). Starting in 2021, the Competency Examination for Veterinary Professional Education Student (UKMPPDH) has been established as an exit exam and is one of the graduation requirements for obtaining a National Certificate of Veterinary Competency.
Several universities offer postgraduate education in veterinary science at both master's (S2) and doctoral (S3) levels. However, the study programs and concentrations available may vary. For instance, at the master's level, UGM offers a Veterinary Science Study Program with six specializations and one concentration, IPB offers an Animal Biomedical Sciences Master's Study Program with six specializations, Unair offers four study programs, Unud offers a Master's Study Program in Veterinary Medicine, while Unsyiah offers a Veterinary Public Health Master's Study Program. Meanwhile, doctoral programs are available at IPB, UGM, and Unair.
In Indonesia, there is no formal veterinary professional education program for specialist. However, AFKHI and PDHI have planned specialized education programs for surgery, radiology, internal medicine, pathology, laboratory animals, and reproduction.
Veterinary science is practiced by veterinarians and, to a more limited extent, by the bachelors of veterinary science and veterinary paramedics. All three are classified as animal health workers. The number of veterinarians in Indonesia ranges from 15 thousand to 20 thousand people.
The domain of work for veterinarians can be viewed from various perspectives. Based on the type of animals they serve, veterinarians can provide care for pets, livestock, and wild animals. Pet owners and enthusiasts, including those who own dogs, cats, birds, and even exotic pet animals like snakes and iguanas, recognize the importance of animal health and therefore seek the services of a veterinarian. Livestock, which refers to animals kept for economic purposes, such as a source of food, industrial raw materials, or as aids in human labor, must be kept in good health. Food derived from sick animals can lead to health problems in humans. Therefore, the health of livestock sector animals such as cows, goats, sheep, pigs, chickens, and ducks, as well as fish and shrimp in the fisheries sector, falls under the supervision of veterinarians. As for wild animals, veterinarians are responsible for their health to ensure their survival and sustainability. Protected animals like Sumatran tigers, Sumatran elephants, rhinos, clouded leopards, and sun bears are often injured due to poaching and require veterinary care.
In the public or government sector, veterinarians with civil servant status can work as medical veterinarian or quarantine veterinarian. Both of these are functional roles exclusively held by veterinarians. In addition to this, government veterinarians can also work as lecturers, researchers, and in other positions that require veterinary knowledge and expertise. In the private sector, aside from practicing in veterinary clinics or animal hospitals, veterinarians are involved in various industries, such as animal husbandry, pharmaceuticals, and food safety.
In Indonesia, the professional organization for veterinarians is the Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (PDHI). This organization was established on January 9, 1953, in Lembang, West Java. However, the precursor to this organization existed during the Dutch colonial era, specifically in 1884, under the name of the Dutch East Indies Veterinary Medicine Association. PDHI has 53 branches across all provinces in Indonesia and oversees 20 non-territorial organizations that cater to veterinarians with similar interests, skills, or fields of work. For example, the Indonesian Quarantine Veterinarian Association (IDHKI) and the Indonesian Association of Small Animal Practitioner Veterinarians (ADHPHKI) are included in this network. The motto of Indonesian veterinarians is "manusya mriga animal sewaka," a Sanskrit phrase that translates to "serving human welfare through the animal world".
Veterinary medicine was practiced during the Dutch colonial era, beginning in 1820 when R.A. Coppicters, a veterinarian from the Netherlands, arrived in the Dutch East Indies. He was responsible for the care of animals that held significance for the Dutch colonial government, such as the horses used by the military troops. During this time, those who practiced veterinary medicine were referred to as "vee arts," which literally translates to "livestock doctor." This term indicated that animals like dogs, cats, and wild animals were not considered part of the realm of veterinary service.
The government institution responsible for veterinary affairs was established in 1841, initially named the Veterinary Medicine Service (Veeartsenijkundige Dienst), and later renamed the Civil Veterinary Medicine Service (Burgerlijke Veeartsenijkundige Dienst) in 1853. In 1851, several Dutch veterinarians were documented in Indonesia. The limited number of veterinarians at the time resulted in suboptimal services. From 1853 to 1869, only three veterinarians served the entire island of Java, with one located in West Java, another in Central Java, and a third in East Java. It wasn't until 1869 that two veterinarians were stationed outside of Java: one in Sumatra and one in Sulawesi.
In 1861, the Dutch established a veterinary school named the Inlandsche Veeartsen School (IVS) in Surabaya. Dr. J. van der Weide served as the head of this school. The school provided a two-year education program for native Indonesians (bumiputras) as students. However, IVS ceased operations in 1875 after producing only eight bumiputra veterinarians (inlandsche veearts) over the course of nine years.
Following the closure of IVS, from 1875 to 1880, education took the form of an internship with a government veterinarian (gouvernements veearts) in Purwokerto. Nine native youths underwent internships under the guidance of seven government veterinarians, and eight of them graduated in 1880. Shortly after, the Dutch East Indies experienced outbreaks of various animal diseases, beginning with rinderpest in 1875, followed by anthrax and hemorrhagic septicemia in 1884, surra in 1886, and foot-and-mouth disease in 1887. Rabies, a lethal disease affecting both animals and humans, was first reported in 1884 in a buffalo. The disease was then discovered in dogs in 1889 and in humans in 1894. In response to these outbreaks, the first veterinary organization was established in 1884 under the name the Dutch East Indies Veterinary Association (Nederland-Indische Vereeniging voor Diergeneeskunde).
There was a proposal to integrate veterinary education with medical education at STOVIA (School of Indian Medical Education), which was put forward by the Director of the Civil Service Department (Binnenlands Bestuur). Although this idea was approved by the Minister of Colonial Affairs (Minister van Kuncien) in the Netherlands, it was not implemented due to objections raised by the Director of the Department of Education, Worship, and Crafts (Onderwijs, Eeredienst en Nijverheid) and the director of STOVIA.
The presence of rabies led the Dutch East Indies Government to enact several ordinances (regulations) concerning the rabid dog disease. One example is Gazette (Staatsblad) of 1906 Number 283, which required dog owners to report the number of their dogs, provide identification in the form of a medal, and pay dog tax. Meanwhile, the first regulation specifically addressing animal health is Gazette of 1912 Number 432 regarding the Review of Provisions concerning Government Supervision in the Animal Sector and Animal Police. This ordinance covered various aspects, including the management of institutions handling animal affairs, the authority of the government in the export and import of animals to prevent disease spread, the regulation of veterinary authorities, and the eradication of infectious animal diseases.
Veterinary authority or the medical authority of veterinarians was regulated in Gazette of 1912 Number 432 Article 34 Paragraph 1 which, when translated, states: "The veterinary authority, or veeartsnijkundige, is inherent to veterinarians after graduating from a veterinary faculty in Indonesia or in the Netherlands." Additionally, Gazette of 1915 Number 732, which ratified the Criminal Code, also addressed animals. According to Gazette No. 432 and the Criminal Code, the definition of livestock only included ruminants, one-toed animals, and pigs, which meant that veterinarians, more specifically livestock doctors, focused their attention solely on these animals.
In 1908, the Dutch established a Veterinary Laboratory (Veeartsenijkundig Laboratory; currently known as the Bogor Veterinary Research Center) to address rinderpest. This laboratory also introduced a four-year education program for native veterinarians called "Cursus tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Veearstsen." The students were drawn from Hogere Burgerschool (HBS) or Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (MULO) graduates (junior high school level) and other equivalent schools. The first two students were MLS (Middelbare Landbouwschool or Agricultural High School) graduates, which is equivalent to high school, so they were directly admitted at level III.
Initially, this course was overseen by Koningsberger, the Head of the Bogor Botanical Gardens and Zoological Museum. In 1908, L. de Blieck took over as the head of the veterinary laboratory, and the following year, he was also entrusted with the responsibility of directing the course. In 1910, there was a change in the name, and "Inlandsche Veeartsenschool" (Bumiputra Veterinary School) was chosen to replace the course name. Simultaneously, the position of principal (as well as head of the laboratory) changed to director. Johannes Alexander Kaligis, a student from Minahasa, graduated in 1910 as Indonesia's first veterinarian. In 2010, one hundred years after Kaligis' graduation, a centenary celebration of Indonesian veterinarians was held.
In 1914, the name of the institution was changed again to the Dutch East Indies Veterinary School (Nederlands Indische Veeartsenschool, abbreviated as NIVS). This school accepted students from various backgrounds, not only natives. NIVS was later merged with the laboratory to form the Veterinary Institute (Veeartsenijkundig Instituut, abbreviated as VI). However, in 1919, NIVS was once again separated from the institute and became independent. German language was also taught so that students could read veterinary literature in German. Exceptional NIVS graduates were given the opportunity to continue their studies at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Utrecht, Netherlands, by starting directly at level III. Alongside Kaligis, Indonesian veterinarians who graduated from Utrecht included Soeparwi (who later became the first dean of the UGM Faculty of Veterinary Medicine), Iskandar Titus, and A.A. Ressang. In 1942, the Veterinary Institute was renamed the Animal Disease Investigation Center (BPPH), which underwent several more name changes after Indonesian independence.
During the Japanese occupation, the name NIVS was changed to Bogor Semon Zui Gakko. This school was then closed when Japan surrendered to the allied forces. The total number of Indonesian veterinarians produced since the establishment of IVS, its subsequent renaming to NIVS, and finally to Semon Zui Gakko, was 143 individuals.
Following the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, the Veterinary School (SDH) in Bogor was reopened. The status of SDH was elevated to Veterinary College (PTKH) as per the Decree of the Minister of Prosperity No. 1280a/Per. on September 20, 1946, with a five-year education program. Vice President Mohammad Hatta officially inaugurated PTKH in November 1946, appointing Dr. Mohede as rector magnificus, the term for PTKH leaders.
Due to the turmoil of the Indonesian War of Independence, PTKH came under Dutch control, leading to the suspension of lecture activities. In 1947, with the approval of the PTKH chancellor and the Ministry of Prosperity, a parallel class named the Republic of Indonesia Veterinary College (PTKH-RI) was established in Klaten, Central Java. Meanwhile, in Bogor, the Dutch established the Faculteit der Diergeneeskunde (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine) in May 1948, which became part of the Universiteit van Indonesië.
When Yogyakarta, as the capital of the Republic of Indonesia, was invaded during the Dutch Military Aggression II on December 19, 1948, PTKH-RI was closed. The PTKH-RI class was reopened on November 1, 1949, after Yogyakarta came under the control of the Indonesian Government. However, the location was moved from Klaten to Yogyakarta. On December 19, 1949, all universities in Yogyakarta were merged to form the Gadjah Mada State University, and PTKH-RI was transformed into the UGM Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FKH). As the first dean of FKH UGM, one of Soeparwi's endeavors was to replace the term "vee arts" (livestock doctor) with "dieren arts" (animal doctor) in order to broaden the scope of knowledge and services in this profession. The period of conflict with the Dutch finally concluded after the successful Round Table Conference, and Indonesian sovereignty was reestablished on December 27, 1949.
Indonesia became a member of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) in 1950. As a member country, one of Indonesia's obligations was to report the occurrence of certain animal diseases in the country. This responsibility was undertaken to uphold the principles of transparency and reporting concerning the status of animal diseases worldwide.
On February 3, 1950, Universiteit Indonesia was established, comprising several faculties, including agriculture and veterinary medicine in Bogor. The name of the Faculteit der Diergeneeskunde was changed to Fakulteit Veterinary Medicine Universiteit Indonesia (FKH-UI). Through Law Number 10 of 1955, the terms "facultit" (used by UGM) and "fakulteit" (used by UI) were unified to become "faculties," while "universiteit" was changed to "university."
To address the widespread outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the government established the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Investigation Center (BPPMK) in Surabaya in 1952. The name of this institution underwent several changes, including becoming the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Investigation Institute (1955) and the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Institute (1959). In 1964, this institution produced 58,300 doses of FMD vaccine for the first time. As the role of this institution expanded to handle more diseases, such as rabies and Newcastle disease, its name was changed to the Institute for Veterinary Virology (1967), the Pharma Veterinaria Center (1978), Pharma Veterinary Center (2012), and Pusvetma Pharma Veterinary Center (2023). The center was tasked with production, testing, distribution, marketing, and the development of vaccines, antiserum, diagnostic materials, and other biological materials.
On January 9, 1953, an organization of veterinarians called the Association of Veterinary Experts, which had existed since the beginning of Indonesia's independence, held its inaugural congress in Lembang, West Java. During this congress, the Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (PDHI) was established as a professional organization for Indonesian veterinarians.
As veterinary education progressed, it became integrated with animal husbandry. At UGM, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was renamed the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry (FKHP) on June 21, 1955. However, on November 10, 1969, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Faculty of Animal Husbandry were separated. A similar transition occurred at UI, where the name Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was changed to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry (FKHP) UI in 1960. In 1962, the name Faculty of Veterinary Medicine UI was reinstated, while animal husbandry education was merged with fisheries to create the Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries UI. In 1962, the name reverted to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine UI, while animal husbandry education merged with fisheries to form the Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries UI.
In Banda Aceh, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry was established on October 17, 1960, as part of the University of North Sumatra. On September 2, 1961, Syiah Kuala University (USK) was founded by the Decree of the Minister of Higher Education and Science (PTIP) Number 11 Year 1961, dated July 21, 1961, with FKHP as one of its faculties.
In East Java, veterinary education was developed in partnership with Airlangga University in Surabaya and Brawijaya University in Malang. Brawijaya University established the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry (FHKP) in 1961, which was subsequently inaugurated through PTIP Ministerial Decree Number 92 Year 1962, under the auspices of Airlangga University. In the following year, FKHP was fully managed by Brawijaya University through PTIP Ministerial Decree Number 1 of 1963. In Bogor, the government established the Bogor Agricultural Institute (IPB) on September 1, 1963, through PTIP Ministerial Decree Number 91 of 1963. Since then, FKH UI was changed to FKH IPB. In Surabaya, the Department of Veterinary Medicine was opened on November 25, 1969. This department fell under FKHP Brawijaya University in Malang. In 1972, veterinary education at Brawijaya University, Malang, was fully transferred to Airlangga University, Surabaya, forming the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University.
In 1967, after decades of using Dutch legacy legislation, the Indonesian Government passed Law Number 6 of 1967, addressing the Basic Provisions for Animal Husbandry and Animal Health. This law expanded the definition of animals to encompass "all animals that live on land, whether domesticated or wild." Furthermore, the application of veterinary science was broadened to include animal health, veterinary public health, and animal welfare.
In Denpasar, Bali, Udayana University (Unud) established a Department of Veterinary Medicine in 1978 under FKHP. Five years later, FKHP Unud underwent a name change to the Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Study Program. In 1997, it attained the status of a faculty with the establishment of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Udayana University.
Indonesia successfully eradicated foot-and-mouth disease in 1986, following the last outbreak discovered in Blora, Central Java, in 1983. This FMD-free status were officially recognized in Southeast Asia region in 1987, and the WOAH acknowledged it worldwide in 1990.
In 1992, the government established the legal framework for implementing animal quarantine through Law Number 16 of 1992 concerning Animal, Fish, and Plant Quarantine. This regulation aimed to prevent the entry, spread, and release of certain animal diseases and fish diseases, referred to as quarantine pests and diseases for animals (HPHK) and quarantine pests and diseases for fishes (HPIK), respectively. Animals were defined as terrestrial animals, while fish were categorized as aquatic biota.
In 2000, Indonesia achieved the status of being free from rinderpest as recognized by the WOAH and FAO. The last reported case of this disease in Indonesia was in 1907. Globally, rinderpest was declared eradicated in 2011.
In the field of education, Veterinary Medicine Study Program was opened in 2001 in the University of West Nusa Tenggara Mataram, which later merged with Mataram Institute of Teaching and Education Science into Mandalika University of Education in 2019. Veterinary education at private universities commenced in 2008 when Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya established the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. In the same year, Brawijaya University Malang reopened the Veterinary Medicine Program, which has since become FKH Brawijaya University.
The government issued a new law governing the field of veterinary medicine, specifically Law Number 18 of 2009 concerning Animal Husbandry and Animal Health. This law replaced Law Number 6 of 1967, which had been in effect for decades. FIve years later, the law was subsequently updated through Law Number 41 of 2014.
In 2010, veterinary study programs were established at Nusa Cendana University in Kupang and Hasanuddin University in Makassar. Additionally, Padjadjaran University in Bandung introduced a Veterinary Medicine Study Program under the Faculty of Medicine in 2019. In the same year, the government passed Law Number 21 of 2019 concerning Animal, Fish, and Plant Quarantine to replace Law Number 16 of 1992. This new law not only focuses on disease prevention but also empowers quarantine officials to oversee and regulate food safety, feed safety, genetic engineering products, genetic resources, biological control agents, invasive alien species, wild plants and animals, as well as rare plants and animals.
The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia prompted practicing veterinarians to explore telemedicine as a viable option. However, its implementation encountered various challenges, including client characteristics, the legal aspects of telemedicine, cost determination, and accurate diagnosis establishment. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In Indonesia, veterinary medicine has been practiced for hundreds of years. Veterinary services and education were pioneered during the Dutch colonial era. As of 2023, there are 12 universities that offer veterinary education. The professional organization for veterinarians is the Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (PDHI).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Some veterinarians in Indonesia open their own practices, either independently or in groups. Others work for the Government of Indonesia, private companies, or non-profit organizations. They provide medical services, consulting, research, and teaching. Some veterinarians also become entrepreneurs in fields related to animal health, such as in the animal drug industry, livestock, and animal food processing. The motto of Indonesian veterinarians is \"manusya mriga satwa sewaka\", which means \"serving human welfare through the animal world.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In Indonesia, veterinary education is pursued at the university level. Undergraduate education (S1) typically spans eight semesters. Upon completion of this stage, one is awarded a Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine (S.K.H.) degree. As of 2023, there are 12 universities in Indonesia with veterinary faculties or study programs, which are collectively affiliated with the Association of Indonesian Veterinary Medicine Faculties (AFKHI). These universities are:",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After obtaining a bachelor's degree, individuals can pursue professional education (co-assistance), which requires a minimum of two semesters. The national curriculum for the veterinary professional program encompasses veterinary pathology, internal medicine, surgery, veterinary public health, veterinary reproduction, laboratory diagnosis, and is complemented with off-campus activities, such as internships or fieldwork practices. Following the completion of all co-assistance stages, individuals who pass the judiciary process will take a veterinary oath before attaining the title of veterinarian (drh). Starting in 2021, the Competency Examination for Veterinary Professional Education Student (UKMPPDH) has been established as an exit exam and is one of the graduation requirements for obtaining a National Certificate of Veterinary Competency.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Several universities offer postgraduate education in veterinary science at both master's (S2) and doctoral (S3) levels. However, the study programs and concentrations available may vary. For instance, at the master's level, UGM offers a Veterinary Science Study Program with six specializations and one concentration, IPB offers an Animal Biomedical Sciences Master's Study Program with six specializations, Unair offers four study programs, Unud offers a Master's Study Program in Veterinary Medicine, while Unsyiah offers a Veterinary Public Health Master's Study Program. Meanwhile, doctoral programs are available at IPB, UGM, and Unair.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In Indonesia, there is no formal veterinary professional education program for specialist. However, AFKHI and PDHI have planned specialized education programs for surgery, radiology, internal medicine, pathology, laboratory animals, and reproduction.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Veterinary science is practiced by veterinarians and, to a more limited extent, by the bachelors of veterinary science and veterinary paramedics. All three are classified as animal health workers. The number of veterinarians in Indonesia ranges from 15 thousand to 20 thousand people.",
"title": "Veterinary practice"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The domain of work for veterinarians can be viewed from various perspectives. Based on the type of animals they serve, veterinarians can provide care for pets, livestock, and wild animals. Pet owners and enthusiasts, including those who own dogs, cats, birds, and even exotic pet animals like snakes and iguanas, recognize the importance of animal health and therefore seek the services of a veterinarian. Livestock, which refers to animals kept for economic purposes, such as a source of food, industrial raw materials, or as aids in human labor, must be kept in good health. Food derived from sick animals can lead to health problems in humans. Therefore, the health of livestock sector animals such as cows, goats, sheep, pigs, chickens, and ducks, as well as fish and shrimp in the fisheries sector, falls under the supervision of veterinarians. As for wild animals, veterinarians are responsible for their health to ensure their survival and sustainability. Protected animals like Sumatran tigers, Sumatran elephants, rhinos, clouded leopards, and sun bears are often injured due to poaching and require veterinary care.",
"title": "Veterinary practice"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In the public or government sector, veterinarians with civil servant status can work as medical veterinarian or quarantine veterinarian. Both of these are functional roles exclusively held by veterinarians. In addition to this, government veterinarians can also work as lecturers, researchers, and in other positions that require veterinary knowledge and expertise. In the private sector, aside from practicing in veterinary clinics or animal hospitals, veterinarians are involved in various industries, such as animal husbandry, pharmaceuticals, and food safety.",
"title": "Veterinary practice"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In Indonesia, the professional organization for veterinarians is the Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (PDHI). This organization was established on January 9, 1953, in Lembang, West Java. However, the precursor to this organization existed during the Dutch colonial era, specifically in 1884, under the name of the Dutch East Indies Veterinary Medicine Association. PDHI has 53 branches across all provinces in Indonesia and oversees 20 non-territorial organizations that cater to veterinarians with similar interests, skills, or fields of work. For example, the Indonesian Quarantine Veterinarian Association (IDHKI) and the Indonesian Association of Small Animal Practitioner Veterinarians (ADHPHKI) are included in this network. The motto of Indonesian veterinarians is \"manusya mriga animal sewaka,\" a Sanskrit phrase that translates to \"serving human welfare through the animal world\".",
"title": "Professional organization"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Veterinary medicine was practiced during the Dutch colonial era, beginning in 1820 when R.A. Coppicters, a veterinarian from the Netherlands, arrived in the Dutch East Indies. He was responsible for the care of animals that held significance for the Dutch colonial government, such as the horses used by the military troops. During this time, those who practiced veterinary medicine were referred to as \"vee arts,\" which literally translates to \"livestock doctor.\" This term indicated that animals like dogs, cats, and wild animals were not considered part of the realm of veterinary service.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The government institution responsible for veterinary affairs was established in 1841, initially named the Veterinary Medicine Service (Veeartsenijkundige Dienst), and later renamed the Civil Veterinary Medicine Service (Burgerlijke Veeartsenijkundige Dienst) in 1853. In 1851, several Dutch veterinarians were documented in Indonesia. The limited number of veterinarians at the time resulted in suboptimal services. From 1853 to 1869, only three veterinarians served the entire island of Java, with one located in West Java, another in Central Java, and a third in East Java. It wasn't until 1869 that two veterinarians were stationed outside of Java: one in Sumatra and one in Sulawesi.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 1861, the Dutch established a veterinary school named the Inlandsche Veeartsen School (IVS) in Surabaya. Dr. J. van der Weide served as the head of this school. The school provided a two-year education program for native Indonesians (bumiputras) as students. However, IVS ceased operations in 1875 after producing only eight bumiputra veterinarians (inlandsche veearts) over the course of nine years.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Following the closure of IVS, from 1875 to 1880, education took the form of an internship with a government veterinarian (gouvernements veearts) in Purwokerto. Nine native youths underwent internships under the guidance of seven government veterinarians, and eight of them graduated in 1880. Shortly after, the Dutch East Indies experienced outbreaks of various animal diseases, beginning with rinderpest in 1875, followed by anthrax and hemorrhagic septicemia in 1884, surra in 1886, and foot-and-mouth disease in 1887. Rabies, a lethal disease affecting both animals and humans, was first reported in 1884 in a buffalo. The disease was then discovered in dogs in 1889 and in humans in 1894. In response to these outbreaks, the first veterinary organization was established in 1884 under the name the Dutch East Indies Veterinary Association (Nederland-Indische Vereeniging voor Diergeneeskunde).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "There was a proposal to integrate veterinary education with medical education at STOVIA (School of Indian Medical Education), which was put forward by the Director of the Civil Service Department (Binnenlands Bestuur). Although this idea was approved by the Minister of Colonial Affairs (Minister van Kuncien) in the Netherlands, it was not implemented due to objections raised by the Director of the Department of Education, Worship, and Crafts (Onderwijs, Eeredienst en Nijverheid) and the director of STOVIA.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The presence of rabies led the Dutch East Indies Government to enact several ordinances (regulations) concerning the rabid dog disease. One example is Gazette (Staatsblad) of 1906 Number 283, which required dog owners to report the number of their dogs, provide identification in the form of a medal, and pay dog tax. Meanwhile, the first regulation specifically addressing animal health is Gazette of 1912 Number 432 regarding the Review of Provisions concerning Government Supervision in the Animal Sector and Animal Police. This ordinance covered various aspects, including the management of institutions handling animal affairs, the authority of the government in the export and import of animals to prevent disease spread, the regulation of veterinary authorities, and the eradication of infectious animal diseases.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Veterinary authority or the medical authority of veterinarians was regulated in Gazette of 1912 Number 432 Article 34 Paragraph 1 which, when translated, states: \"The veterinary authority, or veeartsnijkundige, is inherent to veterinarians after graduating from a veterinary faculty in Indonesia or in the Netherlands.\" Additionally, Gazette of 1915 Number 732, which ratified the Criminal Code, also addressed animals. According to Gazette No. 432 and the Criminal Code, the definition of livestock only included ruminants, one-toed animals, and pigs, which meant that veterinarians, more specifically livestock doctors, focused their attention solely on these animals.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "In 1908, the Dutch established a Veterinary Laboratory (Veeartsenijkundig Laboratory; currently known as the Bogor Veterinary Research Center) to address rinderpest. This laboratory also introduced a four-year education program for native veterinarians called \"Cursus tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Veearstsen.\" The students were drawn from Hogere Burgerschool (HBS) or Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs (MULO) graduates (junior high school level) and other equivalent schools. The first two students were MLS (Middelbare Landbouwschool or Agricultural High School) graduates, which is equivalent to high school, so they were directly admitted at level III.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Initially, this course was overseen by Koningsberger, the Head of the Bogor Botanical Gardens and Zoological Museum. In 1908, L. de Blieck took over as the head of the veterinary laboratory, and the following year, he was also entrusted with the responsibility of directing the course. In 1910, there was a change in the name, and \"Inlandsche Veeartsenschool\" (Bumiputra Veterinary School) was chosen to replace the course name. Simultaneously, the position of principal (as well as head of the laboratory) changed to director. Johannes Alexander Kaligis, a student from Minahasa, graduated in 1910 as Indonesia's first veterinarian. In 2010, one hundred years after Kaligis' graduation, a centenary celebration of Indonesian veterinarians was held.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "In 1914, the name of the institution was changed again to the Dutch East Indies Veterinary School (Nederlands Indische Veeartsenschool, abbreviated as NIVS). This school accepted students from various backgrounds, not only natives. NIVS was later merged with the laboratory to form the Veterinary Institute (Veeartsenijkundig Instituut, abbreviated as VI). However, in 1919, NIVS was once again separated from the institute and became independent. German language was also taught so that students could read veterinary literature in German. Exceptional NIVS graduates were given the opportunity to continue their studies at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Utrecht, Netherlands, by starting directly at level III. Alongside Kaligis, Indonesian veterinarians who graduated from Utrecht included Soeparwi (who later became the first dean of the UGM Faculty of Veterinary Medicine), Iskandar Titus, and A.A. Ressang. In 1942, the Veterinary Institute was renamed the Animal Disease Investigation Center (BPPH), which underwent several more name changes after Indonesian independence.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "During the Japanese occupation, the name NIVS was changed to Bogor Semon Zui Gakko. This school was then closed when Japan surrendered to the allied forces. The total number of Indonesian veterinarians produced since the establishment of IVS, its subsequent renaming to NIVS, and finally to Semon Zui Gakko, was 143 individuals.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Following the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, the Veterinary School (SDH) in Bogor was reopened. The status of SDH was elevated to Veterinary College (PTKH) as per the Decree of the Minister of Prosperity No. 1280a/Per. on September 20, 1946, with a five-year education program. Vice President Mohammad Hatta officially inaugurated PTKH in November 1946, appointing Dr. Mohede as rector magnificus, the term for PTKH leaders.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Due to the turmoil of the Indonesian War of Independence, PTKH came under Dutch control, leading to the suspension of lecture activities. In 1947, with the approval of the PTKH chancellor and the Ministry of Prosperity, a parallel class named the Republic of Indonesia Veterinary College (PTKH-RI) was established in Klaten, Central Java. Meanwhile, in Bogor, the Dutch established the Faculteit der Diergeneeskunde (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine) in May 1948, which became part of the Universiteit van Indonesië.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "When Yogyakarta, as the capital of the Republic of Indonesia, was invaded during the Dutch Military Aggression II on December 19, 1948, PTKH-RI was closed. The PTKH-RI class was reopened on November 1, 1949, after Yogyakarta came under the control of the Indonesian Government. However, the location was moved from Klaten to Yogyakarta. On December 19, 1949, all universities in Yogyakarta were merged to form the Gadjah Mada State University, and PTKH-RI was transformed into the UGM Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (FKH). As the first dean of FKH UGM, one of Soeparwi's endeavors was to replace the term \"vee arts\" (livestock doctor) with \"dieren arts\" (animal doctor) in order to broaden the scope of knowledge and services in this profession. The period of conflict with the Dutch finally concluded after the successful Round Table Conference, and Indonesian sovereignty was reestablished on December 27, 1949.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Indonesia became a member of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) in 1950. As a member country, one of Indonesia's obligations was to report the occurrence of certain animal diseases in the country. This responsibility was undertaken to uphold the principles of transparency and reporting concerning the status of animal diseases worldwide.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "On February 3, 1950, Universiteit Indonesia was established, comprising several faculties, including agriculture and veterinary medicine in Bogor. The name of the Faculteit der Diergeneeskunde was changed to Fakulteit Veterinary Medicine Universiteit Indonesia (FKH-UI). Through Law Number 10 of 1955, the terms \"facultit\" (used by UGM) and \"fakulteit\" (used by UI) were unified to become \"faculties,\" while \"universiteit\" was changed to \"university.\"",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "To address the widespread outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the government established the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Investigation Center (BPPMK) in Surabaya in 1952. The name of this institution underwent several changes, including becoming the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Investigation Institute (1955) and the Foot-and-Mouth Disease Institute (1959). In 1964, this institution produced 58,300 doses of FMD vaccine for the first time. As the role of this institution expanded to handle more diseases, such as rabies and Newcastle disease, its name was changed to the Institute for Veterinary Virology (1967), the Pharma Veterinaria Center (1978), Pharma Veterinary Center (2012), and Pusvetma Pharma Veterinary Center (2023). The center was tasked with production, testing, distribution, marketing, and the development of vaccines, antiserum, diagnostic materials, and other biological materials.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "On January 9, 1953, an organization of veterinarians called the Association of Veterinary Experts, which had existed since the beginning of Indonesia's independence, held its inaugural congress in Lembang, West Java. During this congress, the Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (PDHI) was established as a professional organization for Indonesian veterinarians.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "As veterinary education progressed, it became integrated with animal husbandry. At UGM, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was renamed the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry (FKHP) on June 21, 1955. However, on November 10, 1969, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and the Faculty of Animal Husbandry were separated. A similar transition occurred at UI, where the name Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was changed to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry (FKHP) UI in 1960. In 1962, the name Faculty of Veterinary Medicine UI was reinstated, while animal husbandry education was merged with fisheries to create the Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries UI. In 1962, the name reverted to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine UI, while animal husbandry education merged with fisheries to form the Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries UI.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "In Banda Aceh, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry was established on October 17, 1960, as part of the University of North Sumatra. On September 2, 1961, Syiah Kuala University (USK) was founded by the Decree of the Minister of Higher Education and Science (PTIP) Number 11 Year 1961, dated July 21, 1961, with FKHP as one of its faculties.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "In East Java, veterinary education was developed in partnership with Airlangga University in Surabaya and Brawijaya University in Malang. Brawijaya University established the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry (FHKP) in 1961, which was subsequently inaugurated through PTIP Ministerial Decree Number 92 Year 1962, under the auspices of Airlangga University. In the following year, FKHP was fully managed by Brawijaya University through PTIP Ministerial Decree Number 1 of 1963. In Bogor, the government established the Bogor Agricultural Institute (IPB) on September 1, 1963, through PTIP Ministerial Decree Number 91 of 1963. Since then, FKH UI was changed to FKH IPB. In Surabaya, the Department of Veterinary Medicine was opened on November 25, 1969. This department fell under FKHP Brawijaya University in Malang. In 1972, veterinary education at Brawijaya University, Malang, was fully transferred to Airlangga University, Surabaya, forming the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "In 1967, after decades of using Dutch legacy legislation, the Indonesian Government passed Law Number 6 of 1967, addressing the Basic Provisions for Animal Husbandry and Animal Health. This law expanded the definition of animals to encompass \"all animals that live on land, whether domesticated or wild.\" Furthermore, the application of veterinary science was broadened to include animal health, veterinary public health, and animal welfare.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "In Denpasar, Bali, Udayana University (Unud) established a Department of Veterinary Medicine in 1978 under FKHP. Five years later, FKHP Unud underwent a name change to the Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Study Program. In 1997, it attained the status of a faculty with the establishment of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Udayana University.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "Indonesia successfully eradicated foot-and-mouth disease in 1986, following the last outbreak discovered in Blora, Central Java, in 1983. This FMD-free status were officially recognized in Southeast Asia region in 1987, and the WOAH acknowledged it worldwide in 1990.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "In 1992, the government established the legal framework for implementing animal quarantine through Law Number 16 of 1992 concerning Animal, Fish, and Plant Quarantine. This regulation aimed to prevent the entry, spread, and release of certain animal diseases and fish diseases, referred to as quarantine pests and diseases for animals (HPHK) and quarantine pests and diseases for fishes (HPIK), respectively. Animals were defined as terrestrial animals, while fish were categorized as aquatic biota.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "In 2000, Indonesia achieved the status of being free from rinderpest as recognized by the WOAH and FAO. The last reported case of this disease in Indonesia was in 1907. Globally, rinderpest was declared eradicated in 2011.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "In the field of education, Veterinary Medicine Study Program was opened in 2001 in the University of West Nusa Tenggara Mataram, which later merged with Mataram Institute of Teaching and Education Science into Mandalika University of Education in 2019. Veterinary education at private universities commenced in 2008 when Wijaya Kusuma University Surabaya established the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. In the same year, Brawijaya University Malang reopened the Veterinary Medicine Program, which has since become FKH Brawijaya University.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "The government issued a new law governing the field of veterinary medicine, specifically Law Number 18 of 2009 concerning Animal Husbandry and Animal Health. This law replaced Law Number 6 of 1967, which had been in effect for decades. FIve years later, the law was subsequently updated through Law Number 41 of 2014.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "In 2010, veterinary study programs were established at Nusa Cendana University in Kupang and Hasanuddin University in Makassar. Additionally, Padjadjaran University in Bandung introduced a Veterinary Medicine Study Program under the Faculty of Medicine in 2019. In the same year, the government passed Law Number 21 of 2019 concerning Animal, Fish, and Plant Quarantine to replace Law Number 16 of 1992. This new law not only focuses on disease prevention but also empowers quarantine officials to oversee and regulate food safety, feed safety, genetic engineering products, genetic resources, biological control agents, invasive alien species, wild plants and animals, as well as rare plants and animals.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia prompted practicing veterinarians to explore telemedicine as a viable option. However, its implementation encountered various challenges, including client characteristics, the legal aspects of telemedicine, cost determination, and accurate diagnosis establishment.",
"title": "History"
}
] | In Indonesia, veterinary medicine has been practiced for hundreds of years. Veterinary services and education were pioneered during the Dutch colonial era. As of 2023, there are 12 universities that offer veterinary education. The professional organization for veterinarians is the Indonesian Veterinary Medical Association (PDHI). Some veterinarians in Indonesia open their own practices, either independently or in groups. Others work for the Government of Indonesia, private companies, or non-profit organizations. They provide medical services, consulting, research, and teaching. Some veterinarians also become entrepreneurs in fields related to animal health, such as in the animal drug industry, livestock, and animal food processing. The motto of Indonesian veterinarians is "manusya mriga satwa sewaka", which means "serving human welfare through the animal world." | 2023-12-13T17:07:53Z | 2023-12-26T18:15:22Z | [
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75,554,688 | No One's with the Calves | No One's with the Calves (German: Niemand ist bei den Kälbern) is a 2021 German drama film based on the eponymous book by Alina Herbing [de].
Christin (Saskia Rosendahl) lives with her partner Jan (Rick Okon) and his parents on a farm in Mecklenburg. She is frustrated with the life on the farm and the speechlessness that surrounds her. While out in the field she meets Klaus (Godehard Giese) a wind turbine technician. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "No One's with the Calves (German: Niemand ist bei den Kälbern) is a 2021 German drama film based on the eponymous book by Alina Herbing [de].",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Christin (Saskia Rosendahl) lives with her partner Jan (Rick Okon) and his parents on a farm in Mecklenburg. She is frustrated with the life on the farm and the speechlessness that surrounds her. While out in the field she meets Klaus (Godehard Giese) a wind turbine technician.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
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] | No One's with the Calves is a 2021 German drama film based on the eponymous book by Alina Herbing. | 2023-12-13T17:10:30Z | 2023-12-19T09:19:04Z | [
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75,554,707 | Windows (Delaunay series) | Windows is a series of paintings created between 1912 and 1913 by the French painter Robert Delaunay.
Delaunay had begun to present Impressionist paintings in 1904 at the Salon des indépendants. He then incorporated ideas derived from the scientific work of Eugène Chevreul on color, the paintings of Seurat, and then Cézanne, whose work he discovered in 1907 when a major retrospective was dedicated to him.
In 1910, Vassili Kandinsky created the first entirely abstract painting, titled Abstract watercolor, which provoked controversy. He also produced his book Concerning the Spiritual in Art, which outlined his ideas on abstraction, and which Delaunay read with great interest. With the help of his wife Sonia, Robert Delaunay translated it from the original German. He then entered into a correspondence with Kandinsky and with Paul Klee. Modern art then turned toward abstraction, and Guillaume Apollinaire proclaimed in 1912 the birth of a new art : "The new painters paint works where there is no veritable subject."
At this time, Delaunay also conducted much research on colors and the law of simultaneous contrast. With Sonia, he created "simultanism," a technique of finding pictorial harmony through the simultaneous arrangement of colors.
Windows take as their point of departure the representation of light and the dynamics of color. Even if these paintings represent exterior reality, they are however considered as abstract entities because the object has lost its importance. Contrary to Kandinsky, Delaunay did not realize his paintings through introspection, but in directly observing nature, as he explained in a letter to August Macke, from 1912 : "One thing is indispensable for me, and that is direct observation, in nature, of its luminous essence. I do not say precisely with a palette in hand (even though I am not against notes taken from immediate nature, I work a lot from nature, as one says vulgarly, 'in front of the subject'). But where I attach great importance is direct observation of the movement of colors. It is only thus that I found the laws of complementary and simultaneous contrast of colors that nourishes the rhythm of vision itself." In refusing all a priori systems, he distances himself from the cerebral approach of artists such as Malévitch or Mondrian. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Windows is a series of paintings created between 1912 and 1913 by the French painter Robert Delaunay.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Delaunay had begun to present Impressionist paintings in 1904 at the Salon des indépendants. He then incorporated ideas derived from the scientific work of Eugène Chevreul on color, the paintings of Seurat, and then Cézanne, whose work he discovered in 1907 when a major retrospective was dedicated to him.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1910, Vassili Kandinsky created the first entirely abstract painting, titled Abstract watercolor, which provoked controversy. He also produced his book Concerning the Spiritual in Art, which outlined his ideas on abstraction, and which Delaunay read with great interest. With the help of his wife Sonia, Robert Delaunay translated it from the original German. He then entered into a correspondence with Kandinsky and with Paul Klee. Modern art then turned toward abstraction, and Guillaume Apollinaire proclaimed in 1912 the birth of a new art : \"The new painters paint works where there is no veritable subject.\"",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "At this time, Delaunay also conducted much research on colors and the law of simultaneous contrast. With Sonia, he created \"simultanism,\" a technique of finding pictorial harmony through the simultaneous arrangement of colors.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Windows take as their point of departure the representation of light and the dynamics of color. Even if these paintings represent exterior reality, they are however considered as abstract entities because the object has lost its importance. Contrary to Kandinsky, Delaunay did not realize his paintings through introspection, but in directly observing nature, as he explained in a letter to August Macke, from 1912 : \"One thing is indispensable for me, and that is direct observation, in nature, of its luminous essence. I do not say precisely with a palette in hand (even though I am not against notes taken from immediate nature, I work a lot from nature, as one says vulgarly, 'in front of the subject'). But where I attach great importance is direct observation of the movement of colors. It is only thus that I found the laws of complementary and simultaneous contrast of colors that nourishes the rhythm of vision itself.\" In refusing all a priori systems, he distances himself from the cerebral approach of artists such as Malévitch or Mondrian.",
"title": "Analysis"
}
] | Windows is a series of paintings created between 1912 and 1913 by the French painter Robert Delaunay. | 2023-12-13T17:13:34Z | 2023-12-22T04:12:11Z | [
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75,554,766 | Kalākaua Avenue | Kalākaua Avenue is a street in Honolulu in the US federal state of Hawaii. The street travels across the tourist Centre of Waikīkī and belongs to the prospering streets of the United States. It demonstrates an architectural fusion of Hawaiian, Gothic, Asian, Spanish and Moorish architecture.
The arterial road, which is 4.4 kilometers in length, starts near the Diamond Head at the Kapiolani parc, which is the oldest public parc of Hawaii and continues past the Honolulu Zoo, along the beaches of Waikiki. The street passes through the business district, as well as the Ala Wai Canal and ends in McCully, just before the Interstate H-1 at South Beretania Street. It is the Kalākaua Avenue that is home to some of the most known hotels of Honolulu, such as The Royal Hawaiian Hotel, Hyatt Regency or Sheraton Waikīkī. Alongside this, there are a number of restaurants and luxury international fashion brands stores, as well as multiple shopping malls.
The street was already the main access to Waikīkī since the 19th century. The avenue was firstly called Waikiki Road, and was named after King Kalākaua, the last male monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1905. The streets outstanding importance was only developed after the construction of the Ala Wai canal in 1928, which initiated a draining of the Wetlands that enabled the development of the land. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the subsequent construction boom of high-rise buildings culminated in the establishment of large hotel chains. In 1974, Honolulu County, Hawaii issued new building regulations, which should limit height and compaction of the buildings. From 1994 to 2004, the city invested 100 million US-dollars into landscaping, the construction of new sidewalks, footpaths, squares, historic street lamps and benches.
The local public transport on this street was accomplished with carriages in 1868, then replaced by streetcars that were pulled by horses in 1888 and then electric streetcars in 1903. The rail service was discontinued in 1941 and replaced by busses. Nowadays, TheBus by Honolulu Rapid Transit Systems drives through Kalākaua Avenue with 21 stops.
According to the Hawaii Tourism Authority (tourism authority), Kalākaua Avenue is the most visited location of the state of Hawaii (as at 2022). The geolocation data from smartphones was used to determine this. The number of visitors is made up of 56% residents and 44% tourists.
21°16′41″N 157°49′40″W / 21.2781°N 157.8279°W / 21.2781; -157.8279 (Kalākaua Avenue) | [
{
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"text": "Kalākaua Avenue is a street in Honolulu in the US federal state of Hawaii. The street travels across the tourist Centre of Waikīkī and belongs to the prospering streets of the United States. It demonstrates an architectural fusion of Hawaiian, Gothic, Asian, Spanish and Moorish architecture.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The arterial road, which is 4.4 kilometers in length, starts near the Diamond Head at the Kapiolani parc, which is the oldest public parc of Hawaii and continues past the Honolulu Zoo, along the beaches of Waikiki. The street passes through the business district, as well as the Ala Wai Canal and ends in McCully, just before the Interstate H-1 at South Beretania Street. It is the Kalākaua Avenue that is home to some of the most known hotels of Honolulu, such as The Royal Hawaiian Hotel, Hyatt Regency or Sheraton Waikīkī. Alongside this, there are a number of restaurants and luxury international fashion brands stores, as well as multiple shopping malls.",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The street was already the main access to Waikīkī since the 19th century. The avenue was firstly called Waikiki Road, and was named after King Kalākaua, the last male monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1905. The streets outstanding importance was only developed after the construction of the Ala Wai canal in 1928, which initiated a draining of the Wetlands that enabled the development of the land. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the subsequent construction boom of high-rise buildings culminated in the establishment of large hotel chains. In 1974, Honolulu County, Hawaii issued new building regulations, which should limit height and compaction of the buildings. From 1994 to 2004, the city invested 100 million US-dollars into landscaping, the construction of new sidewalks, footpaths, squares, historic street lamps and benches.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The local public transport on this street was accomplished with carriages in 1868, then replaced by streetcars that were pulled by horses in 1888 and then electric streetcars in 1903. The rail service was discontinued in 1941 and replaced by busses. Nowadays, TheBus by Honolulu Rapid Transit Systems drives through Kalākaua Avenue with 21 stops.",
"title": "Local public transport"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "According to the Hawaii Tourism Authority (tourism authority), Kalākaua Avenue is the most visited location of the state of Hawaii (as at 2022). The geolocation data from smartphones was used to determine this. The number of visitors is made up of 56% residents and 44% tourists.",
"title": "Visitors"
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{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "21°16′41″N 157°49′40″W / 21.2781°N 157.8279°W / 21.2781; -157.8279 (Kalākaua Avenue)",
"title": "Itemization"
}
] | Kalākaua Avenue is a street in Honolulu in the US federal state of Hawaii. The street travels across the tourist Centre of Waikīkī and belongs to the prospering streets of the United States. It demonstrates an architectural fusion of Hawaiian, Gothic, Asian, Spanish and Moorish architecture. | 2023-12-13T17:18:31Z | 2023-12-17T19:00:24Z | [
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75,554,822 | Mahamadou Susoho | Mahamadou Susoho Sissoho (born 20 January 2005) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Manchester City. He has represented Spain and England at youth level.
Sussoho was born in Spain to Gambian parents, and moved to England with them at the age of 11. He is fluent in Catalan.
He joined the Manchester City academy in 2017 from RCD Espanyol. He signed his first professional contract with the club in July 2022.
Promoted to the Man City U21 side for the 2023-24 season he represented the club in the EFL Trophy in the latter half of 2023.
He was included in the Man City first team squad on 13 December 2023, and after being named as a substitute for a UEFA Champions League tie against Red Star Belgrade he came on in the second half for his senior debut in a 3–2 away win. He was included in the Manchester City squad that travelled to Saudi Arabia to play in the 2023 FIFA Club World Cup.
Having previously played for England U16s, Susoho is a youth international for Spain, having played for its U17 and U18 teams.
He plays as a defensive midfielder.
Manchester City | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mahamadou Susoho Sissoho (born 20 January 2005) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Manchester City. He has represented Spain and England at youth level.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sussoho was born in Spain to Gambian parents, and moved to England with them at the age of 11. He is fluent in Catalan.",
"title": "Early and personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He joined the Manchester City academy in 2017 from RCD Espanyol. He signed his first professional contract with the club in July 2022.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Promoted to the Man City U21 side for the 2023-24 season he represented the club in the EFL Trophy in the latter half of 2023.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He was included in the Man City first team squad on 13 December 2023, and after being named as a substitute for a UEFA Champions League tie against Red Star Belgrade he came on in the second half for his senior debut in a 3–2 away win. He was included in the Manchester City squad that travelled to Saudi Arabia to play in the 2023 FIFA Club World Cup.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Having previously played for England U16s, Susoho is a youth international for Spain, having played for its U17 and U18 teams.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "He plays as a defensive midfielder.",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Manchester City",
"title": "Honours"
}
] | Mahamadou Susoho Sissoho is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Manchester City. He has represented Spain and England at youth level. | 2023-12-13T17:19:53Z | 2023-12-27T20:08:50Z | [
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75,554,906 | List of rugby league players who died during matches | This is a list of professional rugby league players who died during matches, or shortly afterwards due to injuries received/incidents during matches.
Not included are non-first team players, amateur players or deaths unrelated to playing. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is a list of professional rugby league players who died during matches, or shortly afterwards due to injuries received/incidents during matches.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Not included are non-first team players, amateur players or deaths unrelated to playing.",
"title": ""
}
] | This is a list of professional rugby league players who died during matches, or shortly afterwards due to injuries received/incidents during matches. Not included are non-first team players, amateur players or deaths unrelated to playing. | 2023-12-13T17:22:14Z | 2023-12-14T12:52:41Z | [
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75,555,020 | Siva Narayana Murthy | Pattukottai Sivanarayana Moorthy also known as Siva Narayana Murthy (5 March 1955 – 7 December 2022) was an Indian actor who predominantly worked as a comedian in Tamil films. He mostly appeared in films alongside veteran comedians Vadivelu and Vivek in comedy roles during his acting career. He was also known for his bulk physique appearance, moustache and voice in films.
He hailed from Ponnavarayankottai near Pattukkottai in Thanjavur district. he belonged to Zamindar category in the society. He was married to Pushpavalli. He had two sons namely Lokesh and Ramkumar and had a daughter Sreedevi. He died around 8.30 pm on 7 December 2022 at the age of 67 due to a sudden illness in his hometown Pattukottai. His final rites were held in Pattukottai on 8 December 2022.
He had reportedly fallen into a debt trap owing to the debts he took in order to finance his only daughter's marriage. In an interview, he revealed that he was planning to sell his own house in order to repay the borrowed money worth Rs 20 lakh to creditors. However, his daughter reportedly lodged a court case and complaint to prevent his father from selling the house by indicating that she has a share in the house.
During his acting career, he often received minor roles but managed to make an impact in certain film comedy track sequences (usually pairing with Vadivelu and Vivek) despite appearing only for limited screentime. He had often acted in films in the roles of a policeman, textile owner, rowdy, politician and as a village simpleton. He also acted in over 200 films in his illustrious career and had also shared screenspace with prominent actors including Rajinikanth, Vijay, Ajith Kumar and Suriya. He had acted in 20 films each with Vadivelu and Vivek.
He was spotted by film director Visu in a function hosted by a Lions Club and Visu cast him in a role in television serial Veeduthorum Vasantham. He made his film acting debut through 1998 film Poonthottam and Shared screenspace alongside Raghuvaran. He initially chose villainous roles before switching to chose comedy roles in films. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pattukottai Sivanarayana Moorthy also known as Siva Narayana Murthy (5 March 1955 – 7 December 2022) was an Indian actor who predominantly worked as a comedian in Tamil films. He mostly appeared in films alongside veteran comedians Vadivelu and Vivek in comedy roles during his acting career. He was also known for his bulk physique appearance, moustache and voice in films.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "He hailed from Ponnavarayankottai near Pattukkottai in Thanjavur district. he belonged to Zamindar category in the society. He was married to Pushpavalli. He had two sons namely Lokesh and Ramkumar and had a daughter Sreedevi. He died around 8.30 pm on 7 December 2022 at the age of 67 due to a sudden illness in his hometown Pattukottai. His final rites were held in Pattukottai on 8 December 2022.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He had reportedly fallen into a debt trap owing to the debts he took in order to finance his only daughter's marriage. In an interview, he revealed that he was planning to sell his own house in order to repay the borrowed money worth Rs 20 lakh to creditors. However, his daughter reportedly lodged a court case and complaint to prevent his father from selling the house by indicating that she has a share in the house.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "During his acting career, he often received minor roles but managed to make an impact in certain film comedy track sequences (usually pairing with Vadivelu and Vivek) despite appearing only for limited screentime. He had often acted in films in the roles of a policeman, textile owner, rowdy, politician and as a village simpleton. He also acted in over 200 films in his illustrious career and had also shared screenspace with prominent actors including Rajinikanth, Vijay, Ajith Kumar and Suriya. He had acted in 20 films each with Vadivelu and Vivek.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He was spotted by film director Visu in a function hosted by a Lions Club and Visu cast him in a role in television serial Veeduthorum Vasantham. He made his film acting debut through 1998 film Poonthottam and Shared screenspace alongside Raghuvaran. He initially chose villainous roles before switching to chose comedy roles in films.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Pattukottai Sivanarayana Moorthy also known as Siva Narayana Murthy was an Indian actor who predominantly worked as a comedian in Tamil films. He mostly appeared in films alongside veteran comedians Vadivelu and Vivek in comedy roles during his acting career. He was also known for his bulk physique appearance, moustache and voice in films. | 2023-12-13T17:25:20Z | 2023-12-17T00:37:08Z | [
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75,555,065 | Asterios Peltekis | Asterios Peltekis (Thessaloniki, 1974) is a Greek actor, director and theater expert. From 2022 he is artistic director of the National Theater of Northern Greece.
He studied at the Higher School of Dramatic Art of the National Theater of Northern Greece (NTNG) and at the Theater Department of the School of Fine Arts of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, while he participated with a scholarship in the Union of the Theatres of Europe, in a workshop, together with Peter Brook and Bruce Meyers, on plays by Shakespeare (acting-directing). He is a PhD candidate at the Ionian University in cultural management.
His career includes theatrical performances at the NTNG, the National Theatre , the Theatrical Organization of Cyprus , the Onassis Foundation Shelter, etc. On television, he has participated in the show Βότανα, μυστικά και θεραπείες (Herbs, Secrets and Remedies) , as well as in series such as: Dikaiosi, Heroides , Koukles, O Prigkipas tis Fotias, Symmathites , San Oikogenia, Skhedon Pote, LAPD, I Tourta tis Mama, I Gi tis Elias. He has also taken part in a film film, telefilms and television commercials.
He teaches in theater workshops and drama schools. From 2022 he is artistic director at NTNG. | [
{
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"text": "Asterios Peltekis (Thessaloniki, 1974) is a Greek actor, director and theater expert. From 2022 he is artistic director of the National Theater of Northern Greece.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He studied at the Higher School of Dramatic Art of the National Theater of Northern Greece (NTNG) and at the Theater Department of the School of Fine Arts of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, while he participated with a scholarship in the Union of the Theatres of Europe, in a workshop, together with Peter Brook and Bruce Meyers, on plays by Shakespeare (acting-directing). He is a PhD candidate at the Ionian University in cultural management.",
"title": "Biography"
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{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "His career includes theatrical performances at the NTNG, the National Theatre , the Theatrical Organization of Cyprus , the Onassis Foundation Shelter, etc. On television, he has participated in the show Βότανα, μυστικά και θεραπείες (Herbs, Secrets and Remedies) , as well as in series such as: Dikaiosi, Heroides , Koukles, O Prigkipas tis Fotias, Symmathites , San Oikogenia, Skhedon Pote, LAPD, I Tourta tis Mama, I Gi tis Elias. He has also taken part in a film film, telefilms and television commercials.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He teaches in theater workshops and drama schools. From 2022 he is artistic director at NTNG.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Asterios Peltekis is a Greek actor, director and theater expert. From 2022 he is artistic director of the National Theater of Northern Greece. | 2023-12-13T17:26:33Z | 2023-12-14T16:26:47Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterios_Peltekis |
75,555,301 | San Antonio–Austin metroplex | The San Antonio–Austin metroplex is an emerging metropolitan area in the US state of Texas, where the dominant core cities are San Antonio and Austin. This combined metropolitan region, composed of the Greater Austin and Greater San Antonio areas, has approximately 5 million people. Downtown San Antonio and Downtown Austin are about 80 mi (130 km) apart and connected through Interstate 35 (I-35). Several cities and town that also make the San Antonio–Austin metroplex are located along or near I-35 and the Texas State Highway 130 (SH 130).
The Greater Austin region comprises five counties: Bastrop, Caldwell, Hays, Travis, and Williamson, collectively hosting a population exceeding 2.2 million people. Conversely, Greater San Antonio encompasses eight counties: Atascosa, Bandera, Bexar, Comal, Guadalupe, Kendall, Medina, and Wilson, collectively hosting a population exceeding 2.6 million people. Discussions regarding connectivity between San Antonio and Austin have been ongoing since 1984 when the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council was established to promote economic and political unity between the two cities. Census projections estimate that San Antonio–Austin metroplex will experience rapid population growth in the upcoming decades and is positioned to become one of the main metropolitan areas in the entire US by the year 2100.
As of 2023, there is no officially designated name for the developing Austin–San Antonio metroplex. The Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council, established in 1984, adopted the nomenclature "Austin–San Antonio." Conversely, alternative sources may refer to it as "San Antonio–Austin." Various nicknames have been proposed by news outlets and social media users for the Austin–San Antonio metroplex. However, none of these monikers have gained significant traction. In 2016, Forbes referred to the region as the "next great American metropolis" and labeled it the "San Antonio–Austin corridor." In 2022, local sources began describing Austin–San Antonio as a "mega-metro".
Since 1984, business and political leaders from Austin and San Antonio have convened as part of the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council. This organization is dedicated to fostering economic and political unity among San Antonio, Austin, and their respective surrounding areas. In 2007, a survey conducted by the San Antonio Business Journal revealed that over half of the respondents expressed the belief that the economies of San Antonio and Austin would merge into a unified market. In 2015, a Texas state demographer, following an analysis of census data in the smaller urban areas situated between Austin and San Antonio, identified the potential emergence of a substantial metropolitan region incorporating both cities, similar to the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. This phenomenon was attributed to the growth experienced by smaller towns that were evolving into independent urban cores. Between 2010 and 2015, Austin witnessed a population increase that surpassed the growth observed in Dallas and San Antonio, both of which stand among the top 10 most populated cities in the US.
In 2021, former San Antonio mayor Henry Cisneros published a book titled The Texas Triangle: An Emerging Power in the Global Economy, where he discussed the emerging San Antonio–Austin metroplex. In 2023, the PBS station based in San Antonio premiered a documentary titled San Antonio – Austin: The Emerging Mega-Metro. The documentary featured interviews with the mayors of Austin and San Antonio, alongside other prominent business and political figures. The discussions centered around the emergence of the San Antonio–Austin metroplex. The collective sentiment expressed by those interviewed suggested that the metroplex was "already here", emphasizing the critical need for strategic planning to ensure synergies among the 13 counties comprising the metroplex. The documentary also covers the region's challenges, including water scarcity, transportation, housing, workforce, and environmental impacts.
"We know the area between San Antonio and Austin is growing at a tremendously rapid pace, but what is really happening is the development of a mega-metro that will be one of the biggest economic powerhouses in the world," said the documentary's executive producer in a statement released to the press.
Due to their cultural distinctions, San Antonio and Austin do not function as typical "twin cities." On one hand, San Antonio boasts a larger Hispanic demographic, is older than Austin, has a stronger professional sports culture, and has a substantial presence in the distribution and manufacturing industries. Conversely, Austin has carved out its distinctive identity by excelling in high technology, music, film production, collegiate athletics, higher education, and the arts. Despite their cultural disparities, the cities of San Antonio and Austin have supported each other's growth through collaborative business endeavors through the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council. Political and business leaders of the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council have deliberated on various bottlenecks, including constraints in transportation, natural resources (particularly in terms of water supply or lack of more green spaces), and housing affordability.
Austin is situated in Central Texas, while San Antonio is positioned between Central and South Texas. Both cities are integral components of the Texas Triangle, a region encompassing the state's five largest cities and housing the majority of its population. The Texas Triangle is defined by the state's four primary urban hubs—Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. Numerous metropolitan and micropolitan statistical regions fall within the confines of the Texas Triangle, including the emerging Austin–San Antonio metroplex. Downtown San Antonio and Downtown Austin are approximately 80 mi (130 km) apart and are connected by the Interstate 35 (I-35) highway corridor.
As of 2023, San Antonio and Austin rank among the top 10 most populated cities in the United States. When accounting for their combined metropolitan regions, which include cities such as Round Rock, San Marcos, and New Braunfels, the San Antonio–Austin metroplex has accumulative population of 5.2 million people. About 3.9 million of them live along the I-35 corridor, in Bexar, Comal, Hays, and Travis Counties. This number surpasses Phoenix–Mesa–Chandler, establishing itself as one of the top 10 most populous metropolitan areas in the United States. According to census projections, the San Antonio–Austin metroplex is anticipated to experience an increase of between 4 million and 7 million people by the year 2030. State demographer Lloyd Potter believes it is likely that the US Census Bureau will include Austin and San Antonio as a combined metropolitan statistical area (MSA) for 2030 census, when the next census is released. By 2050, the population is expected to surpass 8.3 million people. This projected population size would surpass the current populations of both the Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston metro areas.
By the year 2060, Bexar County (Greater San Antonio) is anticipated to surpass a population of 2.6 million, and Travis County (Greater Austin) is projected to exceed 1.7 million. The surrounding counties in the metro area are expected to experience high population growth too. By the year 2100, the area is projected to be among the three most populated metropolitan regions in the entire US.
The metropolitan statistical area, referred to as Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos or Greater Austin, comprises five (5) counties in the state of Texas, as delineated by the Office of Management and Budget. These counties include Bastrop, Caldwell, Hays, Travis, and Williamson, collectively hosting a population exceeding 2.2 million people. Austin, the capital of Texas, serves as both the county seat and the largest city of Travis County.
The metropolitan statistical area, referred to as San Antonio–New Braunfels or Greater San Antonio, comprises eight (8) counties in the state of Texas, as delineated by the Office of Management and Budget. These counties include Atascosa, Bandera, Bexar, Comal, Guadalupe, Kendall, Medina, and Wilson, collectively hosting a population exceeding 2.6 million people. San Antonio is the county seat and largest city of Bexar County.
The expansion of the San Antonio–Austin metroplex is largely driven by industrial, residential, and retail developments. The combined gross domestic product (GDP) output is of approximately US$278 million. Significant growth is evident along the I-35 corridor and the interconnected communities situated between the two cities, particularly the area between New Braunfels (located in the northern part of Greater San Antonio) and San Marcos (situated in the southern part of Greater Austin), the two largest cities between both San Antonio and Austin.
New Braunfels has positioned itself among the fastest-growing cities in the US. As the county seat for Comal County, New Braunfels has witnessed significant population expansion, escalating from slightly under 109,000 residents in 2010 to nearly 157,000 by 2019. This demographic surge has stimulated developments in both commercial and residential sectors within the area. To the north of New Braunfels lies San Marcos, the county seat of Hays County, which similarly experienced substantial job growth throughout the same decade. Between 2008 and 2018, the number of jobs in San Marcos increased by 44%, and its labor force expanded by 45% over the corresponding period. According to state demographers, both San Marcos and New Braunfels are emerging as independent hubs within the San Antonio–Austin metroplex. Several cities and towns along the I-35 corridor possess advantages not found in the core cities of Austin and San Antonio. In San Marcos and New Braunfels, lower property taxes and housing prices serve as incentives for migration to these areas.
Members of the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council have noted that the suburbs along I-35 are actively preparing for the expected population surge. Their goal is to transition from being mere "bedroom communities" into becoming hubs with their own identity. According to demographers, the growth along the I-35 corridor between Austin and San Antonio is comparable to other "growth corridors," such as the San Jose–San Francisco strip, the Raleigh–Durham area, and the Wasatch Front, which encompasses the Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden metropolitan area.
Between the years 2000 and 2016, San Antonio maintained a steady trajectory of job growth, demonstrating a rate twice as high as that of New York City and nearly three times more than that of San Francisco and Los Angeles. The sectors experiencing notable job creation included aerospace, cybersecurity, finance, and professional services.
The main transportation route connecting the San Antonio–Austin metroplex is I-35 from both north and south. I-35 is recognized as one of the most heavily trafficked highways in Texas and a critical component of both local and regional transportation networks. As of 2023, the stretch of I-35 between San Antonio and Austin witnesses the passage of 100,000 to 150,000 vehicles on a daily basis. A significant portion of these vehicles is occupied by individuals commuting between the two cities on a regular basis. A study conducted by the Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization and the Alamo Area Metropolitan Planning Organization projects that by the year 2045, approximately 53% of the population residing between San Antonio and Austin will be situated within a 5 mi (8.0 km) radius of I-35. In addition, the Texas State Highway 130 (SH 130) is a 91 mi (146 km) corridor that serves as an alternate route from I-35 to alleviate traffic congestion between San Antonio and Austin. The two primary hubs situated along this toll highway are Seguin (Greater San Antonio) and Lockhart (Greater Austin).
In 2003, TxDOT initiated the supervision of numerous studies exploring the feasibility of a potential rail line and allocated approximately $28 million for these studies. In 2016, the proposal to establish the Lone Star Rail, a commuter train linking Austin and San Antonio, did not receive approval from the local metropolitan planning organization. Nonetheless, numerous members of the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council maintain the belief that a commuter train connecting both cities is "necessary and inevitable" for the continued growth and expansion of the metroplex. Supporters of the rail district argued that halting the study and abandoning the rail project would lead to a delay in rail development in the Austin-San Antonio corridor, spanning "at least another generation." Earlier that year, political support for the project collapsed when Union Pacific refused to continue discussions about permitting commuter trains on its existing freight line. This rail line cuts through the central areas of all the pertinent cities in the metro region and had been the subject of study for over two decades.
In 2017, a non-profit organization called the Great Springs Project was formed to protect the Edwards Aquifer and four of its springs that connect through the San Antonio–Austin metroplex. The project's vision involves creating a 100 mi (160 km) network of public hike-and-bike trails. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The San Antonio–Austin metroplex is an emerging metropolitan area in the US state of Texas, where the dominant core cities are San Antonio and Austin. This combined metropolitan region, composed of the Greater Austin and Greater San Antonio areas, has approximately 5 million people. Downtown San Antonio and Downtown Austin are about 80 mi (130 km) apart and connected through Interstate 35 (I-35). Several cities and town that also make the San Antonio–Austin metroplex are located along or near I-35 and the Texas State Highway 130 (SH 130).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Greater Austin region comprises five counties: Bastrop, Caldwell, Hays, Travis, and Williamson, collectively hosting a population exceeding 2.2 million people. Conversely, Greater San Antonio encompasses eight counties: Atascosa, Bandera, Bexar, Comal, Guadalupe, Kendall, Medina, and Wilson, collectively hosting a population exceeding 2.6 million people. Discussions regarding connectivity between San Antonio and Austin have been ongoing since 1984 when the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council was established to promote economic and political unity between the two cities. Census projections estimate that San Antonio–Austin metroplex will experience rapid population growth in the upcoming decades and is positioned to become one of the main metropolitan areas in the entire US by the year 2100.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As of 2023, there is no officially designated name for the developing Austin–San Antonio metroplex. The Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council, established in 1984, adopted the nomenclature \"Austin–San Antonio.\" Conversely, alternative sources may refer to it as \"San Antonio–Austin.\" Various nicknames have been proposed by news outlets and social media users for the Austin–San Antonio metroplex. However, none of these monikers have gained significant traction. In 2016, Forbes referred to the region as the \"next great American metropolis\" and labeled it the \"San Antonio–Austin corridor.\" In 2022, local sources began describing Austin–San Antonio as a \"mega-metro\".",
"title": "Etymology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Since 1984, business and political leaders from Austin and San Antonio have convened as part of the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council. This organization is dedicated to fostering economic and political unity among San Antonio, Austin, and their respective surrounding areas. In 2007, a survey conducted by the San Antonio Business Journal revealed that over half of the respondents expressed the belief that the economies of San Antonio and Austin would merge into a unified market. In 2015, a Texas state demographer, following an analysis of census data in the smaller urban areas situated between Austin and San Antonio, identified the potential emergence of a substantial metropolitan region incorporating both cities, similar to the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. This phenomenon was attributed to the growth experienced by smaller towns that were evolving into independent urban cores. Between 2010 and 2015, Austin witnessed a population increase that surpassed the growth observed in Dallas and San Antonio, both of which stand among the top 10 most populated cities in the US.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2021, former San Antonio mayor Henry Cisneros published a book titled The Texas Triangle: An Emerging Power in the Global Economy, where he discussed the emerging San Antonio–Austin metroplex. In 2023, the PBS station based in San Antonio premiered a documentary titled San Antonio – Austin: The Emerging Mega-Metro. The documentary featured interviews with the mayors of Austin and San Antonio, alongside other prominent business and political figures. The discussions centered around the emergence of the San Antonio–Austin metroplex. The collective sentiment expressed by those interviewed suggested that the metroplex was \"already here\", emphasizing the critical need for strategic planning to ensure synergies among the 13 counties comprising the metroplex. The documentary also covers the region's challenges, including water scarcity, transportation, housing, workforce, and environmental impacts.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "\"We know the area between San Antonio and Austin is growing at a tremendously rapid pace, but what is really happening is the development of a mega-metro that will be one of the biggest economic powerhouses in the world,\" said the documentary's executive producer in a statement released to the press.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Due to their cultural distinctions, San Antonio and Austin do not function as typical \"twin cities.\" On one hand, San Antonio boasts a larger Hispanic demographic, is older than Austin, has a stronger professional sports culture, and has a substantial presence in the distribution and manufacturing industries. Conversely, Austin has carved out its distinctive identity by excelling in high technology, music, film production, collegiate athletics, higher education, and the arts. Despite their cultural disparities, the cities of San Antonio and Austin have supported each other's growth through collaborative business endeavors through the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council. Political and business leaders of the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council have deliberated on various bottlenecks, including constraints in transportation, natural resources (particularly in terms of water supply or lack of more green spaces), and housing affordability.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Austin is situated in Central Texas, while San Antonio is positioned between Central and South Texas. Both cities are integral components of the Texas Triangle, a region encompassing the state's five largest cities and housing the majority of its population. The Texas Triangle is defined by the state's four primary urban hubs—Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. Numerous metropolitan and micropolitan statistical regions fall within the confines of the Texas Triangle, including the emerging Austin–San Antonio metroplex. Downtown San Antonio and Downtown Austin are approximately 80 mi (130 km) apart and are connected by the Interstate 35 (I-35) highway corridor.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "As of 2023, San Antonio and Austin rank among the top 10 most populated cities in the United States. When accounting for their combined metropolitan regions, which include cities such as Round Rock, San Marcos, and New Braunfels, the San Antonio–Austin metroplex has accumulative population of 5.2 million people. About 3.9 million of them live along the I-35 corridor, in Bexar, Comal, Hays, and Travis Counties. This number surpasses Phoenix–Mesa–Chandler, establishing itself as one of the top 10 most populous metropolitan areas in the United States. According to census projections, the San Antonio–Austin metroplex is anticipated to experience an increase of between 4 million and 7 million people by the year 2030. State demographer Lloyd Potter believes it is likely that the US Census Bureau will include Austin and San Antonio as a combined metropolitan statistical area (MSA) for 2030 census, when the next census is released. By 2050, the population is expected to surpass 8.3 million people. This projected population size would surpass the current populations of both the Dallas–Fort Worth and Greater Houston metro areas.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "By the year 2060, Bexar County (Greater San Antonio) is anticipated to surpass a population of 2.6 million, and Travis County (Greater Austin) is projected to exceed 1.7 million. The surrounding counties in the metro area are expected to experience high population growth too. By the year 2100, the area is projected to be among the three most populated metropolitan regions in the entire US.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The metropolitan statistical area, referred to as Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos or Greater Austin, comprises five (5) counties in the state of Texas, as delineated by the Office of Management and Budget. These counties include Bastrop, Caldwell, Hays, Travis, and Williamson, collectively hosting a population exceeding 2.2 million people. Austin, the capital of Texas, serves as both the county seat and the largest city of Travis County.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The metropolitan statistical area, referred to as San Antonio–New Braunfels or Greater San Antonio, comprises eight (8) counties in the state of Texas, as delineated by the Office of Management and Budget. These counties include Atascosa, Bandera, Bexar, Comal, Guadalupe, Kendall, Medina, and Wilson, collectively hosting a population exceeding 2.6 million people. San Antonio is the county seat and largest city of Bexar County.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The expansion of the San Antonio–Austin metroplex is largely driven by industrial, residential, and retail developments. The combined gross domestic product (GDP) output is of approximately US$278 million. Significant growth is evident along the I-35 corridor and the interconnected communities situated between the two cities, particularly the area between New Braunfels (located in the northern part of Greater San Antonio) and San Marcos (situated in the southern part of Greater Austin), the two largest cities between both San Antonio and Austin.",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "New Braunfels has positioned itself among the fastest-growing cities in the US. As the county seat for Comal County, New Braunfels has witnessed significant population expansion, escalating from slightly under 109,000 residents in 2010 to nearly 157,000 by 2019. This demographic surge has stimulated developments in both commercial and residential sectors within the area. To the north of New Braunfels lies San Marcos, the county seat of Hays County, which similarly experienced substantial job growth throughout the same decade. Between 2008 and 2018, the number of jobs in San Marcos increased by 44%, and its labor force expanded by 45% over the corresponding period. According to state demographers, both San Marcos and New Braunfels are emerging as independent hubs within the San Antonio–Austin metroplex. Several cities and towns along the I-35 corridor possess advantages not found in the core cities of Austin and San Antonio. In San Marcos and New Braunfels, lower property taxes and housing prices serve as incentives for migration to these areas.",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Members of the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council have noted that the suburbs along I-35 are actively preparing for the expected population surge. Their goal is to transition from being mere \"bedroom communities\" into becoming hubs with their own identity. According to demographers, the growth along the I-35 corridor between Austin and San Antonio is comparable to other \"growth corridors,\" such as the San Jose–San Francisco strip, the Raleigh–Durham area, and the Wasatch Front, which encompasses the Salt Lake City–Provo–Ogden metropolitan area.",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Between the years 2000 and 2016, San Antonio maintained a steady trajectory of job growth, demonstrating a rate twice as high as that of New York City and nearly three times more than that of San Francisco and Los Angeles. The sectors experiencing notable job creation included aerospace, cybersecurity, finance, and professional services.",
"title": "Economy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The main transportation route connecting the San Antonio–Austin metroplex is I-35 from both north and south. I-35 is recognized as one of the most heavily trafficked highways in Texas and a critical component of both local and regional transportation networks. As of 2023, the stretch of I-35 between San Antonio and Austin witnesses the passage of 100,000 to 150,000 vehicles on a daily basis. A significant portion of these vehicles is occupied by individuals commuting between the two cities on a regular basis. A study conducted by the Capital Area Metropolitan Planning Organization and the Alamo Area Metropolitan Planning Organization projects that by the year 2045, approximately 53% of the population residing between San Antonio and Austin will be situated within a 5 mi (8.0 km) radius of I-35. In addition, the Texas State Highway 130 (SH 130) is a 91 mi (146 km) corridor that serves as an alternate route from I-35 to alleviate traffic congestion between San Antonio and Austin. The two primary hubs situated along this toll highway are Seguin (Greater San Antonio) and Lockhart (Greater Austin).",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "In 2003, TxDOT initiated the supervision of numerous studies exploring the feasibility of a potential rail line and allocated approximately $28 million for these studies. In 2016, the proposal to establish the Lone Star Rail, a commuter train linking Austin and San Antonio, did not receive approval from the local metropolitan planning organization. Nonetheless, numerous members of the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council maintain the belief that a commuter train connecting both cities is \"necessary and inevitable\" for the continued growth and expansion of the metroplex. Supporters of the rail district argued that halting the study and abandoning the rail project would lead to a delay in rail development in the Austin-San Antonio corridor, spanning \"at least another generation.\" Earlier that year, political support for the project collapsed when Union Pacific refused to continue discussions about permitting commuter trains on its existing freight line. This rail line cuts through the central areas of all the pertinent cities in the metro region and had been the subject of study for over two decades.",
"title": "Transportation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "In 2017, a non-profit organization called the Great Springs Project was formed to protect the Edwards Aquifer and four of its springs that connect through the San Antonio–Austin metroplex. The project's vision involves creating a 100 mi (160 km) network of public hike-and-bike trails.",
"title": "Transportation"
}
] | The San Antonio–Austin metroplex is an emerging metropolitan area in the US state of Texas, where the dominant core cities are San Antonio and Austin. This combined metropolitan region, composed of the Greater Austin and Greater San Antonio areas, has approximately 5 million people. Downtown San Antonio and Downtown Austin are about 80 mi (130 km) apart and connected through Interstate 35 (I-35). Several cities and town that also make the San Antonio–Austin metroplex are located along or near I-35 and the Texas State Highway 130. The Greater Austin region comprises five counties: Bastrop, Caldwell, Hays, Travis, and Williamson, collectively hosting a population exceeding 2.2 million people. Conversely, Greater San Antonio encompasses eight counties: Atascosa, Bandera, Bexar, Comal, Guadalupe, Kendall, Medina, and Wilson, collectively hosting a population exceeding 2.6 million people. Discussions regarding connectivity between San Antonio and Austin have been ongoing since 1984 when the Greater Austin-San Antonio Corridor Council was established to promote economic and political unity between the two cities. Census projections estimate that San Antonio–Austin metroplex will experience rapid population growth in the upcoming decades and is positioned to become one of the main metropolitan areas in the entire US by the year 2100. | 2023-12-13T17:33:17Z | 2023-12-27T02:43:07Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Infobox settlement",
"Template:Convert",
"Template:Main"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio%E2%80%93Austin_metroplex |
75,555,324 | Bombardment of Cairo | The Israeli Air Force bombarded a residential neighborhood near Qasr al-Qubba in Cairo on July 15, 1948, during the international phase of the 1948 Palestine war. The attack was carried out during the breaking of the fast of Ramadan and killed many civilians and destroyed many homes. It led to an angry march on the Jewish quarter.
The air operation attempted to bomb King Farouq's Abdeen Palace. The 69 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force was flying three Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress planes ordered by the Haganah before the establishment of the State of Israel from Czechoslovakia. The planes were smuggled in violation of an arms embargo from the United States by Al Schwimmer. They were ordered to strike Egyptian targets on the way from Czechoslovakia. One plane went to Cairo but failed to hit the palace. The two other planes were supposed to strike el-ʻArīsh but bombed Rafah instead.
The bombing killed 30 Egyptians and struck a rail line. It raised morale in Tel Aviv. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Israeli Air Force bombarded a residential neighborhood near Qasr al-Qubba in Cairo on July 15, 1948, during the international phase of the 1948 Palestine war. The attack was carried out during the breaking of the fast of Ramadan and killed many civilians and destroyed many homes. It led to an angry march on the Jewish quarter.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The air operation attempted to bomb King Farouq's Abdeen Palace. The 69 Squadron of the Israeli Air Force was flying three Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress planes ordered by the Haganah before the establishment of the State of Israel from Czechoslovakia. The planes were smuggled in violation of an arms embargo from the United States by Al Schwimmer. They were ordered to strike Egyptian targets on the way from Czechoslovakia. One plane went to Cairo but failed to hit the palace. The two other planes were supposed to strike el-ʻArīsh but bombed Rafah instead.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The bombing killed 30 Egyptians and struck a rail line. It raised morale in Tel Aviv.",
"title": "Results"
}
] | The Israeli Air Force bombarded a residential neighborhood near Qasr al-Qubba in Cairo on July 15, 1948, during the international phase of the 1948 Palestine war. The attack was carried out during the breaking of the fast of Ramadan and killed many civilians and destroyed many homes. It led to an angry march on the Jewish quarter. | 2023-12-13T17:33:56Z | 2023-12-16T02:37:09Z | [
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:About",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cairo |
75,555,373 | United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22 | United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22 is a resolution of the tenth emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly calling for an immediate ceasefire in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, "immediate and unconditional" hostage release, "ensuring humanitarian access" and that "all parties comply with their obligations under international law".
On 27 October 2023, the General Assembly passed resolution ES-10/21 calling for a humanitarian truce with a 121 votes for, 14 against and 44 abstentions.
ES-10/22 followed a similar motion calling for an immediate ceasefire and release of hostages in the U.N. Security Council (UNSC) proposed by the U.A.E. The resolution received 13 votes for and 1 abstention with the USA vetoing it.
The resolution proposed by Egypt received an amendment by Austria, which inserted the phrase "held by Hamas and other groups," in relation to the hostages held by Hamas and other groups in Gaza, and inserting the word “immediate" when referring to ensuring that humanitarian access be maintained, which did not gain the two-thirds majority required, with 89 votes for, 61 against and 21 abstentions, so was not adopted. An amendment from the United States of America, calling for wording rejecting and condemning "heinous terrorist attacks by Hamas that took place in Israel starting 7 October 2023 and the taking of hostages" in resolution's first paragraph, garnered 84 votes for, 62 against and 25 abstentions so did not reach the two-thirds threshold to be carried.
This is mocked voting on ES-10/21 on December 8, 2023, during the 2023 Israel-Hamas War into the ceasefire and humanitarian obligations
[A] Voting on 89 favour, 61 against, 20 abstained and 23 absent
[B] Voting on 84 favour, 62 against, 25 abstained and 22 absent
On December 13, Australian Foreign Minister Penny Wong said that Australia supported the resolution out of concern for civilians in Gaza Strip, adding that "Australia has consistently affirmed Israel's right to defend itself...in doing so, we have said as Israel must respect international humanitarian law, civilians and civilian infrastructure, including hospitals." Reuters described this as it as "a rare split with...the United States" and noted that Canada, Australia and New Zealand released a joint statement on December 12 supporting the ceasefire. Riyad Mansour, the Palestinian Ambassador to the United Nations, described the vote as "historic" and said the resolution demands an end to the conflict, and said "we will not rest until we see compliance of Israel with this demand." The Israeli Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Gilad Erdan argued that the resolution was "disgraceful" attempt to restrain Israel, and claimed that "continuing Israel’s operation in Gaza is the only way any hostages will be released." He also claimed that supporting the resolution gave terrorists "a free pass," declared that "a ceasefire will prolong the death and destruction in the region" and said the resolution was "hypocritical".
Mathu Joyini, South Africa's U.N. representative, invoked South Africa's painful experience with apartheid and said that countries need to take action "in accordance with international law" and called the resolution "an opportunity...to illustrate that the [U.N]...is not tone-deaf to the suffering of the most vulnerable." Munir Akram, the Pakistani permanent representative to the U.N., denounced the amendments proposed by the U.S. and Austria as "condemn[ing] only one side but exonerate the other" and arguing that blame "has to be placed on both parties, especially on Israel," and noted that if Hamas was named, but not Israel, it "provide[s] a justification to the Israeli war machine to continue its roulette wheel of death." Linda Thomas-Greenfield, the U.S. Ambassador to the UN, stated that the U.S. saw the humanitarian situation in Gaza as "dire" and that "civilians must be protected with international humanitarian law," she urged nations to support an amendment condemning Hamas, and said that a "ceasefire...would be temporary at best, and dangerous at worst...to Israelis...and...Palestinians." Izzat Al-Rishq, member of the Hamas Political Bureau welcomed the resolution and condemned what he described as a "war of genocide and ethnic cleansing" against Palestinians.
Abdulaziz Alwasil, the Saudi ambassador to the U.N., supported the resolution, saying Saudi Arabia was voting in favor to end "the suffering caused by an inhumane military attack by the Israeli occupation forces," called for an immediate ceasefire to end the conflict, and the need for "a comprehensive and just solution for the Palestinian question" aligned with the Arab Peace Initiative, the two-state solution, and establishment of "a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital." The Chinese Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Zhang Jun stated that the events in Gaza "is a tragedy, and we must do more." In a press release on December 12, Council on American-Islamic Relations National Executive Director Nihad Awad expressed support for the resolution and called on the U.S. government to "change course" and for countries across the world to "pressure the Israeli government to end its campaign of terror in Gaza." In a statement to reporters supporting Canada's vote in favor of the resolution, Foreign Affairs Minister Mélanie Joly said "from the very beginning we have said that Israel has the right to defend itself. How Israel defends itself matters...What is unfolding before our eyes will only enhance the cycle of violence. This will not lead to the durable defeat of Hamas." The Canadian Ambassador to the U.N., Bob Rae told CBC that the "status quo" of the fighting is not sustainable "from a humanitarian perspective" while Liberal Party parliament members Anthony Housefather and Marco Mendicino disagreed with Canada's U.N. vote. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22 is a resolution of the tenth emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly calling for an immediate ceasefire in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, \"immediate and unconditional\" hostage release, \"ensuring humanitarian access\" and that \"all parties comply with their obligations under international law\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On 27 October 2023, the General Assembly passed resolution ES-10/21 calling for a humanitarian truce with a 121 votes for, 14 against and 44 abstentions.",
"title": "Procedures and background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "ES-10/22 followed a similar motion calling for an immediate ceasefire and release of hostages in the U.N. Security Council (UNSC) proposed by the U.A.E. The resolution received 13 votes for and 1 abstention with the USA vetoing it.",
"title": "Procedures and background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The resolution proposed by Egypt received an amendment by Austria, which inserted the phrase \"held by Hamas and other groups,\" in relation to the hostages held by Hamas and other groups in Gaza, and inserting the word “immediate\" when referring to ensuring that humanitarian access be maintained, which did not gain the two-thirds majority required, with 89 votes for, 61 against and 21 abstentions, so was not adopted. An amendment from the United States of America, calling for wording rejecting and condemning \"heinous terrorist attacks by Hamas that took place in Israel starting 7 October 2023 and the taking of hostages\" in resolution's first paragraph, garnered 84 votes for, 62 against and 25 abstentions so did not reach the two-thirds threshold to be carried.",
"title": "Procedures and background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "This is mocked voting on ES-10/21 on December 8, 2023, during the 2023 Israel-Hamas War into the ceasefire and humanitarian obligations",
"title": "Voting record"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "[A] Voting on 89 favour, 61 against, 20 abstained and 23 absent",
"title": "Draft amendment"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "[B] Voting on 84 favour, 62 against, 25 abstained and 22 absent",
"title": "Draft amendment"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "On December 13, Australian Foreign Minister Penny Wong said that Australia supported the resolution out of concern for civilians in Gaza Strip, adding that \"Australia has consistently affirmed Israel's right to defend itself...in doing so, we have said as Israel must respect international humanitarian law, civilians and civilian infrastructure, including hospitals.\" Reuters described this as it as \"a rare split with...the United States\" and noted that Canada, Australia and New Zealand released a joint statement on December 12 supporting the ceasefire. Riyad Mansour, the Palestinian Ambassador to the United Nations, described the vote as \"historic\" and said the resolution demands an end to the conflict, and said \"we will not rest until we see compliance of Israel with this demand.\" The Israeli Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Gilad Erdan argued that the resolution was \"disgraceful\" attempt to restrain Israel, and claimed that \"continuing Israel’s operation in Gaza is the only way any hostages will be released.\" He also claimed that supporting the resolution gave terrorists \"a free pass,\" declared that \"a ceasefire will prolong the death and destruction in the region\" and said the resolution was \"hypocritical\".",
"title": "Response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Mathu Joyini, South Africa's U.N. representative, invoked South Africa's painful experience with apartheid and said that countries need to take action \"in accordance with international law\" and called the resolution \"an opportunity...to illustrate that the [U.N]...is not tone-deaf to the suffering of the most vulnerable.\" Munir Akram, the Pakistani permanent representative to the U.N., denounced the amendments proposed by the U.S. and Austria as \"condemn[ing] only one side but exonerate the other\" and arguing that blame \"has to be placed on both parties, especially on Israel,\" and noted that if Hamas was named, but not Israel, it \"provide[s] a justification to the Israeli war machine to continue its roulette wheel of death.\" Linda Thomas-Greenfield, the U.S. Ambassador to the UN, stated that the U.S. saw the humanitarian situation in Gaza as \"dire\" and that \"civilians must be protected with international humanitarian law,\" she urged nations to support an amendment condemning Hamas, and said that a \"ceasefire...would be temporary at best, and dangerous at worst...to Israelis...and...Palestinians.\" Izzat Al-Rishq, member of the Hamas Political Bureau welcomed the resolution and condemned what he described as a \"war of genocide and ethnic cleansing\" against Palestinians.",
"title": "Response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Abdulaziz Alwasil, the Saudi ambassador to the U.N., supported the resolution, saying Saudi Arabia was voting in favor to end \"the suffering caused by an inhumane military attack by the Israeli occupation forces,\" called for an immediate ceasefire to end the conflict, and the need for \"a comprehensive and just solution for the Palestinian question\" aligned with the Arab Peace Initiative, the two-state solution, and establishment of \"a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital.\" The Chinese Permanent Representative to the United Nations, Zhang Jun stated that the events in Gaza \"is a tragedy, and we must do more.\" In a press release on December 12, Council on American-Islamic Relations National Executive Director Nihad Awad expressed support for the resolution and called on the U.S. government to \"change course\" and for countries across the world to \"pressure the Israeli government to end its campaign of terror in Gaza.\" In a statement to reporters supporting Canada's vote in favor of the resolution, Foreign Affairs Minister Mélanie Joly said \"from the very beginning we have said that Israel has the right to defend itself. How Israel defends itself matters...What is unfolding before our eyes will only enhance the cycle of violence. This will not lead to the durable defeat of Hamas.\" The Canadian Ambassador to the U.N., Bob Rae told CBC that the \"status quo\" of the fighting is not sustainable \"from a humanitarian perspective\" while Liberal Party parliament members Anthony Housefather and Marco Mendicino disagreed with Canada's U.N. vote.",
"title": "Response"
}
] | United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-10/22 is a resolution of the tenth emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly calling for an immediate ceasefire in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, "immediate and unconditional" hostage release, "ensuring humanitarian access" and that "all parties comply with their obligations under international law". | 2023-12-13T17:35:14Z | 2023-12-30T02:45:45Z | [
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75,555,476 | Toghan-Shah (son of Alp Arslan) | Shams al-Dawla Toghan Shah ibn Alp Arslan, nicknamed Abu al-Fawaris, was one of the Seljuk rulers of Khorasan. He ruled for a period (1083-1092) and took Herat as his headquarter.
He came from the Seljuk dynasty. He was the son of Sultan Alp Arslan. At birth his name was Oghuz Toghan Shah, little is known about him, and there is no information that he led any military campaigns. However, he received some achievements and honorary titles as "Shams al-Dawla". In 1083, after the death of his brother Arslan Shah, he was appointed king of Great Khorasan. The city of Herat was chosen as its headquarters. In 1084, he clashed with another brother Tekish (Emir of Balkh and Tokharistan). Perhaps he did not have enough ability to resist his brother, so he lost Eastern Khorasan. This led to the intervention of Malik Shah, who defeated Tekish. Malik Shah captured him and then blinded him.
Later, Toghan Shah ruled peacefully in Khorasan. He was an ally of scholars and poets. In 1092, after Malik Shah's death, he was probably overthrown by his other brother Arslan Arghun. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Shams al-Dawla Toghan Shah ibn Alp Arslan, nicknamed Abu al-Fawaris, was one of the Seljuk rulers of Khorasan. He ruled for a period (1083-1092) and took Herat as his headquarter.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He came from the Seljuk dynasty. He was the son of Sultan Alp Arslan. At birth his name was Oghuz Toghan Shah, little is known about him, and there is no information that he led any military campaigns. However, he received some achievements and honorary titles as \"Shams al-Dawla\". In 1083, after the death of his brother Arslan Shah, he was appointed king of Great Khorasan. The city of Herat was chosen as its headquarters. In 1084, he clashed with another brother Tekish (Emir of Balkh and Tokharistan). Perhaps he did not have enough ability to resist his brother, so he lost Eastern Khorasan. This led to the intervention of Malik Shah, who defeated Tekish. Malik Shah captured him and then blinded him.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Later, Toghan Shah ruled peacefully in Khorasan. He was an ally of scholars and poets. In 1092, after Malik Shah's death, he was probably overthrown by his other brother Arslan Arghun.",
"title": "Life"
}
] | Shams al-Dawla Toghan Shah ibn Alp Arslan, nicknamed Abu al-Fawaris, was one of the Seljuk rulers of Khorasan. He ruled for a period (1083-1092) and took Herat as his headquarter. | 2023-12-13T17:38:18Z | 2023-12-13T18:02:49Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toghan-Shah_(son_of_Alp_Arslan) |
75,555,679 | Danyah Miller | Danyah Miller is an English storyteller, writer, story trainer and theatre producer.
Danyah Miller trained in drama, dance and English at Bretton Hall College from 1983-86 and L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq from 2002-03. Her first job was as a front of house usher at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
Miller was the first female front of house manager for Stoll Moss Theatres in 1986, Marketing Manager at the Soho Poly Theatre, General Manager at the Shaftesbury Theatre, and Chief Executive of the Everyman Theatre, Cheltenham. She was included in Debrett's People of Today from 1989 for her contribution to British society.
Miller founded theatre production company Wizard Presents in 1999 with her husband John Miller. They produced musicals including All You Need is Love featuring over 50 Lennon & McCartney songs, and Soul Sister, which opened at the Hackney Empire for a limited run before transferring to the Savoy Theatre in August 2012. The musical was nominated for 2013 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical. The production also toured the UK in 2013.
The musical production of Pippi Longstocking played a limited season at Royal and Derngate Northampton in December 2019
Miller was a regular storyteller on BBC Three Counties Radio for three years and a course leader at The School of Storytelling in East Sussex. Her storytelling tips were published by The Guardian in 2014.
In 2013 Miller adapted and performed I Believe in Unicorns by Michael Morpurgo for the stage with director Dani Parr, produced by Wizard Presents. The production debuted at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, The Pleasance Courtyard in 2013. It toured the UK and transferred to the Vaudeville Theatre in the West End for limited runs in 2014and 2015. In 2023 the production played the Lyric Theatre for a gala performance in aid of The Reading Agency and the Apollo Theatre for a limited run. Reviews for the show were positive. Victoria Segal in her review for The Sunday Times wrote "keeping small children in their seats takes magic and wonder, qualities that 'I Believe in Unicorns' has in abundance."Neil Norman for The Daily Express commented that "Miller delivers a one-woman show that is pure storytelling, pure theatre and pure magic." I Believe in Unicorns won the Argus Angel Award for Artistic excellence at the Brighton Festival 2014 and the Audience Choice Award for Best Family Welcome at the Get Creative Family Arts Festival 2015 awards.
Miller also adapted and performed Why the Whales Came by Michael Morpurgo, which toured the UK and played a limited season at Ovalhouse in London in 2016. She wrote and performed Perfectly Imperfect Women which opened at Ovalhouse and ran at Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Pleasance Courtyard 2017.
Kika's Birthday by John and Danyah Miller opened at Orange Tree Theatre in December 2017. The production transferred to Little Angel Theatre and Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Pleasance Courtyard in 2018.
Miller adapted and narrated an audio version of The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett as part of The Secret Garden Experience in 2021 produced by Wizard Presents with Watford Palace Theatre and Oxford Playhouse.
Miller's first book Seven Secrets of Spontaneous Storytelling was published by Hawthorn Press in November 2023. Her stage script of Michael Morpurgo's I Believe in Unicorns, co-adapted with Dani Parr, was published by Oberon Books in 2015. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Danyah Miller is an English storyteller, writer, story trainer and theatre producer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Danyah Miller trained in drama, dance and English at Bretton Hall College from 1983-86 and L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq from 2002-03. Her first job was as a front of house usher at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Miller was the first female front of house manager for Stoll Moss Theatres in 1986, Marketing Manager at the Soho Poly Theatre, General Manager at the Shaftesbury Theatre, and Chief Executive of the Everyman Theatre, Cheltenham. She was included in Debrett's People of Today from 1989 for her contribution to British society.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Miller founded theatre production company Wizard Presents in 1999 with her husband John Miller. They produced musicals including All You Need is Love featuring over 50 Lennon & McCartney songs, and Soul Sister, which opened at the Hackney Empire for a limited run before transferring to the Savoy Theatre in August 2012. The musical was nominated for 2013 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical. The production also toured the UK in 2013.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The musical production of Pippi Longstocking played a limited season at Royal and Derngate Northampton in December 2019",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Miller was a regular storyteller on BBC Three Counties Radio for three years and a course leader at The School of Storytelling in East Sussex. Her storytelling tips were published by The Guardian in 2014.",
"title": "Storytelling"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2013 Miller adapted and performed I Believe in Unicorns by Michael Morpurgo for the stage with director Dani Parr, produced by Wizard Presents. The production debuted at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, The Pleasance Courtyard in 2013. It toured the UK and transferred to the Vaudeville Theatre in the West End for limited runs in 2014and 2015. In 2023 the production played the Lyric Theatre for a gala performance in aid of The Reading Agency and the Apollo Theatre for a limited run. Reviews for the show were positive. Victoria Segal in her review for The Sunday Times wrote \"keeping small children in their seats takes magic and wonder, qualities that 'I Believe in Unicorns' has in abundance.\"Neil Norman for The Daily Express commented that \"Miller delivers a one-woman show that is pure storytelling, pure theatre and pure magic.\" I Believe in Unicorns won the Argus Angel Award for Artistic excellence at the Brighton Festival 2014 and the Audience Choice Award for Best Family Welcome at the Get Creative Family Arts Festival 2015 awards.",
"title": "Storytelling"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Miller also adapted and performed Why the Whales Came by Michael Morpurgo, which toured the UK and played a limited season at Ovalhouse in London in 2016. She wrote and performed Perfectly Imperfect Women which opened at Ovalhouse and ran at Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Pleasance Courtyard 2017.",
"title": "Storytelling"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Kika's Birthday by John and Danyah Miller opened at Orange Tree Theatre in December 2017. The production transferred to Little Angel Theatre and Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Pleasance Courtyard in 2018.",
"title": "Storytelling"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Miller adapted and narrated an audio version of The Secret Garden by Frances Hodgson Burnett as part of The Secret Garden Experience in 2021 produced by Wizard Presents with Watford Palace Theatre and Oxford Playhouse.",
"title": "Storytelling"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Miller's first book Seven Secrets of Spontaneous Storytelling was published by Hawthorn Press in November 2023. Her stage script of Michael Morpurgo's I Believe in Unicorns, co-adapted with Dani Parr, was published by Oberon Books in 2015.",
"title": "Writing"
}
] | Danyah Miller is an English storyteller, writer, story trainer and theatre producer. | 2023-12-13T17:44:00Z | 2023-12-29T08:16:18Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danyah_Miller |
75,555,777 | 2023–24 FK Čukarički season | The 2023–24 season is FK Čukarički's 98th season in existence and 11th consecutive in the Serbian top division Serbian SuperLiga. They are also competing in the Serbian Cup.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Win Draw Loss Fixtures
Last updated: December 2023 Source: [ Soccerway]
Last updated: December 2023. Source: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 season is FK Čukarički's 98th season in existence and 11th consecutive in the Serbian top division Serbian SuperLiga. They are also competing in the Serbian Cup.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.",
"title": "Players"
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{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.",
"title": "Players"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Win Draw Loss Fixtures",
"title": "Pre-season and friendlies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Last updated: December 2023 Source: [ Soccerway]",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "Competitions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Last updated: December 2023. Source:",
"title": "Competitions"
}
] | The 2023–24 season is FK Čukarički's 98th season in existence and 11th consecutive in the Serbian top division Serbian SuperLiga. They are also competing in the Serbian Cup. | 2023-12-13T17:46:28Z | 2023-12-14T10:11:47Z | [
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75,555,838 | 1986 Valleydale 500 | The 1986 Valleydale 500 was the fifth stock car race of the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 26th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, April 6, 1986, before an audience of 34,200 in Bristol, Tennessee, at Bristol International Raceway, a 0.533 miles (0.858 km) permanent oval-shaped racetrack.
By race's end, Blue Max Racing's Rusty Wallace managed to dominate the late stages of the race, leading the final 101 laps to take his first career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Bud Moore Engineering's Darrell Waltrip and Junior Johnson & Associates' Darrell Waltrip finished second and third, respectively.
The Bristol Motor Speedway, formerly known as Bristol International Raceway and Bristol Raceway, is a NASCAR short track venue located in Bristol, Tennessee. Constructed in 1960, it held its first NASCAR race on July 30, 1961. Despite its short length, Bristol is among the most popular tracks on the NASCAR schedule because of its distinct features, which include extraordinarily steep banking, an all concrete surface, two pit roads, and stadium-like seating. It has also been named one of the loudest NASCAR tracks.
Qualifying was split into two rounds. The first round was held on Friday, April 4, at 4:00 pm EST. Each driver would have one lap to set a time. During the first round, the top 15 drivers in the round would be guaranteed a starting spot in the race. If a driver was not able to guarantee a spot in the first round, they had the option to scrub their time from the first round and try and run a faster lap time in a second round qualifying run, held on Saturday, April 5, at 12:30 pm EST. As with the first round, each driver would have one lap to set a time. For this specific race, positions 16-30 would be decided on time, and depending on who needed it, a select amount of positions were given to cars who had not otherwise qualified but were high enough in owner's points; up to two were given.
Geoff Bodine, driving for Hendrick Motorsports, won the pole, setting a time of 16.707 and an average speed of 114.850 miles per hour (184.833 km/h) in the first round.
Six drivers failed to qualify. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1986 Valleydale 500 was the fifth stock car race of the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 26th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, April 6, 1986, before an audience of 34,200 in Bristol, Tennessee, at Bristol International Raceway, a 0.533 miles (0.858 km) permanent oval-shaped racetrack.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "By race's end, Blue Max Racing's Rusty Wallace managed to dominate the late stages of the race, leading the final 101 laps to take his first career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Bud Moore Engineering's Darrell Waltrip and Junior Johnson & Associates' Darrell Waltrip finished second and third, respectively.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Bristol Motor Speedway, formerly known as Bristol International Raceway and Bristol Raceway, is a NASCAR short track venue located in Bristol, Tennessee. Constructed in 1960, it held its first NASCAR race on July 30, 1961. Despite its short length, Bristol is among the most popular tracks on the NASCAR schedule because of its distinct features, which include extraordinarily steep banking, an all concrete surface, two pit roads, and stadium-like seating. It has also been named one of the loudest NASCAR tracks.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Qualifying was split into two rounds. The first round was held on Friday, April 4, at 4:00 pm EST. Each driver would have one lap to set a time. During the first round, the top 15 drivers in the round would be guaranteed a starting spot in the race. If a driver was not able to guarantee a spot in the first round, they had the option to scrub their time from the first round and try and run a faster lap time in a second round qualifying run, held on Saturday, April 5, at 12:30 pm EST. As with the first round, each driver would have one lap to set a time. For this specific race, positions 16-30 would be decided on time, and depending on who needed it, a select amount of positions were given to cars who had not otherwise qualified but were high enough in owner's points; up to two were given.",
"title": "Qualifying"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Geoff Bodine, driving for Hendrick Motorsports, won the pole, setting a time of 16.707 and an average speed of 114.850 miles per hour (184.833 km/h) in the first round.",
"title": "Qualifying"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Six drivers failed to qualify.",
"title": "Qualifying"
}
] | The 1986 Valleydale 500 was the fifth stock car race of the 1986 NASCAR Winston Cup Series and the 26th iteration of the event. The race was held on Sunday, April 6, 1986, before an audience of 34,200 in Bristol, Tennessee, at Bristol International Raceway, a 0.533 miles (0.858 km) permanent oval-shaped racetrack. By race's end, Blue Max Racing's Rusty Wallace managed to dominate the late stages of the race, leading the final 101 laps to take his first career NASCAR Winston Cup Series victory and his first victory of the season. To fill out the top three, Bud Moore Engineering's Darrell Waltrip and Junior Johnson & Associates' Darrell Waltrip finished second and third, respectively. | 2023-12-13T17:48:17Z | 2023-12-26T16:17:00Z | [
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75,555,907 | Hi Nanna (soundtrack) | Hi Nanna is the soundtrack to the 2023 film of the same name directed by debutant Shouryuv, and stars Nani and Mrunal Thakur. The film is scored by Hesham Abdul Wahab and the soundtrack features 10 songs with lyrics written by Anantha Sriram and Krishna Kanth. The soundtrack was released by T-Series on 18 December 2023. It is notably the first India film to re-record the background music through artificial intelligence.
Hi Nanna is Wahab's second Telugu film after Kushi (2023). He described it as an "imperative" process scoring the film which reflects the tranquility of the visuals and production design and has composed music for the background at situations where the story demands it. The music had been recorded at his home studio in Kochi and other recording studios in Hyderabad, Chennai and Mumbai.
Wahab arranged the entire compositions through a single word, when it comes to non-Malayalam films. He asked the lyricist Krishna Kanth for finding the colloquial words used to address loved ones in the domestic native language, and after he came with the word "Ammadi" he composed the entire song. He went with both traditional and non-traditional ways of composing, with for few songs including "Gaaju Bomma" were composed in a pallavi—charanam format.
Upon the song "Samayama" released, it was compared with Wahab's own Malayalam song "Darshana" from Hridayam (2022) to which he claimed that only the first note of the song was similar to that, but he did not rehash the tunes as he was very particular on giving something fresh to audience. The track "Odiyamma" was conceptualized with the intention to subdue the emotional tonality. It was sung by actor Dhruv Vikram in his Telugu debut, who agreed to Shouryuv's suggestion on him crooning vocals for that song and went to Hyderabad in person to record it which he did in 2–3 days.
Wahab incorporated artificial intelligence for re-recording the film's score, thereby becoming the first in India to do so.
Hi Nanna's soundtrack preceded with the first single "Samayama" sung by Anurag Kulkarni and Sithara Krishnakumar, being released on 8 September 2023. The second single "Gaaju Bomma", performed by Wahab, was released on 6 October. The third song "Ammadi", which was sung by Shakthisree Gopalan and Kaala Bhairava, was released on 28 October 2023. The fourth song "Odiyamma" was released on 30 November, it was sung by Dhruv, with Shruti Haasan (who also made a cameo appearance) and Chinmayi Sripaada. It was preceded with a launch event at Vardhaman College of Engineering in the presence of Nani and Wahab. The fifth and final single from the album "Idhe Idhe" was released on 6 December. The full album consisting of 10 songs were released on 18 December.
All lyrics are written by Kaviraj
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu wrote "Music composer Hesham Abdul Wahab is a big asset to the film. The songs are hummable and pleasant, but the background score takes the cake. When the strains of 'Idhe idhe tholisaarila…' play at different points, it is impossible not to be moved. He also uses the calming notes of the waves and silences where essential." Raghu Bandi of The Indian Express wrote "Hesham’s music, reminiscent of Kushi tracks, helps the movie immensely." Critic based at123Telugu wrote "Hesham Abdul Wahab’s songs and background score are wonderful. The only downside is the Odiyamma song, which wasn’t absolutely necessary."
Neeshita Nyayapati of Hindustan Times wrote "The songs might not stay with you, in the sense that you want to listen to them over and over again, but they fit in well with the narrative and sometimes, even add to the scenes." Ram Venkat Srikar of Film Companion described it as a "soothing and evocative soundtrack". Janani K. of India Today felt that Wahab shoulders the film, saying "the songs and the background score elevated the film to a greater extent". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hi Nanna is the soundtrack to the 2023 film of the same name directed by debutant Shouryuv, and stars Nani and Mrunal Thakur. The film is scored by Hesham Abdul Wahab and the soundtrack features 10 songs with lyrics written by Anantha Sriram and Krishna Kanth. The soundtrack was released by T-Series on 18 December 2023. It is notably the first India film to re-record the background music through artificial intelligence.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Hi Nanna is Wahab's second Telugu film after Kushi (2023). He described it as an \"imperative\" process scoring the film which reflects the tranquility of the visuals and production design and has composed music for the background at situations where the story demands it. The music had been recorded at his home studio in Kochi and other recording studios in Hyderabad, Chennai and Mumbai.",
"title": "Development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Wahab arranged the entire compositions through a single word, when it comes to non-Malayalam films. He asked the lyricist Krishna Kanth for finding the colloquial words used to address loved ones in the domestic native language, and after he came with the word \"Ammadi\" he composed the entire song. He went with both traditional and non-traditional ways of composing, with for few songs including \"Gaaju Bomma\" were composed in a pallavi—charanam format.",
"title": "Development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Upon the song \"Samayama\" released, it was compared with Wahab's own Malayalam song \"Darshana\" from Hridayam (2022) to which he claimed that only the first note of the song was similar to that, but he did not rehash the tunes as he was very particular on giving something fresh to audience. The track \"Odiyamma\" was conceptualized with the intention to subdue the emotional tonality. It was sung by actor Dhruv Vikram in his Telugu debut, who agreed to Shouryuv's suggestion on him crooning vocals for that song and went to Hyderabad in person to record it which he did in 2–3 days.",
"title": "Development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Wahab incorporated artificial intelligence for re-recording the film's score, thereby becoming the first in India to do so.",
"title": "Development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Hi Nanna's soundtrack preceded with the first single \"Samayama\" sung by Anurag Kulkarni and Sithara Krishnakumar, being released on 8 September 2023. The second single \"Gaaju Bomma\", performed by Wahab, was released on 6 October. The third song \"Ammadi\", which was sung by Shakthisree Gopalan and Kaala Bhairava, was released on 28 October 2023. The fourth song \"Odiyamma\" was released on 30 November, it was sung by Dhruv, with Shruti Haasan (who also made a cameo appearance) and Chinmayi Sripaada. It was preceded with a launch event at Vardhaman College of Engineering in the presence of Nani and Wahab. The fifth and final single from the album \"Idhe Idhe\" was released on 6 December. The full album consisting of 10 songs were released on 18 December.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "All lyrics are written by Kaviraj",
"title": "Track listing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of The Hindu wrote \"Music composer Hesham Abdul Wahab is a big asset to the film. The songs are hummable and pleasant, but the background score takes the cake. When the strains of 'Idhe idhe tholisaarila…' play at different points, it is impossible not to be moved. He also uses the calming notes of the waves and silences where essential.\" Raghu Bandi of The Indian Express wrote \"Hesham’s music, reminiscent of Kushi tracks, helps the movie immensely.\" Critic based at123Telugu wrote \"Hesham Abdul Wahab’s songs and background score are wonderful. The only downside is the Odiyamma song, which wasn’t absolutely necessary.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Neeshita Nyayapati of Hindustan Times wrote \"The songs might not stay with you, in the sense that you want to listen to them over and over again, but they fit in well with the narrative and sometimes, even add to the scenes.\" Ram Venkat Srikar of Film Companion described it as a \"soothing and evocative soundtrack\". Janani K. of India Today felt that Wahab shoulders the film, saying \"the songs and the background score elevated the film to a greater extent\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Hi Nanna is the soundtrack to the 2023 film of the same name directed by debutant Shouryuv, and stars Nani and Mrunal Thakur. The film is scored by Hesham Abdul Wahab and the soundtrack features 10 songs with lyrics written by Anantha Sriram and Krishna Kanth. The soundtrack was released by T-Series on 18 December 2023. It is notably the first India film to re-record the background music through artificial intelligence. | 2023-12-13T17:51:02Z | 2023-12-29T06:06:40Z | [
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75,555,911 | Emelie C. S. Chilton | Emelie C. S. Chilton (1838-1864) was an American poet and magazine editor.
Emelie C. Swan was born at Lost Mound, Illinois, April 25, 1838. When she was but five years of age, her mother died, and she was left to the sole care of her father, with whom she lived at Galena, Illinois during the first years of her school life. Subsequently, she entered Rock River Seminary (later named, Mount Morris College, located at Mount Morris, Illinois, where she completed a regular course of study. Soon after finishing her education, she visited her relatives in Nashville, Tennessee, and there made the acquaintance and afterward married James A. Chilton.
Chilton gave early indications of poetic talent. One of her best poems was written when she was a child, attending the grammar school at Galena. Since she became a resident of Nashville, she has been a regular contributor to several of the journals and periodicals of that city and elsewhere. In May, 1859, she assumed the editorial control of the Southern Temperance Monthly, which her talent and industry have rendered a popular and elegant journal. Since her connection with that periodical, most of her productions have appeared in its columns. | [
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"text": "Emelie C. S. Chilton (1838-1864) was an American poet and magazine editor.",
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"text": "Emelie C. Swan was born at Lost Mound, Illinois, April 25, 1838. When she was but five years of age, her mother died, and she was left to the sole care of her father, with whom she lived at Galena, Illinois during the first years of her school life. Subsequently, she entered Rock River Seminary (later named, Mount Morris College, located at Mount Morris, Illinois, where she completed a regular course of study. Soon after finishing her education, she visited her relatives in Nashville, Tennessee, and there made the acquaintance and afterward married James A. Chilton.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Chilton gave early indications of poetic talent. One of her best poems was written when she was a child, attending the grammar school at Galena. Since she became a resident of Nashville, she has been a regular contributor to several of the journals and periodicals of that city and elsewhere. In May, 1859, she assumed the editorial control of the Southern Temperance Monthly, which her talent and industry have rendered a popular and elegant journal. Since her connection with that periodical, most of her productions have appeared in its columns.",
"title": ""
}
] | Emelie C. S. Chilton (1838-1864) was an American poet and magazine editor. Emelie C. Swan was born at Lost Mound, Illinois, April 25, 1838. When she was but five years of age, her mother died, and she was left to the sole care of her father, with whom she lived at Galena, Illinois during the first years of her school life. Subsequently, she entered Rock River Seminary (later named, Mount Morris College, located at Mount Morris, Illinois, where she completed a regular course of study. Soon after finishing her education, she visited her relatives in Nashville, Tennessee, and there made the acquaintance and afterward married James A. Chilton. Chilton gave early indications of poetic talent. One of her best poems was written when she was a child, attending the grammar school at Galena. Since she became a resident of Nashville, she has been a regular contributor to several of the journals and periodicals of that city and elsewhere. In May, 1859, she assumed the editorial control of the Southern Temperance Monthly, which her talent and industry have rendered a popular and elegant journal. Since her connection with that periodical, most of her productions have appeared in its columns. | 2023-12-13T17:51:26Z | 2023-12-13T18:28:43Z | [
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75,555,953 | The Yellow Bird (short story) | "The Yellow Bird" is an American short story by Tennessee Williams which first appeared in the magazine Town and Country in 1947 and was first collected in One Arm and Other Stories (1948), published by New Directions.
The themes and characters in the story provided a selected basis for Williams's plays Summer and Smoke (1948) and Eccentricities of a Nightingale (1966).
The story is told from a third-person omniscient perspective. The focal character is Alma Tutweiler, the daughter of a minister and wife. They live in Arkansas during the 1930s.
Alma's family heritage is mixed: one side the family descends from the stern Puritans of colonial Salem, Massachusetts, the other side tending toward the licentious Anglican Cavaliers. During the Salem witch trials, Alma's direct ancestor, the Reverend Tutweiler, condemned his own wife, Goody Tutweiler, to death after she was accused of communicating with the devil via a yellow bird name "Bobo."
Shortly before her 30th birthday, Alma begins to rebel against her fire and brimstone father. She takes up what the minister considers disgusting and sinful behavior: cigarette smoking, commandeering the family automobile, staying out late with young men. She peroxides her hair. Alma and her father come to blows, and Alma departs her home without regrets for New Orleans, Louisiana. She settles in the French Quarter and resides in a garret on Bourbon Street. Alma takes to prostitution as a vocation without remorse, embracing her cavalier and anti-authoritarian heritage.
When Alma's parents send a young married woman to determine her financial circumstances, the following exchange occurs:
"How do you live?" asked the woman."What?" said Alma, innocently."I mean how do you get along?""Oh," said Alma, "people give me things.""You mean you accept gifts from them?""Yes, on a give-and-take basis," Alma told her.
In time, Alma discovers she is pregnant. She names her son John, after her favorite male client.
The infant begins to display magical powers, toddling out-of-doors and returning to his mother holding precious gems and gold. Alma grows rich. When John reaches manhood the largess ceases and he disappears, but a deep bond between mother and son persists.
Now an aged crone, Alma is visited by the father of her son in an apparition in which he appears as the sea god Neptune, laden with a cornucopia filled with the treasures from a sunken Spanish galleon. He and Alma depart together to his ocean realm. The abandoned fortune is bestowed upon "The Home for the Reckless Spenders."
When the son returns home, he erects a monument to his mother and father. Three figures, one bearing a crucifix, another a cornucopia, and one a Grecian lyre, are mounted together on a leaping dolphin, with the name Bobo inscribed on the mammal's side.
Acknowledging its "comic overtones", literary critic Dennis Vannatta regards the piece as merely "the prototype for Williams’s great play Summer and Smoke." The story is "interesting to an extent, but [not] fully enough realized to contribute measurably to Williams's reputation as a short story writer" and concludes the story is "rambling and shallow..."
Critic William H. Peden comments on Williams's inept handling of the comic elements: "The humor in the story 'The Yellow Bird' is more often than not elephantine, the irony ponderous. The narrative method is similarly heavy-handed … which to most contemporary readers are likely to be as objectionable as those of Andrew Trollope." Peden adds that aside from these defects, this allegory serves as "a searing indictment of the cruelty and injustice of the world as the author sees it. Even at their least successful, they have about them the same curious pathos that characterizes Williams' fiction in general."
Critic Signi Falk also emphasizes the "comic narrative" and the protagonist's cheerful abandonment of her Puritan antecedents, in a tale that ends in fantasy. | [
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"text": "\"The Yellow Bird\" is an American short story by Tennessee Williams which first appeared in the magazine Town and Country in 1947 and was first collected in One Arm and Other Stories (1948), published by New Directions.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The themes and characters in the story provided a selected basis for Williams's plays Summer and Smoke (1948) and Eccentricities of a Nightingale (1966).",
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"text": "The story is told from a third-person omniscient perspective. The focal character is Alma Tutweiler, the daughter of a minister and wife. They live in Arkansas during the 1930s.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Alma's family heritage is mixed: one side the family descends from the stern Puritans of colonial Salem, Massachusetts, the other side tending toward the licentious Anglican Cavaliers. During the Salem witch trials, Alma's direct ancestor, the Reverend Tutweiler, condemned his own wife, Goody Tutweiler, to death after she was accused of communicating with the devil via a yellow bird name \"Bobo.\"",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Shortly before her 30th birthday, Alma begins to rebel against her fire and brimstone father. She takes up what the minister considers disgusting and sinful behavior: cigarette smoking, commandeering the family automobile, staying out late with young men. She peroxides her hair. Alma and her father come to blows, and Alma departs her home without regrets for New Orleans, Louisiana. She settles in the French Quarter and resides in a garret on Bourbon Street. Alma takes to prostitution as a vocation without remorse, embracing her cavalier and anti-authoritarian heritage.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "When Alma's parents send a young married woman to determine her financial circumstances, the following exchange occurs:",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "\"How do you live?\" asked the woman.\"What?\" said Alma, innocently.\"I mean how do you get along?\"\"Oh,\" said Alma, \"people give me things.\"\"You mean you accept gifts from them?\"\"Yes, on a give-and-take basis,\" Alma told her.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In time, Alma discovers she is pregnant. She names her son John, after her favorite male client.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The infant begins to display magical powers, toddling out-of-doors and returning to his mother holding precious gems and gold. Alma grows rich. When John reaches manhood the largess ceases and he disappears, but a deep bond between mother and son persists.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Now an aged crone, Alma is visited by the father of her son in an apparition in which he appears as the sea god Neptune, laden with a cornucopia filled with the treasures from a sunken Spanish galleon. He and Alma depart together to his ocean realm. The abandoned fortune is bestowed upon \"The Home for the Reckless Spenders.\"",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "When the son returns home, he erects a monument to his mother and father. Three figures, one bearing a crucifix, another a cornucopia, and one a Grecian lyre, are mounted together on a leaping dolphin, with the name Bobo inscribed on the mammal's side.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Acknowledging its \"comic overtones\", literary critic Dennis Vannatta regards the piece as merely \"the prototype for Williams’s great play Summer and Smoke.\" The story is \"interesting to an extent, but [not] fully enough realized to contribute measurably to Williams's reputation as a short story writer\" and concludes the story is \"rambling and shallow...\"",
"title": "Critical appraisal"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Critic William H. Peden comments on Williams's inept handling of the comic elements: \"The humor in the story 'The Yellow Bird' is more often than not elephantine, the irony ponderous. The narrative method is similarly heavy-handed … which to most contemporary readers are likely to be as objectionable as those of Andrew Trollope.\" Peden adds that aside from these defects, this allegory serves as \"a searing indictment of the cruelty and injustice of the world as the author sees it. Even at their least successful, they have about them the same curious pathos that characterizes Williams' fiction in general.\"",
"title": "Critical appraisal"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Critic Signi Falk also emphasizes the \"comic narrative\" and the protagonist's cheerful abandonment of her Puritan antecedents, in a tale that ends in fantasy.",
"title": "Critical appraisal"
}
] | "The Yellow Bird" is an American short story by Tennessee Williams which first appeared in the magazine Town and Country in 1947 and was first collected in One Arm and Other Stories (1948), published by New Directions. The themes and characters in the story provided a selected basis for Williams's plays Summer and Smoke (1948) and Eccentricities of a Nightingale (1966). | 2023-12-13T17:54:44Z | 2023-12-15T14:16:48Z | [
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75,555,974 | Denton, Callahan County, Texas | Denton is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, only 6 people lived in the community in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area.
Before the mid-1860s, the Denton area was just open range. The majority of the land was owned by the state and railroad. The community was named for early settler G.W. Denton, who owned the largest private plot of land here and patented his acreage in 1854. A post office was established at Denton in 1916. It also had a blacksmith shop, a gristmill, and a cotton gin that same year. Denton declined in the 1920s, which other small communities around the area also experienced. The community had one business and 15 residents in 1933. The population grew to 25 in the mid-1940s. It had churches, one business, and a cemetery in the 1970s. It continued to be listed as a community in 1990. Only six people lived in the community in 2000.
On May 31, 1962, an F3 tornado struck Denton. It demolished four homes near Denton during the night. A man was critically injured when his light (1,600-pound (730 kg)) foreign car was hurled about 400 yards (370 m) off a highway and into a plowed, water-soaked field without touching the ground. Another man sustained severe head lacerations when the home he and five other people were in collapsed. Despite the destruction it caused, no monetary damage value was given for this tornado.
Denton is located on Texas State Highway 36, 12 mi (19 km) southwest of Baird in western Callahan County. It is also on Farm to Market Road 604.
In April 1899, Worth Williams and six other men petitioned for a school district in the community. Today, the community is served by the Clyde Consolidated Independent School District. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Denton is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, only 6 people lived in the community in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Before the mid-1860s, the Denton area was just open range. The majority of the land was owned by the state and railroad. The community was named for early settler G.W. Denton, who owned the largest private plot of land here and patented his acreage in 1854. A post office was established at Denton in 1916. It also had a blacksmith shop, a gristmill, and a cotton gin that same year. Denton declined in the 1920s, which other small communities around the area also experienced. The community had one business and 15 residents in 1933. The population grew to 25 in the mid-1940s. It had churches, one business, and a cemetery in the 1970s. It continued to be listed as a community in 1990. Only six people lived in the community in 2000.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On May 31, 1962, an F3 tornado struck Denton. It demolished four homes near Denton during the night. A man was critically injured when his light (1,600-pound (730 kg)) foreign car was hurled about 400 yards (370 m) off a highway and into a plowed, water-soaked field without touching the ground. Another man sustained severe head lacerations when the home he and five other people were in collapsed. Despite the destruction it caused, no monetary damage value was given for this tornado.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Denton is located on Texas State Highway 36, 12 mi (19 km) southwest of Baird in western Callahan County. It is also on Farm to Market Road 604.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In April 1899, Worth Williams and six other men petitioned for a school district in the community. Today, the community is served by the Clyde Consolidated Independent School District.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Denton is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, only 6 people lived in the community in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area. | 2023-12-13T17:57:02Z | 2023-12-13T17:59:57Z | [
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75,555,989 | Kerygmachelidae | Kerygmachelidae is a family of gilled lobopodians (stem-arthropods with flapping trunk appendages and radial mouths) from the Cambrian period. Currently three genera are included in the family: Kerygmachela from the lower Cambrian of Greenland, Utahnax from the middle Cambrian of Utah, and Mobulavermis from the lower-middle Cambrian of Nevada. These animals are characterized by well developed frontal appendages similar to other dinocaridids like the radiodonts, except the ones present in these genera are horizontal to one another, and do not curve downward. These animals were most likely nektonic predators, using their large trunk flaps to swim in the water column, and using their frontal appendages to grab small-sized prey. | [
{
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"text": "Kerygmachelidae is a family of gilled lobopodians (stem-arthropods with flapping trunk appendages and radial mouths) from the Cambrian period. Currently three genera are included in the family: Kerygmachela from the lower Cambrian of Greenland, Utahnax from the middle Cambrian of Utah, and Mobulavermis from the lower-middle Cambrian of Nevada. These animals are characterized by well developed frontal appendages similar to other dinocaridids like the radiodonts, except the ones present in these genera are horizontal to one another, and do not curve downward. These animals were most likely nektonic predators, using their large trunk flaps to swim in the water column, and using their frontal appendages to grab small-sized prey.",
"title": ""
}
] | Kerygmachelidae is a family of gilled lobopodians from the Cambrian period. Currently three genera are included in the family: Kerygmachela from the lower Cambrian of Greenland, Utahnax from the middle Cambrian of Utah, and Mobulavermis from the lower-middle Cambrian of Nevada. These animals are characterized by well developed frontal appendages similar to other dinocaridids like the radiodonts, except the ones present in these genera are horizontal to one another, and do not curve downward. These animals were most likely nektonic predators, using their large trunk flaps to swim in the water column, and using their frontal appendages to grab small-sized prey. | 2023-12-13T17:57:48Z | 2023-12-21T02:59:52Z | [
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75,556,004 | 2023–24 FK Novi Pazar season | The 2023–24 season is FK Novi Pazar's 96th season in existence and fifth consecutive in the Serbian top division Serbian SuperLiga. They are also competing in the Serbian Cup.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
Win Draw Loss Fixtures
Last updated: 22 December 2023 Source: Soccerway
Last updated: 22 December 2023. Source: Soccerway | [
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] | The 2023–24 season is FK Novi Pazar's 96th season in existence and fifth consecutive in the Serbian top division Serbian SuperLiga. They are also competing in the Serbian Cup. | 2023-12-13T17:59:22Z | 2023-12-29T22:28:38Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_FK_Novi_Pazar_season |
75,556,022 | Max Alleyne | Max Alleyne (born 21 July 2005) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Manchester City. He has represented England at youth level.
From Bristol, he made his debut for the Southampton U18 side during the 2020-2021 season whilst still 15 years-old. He left the Southampton academy to join Manchester City in 2021 for a £1.5 million fee. He signed his first professional contract with Man City in July 2022.
He was included in the Man City first team squad on 13 December 2023, being named as a match day substitute for the UEFA Champions League tie against Crvena Zvezda.
An England youth international, he is also eligible to play for Barbados.
Alleyne is a central defender.
He is the son of former England cricketer Mark Alleyne. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Max Alleyne (born 21 July 2005) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Manchester City. He has represented England at youth level.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "From Bristol, he made his debut for the Southampton U18 side during the 2020-2021 season whilst still 15 years-old. He left the Southampton academy to join Manchester City in 2021 for a £1.5 million fee. He signed his first professional contract with Man City in July 2022.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He was included in the Man City first team squad on 13 December 2023, being named as a match day substitute for the UEFA Champions League tie against Crvena Zvezda.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "An England youth international, he is also eligible to play for Barbados.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Alleyne is a central defender.",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He is the son of former England cricketer Mark Alleyne.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Max Alleyne is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Manchester City. He has represented England at youth level. | 2023-12-13T18:02:42Z | 2023-12-28T05:38:39Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Alleyne |
75,556,024 | St Beuno's Church | St Beuno's Church may refer to the following churches in Wales: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "St Beuno's Church may refer to the following churches in Wales:",
"title": ""
}
] | St Beuno's Church may refer to the following churches in Wales: St Beuno's Church, Aberffraw, Anglesey
St Beuno's Church, Berriew, Montgomeryshire, Powys
St Beuno's Church, Bettws Cedewain, Montgomeryshire, Powys
St Beuno's Church, Penmorfa, Gwynedd
St Beuno's Church, Trefdraeth, Anglesey
Church of St Beuno and St Mary, Whitford, Flintshire | 2023-12-13T18:02:57Z | 2023-12-13T18:02:57Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Beuno%27s_Church |
75,556,031 | W. A. Byrd | W. A. Byrd of Monticello, Florida represented Jefferson County, Florida in the Florida legislature.
Related to Flossie M. Byrd? | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "W. A. Byrd of Monticello, Florida represented Jefferson County, Florida in the Florida legislature.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Related to Flossie M. Byrd?",
"title": ""
}
] | W. A. Byrd of Monticello, Florida represented Jefferson County, Florida in the Florida legislature. Related to Flossie M. Byrd? | 2023-12-13T18:03:22Z | 2023-12-13T18:06:01Z | [
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._Byrd |
75,556,041 | As December Falls | As December Falls is a British heavy metal band from Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England.
They won the Heavy Metal Music Awards in 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "As December Falls is a British heavy metal band from Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "They won the Heavy Metal Music Awards in 2023.",
"title": ""
}
] | As December Falls is a British heavy metal band from Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, England. They won the Heavy Metal Music Awards in 2023. | 2023-12-13T18:06:08Z | 2023-12-29T00:58:36Z | [
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Infobox musical artist",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use British English"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_December_Falls |
75,556,047 | C19orf47 | Chromosome 19 open reading frame 47 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C19orf47 gene. Aliases include Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 47, FLJ36888, DKZp686P05129, and LOCI26526.
Homo sapiens C19orf47 is located in cytogenetic band 19q13.2. It covers 28.98 kilobases from 40,854,420 to 40,825,543 on the minus strand. The gene has 8 exons in the isoform 1 precursor, the last of which is the longest and comprises over half of the mRNA transcript.
Transcription of Homo sapiens C19orf47 produces 13 different mRNAs, with 12 alternatively spliced variants and 1 unspliced form. Isoforms and the proteins encoded by them are shown in the table below. Homo sapiens C19orf47 has broad expression in heart, testes, and other tissues.
Isoforms of C19orf47.
The C19orf47 gene isoform 1 precursor encodes for a 422 amino acid protein. The protein is located in the nucleoplasm and nucleus of the cell.
The following proteins have predicted interactions with C19orf47. Interacting proteins with C19orf47 in humans. Notes with important information are shown.
C19orf47 is found in organisms including mammals, reptiles, amphibian, fish, insects, and plant.
Current orthologs of human C19orf47. Sequence identity and similarity are shown.
One study discusses the identification of four novel mutations in the TUBB4A gene associated with laryngeal and cervical dystonia, a rare neurological disorder. These mutations were found in several affected families, and the study highlights the complexity of this genetic condition, with evidence of incomplete penetrance in some cases. Laryngeal dystonia, often the initial symptom, is a prominent feature of the disease. Of note, there was presence of a variant in the C19orf47 gene in one family. It was shown that the variant in the gene TUBB4A was more likely to be the source of the phenotype, as C19orf47 has low expression in the brain. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Chromosome 19 open reading frame 47 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C19orf47 gene. Aliases include Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 47, FLJ36888, DKZp686P05129, and LOCI26526.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Homo sapiens C19orf47 is located in cytogenetic band 19q13.2. It covers 28.98 kilobases from 40,854,420 to 40,825,543 on the minus strand. The gene has 8 exons in the isoform 1 precursor, the last of which is the longest and comprises over half of the mRNA transcript.",
"title": "Gene"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Transcription of Homo sapiens C19orf47 produces 13 different mRNAs, with 12 alternatively spliced variants and 1 unspliced form. Isoforms and the proteins encoded by them are shown in the table below. Homo sapiens C19orf47 has broad expression in heart, testes, and other tissues.",
"title": "mRNA"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Isoforms of C19orf47.",
"title": "mRNA"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The C19orf47 gene isoform 1 precursor encodes for a 422 amino acid protein. The protein is located in the nucleoplasm and nucleus of the cell.",
"title": "Protein"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The following proteins have predicted interactions with C19orf47. Interacting proteins with C19orf47 in humans. Notes with important information are shown.",
"title": "Protein"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "C19orf47 is found in organisms including mammals, reptiles, amphibian, fish, insects, and plant.",
"title": "Homology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Current orthologs of human C19orf47. Sequence identity and similarity are shown.",
"title": "Homology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "One study discusses the identification of four novel mutations in the TUBB4A gene associated with laryngeal and cervical dystonia, a rare neurological disorder. These mutations were found in several affected families, and the study highlights the complexity of this genetic condition, with evidence of incomplete penetrance in some cases. Laryngeal dystonia, often the initial symptom, is a prominent feature of the disease. Of note, there was presence of a variant in the C19orf47 gene in one family. It was shown that the variant in the gene TUBB4A was more likely to be the source of the phenotype, as C19orf47 has low expression in the brain.",
"title": "Clinical Significance"
}
] | Chromosome 19 open reading frame 47 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C19orf47 gene. Aliases include Chromosome 19 Open Reading Frame 47, FLJ36888, DKZp686P05129, and LOCI26526. | 2023-12-13T18:07:14Z | 2023-12-30T12:20:16Z | [
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C19orf47 |
75,556,090 | The Night of the Iguana (short story) | “The Night of the Iguana” is a short story by Tennessee Williams first appearing in the collection One Arm and Other Stories (1948) published by New Directions. Elements of the story provided the basis for Williams's play The Night of the Iguana (1961).
The play was in turn adapted to a film of the same name (1964) directed by John Huston.
The story is told from a third-person omniscient point-of-view.
Miss Edith Jelkes, a pretty and refined 30-year-old descends from the gentry of the Old South. Her character and motivations derive from a dichotomous heritage: one branch of the family consists of alcoholics and artists, prone to licentiousness; the other branch are socially conservative celibates. Each branch loathes the other. Her persona contains the potential for both, but she remains a spinster. Recently employed as an art instructor at a girl's school, Edith has resigned after suffering a nervous breakdown. She has embraced a peripatetic existence, living frugally on a monthly inheritance of $200.
While traveling in Mexico, Edith sojourns at the Costa Verde Hotel near Acapulco, Mexico. The only other visitors at the hotel are two young men, aged 25 and 30, both writers.
Seeking some sociable interaction, Edith discovers the gentlemen are utterly indifferent to her presence. She finds their behavior offensive, and decides to divine the nature of their close relationship. In frustration, she complains to the hotel manager that their transistor radios are disturbing her efforts at painting. Edith further objects to the men's scanty swimwear on the beach. She is met with derision by the staff. She does not admit to herself that the young men are in a sexual relationship.
A son of the hotel manager captures an iguana—a culinary delicacy in Mexico—and ties it on the string just outside Edith's hotel window. She is outraged by the cruelty to the animal and applies to the men for sympathy. Intoxicated on rum, they express veiled hostility to her intrusion. In an attempt to escape the proximity of the iguana—and to retaliate—Edith announces she is moving into a room directly next to the couple. Both men recognize this as a provocation.
Eavesdropping on the couple, she hears them laughably express contempt for her spying. Edith knocks on their door to confront them. The younger man walks outdoors in disgust, but the older man invites her in. After a brief exchange, he assaults her sexually, but Edith frees herself after a fierce struggle, but not before the man climaxes and discharges his semen on her exposed breast.
Returning to her previous room at the far end of the units, Edith discovers that the Iguana has freed itself or perhaps been released from its tether. Collapsing on the bed, she seeks sleep, but before losing consciousness she gently touches the residue of the semen where she discovers it “adhering to her belly as a light but persistent kiss.”
Biographer Dennis Vannatta judges “Night of the Iguana" as “not entirely successful” as short fiction, and lacking “the depth, breadth, and poetic power” of the 1961 play of the same name. He notes that Edith Jelkes, the protagonist of the story, “the first truly memorable female character in Williams’s short fiction” emerges as the “archetypal artist-fugitive” and consistent with the author's thematic concerns. Vannatta allows that “the ending is brilliant and thought-provoking, surely one of Williams’s best.”
Literary critic William H. Peden writes:
“One can feel sorry for Edith Jelkes, the sex-starved spinster… Like many of Williams’ genteel no-longer-young ladies with a penchant for disaster, Edith is victim of hereditary taints, and to that extent is only partially responsible for her actions.”
Edith’s escape from the attempted rape serves to free her from a prolonged social isolation, which critic Signi Falk terms “the strangling rope of loneliness.” Edith's emancipation occurs “just as the iguana is released.” And: “The themes of disease, homosexuality, loneliness, and frustration are spelled out against the earthy laughter of the local Mexicans; and the sexual act is orchestrated with some fancy rhetoric.”</ref>
Literary critic Dennis Vannatta also recognize the metaphorical significance of the iguana: “The iguana’s plight is an obvious (perhaps too obvious) metaphor for Edith’s own…in case there was ever any doubt, we see quite clearly that Edith and the iguana are metaphorically, one.”</ref> As the story approaches its climax—in which the older of the two male lovers attempts to rape Edith—the “religious and mythic imagery proliferate.” Edith returns to her room after the traumatic sexual encounter, and discovers that the Iguana has been freed from its tether; a symbolic parallel matching the discovery of herself as a sexual being. In her room, Edith touches the moist residue of semen on her belly:
Her fingers approached it timidly. They expected to draw back with revulsion but were not so affected. They touched it curiously and even pitifully, and did not draw back for a while. Ah life (italics), she thought to herself, and about to smile at the originality of this thought when darkness lapped over the outward gaze of her mind.
Vannatta observes that Edith's trauma, though “horrifying and humiliating” is nonetheless “also quite clearing enriching,” a valuable advance in self-awareness. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "“The Night of the Iguana” is a short story by Tennessee Williams first appearing in the collection One Arm and Other Stories (1948) published by New Directions. Elements of the story provided the basis for Williams's play The Night of the Iguana (1961).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The play was in turn adapted to a film of the same name (1964) directed by John Huston.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The story is told from a third-person omniscient point-of-view.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Miss Edith Jelkes, a pretty and refined 30-year-old descends from the gentry of the Old South. Her character and motivations derive from a dichotomous heritage: one branch of the family consists of alcoholics and artists, prone to licentiousness; the other branch are socially conservative celibates. Each branch loathes the other. Her persona contains the potential for both, but she remains a spinster. Recently employed as an art instructor at a girl's school, Edith has resigned after suffering a nervous breakdown. She has embraced a peripatetic existence, living frugally on a monthly inheritance of $200.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "While traveling in Mexico, Edith sojourns at the Costa Verde Hotel near Acapulco, Mexico. The only other visitors at the hotel are two young men, aged 25 and 30, both writers.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Seeking some sociable interaction, Edith discovers the gentlemen are utterly indifferent to her presence. She finds their behavior offensive, and decides to divine the nature of their close relationship. In frustration, she complains to the hotel manager that their transistor radios are disturbing her efforts at painting. Edith further objects to the men's scanty swimwear on the beach. She is met with derision by the staff. She does not admit to herself that the young men are in a sexual relationship.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "A son of the hotel manager captures an iguana—a culinary delicacy in Mexico—and ties it on the string just outside Edith's hotel window. She is outraged by the cruelty to the animal and applies to the men for sympathy. Intoxicated on rum, they express veiled hostility to her intrusion. In an attempt to escape the proximity of the iguana—and to retaliate—Edith announces she is moving into a room directly next to the couple. Both men recognize this as a provocation.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Eavesdropping on the couple, she hears them laughably express contempt for her spying. Edith knocks on their door to confront them. The younger man walks outdoors in disgust, but the older man invites her in. After a brief exchange, he assaults her sexually, but Edith frees herself after a fierce struggle, but not before the man climaxes and discharges his semen on her exposed breast.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Returning to her previous room at the far end of the units, Edith discovers that the Iguana has freed itself or perhaps been released from its tether. Collapsing on the bed, she seeks sleep, but before losing consciousness she gently touches the residue of the semen where she discovers it “adhering to her belly as a light but persistent kiss.”",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Biographer Dennis Vannatta judges “Night of the Iguana\" as “not entirely successful” as short fiction, and lacking “the depth, breadth, and poetic power” of the 1961 play of the same name. He notes that Edith Jelkes, the protagonist of the story, “the first truly memorable female character in Williams’s short fiction” emerges as the “archetypal artist-fugitive” and consistent with the author's thematic concerns. Vannatta allows that “the ending is brilliant and thought-provoking, surely one of Williams’s best.”",
"title": "Critical appraisal"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Literary critic William H. Peden writes:",
"title": "Theme"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "“One can feel sorry for Edith Jelkes, the sex-starved spinster… Like many of Williams’ genteel no-longer-young ladies with a penchant for disaster, Edith is victim of hereditary taints, and to that extent is only partially responsible for her actions.”",
"title": "Theme"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Edith’s escape from the attempted rape serves to free her from a prolonged social isolation, which critic Signi Falk terms “the strangling rope of loneliness.” Edith's emancipation occurs “just as the iguana is released.” And: “The themes of disease, homosexuality, loneliness, and frustration are spelled out against the earthy laughter of the local Mexicans; and the sexual act is orchestrated with some fancy rhetoric.”</ref>",
"title": "Theme"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Literary critic Dennis Vannatta also recognize the metaphorical significance of the iguana: “The iguana’s plight is an obvious (perhaps too obvious) metaphor for Edith’s own…in case there was ever any doubt, we see quite clearly that Edith and the iguana are metaphorically, one.”</ref> As the story approaches its climax—in which the older of the two male lovers attempts to rape Edith—the “religious and mythic imagery proliferate.” Edith returns to her room after the traumatic sexual encounter, and discovers that the Iguana has been freed from its tether; a symbolic parallel matching the discovery of herself as a sexual being. In her room, Edith touches the moist residue of semen on her belly:",
"title": "Theme"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Her fingers approached it timidly. They expected to draw back with revulsion but were not so affected. They touched it curiously and even pitifully, and did not draw back for a while. Ah life (italics), she thought to herself, and about to smile at the originality of this thought when darkness lapped over the outward gaze of her mind.",
"title": "Theme"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Vannatta observes that Edith's trauma, though “horrifying and humiliating” is nonetheless “also quite clearing enriching,” a valuable advance in self-awareness.",
"title": "Theme"
}
] | “The Night of the Iguana” is a short story by Tennessee Williams first appearing in the collection One Arm and Other Stories (1948) published by New Directions.
Elements of the story provided the basis for Williams's play The Night of the Iguana (1961). The play was in turn adapted to a film of the same name (1964) directed by John Huston. | 2023-12-13T18:15:27Z | 2023-12-16T16:59:35Z | [
"Template:Infobox short story",
"Template:Blockquote",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:ISBN",
"Template:Tennessee Williams"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Iguana_(short_story) |
75,556,097 | 1987 York City Council election | The 1987 York City Council election took place on 7 May 1987 to elect members of York City Council in North Yorkshire, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1987 York City Council election took place on 7 May 1987 to elect members of York City Council in North Yorkshire, England. This was on the same day as other local elections.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 1987 York City Council election took place on 7 May 1987 to elect members of York City Council in North Yorkshire, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. | 2023-12-13T18:17:02Z | 2023-12-13T19:37:08Z | [
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"Template:1987 United Kingdom local elections",
"Template:Election box end",
"Template:Election box majority",
"Template:Election box gain with party link"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_York_City_Council_election |
75,556,098 | Andrzej Domański | Andrzej Jan Domański (born 27 August 1981) is a Polish economist, and politician. He is the current Minister of Finance in the Cabinet of Donald Tusk having been sworn in on the 13 December 2023.
Domański studied economics at the Cracow University of Economics. He later became a lecturer at both Łazarski University and SWPS University.
Formerly a fund manager Domański stood for the Sejm in 2019 but was not elected after garnering just 1,329 votes.
Domański ran in the 2023 elections under the slogan Człowiek od gospodarki (The economy guy). Despite being a new candidate for Civic Platform he was responsible for authoring their economic programme. In his election statement Domański noted that he had become involved in politics in part due to his daughter. He also stated his belief that investment in Poland's energy sector and economic growth are solutions to the climate crisis. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Andrzej Jan Domański (born 27 August 1981) is a Polish economist, and politician. He is the current Minister of Finance in the Cabinet of Donald Tusk having been sworn in on the 13 December 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Domański studied economics at the Cracow University of Economics. He later became a lecturer at both Łazarski University and SWPS University.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Formerly a fund manager Domański stood for the Sejm in 2019 but was not elected after garnering just 1,329 votes.",
"title": "Political Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Domański ran in the 2023 elections under the slogan Człowiek od gospodarki (The economy guy). Despite being a new candidate for Civic Platform he was responsible for authoring their economic programme. In his election statement Domański noted that he had become involved in politics in part due to his daughter. He also stated his belief that investment in Poland's energy sector and economic growth are solutions to the climate crisis.",
"title": "Political Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Andrzej Jan Domański is a Polish economist, and politician. He is the current Minister of Finance in the Cabinet of Donald Tusk having been sworn in on the 13 December 2023. | 2023-12-13T18:17:03Z | 2023-12-22T14:33:25Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Doma%C5%84ski |
75,556,122 | Ryan O'Donnell (computer scientist) | Ryan O'Donnell is a Canadian theoretical computer scientist and a professor at Carnegie Mellon University. He is known for his work on the analysis of Boolean functions and for authoring the textbook on this subject. He is also known for his work on computational learning theory, hardness of approximation, property testing, quantum computation and quantum information.
O'Donnell completed his B.Sc. in Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Toronto. He then completed his Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2003, advised by Madhu Sudan.
O'Donnell proved that the Goemans–Williamson approximation algorithm for MAX-CUT is optimal, assuming the unique games conjecture. The proof follows from two papers, one in 2004 with Subhash Khot, Guy Kindler, and Elchanan Mossel which reduced this statement to proving the Majority Is Stablest conjecture in analysis of Boolean functions, and one in 2005 with Elchanan Mossel and Krzysztof Oleszkiewicz which proves this conjecture. He later wrote an influential textbook on the analysis of Boolean functions.
O'Donnell's other notable contributions include participation in the first Polymath project, Polymath1, for developing a combinatorial proof to the density Hales–Jewett theorem, improved algorithms for problems in computational learning theory, and improved algorithms for the tomography of quantum states.
He received the National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 2008 and a Sloan Research Fellowship in 2009. He gave an invited lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2014.
O'Donnell served as the editor-in-chief for the journal ACM Transactions on Computation Theory from 2019 to 2023 and was an editor of the SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics from 2012 to 2017. He is on the scientific advisory board of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing and on the scientific board of the Electronic Colloquium on Computational Complexity.
O'Donnell operates a YouTube channel, which has 10.2k+ subscribers and 680k+ views as of December 2023. On there, he delivers mathematics and computer science lectures on topics such as complexity theory, spectral graph theory, and analysis of boolean functions, as well as uploads lectures from his classes at Carnegie Mellon University. He has directed several course series, such as his "CS Theory Toolkit" series, where he explores mathematical areas applicable to the theoretical computer science field. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ryan O'Donnell is a Canadian theoretical computer scientist and a professor at Carnegie Mellon University. He is known for his work on the analysis of Boolean functions and for authoring the textbook on this subject. He is also known for his work on computational learning theory, hardness of approximation, property testing, quantum computation and quantum information.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "O'Donnell completed his B.Sc. in Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Toronto. He then completed his Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2003, advised by Madhu Sudan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "O'Donnell proved that the Goemans–Williamson approximation algorithm for MAX-CUT is optimal, assuming the unique games conjecture. The proof follows from two papers, one in 2004 with Subhash Khot, Guy Kindler, and Elchanan Mossel which reduced this statement to proving the Majority Is Stablest conjecture in analysis of Boolean functions, and one in 2005 with Elchanan Mossel and Krzysztof Oleszkiewicz which proves this conjecture. He later wrote an influential textbook on the analysis of Boolean functions.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "O'Donnell's other notable contributions include participation in the first Polymath project, Polymath1, for developing a combinatorial proof to the density Hales–Jewett theorem, improved algorithms for problems in computational learning theory, and improved algorithms for the tomography of quantum states.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He received the National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 2008 and a Sloan Research Fellowship in 2009. He gave an invited lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2014.",
"title": "Recognition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "O'Donnell served as the editor-in-chief for the journal ACM Transactions on Computation Theory from 2019 to 2023 and was an editor of the SIAM Journal on Discrete Mathematics from 2012 to 2017. He is on the scientific advisory board of the Simons Institute for the Theory of Computing and on the scientific board of the Electronic Colloquium on Computational Complexity.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "O'Donnell operates a YouTube channel, which has 10.2k+ subscribers and 680k+ views as of December 2023. On there, he delivers mathematics and computer science lectures on topics such as complexity theory, spectral graph theory, and analysis of boolean functions, as well as uploads lectures from his classes at Carnegie Mellon University. He has directed several course series, such as his \"CS Theory Toolkit\" series, where he explores mathematical areas applicable to the theoretical computer science field.",
"title": "Service"
}
] | Ryan O'Donnell is a Canadian theoretical computer scientist and a professor at Carnegie Mellon University. He is known for his work on the analysis of Boolean functions and for authoring the textbook on this subject. He is also known for his work on computational learning theory, hardness of approximation, property testing, quantum computation and quantum information. O'Donnell completed his B.Sc. in Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of Toronto. He then completed his Ph.D. at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 2003, advised by Madhu Sudan. | 2023-12-13T18:21:27Z | 2023-12-28T07:52:16Z | [
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75,556,134 | Dudley, Texas | Dudley is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 25 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area.
Dudley was founded in 1893. It was named for Nicholas M. Dudley, its first postmaster and storekeeper. The post office closed in 1912 due to a lack of growth in the area. The community had three stores and a church serving 35 residents in 1940. The local grocery store also served as a community center where locals played dominoes, croquet, and softball. The community once had three churches. Its population was listed as 25 from 1980 through 2000.
Dudley is located on Farm to Market Road 1178 in western Callahan County.
Dudley had its own school in 1940. Today, the community is served by the Eula Independent School District. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Dudley is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 25 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Dudley was founded in 1893. It was named for Nicholas M. Dudley, its first postmaster and storekeeper. The post office closed in 1912 due to a lack of growth in the area. The community had three stores and a church serving 35 residents in 1940. The local grocery store also served as a community center where locals played dominoes, croquet, and softball. The community once had three churches. Its population was listed as 25 from 1980 through 2000.",
"title": "History"
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"text": "Dudley is located on Farm to Market Road 1178 in western Callahan County.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Dudley had its own school in 1940. Today, the community is served by the Eula Independent School District.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Dudley is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 25 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area. | 2023-12-13T18:23:16Z | 2023-12-13T18:23:16Z | [
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75,556,179 | Belau Er Kid | [] | REDIRECT [[Belau rekid] | 2023-12-13T18:29:51Z | 2023-12-13T18:29:51Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belau_Er_Kid |
|
75,556,204 | The Man Who Doesn't Exist | The Man Who Doesn't Exist (Hungarian: Egy ember, aki nincs) is a 1964 Hungarian crime drama film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Miklós Gábor, Éva Vass and Andor Ajtay. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Melinda Vasáry. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Man Who Doesn't Exist (Hungarian: Egy ember, aki nincs) is a 1964 Hungarian crime drama film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Miklós Gábor, Éva Vass and Andor Ajtay. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Melinda Vasáry.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Man Who Doesn't Exist is a 1964 Hungarian crime drama film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Miklós Gábor, Éva Vass and Andor Ajtay. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Melinda Vasáry. | 2023-12-13T18:32:43Z | 2023-12-27T23:15:02Z | [
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75,556,222 | Nick Jackson (American football) | Nick Jackson (born January 5, 2001) is an American football linebacker for the Iowa Hawkeyes. He previously played for the Virginia Cavaliers.
Jackson was born in Atlanta, Georgia where he attended high school at The Lovett School. Coming out of high school, Jackson was rated as the 24th best linebacker, where he held offers from Duke, Northwestern, Texas A&M and Virginia. Jackson would ultimitly decide to commit to play college football for the Virginia Cavaliers.
In Jackson's first career season in 2019, he tallied 28 tackles with one being for a loss, and half a sack. In week eight of the 2020 season, Jackson notched a career 16 tackles in a loss to Miami. Jackson finished the 2020 season with 103 tackles with six going for a loss, two and a half sacks, two pass deflections, a forced fumble, and two receptions for 34 yards. During the 2021 season, Jackson notched 117 tackles with six being for a loss, two and a half sacks, and two pass deflections. In week nine of the 2022 season versus Miami 14 tackles with half a tackle being for a loss, and a pass deflection, where he was named the ACC linebacker of the week for his performance. Jackson finished the 2022 season with 104 tackles and five sacks, where for his performance he was named second team all ACC. After the conclusion of the 2022 season, Jackson decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal.
Jackson would decide to transfer to play for the Iowa Hawkeyes to finish out his career. In week two of the 2023 season, Versus Iowa State, Jackson totaled nine tackles in a win. In week five, Jackson was named the Big Ten co-defensive player of the week in a 26-16 win over Michigan State. For his performance on the 2023 season, Jackson was named third team all Big-Ten. | [
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"text": "Nick Jackson (born January 5, 2001) is an American football linebacker for the Iowa Hawkeyes. He previously played for the Virginia Cavaliers.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Jackson was born in Atlanta, Georgia where he attended high school at The Lovett School. Coming out of high school, Jackson was rated as the 24th best linebacker, where he held offers from Duke, Northwestern, Texas A&M and Virginia. Jackson would ultimitly decide to commit to play college football for the Virginia Cavaliers.",
"title": "Early life and high school"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In Jackson's first career season in 2019, he tallied 28 tackles with one being for a loss, and half a sack. In week eight of the 2020 season, Jackson notched a career 16 tackles in a loss to Miami. Jackson finished the 2020 season with 103 tackles with six going for a loss, two and a half sacks, two pass deflections, a forced fumble, and two receptions for 34 yards. During the 2021 season, Jackson notched 117 tackles with six being for a loss, two and a half sacks, and two pass deflections. In week nine of the 2022 season versus Miami 14 tackles with half a tackle being for a loss, and a pass deflection, where he was named the ACC linebacker of the week for his performance. Jackson finished the 2022 season with 104 tackles and five sacks, where for his performance he was named second team all ACC. After the conclusion of the 2022 season, Jackson decided to enter the NCAA transfer portal.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Jackson would decide to transfer to play for the Iowa Hawkeyes to finish out his career. In week two of the 2023 season, Versus Iowa State, Jackson totaled nine tackles in a win. In week five, Jackson was named the Big Ten co-defensive player of the week in a 26-16 win over Michigan State. For his performance on the 2023 season, Jackson was named third team all Big-Ten.",
"title": "College career"
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] | Nick Jackson is an American football linebacker for the Iowa Hawkeyes. He previously played for the Virginia Cavaliers. | 2023-12-13T18:33:38Z | 2023-12-25T21:11:53Z | [
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75,556,280 | Portrait of a Girl in Glass | “Portrait of a Girl in Glass” is a work of short fiction by Tennessee Williams, first appearing in the collection One Arm and Other Stories published in 1948 by New Directions.
The story is widely cited as a literary and autobiographical portrait from which Tennessee Williams developed his first successful stage play, The Glass Menagerie (1944).
Written from a first-person point-of-view, the narrative revolves around four characters. Amanda Wingfield is an aging Southern belle whose husband has long ago absconded leaving her to raise two children. They live in a seedy industrial section of St. Louis, Missouri. The eldest is her 20-something daughter Laura, whose social anxieties are such that she stays in her bedroom much of the time, a recluse. Painfully sensitive, she occupies herself with a collection of delicate glass objects while listening to old musical recordings on her victrola, among them “Whispering”, “Sleepytime Gal” and “Dardanella.” Laura reads and rereads portions of Gene Stratton-Porter’s Freckles. Amanda is anxious about Laura’s prospects for marriage, and has forced her to enroll in a secretarial training course. Laura furtively drops out of the class due to her low self-esteem.
Tom (the narrator) is her younger brother, two years her junior. A struggling writer, he works at a warehouse to support his mother and sister. At his mother’s urging, he brings home a guest from the warehouse, an outgoing and popular manager, Jim. When the young men arrive, Jim introduces himself to Laura, after which she retires to her room, reemerging only when dinner is served. Her mother interrogates Jim, to determine his suitability as a son-in-law. Jim endures this with good cheer.
After dinner, the four retire to the parlor, and Jim begins examining the record collection; he puts “Dardanella” on the victrola. Laura accepts his invitation to dance with him. Amanda is astonished at this unexpected development, and is momentarily stunned and delighted. As the couple dance, Jim casually divulges that he is expecting soon to be married to an out-of-town woman. When Amanda registers dismay, Jim recognizes his faux pas, and graciously departs.
Amanda, unbraids Tom for having misled her as to Jim’s status as a suitor. Laura retires to her bedroom, apparently unvexed by the encounter. Tom reports that shortly after this incident, he left home to lead the life of a drifter. He is haunted by the memory of his sister and her glass collection: “hundreds of little transparent pieces of very delicate colors.”
Williams began writing the “Portrait of a Girl in Glass” while residing Key West, Florida in February 1941 and completed the work in Santa Monica, California, June 1943. The earliest manifestation of the dramatic version was a one-act play that Williams worked into a movie scenario, The Gentleman Caller, which he submitted to the Hollywood studio MGM in 1943. Several permutations of this literary work were incorporated into The Glass Menagerie, first staged in 1944. A film version of the same name was adapted in 1950 by Warner Bros. studios.
“Portrait of a Girl in Glass” did not appear in print until 1948, when it was included in the collection One Arm and Other Stories.
Critic Reynolds Price in the The New York Times distinguishes the short story on its own merits: “‘Portrait of a Girl in Glass,' which prefigures the plot and entire cast of The Glass Menagerie, is as self-contained and piercing as the play.” Literary critic Dennis Vannatta identifies Williams's short stories as a significant contribution to that literary form, independent of his work as a playwright:
It is the inevitable fate of Williams’s short fiction to play second fiddle to his plays, but that fate is an exasperating one when a story as fine in its own right as ‘Portrait of a Girl in Glass’ becomes little more than a footnote to achievement in another genre
Vannatta adds “It would be a terrible shame if such a story came to be remembered—if at all—as a mere rough draft for a play, as exquisite as that play is.”
Literary critic William H. Peden argues that, contrary to any claim that Williams “is a sadist who creates his people only to humiliate them” Peden identifies “Portrait of a Girl in Glass” and Williams' concern with “non-exceptional” protagonists. The painfully introverted Laura emerges as “the most appealing character in what still seems to be Williams’s most moving play, The Glass Menagerie.”
Ten years later, in Sewanee Review, Peden would report that “The Field of Blue Children” and “Portrait of a Girl in Glass” and several other from the collection were “as good as anything produced during recent years.”
“Using neurotic or pathological in connection with Laura may be clinically correct, but such terms seem to violate the spirit of the story. From Tom’s perspective it is the world, not Laura, that is unnatural, pathologically cruel and unfair.”—Dennis Vannatta in Tennessee Williams: A Study of the Short Fiction (1988)
The story represents Williams's early success in depicting socially disaffected women: “Williams first achieved recognition for delineation of feminine outsiders, who appear in the [story] ‘Portrait of a Girl in Glass’...as Amanda Wingfield and her daughter Laura...”
The character of Laura Wingfield as an emotionally vulnerable woman is the most famous incarnation of this social type in Williams’s fiction. Literary critic Dennis Vannatta notes that Williams contrasts the stories’ setting—industrialized St. Louis in the early 20th century—with Laura's preternatural qualities: the position of the typewriter keys “fly from her mind like startled birds”; her social anxieties close “the pedals of her mind”; and Laura appears before gentleman caller Jim “as a tipsy crane of melancholy plumage” with “wing-like shoulders.” Even her surname “Wingfield” attests to this.
Vannatta notes that the richness of the story is deepened in that the narrative is not limited to the “static” condition of Laura, but to the perspective of her brother Tom. His observations of his sister's isolation and suffering reveal her experience as less idiosyncratic and more as a human condition. | [
{
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"text": "The story is widely cited as a literary and autobiographical portrait from which Tennessee Williams developed his first successful stage play, The Glass Menagerie (1944).",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Written from a first-person point-of-view, the narrative revolves around four characters. Amanda Wingfield is an aging Southern belle whose husband has long ago absconded leaving her to raise two children. They live in a seedy industrial section of St. Louis, Missouri. The eldest is her 20-something daughter Laura, whose social anxieties are such that she stays in her bedroom much of the time, a recluse. Painfully sensitive, she occupies herself with a collection of delicate glass objects while listening to old musical recordings on her victrola, among them “Whispering”, “Sleepytime Gal” and “Dardanella.” Laura reads and rereads portions of Gene Stratton-Porter’s Freckles. Amanda is anxious about Laura’s prospects for marriage, and has forced her to enroll in a secretarial training course. Laura furtively drops out of the class due to her low self-esteem.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Tom (the narrator) is her younger brother, two years her junior. A struggling writer, he works at a warehouse to support his mother and sister. At his mother’s urging, he brings home a guest from the warehouse, an outgoing and popular manager, Jim. When the young men arrive, Jim introduces himself to Laura, after which she retires to her room, reemerging only when dinner is served. Her mother interrogates Jim, to determine his suitability as a son-in-law. Jim endures this with good cheer.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After dinner, the four retire to the parlor, and Jim begins examining the record collection; he puts “Dardanella” on the victrola. Laura accepts his invitation to dance with him. Amanda is astonished at this unexpected development, and is momentarily stunned and delighted. As the couple dance, Jim casually divulges that he is expecting soon to be married to an out-of-town woman. When Amanda registers dismay, Jim recognizes his faux pas, and graciously departs.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Amanda, unbraids Tom for having misled her as to Jim’s status as a suitor. Laura retires to her bedroom, apparently unvexed by the encounter. Tom reports that shortly after this incident, he left home to lead the life of a drifter. He is haunted by the memory of his sister and her glass collection: “hundreds of little transparent pieces of very delicate colors.”",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Williams began writing the “Portrait of a Girl in Glass” while residing Key West, Florida in February 1941 and completed the work in Santa Monica, California, June 1943. The earliest manifestation of the dramatic version was a one-act play that Williams worked into a movie scenario, The Gentleman Caller, which he submitted to the Hollywood studio MGM in 1943. Several permutations of this literary work were incorporated into The Glass Menagerie, first staged in 1944. A film version of the same name was adapted in 1950 by Warner Bros. studios.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "“Portrait of a Girl in Glass” did not appear in print until 1948, when it was included in the collection One Arm and Other Stories.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Critic Reynolds Price in the The New York Times distinguishes the short story on its own merits: “‘Portrait of a Girl in Glass,' which prefigures the plot and entire cast of The Glass Menagerie, is as self-contained and piercing as the play.” Literary critic Dennis Vannatta identifies Williams's short stories as a significant contribution to that literary form, independent of his work as a playwright:",
"title": "Critical appraisal"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "It is the inevitable fate of Williams’s short fiction to play second fiddle to his plays, but that fate is an exasperating one when a story as fine in its own right as ‘Portrait of a Girl in Glass’ becomes little more than a footnote to achievement in another genre",
"title": "Critical appraisal"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Vannatta adds “It would be a terrible shame if such a story came to be remembered—if at all—as a mere rough draft for a play, as exquisite as that play is.”",
"title": "Critical appraisal"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Literary critic William H. Peden argues that, contrary to any claim that Williams “is a sadist who creates his people only to humiliate them” Peden identifies “Portrait of a Girl in Glass” and Williams' concern with “non-exceptional” protagonists. The painfully introverted Laura emerges as “the most appealing character in what still seems to be Williams’s most moving play, The Glass Menagerie.”",
"title": "Critical appraisal"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Ten years later, in Sewanee Review, Peden would report that “The Field of Blue Children” and “Portrait of a Girl in Glass” and several other from the collection were “as good as anything produced during recent years.”",
"title": "Critical appraisal"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "“Using neurotic or pathological in connection with Laura may be clinically correct, but such terms seem to violate the spirit of the story. From Tom’s perspective it is the world, not Laura, that is unnatural, pathologically cruel and unfair.”—Dennis Vannatta in Tennessee Williams: A Study of the Short Fiction (1988)",
"title": "Theme"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The story represents Williams's early success in depicting socially disaffected women: “Williams first achieved recognition for delineation of feminine outsiders, who appear in the [story] ‘Portrait of a Girl in Glass’...as Amanda Wingfield and her daughter Laura...”",
"title": "Theme"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The character of Laura Wingfield as an emotionally vulnerable woman is the most famous incarnation of this social type in Williams’s fiction. Literary critic Dennis Vannatta notes that Williams contrasts the stories’ setting—industrialized St. Louis in the early 20th century—with Laura's preternatural qualities: the position of the typewriter keys “fly from her mind like startled birds”; her social anxieties close “the pedals of her mind”; and Laura appears before gentleman caller Jim “as a tipsy crane of melancholy plumage” with “wing-like shoulders.” Even her surname “Wingfield” attests to this.",
"title": "Theme"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Vannatta notes that the richness of the story is deepened in that the narrative is not limited to the “static” condition of Laura, but to the perspective of her brother Tom. His observations of his sister's isolation and suffering reveal her experience as less idiosyncratic and more as a human condition.",
"title": "Theme"
}
] | “Portrait of a Girl in Glass” is a work of short fiction by Tennessee Williams, first appearing in the collection One Arm and Other Stories published in 1948 by New Directions. The story is widely cited as a literary and autobiographical portrait from which Tennessee Williams developed his first successful stage play, The Glass Menagerie (1944). | 2023-12-13T18:34:54Z | 2024-01-01T00:43:44Z | [
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75,556,298 | The Oregon Extension | The Oregon Extension ("The OE") is an American college educational extension program focused on nature, religion, community, sustainability, and what it means to be human. The OE was established in 1975 and is located in the Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument, near Ashland, Oregon. With a focus on small-group learning, the OE provides a semester-long experience for students from Christian colleges across the United States.
In 1975, a group of evangelical Christian professors from Trinity College in Deerfield, Illinois founded the Oregon Extension. One of the founders was Doug Frank. Although Christians, the professors were unconventional and considered to be post-evangelical renegades. They formed the core faculty for thirty years, before bringing in younger replacements in 2008 and 2012.
Students come to The OE from Christian colleges located across the United States. Each year, the OE has from 25 to 40 students.
The OE is located in the Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument, near Ashland, Oregon. The campus is a logging village that was established in 1920 in Lincoln, Oregon. Students live in rustic cabins that are heated by wood stoves; occupancy is three or four students. The campus includes academic spaces, a recreational area, and a farm. The campus is primarily disconnected from cellphones and the Internet, but the school has two laps for access to the Internet when needed.
The OE is an accredited semester-long "intentional learning community" that provides up to sixteen credit hours. Classes consist of readings, writing, small group discussions, and conversations with the faculty. The semester is divided into four core classes, exploring nature, community, a sustainable world, and what it means to be human.
Studies include arts, biblical studies, biology, composition, communications, education, history, literature, philosophy, political science, psychology, rhetoric, science, sociology, and theology. Along with writing and reading, students participate in activities such as backpacking trips, camping, mountain climbing, hiking, or skiing after each core class. Students also participate in chores such as baking bread, collecting chicken eggs, gardening, growing mushrooms, milking goats, and train and pond maintenance.
In a survey of 200 alumni of the Oregon Extension, author Philip S. Francis says that the typical response was, "The Oregon Extension was a life-defining experience for me." Alumni also noted the importance of an "aesthetic experience" such as a poem, song or novel in unsettling or transforming their conservative religious beliefs. The purpose of the curriculum is not to dismantle the student's faith but "to cut it free from the umbilical cord of American evangelism..."
There are four faculty who live on campus at the OE. All faculty members are Christians. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Oregon Extension (\"The OE\") is an American college educational extension program focused on nature, religion, community, sustainability, and what it means to be human. The OE was established in 1975 and is located in the Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument, near Ashland, Oregon. With a focus on small-group learning, the OE provides a semester-long experience for students from Christian colleges across the United States.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1975, a group of evangelical Christian professors from Trinity College in Deerfield, Illinois founded the Oregon Extension. One of the founders was Doug Frank. Although Christians, the professors were unconventional and considered to be post-evangelical renegades. They formed the core faculty for thirty years, before bringing in younger replacements in 2008 and 2012.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Students come to The OE from Christian colleges located across the United States. Each year, the OE has from 25 to 40 students.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The OE is located in the Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument, near Ashland, Oregon. The campus is a logging village that was established in 1920 in Lincoln, Oregon. Students live in rustic cabins that are heated by wood stoves; occupancy is three or four students. The campus includes academic spaces, a recreational area, and a farm. The campus is primarily disconnected from cellphones and the Internet, but the school has two laps for access to the Internet when needed.",
"title": "Campus"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The OE is an accredited semester-long \"intentional learning community\" that provides up to sixteen credit hours. Classes consist of readings, writing, small group discussions, and conversations with the faculty. The semester is divided into four core classes, exploring nature, community, a sustainable world, and what it means to be human.",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Studies include arts, biblical studies, biology, composition, communications, education, history, literature, philosophy, political science, psychology, rhetoric, science, sociology, and theology. Along with writing and reading, students participate in activities such as backpacking trips, camping, mountain climbing, hiking, or skiing after each core class. Students also participate in chores such as baking bread, collecting chicken eggs, gardening, growing mushrooms, milking goats, and train and pond maintenance.",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In a survey of 200 alumni of the Oregon Extension, author Philip S. Francis says that the typical response was, \"The Oregon Extension was a life-defining experience for me.\" Alumni also noted the importance of an \"aesthetic experience\" such as a poem, song or novel in unsettling or transforming their conservative religious beliefs. The purpose of the curriculum is not to dismantle the student's faith but \"to cut it free from the umbilical cord of American evangelism...\"",
"title": "Academics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "There are four faculty who live on campus at the OE. All faculty members are Christians.",
"title": "Academics"
}
] | The Oregon Extension is an American college educational extension program focused on nature, religion, community, sustainability, and what it means to be human. The OE was established in 1975 and is located in the Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument, near Ashland, Oregon. With a focus on small-group learning, the OE provides a semester-long experience for students from Christian colleges across the United States. | 2023-12-13T18:36:03Z | 2023-12-21T04:11:26Z | [
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75,556,316 | Mae Jackson (politician) | Mae Jackson, born Mae Allison (1941-2005) was an American social worker and local politician. In May 2004, she became the first elected black mayor of Waco, Texas.
Mae Allison was born in Teague, Texas on September 10, 1941, the son of a school principal and a teacher. She was educated at Booker T. Washington High School and Texas Southern University, graduating with a B.Sc. in 1962. After brief jobs at Riverside National Bank and a social work position at John Sealy Hospital in Galveston, she took up graduate study, gaining a master's degree in social work from Our Lady of the Lake University in 1965.
In 1969 she joined the National Council of Negro Women, working with the NCNW in Mississippi until 1971. She also worked as an administrator at the Harlem YWCA in New York City. After two years, she returned to Texas, becoming a caseworker, social work teacher and community volunteer in Waco. She also returned to study, gaining a PhD from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1985, with a thesis on volunteering.
She married Howard Andrew Jackson, with whom she brought up a stepdaughter, foster son, adopted daughter, and biological daughter.
Jackson became increasingly active in Democratic Party politics. From 1985 to 1987 she served as vice chair of Texas Governor Mark White's Commission for Women. From 1991 to 1997 Governor Ann Richards appointed her to serve as an executive member of the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles.
Jackson served on the Waco City Council for District I from 2000 to 2004. She was elected Mayor of Waco in May 2004. However, she died suddenly on February 11, 2005, cutting short her office.
In 2018 Jackson's daughter, Andrea Jackson Barefield, was elected to Waco City Council, representing District I. | [
{
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"text": "Mae Jackson, born Mae Allison (1941-2005) was an American social worker and local politician. In May 2004, she became the first elected black mayor of Waco, Texas.",
"title": ""
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{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Mae Allison was born in Teague, Texas on September 10, 1941, the son of a school principal and a teacher. She was educated at Booker T. Washington High School and Texas Southern University, graduating with a B.Sc. in 1962. After brief jobs at Riverside National Bank and a social work position at John Sealy Hospital in Galveston, she took up graduate study, gaining a master's degree in social work from Our Lady of the Lake University in 1965.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1969 she joined the National Council of Negro Women, working with the NCNW in Mississippi until 1971. She also worked as an administrator at the Harlem YWCA in New York City. After two years, she returned to Texas, becoming a caseworker, social work teacher and community volunteer in Waco. She also returned to study, gaining a PhD from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1985, with a thesis on volunteering.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "She married Howard Andrew Jackson, with whom she brought up a stepdaughter, foster son, adopted daughter, and biological daughter.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Jackson became increasingly active in Democratic Party politics. From 1985 to 1987 she served as vice chair of Texas Governor Mark White's Commission for Women. From 1991 to 1997 Governor Ann Richards appointed her to serve as an executive member of the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Jackson served on the Waco City Council for District I from 2000 to 2004. She was elected Mayor of Waco in May 2004. However, she died suddenly on February 11, 2005, cutting short her office.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2018 Jackson's daughter, Andrea Jackson Barefield, was elected to Waco City Council, representing District I.",
"title": "Life"
}
] | Mae Jackson, born Mae Allison (1941-2005) was an American social worker and local politician. In May 2004, she became the first elected black mayor of Waco, Texas. | 2023-12-13T18:38:21Z | 2023-12-30T06:53:29Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Jackson_(politician) |
75,556,387 | Live in London (Matana Roberts album) | Live in London is a live album by saxophonist and composer Matana Roberts. It was recorded during 2009 at the Vortex Jazz Club in London, and was released in 2011 by Central Control International. On the album, Roberts is joined by pianist Robert Mitchell, double bassist Tom Mason, and drummer Chris Vatalaro.
The album was recorded with minimal preparation on the part of the musicians. In an interview for Burning Ambulance, Roberts indicated that she had performed with the group roughly a year prior to the concert, and stated: "I knew what they could handle, and I'd played with them before, so I was like, Let's do this." She was initially surprised when the Central Control label expressed an interest in releasing a recording of the event, but eventually agreed, commenting: "I was like, Well, this is an opportunity for people to really hear us riding by the seat of our pants. Cause that's what that record really is."
In a review for The Guardian, John Fordham described the album as "vibrant," and wrote: "The independence with which the young Chicagoan has developed a 1960s free-jazz sax approach... goes way outside her years and the dominant tastes of her generation. This set represents all that, but also captures the on-the-fly evolution of an enthralling gig with a local rhythm section... this was a live show to remember, and fortunately preserved."
The BBC's Kevin Le Gendre noted that the album finds Roberts playing "lengthy, absorbing arrangements that are really suites emboldened by a well-handled rise and fall of tension," and commented: "There is a restless but disciplined effervescence in Roberts' playing that loosely recalls adventurous spirits like Oliver Lake, but Live In London confirms a fast-maturing individuality."
Mike Hobart of the Financial Times called Roberts' tone "full and vibrant," and stated that the album "neatly captures the alto saxophonist's free jazz spontaneity, lean phrasing and trenchant emotion... an extended trek through expressionist pinnacles, soulful eulogies and bass-driven swing."
Writing for The Free Jazz Collective, Stef Gijssels commented: "even if Roberts has the main voice on the album, the band does a great job in supporting her warm and energetic playing... It is not a very adventurous album, but the playing is good and the overall quality excellent."
A reviewer for All About Jazz described the music as "a group of performances that have a natural ebb and flow to them, a Roberts hallmark," and remarked: "As a live performance across the pond, it doesn't have the benefit of changing the personnel around to meet each song's unique challenges or the luxury of being able to overdub sax parts, but the immediacy of playing in front of crowd replaces that... Roberts furthers her reputation by demonstrating that she can pour out both her emotions and virtuosity in equal heaping helpings on the high wire act of an unrehearsed stage performance."
In an article for The Independent, Phil Johnson called the music "wailing, bluesy free jazz," and wrote: "She's a fantastic player but you have to dig in and concentrate... listen to her wail on Ellington's 'Oskar T' and marvel."
Ian Mann of The Jazz Mann stated: "This is challenging stuff,a musical white knuckle ride with plenty to thrill and inspire the listener. Matana Roberts can only get better and similarly the international exposure granted to the UK based players can only help to enhance their reputations." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Live in London is a live album by saxophonist and composer Matana Roberts. It was recorded during 2009 at the Vortex Jazz Club in London, and was released in 2011 by Central Control International. On the album, Roberts is joined by pianist Robert Mitchell, double bassist Tom Mason, and drummer Chris Vatalaro.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The album was recorded with minimal preparation on the part of the musicians. In an interview for Burning Ambulance, Roberts indicated that she had performed with the group roughly a year prior to the concert, and stated: \"I knew what they could handle, and I'd played with them before, so I was like, Let's do this.\" She was initially surprised when the Central Control label expressed an interest in releasing a recording of the event, but eventually agreed, commenting: \"I was like, Well, this is an opportunity for people to really hear us riding by the seat of our pants. Cause that's what that record really is.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In a review for The Guardian, John Fordham described the album as \"vibrant,\" and wrote: \"The independence with which the young Chicagoan has developed a 1960s free-jazz sax approach... goes way outside her years and the dominant tastes of her generation. This set represents all that, but also captures the on-the-fly evolution of an enthralling gig with a local rhythm section... this was a live show to remember, and fortunately preserved.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The BBC's Kevin Le Gendre noted that the album finds Roberts playing \"lengthy, absorbing arrangements that are really suites emboldened by a well-handled rise and fall of tension,\" and commented: \"There is a restless but disciplined effervescence in Roberts' playing that loosely recalls adventurous spirits like Oliver Lake, but Live In London confirms a fast-maturing individuality.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Mike Hobart of the Financial Times called Roberts' tone \"full and vibrant,\" and stated that the album \"neatly captures the alto saxophonist's free jazz spontaneity, lean phrasing and trenchant emotion... an extended trek through expressionist pinnacles, soulful eulogies and bass-driven swing.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Writing for The Free Jazz Collective, Stef Gijssels commented: \"even if Roberts has the main voice on the album, the band does a great job in supporting her warm and energetic playing... It is not a very adventurous album, but the playing is good and the overall quality excellent.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "A reviewer for All About Jazz described the music as \"a group of performances that have a natural ebb and flow to them, a Roberts hallmark,\" and remarked: \"As a live performance across the pond, it doesn't have the benefit of changing the personnel around to meet each song's unique challenges or the luxury of being able to overdub sax parts, but the immediacy of playing in front of crowd replaces that... Roberts furthers her reputation by demonstrating that she can pour out both her emotions and virtuosity in equal heaping helpings on the high wire act of an unrehearsed stage performance.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In an article for The Independent, Phil Johnson called the music \"wailing, bluesy free jazz,\" and wrote: \"She's a fantastic player but you have to dig in and concentrate... listen to her wail on Ellington's 'Oskar T' and marvel.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Ian Mann of The Jazz Mann stated: \"This is challenging stuff,a musical white knuckle ride with plenty to thrill and inspire the listener. Matana Roberts can only get better and similarly the international exposure granted to the UK based players can only help to enhance their reputations.\"",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Live in London is a live album by saxophonist and composer Matana Roberts. It was recorded during 2009 at the Vortex Jazz Club in London, and was released in 2011 by Central Control International. On the album, Roberts is joined by pianist Robert Mitchell, double bassist Tom Mason, and drummer Chris Vatalaro. The album was recorded with minimal preparation on the part of the musicians. In an interview for Burning Ambulance, Roberts indicated that she had performed with the group roughly a year prior to the concert, and stated: "I knew what they could handle, and I'd played with them before, so I was like, Let's do this." She was initially surprised when the Central Control label expressed an interest in releasing a recording of the event, but eventually agreed, commenting: "I was like, Well, this is an opportunity for people to really hear us riding by the seat of our pants. Cause that's what that record really is." | 2023-12-13T18:47:45Z | 2023-12-23T19:12:35Z | [
"Template:Infobox album",
"Template:Album ratings",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_London_(Matana_Roberts_album) |
75,556,405 | Moinul Islam Moin | Moinul Islam Moin (Bengali: মইনুল ইসলাম মঈন; born 18 February 2005) is a Bangladeshi professional footballer who plays as a attacking midfielder for Bangladesh Premier League club Mohammedan SC.
Moinul Islam Moin was born on 18 February 2005 in Muladi, Barisal. The eldest among two brothers and three sisters, Moin completed HSC from Baptist Mission Boys High School in 2022. He trained under the local coach Ziaul Ahsan Khan at the Muladi Football Academy before being selected by the Bangladesh U15 team for the 2018 SAFF U-15 Championship in Nepal. In 2019, Moin represented his high school at the Clear Men Under-17 School Football Tournament and was selected among the best six players of the tournament, gaining the opportunity to train with the English club Manchester City. However, this opportunity did not come to fruition due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, Moin won the best player award of the Bangabandhu Under-17 Gold Cup Football Tournament, where 98,730 footballers participated from all over the country. His team, Barisal Division, was crowned champions, defeating Chittagong Division 2–1.
In 2021, Moin joined Uttara FC for the 2020–21 Bangladesh Championship League. He made his professional league debut on 7 February 2022 against NoFeL SC. In the following league game, held eight days later, Moin scored his first professional league goal in a 1–1 draw with Dhaka City FC. His first season at the cub saw him make 17 appearances while scoring a single goal. Moin began the 2021–22 Bangladesh Championship League season with goals against Dhaka Wanderers and Agrani Bank SC in the league's first two matches. He finishd the first phase with 10 goals from 11 games. His best performance during the second phase came during 3–2 victory over BFF Elite Academy on 3 June 2022. During the game he scored a brace, with his first goal coming from a free-kick to open the scoring while his second goal being the winner, a curling effort resulting from a throw-in. Moin finished the season as league top scorer with 18 goals from 21 games.
In July 2022, Moin joined Mohammedan SC in the Bangladesh Premier League. On 10 January 2023, Moin made his club debut against AFC Uttara as a substitute during a 7–0 victory in the 2022–23 Federation Cup. On 10 February 2023, he made his league debut as a substitute against AFC Uttara during a 6–0 victory.
Moin spent the entirety of the 2018 SAFF U-15 Championship on the bench and was later left out of the under-15 team for the 2018 UEFA Assist U-15 Development Tournament and 2019 SAFF U-15 Championship. In September 2019, English coach Rob Ryles included Moin in the squad for the 2020 AFC U-16 Championship qualifiers held in Doha, Qatar. On 20 September 2019, he scored his first international goal against Bhutan U16 during the qualifiers.
During the 2019 UEFA Assist U-16 Development Tournament held in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Moin scored a brace against both Cambodia U16 and Faroe Islands U16. On 20 October 2019, he scored a hat-trick against Maldives U16 as Bangladesh were crowned undefeated champions. Moin also ended the tournament as top scorer with 7 goals from 3 games.
In 2022, Moin represented the Bangladesh U20 team during all 5 games in the 2022 SAFF U-20 Championship, as Bangladesh finished tournament runners-up for the third consecutive time, following their 2–5 defeat to hosts India U20. He also represented the team during the 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualifiers in Arad, Bahrain, later that year. In 2023, Moin was appointed captain of the Bangladesh U19 team for the 2023 SAFF U-19 Championship held in Kathmandu, Nepal.
In 2023, Moin gained admission into American International University-Bangladesh as part of its sports quota. He represented his university during the Ispahani Prothom Alo Inter University Football Tournament, scoring a hat-trick against BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology during an 8–1 victory.
Mohammedan SC
Bangladesh U16
Individual | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Moinul Islam Moin (Bengali: মইনুল ইসলাম মঈন; born 18 February 2005) is a Bangladeshi professional footballer who plays as a attacking midfielder for Bangladesh Premier League club Mohammedan SC.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Moinul Islam Moin was born on 18 February 2005 in Muladi, Barisal. The eldest among two brothers and three sisters, Moin completed HSC from Baptist Mission Boys High School in 2022. He trained under the local coach Ziaul Ahsan Khan at the Muladi Football Academy before being selected by the Bangladesh U15 team for the 2018 SAFF U-15 Championship in Nepal. In 2019, Moin represented his high school at the Clear Men Under-17 School Football Tournament and was selected among the best six players of the tournament, gaining the opportunity to train with the English club Manchester City. However, this opportunity did not come to fruition due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, Moin won the best player award of the Bangabandhu Under-17 Gold Cup Football Tournament, where 98,730 footballers participated from all over the country. His team, Barisal Division, was crowned champions, defeating Chittagong Division 2–1.",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2021, Moin joined Uttara FC for the 2020–21 Bangladesh Championship League. He made his professional league debut on 7 February 2022 against NoFeL SC. In the following league game, held eight days later, Moin scored his first professional league goal in a 1–1 draw with Dhaka City FC. His first season at the cub saw him make 17 appearances while scoring a single goal. Moin began the 2021–22 Bangladesh Championship League season with goals against Dhaka Wanderers and Agrani Bank SC in the league's first two matches. He finishd the first phase with 10 goals from 11 games. His best performance during the second phase came during 3–2 victory over BFF Elite Academy on 3 June 2022. During the game he scored a brace, with his first goal coming from a free-kick to open the scoring while his second goal being the winner, a curling effort resulting from a throw-in. Moin finished the season as league top scorer with 18 goals from 21 games.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In July 2022, Moin joined Mohammedan SC in the Bangladesh Premier League. On 10 January 2023, Moin made his club debut against AFC Uttara as a substitute during a 7–0 victory in the 2022–23 Federation Cup. On 10 February 2023, he made his league debut as a substitute against AFC Uttara during a 6–0 victory.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Moin spent the entirety of the 2018 SAFF U-15 Championship on the bench and was later left out of the under-15 team for the 2018 UEFA Assist U-15 Development Tournament and 2019 SAFF U-15 Championship. In September 2019, English coach Rob Ryles included Moin in the squad for the 2020 AFC U-16 Championship qualifiers held in Doha, Qatar. On 20 September 2019, he scored his first international goal against Bhutan U16 during the qualifiers.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "During the 2019 UEFA Assist U-16 Development Tournament held in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Moin scored a brace against both Cambodia U16 and Faroe Islands U16. On 20 October 2019, he scored a hat-trick against Maldives U16 as Bangladesh were crowned undefeated champions. Moin also ended the tournament as top scorer with 7 goals from 3 games.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2022, Moin represented the Bangladesh U20 team during all 5 games in the 2022 SAFF U-20 Championship, as Bangladesh finished tournament runners-up for the third consecutive time, following their 2–5 defeat to hosts India U20. He also represented the team during the 2023 AFC U-20 Asian Cup qualifiers in Arad, Bahrain, later that year. In 2023, Moin was appointed captain of the Bangladesh U19 team for the 2023 SAFF U-19 Championship held in Kathmandu, Nepal.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2023, Moin gained admission into American International University-Bangladesh as part of its sports quota. He represented his university during the Ispahani Prothom Alo Inter University Football Tournament, scoring a hat-trick against BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology during an 8–1 victory.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Mohammedan SC",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Bangladesh U16",
"title": "Honours"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Individual",
"title": "Honours"
}
] | Moinul Islam Moin is a Bangladeshi professional footballer who plays as a attacking midfielder for Bangladesh Premier League club Mohammedan SC. | 2023-12-13T18:51:52Z | 2023-12-21T08:15:21Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moinul_Islam_Moin |
75,556,420 | Echinocereus salm-dyckianus | Echinocereus salm-dyckianus is a species of plant found in Mexico.
Echinocereus salm-dyckianus is found in eastern Sonora and western Chihuahua states of Mexico.
Media related to Echinocereus salm-dyckianus at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Echinocereus salm-dyckianus at Wikispecies | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Echinocereus salm-dyckianus is a species of plant found in Mexico.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Echinocereus salm-dyckianus is found in eastern Sonora and western Chihuahua states of Mexico.",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Media related to Echinocereus salm-dyckianus at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Echinocereus salm-dyckianus at Wikispecies",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Echinocereus salm-dyckianus is a species of plant found in Mexico. | 2023-12-13T18:56:56Z | 2023-12-21T11:44:30Z | [
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75,556,422 | Oplin, Texas | Oplin is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 75 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area.
Oplin was founded in the 1890s. A post office was established at Oplin in 1903 and remained in operation until around 1961. William A. Smith served as postmaster. Local merchant Steve Jones requested the name Oplin for the community and was supposedly named for a town somewhere in South America. Its population zenith was 300 in 1915, then plunged to 100 in 1925. In 1940, the community had five stores and a cemetery serving 200 residents. World War II caused the community to decline, following the decline throughout the county as Abilene grew with the introduction of transportation and communication. Its population plummeted to 75 from 1990 through 2000.
The local Jot-um Down store served as the community's former bank.
Oplin is located on State Highway 604 and Farm to Market Road 2926, 31 mi (50 km) southwest of Baird and 28 mi (45 km) southeast of Abilene in southwestern Callahan County. It is south of the Middle Fork of Pecan Bayou.
Oplin had its own school in 1940. The high school in the community dating from 1938 is used as a local music venue. Today, the community is served by the Eula Independent School District. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Oplin is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 75 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Oplin was founded in the 1890s. A post office was established at Oplin in 1903 and remained in operation until around 1961. William A. Smith served as postmaster. Local merchant Steve Jones requested the name Oplin for the community and was supposedly named for a town somewhere in South America. Its population zenith was 300 in 1915, then plunged to 100 in 1925. In 1940, the community had five stores and a cemetery serving 200 residents. World War II caused the community to decline, following the decline throughout the county as Abilene grew with the introduction of transportation and communication. Its population plummeted to 75 from 1990 through 2000.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The local Jot-um Down store served as the community's former bank.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Oplin is located on State Highway 604 and Farm to Market Road 2926, 31 mi (50 km) southwest of Baird and 28 mi (45 km) southeast of Abilene in southwestern Callahan County. It is south of the Middle Fork of Pecan Bayou.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Oplin had its own school in 1940. The high school in the community dating from 1938 is used as a local music venue. Today, the community is served by the Eula Independent School District.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Oplin is an unincorporated community in Callahan County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 75 in 2000. It is located within the Abilene metropolitan area. | 2023-12-13T18:57:05Z | 2023-12-13T18:57:05Z | [
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75,556,428 | Tarik Haverić | Tarik Haverić (born March 28, 1955) is a Bosnian polymath, political scientist, philosopher, literary theorist, theatre director, polemicist, scholar, writer, polyglot and public intellectual.
Haverić was born in Sarajevo, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia on 28 March 1955. His paternal lineage stems from Podgorica, Montenegro. In the autumn of 1969, he was registered at the prestigious First Sarajevo Gymnasium (Serbo-Croatian: Prva Sarajevska gimnazija), the oldest secondary school in Bosnia and Herzegovina whose alumni include novelist and Nobel Prize laureate Ivo Andrić and chemist and Nobel Prize laureate Vladimir Prelog. As a child, Haverić was an avid chess player receiving the title of FIDE Master in his early teens.
In 1974 Haverić enrolled at the acclaimed Academy of Dramatic Art in Zagreb, where he studied theatre directing. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1978. Simultaneously he studied classical philosophy and comparative literature at the University of Zagreb, where he received a further two Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1978 and 1979, respectively. In 1989 he received his Master of Arts degree in classical philosophy from the University of Sarajevo with a thesis titled Medieval Philosophical Terminology in the Arabic language. He earned his Ph.D. in political science at Paris Nanterre University for his thesis on the dichotomy between democracy and ethnocracy in 1999.
In 1988, Haverić became a lecturer at the Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo, which was a position he held for two years. In 2000 he became a tenured junior professor at the political science department of the Paris Nanterre University. In 2006 he became a visiting lecturer at the Faculty of Law and Faculty of Political Science of the University of Sarajevo, as well as a visiting lecturer at the University of Gothenburg. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tarik Haverić (born March 28, 1955) is a Bosnian polymath, political scientist, philosopher, literary theorist, theatre director, polemicist, scholar, writer, polyglot and public intellectual.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Haverić was born in Sarajevo, SR Bosnia and Herzegovina, SFR Yugoslavia on 28 March 1955. His paternal lineage stems from Podgorica, Montenegro. In the autumn of 1969, he was registered at the prestigious First Sarajevo Gymnasium (Serbo-Croatian: Prva Sarajevska gimnazija), the oldest secondary school in Bosnia and Herzegovina whose alumni include novelist and Nobel Prize laureate Ivo Andrić and chemist and Nobel Prize laureate Vladimir Prelog. As a child, Haverić was an avid chess player receiving the title of FIDE Master in his early teens.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1974 Haverić enrolled at the acclaimed Academy of Dramatic Art in Zagreb, where he studied theatre directing. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1978. Simultaneously he studied classical philosophy and comparative literature at the University of Zagreb, where he received a further two Bachelor of Arts degrees in 1978 and 1979, respectively. In 1989 he received his Master of Arts degree in classical philosophy from the University of Sarajevo with a thesis titled Medieval Philosophical Terminology in the Arabic language. He earned his Ph.D. in political science at Paris Nanterre University for his thesis on the dichotomy between democracy and ethnocracy in 1999.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1988, Haverić became a lecturer at the Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo, which was a position he held for two years. In 2000 he became a tenured junior professor at the political science department of the Paris Nanterre University. In 2006 he became a visiting lecturer at the Faculty of Law and Faculty of Political Science of the University of Sarajevo, as well as a visiting lecturer at the University of Gothenburg.",
"title": "Life and career"
}
] | Tarik Haverić is a Bosnian polymath, political scientist, philosopher, literary theorist, theatre director, polemicist, scholar, writer, polyglot and public intellectual. | 2023-12-13T18:58:13Z | 2023-12-31T23:29:50Z | [
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75,556,431 | Salinas y Rocha | Salinas y Rocha (acronym: SYR) was a chain of Mexican department stores primarily selling appliances.
The history of the Salinas y Rocha chain dates back to 1906, when 22-year-old Benjamín Ricardo Salinas Westrup, a young entrepreneur from Monterrey, and his brother-in-law Joel Rocha decided to create "Benjamín Salinas y Compañía", manufacturing brass and iron beds and wooden furniture. Due to the Mexican Revolution the factory had to closed but in the 1920s, the company resurfaced. In downtown Monterrey, on Padre Mier Street near the corner of Zaragoza, they open the first Salinas y Rocha store. The strategy was to sell a lot, in small installments, with small profits. A few years later, the firm began its first expansion plan with the manufacturing of mattresses, and some time later, it implemented a new formula in the country: sales on credit: allowing customers to pay for the merchandise in installments. Salinas y Rocha and later the Elektra chain that emerged from it, become well-known most of all for their easy payment terms, thus allowing the working and lower-middle classes of Mexico to acquire home appliances.
In 1943, already in the hands of Hugo Salinas Rocha, son of Benjamín Salinas and grandfather of Ricardo Salinas Pliego, the firm entered the department store business, opening a store in Monterrey; The success was such that within two years there was a second store, this one in Mexico City. For someone with the aggressiveness that Salinas Rocha demonstrated when it came to business, there was no need for further indications to know that the moment was favorable to start other businesses, so in 1950 he started a new company, which he named Elektra.
The brand new company, which over the years would become the emblem of the Salinas businesses, showed that within the company things were not going as well. The creation of Elektra dented the alliance between the Salinas and the Rochas; In 1961, Hugo Salinas left the joint venture to dedicate himself full-time to Elektra – which was said to overshadow Salinas y Rocha – although he remained a shareholder.
Although on separate paths, both chains remained firm in their decision to continue with the same store format, so that for decades, Salinas y Rocha and Elektra went from being quite literally family, to being competitors. In the end, Salinas y Rochas was acquired by Grupo Salinas and largely folded into Elektra chain, though it still exists as a product brand sold by Elektra stores and online. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Salinas y Rocha (acronym: SYR) was a chain of Mexican department stores primarily selling appliances.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The history of the Salinas y Rocha chain dates back to 1906, when 22-year-old Benjamín Ricardo Salinas Westrup, a young entrepreneur from Monterrey, and his brother-in-law Joel Rocha decided to create \"Benjamín Salinas y Compañía\", manufacturing brass and iron beds and wooden furniture. Due to the Mexican Revolution the factory had to closed but in the 1920s, the company resurfaced. In downtown Monterrey, on Padre Mier Street near the corner of Zaragoza, they open the first Salinas y Rocha store. The strategy was to sell a lot, in small installments, with small profits. A few years later, the firm began its first expansion plan with the manufacturing of mattresses, and some time later, it implemented a new formula in the country: sales on credit: allowing customers to pay for the merchandise in installments. Salinas y Rocha and later the Elektra chain that emerged from it, become well-known most of all for their easy payment terms, thus allowing the working and lower-middle classes of Mexico to acquire home appliances.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1943, already in the hands of Hugo Salinas Rocha, son of Benjamín Salinas and grandfather of Ricardo Salinas Pliego, the firm entered the department store business, opening a store in Monterrey; The success was such that within two years there was a second store, this one in Mexico City. For someone with the aggressiveness that Salinas Rocha demonstrated when it came to business, there was no need for further indications to know that the moment was favorable to start other businesses, so in 1950 he started a new company, which he named Elektra.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The brand new company, which over the years would become the emblem of the Salinas businesses, showed that within the company things were not going as well. The creation of Elektra dented the alliance between the Salinas and the Rochas; In 1961, Hugo Salinas left the joint venture to dedicate himself full-time to Elektra – which was said to overshadow Salinas y Rocha – although he remained a shareholder.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Although on separate paths, both chains remained firm in their decision to continue with the same store format, so that for decades, Salinas y Rocha and Elektra went from being quite literally family, to being competitors. In the end, Salinas y Rochas was acquired by Grupo Salinas and largely folded into Elektra chain, though it still exists as a product brand sold by Elektra stores and online.",
"title": ""
}
] | Salinas y Rocha was a chain of Mexican department stores primarily selling appliances. The history of the Salinas y Rocha chain dates back to 1906, when 22-year-old Benjamín Ricardo Salinas Westrup, a young entrepreneur from Monterrey, and his brother-in-law Joel Rocha decided to create "Benjamín Salinas y Compañía", manufacturing brass and iron beds and wooden furniture. Due to the Mexican Revolution the factory had to closed but in the 1920s, the company resurfaced. In downtown Monterrey, on Padre Mier Street near the corner of Zaragoza, they open the first Salinas y Rocha store. The strategy was to sell a lot, in small installments, with small profits. A few years later, the firm began its first expansion plan with the manufacturing of mattresses, and some time later, it implemented a new formula in the country: sales on credit: allowing customers to pay for the merchandise in installments. Salinas y Rocha and later the Elektra chain that emerged from it, become well-known most of all for their easy payment terms, thus allowing the working and lower-middle classes of Mexico to acquire home appliances. In 1943, already in the hands of Hugo Salinas Rocha, son of Benjamín Salinas and grandfather of Ricardo Salinas Pliego, the firm entered the department store business, opening a store in Monterrey; The success was such that within two years there was a second store, this one in Mexico City. For someone with the aggressiveness that Salinas Rocha demonstrated when it came to business, there was no need for further indications to know that the moment was favorable to start other businesses, so in 1950 he started a new company, which he named Elektra. The brand new company, which over the years would become the emblem of the Salinas businesses, showed that within the company things were not going as well. The creation of Elektra dented the alliance between the Salinas and the Rochas; In 1961, Hugo Salinas left the joint venture to dedicate himself full-time to Elektra – which was said to overshadow Salinas y Rocha – although he remained a shareholder. Although on separate paths, both chains remained firm in their decision to continue with the same store format, so that for decades, Salinas y Rocha and Elektra went from being quite literally family, to being competitors. In the end, Salinas y Rochas was acquired by Grupo Salinas and largely folded into Elektra chain, though it still exists as a product brand sold by Elektra stores and online. | 2023-12-13T18:58:19Z | 2023-12-18T10:19:37Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinas_y_Rocha |
75,556,450 | HMS Endymion (1779) | HMS Endymion was a 44-gun fifth-rate Roebuck-class ship of the Royal Navy launched in 1779. Based on the design of HMS Roebuck, the class was built for use off the coast of North America during the American Revolutionary War. Commissioned by Captain Philip Carteret, Endymion spent the war serving in the English Channel and West Indies. There, she was damaged in the Great Hurricane of 1780. Sent to England for repairs, Endymion returned to the West Indies in 1782, repeating signals at the Battle of the Saintes. She was present but not engaged at the action of 2 January 1783, before being paid off towards the end of the year.
Endymion was recommissioned as an en flute troopship in 1787, conveying various regiments of foot to the West Indies, Ireland, and North America. On 22 August 1790, under the command of Lieutenant Daniel Woodriff, Endymion was carrying supplies to the Turks and Caicos Islands when she struck an uncharted rock off Turks Island. Unable to dislodge the ship, Woodriff abandoned Endymion on the following day.
Endymion was a 44-gun, 18-pounder Roebuck-class ship. The class was a revival of the design used to construct the fifth-rate HMS Roebuck in 1769, by Sir Thomas Slade. The ships, while classified as fifth-rates, were not frigates because they carried two gun decks, of which a frigate would have only one. Roebuck was designed as such to provide the extra firepower a ship of two decks could bring to warfare but with a much lower draught and smaller profile. From 1751 to 1776 only two ships of this type were built for the Royal Navy because it was felt that they were anachronistic, with the lower (and more heavily armed) deck of guns being so low as to be unusable in anything but the calmest of waters. In the 1750s the cruising role of the 44-gun two deck ship was taken over by new 32- and 36-gun frigates, leaving the type almost completely obsolete.
When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775 a need was found for heavily armed ships that could fight in the shallow coastal waters of North America, where two-decked third-rates could not safely sail, and so the Roebuck class of nineteen ships, alongside the similar Adventure class, was ordered to the specifications of the original ships to fill this need. The frigate classes that had overtaken the 44-gun ship as the preferred design for cruisers were at this point still mostly armed with 9- and 12-pounder guns, and it was expected that the class's heavier 18-pounders would provide them with an advantage over these vessels. Frigates with larger armaments would go on to be built by the Royal Navy later on in the American Revolutionary Wars, but these ships were highly expensive and so Endymion and her brethren continued to be built as a cheaper alternative.
Ships of the class built after 1782 received an updated armament, replacing the small upper deck 9-pounder guns with more modern 12-pounders. Endymion, constructed before this, followed more closely to the 1769 armament of Roebuck and did not receive these changes. All ships laid down after the first four of the class, including Endymion, had the double level of stern windows Roebuck had been designed with removed and replaced with a single level of windows, moving the style of the ships closer to that of a true frigate.
All but one ship of the class was contracted out to civilian dockyards for construction, and the contract for Endymion was given to Edward Greaves at Limehouse. Named after the mythological Endymion, the ship was ordered on 2 February 1778, laid down on 18 March and launched on 28 August 1779 with the following dimensions: 140 feet (42.7 m) along the gun deck, 115 feet 7 inches (35.2 m) at the keel, with a beam of 38 feet 1+1⁄2 inches (11.6 m) and a depth in the hold of 16 feet 4 inches (5 m). Her draught, which made the class so valued in the American Revolutionary War, was 10 feet 3 inches (3.1 m) forward and 14 feet 2 inches (4.3 m) aft. She measured 893 59⁄94 tons burthen. The fitting out process for Endymion was completed, including the addition of her copper sheathing, on 5 November at Woolwich Dockyard.
Endymion received an armament of twenty 18-pounder long guns on her lower deck, with twenty-two 9-pounders on the upper deck. These were complemented by two 6-pounders on the forecastle; the quarterdeck was unarmed. The ship had a crew of 280 men, which was increased to 300 in 1783.
Endymion was commissioned in July 1779 under the command of Captain Philip Carteret, who joined on 1 August, although newspapers initially reported that command would be given to Captain Richard Pearson. The ship began patrolling the English Channel for French shipping on 31 October. While preparing for a journey to the Guinea Coast on 15 January 1780 Endymion was badly damaged in a storm, losing her mizzenmast and cracking the mainmast. She went in to Portsmouth Dockyard to be repaired, which curtailed her activities until 26 February, when Endymion returned to the Channel.
Carteret was given command of a small blockading squadron based at Guernsey. Ordered by Admiral Sir Thomas Pye to intercept a convoy making for Cherbourg, Endymion detained two neutral Danish merchant ships; Jarlsberg on 10 April, and De Mathia four days later. While the Admiralty approved of Carteret's actions, he was later forced to pay costs and damages to the owner of De Mathia.
On 28 May the ship travelled as an escort to trade sailing to Africa, herself carrying soldiers for Goree. From there Carteret was to organise an attack on the French-controlled Senegal. He was immediately obstructed in this plan when the previous commanding officer at Goree refused to hand over to the successor Endymion had brought, providing only sixty men for any Senegal operation. Carteret abandoned the plan and sailed Endymion on to join the West Indies Station.
Endymion arrived at Barbados on 17 September. The ship was stationed off St Lucia when the Great Hurricane of 1780 arrived there on 10 October, driving her and the other vessels present from their anchorages and dismasting them; Endymion was nearly wrecked, and Carteret badly injured in a fall during the storm. The ship limped into Port Royal on 30 October, capturing two French merchant ships that had been forced out of Martinique by the hurricane as she did so.
News travelled slowly, and until the start of 1781 Endymion was thought in England to have been destroyed in the Great Hurricane. Early in that year Carteret was ordered to sail Endymion back to England so that she could be fully repaired, at the time having only jury masts. The ship escorted a convoy as she made the journey, and captured the French 60-gun Indiaman Marquise de la Fayette, which was sailing en flute, on 3 May after a running battle of two hours. This brought the number of ships captured by Endymion in the West Indies to four. The ship arrived in Britain in July and then, to the "astonishment and mortification" of Carteret, who believed Endymion only needed relatively minor repairs, was paid off.
The ship was recommissioned by Captain Edward Smith in October 1781 and sailed to join the Leeward Islands Station on 11 February the following year. Having joined Admiral Sir George Rodney's fleet, Endymion was present at the skirmishes between the British and French fleets in the Dominica Channel on 9 April and then at the culminating Battle of the Saintes on 12 April, where she served outside of the line of battle as a repeating ship. In July the ship sailed with Admiral Hugh Pigot to America to shelter during the hurricane months, and then in November returned to the Leeward Islands to participate in the blockade of Cape Francois as part of the Jamaica Station.
On 18 December Endymion departed Charles Town as part of the escort to a convoy of 130 ships carrying loyalists and soldiers. Making for Jamaica, on 2 January 1783 the ships encountered a Franco-American convoy of seventeen ships being escorted by the French 32-gun frigate Sibylle and 14-gun sloop Railleur. Ordered to chase the ships, Endymion was quickly overtaken by the 36-gun frigate HMS Magicienne which, off San Domingo, engaged the French vessels in the action of 2 January 1783.
Having attacked and silenced the sloop, Magicienne engaged in a close action with Sibylle for several hours. In sight of this, Endymion was unable to assist Magicienne because she was becalmed. Eventually Magicienne's masts fell, and the badly damaged Sibylle used the opportunity to disengage. An hour after this Endymion caught up with the mauled Magicienne, cheering her as she passed in an attempt to catch Sibylle. Smith failed to locate the French ship, which was eventually captured in a separate action on 22 January. Endymion returned to the British convoy on 4 January, having captured the French merchant ship Celerity whose cargo was valued at £20,000. Celerity hit a sunken rock on 9 January and was lost. Endymion was paid off later in the year.
Endymion underwent a repair at Woolwich Dockyard between December 1783 and December 1784 at a cost of £6,291. With the American Revolutionary War having ended, the ship was not recommissioned until October 1787 when Lieutenant Joseph Sall took command of her to operate as an en flute troopship. With this change her crew decreased to 155 men. She was one of two vessels that early in the following year carried military reinforcements to the garrison at Jamaica.
Under the command of Lieutenant Daniel Woodriff from February 1789, the ship embarked the 24th Regiment of Foot at Monkstown on 29 June to convey it to Quebec. Having completed this, she departed Quebec for England on 31 July with the 53rd Regiment of Foot on board. The ship then conveyed the 8th Regiment of Foot to Guernsey in March 1790, and in the same month took the 22nd Regiment of Foot from Sheerness to Cork. Having reached North America, on 12 June Endymion sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, taking the 47th Regiment of Foot to the Bahamas. The ship arrived at Nassau on 2 July.
Continuing in the West Indies, on 22 August Endymion had recently finished escorting the West Indiamen Lord Hood and Wheadon through the Windward Passage. Next tasked with delivering supplies to the Turks and Caicos Islands, at about 8 a.m. the ship was sailing to the south of Turks Island in what the crew expected to be deep water. A leadline suddenly showed that Endymion was in only 7 fathoms (13 m) of water, and the ship struck an uncharted rock. One man drowned in the incident.
Woodriff attempted to dislodge the ship, hoisting out the boats, lightening the ship, and cutting away the damaged foremast. As the mast fell to the side it damaged several of the ship's boats, and Endymion did not move. Meanwhile, some members of the crew broke into spirit room, stealing all of Woodriff's alcohol before being apprehended. Water began to breach the ship, and two hours later the crew was rescued by the passing schooner New Hope. Two officers and thirty-two seamen were taken to Jamaica, while Woodriff and the rest of the crew stayed at Turks Island. Endymion continued to fill with water the next day, while Woodriff worked to salvage stores from the ship. He had to abandon his operations as she began to sink.
The rock which Endymion struck has since been known as Endymion Rock. Endymion's wreck was still visible, lying on her beam-ends, on 14 September when the area was re-surveyed, discovering that the ship had struck a 200 yards (180 m) by 100 yards (91 m) ledge of hitherto uncharted submerged rock that was at its highest point only 4.3 feet (1.3 m) below the waterline. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "HMS Endymion was a 44-gun fifth-rate Roebuck-class ship of the Royal Navy launched in 1779. Based on the design of HMS Roebuck, the class was built for use off the coast of North America during the American Revolutionary War. Commissioned by Captain Philip Carteret, Endymion spent the war serving in the English Channel and West Indies. There, she was damaged in the Great Hurricane of 1780. Sent to England for repairs, Endymion returned to the West Indies in 1782, repeating signals at the Battle of the Saintes. She was present but not engaged at the action of 2 January 1783, before being paid off towards the end of the year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Endymion was recommissioned as an en flute troopship in 1787, conveying various regiments of foot to the West Indies, Ireland, and North America. On 22 August 1790, under the command of Lieutenant Daniel Woodriff, Endymion was carrying supplies to the Turks and Caicos Islands when she struck an uncharted rock off Turks Island. Unable to dislodge the ship, Woodriff abandoned Endymion on the following day.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Endymion was a 44-gun, 18-pounder Roebuck-class ship. The class was a revival of the design used to construct the fifth-rate HMS Roebuck in 1769, by Sir Thomas Slade. The ships, while classified as fifth-rates, were not frigates because they carried two gun decks, of which a frigate would have only one. Roebuck was designed as such to provide the extra firepower a ship of two decks could bring to warfare but with a much lower draught and smaller profile. From 1751 to 1776 only two ships of this type were built for the Royal Navy because it was felt that they were anachronistic, with the lower (and more heavily armed) deck of guns being so low as to be unusable in anything but the calmest of waters. In the 1750s the cruising role of the 44-gun two deck ship was taken over by new 32- and 36-gun frigates, leaving the type almost completely obsolete.",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775 a need was found for heavily armed ships that could fight in the shallow coastal waters of North America, where two-decked third-rates could not safely sail, and so the Roebuck class of nineteen ships, alongside the similar Adventure class, was ordered to the specifications of the original ships to fill this need. The frigate classes that had overtaken the 44-gun ship as the preferred design for cruisers were at this point still mostly armed with 9- and 12-pounder guns, and it was expected that the class's heavier 18-pounders would provide them with an advantage over these vessels. Frigates with larger armaments would go on to be built by the Royal Navy later on in the American Revolutionary Wars, but these ships were highly expensive and so Endymion and her brethren continued to be built as a cheaper alternative.",
"title": "Design"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Ships of the class built after 1782 received an updated armament, replacing the small upper deck 9-pounder guns with more modern 12-pounders. Endymion, constructed before this, followed more closely to the 1769 armament of Roebuck and did not receive these changes. All ships laid down after the first four of the class, including Endymion, had the double level of stern windows Roebuck had been designed with removed and replaced with a single level of windows, moving the style of the ships closer to that of a true frigate.",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "All but one ship of the class was contracted out to civilian dockyards for construction, and the contract for Endymion was given to Edward Greaves at Limehouse. Named after the mythological Endymion, the ship was ordered on 2 February 1778, laid down on 18 March and launched on 28 August 1779 with the following dimensions: 140 feet (42.7 m) along the gun deck, 115 feet 7 inches (35.2 m) at the keel, with a beam of 38 feet 1+1⁄2 inches (11.6 m) and a depth in the hold of 16 feet 4 inches (5 m). Her draught, which made the class so valued in the American Revolutionary War, was 10 feet 3 inches (3.1 m) forward and 14 feet 2 inches (4.3 m) aft. She measured 893 59⁄94 tons burthen. The fitting out process for Endymion was completed, including the addition of her copper sheathing, on 5 November at Woolwich Dockyard.",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Endymion received an armament of twenty 18-pounder long guns on her lower deck, with twenty-two 9-pounders on the upper deck. These were complemented by two 6-pounders on the forecastle; the quarterdeck was unarmed. The ship had a crew of 280 men, which was increased to 300 in 1783.",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Endymion was commissioned in July 1779 under the command of Captain Philip Carteret, who joined on 1 August, although newspapers initially reported that command would be given to Captain Richard Pearson. The ship began patrolling the English Channel for French shipping on 31 October. While preparing for a journey to the Guinea Coast on 15 January 1780 Endymion was badly damaged in a storm, losing her mizzenmast and cracking the mainmast. She went in to Portsmouth Dockyard to be repaired, which curtailed her activities until 26 February, when Endymion returned to the Channel.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Carteret was given command of a small blockading squadron based at Guernsey. Ordered by Admiral Sir Thomas Pye to intercept a convoy making for Cherbourg, Endymion detained two neutral Danish merchant ships; Jarlsberg on 10 April, and De Mathia four days later. While the Admiralty approved of Carteret's actions, he was later forced to pay costs and damages to the owner of De Mathia.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "On 28 May the ship travelled as an escort to trade sailing to Africa, herself carrying soldiers for Goree. From there Carteret was to organise an attack on the French-controlled Senegal. He was immediately obstructed in this plan when the previous commanding officer at Goree refused to hand over to the successor Endymion had brought, providing only sixty men for any Senegal operation. Carteret abandoned the plan and sailed Endymion on to join the West Indies Station.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Endymion arrived at Barbados on 17 September. The ship was stationed off St Lucia when the Great Hurricane of 1780 arrived there on 10 October, driving her and the other vessels present from their anchorages and dismasting them; Endymion was nearly wrecked, and Carteret badly injured in a fall during the storm. The ship limped into Port Royal on 30 October, capturing two French merchant ships that had been forced out of Martinique by the hurricane as she did so.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "News travelled slowly, and until the start of 1781 Endymion was thought in England to have been destroyed in the Great Hurricane. Early in that year Carteret was ordered to sail Endymion back to England so that she could be fully repaired, at the time having only jury masts. The ship escorted a convoy as she made the journey, and captured the French 60-gun Indiaman Marquise de la Fayette, which was sailing en flute, on 3 May after a running battle of two hours. This brought the number of ships captured by Endymion in the West Indies to four. The ship arrived in Britain in July and then, to the \"astonishment and mortification\" of Carteret, who believed Endymion only needed relatively minor repairs, was paid off.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The ship was recommissioned by Captain Edward Smith in October 1781 and sailed to join the Leeward Islands Station on 11 February the following year. Having joined Admiral Sir George Rodney's fleet, Endymion was present at the skirmishes between the British and French fleets in the Dominica Channel on 9 April and then at the culminating Battle of the Saintes on 12 April, where she served outside of the line of battle as a repeating ship. In July the ship sailed with Admiral Hugh Pigot to America to shelter during the hurricane months, and then in November returned to the Leeward Islands to participate in the blockade of Cape Francois as part of the Jamaica Station.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "On 18 December Endymion departed Charles Town as part of the escort to a convoy of 130 ships carrying loyalists and soldiers. Making for Jamaica, on 2 January 1783 the ships encountered a Franco-American convoy of seventeen ships being escorted by the French 32-gun frigate Sibylle and 14-gun sloop Railleur. Ordered to chase the ships, Endymion was quickly overtaken by the 36-gun frigate HMS Magicienne which, off San Domingo, engaged the French vessels in the action of 2 January 1783.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Having attacked and silenced the sloop, Magicienne engaged in a close action with Sibylle for several hours. In sight of this, Endymion was unable to assist Magicienne because she was becalmed. Eventually Magicienne's masts fell, and the badly damaged Sibylle used the opportunity to disengage. An hour after this Endymion caught up with the mauled Magicienne, cheering her as she passed in an attempt to catch Sibylle. Smith failed to locate the French ship, which was eventually captured in a separate action on 22 January. Endymion returned to the British convoy on 4 January, having captured the French merchant ship Celerity whose cargo was valued at £20,000. Celerity hit a sunken rock on 9 January and was lost. Endymion was paid off later in the year.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Endymion underwent a repair at Woolwich Dockyard between December 1783 and December 1784 at a cost of £6,291. With the American Revolutionary War having ended, the ship was not recommissioned until October 1787 when Lieutenant Joseph Sall took command of her to operate as an en flute troopship. With this change her crew decreased to 155 men. She was one of two vessels that early in the following year carried military reinforcements to the garrison at Jamaica.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Under the command of Lieutenant Daniel Woodriff from February 1789, the ship embarked the 24th Regiment of Foot at Monkstown on 29 June to convey it to Quebec. Having completed this, she departed Quebec for England on 31 July with the 53rd Regiment of Foot on board. The ship then conveyed the 8th Regiment of Foot to Guernsey in March 1790, and in the same month took the 22nd Regiment of Foot from Sheerness to Cork. Having reached North America, on 12 June Endymion sailed from Halifax, Nova Scotia, taking the 47th Regiment of Foot to the Bahamas. The ship arrived at Nassau on 2 July.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Continuing in the West Indies, on 22 August Endymion had recently finished escorting the West Indiamen Lord Hood and Wheadon through the Windward Passage. Next tasked with delivering supplies to the Turks and Caicos Islands, at about 8 a.m. the ship was sailing to the south of Turks Island in what the crew expected to be deep water. A leadline suddenly showed that Endymion was in only 7 fathoms (13 m) of water, and the ship struck an uncharted rock. One man drowned in the incident.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Woodriff attempted to dislodge the ship, hoisting out the boats, lightening the ship, and cutting away the damaged foremast. As the mast fell to the side it damaged several of the ship's boats, and Endymion did not move. Meanwhile, some members of the crew broke into spirit room, stealing all of Woodriff's alcohol before being apprehended. Water began to breach the ship, and two hours later the crew was rescued by the passing schooner New Hope. Two officers and thirty-two seamen were taken to Jamaica, while Woodriff and the rest of the crew stayed at Turks Island. Endymion continued to fill with water the next day, while Woodriff worked to salvage stores from the ship. He had to abandon his operations as she began to sink.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "The rock which Endymion struck has since been known as Endymion Rock. Endymion's wreck was still visible, lying on her beam-ends, on 14 September when the area was re-surveyed, discovering that the ship had struck a 200 yards (180 m) by 100 yards (91 m) ledge of hitherto uncharted submerged rock that was at its highest point only 4.3 feet (1.3 m) below the waterline.",
"title": "Service"
}
] | HMS Endymion was a 44-gun fifth-rate Roebuck-class ship of the Royal Navy launched in 1779. Based on the design of HMS Roebuck, the class was built for use off the coast of North America during the American Revolutionary War. Commissioned by Captain Philip Carteret, Endymion spent the war serving in the English Channel and West Indies. There, she was damaged in the Great Hurricane of 1780. Sent to England for repairs, Endymion returned to the West Indies in 1782, repeating signals at the Battle of the Saintes. She was present but not engaged at the action of 2 January 1783, before being paid off towards the end of the year. Endymion was recommissioned as an en flute troopship in 1787, conveying various regiments of foot to the West Indies, Ireland, and North America. On 22 August 1790, under the command of Lieutenant Daniel Woodriff, Endymion was carrying supplies to the Turks and Caicos Islands when she struck an uncharted rock off Turks Island. Unable to dislodge the ship, Woodriff abandoned Endymion on the following day. | 2023-12-13T19:00:11Z | 2023-12-24T22:04:39Z | [
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75,556,466 | Mexican Insurgent Army | The Mexican Insurgent Army (Spanish: Ejército Insurgente Mexicano, EIM) was a short-lived far-left Guerrilla group which existed between 1968 and 1969, in the Lacandon Jungle region of Chiapas. Founded by Left-wing Newspaper Editor Mario Menéndez and Ignacio González Ramírez. Ignacio González was in charge of the urban cell of the group called the Revolutionary Struggle Committee (Spanish: Comité de Lucha Revolucionaria). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Mexican Insurgent Army (Spanish: Ejército Insurgente Mexicano, EIM) was a short-lived far-left Guerrilla group which existed between 1968 and 1969, in the Lacandon Jungle region of Chiapas. Founded by Left-wing Newspaper Editor Mario Menéndez and Ignacio González Ramírez. Ignacio González was in charge of the urban cell of the group called the Revolutionary Struggle Committee (Spanish: Comité de Lucha Revolucionaria).",
"title": ""
}
] | The Mexican Insurgent Army was a short-lived far-left Guerrilla group which existed between 1968 and 1969, in the Lacandon Jungle region of Chiapas. Founded by Left-wing Newspaper Editor Mario Menéndez and Ignacio González Ramírez. Ignacio González was in charge of the urban cell of the group called the Revolutionary Struggle Committee. | 2023-12-13T19:01:48Z | 2023-12-26T16:01:18Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Insurgent_Army |
75,556,479 | December 2023, Security breach of Lok Sabha | A major security breach occurred on the premises of the Lok Sabha on December 13, 2023 in early afternoon
On December 13, the 22nd anniversary of the 2001 parliament attacks , a momentous security breach transpired within the Lok Sabha during the progress of Zero Hour, witnessing the audacious actions of two individuals who daringly leaped from the public gallery into the chamber of the House. Their disruptive move escalated when they released canisters emitting vivid yellow smoke and also shouted slogans like 'tanashahi nahi chalegi' (dictatorship will not be allowed) plunging the parliamentary proceedings into a state of unprecedented chaos and alarm.
Simultaneously, amidst the chaos, another distressing development unfolded as two protestors, a pro-man and a woman, employed canisters to disperse coloured gas outside the parliament .The use of coloured gas further underscored the severity of the security lapse.
The gravity of the situation necessitated an immediate pause in legislative activities to address security concerns and restore order within the parliamentary premises. Om Birla, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, took action by adjourning the parliament and ordering a thorough investigation to be done.
The Delhi Police took action by arresting the two protestors outside Transport Bhawan. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A major security breach occurred on the premises of the Lok Sabha on December 13, 2023 in early afternoon",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On December 13, the 22nd anniversary of the 2001 parliament attacks , a momentous security breach transpired within the Lok Sabha during the progress of Zero Hour, witnessing the audacious actions of two individuals who daringly leaped from the public gallery into the chamber of the House. Their disruptive move escalated when they released canisters emitting vivid yellow smoke and also shouted slogans like 'tanashahi nahi chalegi' (dictatorship will not be allowed) plunging the parliamentary proceedings into a state of unprecedented chaos and alarm.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Simultaneously, amidst the chaos, another distressing development unfolded as two protestors, a pro-man and a woman, employed canisters to disperse coloured gas outside the parliament .The use of coloured gas further underscored the severity of the security lapse.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The gravity of the situation necessitated an immediate pause in legislative activities to address security concerns and restore order within the parliamentary premises. Om Birla, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, took action by adjourning the parliament and ordering a thorough investigation to be done.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Delhi Police took action by arresting the two protestors outside Transport Bhawan.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | A major security breach occurred on the premises of the Lok Sabha on December 13, 2023 in early afternoon | 2023-12-13T19:03:28Z | 2023-12-13T19:05:07Z | [
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2023,_Security_breach_of_Lok_Sabha |
75,556,495 | War of Heraclianus | The War of Heraclianus was a short military conflict in 412–413, between the imperial generals Heraclianus and Constantius III, in a period known for being very turbulent and violent. There were a large number of uprisings in the Western Roman Empire and various groups of barbarian tribes crossed the empire. The conflict between Heraclianus and Constantius can be seen as one of many links in the chain of events that set in motion the downfall of the Roman Empire. In the conflict, Constantius remained loyal to the emperor and Heraclian tried to become emperor of the empire himself.
Despite the historical significance of the events, few primary sources about the conflict itself have survived. What little is known comes from the descriptions of the contemporaries Orosius, Hydatius, Prosper of Aquitaine and Zosimus.
Constantius was commander-in-chief of the Western Roman emperor Honorius, Heraclianus a Roman general who governed the province of Africa as military governor. The two rivals both made careers in the Roman army after the fall of Stilicho in 408 and were on good terms with Emperor Honorius. Heraclianus was the one who received orders from Honorius to arrest Stilicho. In Constantius, Honorius saw the right person to lead his army. The appointment of Constantius as commander-in-chief led to an increasing quarrel that culminated in the final conflict in 412.
According to Orosius, Heraclianus was appointed the new military governor of the North African province in 409. Orosius states that his predecessor John was murdered. In another account, however, Zosimus states that Heraclianus was the successor of Bathanarius, brother-in-law of Stilicho, who was put to death by the emperor Honorius. With this appointment Heraclianus was rewarded for his good services.
Heraclianus supported the emperor when Priscus Attalus, with the help of the Visigoths of King Alaric I, revolted in Italy against Honorius, whose seat of power was in Ravenna, in 409. Attalus then established his own court in Rome. In this conflict, Heraclianus ensured that no ships with grain left the African ports for Rome to supply the city. By restricting the grain supply, Heraclian tried to starve Rome, causing the population to revolt against the usurper. Attalus then brought an army of Visigoths against Heraclianus, but this was not very successful. Honorius offered to share power with Attalus in 410, but he refused. Attalus was then deposed by Alaric after he refused to let him lead another campaign into Africa. As a reward for his good services, Heraclianus was appointed by Honorius in 412 for the consulship of the year 413. However, the actual appointment as consul never took place, because after Constantius was appointed commander-in-chief in 411, Heraclianus turned against the emperor. Confident of his own strength and urged by Sabinus, his son-in-law, he rebelled. He declared himself emperor.
Heraclianus's first act in the conflict was to stop grain deliveries to the city of Rome, as he had previously done successfully against the usurper Priscus Attalus. He did the same with the supplies to the Visigoths of Ataulf who stayed near Marseille in southern Gaul. His next move was to assemble a fleet to ferry troops to Italy for an invasion. In the capital Ravenna, Honorius responded to this threat by declaring Heraclianus and his supporters enemies of the state and sentencing them to death by edict on July 7, 412.
Heraclianus' behavior is difficult to explain, because until mid-412 there were no obvious signs of trouble in Africa. It has been argued that Heraclianus rebelled to avoid facing consequences for the crimes he committed against refugees. However, this is based on the testimony of Jerome, clearly exaggerated and of questionable reliability. Orosius claims that Heraclianus revolted because he felt he was in danger, but does not explain the precise nature of this danger However, East has made it plausible that the rise of Honorius' new Magister utriusque militia Constantius was the cause of this.
In March 413, Heraclianus landed in Italy near Rome with an army to go to war against Honorius. He marched north along the Via Flaminia where he engaged the Roman army commanded by General Marinus at Utriculum. Two versions have been submitted regarding the events that take place. According to Orosius and Marcellinus Comes, Heraclianus arrived in Italy and marched on Rome, but was shocked by the size of the army that Constantius brought against him. He abandoned his army and fled to Carthage, where he was captured and executed on March 7. In the second surviving version, written by Hydatius, Heraclian's army was defeated at Utriculum (perhaps Oriculum, in Umbria, halfway between Rome and Ravenna), in a battle with 50,000 dead. After his defeat, Heraclianus fled to Carthage, where he was put to death by envoys sent to him by Honorius. He was murdered in the temple of Memoria. Sabinus, Heraclianus' son-in-law, fled to the eastern court in Constantinople, but was later returned and subsequently exiled.
Later historians have concluded that the departure of the Visigoths to Gaul in 412 meant that Constantius had his hands free in Italy and could focus all his attention on Heraclianus. It enabled him to deploy all his forces when Heraclianus arrived in Italy in early March 413. Modern historians such as Wijnendaele, on the other hand, conclude that Constantius was absent with his field army and that Heraclianus was defeated by the only troops left behind to protect Emperor Honorius. This claim is supported by the tradition that Honorius' army was not commanded by Contantinus III, but was commanded by Marinus, the comes domesticorum, the most important general in Italy after the magisteri militum. It is not inconceivable that this elite army ambushed the numerically strong African army and was able to easily defeat it due to a tactical advantage.
Heraclianus' name does not appear in the Fasti consulares, the list of all Roman consuls, because Emperor Honorius withdrew his appointment when Heraclianus revolted. Flavius Lucius is the only one recorded as consul that year. Heraclianus' actions were hushed up and all his possessions, 2,000 pounds of gold and land of equal value, were seized after his death and given to Constantius.
Despite the victory of Constantius III, the conflict between imperial generals foreshadowed what would later cause the decline of the Roman Empire. The civil war helped weaken the Roman state, causing the political, military and economic system of the once glorious Roman empire to accelerate into a downward process that led to its collapse. The conflict between Constantius III and Heraclianus can therefore be seen as one of the many links in the chain of events that set in motion the downfall of the Roman Empire. The war in 413 was part of the downfall that marked a turning point in European history. | [
{
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"text": "The War of Heraclianus was a short military conflict in 412–413, between the imperial generals Heraclianus and Constantius III, in a period known for being very turbulent and violent. There were a large number of uprisings in the Western Roman Empire and various groups of barbarian tribes crossed the empire. The conflict between Heraclianus and Constantius can be seen as one of many links in the chain of events that set in motion the downfall of the Roman Empire. In the conflict, Constantius remained loyal to the emperor and Heraclian tried to become emperor of the empire himself.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Despite the historical significance of the events, few primary sources about the conflict itself have survived. What little is known comes from the descriptions of the contemporaries Orosius, Hydatius, Prosper of Aquitaine and Zosimus.",
"title": "Fragmented sources"
},
{
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"text": "Constantius was commander-in-chief of the Western Roman emperor Honorius, Heraclianus a Roman general who governed the province of Africa as military governor. The two rivals both made careers in the Roman army after the fall of Stilicho in 408 and were on good terms with Emperor Honorius. Heraclianus was the one who received orders from Honorius to arrest Stilicho. In Constantius, Honorius saw the right person to lead his army. The appointment of Constantius as commander-in-chief led to an increasing quarrel that culminated in the final conflict in 412.",
"title": "Cause"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "According to Orosius, Heraclianus was appointed the new military governor of the North African province in 409. Orosius states that his predecessor John was murdered. In another account, however, Zosimus states that Heraclianus was the successor of Bathanarius, brother-in-law of Stilicho, who was put to death by the emperor Honorius. With this appointment Heraclianus was rewarded for his good services.",
"title": "Cause"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Heraclianus supported the emperor when Priscus Attalus, with the help of the Visigoths of King Alaric I, revolted in Italy against Honorius, whose seat of power was in Ravenna, in 409. Attalus then established his own court in Rome. In this conflict, Heraclianus ensured that no ships with grain left the African ports for Rome to supply the city. By restricting the grain supply, Heraclian tried to starve Rome, causing the population to revolt against the usurper. Attalus then brought an army of Visigoths against Heraclianus, but this was not very successful. Honorius offered to share power with Attalus in 410, but he refused. Attalus was then deposed by Alaric after he refused to let him lead another campaign into Africa. As a reward for his good services, Heraclianus was appointed by Honorius in 412 for the consulship of the year 413. However, the actual appointment as consul never took place, because after Constantius was appointed commander-in-chief in 411, Heraclianus turned against the emperor. Confident of his own strength and urged by Sabinus, his son-in-law, he rebelled. He declared himself emperor.",
"title": "Cause"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Heraclianus's first act in the conflict was to stop grain deliveries to the city of Rome, as he had previously done successfully against the usurper Priscus Attalus. He did the same with the supplies to the Visigoths of Ataulf who stayed near Marseille in southern Gaul. His next move was to assemble a fleet to ferry troops to Italy for an invasion. In the capital Ravenna, Honorius responded to this threat by declaring Heraclianus and his supporters enemies of the state and sentencing them to death by edict on July 7, 412.",
"title": "The conflict"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Heraclianus' behavior is difficult to explain, because until mid-412 there were no obvious signs of trouble in Africa. It has been argued that Heraclianus rebelled to avoid facing consequences for the crimes he committed against refugees. However, this is based on the testimony of Jerome, clearly exaggerated and of questionable reliability. Orosius claims that Heraclianus revolted because he felt he was in danger, but does not explain the precise nature of this danger However, East has made it plausible that the rise of Honorius' new Magister utriusque militia Constantius was the cause of this.",
"title": "The conflict"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In March 413, Heraclianus landed in Italy near Rome with an army to go to war against Honorius. He marched north along the Via Flaminia where he engaged the Roman army commanded by General Marinus at Utriculum. Two versions have been submitted regarding the events that take place. According to Orosius and Marcellinus Comes, Heraclianus arrived in Italy and marched on Rome, but was shocked by the size of the army that Constantius brought against him. He abandoned his army and fled to Carthage, where he was captured and executed on March 7. In the second surviving version, written by Hydatius, Heraclian's army was defeated at Utriculum (perhaps Oriculum, in Umbria, halfway between Rome and Ravenna), in a battle with 50,000 dead. After his defeat, Heraclianus fled to Carthage, where he was put to death by envoys sent to him by Honorius. He was murdered in the temple of Memoria. Sabinus, Heraclianus' son-in-law, fled to the eastern court in Constantinople, but was later returned and subsequently exiled.",
"title": "The conflict"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Later historians have concluded that the departure of the Visigoths to Gaul in 412 meant that Constantius had his hands free in Italy and could focus all his attention on Heraclianus. It enabled him to deploy all his forces when Heraclianus arrived in Italy in early March 413. Modern historians such as Wijnendaele, on the other hand, conclude that Constantius was absent with his field army and that Heraclianus was defeated by the only troops left behind to protect Emperor Honorius. This claim is supported by the tradition that Honorius' army was not commanded by Contantinus III, but was commanded by Marinus, the comes domesticorum, the most important general in Italy after the magisteri militum. It is not inconceivable that this elite army ambushed the numerically strong African army and was able to easily defeat it due to a tactical advantage.",
"title": "The conflict"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Heraclianus' name does not appear in the Fasti consulares, the list of all Roman consuls, because Emperor Honorius withdrew his appointment when Heraclianus revolted. Flavius Lucius is the only one recorded as consul that year. Heraclianus' actions were hushed up and all his possessions, 2,000 pounds of gold and land of equal value, were seized after his death and given to Constantius.",
"title": "Consequences"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Despite the victory of Constantius III, the conflict between imperial generals foreshadowed what would later cause the decline of the Roman Empire. The civil war helped weaken the Roman state, causing the political, military and economic system of the once glorious Roman empire to accelerate into a downward process that led to its collapse. The conflict between Constantius III and Heraclianus can therefore be seen as one of the many links in the chain of events that set in motion the downfall of the Roman Empire. The war in 413 was part of the downfall that marked a turning point in European history.",
"title": "Consequences"
}
] | The War of Heraclianus was a short military conflict in 412–413, between the imperial generals Heraclianus and Constantius III, in a period known for being very turbulent and violent. There were a large number of uprisings in the Western Roman Empire and various groups of barbarian tribes crossed the empire. The conflict between Heraclianus and Constantius can be seen as one of many links in the chain of events that set in motion the downfall of the Roman Empire. In the conflict, Constantius remained loyal to the emperor and Heraclian tried to become emperor of the empire himself. | 2023-12-13T19:05:15Z | 2023-12-15T17:15:21Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Heraclianus |
75,556,549 | Mobulavermis | Mobulavermis (IPA: [ˌmɒbjuləˈuɛrmɪs]) (meaning "Mobula worm") is an extinct genus of kerygmachelid lobopodian from the Combined Metals Member of the Pioche Formation in Nevada; USA. The type species is M. adustus, known from the holotype and paratype.
The generic name, Mobulavermis (IPA: [ˌmɒbjuləˈuɛrmɪs]) comes from 'Mobula', the genus name of extant manta rays and devil rays. This draws comparison to the elongate flexible caudal spines and broad swimming flaps of Mobula rays, which resemble the outline of the new taxon. This is combined with the Latin 'vermis', which translates to "worm". The specific name, adustus (IPA: [ˌaduˈstʊs]) is a Latin word which can mean "burnt", "singed", or "sun-burnt". This is in reference to the dramatic yellow, red, and black coloration of the two known specimens, and to the arid conditions of the type locality.
Mobulavermis is known from two specimens which were described by McCall, (2023). The intact posterior region of the holotype, KUMIP 298510, measures around 80.60 mm (3.2 in) down the curve of the body. The paratype, KUMIP 298511, measures roughly ~50.7 mm (2.0 in) along the sagittal curve of the trunk, and is also an incomplete individual which preserves the posterior portion of the body, although traces of the trunk and flaps continue towards the anterior. The trunk is unsclerotized, and lined with fine transverse annulations. A circular structure occurs beside the gut in the holotype - this may represent a digestive gland. It is described as having more lateral flaps than any other known lobopodian or radiodont; at least 18 down the length of the trunk, becoming smaller towards the caudal spine in an acuminate distribution. The posterior margins of the flaps are smooth and round, while the anterior margins appear flatter. The flaps were perhaps only weakly textured, in comparison to the wrinkled flaps of Kerygmachela. Adult individuals may have reached between ~30 cm (11.8 in) and ~50 cm (19.7 in), based on complete specimens of Kerygmachela, making it large among Cambrian animals. It is thought to have been pelagic, feeding on small prey in the water column, with elongate compound eyes on the underside of the head, also inferred from Kerygmachela.
In his phylogenetic analysis, McCall, (2023) recovered Mobulavermis amongst the "gilled lobopodians" (Utahnax, and Kerygmachela). The paper also finds that "gilled lobopodians" form a monophyletic clade, Kerygmachelidae, which is also erected in the same paper, although had been used informally to refer to the group in lieu of an established clade name. Previously, it had been suggested that Kerygmachela and Utahnax may have evolved their lateral flaps independantly from radiodonts, opabiniids, and Pambdelurion through a flattening of the walking lobopods of its ancestors, and that the lobopod limbs of Kerygmachela had been insufficiently demonstrated. The description of a new kerygmachelid that clearly lacked lobopodous legs appears to have confirmed this hypothesis. The following cladogram represents the phylogenetic results of a 50% majority rule consensus tree. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mobulavermis (IPA: [ˌmɒbjuləˈuɛrmɪs]) (meaning \"Mobula worm\") is an extinct genus of kerygmachelid lobopodian from the Combined Metals Member of the Pioche Formation in Nevada; USA. The type species is M. adustus, known from the holotype and paratype.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The generic name, Mobulavermis (IPA: [ˌmɒbjuləˈuɛrmɪs]) comes from 'Mobula', the genus name of extant manta rays and devil rays. This draws comparison to the elongate flexible caudal spines and broad swimming flaps of Mobula rays, which resemble the outline of the new taxon. This is combined with the Latin 'vermis', which translates to \"worm\". The specific name, adustus (IPA: [ˌaduˈstʊs]) is a Latin word which can mean \"burnt\", \"singed\", or \"sun-burnt\". This is in reference to the dramatic yellow, red, and black coloration of the two known specimens, and to the arid conditions of the type locality.",
"title": "Etymology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Mobulavermis is known from two specimens which were described by McCall, (2023). The intact posterior region of the holotype, KUMIP 298510, measures around 80.60 mm (3.2 in) down the curve of the body. The paratype, KUMIP 298511, measures roughly ~50.7 mm (2.0 in) along the sagittal curve of the trunk, and is also an incomplete individual which preserves the posterior portion of the body, although traces of the trunk and flaps continue towards the anterior. The trunk is unsclerotized, and lined with fine transverse annulations. A circular structure occurs beside the gut in the holotype - this may represent a digestive gland. It is described as having more lateral flaps than any other known lobopodian or radiodont; at least 18 down the length of the trunk, becoming smaller towards the caudal spine in an acuminate distribution. The posterior margins of the flaps are smooth and round, while the anterior margins appear flatter. The flaps were perhaps only weakly textured, in comparison to the wrinkled flaps of Kerygmachela. Adult individuals may have reached between ~30 cm (11.8 in) and ~50 cm (19.7 in), based on complete specimens of Kerygmachela, making it large among Cambrian animals. It is thought to have been pelagic, feeding on small prey in the water column, with elongate compound eyes on the underside of the head, also inferred from Kerygmachela.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In his phylogenetic analysis, McCall, (2023) recovered Mobulavermis amongst the \"gilled lobopodians\" (Utahnax, and Kerygmachela). The paper also finds that \"gilled lobopodians\" form a monophyletic clade, Kerygmachelidae, which is also erected in the same paper, although had been used informally to refer to the group in lieu of an established clade name. Previously, it had been suggested that Kerygmachela and Utahnax may have evolved their lateral flaps independantly from radiodonts, opabiniids, and Pambdelurion through a flattening of the walking lobopods of its ancestors, and that the lobopod limbs of Kerygmachela had been insufficiently demonstrated. The description of a new kerygmachelid that clearly lacked lobopodous legs appears to have confirmed this hypothesis. The following cladogram represents the phylogenetic results of a 50% majority rule consensus tree.",
"title": "Classification"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "Classification"
}
] | Mobulavermis is an extinct genus of kerygmachelid lobopodian from the Combined Metals Member of the Pioche Formation in Nevada; USA. The type species is M. adustus, known from the holotype and paratype. | 2023-12-13T19:12:08Z | 2023-12-15T13:52:33Z | [
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75,556,556 | Lady-Killer in Trouble | Lady-Killer in Trouble (Hungarian: Özvegy menyasszonyok) is a 1964 Hungarian comedy crime film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Sándor Pécsi, Dezsö Garas and Mária Mezei. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director László Duba.
A police detective investigating the case of a taxi driver who has disappeared finds no less than six different women claiming to be the vanished man's fiancee. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lady-Killer in Trouble (Hungarian: Özvegy menyasszonyok) is a 1964 Hungarian comedy crime film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Sándor Pécsi, Dezsö Garas and Mária Mezei. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director László Duba.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A police detective investigating the case of a taxi driver who has disappeared finds no less than six different women claiming to be the vanished man's fiancee.",
"title": "Synopsis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
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] | Lady-Killer in Trouble is a 1964 Hungarian comedy crime film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Sándor Pécsi, Dezsö Garas and Mária Mezei. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director László Duba. | 2023-12-13T19:12:41Z | 2023-12-25T00:33:28Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady-Killer_in_Trouble |
75,556,585 | Woolly Farms | Woolly Farms is an agricultural enterprise established in 2017, specializing in sustainable farming methods that incorporate vertical farming, hydroponics, and precision agriculture.
In April 2022, Woolly Farms engaged in India's Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) initiative. This participation represented one of the initial transactions conducted through ONDC within the country. | [
{
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"text": "Woolly Farms is an agricultural enterprise established in 2017, specializing in sustainable farming methods that incorporate vertical farming, hydroponics, and precision agriculture.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In April 2022, Woolly Farms engaged in India's Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) initiative. This participation represented one of the initial transactions conducted through ONDC within the country.",
"title": "Participation in ONDC Initiative"
}
] | Woolly Farms is an agricultural enterprise established in 2017, specializing in sustainable farming methods that incorporate vertical farming, hydroponics, and precision agriculture. | 2023-12-13T19:16:39Z | 2023-12-31T11:38:35Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_Farms |
75,556,587 | Aaron Bolger | Aaron Nigel Bolger (born 2 February 2000) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League of Ireland Premier Division club St Patrick's Athletic. His previous clubs are Shamrock Rovers, Cardiff City, Longford Town and Cork City.
A native of Avoca, County Wicklow, Bolger came through St Joseph's Boys, before moving to the academy of League of Ireland club Shamrock Rovers in 2016. While at St Joseph's Boys, he was part of a formidable side that included fellow future professional footballers Joe Redmond, Brandon Kavanagh, Jonathan Afolabi, Andy Lyons, Promise Omochere, Ryan Burke and Max Murphy among others.
Bolger made his senior debut for Shamrock Rovers was on 9 September 2016, when he replaced Stephen McPhail from the bench in a 5–0 defeat to Cork City an FAI Cup tie at Tallaght Stadium. His league debut came on 25 September 2016, in an 4–2 win over Galway United. Bolger's first goal in senior football was on 23 June 2017 when he scored in the 91st minute of a 4–1 win at home to Drogheda United. He made his first appearance in European football on 6 July 2017, when he came off the bench in a 1–0 win at home to Stjarnan of Iceland in a UEFA Europa League tie. On 16 September 2017, he started in the 2017 League of Ireland Cup Final, but was sent off in the 64th minute for a second yellow as his challenge was late and high on Dundalk defender Niclas Vemmelund as his side lost 3–0. He featured 18 times in all competitions over the 2018 season, with his performances drawing interest from EFL Championship side Preston North End.
On 4 February 2019, it was announced that Bolger had signed for Premier League club Cardiff City on loan until the end of their season.
After impressing with the club's Under 23 side during his loan spell, he signed a permanent contract with the club on 2 July 2019. On 1 June 2021, following two loan spells back in Ireland, Bolger was announced as being released by the club following the end of his contract, after failing to make a first team appearance during his 2+1⁄2 years with the club.
On 1 August 2020, Bolger was loaned back to Shamrock Rovers until the end of their season in December. He made the first team squad just once, remaining an unused substitute, while all 11 of his appearances were with the club's reserve side Shamrock Rovers II in the League of Ireland First Division.
On 30 January 2021, Bolger was loaned to newly promoted League of Ireland Premier Division side Longford Town until the end of June 2021, when his contract at Cardiff City expired. He made 10 appearances for the club during his loan spell.
Following the end of his Cardiff City contract, Bolger was released, signing for League of Ireland First Division leaders Cork City as a free agent on 29 July 2021. He made 10 appearances in the second half of his side's campaign as they missed out on the playoffs. On 3 November 2021, Bolger signed a new contract with the club for the 2022 season. He featured 34 times in all competitions over the season, scoring twice as they won the 2022 League of Ireland First Division. He signed a new contract with the club on 5 December 2022 ahead of their 2023 League of Ireland Premier Division campaign. On 6 March 2023 during a 4–4 draw away to Shamrock Rovers, he was involved in a head collision with Trevor Clarke that knocked Bolger unconscious and knocked his teeth out, requiring three Root canal treatments to resolve the issue. On 10 November 2023, he featured in the 2023 League of Ireland Premier Division Play-off as his side lost 2–1 to Waterford at Tallaght Stadium, resulting in relegation back to the League of Ireland First Division.
On 13 December 2023, it was announced that Bolger had signed a multi-year contract with St Patrick's Athletic.
Bolger is a defensive midfielder and has been described by his former manager Stephen Bradley as being "a nasty little f****r!" who can "do a bit of everything. He can tackle, he can play, he just needs to add goals to his game and he would be very close to a complete midfielder. He just doesn't care, Aaron. He doesn't see the players he's playing against, he doesn't see any of their players and think ‘oh’. And that sort of don't care attitude will drive his career. Every level he goes up, he'll respond to it." Former teammate Ronan Finn speaking about Bolger when he was 17 years old, said "Paul Scholes was a small midfielder and Aaron has a low centre of gravity. He manipulates his body really well to protect the ball. But Aaron is a central midfielder and I honestly don't know where he has learned the game. His knowledge of the game is so good."
Bolger has been capped for the Republic of Ireland at U16, U17, U18 and U19 level. He was named as part of the squad for the Republic of Ireland U17 team's 2017 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Croatia.
On 18 March 2018, he was named FAI Under-17 International Player of the Year for 2017. | [
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"text": "Aaron Nigel Bolger (born 2 February 2000) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League of Ireland Premier Division club St Patrick's Athletic. His previous clubs are Shamrock Rovers, Cardiff City, Longford Town and Cork City.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "A native of Avoca, County Wicklow, Bolger came through St Joseph's Boys, before moving to the academy of League of Ireland club Shamrock Rovers in 2016. While at St Joseph's Boys, he was part of a formidable side that included fellow future professional footballers Joe Redmond, Brandon Kavanagh, Jonathan Afolabi, Andy Lyons, Promise Omochere, Ryan Burke and Max Murphy among others.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"text": "Bolger made his senior debut for Shamrock Rovers was on 9 September 2016, when he replaced Stephen McPhail from the bench in a 5–0 defeat to Cork City an FAI Cup tie at Tallaght Stadium. His league debut came on 25 September 2016, in an 4–2 win over Galway United. Bolger's first goal in senior football was on 23 June 2017 when he scored in the 91st minute of a 4–1 win at home to Drogheda United. He made his first appearance in European football on 6 July 2017, when he came off the bench in a 1–0 win at home to Stjarnan of Iceland in a UEFA Europa League tie. On 16 September 2017, he started in the 2017 League of Ireland Cup Final, but was sent off in the 64th minute for a second yellow as his challenge was late and high on Dundalk defender Niclas Vemmelund as his side lost 3–0. He featured 18 times in all competitions over the 2018 season, with his performances drawing interest from EFL Championship side Preston North End.",
"title": "Career"
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"title": "Career"
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"text": "After impressing with the club's Under 23 side during his loan spell, he signed a permanent contract with the club on 2 July 2019. On 1 June 2021, following two loan spells back in Ireland, Bolger was announced as being released by the club following the end of his contract, after failing to make a first team appearance during his 2+1⁄2 years with the club.",
"title": "Career"
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"text": "On 1 August 2020, Bolger was loaned back to Shamrock Rovers until the end of their season in December. He made the first team squad just once, remaining an unused substitute, while all 11 of his appearances were with the club's reserve side Shamrock Rovers II in the League of Ireland First Division.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 30 January 2021, Bolger was loaned to newly promoted League of Ireland Premier Division side Longford Town until the end of June 2021, when his contract at Cardiff City expired. He made 10 appearances for the club during his loan spell.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Following the end of his Cardiff City contract, Bolger was released, signing for League of Ireland First Division leaders Cork City as a free agent on 29 July 2021. He made 10 appearances in the second half of his side's campaign as they missed out on the playoffs. On 3 November 2021, Bolger signed a new contract with the club for the 2022 season. He featured 34 times in all competitions over the season, scoring twice as they won the 2022 League of Ireland First Division. He signed a new contract with the club on 5 December 2022 ahead of their 2023 League of Ireland Premier Division campaign. On 6 March 2023 during a 4–4 draw away to Shamrock Rovers, he was involved in a head collision with Trevor Clarke that knocked Bolger unconscious and knocked his teeth out, requiring three Root canal treatments to resolve the issue. On 10 November 2023, he featured in the 2023 League of Ireland Premier Division Play-off as his side lost 2–1 to Waterford at Tallaght Stadium, resulting in relegation back to the League of Ireland First Division.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
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"text": "On 13 December 2023, it was announced that Bolger had signed a multi-year contract with St Patrick's Athletic.",
"title": "Career"
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"text": "Bolger is a defensive midfielder and has been described by his former manager Stephen Bradley as being \"a nasty little f****r!\" who can \"do a bit of everything. He can tackle, he can play, he just needs to add goals to his game and he would be very close to a complete midfielder. He just doesn't care, Aaron. He doesn't see the players he's playing against, he doesn't see any of their players and think ‘oh’. And that sort of don't care attitude will drive his career. Every level he goes up, he'll respond to it.\" Former teammate Ronan Finn speaking about Bolger when he was 17 years old, said \"Paul Scholes was a small midfielder and Aaron has a low centre of gravity. He manipulates his body really well to protect the ball. But Aaron is a central midfielder and I honestly don't know where he has learned the game. His knowledge of the game is so good.\"",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Bolger has been capped for the Republic of Ireland at U16, U17, U18 and U19 level. He was named as part of the squad for the Republic of Ireland U17 team's 2017 UEFA European Under-17 Championship in Croatia.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "On 18 March 2018, he was named FAI Under-17 International Player of the Year for 2017.",
"title": "International career"
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] | Aaron Nigel Bolger is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for League of Ireland Premier Division club St Patrick's Athletic. His previous clubs are Shamrock Rovers, Cardiff City, Longford Town and Cork City. | 2023-12-13T19:16:48Z | 2023-12-27T14:25:49Z | [
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75,556,588 | It's Okay to Not Be Okay (Philippine TV series) | It's Okay to Not Be Okay is an upcoming Philippine romantic comedy television series loosely based on the 2020 South Korean drama series of the same title. It is set to premiere in 2024.
On December 13, 2023, the series was announced as one of the titles for ABS-CBN's programming line-up for 2024, with Anne Curtis, Joshua Garcia and Carlo Aquino being cast in the lead roles. | [
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"text": "It's Okay to Not Be Okay is an upcoming Philippine romantic comedy television series loosely based on the 2020 South Korean drama series of the same title. It is set to premiere in 2024.",
"title": ""
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"text": "On December 13, 2023, the series was announced as one of the titles for ABS-CBN's programming line-up for 2024, with Anne Curtis, Joshua Garcia and Carlo Aquino being cast in the lead roles.",
"title": "Production"
}
] | It's Okay to Not Be Okay is an upcoming Philippine romantic comedy television series loosely based on the 2020 South Korean drama series of the same title. It is set to premiere in 2024. | 2023-12-13T19:16:56Z | 2023-12-17T16:48:57Z | [
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75,556,600 | Colorado City/Hilldale Police Department | The Colorado City/Hilldale Police Department is the police department of the cross-border towns of Colorado City, Arizona and Hilldale, Utah.
The twin towns of Colorado City and Hilldale have historically been home to the Fundamental Church of Jesus Church of Latter Day Saints (FLDS), a group that practicses polygamy. Following the arrest of the churches' prophet Warren Jeffs in 2006 on charges of sexual assault on children, the police department was revealed to have been largely controlled by the church, and its undercover units were nicknamed the 'God Squad'.
Following major reforms throughout the two communities, the town governments, including the police departments have distanced themselves from the religious group. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Colorado City/Hilldale Police Department is the police department of the cross-border towns of Colorado City, Arizona and Hilldale, Utah.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The twin towns of Colorado City and Hilldale have historically been home to the Fundamental Church of Jesus Church of Latter Day Saints (FLDS), a group that practicses polygamy. Following the arrest of the churches' prophet Warren Jeffs in 2006 on charges of sexual assault on children, the police department was revealed to have been largely controlled by the church, and its undercover units were nicknamed the 'God Squad'.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Following major reforms throughout the two communities, the town governments, including the police departments have distanced themselves from the religious group.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | The Colorado City/Hilldale Police Department is the police department of the cross-border towns of Colorado City, Arizona and Hilldale, Utah. | 2023-12-13T19:17:54Z | 2023-12-21T04:05:07Z | [
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75,556,603 | History of Montreal cabarets | The history of Montreal cabarets ranges from the early 1920s to the 1970s. Cabarets were unquestionably a social, economic and cultural phenomenon that radically transformed the entertainment scene in Montreal and Quebec.
Propelled by American Prohibition, Montreal cabarets hosted renowned artists from the United States. and France, causing Montreal to quickly gain a reputation as a party town, attracting large numbers of tourists, especially Americans. Also, many American jazz artists performed in the city. On the other hand, in the 1950s, Montreal's cabarets became an important venue for the emergence of new Québécois talent.
The scene reached its peak in two periods: around 1930, and again in the late 1940s. However, the New York and later the Montreal Mafia had close ties with the cabaret world, and the vitality of cabarets was eventually affected by the popularity of television and a campaign of public repression led by Mayor Jean Drapeau in the late 1950s, until the beginning of the 1970s, when cabarets disappeared from the Montreal scene.
On 16 January 1920, the United States Congress passed a constitutional amendment (the Prohibition Act) prohibiting the production and consumption of beverages containing more than half a percent alcohol. This measure had the direct effect of rapidly ruining New York City cabarets (particularly those in Harlem) and putting their artists out of work.
In 1921, the Taschereau government, in contrast to the rest of the continent, opted for an avant-garde solution: the creation of the Société des alcools du Québec, which allowed legal (and controlled) access to all alcoholic beverages.
From the mid-1920s onwards, a number of artists from the New York scene moved to Montreal to perform in the burgeoning Montreal cabaret scene. By the end of the 1920s, Montreal already boasted several popular nightclubs and clubs: the Boulevard, the Commodore, the Hollywood, the Blue Sky, and the Chinese Paradise Cabaret, as well as American-style clubs and a variety theater heavily influenced by American vaudeville.
However, Montreal's reputation as a major North American cabaret city was confirmed when New York's leading cabaret star, Texas Guinan, arrived in Montreal in 1930 to open the Cabaret Frolics. This star entertainer and singer was known for shouting "Hello suckers!" as she entered the stage at the start of every performance. Texas Guinan caused a sensation on the Main (Saint Laurent Boulevard) but, more importantly, accelerated the popularity of Montreal, and a host of American cabaret artists (MCs, singers, musicians, etc.) also settled in Montreal. A veritable oasis for anyone seeking to escape prohibitionist policies, Montreal quickly established a reputation as a magnet for tourists, investors and gamblers. Cabarets, clubs and betting parlors made Montreal a city of entertainment.
The economic crisis of 1929, and especially the end of Prohibition in the United States in 1933, severely affected Montreal's nightlife. Many American stars returned to live in the United States, while American customers became rarer. Frolics Cabaret closed its doors in 1933 after three years of operation.
But by the early 1930s, Montreal's reputation as an "open city" had already been established, and it was beginning to be referred to as the "Paris of North America". Any illicit pleasure could be purchased here at any time of the day or night. The entertainment industry was built on a multimillion-dollar parallel empire, with the gambling industry directly or indirectly financing the nightlife, its activities and its "around the clock" pleasures.
Unfortunately, the New York mafia moved into Montreal, turning it into a little Chicago. Clark Street became famous for its brothels and gambling dens. At the corner of Saint-Laurent and Ontario, the biggest telephone betting exchange in America was set up. All of this helped build Montreal's reputation, a reputation that, with the help of the Mafia, enabled the cabaret scene to survive these difficult years.
In the early 1940s, there were between 25 and 30 cabarets in Montreal, but it was after the end of World War II that Montreal's cabaret scene experienced its most prosperous period, lasting around a decade. By the end of the 1940s, some forty cabarets in a wide variety of styles were operating in Montreal at the same time.
The appearance of the Au Faisan Doré cabaret in 1947 changed the face of Montreal cabarets. Jacques Normand opened a Francophone cabaret where French and Québécois artists performed to great acclaim. This formula was emulated, with Montreal cabarets welcoming all the big stars from the United States, France and Quebec.
French greats Charles Aznavour, Tino Rossi and Charles Trenet performed at the Au Faisan Doré cabaret, and Édith Piaf and Patachou at the Cabaret Sans souci. Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis and Sammy Davis Jr performed at Cabaret Chez Paree. Great shows by strippers such as Lili St-Cyr, Peaches and Gypsy Rose Lee could be seen at Gaiety Theatre and Cabaret Roxy. Even French singer Mistinguett, at the age of 80, made a bold presence at Cabaret Montmartre in 1955.
During these years, especially from 1946 to 1954, there was a fierce battle between the best-known Montreal cabarets to attract American and French stars. French stars included Line Renaud, Jacqueline François, Henri Salvador, Yves Montand, Guy Béart, Lucienne Boyer, Luis Mariano, Maurice Chevalier and Bourvil, all of whom made numerous appearances in Montreal.
From chic cabarets such as El Morocco, Tic Toc and the Normandie Roff (located in the Hôtel Mont-Royal) to populist ones like the Casino Bellevue on the corner of Bleury and Ontario, not to mention the Rialto, Crystal Palace and Roxy, Montreal's nightlife scene was filled with unparalleled diversity and vitality. Cabaret Samovar, El Morocco and Tic Toc even offered shows "every hour on the hour".
In a column called Cabaret Circuit, journalist and columnist Al Palmer of the Montreal Herald described in his weekly articles all the news, gossip, star appearances, changes of ownership and names in the world of Montreal cabarets.
At the heart of this effervescence and new reputation, Saint-Laurent boulevard predominated, and was soon associated with the nickname of Montreal's Red-Light District. During this period, which can be considered the golden age of Montreal nightlife, provincial and municipal authorities kept a complacent eye on the activities of bars and clubs. For example, since the 2 a.m. closing time law was not enforced, the public went home at sunrise. Many popular illegal establishments violated municipal and provincial laws, but in the post-war context, it seemed to be of little concern to anyone.
The Corner, at the intersection of Craig (now Saint Antoine) and de la Montagne streets, was the focal point of jazz in Montreal from 1945 to the mid-1950s. Rockhead's Paradise and Café St-Michel were established here. American musician Louis Metcalf moved to Montreal in 1946 and hosted Café St-Michel for almost 10 years. He formed the International Band, the first ensemble to play the new bebop style in Montreal and Canada. This was the period when Oscar Peterson became a recognized jazz pianist and Oliver Jones began his career. Black jazz artists such as Art Pepper, Fats Navarro and Sonny Rollins were regular performers.
In the early 1950s, Montreal's cabaret scene continued to experience extraordinary effervescence, despite changes in cabaret names and owners. Jacques Normand was now host and master of ceremonies at Cabaret Saint-Germain-des-Prés, and other French-language cabarets appeared in Montreal (e.g. Cabaret Casa Loma, le Beu qui rit, etc.) in the 1950s. Cabarets also sprang up in every region of Quebec, and artists began to tour the province.
Montreal cabarets featured an increasing number of Montreal and Quebec artists (entertainers, singers, comedians, musicians), inspired by the success of the Au Faisan Doré cabaret. In the 1950s, these included Monique Leyrac, Félix Leclerc, Raymond Lévesque, Dominique Michel, Clémence DesRochers, Denise Filiatrault, Pauline Julien, Oscar Peterson, Oliver Jones, Paul Berval and Les Jérolas (a duo made up of Jérôme Lemay and Jean Lapointe).
The arrival in Montreal of Egyptian-born dancer Fawzia Amir in 1955, followed by the opening of Club Sahara in 1957, introduced a previously unknown dance style to Quebec, belly dancing, and popularized traditional Egyptian and Middle Eastern folk dance.
Jean Simon played a very active role as impresario and scout for new French-speaking talent in the 1950s and 1960s with his "Les découvertes de Jean Simon" (The discoveries of Jean Simon) competition, which was very popular at the "Café de l'Est" cabaret and at "Casa Loma". Ginette Reno (among others) began a successful career there.
However, the actions of Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau and the growing popularity of television from the mid-1950s onwards dealt a heavy blow to cabarets in Montreal and, by extension, throughout Quebec.
In response to the links between the Mafia and certain businesses in Montreal's Red-Light district, Dr. Ruben Lévesque founded the Comité de moralité publique de Montréal (Montreal Public Morals Committee) in March 1950. With the help of a young lawyer by the name of Jean Drapeau, and information gathered by lawyer Pacifique Plante (also known as Pax Plante), this committee requested and obtained a public inquiry from the Quebec Superior Court. The Caron inquiry (named after the judge who presided over it) presented its report on 8 October 1954. Charges were laid against 20 police officers, who were prosecuted and dismissed. The same day, Jean Drapeau announced his decision to run for mayor in the next municipal election, scheduled for 28 October. He founded the Civic Party, which took advantage of the Caron Report and, with a program to "clean up" the city, became mayor of Montreal. Pacifique Plante was immediately appointed head of the morality squad.
An intense wave of repression against gambling houses (called "barbotes") and brothels followed. These actions had a negative effect on Montreal's still numerous cabarets.
However, a certain tabloid press violently attacked the administration and, in 1957, after an election marred by irregularities, Jean Drapeau was ousted from City Hall and replaced by Sarto Fournier. After a three-year hiatus, Jean Drapeau returned to power in 1960 and "finished the job". The "Roxy" and the "Bijou" were even demolished, scaring away the perpetual party atmosphere that had prevailed until then.
Although some cabarets continued to operate with some success into the 1960s (e.g. Café Saint-Jacques, Café de l'Est, Cabaret Casa Loma, Café et Cabaret Montmartre and Mocambo), the decline was visible and irreversible. New police measures, the popularity of television and the arrival of a new musical style (rock) all converged to silence the cabaret scene as it had existed in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.
After the Expo 67, the world of Montreal cabarets was, so to speak, a thing of the past. The vast area that was home to Montreal's cabarets in the 1950s was given a new lease of life by the Quartier des spectacles project.
In the early years of Canadian television (1950s), a few flagship programs brought sudden fame to cabaret artists. Music-Hall and Au p'tit café, for example, were directly inspired by Montreal cabarets, giving stars such as Dominique Michel, Jacques Normand and Paul Berval the visibility they needed to propel their careers.
Subsequently, the effervescence of Montreal cabarets, the presence of numerous foreign stars, the recognized links with the mafia (local or New York) and its role in the emergence of Quebec artists left their mark on the Montreal and Quebec imagination.
As a result, many Quebec films and TV productions are reminiscent of this world:
Source for cabaret addresses and years of operation: | [
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"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Propelled by American Prohibition, Montreal cabarets hosted renowned artists from the United States. and France, causing Montreal to quickly gain a reputation as a party town, attracting large numbers of tourists, especially Americans. Also, many American jazz artists performed in the city. On the other hand, in the 1950s, Montreal's cabarets became an important venue for the emergence of new Québécois talent.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The scene reached its peak in two periods: around 1930, and again in the late 1940s. However, the New York and later the Montreal Mafia had close ties with the cabaret world, and the vitality of cabarets was eventually affected by the popularity of television and a campaign of public repression led by Mayor Jean Drapeau in the late 1950s, until the beginning of the 1970s, when cabarets disappeared from the Montreal scene.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "On 16 January 1920, the United States Congress passed a constitutional amendment (the Prohibition Act) prohibiting the production and consumption of beverages containing more than half a percent alcohol. This measure had the direct effect of rapidly ruining New York City cabarets (particularly those in Harlem) and putting their artists out of work.",
"title": "1920s and 1930s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1921, the Taschereau government, in contrast to the rest of the continent, opted for an avant-garde solution: the creation of the Société des alcools du Québec, which allowed legal (and controlled) access to all alcoholic beverages.",
"title": "1920s and 1930s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "From the mid-1920s onwards, a number of artists from the New York scene moved to Montreal to perform in the burgeoning Montreal cabaret scene. By the end of the 1920s, Montreal already boasted several popular nightclubs and clubs: the Boulevard, the Commodore, the Hollywood, the Blue Sky, and the Chinese Paradise Cabaret, as well as American-style clubs and a variety theater heavily influenced by American vaudeville.",
"title": "1920s and 1930s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "However, Montreal's reputation as a major North American cabaret city was confirmed when New York's leading cabaret star, Texas Guinan, arrived in Montreal in 1930 to open the Cabaret Frolics. This star entertainer and singer was known for shouting \"Hello suckers!\" as she entered the stage at the start of every performance. Texas Guinan caused a sensation on the Main (Saint Laurent Boulevard) but, more importantly, accelerated the popularity of Montreal, and a host of American cabaret artists (MCs, singers, musicians, etc.) also settled in Montreal. A veritable oasis for anyone seeking to escape prohibitionist policies, Montreal quickly established a reputation as a magnet for tourists, investors and gamblers. Cabarets, clubs and betting parlors made Montreal a city of entertainment.",
"title": "1920s and 1930s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The economic crisis of 1929, and especially the end of Prohibition in the United States in 1933, severely affected Montreal's nightlife. Many American stars returned to live in the United States, while American customers became rarer. Frolics Cabaret closed its doors in 1933 after three years of operation.",
"title": "1920s and 1930s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "But by the early 1930s, Montreal's reputation as an \"open city\" had already been established, and it was beginning to be referred to as the \"Paris of North America\". Any illicit pleasure could be purchased here at any time of the day or night. The entertainment industry was built on a multimillion-dollar parallel empire, with the gambling industry directly or indirectly financing the nightlife, its activities and its \"around the clock\" pleasures.",
"title": "1920s and 1930s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Unfortunately, the New York mafia moved into Montreal, turning it into a little Chicago. Clark Street became famous for its brothels and gambling dens. At the corner of Saint-Laurent and Ontario, the biggest telephone betting exchange in America was set up. All of this helped build Montreal's reputation, a reputation that, with the help of the Mafia, enabled the cabaret scene to survive these difficult years.",
"title": "1920s and 1930s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In the early 1940s, there were between 25 and 30 cabarets in Montreal, but it was after the end of World War II that Montreal's cabaret scene experienced its most prosperous period, lasting around a decade. By the end of the 1940s, some forty cabarets in a wide variety of styles were operating in Montreal at the same time.",
"title": "1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The appearance of the Au Faisan Doré cabaret in 1947 changed the face of Montreal cabarets. Jacques Normand opened a Francophone cabaret where French and Québécois artists performed to great acclaim. This formula was emulated, with Montreal cabarets welcoming all the big stars from the United States, France and Quebec.",
"title": "1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "French greats Charles Aznavour, Tino Rossi and Charles Trenet performed at the Au Faisan Doré cabaret, and Édith Piaf and Patachou at the Cabaret Sans souci. Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Jerry Lewis and Sammy Davis Jr performed at Cabaret Chez Paree. Great shows by strippers such as Lili St-Cyr, Peaches and Gypsy Rose Lee could be seen at Gaiety Theatre and Cabaret Roxy. Even French singer Mistinguett, at the age of 80, made a bold presence at Cabaret Montmartre in 1955.",
"title": "1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "During these years, especially from 1946 to 1954, there was a fierce battle between the best-known Montreal cabarets to attract American and French stars. French stars included Line Renaud, Jacqueline François, Henri Salvador, Yves Montand, Guy Béart, Lucienne Boyer, Luis Mariano, Maurice Chevalier and Bourvil, all of whom made numerous appearances in Montreal.",
"title": "1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "From chic cabarets such as El Morocco, Tic Toc and the Normandie Roff (located in the Hôtel Mont-Royal) to populist ones like the Casino Bellevue on the corner of Bleury and Ontario, not to mention the Rialto, Crystal Palace and Roxy, Montreal's nightlife scene was filled with unparalleled diversity and vitality. Cabaret Samovar, El Morocco and Tic Toc even offered shows \"every hour on the hour\".",
"title": "1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In a column called Cabaret Circuit, journalist and columnist Al Palmer of the Montreal Herald described in his weekly articles all the news, gossip, star appearances, changes of ownership and names in the world of Montreal cabarets.",
"title": "1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "At the heart of this effervescence and new reputation, Saint-Laurent boulevard predominated, and was soon associated with the nickname of Montreal's Red-Light District. During this period, which can be considered the golden age of Montreal nightlife, provincial and municipal authorities kept a complacent eye on the activities of bars and clubs. For example, since the 2 a.m. closing time law was not enforced, the public went home at sunrise. Many popular illegal establishments violated municipal and provincial laws, but in the post-war context, it seemed to be of little concern to anyone.",
"title": "1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The Corner, at the intersection of Craig (now Saint Antoine) and de la Montagne streets, was the focal point of jazz in Montreal from 1945 to the mid-1950s. Rockhead's Paradise and Café St-Michel were established here. American musician Louis Metcalf moved to Montreal in 1946 and hosted Café St-Michel for almost 10 years. He formed the International Band, the first ensemble to play the new bebop style in Montreal and Canada. This was the period when Oscar Peterson became a recognized jazz pianist and Oliver Jones began his career. Black jazz artists such as Art Pepper, Fats Navarro and Sonny Rollins were regular performers.",
"title": "1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "In the early 1950s, Montreal's cabaret scene continued to experience extraordinary effervescence, despite changes in cabaret names and owners. Jacques Normand was now host and master of ceremonies at Cabaret Saint-Germain-des-Prés, and other French-language cabarets appeared in Montreal (e.g. Cabaret Casa Loma, le Beu qui rit, etc.) in the 1950s. Cabarets also sprang up in every region of Quebec, and artists began to tour the province.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Montreal cabarets featured an increasing number of Montreal and Quebec artists (entertainers, singers, comedians, musicians), inspired by the success of the Au Faisan Doré cabaret. In the 1950s, these included Monique Leyrac, Félix Leclerc, Raymond Lévesque, Dominique Michel, Clémence DesRochers, Denise Filiatrault, Pauline Julien, Oscar Peterson, Oliver Jones, Paul Berval and Les Jérolas (a duo made up of Jérôme Lemay and Jean Lapointe).",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "The arrival in Montreal of Egyptian-born dancer Fawzia Amir in 1955, followed by the opening of Club Sahara in 1957, introduced a previously unknown dance style to Quebec, belly dancing, and popularized traditional Egyptian and Middle Eastern folk dance.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Jean Simon played a very active role as impresario and scout for new French-speaking talent in the 1950s and 1960s with his \"Les découvertes de Jean Simon\" (The discoveries of Jean Simon) competition, which was very popular at the \"Café de l'Est\" cabaret and at \"Casa Loma\". Ginette Reno (among others) began a successful career there.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "However, the actions of Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau and the growing popularity of television from the mid-1950s onwards dealt a heavy blow to cabarets in Montreal and, by extension, throughout Quebec.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "In response to the links between the Mafia and certain businesses in Montreal's Red-Light district, Dr. Ruben Lévesque founded the Comité de moralité publique de Montréal (Montreal Public Morals Committee) in March 1950. With the help of a young lawyer by the name of Jean Drapeau, and information gathered by lawyer Pacifique Plante (also known as Pax Plante), this committee requested and obtained a public inquiry from the Quebec Superior Court. The Caron inquiry (named after the judge who presided over it) presented its report on 8 October 1954. Charges were laid against 20 police officers, who were prosecuted and dismissed. The same day, Jean Drapeau announced his decision to run for mayor in the next municipal election, scheduled for 28 October. He founded the Civic Party, which took advantage of the Caron Report and, with a program to \"clean up\" the city, became mayor of Montreal. Pacifique Plante was immediately appointed head of the morality squad.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "An intense wave of repression against gambling houses (called \"barbotes\") and brothels followed. These actions had a negative effect on Montreal's still numerous cabarets.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "However, a certain tabloid press violently attacked the administration and, in 1957, after an election marred by irregularities, Jean Drapeau was ousted from City Hall and replaced by Sarto Fournier. After a three-year hiatus, Jean Drapeau returned to power in 1960 and \"finished the job\". The \"Roxy\" and the \"Bijou\" were even demolished, scaring away the perpetual party atmosphere that had prevailed until then.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Although some cabarets continued to operate with some success into the 1960s (e.g. Café Saint-Jacques, Café de l'Est, Cabaret Casa Loma, Café et Cabaret Montmartre and Mocambo), the decline was visible and irreversible. New police measures, the popularity of television and the arrival of a new musical style (rock) all converged to silence the cabaret scene as it had existed in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s.",
"title": "Decaying cabarets"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "After the Expo 67, the world of Montreal cabarets was, so to speak, a thing of the past. The vast area that was home to Montreal's cabarets in the 1950s was given a new lease of life by the Quartier des spectacles project.",
"title": "Decaying cabarets"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "In the early years of Canadian television (1950s), a few flagship programs brought sudden fame to cabaret artists. Music-Hall and Au p'tit café, for example, were directly inspired by Montreal cabarets, giving stars such as Dominique Michel, Jacques Normand and Paul Berval the visibility they needed to propel their careers.",
"title": "Impact of Montreal cabarets on television and film"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Subsequently, the effervescence of Montreal cabarets, the presence of numerous foreign stars, the recognized links with the mafia (local or New York) and its role in the emergence of Quebec artists left their mark on the Montreal and Quebec imagination.",
"title": "Impact of Montreal cabarets on television and film"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "As a result, many Quebec films and TV productions are reminiscent of this world:",
"title": "Impact of Montreal cabarets on television and film"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Source for cabaret addresses and years of operation:",
"title": "Impact of Montreal cabarets on television and film"
}
] | The history of Montreal cabarets ranges from the early 1920s to the 1970s. Cabarets were unquestionably a social, economic and cultural phenomenon that radically transformed the entertainment scene in Montreal and Quebec. Propelled by American Prohibition, Montreal cabarets hosted renowned artists from the United States. and France, causing Montreal to quickly gain a reputation as a party town, attracting large numbers of tourists, especially Americans. Also, many American jazz artists performed in the city. On the other hand, in the 1950s, Montreal's cabarets became an important venue for the emergence of new Québécois talent. The scene reached its peak in two periods: around 1930, and again in the late 1940s. However, the New York and later the Montreal Mafia had close ties with the cabaret world, and the vitality of cabarets was eventually affected by the popularity of television and a campaign of public repression led by Mayor Jean Drapeau in the late 1950s, until the beginning of the 1970s, when cabarets disappeared from the Montreal scene. | 2023-12-13T19:18:28Z | 2023-12-25T19:58:26Z | [
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75,556,607 | Leichhardtia liisae | Leichhardtia liisae is a creeper in the Apocynaceae family, and is endemic to north-eastern New South Wales.
It was first described in 1989 by John Beaumont Williams as Marsdenia liisae. In 2021, a major revision of the Marsdenia genus, Paul Forster placed the species in Leichhardtia, giving the accepted species name, Leichhardtia liisae. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Leichhardtia liisae is a creeper in the Apocynaceae family, and is endemic to north-eastern New South Wales.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It was first described in 1989 by John Beaumont Williams as Marsdenia liisae. In 2021, a major revision of the Marsdenia genus, Paul Forster placed the species in Leichhardtia, giving the accepted species name, Leichhardtia liisae.",
"title": ""
}
] | Leichhardtia liisae is a creeper in the Apocynaceae family, and is endemic to north-eastern New South Wales. It was first described in 1989 by John Beaumont Williams as Marsdenia liisae. In 2021, a major revision of the Marsdenia genus, Paul Forster placed the species in Leichhardtia, giving the accepted species name, Leichhardtia liisae. | 2023-12-13T19:18:53Z | 2023-12-14T15:31:11Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leichhardtia_liisae |
75,556,633 | American Joe Miedusiewski | American Joe Miedusiewski (med-ah-SHEV-skee; born Joseph Francis Miedusiewski; October 17, 1949) is an American politician who served as a member of the Maryland Senate from 1989 to 1991, and the Maryland House of Delegates from 1975 to 1989. A member of the Democratic Party, he unsuccessfully ran for Governor of Maryland in 1994, placing second behind Prince George's County Executive Parris Glendening in the Democratic primary.
Miedusiewski was born in Baltimore on October 17, 1949, to father Francis Joseph Miedusiewski, who unsuccessfully ran for the Maryland House of Delegates in 1970. His grandfather, Josef Mioduszewski (anglicized to Joseph Francis Miedusiewski), migrated to the United States from Poland in 1909, and operated several small businesses, including American Joe's Tavern, in Baltimore. He graduated from parochial schools in Baltimore, including Calvert Hall College High School, and later received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Baltimore.
Miedusiewski changed his name to American Joe before running for the Maryland House of Delegates in 1974, so that voters would associate him with his grandfather's tavern.
In the Maryland General Assembly, Miedusiewski gained a reputation for keeping a low profile and having a pro-labor and pro-business voting record. His district spanned from the Dundalk peninsula to east Baltimore, down to the Chesapeake Bay, and was regarded as having a largely blue-collar constituency. Miedusiewski rose to national prominence after then-presidential candidate Bill Clinton played pool at American Joe's Tavern while campaigning in Baltimore in 1992.
Miedusiewski was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in 1974, and was sworn in on January 8, 1975. He served as a member of the Constitutional and Administrative Law Committee during his entire tenure. Miedusiewski was sworn in to the Maryland Senate following the death of state Senator Joseph Bonvegna on November 16, 1988, where he served on the Economic and Environmental Affairs Committee during his entire tenure.
On November 17, 1993, Miedusiewski announced that he would run for Governor of Maryland in 1994, seeking to succeed term-limited Governor William Donald Schaefer, whom had encouraged him to run. He sought support from moderate-to-conservative Democrats and ran on a platform including economic issues, reducing government, and increased policing and sentencing. In June 1994, Miedusiewski named state Senator Bernie Fowler as his running mate.
Miedusiewski trailed in polling behind Prince George's County Executive Parris Glendening, placing third behind "Undecided" and Glendening in a Mason-Dixon poll ahead of the Democratic primary election. He was defeated in the Democratic primary election by Glendening, placing second with 18 percent of the vote. Miedusiewski later endorsed Glendening in the general election.
Following his defeat, Miedusiewski worked as a lobbyist for Semmes, Bowen & Semmes and Old Line Government Affairs.
Miedusiewski is married to his wife, Patricia, who worked as a nurse. Together, they live in the Canton neighborhood of Baltimore. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "American Joe Miedusiewski (med-ah-SHEV-skee; born Joseph Francis Miedusiewski; October 17, 1949) is an American politician who served as a member of the Maryland Senate from 1989 to 1991, and the Maryland House of Delegates from 1975 to 1989. A member of the Democratic Party, he unsuccessfully ran for Governor of Maryland in 1994, placing second behind Prince George's County Executive Parris Glendening in the Democratic primary.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Miedusiewski was born in Baltimore on October 17, 1949, to father Francis Joseph Miedusiewski, who unsuccessfully ran for the Maryland House of Delegates in 1970. His grandfather, Josef Mioduszewski (anglicized to Joseph Francis Miedusiewski), migrated to the United States from Poland in 1909, and operated several small businesses, including American Joe's Tavern, in Baltimore. He graduated from parochial schools in Baltimore, including Calvert Hall College High School, and later received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Baltimore.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Miedusiewski changed his name to American Joe before running for the Maryland House of Delegates in 1974, so that voters would associate him with his grandfather's tavern.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In the Maryland General Assembly, Miedusiewski gained a reputation for keeping a low profile and having a pro-labor and pro-business voting record. His district spanned from the Dundalk peninsula to east Baltimore, down to the Chesapeake Bay, and was regarded as having a largely blue-collar constituency. Miedusiewski rose to national prominence after then-presidential candidate Bill Clinton played pool at American Joe's Tavern while campaigning in Baltimore in 1992.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Miedusiewski was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in 1974, and was sworn in on January 8, 1975. He served as a member of the Constitutional and Administrative Law Committee during his entire tenure. Miedusiewski was sworn in to the Maryland Senate following the death of state Senator Joseph Bonvegna on November 16, 1988, where he served on the Economic and Environmental Affairs Committee during his entire tenure.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On November 17, 1993, Miedusiewski announced that he would run for Governor of Maryland in 1994, seeking to succeed term-limited Governor William Donald Schaefer, whom had encouraged him to run. He sought support from moderate-to-conservative Democrats and ran on a platform including economic issues, reducing government, and increased policing and sentencing. In June 1994, Miedusiewski named state Senator Bernie Fowler as his running mate.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Miedusiewski trailed in polling behind Prince George's County Executive Parris Glendening, placing third behind \"Undecided\" and Glendening in a Mason-Dixon poll ahead of the Democratic primary election. He was defeated in the Democratic primary election by Glendening, placing second with 18 percent of the vote. Miedusiewski later endorsed Glendening in the general election.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Following his defeat, Miedusiewski worked as a lobbyist for Semmes, Bowen & Semmes and Old Line Government Affairs.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Miedusiewski is married to his wife, Patricia, who worked as a nurse. Together, they live in the Canton neighborhood of Baltimore.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | American Joe Miedusiewski is an American politician who served as a member of the Maryland Senate from 1989 to 1991, and the Maryland House of Delegates from 1975 to 1989. A member of the Democratic Party, he unsuccessfully ran for Governor of Maryland in 1994, placing second behind Prince George's County Executive Parris Glendening in the Democratic primary. | 2023-12-13T19:23:22Z | 2023-12-17T17:21:02Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Joe_Miedusiewski |
75,556,681 | 1971 USAC National Dirt Car Championship | The 1971 USAC National Dirt Car Championship was the first season of the newly formed USAC National Dirt Car Championship. It was created after dirt races were dropped from the schedule of the USAC Championship Car series after the 1970 season.
The season consisted of four 100 mile dirt races.
The driver's championship was won by George Snider of 26 classified drivers. The entrants championships went to the #4 car of Leader Card, Inc. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1971 USAC National Dirt Car Championship was the first season of the newly formed USAC National Dirt Car Championship. It was created after dirt races were dropped from the schedule of the USAC Championship Car series after the 1970 season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The season consisted of four 100 mile dirt races.",
"title": "Schedule and results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The driver's championship was won by George Snider of 26 classified drivers. The entrants championships went to the #4 car of Leader Card, Inc.",
"title": "Final point standings"
}
] | The 1971 USAC National Dirt Car Championship was the first season of the newly formed USAC National Dirt Car Championship. It was created after dirt races were dropped from the schedule of the USAC Championship Car series after the 1970 season. | 2023-12-13T19:30:44Z | 2023-12-15T15:24:48Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_USAC_National_Dirt_Car_Championship |
75,556,693 | XKK | XKK can mean: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "XKK can mean:",
"title": ""
}
] | XKK can mean: the ISO-639 code of the Kacoʼ language of Vietnam
an ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 equivalent user-assigned code element for Kosovo, similarly to the shorter XK | 2023-12-13T19:33:59Z | 2023-12-13T19:33:59Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XKK |
75,556,759 | Sacred Heart University Community Theatre | Sacred Heart University Community Theatre (2020–present), located on Fairfield's main street, 1424 Post Road. is a university-run multi-disciplinary Theatre in Fairfield, Connecticut. It was formerly known as the Community Film Institute (2009–2011) and also as Fairfield Community Theatre Foundation (2001–2009). In 2019, Kleban Properties bought the long-vacant theater and leased the space to Sacred Heart University.
Since 2021, executive director Matt Oestreicher, a music producer based out of the metropolitan area, has brought in a number of diverse industry professionals including Joseph Gray (now retired from his previous venture at The Apollo) as production manager, actor Gary Lindemann operations manager, Tim Walsh (from the band, The Stepkids) as technical director and many others. Sacred Heart University also employs students to help with different aspects at the theatre including box office.
The foundation ran a number of programs using the theater under previous ownership and management:
The theater first began operation in 1920 as a local moviehouse. It added a second screen room in 1979. There are many stories regarding the theater's changing construction. For instance, behind one of the balconies, there used to be an office. It was accompanied with a lounge, but in 1950, the owner decided to make the office bigger, compromising the lounge. A lift would raise an organ out of the basement and onto the stage. The theater was also home to stage performances in the past but was converted into a movie theater in the 1970s.
Starting in the late 1990s, the Loew's chain attempted to run it as an art house, but failed and closed it in spring 2001.
Leo Redgate, a real estate investor in town who remembered seeing "Jaws" at the moviehouse as a kid, decided it would be good for the community to revive the place. He created the theater foundation, invested his own money to fix up the building, and rounded up volunteers, including high school students. By the end of 2001, the theater was open again. The theatre's final public showing was held on September 8, 2011.
The Community Theatre was bought by Sacred Heart University.
41°08′29″N 73°15′24″W / 41.1415°N 73.2567°W / 41.1415; -73.2567 (Fairfield Community Theatre) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sacred Heart University Community Theatre (2020–present), located on Fairfield's main street, 1424 Post Road. is a university-run multi-disciplinary Theatre in Fairfield, Connecticut. It was formerly known as the Community Film Institute (2009–2011) and also as Fairfield Community Theatre Foundation (2001–2009). In 2019, Kleban Properties bought the long-vacant theater and leased the space to Sacred Heart University.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Since 2021, executive director Matt Oestreicher, a music producer based out of the metropolitan area, has brought in a number of diverse industry professionals including Joseph Gray (now retired from his previous venture at The Apollo) as production manager, actor Gary Lindemann operations manager, Tim Walsh (from the band, The Stepkids) as technical director and many others. Sacred Heart University also employs students to help with different aspects at the theatre including box office.",
"title": "Staff and volunteers"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The foundation ran a number of programs using the theater under previous ownership and management:",
"title": "Series and programs"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The theater first began operation in 1920 as a local moviehouse. It added a second screen room in 1979. There are many stories regarding the theater's changing construction. For instance, behind one of the balconies, there used to be an office. It was accompanied with a lounge, but in 1950, the owner decided to make the office bigger, compromising the lounge. A lift would raise an organ out of the basement and onto the stage. The theater was also home to stage performances in the past but was converted into a movie theater in the 1970s.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Starting in the late 1990s, the Loew's chain attempted to run it as an art house, but failed and closed it in spring 2001.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Leo Redgate, a real estate investor in town who remembered seeing \"Jaws\" at the moviehouse as a kid, decided it would be good for the community to revive the place. He created the theater foundation, invested his own money to fix up the building, and rounded up volunteers, including high school students. By the end of 2001, the theater was open again. The theatre's final public showing was held on September 8, 2011.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The Community Theatre was bought by Sacred Heart University.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "41°08′29″N 73°15′24″W / 41.1415°N 73.2567°W / 41.1415; -73.2567 (Fairfield Community Theatre)",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Sacred Heart University Community Theatre (2020–present), located on Fairfield's main street, 1424 Post Road. is a university-run multi-disciplinary Theatre in Fairfield, Connecticut. It was formerly known as the Community Film Institute (2009–2011) and also as Fairfield Community Theatre Foundation (2001–2009). In 2019, Kleban Properties bought the long-vacant theater and leased the space to Sacred Heart University. | 2023-12-13T19:40:56Z | 2023-12-26T17:38:29Z | [
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75,556,781 | Lou Paskalis | Lou Paskalis is a long time advertising industry executive, He is the chief strategy officer of media watchdog company Ad Fontes Media as well as president of his own consulting firm, AJL Advisory LLC.
Paskalis has an MBA in Finance and a B.S. in business management from the University of Notre Dame.
Paskalis has been in marketing since 1990. He is known for his vocal stance on industry concerns, such as privacy, and brand-safety on social media. In 2023 he was named chief strategy officer of Ad Fontes Media.
Prior to Ad Fontes Media, Paskalis was president of industry association MMA Global starting in 2021. Prior to MMA Global, he was senior vice president of customer engagement and media investment at Bank of America, starting in 2013. Prior to Bank of America he was Vice President of Global Media, Content Development and Mobile Marketing at American Express. Prior to American Express, he worked for E & J Gallo Winery.
In 2019 Paskalis was named a "MediaPost All Star" due to his outspoken advocacy of brand safety and consumer privacy in marketing.
In 2022, Paskalis was temporarily blocked on Twitter after he criticized Elon Musk's decision to cut staff on content moderation. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lou Paskalis is a long time advertising industry executive, He is the chief strategy officer of media watchdog company Ad Fontes Media as well as president of his own consulting firm, AJL Advisory LLC.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Paskalis has an MBA in Finance and a B.S. in business management from the University of Notre Dame.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Paskalis has been in marketing since 1990. He is known for his vocal stance on industry concerns, such as privacy, and brand-safety on social media. In 2023 he was named chief strategy officer of Ad Fontes Media.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Prior to Ad Fontes Media, Paskalis was president of industry association MMA Global starting in 2021. Prior to MMA Global, he was senior vice president of customer engagement and media investment at Bank of America, starting in 2013. Prior to Bank of America he was Vice President of Global Media, Content Development and Mobile Marketing at American Express. Prior to American Express, he worked for E & J Gallo Winery.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2019 Paskalis was named a \"MediaPost All Star\" due to his outspoken advocacy of brand safety and consumer privacy in marketing.",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2022, Paskalis was temporarily blocked on Twitter after he criticized Elon Musk's decision to cut staff on content moderation.",
"title": "Controversy"
}
] | Lou Paskalis is a long time advertising industry executive, He is the chief strategy officer of media watchdog company Ad Fontes Media as well as president of his own consulting firm, AJL Advisory LLC. | 2023-12-13T19:44:18Z | 2023-12-15T20:42:39Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Paskalis |
75,556,785 | Dom/Hauptbahnhof station | Dom/Hauptbahnhof station (English: Cathedral/Main Station, sometimes abbreviated as Dom/Hbf) is an underground station on lines 5, 16 and 18 of the Cologne Stadtbahn system. The station is located under the southwest corner of the Köln Hauptbahnhof, the city's main railway station and along the northern edge of the Cologne Cathedral (German: Kölner Dom).
The station opened in 1968 as part of the first phase of the Innenstadt (English: inner city) Stadtbahn tunnel, and was one of the first underground stations in Cologne.
Media related to Dom/Hauptbahnhof station at Wikimedia Commons | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Dom/Hauptbahnhof station (English: Cathedral/Main Station, sometimes abbreviated as Dom/Hbf) is an underground station on lines 5, 16 and 18 of the Cologne Stadtbahn system. The station is located under the southwest corner of the Köln Hauptbahnhof, the city's main railway station and along the northern edge of the Cologne Cathedral (German: Kölner Dom).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The station opened in 1968 as part of the first phase of the Innenstadt (English: inner city) Stadtbahn tunnel, and was one of the first underground stations in Cologne.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Media related to Dom/Hauptbahnhof station at Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Dom/Hauptbahnhof station is an underground station on lines 5, 16 and 18 of the Cologne Stadtbahn system. The station is located under the southwest corner of the Köln Hauptbahnhof, the city's main railway station and along the northern edge of the Cologne Cathedral. The station opened in 1968 as part of the first phase of the Innenstadt Stadtbahn tunnel, and was one of the first underground stations in Cologne. | 2023-12-13T19:44:34Z | 2023-12-13T19:44:34Z | [
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75,556,821 | Kitty MacCann | Catherine MacCann (née Smye, 20 February 1922 – 29 April 2010) was an Irish amateur golfer. She won the British Ladies Amateur in 1951, the Irish Women's Amateur Close Championship in 1949 and 1961 and was a member of the 1952 Curtis Cup team.
Irish womens' golf after World War II was dominated by Philomena Garvey. Garvey won the Irish Women's Amateur Close Championship 14 times between 1946 and 1963. Garvey missed two events, in 1956 and 1961, and was only beaten twice in that period in 1949 and 1952, both times in the second round. MacCann played in the event in 1946, losing at the quarter-final stage. In 1947 she reached the final but lost to Garvey. She lost in the quarter-finals in 1948 but in 1949 took advantage of Garvey's early exit to win the title, beating Dorothy Beck in the final. MacCann won for a second time in 1961 but lost further finals to Garvey in 1957 and 1960 and to Dorothy Forster in 1952.
MacCann first played in the Women's Home Internationals in 1947, after reaching the final of the Irish championship. She played again in 1948 and 1949. These events were played on the Friday and Saturday before the start of the British Ladies Amateur at the same venue on the following Monday. However it seems that MacCann did not play in the British Ladies Amateur until 1950. She did play in the event in 1950, losing in the third round to Jessie Valentine. In 1951 at Broadstone she beat Moira Paterson in the quarter-finals and then Jeanne Bisgood in the semis, both matches going to extra holes. In the final she beat Frances Stephens 4&3 in the 36-hole final, to become the first Irish winner since 1907.
MacCann was selected for the 1952 Curtis Cup team at Muirfield. MacCann was not selected for the foursomes, the British team taking a 2–1 lead on the first day, MacCann was also not selected for the singles. However Elizabeth Price was not well in the morning and might have been replaced. However MacCann was also ill and so Price played her singles match. Price beat Grace DeMoss 3&2 and, with the singles matches tied 3–3, the British Isles won their first Curtis Cup.
MacCann was born Catherine Smye in Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland on 20 February 1922. Her father and brothers were amateur golfers. She married Pat MacCann on 16 February 1950. She died on 29 April 2010 at the age of 88. | [
{
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"text": "Catherine MacCann (née Smye, 20 February 1922 – 29 April 2010) was an Irish amateur golfer. She won the British Ladies Amateur in 1951, the Irish Women's Amateur Close Championship in 1949 and 1961 and was a member of the 1952 Curtis Cup team.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Irish womens' golf after World War II was dominated by Philomena Garvey. Garvey won the Irish Women's Amateur Close Championship 14 times between 1946 and 1963. Garvey missed two events, in 1956 and 1961, and was only beaten twice in that period in 1949 and 1952, both times in the second round. MacCann played in the event in 1946, losing at the quarter-final stage. In 1947 she reached the final but lost to Garvey. She lost in the quarter-finals in 1948 but in 1949 took advantage of Garvey's early exit to win the title, beating Dorothy Beck in the final. MacCann won for a second time in 1961 but lost further finals to Garvey in 1957 and 1960 and to Dorothy Forster in 1952.",
"title": "Golf career"
},
{
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"text": "MacCann first played in the Women's Home Internationals in 1947, after reaching the final of the Irish championship. She played again in 1948 and 1949. These events were played on the Friday and Saturday before the start of the British Ladies Amateur at the same venue on the following Monday. However it seems that MacCann did not play in the British Ladies Amateur until 1950. She did play in the event in 1950, losing in the third round to Jessie Valentine. In 1951 at Broadstone she beat Moira Paterson in the quarter-finals and then Jeanne Bisgood in the semis, both matches going to extra holes. In the final she beat Frances Stephens 4&3 in the 36-hole final, to become the first Irish winner since 1907.",
"title": "Golf career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "MacCann was selected for the 1952 Curtis Cup team at Muirfield. MacCann was not selected for the foursomes, the British team taking a 2–1 lead on the first day, MacCann was also not selected for the singles. However Elizabeth Price was not well in the morning and might have been replaced. However MacCann was also ill and so Price played her singles match. Price beat Grace DeMoss 3&2 and, with the singles matches tied 3–3, the British Isles won their first Curtis Cup.",
"title": "Golf career"
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"text": "MacCann was born Catherine Smye in Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland on 20 February 1922. Her father and brothers were amateur golfers. She married Pat MacCann on 16 February 1950. She died on 29 April 2010 at the age of 88.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Catherine MacCann was an Irish amateur golfer. She won the British Ladies Amateur in 1951, the Irish Women's Amateur Close Championship in 1949 and 1961 and was a member of the 1952 Curtis Cup team. | 2023-12-13T19:50:11Z | 2023-12-14T10:26:53Z | [
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75,556,880 | Jimmy Dijk | J.P. (Jimmy) Dijk (born 3 November 1985) is a Dutch politician. Since 20 April 2023, he is a member of the House of Representatives as part of the Socialist Party (SP). On 13 December 2023, he succeeded Lilian Marijnissen as leader of the SP. Dijk was previously a councillor in the Groningen council from 2010 to 2023.
Dijk grew up in his birthplace Oldenzijl, in the north of the province of Groningen. He attended secondary school at Het Hogeland College in Warffum. From his 18th, he lived in the city of Groningen, where he studied sociology. After receiving his degree, he worked as a bartender.
In September 2010, he became a councillor for the SP in Groningen, as a temporary replacement for the departing Peter Verschuren. In January 2013, Dijk succeeded Eelco Eikenaar as leader of the SP fraction within the Groningen council. Among other achievenments, he strengthened the position of house renters living in poor conditions. Fellow councillors praised his enthusiastic commitment, knowledge and honesty.
Next to his council work, Dijk has also been a national campaign leader for the SP. He is also member of party management. In the 2021 Dutch general election, he was listed tenth on the candidate list for the SP. The party only received votes for nine seats, and he was therefore not elected to the House of Representatives. In April 2023, he arrived in the House, as replacement for Maarten Hijink, who had left Parliament in order to spend more time with his family. Dijk is the party spokesperson for health. After taking office, he committed to keep fighting to keep hospitals open, such as those in Zutphen, Heerlen and a number of other places in the Netherlands. | [
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"title": ""
},
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"title": "Biography"
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"text": "In September 2010, he became a councillor for the SP in Groningen, as a temporary replacement for the departing Peter Verschuren. In January 2013, Dijk succeeded Eelco Eikenaar as leader of the SP fraction within the Groningen council. Among other achievenments, he strengthened the position of house renters living in poor conditions. Fellow councillors praised his enthusiastic commitment, knowledge and honesty.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Next to his council work, Dijk has also been a national campaign leader for the SP. He is also member of party management. In the 2021 Dutch general election, he was listed tenth on the candidate list for the SP. The party only received votes for nine seats, and he was therefore not elected to the House of Representatives. In April 2023, he arrived in the House, as replacement for Maarten Hijink, who had left Parliament in order to spend more time with his family. Dijk is the party spokesperson for health. After taking office, he committed to keep fighting to keep hospitals open, such as those in Zutphen, Heerlen and a number of other places in the Netherlands.",
"title": "Biography"
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] | J.P. (Jimmy) Dijk is a Dutch politician. Since 20 April 2023, he is a member of the House of Representatives as part of the Socialist Party (SP). On 13 December 2023, he succeeded Lilian Marijnissen as leader of the SP. Dijk was previously a councillor in the Groningen council from 2010 to 2023. | 2023-12-13T19:57:44Z | 2023-12-25T12:21:00Z | [
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75,556,893 | Wojciech Kułach | Wojciech Kułach, known as Wawrzyńcok (born March 24, 1812, in Gliczarów, died December 23, 1897) was a Polish folk sculptor active in the Podhale region in the 19th century. He worked with wood, stone, and metal.
In the year 1840, he created a bust for the monument to Archduke Franz Karl of Austria in a competition, for which he received the first prize.
He was nicknamed the "Leonardo da Vinci of Gliczarów." Kułach's sketches can be viewed in Gliczarów Górny in the memorial room of Andrzej Skupień Florek. | [
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"title": ""
}
] | Wojciech Kułach, known as Wawrzyńcok was a Polish folk sculptor active in the Podhale region in the 19th century. He worked with wood, stone, and metal. In the year 1840, he created a bust for the monument to Archduke Franz Karl of Austria in a competition, for which he received the first prize. He was nicknamed the "Leonardo da Vinci of Gliczarów." Kułach's sketches can be viewed in Gliczarów Górny in the memorial room of Andrzej Skupień Florek. | 2023-12-13T19:59:28Z | 2023-12-30T17:48:41Z | [
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75,556,957 | Brad Marrs | Bradley Phipps Marrs (born 1960) is an American lawyer and politician who served in the Virginia House of Delegates, representing the 68th district. A conservative member of the Republican, he was first elected in 2001 to succeed retiring incumbent Panny Rhodes and won reelection two years later. In 2005, independent candidate Katherine Waddell, a socially liberal former Republican, scored an upset victory against Marrs, defeating him by a margin of 42 votes. | [
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"text": "Bradley Phipps Marrs (born 1960) is an American lawyer and politician who served in the Virginia House of Delegates, representing the 68th district. A conservative member of the Republican, he was first elected in 2001 to succeed retiring incumbent Panny Rhodes and won reelection two years later. In 2005, independent candidate Katherine Waddell, a socially liberal former Republican, scored an upset victory against Marrs, defeating him by a margin of 42 votes.",
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] | Bradley Phipps Marrs is an American lawyer and politician who served in the Virginia House of Delegates, representing the 68th district. A conservative member of the Republican, he was first elected in 2001 to succeed retiring incumbent Panny Rhodes and won reelection two years later. In 2005, independent candidate Katherine Waddell, a socially liberal former Republican, scored an upset victory against Marrs, defeating him by a margin of 42 votes. | 2023-12-13T20:09:30Z | 2023-12-13T20:23:28Z | [
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75,556,990 | Nyatsimba Mutota | Nyatsimba Mutota (c. 1400 - c. 1450) was a legendary royal of Great Zimbabwe in the mid-15th century who is credited with founding the Mutapa Empire to its north, over which he reigned as its first king. Under his leadership, the Empire began a period of military conquest and expansion, which his son would go on to extend as far as the Indian Ocean.
Nyatsimba Mutota was a member of the Karanga clan of the Shona tribe. He was a representative of the ruling Mbire family. The Mbire had dominated the formation of the state ruled from Great Zimbabwe since its founding by his great-grandfather Mbire, after whom the family took its name. After losing a war with his kinsman Mukwati, he fled the city. However, at that time, Great Zimbabwe was already losing power to a rival with its capital at Ingombe, Ilede (near the Zambezi River in modern Zambia).
According to the oral tradition of the Shona, a salt shortage arose in Great Zimbabwe. That may be a figurative way of speaking of land depletion for pasturists and agriculturalists or to the deprivations the community faced in general.
Consequently, Nyatsimba Mutota lead a migration to the north-east to establish a new capital in the Daende area, between the Mazoé (now in Mashonaland Central) and the Huniani of the Panhame River (now on the border of Zimbabwe and Mozambique). Large deposits of salt have been found in the Tavar region.
He built the capital near Mount Fura (identified with the current Mount Darwin in Mashonaland Central) in order to be closer to the trading cities of the Kilwa Sultanate. But based upon the location of Mutapa, its founding must have been linked to the royal interest in controlling inland trade coming from the Indian Ocean and competing with Ingombe Ilede on the Zambezi River.
It was during the reign of Nyatsimba Mutota that the union of tribes transformed into a theocratic state. Mutota assumed the title of mwene mutupa (both a civil and military title meaning Lord of the Conquered Land) and became the high priest of Mwari.
Initially, the population of the Kingdom was largely composed of herders and elephant hunters, not farmers, which made livestock of enormous political importance to the Monomotapa rulers. They gave gifts of livestock to provincial governors to ensure their political support, and sometimes started wars to obtain them.
Around 1440, he began aggressive campaigns against the surrounding tribes, expanding the boundaries of the lands under his control to the west along the Zambezi River. Before his death, he conquered Great Zimbabwe, which remained a cult center. He introduced the tradition of appointing his sons as vassals over conquered lands which were otherwise largely self-governing.
He established strong trade contacts with the cities of Sofala and Mozambique where salt, gold and ivory were sent. He also exchanged cattle for gold with the Bantu peoples in southern Africa (who controlled mines), which he then sent to Arab traders. A geographical reconstruction of the conquests of Mutota and his son reveals a west–east route, the final goal being to seize the downstream part of the Zambezi River, near the sea, in order to be able to exchange salt and ivory with the Portuguese.
Death prevented him from furthering his conquests. He died around 1450 near Pachecho, or Chitakochangonya hill, in a war with a Tongan tribe. He was succeeded by his son Matope Nyanhehwe Nebedza.
In 1861, a Portuguese officer named Albino Manoel Pacheco collected a series of oral testimonies on the origin of Monomotapa and on Mutota. One of those stated: “The history of this country is… obscure. We only know that elephant hunters (Uajero) came from Changoé, led by a resolute black man named Mutota (from the Changamira family), and attracted by the fabrics and salt which were spread in the country… began the conquest of this large territory, without being able to complete it at the same time, because death took their leader from them at the top of the Chitacoxagonha mountain range on the outskirts of the promised land".
The existence of Nyatsimba Mutota has been questioned. Some propose he may merely be a personification of the founders of the empire of the Xonas Carangas.
According to Albino Mael Pacheco, after his death, Mutota was known under the names of Nobesa/Nobeza and Nhantengué, which probably had meanings linked to his prestige and importance, but the exact meaning of these words is unknown. Since there are very few written records about the origins of the Monomotapa Kingdom, there is significant debate over the order and name of the first rulers.
Furthermore, there is another oral tradition, collected by Manoel Pacheco from a noble woman "over a hundred years old" in the 19th century, which names him Nobeza, but which places him as the third ruler of the Monomotapa Empire rather than the fourth (counting from Mbire). The name of his son, traditionally written as “Matope” is also changed to that of Mucuombé. The four genealogical traditions collected by W.G. Randles are:
The simplest explanation is that the second and third traditions take into account Mutota's ancestors as rulers of Monomotapa. This is not completely accurate, because the founder of Monomotapa as an empire was Mutota himself. Before him, the area was only populated by a small community of shepherds. Regardless, Randles holds Mutota, Nobeza and Nobesa to be the same person. | [
{
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"text": "Nyatsimba Mutota (c. 1400 - c. 1450) was a legendary royal of Great Zimbabwe in the mid-15th century who is credited with founding the Mutapa Empire to its north, over which he reigned as its first king. Under his leadership, the Empire began a period of military conquest and expansion, which his son would go on to extend as far as the Indian Ocean.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Nyatsimba Mutota was a member of the Karanga clan of the Shona tribe. He was a representative of the ruling Mbire family. The Mbire had dominated the formation of the state ruled from Great Zimbabwe since its founding by his great-grandfather Mbire, after whom the family took its name. After losing a war with his kinsman Mukwati, he fled the city. However, at that time, Great Zimbabwe was already losing power to a rival with its capital at Ingombe, Ilede (near the Zambezi River in modern Zambia).",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "According to the oral tradition of the Shona, a salt shortage arose in Great Zimbabwe. That may be a figurative way of speaking of land depletion for pasturists and agriculturalists or to the deprivations the community faced in general.",
"title": "Founding Mutapa"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Consequently, Nyatsimba Mutota lead a migration to the north-east to establish a new capital in the Daende area, between the Mazoé (now in Mashonaland Central) and the Huniani of the Panhame River (now on the border of Zimbabwe and Mozambique). Large deposits of salt have been found in the Tavar region.",
"title": "Founding Mutapa"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He built the capital near Mount Fura (identified with the current Mount Darwin in Mashonaland Central) in order to be closer to the trading cities of the Kilwa Sultanate. But based upon the location of Mutapa, its founding must have been linked to the royal interest in controlling inland trade coming from the Indian Ocean and competing with Ingombe Ilede on the Zambezi River.",
"title": "Founding Mutapa"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "It was during the reign of Nyatsimba Mutota that the union of tribes transformed into a theocratic state. Mutota assumed the title of mwene mutupa (both a civil and military title meaning Lord of the Conquered Land) and became the high priest of Mwari.",
"title": "Reign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Initially, the population of the Kingdom was largely composed of herders and elephant hunters, not farmers, which made livestock of enormous political importance to the Monomotapa rulers. They gave gifts of livestock to provincial governors to ensure their political support, and sometimes started wars to obtain them.",
"title": "Reign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Around 1440, he began aggressive campaigns against the surrounding tribes, expanding the boundaries of the lands under his control to the west along the Zambezi River. Before his death, he conquered Great Zimbabwe, which remained a cult center. He introduced the tradition of appointing his sons as vassals over conquered lands which were otherwise largely self-governing.",
"title": "Reign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "He established strong trade contacts with the cities of Sofala and Mozambique where salt, gold and ivory were sent. He also exchanged cattle for gold with the Bantu peoples in southern Africa (who controlled mines), which he then sent to Arab traders. A geographical reconstruction of the conquests of Mutota and his son reveals a west–east route, the final goal being to seize the downstream part of the Zambezi River, near the sea, in order to be able to exchange salt and ivory with the Portuguese.",
"title": "Reign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Death prevented him from furthering his conquests. He died around 1450 near Pachecho, or Chitakochangonya hill, in a war with a Tongan tribe. He was succeeded by his son Matope Nyanhehwe Nebedza.",
"title": "Reign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In 1861, a Portuguese officer named Albino Manoel Pacheco collected a series of oral testimonies on the origin of Monomotapa and on Mutota. One of those stated: “The history of this country is… obscure. We only know that elephant hunters (Uajero) came from Changoé, led by a resolute black man named Mutota (from the Changamira family), and attracted by the fabrics and salt which were spread in the country… began the conquest of this large territory, without being able to complete it at the same time, because death took their leader from them at the top of the Chitacoxagonha mountain range on the outskirts of the promised land\".",
"title": "Portuguese records"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The existence of Nyatsimba Mutota has been questioned. Some propose he may merely be a personification of the founders of the empire of the Xonas Carangas.",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "According to Albino Mael Pacheco, after his death, Mutota was known under the names of Nobesa/Nobeza and Nhantengué, which probably had meanings linked to his prestige and importance, but the exact meaning of these words is unknown. Since there are very few written records about the origins of the Monomotapa Kingdom, there is significant debate over the order and name of the first rulers.",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Furthermore, there is another oral tradition, collected by Manoel Pacheco from a noble woman \"over a hundred years old\" in the 19th century, which names him Nobeza, but which places him as the third ruler of the Monomotapa Empire rather than the fourth (counting from Mbire). The name of his son, traditionally written as “Matope” is also changed to that of Mucuombé. The four genealogical traditions collected by W.G. Randles are:",
"title": "Controversies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The simplest explanation is that the second and third traditions take into account Mutota's ancestors as rulers of Monomotapa. This is not completely accurate, because the founder of Monomotapa as an empire was Mutota himself. Before him, the area was only populated by a small community of shepherds. Regardless, Randles holds Mutota, Nobeza and Nobesa to be the same person.",
"title": "Controversies"
}
] | Nyatsimba Mutota was a legendary royal of Great Zimbabwe in the mid-15th century who is credited with founding the Mutapa Empire to its north, over which he reigned as its first king. Under his leadership, the Empire began a period of military conquest and expansion, which his son would go on to extend as far as the Indian Ocean. | 2023-12-13T20:11:33Z | 2023-12-15T16:58:37Z | [
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75,556,995 | 2024 Dr McKenna Cup | The 2024 Dr McKenna Cup, known for sponsorship reasons as the Bank of Ireland Dr McKenna Cup, is an upcoming Gaelic football competition in the province of Ulster for county teams. It is due to take place in January 2024.
The group draw took place on 13 December 2023.
Group stage The nine teams are drawn into three sections of three teams. Each team plays the other teams in their section once, either home or away. Two points are awarded for a win and one for a draw. The tie-break for teams level on points is points average (total scored ÷ total conceded), instead of the usual points difference.
Knockout stage The winners of the three sections and the best of the runners-up in the three sections compete in the semi-finals with the two winners meeting in the final. Drawn games go to penalty shootouts without extra time being played. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2024 Dr McKenna Cup, known for sponsorship reasons as the Bank of Ireland Dr McKenna Cup, is an upcoming Gaelic football competition in the province of Ulster for county teams. It is due to take place in January 2024.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The group draw took place on 13 December 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Group stage The nine teams are drawn into three sections of three teams. Each team plays the other teams in their section once, either home or away. Two points are awarded for a win and one for a draw. The tie-break for teams level on points is points average (total scored ÷ total conceded), instead of the usual points difference.",
"title": "Competition format"
},
{
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"text": "Knockout stage The winners of the three sections and the best of the runners-up in the three sections compete in the semi-finals with the two winners meeting in the final. Drawn games go to penalty shootouts without extra time being played.",
"title": "Competition format"
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"title": "Group stage"
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"text": "",
"title": "Group stage"
},
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"title": "Group stage"
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] | The 2024 Dr McKenna Cup, known for sponsorship reasons as the Bank of Ireland Dr McKenna Cup, is an upcoming Gaelic football competition in the province of Ulster for county teams. It is due to take place in January 2024. The group draw took place on 13 December 2023. | 2023-12-13T20:13:00Z | 2023-12-28T02:52:37Z | [
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75,557,006 | Riker–Lent–Smith Homestead | [] | REDIRECTR Lent Homestead and Cemetery | 2023-12-13T20:13:45Z | 2023-12-13T20:13:45Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riker%E2%80%93Lent%E2%80%93Smith_Homestead |
|
75,557,024 | Maurice Weber | Maurice Weber (born Mohammed Lassoued, 28 June 1981) is a retired German professional boxer. He fought for the WBA interim super-welterweight title in 2015 against Jack Culcay.
Weber turned pro in 2005. He won his first 7 fights, before a draw with Frank Haroche. Weber was ranked as high as 6th on the WBA super-welterweight rankings. Weber challenged Jack Culcay for the WBA interim super-welterweight in May 2015 in Festhalle, Frankfurt. Weber lost by unanimous decision 118-110, 116-111, and 115-112 even though he knocked Culcay down in the third round.
Weber fought one more time, picking up a KO victory in April, 2016, and then didn't fight again, retiring in 2019 due to persistent hand injuries. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Maurice Weber (born Mohammed Lassoued, 28 June 1981) is a retired German professional boxer. He fought for the WBA interim super-welterweight title in 2015 against Jack Culcay.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Weber turned pro in 2005. He won his first 7 fights, before a draw with Frank Haroche. Weber was ranked as high as 6th on the WBA super-welterweight rankings. Weber challenged Jack Culcay for the WBA interim super-welterweight in May 2015 in Festhalle, Frankfurt. Weber lost by unanimous decision 118-110, 116-111, and 115-112 even though he knocked Culcay down in the third round.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Weber fought one more time, picking up a KO victory in April, 2016, and then didn't fight again, retiring in 2019 due to persistent hand injuries.",
"title": "Professional career"
}
] | Maurice Weber is a retired German professional boxer. He fought for the WBA interim super-welterweight title in 2015 against Jack Culcay. | 2023-12-13T20:17:30Z | 2023-12-14T10:27:35Z | [
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75,557,076 | Gulchatay | Gulchatay, Gyulchatai, etc. (Russian: Гюльчатай) is a female given name. It may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gulchatay, Gyulchatai, etc. (Russian: Гюльчатай) is a female given name. It may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Gulchatay, Gyulchatai, etc. is a female given name. It may refer to: A character in the 1970 film White Sun of the Desert
A crater on Venus
Gulchatay (film), Russian TV series | 2023-12-13T20:21:20Z | 2023-12-13T20:21:20Z | [
"Template:Lang-ru",
"Template:Disambig"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulchatay |
75,557,088 | Bethany Ball | Bethany Ball is an American novelist and short story writer. She is the author of What to Do About the Solomons and The Pessimists, both published by Grove Atlantic.
Bethany Ball was born in Detroit, Michigan and attended Grant Elementary School in Royal Oak Township. She attended Ferndale High School and graduated from Eastern Michigan University. Her father, Robert S. Ball, Jr was a reporter for the Royal Oak Daily Tribune and her grandfather was the Washington correspondent for The Detroit News.
She has lived in Santa Fe, New Jersey, Miami, and Israel, and is currently based in New York with her family. Upon moving to New York City, she worked as an editorial assistant in book publishing for a very low wage, an experience she wrote about in Electric Literature. She received a Master of Fine Arts from Sarah Lawrence College in 2013.
Ball's debut novel, What to Do About the Solomons, was published by Grove Atlantic in 2017 and was a finalist for both the Center for Fiction First Novel Prize and the National Jewish Book Award's Goldberg Prize. Writing about the novel for The New York Times, Alana Newhouse says, "On its face, this book is a wry, dark multigenerational tale about the Israeli and American branches of an extended family. Like any Jewish story worth the salt that Lot's wife became, it's admirably and quite beautifully rooted in 20th-century history — and yet, at the same time, it largely steers clear of the politics that, from one angle or another, drag down so many contemporary novels."
Author Judy Blume called the book "funny, sexy, and smart".
Her second novel, The Pessimists, was published by Grove in 2021. In a review for The New York Times, Molly Young describes the novel as "a delectably numbed-out tale of three couples in a wealthy Connecticut suburb who face the possible destruction of their marriages, bodies, minds and the earth." In her review of the novel for The Washington Post, Bethanne Patrick notes, "We're often told to keep our friends close and our enemies closer. Ball reminds us that sometimes we mistake one for the other, and that one of the most important parts of parenting is helping children discern the difference."
Ball's fiction and essays have appeared in publications such as Zyzzyva, The Sewanee Review, The Common, Electric Literature, and American Literary Review | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bethany Ball is an American novelist and short story writer. She is the author of What to Do About the Solomons and The Pessimists, both published by Grove Atlantic.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Bethany Ball was born in Detroit, Michigan and attended Grant Elementary School in Royal Oak Township. She attended Ferndale High School and graduated from Eastern Michigan University. Her father, Robert S. Ball, Jr was a reporter for the Royal Oak Daily Tribune and her grandfather was the Washington correspondent for The Detroit News.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She has lived in Santa Fe, New Jersey, Miami, and Israel, and is currently based in New York with her family. Upon moving to New York City, she worked as an editorial assistant in book publishing for a very low wage, an experience she wrote about in Electric Literature. She received a Master of Fine Arts from Sarah Lawrence College in 2013.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Ball's debut novel, What to Do About the Solomons, was published by Grove Atlantic in 2017 and was a finalist for both the Center for Fiction First Novel Prize and the National Jewish Book Award's Goldberg Prize. Writing about the novel for The New York Times, Alana Newhouse says, \"On its face, this book is a wry, dark multigenerational tale about the Israeli and American branches of an extended family. Like any Jewish story worth the salt that Lot's wife became, it's admirably and quite beautifully rooted in 20th-century history — and yet, at the same time, it largely steers clear of the politics that, from one angle or another, drag down so many contemporary novels.\"",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Author Judy Blume called the book \"funny, sexy, and smart\".",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Her second novel, The Pessimists, was published by Grove in 2021. In a review for The New York Times, Molly Young describes the novel as \"a delectably numbed-out tale of three couples in a wealthy Connecticut suburb who face the possible destruction of their marriages, bodies, minds and the earth.\" In her review of the novel for The Washington Post, Bethanne Patrick notes, \"We're often told to keep our friends close and our enemies closer. Ball reminds us that sometimes we mistake one for the other, and that one of the most important parts of parenting is helping children discern the difference.\"",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Ball's fiction and essays have appeared in publications such as Zyzzyva, The Sewanee Review, The Common, Electric Literature, and American Literary Review",
"title": "Writing"
}
] | Bethany Ball is an American novelist and short story writer. She is the author of What to Do About the Solomons and The Pessimists, both published by Grove Atlantic. | 2023-12-13T20:22:36Z | 2023-12-18T00:30:10Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethany_Ball |
75,557,107 | Pachgerocereus orcuttii | Pachgerocereus orcuttii is a naturally occurring hybrid native to El Rosario, Baja California.
The parents of this natural hybrid is Bergerocactus emoryi and Pachycereus pringlei.
Pachgerocereus orcuttii is a columar cactus with yellow spines and ribs. The body of the plant is green. This plant grows to about 12 feet tall. This plant is known from less than half a dozen plants in the wild making this plant endangered. These plants are hardy to 28F and have yellow flowers that look similar to those of Pachycereus pringlei. Plants grown from seed tend to be clones of their parent. Fruits are large, and have dense golden spines.
Flowers are similar to Pachycereus pringlei as stated in the paragraph above. Yellow flowers with an antler and pollen in the same flower. Ovaries have spines on their outside. There are some sepals on this flower. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pachgerocereus orcuttii is a naturally occurring hybrid native to El Rosario, Baja California.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The parents of this natural hybrid is Bergerocactus emoryi and Pachycereus pringlei.",
"title": "Parents"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Pachgerocereus orcuttii is a columar cactus with yellow spines and ribs. The body of the plant is green. This plant grows to about 12 feet tall. This plant is known from less than half a dozen plants in the wild making this plant endangered. These plants are hardy to 28F and have yellow flowers that look similar to those of Pachycereus pringlei. Plants grown from seed tend to be clones of their parent. Fruits are large, and have dense golden spines.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Flowers are similar to Pachycereus pringlei as stated in the paragraph above. Yellow flowers with an antler and pollen in the same flower. Ovaries have spines on their outside. There are some sepals on this flower.",
"title": "Flower description"
}
] | Pachgerocereus orcuttii is a naturally occurring hybrid native to El Rosario, Baja California. | 2023-12-13T20:24:51Z | 2023-12-21T22:38:31Z | [
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"Template:Hybridbox/lua",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Taxonbar"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachgerocereus_orcuttii |
75,557,136 | Kantibhai | Kantibhai is a name found among Indian people. It can be a masculine given name, a middle name, or even occasionally a surname. Notable people with this name include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kantibhai is a name found among Indian people. It can be a masculine given name, a middle name, or even occasionally a surname. Notable people with this name include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Kantibhai is a name found among Indian people. It can be a masculine given name, a middle name, or even occasionally a surname. Notable people with this name include: | 2023-12-13T20:27:13Z | 2023-12-13T20:27:13Z | [
"Template:Given name",
"Template:Better source needed",
"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantibhai |
75,557,149 | Eduard Rius | Eduard Rius i Pey (13 April 1953 – 11 December 2023) was a Spanish politician. A member of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia, he served in the Parliament of Catalonia from 1999 to 2003.
Rius died on 11 December 2023, at the age of 70. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Eduard Rius i Pey (13 April 1953 – 11 December 2023) was a Spanish politician. A member of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia, he served in the Parliament of Catalonia from 1999 to 2003.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Rius died on 11 December 2023, at the age of 70.",
"title": ""
}
] | Eduard Rius i Pey was a Spanish politician. A member of the Democratic Convergence of Catalonia, he served in the Parliament of Catalonia from 1999 to 2003. Rius died on 11 December 2023, at the age of 70. | 2023-12-13T20:29:14Z | 2023-12-15T10:34:10Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Rius |
75,557,151 | Ulrich I von Graben | Ulrich I von (vom) Graben (died before 1325) was a burgrave and knight from the austrian Herren von Graben family
Nothing is known about Ulrich's parents, but it can be assumed that he was a younger son of the Konradin line at Graben of the Lords of Graben (in and around Graz). Konrad I, Rennewart and Walther vom Graben can be seen as his (older) brothers. Three of Ulrich's sons from his marriage with Gertrud, Otto I, Ulrich II and Frederik I became ancestors of the Kornberg line of the family.
Ulrich had no parental inheritance, joined like the Konradin line in the service of the powerful lords of Walsee and quickly made a large fortune there. He and his descendants also had close ties to the Rein abbey of the Konradin line. He first appeared in 1302 as a feudal lord of the Stubenberg family (as the Konradin line did) when he received the village of Greindorf, south of Graz, as a fief from them. Ulrich was also the first burgrave of Gleichenberg, who held this office between 1302 and 1324 and probably also oversaw the construction of the castle. He also called himself Ulzo von Gleichenberg. His sons Otto, Ulrich and Frederik were also burgraves of Gleichenberg. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ulrich I von (vom) Graben (died before 1325) was a burgrave and knight from the austrian Herren von Graben family",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Nothing is known about Ulrich's parents, but it can be assumed that he was a younger son of the Konradin line at Graben of the Lords of Graben (in and around Graz). Konrad I, Rennewart and Walther vom Graben can be seen as his (older) brothers. Three of Ulrich's sons from his marriage with Gertrud, Otto I, Ulrich II and Frederik I became ancestors of the Kornberg line of the family.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ulrich had no parental inheritance, joined like the Konradin line in the service of the powerful lords of Walsee and quickly made a large fortune there. He and his descendants also had close ties to the Rein abbey of the Konradin line. He first appeared in 1302 as a feudal lord of the Stubenberg family (as the Konradin line did) when he received the village of Greindorf, south of Graz, as a fief from them. Ulrich was also the first burgrave of Gleichenberg, who held this office between 1302 and 1324 and probably also oversaw the construction of the castle. He also called himself Ulzo von Gleichenberg. His sons Otto, Ulrich and Frederik were also burgraves of Gleichenberg.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Ulrich I von (vom) Graben was a burgrave and knight from the austrian Herren von Graben family | 2023-12-13T20:30:03Z | 2023-12-14T00:25:07Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_I_von_Graben |
75,557,161 | Shuja'iyya ambush | On 13 December 2023, during the wider Israeli invasion of Gaza, Hamas forces carried out an ambush at Shuja'iyya. The ambush resulted in the deaths of 10 Israeli soldiers. One of the dead soldiers is Colonel Yitzhak Ben-Bashat.
The soldiers killed in Shujaiyeh fell victim to a coordinated ambush that began when Qassam militants fired on a Golani force operating in the area. As the Golani Brigade solidiers approached the building, they came under attack with gunfire breaking out, accompanied by an explosive blast and the launch of grenades towards them. Four soldiers sustained injuries, leading to a loss of communication and raising fears of potential abduction into nearby tunnels.
Another force arrived to extract the soldiers and encountered a similar ambush, facing gunfire and explosive charges. A third force attempting to locate the stranded soldiers also faced combat. The battles persisted until the soldiers were rescued with the assistance of air support and artillery.
Israeli Maariv military correspondent described what happened as being a well-executed ambush. "The Golani force, which was present there initially, came under heavy gunfire. During the rescue operation, the unit which arrived also came under heavy gunfire, and as a result, the unit entered the booby-trapped building."
"The injuries were severe, and part of the building collapsed on the Israeli forces inside." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "On 13 December 2023, during the wider Israeli invasion of Gaza, Hamas forces carried out an ambush at Shuja'iyya. The ambush resulted in the deaths of 10 Israeli soldiers. One of the dead soldiers is Colonel Yitzhak Ben-Bashat.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The soldiers killed in Shujaiyeh fell victim to a coordinated ambush that began when Qassam militants fired on a Golani force operating in the area. As the Golani Brigade solidiers approached the building, they came under attack with gunfire breaking out, accompanied by an explosive blast and the launch of grenades towards them. Four soldiers sustained injuries, leading to a loss of communication and raising fears of potential abduction into nearby tunnels.",
"title": "Ambush"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Another force arrived to extract the soldiers and encountered a similar ambush, facing gunfire and explosive charges. A third force attempting to locate the stranded soldiers also faced combat. The battles persisted until the soldiers were rescued with the assistance of air support and artillery.",
"title": "Ambush"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Israeli Maariv military correspondent described what happened as being a well-executed ambush. \"The Golani force, which was present there initially, came under heavy gunfire. During the rescue operation, the unit which arrived also came under heavy gunfire, and as a result, the unit entered the booby-trapped building.\"",
"title": "Ambush"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "\"The injuries were severe, and part of the building collapsed on the Israeli forces inside.\"",
"title": "Ambush"
}
] | On 13 December 2023, during the wider Israeli invasion of Gaza, Hamas forces carried out an ambush at Shuja'iyya. The ambush resulted in the deaths of 10 Israeli soldiers. One of the dead soldiers is Colonel Yitzhak Ben-Bashat. | 2023-12-13T20:30:34Z | 2023-12-31T16:35:49Z | [
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75,557,162 | Esports at the 2023 Pan American Games | Esports competitions at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile, were featured as a demonstration sport, meaning medals won in this sport would not be counted in the official overall medal tally. It was held between October 21 and November 4, 2023, at the National Stadium Sports Park.
Two video games were featured in the demonstration event, DotA 2 and eFootball 2023, it was held at the Pan American Esports Championships, being organized by the Global Esports Federation.
A total of 25 NOC's qualified athletes. The number of athletes a nation entered is in parentheses beside the name of the country.
* Host nation (Chile) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Esports competitions at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile, were featured as a demonstration sport, meaning medals won in this sport would not be counted in the official overall medal tally. It was held between October 21 and November 4, 2023, at the National Stadium Sports Park.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Two video games were featured in the demonstration event, DotA 2 and eFootball 2023, it was held at the Pan American Esports Championships, being organized by the Global Esports Federation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A total of 25 NOC's qualified athletes. The number of athletes a nation entered is in parentheses beside the name of the country.",
"title": "Participating nations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "* Host nation (Chile)",
"title": "Medal summary"
}
] | Esports competitions at the 2023 Pan American Games in Santiago, Chile, were featured as a demonstration sport, meaning medals won in this sport would not be counted in the official overall medal tally. It was held between October 21 and November 4, 2023, at the National Stadium Sports Park. Two video games were featured in the demonstration event, DotA 2 and eFootball 2023, it was held at the Pan American Esports Championships, being organized by the Global Esports Federation. | 2023-12-13T20:30:34Z | 2023-12-18T16:02:11Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esports_at_the_2023_Pan_American_Games |
75,557,196 | Liam Voice | Zisabusolo Willy, popularly known as Liam Voice, is a Ugandan musician born on 25 April 1998. Liam was born and raised from Kampala District. He is known for soul touching love songs and he is signed under Cloud Africa management.
In 2003, Liam Voice started his education from a primary school known as St. Augustine Primary School and achieved his Primary Leaving Examination certificate. In 2011, he joined Kitebi Senior Secondary School for his ordinary level which he completed successfully. At a young age, Liam Voice had a lot of love for music but he could not join the music industry while at school. During his ordinary level vacation, In 2015, Liam Voice joined the Goodlyfe Crew owned by Radio & Weasle so he can proceed with his dream of being a musician.
He composed a number of songs as a Goodlyfe artiste until in 2018 when he decided to continue with his career as a solo artiste. Liam Voice started professional music but life became so hard since he had no management and had little funds to finance his career.
In 2018, Liam Voice released his first ever music video with Weasle from Goodlyfe Crew and he got a lot of love from fans that loved the late Moses Radio who had passed away months ago because he had similar sounds with the late artiste. After his collaboration with Weasle, Liam Voice released his first single known as "Gwe Abilina" a song he released in 2019.
In 2020, Liam voice released his breakthrough song known as "Bus" which was a tribute and a true story message song. It was loved and he won different accolades with the song. Since then, Liam Voice has released a couple of songs that have had huge reception by music lovers worldwide. In 2023, Liam Voice was named on the Spotify list of artistes to watch in the year 2023, this gave Liam a milestone in his career and increased his media presence.
Liam Voice also does music production, song writing and script writing. He has composed a number of songs for famous Ugandan artistes like Vivian Mimi, Aroma, Martha Mukisa and many other singers.
Liam Voice has managed to travel to different countries across the globe and put up brilliant performances for his fans. He has travelled and performed in over eights countries including United Kingdom where he featured Nigerian singer Chike on same stage, he performed in Qatar, Turkey, Sudan, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Kenya.
In 2021, Liam Voice started a charitable foundation called Live Like Liam (3L). He donated to the needy children of Busega, Kibumbiro zone in Kampala as a way of motivating and inspiring fellow youth of his generation to always focus on their dreams because it is possible to have a better life after struggle. Liam Voice signed a new ambasodorial deal with Sesa Juice and gave out the money in charities of the 3L foundation.
Liam Voice is not currently in any public relationship although rumors say that he is in a secret relationship with fellow singer known as Aroma which he denies publicly. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Zisabusolo Willy, popularly known as Liam Voice, is a Ugandan musician born on 25 April 1998. Liam was born and raised from Kampala District. He is known for soul touching love songs and he is signed under Cloud Africa management.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 2003, Liam Voice started his education from a primary school known as St. Augustine Primary School and achieved his Primary Leaving Examination certificate. In 2011, he joined Kitebi Senior Secondary School for his ordinary level which he completed successfully. At a young age, Liam Voice had a lot of love for music but he could not join the music industry while at school. During his ordinary level vacation, In 2015, Liam Voice joined the Goodlyfe Crew owned by Radio & Weasle so he can proceed with his dream of being a musician.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He composed a number of songs as a Goodlyfe artiste until in 2018 when he decided to continue with his career as a solo artiste. Liam Voice started professional music but life became so hard since he had no management and had little funds to finance his career.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2018, Liam Voice released his first ever music video with Weasle from Goodlyfe Crew and he got a lot of love from fans that loved the late Moses Radio who had passed away months ago because he had similar sounds with the late artiste. After his collaboration with Weasle, Liam Voice released his first single known as \"Gwe Abilina\" a song he released in 2019.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2020, Liam voice released his breakthrough song known as \"Bus\" which was a tribute and a true story message song. It was loved and he won different accolades with the song. Since then, Liam Voice has released a couple of songs that have had huge reception by music lovers worldwide. In 2023, Liam Voice was named on the Spotify list of artistes to watch in the year 2023, this gave Liam a milestone in his career and increased his media presence.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Liam Voice also does music production, song writing and script writing. He has composed a number of songs for famous Ugandan artistes like Vivian Mimi, Aroma, Martha Mukisa and many other singers.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Liam Voice has managed to travel to different countries across the globe and put up brilliant performances for his fans. He has travelled and performed in over eights countries including United Kingdom where he featured Nigerian singer Chike on same stage, he performed in Qatar, Turkey, Sudan, Dubai, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Kenya.",
"title": "International"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2021, Liam Voice started a charitable foundation called Live Like Liam (3L). He donated to the needy children of Busega, Kibumbiro zone in Kampala as a way of motivating and inspiring fellow youth of his generation to always focus on their dreams because it is possible to have a better life after struggle. Liam Voice signed a new ambasodorial deal with Sesa Juice and gave out the money in charities of the 3L foundation.",
"title": "Philanthropy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Liam Voice is not currently in any public relationship although rumors say that he is in a secret relationship with fellow singer known as Aroma which he denies publicly.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Zisabusolo Willy, popularly known as Liam Voice, is a Ugandan musician born on 25 April 1998. Liam was born and raised from Kampala District. He is known for soul touching love songs and he is signed under Cloud Africa management. | 2023-12-13T20:37:12Z | 2023-12-30T00:37:23Z | [
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Infobox musical artist",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Voice |
75,557,217 | Aitken Lectureship | The Aitken Lectureship is awarded by the New Zealand Mathematical Society to a research mathematician from New Zealand. The lectureship is named for New Zealander Professor Alexander Aitken, formerly of the University of Edinburgh. The lectureship was funded in 2009 by the London Mathematical Society and the New Zealand Mathematical Society, and is normally awarded every two years, alternating with the Forder Lectureship. Recipients of the lectureship will give a several-week lecturing tour of UK universities and a lecture at the annual meeting of the London society.
The recipients of the Aitken Lectureship are: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Aitken Lectureship is awarded by the New Zealand Mathematical Society to a research mathematician from New Zealand. The lectureship is named for New Zealander Professor Alexander Aitken, formerly of the University of Edinburgh. The lectureship was funded in 2009 by the London Mathematical Society and the New Zealand Mathematical Society, and is normally awarded every two years, alternating with the Forder Lectureship. Recipients of the lectureship will give a several-week lecturing tour of UK universities and a lecture at the annual meeting of the London society.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The recipients of the Aitken Lectureship are:",
"title": "Recipients"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "Recipients"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The Aitken Lectureship is awarded by the New Zealand Mathematical Society to a research mathematician from New Zealand. The lectureship is named for New Zealander Professor Alexander Aitken, formerly of the University of Edinburgh. The lectureship was funded in 2009 by the London Mathematical Society and the New Zealand Mathematical Society, and is normally awarded every two years, alternating with the Forder Lectureship. Recipients of the lectureship will give a several-week lecturing tour of UK universities and a lecture at the annual meeting of the London society. | 2023-12-13T20:40:56Z | 2023-12-13T20:41:27Z | [
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"Template:Sci-award-stub",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitken_Lectureship |
75,557,252 | Adriano Marques de Magallanes | Adriano Antonio Marques de Magallanes (10 July 1925 – 12 December 2023) was a Spanish businessman and politician. A member of the People's Party of Galicia, he served in the Congress of Deputies from 1986 to 1989 and the Senate from 1998 to 2000.
Marques died in A Cañiza on 12 December 2023 at the age of 98. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Adriano Antonio Marques de Magallanes (10 July 1925 – 12 December 2023) was a Spanish businessman and politician. A member of the People's Party of Galicia, he served in the Congress of Deputies from 1986 to 1989 and the Senate from 1998 to 2000.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Marques died in A Cañiza on 12 December 2023 at the age of 98.",
"title": ""
}
] | Adriano Antonio Marques de Magallanes was a Spanish businessman and politician. A member of the People's Party of Galicia, he served in the Congress of Deputies from 1986 to 1989 and the Senate from 1998 to 2000. Marques died in A Cañiza on 12 December 2023 at the age of 98. | 2023-12-13T20:45:41Z | 2023-12-14T19:32:01Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriano_Marques_de_Magallanes |
75,557,267 | Kavita Mariwalla | Kavita Mariwalla is a noted dermatologist and author based in Long Island, New York. She is widely acknowledged as a leading scholar in skin cancer and aesthetic and medical dermatology and is the president-elect of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery.
Mariwalla grew up in New York and was immersed in the medical field from an early age. Both her parents were doctors: her father a gastroenterologist and her mother a pediatrician. She attended Yale University as an undergraduate and earned an MD at the Yale University School of Medicine as well. After completing a year in internal medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, she finished her residency in dermatology at Yale, where she served as chief resident.
Mariewella is a double board-certified dermatologist and Mohs surgeon and was an assistant professor at Stony Brook University. Before starting her practice in Long Island, she was the director of cutaneous oncology at St. Luke's Roosevelt and Beth Israel Medical Center in Manhattan.
Widely acknowledged as a leader in skin cancer and aesthetic and medical dermatology, Mariwalla is the author of several books, including the recent The Business of Dermatology (co-authored with Jeffrey Dover). She has published extensively in medical journals, on subjects ranging from standardized criteria for skin quality to accurately determining shades of skin color. Mariwalla is also an advocate of "cultural competency" in order to best serve diverse patients and has spoken on how practices like anti-aging may differ between different skin tones.
Mariwalla is passionate about dermatologic surgical education and is a founding member of Boards University. Boards University aims to "change the way medical education is delivered" while ensuring that "learning from leaders is accessible". During the pandemic, she founded the 21@21 initiative on social media to help educate dermatology residents and Mohs surgeons. It is still used as a resource by residents preparing for exams. Her book, Primer in Dermatologic Surgery, is also widely used by students and doctors alike.
Mariwalla has appeared on a number of prominent media outlets, including NBC New York. She has also lent her expertise to a variety of beauty magazines and publications, including Vogue and Allure, as well as serving on the Byrdie Beauty & Wellness Board.
Mariwalla is a three-time recipient of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS) President's Award. She was given the title of "Iron Surgeon" at the 2019 ASDS meeting.
Mariwalla is the president-elect of ASDS and has served on the Board of Directors of the Women's Dermatologic Society.
Mariwalla resides in New York with her three sons and her husband Kabir. | [
{
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"text": "Kavita Mariwalla is a noted dermatologist and author based in Long Island, New York. She is widely acknowledged as a leading scholar in skin cancer and aesthetic and medical dermatology and is the president-elect of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Mariwalla grew up in New York and was immersed in the medical field from an early age. Both her parents were doctors: her father a gastroenterologist and her mother a pediatrician. She attended Yale University as an undergraduate and earned an MD at the Yale University School of Medicine as well. After completing a year in internal medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, she finished her residency in dermatology at Yale, where she served as chief resident.",
"title": "Early Life and Education"
},
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"text": "Mariewella is a double board-certified dermatologist and Mohs surgeon and was an assistant professor at Stony Brook University. Before starting her practice in Long Island, she was the director of cutaneous oncology at St. Luke's Roosevelt and Beth Israel Medical Center in Manhattan.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
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"text": "Widely acknowledged as a leader in skin cancer and aesthetic and medical dermatology, Mariwalla is the author of several books, including the recent The Business of Dermatology (co-authored with Jeffrey Dover). She has published extensively in medical journals, on subjects ranging from standardized criteria for skin quality to accurately determining shades of skin color. Mariwalla is also an advocate of \"cultural competency\" in order to best serve diverse patients and has spoken on how practices like anti-aging may differ between different skin tones.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Mariwalla is passionate about dermatologic surgical education and is a founding member of Boards University. Boards University aims to \"change the way medical education is delivered\" while ensuring that \"learning from leaders is accessible\". During the pandemic, she founded the 21@21 initiative on social media to help educate dermatology residents and Mohs surgeons. It is still used as a resource by residents preparing for exams. Her book, Primer in Dermatologic Surgery, is also widely used by students and doctors alike.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Mariwalla has appeared on a number of prominent media outlets, including NBC New York. She has also lent her expertise to a variety of beauty magazines and publications, including Vogue and Allure, as well as serving on the Byrdie Beauty & Wellness Board.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Mariwalla is a three-time recipient of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery (ASDS) President's Award. She was given the title of \"Iron Surgeon\" at the 2019 ASDS meeting.",
"title": "Honors and Awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Mariwalla is the president-elect of ASDS and has served on the Board of Directors of the Women's Dermatologic Society.",
"title": "Honors and Awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Mariwalla resides in New York with her three sons and her husband Kabir.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Kavita Mariwalla is a noted dermatologist and author based in Long Island, New York. She is widely acknowledged as a leading scholar in skin cancer and aesthetic and medical dermatology and is the president-elect of the American Society for Dermatologic Surgery. | 2023-12-13T20:48:02Z | 2023-12-19T13:41:09Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavita_Mariwalla |
75,557,287 | Cisowa, Kędzierzyn-Koźle | Cisowa [t͡ɕiˈsɔva] is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland, located in the northern part of the city. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Cisowa [t͡ɕiˈsɔva] is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland, located in the northern part of the city.",
"title": ""
}
] | Cisowa is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland, located in the northern part of the city. | 2023-12-13T20:50:47Z | 2023-12-14T05:47:04Z | [
"Template:Short description",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisowa,_K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle |
75,557,294 | Outlying Oceania | Outlying Oceania is the name used in the Unicode Common Locale Data Repository for territories that are supplemented into the United Nations geoscheme for Oceania (UN M49 code 009) since they are not assigned to a subcontinent. The name has private-use region subtags assigned: alpha-2 QO, alpha-3 QOO and numeric 961.
It includes areas that are not in the Pacific Ocean: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Outlying Oceania is the name used in the Unicode Common Locale Data Repository for territories that are supplemented into the United Nations geoscheme for Oceania (UN M49 code 009) since they are not assigned to a subcontinent. The name has private-use region subtags assigned: alpha-2 QO, alpha-3 QOO and numeric 961.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It includes areas that are not in the Pacific Ocean:",
"title": ""
}
] | Outlying Oceania is the name used in the Unicode Common Locale Data Repository for territories that are supplemented into the United Nations geoscheme for Oceania since they are not assigned to a subcontinent.
The name has private-use region subtags assigned: alpha-2 QO, alpha-3 QOO and numeric 961. It includes areas that are not in the Pacific Ocean: Antarctica
Ascension Island
Clipperton Island
Diego Garcia
Tristan da Cunha | 2023-12-13T20:51:57Z | 2023-12-13T20:54:33Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlying_Oceania |
75,557,306 | Kłodnica, Kędzierzyn-Koźle | Kłodnica [kwɔdˈnit͡sa] is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland, located in the western part of the city. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kłodnica [kwɔdˈnit͡sa] is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland, located in the western part of the city.",
"title": ""
}
] | Kłodnica is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland, located in the western part of the city. | 2023-12-13T20:55:26Z | 2023-12-14T05:47:15Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odnica,_K%C4%99dzierzyn-Ko%C5%BAle |
75,557,345 | Sławięcice | Sławięcice [swavjɛnˈt͡ɕit͡sɛ] is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Opole Voivodeship, Poland, located in the eastern part of the city.
The area became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century. Sławięcice was first mentioned in 1245. It was granted town rights before 1260, which however, were transferred by Duke Władysław Opolski to nearby Ujazd. The name of the district is of Polish origin and comes from the old Polish male name Sławota.
The village was annexed by Prussia in 1742, and from 1871 it was also part of the German Empire. During the Third Silesian Uprising, on May 4, 1921, Polish insurgents captured Sławięcice from the Germans. Sławięcice was an essential logistical hub for the insurgents for a month. The Poles organized a field hospital and the insurgents' headquarters was located at the local palace.
During World War II, the Germans operated a forced labour "education" camp, the E6 and E207 forced labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner of war camp for Allied POWs, and a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp. In Sławięcice, there was also a crematorium for the victims of the camps, which is now a memorial.
Sławięcice was included within the city limits of Kędzierzyn-Koźle as its district in 1975. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sławięcice [swavjɛnˈt͡ɕit͡sɛ] is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Opole Voivodeship, Poland, located in the eastern part of the city.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The area became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century. Sławięcice was first mentioned in 1245. It was granted town rights before 1260, which however, were transferred by Duke Władysław Opolski to nearby Ujazd. The name of the district is of Polish origin and comes from the old Polish male name Sławota.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The village was annexed by Prussia in 1742, and from 1871 it was also part of the German Empire. During the Third Silesian Uprising, on May 4, 1921, Polish insurgents captured Sławięcice from the Germans. Sławięcice was an essential logistical hub for the insurgents for a month. The Poles organized a field hospital and the insurgents' headquarters was located at the local palace.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "During World War II, the Germans operated a forced labour \"education\" camp, the E6 and E207 forced labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner of war camp for Allied POWs, and a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp. In Sławięcice, there was also a crematorium for the victims of the camps, which is now a memorial.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Sławięcice was included within the city limits of Kędzierzyn-Koźle as its district in 1975.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Sławięcice is a district of Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Opole Voivodeship, Poland, located in the eastern part of the city. | 2023-12-13T21:02:11Z | 2023-12-13T21:08:46Z | [
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"Template:IPAc-pl",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awi%C4%99cice |
75,557,383 | Breslauer Platz/Hauptbahnhof station | Breslauer Platz/Hauptbahnhof station (English: Breslauer Place/Main Station, sometimes abbreviated as Breslauer Platz/Hbf) is an underground station on lines 16 and 18 of the Cologne Stadtbahn system. The station is located under the northeast corner of the Köln Hauptbahnhof, the city's main railway station.
Media related to Breslauer Platz/Hauptbahnhof station at Wikimedia Commons | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Breslauer Platz/Hauptbahnhof station (English: Breslauer Place/Main Station, sometimes abbreviated as Breslauer Platz/Hbf) is an underground station on lines 16 and 18 of the Cologne Stadtbahn system. The station is located under the northeast corner of the Köln Hauptbahnhof, the city's main railway station.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Media related to Breslauer Platz/Hauptbahnhof station at Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Breslauer Platz/Hauptbahnhof station is an underground station on lines 16 and 18 of the Cologne Stadtbahn system. The station is located under the northeast corner of the Köln Hauptbahnhof, the city's main railway station. | 2023-12-13T21:06:03Z | 2023-12-14T05:47:40Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslauer_Platz/Hauptbahnhof_station |
75,557,388 | Farid Hajiyev | Fərid Famil oğlu Hacıyev (born April 25, 1989) is an Azerbaijani former legal consultant who is the Head of the Department of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan, a member of the Anti-Corruption Commission of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and a second-degree state advisor.
On June 22, 2022, by the order of President Ilham Aliyev, he was given the title of second-degree state counselor. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Fərid Famil oğlu Hacıyev (born April 25, 1989) is an Azerbaijani former legal consultant who is the Head of the Department of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan, a member of the Anti-Corruption Commission of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and a second-degree state advisor.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On June 22, 2022, by the order of President Ilham Aliyev, he was given the title of second-degree state counselor.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Fərid Famil oğlu Hacıyev is an Azerbaijani former legal consultant who is the Head of the Department of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan, a member of the Anti-Corruption Commission of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and a second-degree state advisor. | 2023-12-13T21:06:13Z | 2023-12-21T01:16:15Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farid_Hajiyev |
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