id
int64 12
1.07M
| title
stringlengths 1
124
| text
stringlengths 0
228k
| paragraphs
list | abstract
stringlengths 0
123k
| date_created
stringlengths 0
20
| date_modified
stringlengths 20
20
| templates
sequence | url
stringlengths 31
154
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
75,557,399 | Amorphophallus henryi | Amorphophallus henryi is a species of corpse flower native to Taiwan.
Amorphophallus henryi can either flower or leaf out in a year. All leaves are one single leaf, and each bulb can only grow one leaf. Its leaves resemble the leaves of most other species in the genus Amorphophallus, with a large stem and multiple branches of the leaf. Amorphophallus henyri has flowers that are known to be rancid smelling. It has a yellow inflorescence, and is about 1 foot tall. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Amorphophallus henryi is a species of corpse flower native to Taiwan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Amorphophallus henryi can either flower or leaf out in a year. All leaves are one single leaf, and each bulb can only grow one leaf. Its leaves resemble the leaves of most other species in the genus Amorphophallus, with a large stem and multiple branches of the leaf. Amorphophallus henyri has flowers that are known to be rancid smelling. It has a yellow inflorescence, and is about 1 foot tall.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Amorphophallus henryi is a species of corpse flower native to Taiwan. | 2023-12-13T21:07:37Z | 2023-12-21T15:33:23Z | [
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Araceae-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphophallus_henryi |
75,557,406 | Prize Act 1939 | The Prize Act 1939 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It extended prize law from ships and goods carried by them to aircraft and goods carried in them, both in flight and on land, amending the Naval Prize Act 1864 but identifying twelve sections of it that did not apply to aircraft (Section 1 and Schedule Parts I and II). Prize courts to administer them could be set up in any British possession or protectorate or any British League of Nations mandate (Section 2). The Act itself extended to the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of New Zealand, British India, British Burma, Newfoundland and every other British colony, protectorate and mandate. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Prize Act 1939 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It extended prize law from ships and goods carried by them to aircraft and goods carried in them, both in flight and on land, amending the Naval Prize Act 1864 but identifying twelve sections of it that did not apply to aircraft (Section 1 and Schedule Parts I and II). Prize courts to administer them could be set up in any British possession or protectorate or any British League of Nations mandate (Section 2). The Act itself extended to the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of New Zealand, British India, British Burma, Newfoundland and every other British colony, protectorate and mandate.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Prize Act 1939 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It extended prize law from ships and goods carried by them to aircraft and goods carried in them, both in flight and on land, amending the Naval Prize Act 1864 but identifying twelve sections of it that did not apply to aircraft. Prize courts to administer them could be set up in any British possession or protectorate or any British League of Nations mandate. The Act itself extended to the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man, the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of New Zealand, British India, British Burma, Newfoundland and every other British colony, protectorate and mandate. | 2023-12-13T21:08:59Z | 2023-12-13T21:16:48Z | [
"Template:Infobox UK legislation",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Use dmy dates"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_Act_1939 |
75,557,447 | Liberty County Courthouse (Texas) | The Liberty County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse located in Liberty, Texas, and serves as the official courthouse for Liberty County. Built in 1931 on the site of an earlier courthouse and expanded in 1956, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.
The usage of this site for government purposes dates back to 1831. During the planning of the settlement that would become Liberty, the area was designated by José Francisco Madero for use as a government plaza. Following the result of the Texas Revolution in 1836, which established Liberty County itself, this plaza converted into a courthouse square. In 1840, the first Methodist sermon in Liberty was hosted in the existing log courthouse. Decades later, the courthouse would also be the first meeting place for the new First Baptist Church of Liberty, which was established in 1898.
Over the next century, the local economy oscillated between stagnancy and slow decline. At least six courthouses preceeded the current one. A series of fires plagued the government square, sometimes damaging or entirely destroying the courthouse. One burned down on December 24, 1873, destroying most of the records with it. The 1895 courthouse, which was the last courthouse built before the current one, was threatened at least once by a fire in 1909.
In the early 20th century, the Texas oil boom revitalized the economy. The local government found itself in possession of enough funding to remodel the old 1895 courthouse, which it deemed inadequate for the county's recordkeeping. Houston architect Corneil G. Curtis was hired to survey the old courthouse in the mid-1920s, and he determined it was much more cost-effective to demolish it and rebuild. In 1927, Curtis began designing the new building in an Art Deco style. Several years passed before a building contract could be settled, as most passed on it, deeming it too costly. However, in September 1930, M. H. Ryland of Uvalde was awarded the bid on the construction. Offices were temporarily moved next door into a vacant Methodist church. Construction took up most of 1931 and was finally completed in December at a grand total of $250,000.
In 1955, the county announced it was considering adding an annex to the courthouse. Houston architect Wyatt C. Hedrick was hired to design the new addition, which he appended to the west end of the original building. This provided space for a new courtroom and offices. Construction was completed in 1956.
The Art Deco style chosen by Curtis had not yet been widely reflected across Texas, and the Liberty County Courthouse is one of the earliest examples of this style in the state. Some architects have identified the courthouse as belonging to a subcategory of Art Deco, which Jay Henry coined the Modern Classic style. Both Curtis and the Liberty County council favored these elements of Progressivism, which they believed reflected contemporary society's values during the Roaring Twenties. It has notable similarities to the Rusk County Courthouse and the Chambers County Courthouse, which Curtis also designed in 1928 and 1936, respectively. Its overall layout, however, is very similar to earlier Texas courthouses, which often were constructed in a Beaux-Arts or Neoclassical style.
The original courthouse building measures 62 by 144 feet (19 by 44 m) with 8-foot-long (2.4 m) projections on either side, making the floor plan resemble a shallow "H", and contains two stories and a basement. The facade is mainly constructed of Texas Cordova Cream limestone over a concrete frame and foundation with steel trusses. Overall, it is much simpler in detail than many Art Deco buildings, owing to its more modernist leanings. The large windows are interrupted by large pilasters that ascend up to the second-story frieze, upon which is inscribed "Liberty County AD 1930" in Latin script. Most of the building's ornamentation consists of bands of metal bas-relief panels that run horizontally along the dado and across and between the pilasters. These motifs reflect everyday elements of Texan life, ecology, and geography; such sculptures include pine trees, the Lone Star symbol taken from the Texas flag, covered wagons, Texas Longhorns, and oil derricks. Stylized eagles decorate the entablature above the main entryways located at on each of the four faces.
Inside, two main hallways bisect the builing into quadrants. Stairways at each end provide access to the second floor. Much of the original mosaic flooring and marble wainscoting are still intact. The courtroom itself still contains most of its original features.
Since its construction, the building has been largely unchanged, except for periodic remodels and the 1956 expansion to the west side. This addition attempted to complement the original structure and used similar limestone for its facades, it is decidedly much more plain and unornamented. The slightly recessed sash windows are lined with aluminum, and the limestone paneling is interrupted by beige brickwork around the outer windows. A metal hipped roof was added to the new wing in the 1990s. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Liberty County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse located in Liberty, Texas, and serves as the official courthouse for Liberty County. Built in 1931 on the site of an earlier courthouse and expanded in 1956, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The usage of this site for government purposes dates back to 1831. During the planning of the settlement that would become Liberty, the area was designated by José Francisco Madero for use as a government plaza. Following the result of the Texas Revolution in 1836, which established Liberty County itself, this plaza converted into a courthouse square. In 1840, the first Methodist sermon in Liberty was hosted in the existing log courthouse. Decades later, the courthouse would also be the first meeting place for the new First Baptist Church of Liberty, which was established in 1898.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Over the next century, the local economy oscillated between stagnancy and slow decline. At least six courthouses preceeded the current one. A series of fires plagued the government square, sometimes damaging or entirely destroying the courthouse. One burned down on December 24, 1873, destroying most of the records with it. The 1895 courthouse, which was the last courthouse built before the current one, was threatened at least once by a fire in 1909.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In the early 20th century, the Texas oil boom revitalized the economy. The local government found itself in possession of enough funding to remodel the old 1895 courthouse, which it deemed inadequate for the county's recordkeeping. Houston architect Corneil G. Curtis was hired to survey the old courthouse in the mid-1920s, and he determined it was much more cost-effective to demolish it and rebuild. In 1927, Curtis began designing the new building in an Art Deco style. Several years passed before a building contract could be settled, as most passed on it, deeming it too costly. However, in September 1930, M. H. Ryland of Uvalde was awarded the bid on the construction. Offices were temporarily moved next door into a vacant Methodist church. Construction took up most of 1931 and was finally completed in December at a grand total of $250,000.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1955, the county announced it was considering adding an annex to the courthouse. Houston architect Wyatt C. Hedrick was hired to design the new addition, which he appended to the west end of the original building. This provided space for a new courtroom and offices. Construction was completed in 1956.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The Art Deco style chosen by Curtis had not yet been widely reflected across Texas, and the Liberty County Courthouse is one of the earliest examples of this style in the state. Some architects have identified the courthouse as belonging to a subcategory of Art Deco, which Jay Henry coined the Modern Classic style. Both Curtis and the Liberty County council favored these elements of Progressivism, which they believed reflected contemporary society's values during the Roaring Twenties. It has notable similarities to the Rusk County Courthouse and the Chambers County Courthouse, which Curtis also designed in 1928 and 1936, respectively. Its overall layout, however, is very similar to earlier Texas courthouses, which often were constructed in a Beaux-Arts or Neoclassical style.",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The original courthouse building measures 62 by 144 feet (19 by 44 m) with 8-foot-long (2.4 m) projections on either side, making the floor plan resemble a shallow \"H\", and contains two stories and a basement. The facade is mainly constructed of Texas Cordova Cream limestone over a concrete frame and foundation with steel trusses. Overall, it is much simpler in detail than many Art Deco buildings, owing to its more modernist leanings. The large windows are interrupted by large pilasters that ascend up to the second-story frieze, upon which is inscribed \"Liberty County AD 1930\" in Latin script. Most of the building's ornamentation consists of bands of metal bas-relief panels that run horizontally along the dado and across and between the pilasters. These motifs reflect everyday elements of Texan life, ecology, and geography; such sculptures include pine trees, the Lone Star symbol taken from the Texas flag, covered wagons, Texas Longhorns, and oil derricks. Stylized eagles decorate the entablature above the main entryways located at on each of the four faces.",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Inside, two main hallways bisect the builing into quadrants. Stairways at each end provide access to the second floor. Much of the original mosaic flooring and marble wainscoting are still intact. The courtroom itself still contains most of its original features.",
"title": "Architecture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Since its construction, the building has been largely unchanged, except for periodic remodels and the 1956 expansion to the west side. This addition attempted to complement the original structure and used similar limestone for its facades, it is decidedly much more plain and unornamented. The slightly recessed sash windows are lined with aluminum, and the limestone paneling is interrupted by beige brickwork around the outer windows. A metal hipped roof was added to the new wing in the 1990s.",
"title": "Architecture"
}
] | The Liberty County Courthouse is a historic county courthouse located in Liberty, Texas, and serves as the official courthouse for Liberty County. Built in 1931 on the site of an earlier courthouse and expanded in 1956, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. | 2023-12-13T21:15:57Z | 2023-12-19T00:08:55Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:National Register of Historic Places in Texas",
"Template:Infobox NRHP",
"Template:Convert"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_County_Courthouse_(Texas) |
75,557,458 | West Side Park (Jersey City baseball) | West Side Park was the name of two different baseball parks in Jersey City, New Jersey in the early 20th Century. Both parks were also called Skeeters Park in reference to the long-time nickname of the teams, the "Jersey City Skeeters", so called because of the many mosquitoes ("skeeters") which lived in Jersey City's marsh lands.
The first West Side Park was the home of the Jersey City Skeeters of the Eastern League from 1902 through 1905.
The ballpark's location was given in local newspapers as "West Side Avenue and the foot of (or 'end of') Belmont Avenue." The city directories gave a less precise location, "West Side Avenue." The lot was leased from the Jersey City Golf Club.[Jersey City News May 7, 1902, p. 1] [Jersey City News September 29, 1902, p. 7] [Jersey City News October 18, 1902, p. 7]
Its location has also been given as "West Side Avenue (east); Belmont Avenue (south); Marcy Avenue (west); and Duncan Avenue (north)."
The 1903 club was successful, winning the league championship for the only time in the club's years of operating along West Side Avenue.
When the Hudson County Park Commission began to develop a new public park in 1904, the ballpark stood in the way of its planned entrance road. In 1905, the city informed the Skeeters they would have to find another venue by 1906.[Jersey Observer and Journal, July 28, 1905, p. 1]
The new city park was also dubbed West Side Park. The potential for confusion was mitigated by the papers often referring to the ballpark as "West Side Park baseball grounds". The public park was eventually renamed Lincoln Park, in 1930.
The second West Side Park ballpark was the home of the Jersey City Skeeters of the Eastern League / International League from 1906 through 1915, and then again from 1918 through 1933.
The ballpark's location in city directories from 1908 onward was given as "Jersey City Baseball Grounds, West Side Avenue corner Fisk Street." It was about 1 mile (1.6 km) mile southwest of the previous ballpark.
Newspapers reported the location as "West Side and Culver Avenues."[Jersey Observer and Journal, July 28, 1905, p. 1][Courier-News 7-29-1905 p. 5][Jersey Observer and Journal, April 18, 1906, p. 2][Jersey Journal 5-1-1998 p. 31]
Its precise location, as shown in Sanborn maps, was West Side Avenue (northwest, first base); Bay View Avenue (not a through street there) and then Culver Avenue (northeast, third base); buildings and Hudson Boulevard (now JFK Boulevard) (southeast, left field); and Audubon Street (southwest, right field). Fisk teed into West Side Avenue from the west, near the main grandstand entrance.
The Skeeters struggled financially, and in 1916 they moved to another city. They were revived in 1918 but then moved again after the 1933 season as the Great Depression combined with their lack of on-field success compelled them to move permanently.
One attempt to impact attendance was to shorten the home run distances. The original ballpark's dimensions were rather expansive. In 1928, left field was reduced from 404 feet (123 m) to 329 feet (100 m), and right field from 345 feet (105 m) to 320 feet (98 m).[Berkshire Eagle, Apr 6, 1928, p.31]
After the Skeeters folded, the ballpark site was acquired by the school later known as New Jersey City University. They had already constructed their main building east of the ballpark in 1927. After they demolished the ballpark, they constructed a number of additional campus buildings on the block.
When minor league baseball returned to Jersey City in the late 1930s, the new Jersey City Giants occupied the recently-built Roosevelt Stadium. The Giants would win the IL titles for 1937 and 1949. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "West Side Park was the name of two different baseball parks in Jersey City, New Jersey in the early 20th Century. Both parks were also called Skeeters Park in reference to the long-time nickname of the teams, the \"Jersey City Skeeters\", so called because of the many mosquitoes (\"skeeters\") which lived in Jersey City's marsh lands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The first West Side Park was the home of the Jersey City Skeeters of the Eastern League from 1902 through 1905.",
"title": "First ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The ballpark's location was given in local newspapers as \"West Side Avenue and the foot of (or 'end of') Belmont Avenue.\" The city directories gave a less precise location, \"West Side Avenue.\" The lot was leased from the Jersey City Golf Club.[Jersey City News May 7, 1902, p. 1] [Jersey City News September 29, 1902, p. 7] [Jersey City News October 18, 1902, p. 7]",
"title": "First ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Its location has also been given as \"West Side Avenue (east); Belmont Avenue (south); Marcy Avenue (west); and Duncan Avenue (north).\"",
"title": "First ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The 1903 club was successful, winning the league championship for the only time in the club's years of operating along West Side Avenue.",
"title": "First ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "When the Hudson County Park Commission began to develop a new public park in 1904, the ballpark stood in the way of its planned entrance road. In 1905, the city informed the Skeeters they would have to find another venue by 1906.[Jersey Observer and Journal, July 28, 1905, p. 1]",
"title": "First ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The new city park was also dubbed West Side Park. The potential for confusion was mitigated by the papers often referring to the ballpark as \"West Side Park baseball grounds\". The public park was eventually renamed Lincoln Park, in 1930.",
"title": "First ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The second West Side Park ballpark was the home of the Jersey City Skeeters of the Eastern League / International League from 1906 through 1915, and then again from 1918 through 1933.",
"title": "Second ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The ballpark's location in city directories from 1908 onward was given as \"Jersey City Baseball Grounds, West Side Avenue corner Fisk Street.\" It was about 1 mile (1.6 km) mile southwest of the previous ballpark.",
"title": "Second ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Newspapers reported the location as \"West Side and Culver Avenues.\"[Jersey Observer and Journal, July 28, 1905, p. 1][Courier-News 7-29-1905 p. 5][Jersey Observer and Journal, April 18, 1906, p. 2][Jersey Journal 5-1-1998 p. 31]",
"title": "Second ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Its precise location, as shown in Sanborn maps, was West Side Avenue (northwest, first base); Bay View Avenue (not a through street there) and then Culver Avenue (northeast, third base); buildings and Hudson Boulevard (now JFK Boulevard) (southeast, left field); and Audubon Street (southwest, right field). Fisk teed into West Side Avenue from the west, near the main grandstand entrance.",
"title": "Second ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The Skeeters struggled financially, and in 1916 they moved to another city. They were revived in 1918 but then moved again after the 1933 season as the Great Depression combined with their lack of on-field success compelled them to move permanently.",
"title": "Second ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "One attempt to impact attendance was to shorten the home run distances. The original ballpark's dimensions were rather expansive. In 1928, left field was reduced from 404 feet (123 m) to 329 feet (100 m), and right field from 345 feet (105 m) to 320 feet (98 m).[Berkshire Eagle, Apr 6, 1928, p.31]",
"title": "Second ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "After the Skeeters folded, the ballpark site was acquired by the school later known as New Jersey City University. They had already constructed their main building east of the ballpark in 1927. After they demolished the ballpark, they constructed a number of additional campus buildings on the block.",
"title": "Later"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "When minor league baseball returned to Jersey City in the late 1930s, the new Jersey City Giants occupied the recently-built Roosevelt Stadium. The Giants would win the IL titles for 1937 and 1949.",
"title": "Later"
}
] | West Side Park was the name of two different baseball parks in Jersey City, New Jersey in the early 20th Century. Both parks were also called Skeeters Park in reference to the long-time nickname of the teams, the "Jersey City Skeeters", so called because of the many mosquitoes ("skeeters") which lived in Jersey City's marsh lands. | 2023-12-13T21:17:29Z | 2023-12-16T05:15:34Z | [
"Template:Distinguish",
"Template:In use",
"Template:Convert",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Side_Park_(Jersey_City_baseball) |
75,557,503 | Segura Viudas | Heredad Segura Viudas is a Spanish winery in Torrelavit in the Penedès wine region of Barcelona specializing in Cava. Its origins have been traced back to the 11th century.
In 2018 Segura Viudas received the organic farming certification from the Catalan Council of Organic Agricultural Production. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Heredad Segura Viudas is a Spanish winery in Torrelavit in the Penedès wine region of Barcelona specializing in Cava. Its origins have been traced back to the 11th century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 2018 Segura Viudas received the organic farming certification from the Catalan Council of Organic Agricultural Production.",
"title": ""
}
] | Heredad Segura Viudas is a Spanish winery in Torrelavit in the Penedès wine region of Barcelona specializing in Cava. Its origins have been traced back to the 11th century. In 2018 Segura Viudas received the organic farming certification from the Catalan Council of Organic Agricultural Production. | 2023-12-13T21:25:38Z | 2023-12-15T16:44:48Z | [
"Template:Spain-stub",
"Template:Wine-stub",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segura_Viudas |
75,557,507 | Negm bar Zahroon | Sheikh Negm bar Zahroon (baptismal name: Adam Negm bar Zakia Zihrun ࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡍࡉࡂࡌ ࡁࡓ ࡆࡀࡊࡉࡀ ࡆࡉࡄࡓࡅࡍ; Arabic: الشيخ نجم ابن زهرون; born 1892, Huwaiza; died 1976, Qal'at Saleh District) was a Mandaean priest. He is primarily known as E. S. Drower's main field consultant who helped her procure dozens of Mandaic texts, now kept in the Bodleian Library's Drower Collection.
He is often known simply as Sheikh Negm or Sheikh Nejm in E. S. Drower's writings. His Mandaean baptismal name is Adam Negm bar Zakia Zihrun bar Ram Zihrun (or also Negm bar Zihrun ࡍࡉࡂࡌ ࡁࡓ ࡆࡉࡄࡓࡅࡍ). In his letters to Drower, he refers to himself as Sheikh Negm, son of Sheikh Zahroon.
Sheikh Negm was born in Huwaiza in 1892 into the Khaffagi (written Mandaic: Kupašia) clan. He lived in Khorramshahr during his early youth. He later moved to Liṭlaṭa, Qal'at Saleh in 1914, where he was initiated as a tarmida. He became acquainted with E. S. Drower sometime before 1933, with whom he had a lifelong collaboration. He helped Drower obtain many of the Mandaic manuscripts in the Drower Collection, typically by serving as an agent to help purchase them, but at times also copied some of Mandaic texts himself. Drower Mss. 2, 4, 15, 22, 23, 28-32, 34, 35, 38-41, 43, 44, and others were obtained via the assistance of Sheikh Negm.
In 1920, he was initiated as a tarmida (junior priest) by two ganzibras from the Manduia clan, namely Sheikh Damouk (baptismal name: Mhatam Yuhana bar Yahya Sam), who is Lamea Abbas Amara's great-grandfather), and by Sheikh Sahan (an uncle of Sheikh Sam, the great-grandfather of Sinan Abdullah of Niskayuna, New York). In 1947, he was ordained as a ganzibra (senior priest). That same year, Sheikh Negm initiated his son Abdullah as a tarmida. Abdullah later married Sheikh Abdullah Khaffagi's daughter Šarat (Sharat) from Ahvaz.
From 2 February 1936 to 1 February 1950, Sheikh Negm wrote letters to Drower mostly while she resided in Baghdad (with a few letters also sent to England), using seven different scribes who could write in English. A few letters were also written in Modern Mandaic (colloquial Mandaic). Many of Sheikh Negm's letters date to 1939.
Sheikh Negm died in 1976.
Negm bar Zahroon's father and Abdullah Khaffagi's father are both the sons of Ram Zihrun, one of the survivors of the 1831 cholera epidemic that nearly wiped out the Mandaean priesthood. Yahya Bihram was Sheikh Negm's grandfather's cousin and brother-in-law.
His son, Sheikh Abdullah of Baghdad, was a rishama who later emigrated to the United Kingdom, and died in the Netherlands in 2009. Sheikh Abdullah bar Negm was known for initiating Sheikh Haithem (now known as Brikha Nasoraia, a ganzibra and professor living in Sydney, Australia) into the priesthood in Iraq. Rafid al-Sabti, a tarmida currently residing in Nijmegen, Netherlands, is the son of Sheikh Abdullah, and is hence also Sheikh Negm's grandson.
Negm bar Zahroon's nephew Abdelelah Khalaf al-Sebahi, who was educated in Moscow when Iraq had close ties with the USSR, currently lives in Denmark. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sheikh Negm bar Zahroon (baptismal name: Adam Negm bar Zakia Zihrun ࡀࡃࡀࡌ ࡍࡉࡂࡌ ࡁࡓ ࡆࡀࡊࡉࡀ ࡆࡉࡄࡓࡅࡍ; Arabic: الشيخ نجم ابن زهرون; born 1892, Huwaiza; died 1976, Qal'at Saleh District) was a Mandaean priest. He is primarily known as E. S. Drower's main field consultant who helped her procure dozens of Mandaic texts, now kept in the Bodleian Library's Drower Collection.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "He is often known simply as Sheikh Negm or Sheikh Nejm in E. S. Drower's writings. His Mandaean baptismal name is Adam Negm bar Zakia Zihrun bar Ram Zihrun (or also Negm bar Zihrun ࡍࡉࡂࡌ ࡁࡓ ࡆࡉࡄࡓࡅࡍ). In his letters to Drower, he refers to himself as Sheikh Negm, son of Sheikh Zahroon.",
"title": "Names"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sheikh Negm was born in Huwaiza in 1892 into the Khaffagi (written Mandaic: Kupašia) clan. He lived in Khorramshahr during his early youth. He later moved to Liṭlaṭa, Qal'at Saleh in 1914, where he was initiated as a tarmida. He became acquainted with E. S. Drower sometime before 1933, with whom he had a lifelong collaboration. He helped Drower obtain many of the Mandaic manuscripts in the Drower Collection, typically by serving as an agent to help purchase them, but at times also copied some of Mandaic texts himself. Drower Mss. 2, 4, 15, 22, 23, 28-32, 34, 35, 38-41, 43, 44, and others were obtained via the assistance of Sheikh Negm.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1920, he was initiated as a tarmida (junior priest) by two ganzibras from the Manduia clan, namely Sheikh Damouk (baptismal name: Mhatam Yuhana bar Yahya Sam), who is Lamea Abbas Amara's great-grandfather), and by Sheikh Sahan (an uncle of Sheikh Sam, the great-grandfather of Sinan Abdullah of Niskayuna, New York). In 1947, he was ordained as a ganzibra (senior priest). That same year, Sheikh Negm initiated his son Abdullah as a tarmida. Abdullah later married Sheikh Abdullah Khaffagi's daughter Šarat (Sharat) from Ahvaz.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "From 2 February 1936 to 1 February 1950, Sheikh Negm wrote letters to Drower mostly while she resided in Baghdad (with a few letters also sent to England), using seven different scribes who could write in English. A few letters were also written in Modern Mandaic (colloquial Mandaic). Many of Sheikh Negm's letters date to 1939.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Sheikh Negm died in 1976.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Negm bar Zahroon's father and Abdullah Khaffagi's father are both the sons of Ram Zihrun, one of the survivors of the 1831 cholera epidemic that nearly wiped out the Mandaean priesthood. Yahya Bihram was Sheikh Negm's grandfather's cousin and brother-in-law.",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "His son, Sheikh Abdullah of Baghdad, was a rishama who later emigrated to the United Kingdom, and died in the Netherlands in 2009. Sheikh Abdullah bar Negm was known for initiating Sheikh Haithem (now known as Brikha Nasoraia, a ganzibra and professor living in Sydney, Australia) into the priesthood in Iraq. Rafid al-Sabti, a tarmida currently residing in Nijmegen, Netherlands, is the son of Sheikh Abdullah, and is hence also Sheikh Negm's grandson.",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Negm bar Zahroon's nephew Abdelelah Khalaf al-Sebahi, who was educated in Moscow when Iraq had close ties with the USSR, currently lives in Denmark.",
"title": "Family"
}
] | Sheikh Negm bar Zahroon was a Mandaean priest. He is primarily known as E. S. Drower's main field consultant who helped her procure dozens of Mandaic texts, now kept in the Bodleian Library's Drower Collection. | 2023-12-13T21:26:13Z | 2023-12-31T20:09:34Z | [
"Template:Lang-ar",
"Template:Rp",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Mandaeism footer",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Mandaeism",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Infobox religious biography",
"Template:Lang"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negm_bar_Zahroon |
75,557,517 | FBI: Most Wanted (season 1) | The first season of the American crime drama television series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on CBS on January 7, 2020, as a mid-season replacement, and ended on May 5. Only 14 episodes were produced due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. It is the first spin-off from Dick Wolf's drama FBI. The series and its characters were introduced during the first-season episode of FBI titled "Most Wanted".
FBI: Most Wanted starred Julian McMahon, Kellan Lutz, Roxy Sternberg, Keisha Castle-Hughes, and Nathaniel Arcand and follows the work of FBI's New York Fugitive Task Force, which relentlessly tracks and captures the notorious and dangerous criminals on the FBI's Most Wanted list.
The first season of FBI: Most Wanted ranked #17 with an average of 10.20 million viewers.
On January 29, 2019, it was announced that CBS had commissioned a backdoor pilot with an attached series commitment for a potential spin-off series titled FBI: Most Wanted with the episode to air in the latter part of the first season. The series will focus on the division of the FBI tasked with tracking and capturing the most notorious criminals on the FBI's Most Wanted list. According to Dick Wolf, the spin-off is set to launch a series of interconnected shows similar to that both of Wolf's Chicago and Law & Order franchises on NBC. On May 9, 2019, CBS announced that FBI: Most Wanted had been ordered to series. A few days later, it was announced that the series would premiere as a mid-season replacement in the winter-spring of 2020. The series premiered on January 7, 2020. On March 13, 2020, it was announced that Universal Television has suspended the production due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States. They were filming episode 15, directed by Lexi Alexander.
The series premiere episode "Dopesick" drew approximately 7.19 million viewers and a 0.8/4 ratings share among adults 18–49. DVR viewership was 3.36 million, totaling 10.55 million. This made one the best debuts for the 2019–20 television season. However, the DVR ratings were down from the sixth season premiere of NCIS: New Orleans which occupied the same timeslot for it's first ten episodes. The crossover event with flagship series FBI earned 9.49 million viewers, while earning 3.45 million DVR viewers, resulting in a total of 12.94 million. The season finale, "Getaway", was watched by 6.62 million people. For it's first season, FBI: Most Wanted was the 17th most-watched new series in total viewership, averaging 10.20 million viewers. It was also the 39th most seen show in the 18–49 demographic, with a 1.2 rating. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The first season of the American crime drama television series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on CBS on January 7, 2020, as a mid-season replacement, and ended on May 5. Only 14 episodes were produced due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. It is the first spin-off from Dick Wolf's drama FBI. The series and its characters were introduced during the first-season episode of FBI titled \"Most Wanted\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "FBI: Most Wanted starred Julian McMahon, Kellan Lutz, Roxy Sternberg, Keisha Castle-Hughes, and Nathaniel Arcand and follows the work of FBI's New York Fugitive Task Force, which relentlessly tracks and captures the notorious and dangerous criminals on the FBI's Most Wanted list.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The first season of FBI: Most Wanted ranked #17 with an average of 10.20 million viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On January 29, 2019, it was announced that CBS had commissioned a backdoor pilot with an attached series commitment for a potential spin-off series titled FBI: Most Wanted with the episode to air in the latter part of the first season. The series will focus on the division of the FBI tasked with tracking and capturing the most notorious criminals on the FBI's Most Wanted list. According to Dick Wolf, the spin-off is set to launch a series of interconnected shows similar to that both of Wolf's Chicago and Law & Order franchises on NBC. On May 9, 2019, CBS announced that FBI: Most Wanted had been ordered to series. A few days later, it was announced that the series would premiere as a mid-season replacement in the winter-spring of 2020. The series premiered on January 7, 2020. On March 13, 2020, it was announced that Universal Television has suspended the production due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television in the United States. They were filming episode 15, directed by Lexi Alexander.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The series premiere episode \"Dopesick\" drew approximately 7.19 million viewers and a 0.8/4 ratings share among adults 18–49. DVR viewership was 3.36 million, totaling 10.55 million. This made one the best debuts for the 2019–20 television season. However, the DVR ratings were down from the sixth season premiere of NCIS: New Orleans which occupied the same timeslot for it's first ten episodes. The crossover event with flagship series FBI earned 9.49 million viewers, while earning 3.45 million DVR viewers, resulting in a total of 12.94 million. The season finale, \"Getaway\", was watched by 6.62 million people. For it's first season, FBI: Most Wanted was the 17th most-watched new series in total viewership, averaging 10.20 million viewers. It was also the 39th most seen show in the 18–49 demographic, with a 1.2 rating.",
"title": "Ratings"
}
] | The first season of the American crime drama television series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on CBS on January 7, 2020, as a mid-season replacement, and ended on May 5. Only 14 episodes were produced due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. It is the first spin-off from Dick Wolf's drama FBI. The series and its characters were introduced during the first-season episode of FBI titled "Most Wanted". FBI: Most Wanted starred Julian McMahon, Kellan Lutz, Roxy Sternberg, Keisha Castle-Hughes, and Nathaniel Arcand and follows the work of FBI's New York Fugitive Task Force, which relentlessly tracks and captures the notorious and dangerous criminals on the FBI's Most Wanted list. The first season of FBI: Most Wanted ranked #17 with an average of 10.20 million viewers. | 2023-12-13T21:27:56Z | 2023-12-16T14:45:47Z | [
"Template:FBI (franchise)",
"Template:Infobox television season",
"Template:Episode table",
"Template:Television episode ratings",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI:_Most_Wanted_(season_1) |
75,557,529 | 1906 Copa de Honor MCBA Final | The 1906 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was the football match that decided the champion of the 2nd. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in the "Virrey del Pino" field of Belgrano Athletic Club in Buenos Aires, Alumni defeated Estudiantes de Buenos Aires 3–1. to win their second Copa de Honor trophy.
The 1906 edition was contested by 11 clubs, 10 within Buenos Aires Province, and 1 from Liga Rosarina de Football. Playing in a single-elimination tournament, Alumni eliminated Rosario Central (6–0 in Rosario), then defeating Argentino de Quilmes at Sociedad Sportiva Argentina in Palermo.
On the other hand, Estudiantes defeated Barracas A.C. 3–1, advancing to the semifinals where the team beat Quilmes 3–2.
The final was held in Belgrano Athletic Club's venue on Virrey del Pino and Superí streets in Belgrano, Buenos Aires, on 9 September 1906. Alumni defeated Estudiantes 3–1, to win their second consecutive Copa de Honor trophy. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1906 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was the football match that decided the champion of the 2nd. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in the \"Virrey del Pino\" field of Belgrano Athletic Club in Buenos Aires, Alumni defeated Estudiantes de Buenos Aires 3–1. to win their second Copa de Honor trophy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The 1906 edition was contested by 11 clubs, 10 within Buenos Aires Province, and 1 from Liga Rosarina de Football. Playing in a single-elimination tournament, Alumni eliminated Rosario Central (6–0 in Rosario), then defeating Argentino de Quilmes at Sociedad Sportiva Argentina in Palermo.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On the other hand, Estudiantes defeated Barracas A.C. 3–1, advancing to the semifinals where the team beat Quilmes 3–2.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The final was held in Belgrano Athletic Club's venue on Virrey del Pino and Superí streets in Belgrano, Buenos Aires, on 9 September 1906. Alumni defeated Estudiantes 3–1, to win their second consecutive Copa de Honor trophy.",
"title": "Overview"
}
] | The 1906 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was the football match that decided the champion of the 2nd. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, held in the "Virrey del Pino" field of Belgrano Athletic Club in Buenos Aires, Alumni defeated Estudiantes de Buenos Aires 3–1. to win their second Copa de Honor trophy. | 2023-12-13T21:29:54Z | 2023-12-17T18:13:05Z | [
"Template:Copa de Honor MCBA",
"Template:Alumni Athletic Club matches",
"Template:Estudiantes de Buenos Aires",
"Template:Smaller",
"Template:Small div",
"Template:Football box",
"Template:Football kit",
"Template:Infobox football match",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Copa_de_Honor_MCBA_Final |
75,557,588 | Sulduz (tribe) | Sulduz or Suldus is a Mongolian tribe that entered the empire of Genghis Khan at the beginning of the 13th century.
Sulduz was part of the Darlekin-Mongol community. There is a version that the name of the tribe was given by the wild plant of the same name, which is believed to grow densely in areas where Sulduz people used to move along. From the end of the 12th century, part of the Suldus people, together with the Besudi and Baarin, became a part of the Taichiuds and were subordinated to them. After the defeat of the Taichiuds, one of the large groups of sulduz among the troops of Genghis Khan settled in Cumania and partly in the territory of modern Uzbekistan, as well as in the north of Afghanistan. They later moved to Azerbaijan and Iran. Some of the most influential emirs under Genghis Khan's command were suldus people, as they greatly helped in the war with the Taichiuds.
Sorgan-Shira, one of the nine servants of Genghis Khan, came from a sulduz family. Sorgan-Shiren's sons, Chilaun and Chimbay, were commanders of the personal guard of Genghis Khan. Chilaun's children founded the Chobanid dynasty, which held high positions in the Hulagu nation, and later established their own state in the territory of Iranian Azerbaijan. The descendants of Chobanids within the Hazaras are known as Dai Chopan. Khadaan, daughter of Sorgan-Shiren, was one of Genghis Khan's concubines. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sulduz or Suldus is a Mongolian tribe that entered the empire of Genghis Khan at the beginning of the 13th century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sulduz was part of the Darlekin-Mongol community. There is a version that the name of the tribe was given by the wild plant of the same name, which is believed to grow densely in areas where Sulduz people used to move along. From the end of the 12th century, part of the Suldus people, together with the Besudi and Baarin, became a part of the Taichiuds and were subordinated to them. After the defeat of the Taichiuds, one of the large groups of sulduz among the troops of Genghis Khan settled in Cumania and partly in the territory of modern Uzbekistan, as well as in the north of Afghanistan. They later moved to Azerbaijan and Iran. Some of the most influential emirs under Genghis Khan's command were suldus people, as they greatly helped in the war with the Taichiuds.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sorgan-Shira, one of the nine servants of Genghis Khan, came from a sulduz family. Sorgan-Shiren's sons, Chilaun and Chimbay, were commanders of the personal guard of Genghis Khan. Chilaun's children founded the Chobanid dynasty, which held high positions in the Hulagu nation, and later established their own state in the territory of Iranian Azerbaijan. The descendants of Chobanids within the Hazaras are known as Dai Chopan. Khadaan, daughter of Sorgan-Shiren, was one of Genghis Khan's concubines.",
"title": ""
}
] | Sulduz or Suldus is a Mongolian tribe that entered the empire of Genghis Khan at the beginning of the 13th century. Sulduz was part of the Darlekin-Mongol community. There is a version that the name of the tribe was given by the wild plant of the same name, which is believed to grow densely in areas where Sulduz people used to move along. From the end of the 12th century, part of the Suldus people, together with the Besudi and Baarin, became a part of the Taichiuds and were subordinated to them. After the defeat of the Taichiuds, one of the large groups of sulduz among the troops of Genghis Khan settled in Cumania and partly in the territory of modern Uzbekistan, as well as in the north of Afghanistan. They later moved to Azerbaijan and Iran. Some of the most influential emirs under Genghis Khan's command were suldus people, as they greatly helped in the war with the Taichiuds. Sorgan-Shira, one of the nine servants of Genghis Khan, came from a sulduz family. Sorgan-Shiren's sons, Chilaun and Chimbay, were commanders of the personal guard of Genghis Khan. Chilaun's children founded the Chobanid dynasty, which held high positions in the Hulagu nation, and later established their own state in the territory of Iranian Azerbaijan. The descendants of Chobanids within the Hazaras are known as Dai Chopan. Khadaan, daughter of Sorgan-Shiren, was one of Genghis Khan's concubines. | 2023-12-13T21:37:27Z | 2023-12-26T17:56:37Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Isbn",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulduz_(tribe) |
75,557,613 | O. H. Platt | O. H. Platt may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "O. H. Platt may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | O. H. Platt may refer to: Orville H. Platt
O.H. Platt High School, name after Orville H. Platt
Obadiah H. Platt | 2023-12-13T21:40:50Z | 2023-12-13T21:40:50Z | [
"Template:Hndis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._H._Platt |
75,557,622 | Clara Smiddy | Clara Smiddy (born 4 January 1996) is an American swimmer.
She competed at the 2014 Youth Olympic Games, winning a gold medal in 100-meter backstroke. At the 2015 Pan American Games, she won bronze medals in Women's 100 metre backstroke, and Women's 200 metre backstroke.
She competed at the 2016 FINA Swimming World Championships. She swam for University of Michigan. She competed at the 2017 NCAA National Swimming and Diving Championships. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Clara Smiddy (born 4 January 1996) is an American swimmer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She competed at the 2014 Youth Olympic Games, winning a gold medal in 100-meter backstroke. At the 2015 Pan American Games, she won bronze medals in Women's 100 metre backstroke, and Women's 200 metre backstroke.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She competed at the 2016 FINA Swimming World Championships. She swam for University of Michigan. She competed at the 2017 NCAA National Swimming and Diving Championships.",
"title": ""
}
] | Clara Smiddy is an American swimmer. She competed at the 2014 Youth Olympic Games, winning a gold medal in 100-meter backstroke.
At the 2015 Pan American Games, she won bronze medals in Women's 100 metre backstroke, and
Women's 200 metre backstroke. She competed at the 2016 FINA Swimming World Championships. She swam for University of Michigan. She competed at the 2017 NCAA National Swimming and Diving Championships. | 2023-12-13T21:41:38Z | 2023-12-15T20:14:12Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Smiddy |
75,557,627 | Ram Zihrun | Ram Zihrun (Classical Mandaic: ࡓࡀࡌ ࡆࡉࡄࡓࡅࡍ) was a 19th-century Mandaean priest. Although initially a learned layman (yalufa), he became known for reviving the Mandaean priesthood together with his cousin Yahya Bihram after a cholera epidemic had killed all living Mandaean priests in 1831. He is mentioned in the colophons of various Mandaean manuscripts.
Ram Zihrun was born sometime during the 18th century as the son of the Mandaean priest Sam Bihram (Classical Mandaic: ࡎࡀࡌ ࡁࡉࡄࡓࡀࡌ), and belonged to the ‘Aziz and Kupašia (Khaffagi) families.
Ram Zihrun and his younger cousin Yahya Bihram were two šgandas (priest assistants) who were the surviving sons of deceased priests during the aftermath of the 1831 cholera epidemic. Together, the two of them went on to revive the Mandaean priesthood by initiating each other as tarmida (junior priests), and later as ganzibra (high priests), in Suq eš-Šuyuk, Iraq. As a result, Mandaean manuscripts mention Yahya Bihram as the son of Ram Zihrun, since the priestly initiators of priests and scribes are typically listed as "fathers" in Mandaean spiritual genealogical lineages, rather than their biological fathers. At Suq eš-Šuyuk, they also initiated 13 other yalufa (learned Mandaeans) as priests.
Afterwards, Ram Zihrun served as a ganzibra in the towns of Shushtar and Dezful in Khuzestan
Ram Zihrun died sometime in the mid or late 1800s.
Ram Zihrun's wife Bibia Mudalal, who was Yahya Bihram's sister, survived the 1831 cholera epidemic. Her father came from the Kamisia and Riš Draz families. She was a scribe who copied the Ginza Rabba and also a priest who was likely initiated before the 1831 cholera epidemic. Bibia Mudalal was also the grandmother of Sheikh Negm (or Sheikh Nejm), who copied many manuscripts for E. S. Drower. Sheikh Negm was born in Huwaiza, Iran in 1892, lived in Khorramshahr during his early youth, and moved to Qal'at Saleh, Iraq in 1914.
Ram Zihrun was also the grandfather of Sheikh Abdullah Khaffagi (or Abdullah Khaffaji) in Ahvaz.
Ram Zihrun personally copied a few of the Mandaic manuscripts that are currently held in the Drower Collection (abbreviated DC), a collection of Mandaic manuscripts collected by E. S. Drower during the early 1900s. These include the DC 7 (Scroll of the Rivers), 9 (Haran Gawaita), and 22 (Ginza Rabba) manuscripts. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ram Zihrun (Classical Mandaic: ࡓࡀࡌ ࡆࡉࡄࡓࡅࡍ) was a 19th-century Mandaean priest. Although initially a learned layman (yalufa), he became known for reviving the Mandaean priesthood together with his cousin Yahya Bihram after a cholera epidemic had killed all living Mandaean priests in 1831. He is mentioned in the colophons of various Mandaean manuscripts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ram Zihrun was born sometime during the 18th century as the son of the Mandaean priest Sam Bihram (Classical Mandaic: ࡎࡀࡌ ࡁࡉࡄࡓࡀࡌ), and belonged to the ‘Aziz and Kupašia (Khaffagi) families.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ram Zihrun and his younger cousin Yahya Bihram were two šgandas (priest assistants) who were the surviving sons of deceased priests during the aftermath of the 1831 cholera epidemic. Together, the two of them went on to revive the Mandaean priesthood by initiating each other as tarmida (junior priests), and later as ganzibra (high priests), in Suq eš-Šuyuk, Iraq. As a result, Mandaean manuscripts mention Yahya Bihram as the son of Ram Zihrun, since the priestly initiators of priests and scribes are typically listed as \"fathers\" in Mandaean spiritual genealogical lineages, rather than their biological fathers. At Suq eš-Šuyuk, they also initiated 13 other yalufa (learned Mandaeans) as priests.",
"title": "Mandaean priesthood revival"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Afterwards, Ram Zihrun served as a ganzibra in the towns of Shushtar and Dezful in Khuzestan",
"title": "Mandaean priesthood revival"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Ram Zihrun died sometime in the mid or late 1800s.",
"title": "Mandaean priesthood revival"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Ram Zihrun's wife Bibia Mudalal, who was Yahya Bihram's sister, survived the 1831 cholera epidemic. Her father came from the Kamisia and Riš Draz families. She was a scribe who copied the Ginza Rabba and also a priest who was likely initiated before the 1831 cholera epidemic. Bibia Mudalal was also the grandmother of Sheikh Negm (or Sheikh Nejm), who copied many manuscripts for E. S. Drower. Sheikh Negm was born in Huwaiza, Iran in 1892, lived in Khorramshahr during his early youth, and moved to Qal'at Saleh, Iraq in 1914.",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Ram Zihrun was also the grandfather of Sheikh Abdullah Khaffagi (or Abdullah Khaffaji) in Ahvaz.",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Ram Zihrun personally copied a few of the Mandaic manuscripts that are currently held in the Drower Collection (abbreviated DC), a collection of Mandaic manuscripts collected by E. S. Drower during the early 1900s. These include the DC 7 (Scroll of the Rivers), 9 (Haran Gawaita), and 22 (Ginza Rabba) manuscripts.",
"title": "Work as scribe"
}
] | Ram Zihrun was a 19th-century Mandaean priest. Although initially a learned layman (yalufa), he became known for reviving the Mandaean priesthood together with his cousin Yahya Bihram after a cholera epidemic had killed all living Mandaean priests in 1831. He is mentioned in the colophons of various Mandaean manuscripts. | 2023-12-13T21:42:14Z | 2023-12-29T17:58:45Z | [
"Template:Infobox religious biography",
"Template:Mandaeism",
"Template:Lang-myz",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Mandaeism footer",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Rp",
"Template:Further",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Authority control"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Zihrun |
75,557,647 | And Then The Guy... | And Then The Guy... (Hungarian: És akkor a pasas...) is a 1966 Hungarian comedy drama film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Imre Sinkovits, Irén Psota and Mari Törőcsik. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director László Duba. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "And Then The Guy... (Hungarian: És akkor a pasas...) is a 1966 Hungarian comedy drama film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Imre Sinkovits, Irén Psota and Mari Törőcsik. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director László Duba.",
"title": ""
}
] | And Then The Guy... is a 1966 Hungarian comedy drama film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Imre Sinkovits, Irén Psota and Mari Törőcsik. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director László Duba. | 2023-12-13T21:45:28Z | 2023-12-20T19:51:07Z | [
"Template:Viktor Gertler",
"Template:Hungary-film-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:IMDb title"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/And_Then_The_Guy... |
75,557,652 | 183rd Infantry Division of Africa | The 183rd Infantry Division of Africa (183 division d'infanterie d'Afrique) was a unit of the French Army formed in Algeria during the French colonial period at the beginning of World War II.
The division was created in September 1939 (1939-09) in the Constantine Department. It was a division designated for protection and was not well-suited for offensive operations. The division remained in the Constantine Department and was disbanded in July 1940 (1940-07) without having seen combat. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 183rd Infantry Division of Africa (183 division d'infanterie d'Afrique) was a unit of the French Army formed in Algeria during the French colonial period at the beginning of World War II.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The division was created in September 1939 (1939-09) in the Constantine Department. It was a division designated for protection and was not well-suited for offensive operations. The division remained in the Constantine Department and was disbanded in July 1940 (1940-07) without having seen combat.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The 183rd Infantry Division of Africa was a unit of the French Army formed in Algeria during the French colonial period at the beginning of World War II. | 2023-12-13T21:46:33Z | 2023-12-26T13:33:10Z | [
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Infobox Military Unit",
"Template:Start date",
"Template:End date",
"Template:Date",
"Template:,",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/183rd_Infantry_Division_of_Africa |
75,557,653 | Topeka Airport | Topeka Airport can refer to several airports in Topeka, Kansas: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Topeka Airport can refer to several airports in Topeka, Kansas:",
"title": ""
}
] | Topeka Airport can refer to several airports in Topeka, Kansas: Topeka Regional Airport
Philip Billard Municipal Airport | 2023-12-13T21:46:37Z | 2023-12-13T21:49:10Z | [
"Template:Airport disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka_Airport |
75,557,680 | BMH (record producer) | Bolatito Obisanya (born January 28,1999) known professionally as BMH (BURSTMYHEAD) is a Nigerian record producer, composer and sound Engineer. His stage name BMH which also serves as his producer tag BURSTMYHEAD! He made his global mainstream debut when he produced CKay’s hit song "Emiliana" which peaked at number one for 7 consecutive weeks on the UK Afrobeats Singles Chart. and named song of the day by The Native,
Bolatito was born January 28, in Alapere, Ketu, Lagos State, Nigeria. His dad is a pastor at The Redeemed evangelical Ministry (TREM) Bolatito began his musical career in the choir and as a church drummer, he started as a rapper and songwriter before going into music production.
BMH started gaining recognition after co-producing DTF and Felony on CKay the First EP by CKay, which peaked number 3 on the US Billboard World charts In December 2021, He collaborate with Ckay to create "Emiliana", their global hit record, where he was credited as songwriter, producer, mixing engineer. He was nominated as Producer of the Year for 2022 AFRIMA Awards. He has production credits for artists such as ElGrande Toto, Blaqbonez, Ayra Starr, Crayon, Whoisakin. In August 2023, he officially received his France Diamond certification plaque for production credits on Emiliana. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bolatito Obisanya (born January 28,1999) known professionally as BMH (BURSTMYHEAD) is a Nigerian record producer, composer and sound Engineer. His stage name BMH which also serves as his producer tag BURSTMYHEAD! He made his global mainstream debut when he produced CKay’s hit song \"Emiliana\" which peaked at number one for 7 consecutive weeks on the UK Afrobeats Singles Chart. and named song of the day by The Native,",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Bolatito was born January 28, in Alapere, Ketu, Lagos State, Nigeria. His dad is a pastor at The Redeemed evangelical Ministry (TREM) Bolatito began his musical career in the choir and as a church drummer, he started as a rapper and songwriter before going into music production.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "BMH started gaining recognition after co-producing DTF and Felony on CKay the First EP by CKay, which peaked number 3 on the US Billboard World charts In December 2021, He collaborate with Ckay to create \"Emiliana\", their global hit record, where he was credited as songwriter, producer, mixing engineer. He was nominated as Producer of the Year for 2022 AFRIMA Awards. He has production credits for artists such as ElGrande Toto, Blaqbonez, Ayra Starr, Crayon, Whoisakin. In August 2023, he officially received his France Diamond certification plaque for production credits on Emiliana.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Bolatito Obisanya known professionally as BMH (BURSTMYHEAD) is a Nigerian record producer, composer and sound Engineer.
His stage name BMH which also serves as his producer tag BURSTMYHEAD! He made his global mainstream debut when he produced CKay’s hit song "Emiliana" which peaked at number one for 7 consecutive weeks on the UK Afrobeats Singles Chart. and named song of the day by The Native, | 2023-12-13T21:49:06Z | 2023-12-24T08:21:52Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox musical artist",
"Template:Incomplete list",
"Template:Abbr",
"Template:Nom",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMH_(record_producer) |
75,557,695 | Companions and Pets Party | [] | REDIRECT Draft:Companions and Pets Party | 2023-12-13T21:50:01Z | 2023-12-24T09:00:11Z | [
"Template:Db-rediruser",
"Template:Redirect category shell"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companions_and_Pets_Party |
|
75,557,714 | Blue Ox Trail | The Blue Ox Trail, also known as the Voyageurs Trail, runs along a former section of Northern Pacific Railway right-of-way between Bemidji, Minnesota and International Falls, Minnesota. The trail parallels U.S. Route 71. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Blue Ox Trail, also known as the Voyageurs Trail, runs along a former section of Northern Pacific Railway right-of-way between Bemidji, Minnesota and International Falls, Minnesota. The trail parallels U.S. Route 71.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Blue Ox Trail, also known as the Voyageurs Trail, runs along a former section of Northern Pacific Railway right-of-way between Bemidji, Minnesota and International Falls, Minnesota. The trail parallels U.S. Route 71. | 2023-12-13T21:51:16Z | 2023-12-13T21:52:17Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ox_Trail |
75,557,730 | Occasional | [] | 2023-12-13T21:52:55Z | 2023-12-13T21:52:55Z | [
"Template:Wiktionary redirect",
"Template:Short pages monitor"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occasional |
||
75,557,731 | List of Mäjilis members of the 7th Parliament of Kazakhstan | This is a list of members of the Mäjilis in the 7th Parliament of Kazakhstan from 2021 to 2023, elected in the 2021 legislative election on 10 January. A total 107 members were elected to their seats, with 98 from party-list proportional representation and the additional 7 members indirectly elected from the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan. The elected members were officially sworn to their seats on 15 January 2021. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is a list of members of the Mäjilis in the 7th Parliament of Kazakhstan from 2021 to 2023, elected in the 2021 legislative election on 10 January. A total 107 members were elected to their seats, with 98 from party-list proportional representation and the additional 7 members indirectly elected from the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan. The elected members were officially sworn to their seats on 15 January 2021.",
"title": ""
}
] | This is a list of members of the Mäjilis in the 7th Parliament of Kazakhstan from 2021 to 2023, elected in the 2021 legislative election on 10 January. A total 107 members were elected to their seats, with 98 from party-list proportional representation and the additional 7 members indirectly elected from the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan. The elected members were officially sworn to their seats on 15 January 2021. | 2023-12-13T21:53:00Z | 2023-12-29T17:40:02Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite press release"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_M%C3%A4jilis_members_of_the_7th_Parliament_of_Kazakhstan |
75,557,750 | The European Biophysical Societies' Association - EBSA | The European Biophysical Societies' Association (EBSA.ORG) is a non-profit making organisation (UK Charity Commission no. 1059024), with the objectives "…..to advance and disseminate knowledge of the principles, recent developments and applications of biophysics, and to foster the exchange of scientific information among European biophysicists and biophysicists in general".
EBSA is an association of 33 Biophysical Societies in the European area. EBSA is an adherent member of the International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB). EBSA maintains close links with Springer-Nature, the publishers of the European Biophysics Journal for which the copyright is owned by EBSA.
At a joint conference of the Belgian, German and Netherlands Biophysical Societies in Aachen (October 1980), a proposal emerged to form an Association of related European societies (ref: “EBSA – the early days”, Eur. Biophys. J (2007) 36 (Suppl. 1): S9-S15) . Then at a meeting in Frankfurt (November 1981), hosted by the German Biophysical Society and attended by representative officers of the Belgian, British, Danish, German, Italian, Netherlands, Swedish and Swiss Biophysical Societies, the concept of a European Biophysical Socities’ Association was unanimously endorsed and accepted by all the National Member Societies present. A journal associated with EBSA was also proposed as an eventual objective. An Acting Executive Committee was constituted as follows: President: Anders Ehenberg (Stockholm); Vice-President: W. Kreutz (Freiburg); Secretary: Julius Clauwaert (Wilrijk); Member: Peter Bayley (London). The First EBSA General Assembly was held during the 8th IUPAB Congress in Bristol (July 1984). The initial eight adhering societies attended, with new applications from France and Israel, and observers from Bulgaria, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, USSR and Yugoslavia. In 1984, The formation of the European Biophysics Journal (formally “Biophysics of Structure and Mechanism”. Ed. H. Stieve, Germany), published by Springer Verlag. EBJ is now published by Springer-Nature and wholly owned by EBSA, with publication revenues supporting EBSA. An “Encyclopedia of Biophysics”, published by Springer-Nature and edited by GKC Roberts and A Watts, is now in its 2nd Edition and is accessed at (1441 entries; >374,000 downloads)
The EBSA Executive Committee is elected by voting members of the adherent societies at the General Assembly held at the biennial EBSA congresses, and meets biannually, with two meetings at the EBSA congress. The current President (6-year term) is usually the main organizer of the previous EBSA congress, and a President-elect is usually the organizer of the next congress. A Past-President, Secretary, Treasurer are joined by ~12 committee members and co-opted members. The Managing Editor of EBJ is a ex-officio member.
Every two years EBSA organizes a European biophysics congress, hosted by a national biophysical society, and located across all parts Europe. The next Congress (2025) will be held in Rome, Italy hosted by SIBPA. In addition, EBSA offers sponsorship to organisers of multi-national meetings, workshops and schools that promote biophysics in Europe. Support can come in the form of grants to the organisers or bursaries to participants. EBSA also offers bursaries (typically 50 – 60) to individual early career scientists to enable them to participate in the biennial EBSA Congresses. Furthermore, new initiatives have been generated, such as support for working visits or bursaries to attend scientific meetings. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The European Biophysical Societies' Association (EBSA.ORG) is a non-profit making organisation (UK Charity Commission no. 1059024), with the objectives \"…..to advance and disseminate knowledge of the principles, recent developments and applications of biophysics, and to foster the exchange of scientific information among European biophysicists and biophysicists in general\".",
"title": "Introduction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "EBSA is an association of 33 Biophysical Societies in the European area. EBSA is an adherent member of the International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics (IUPAB). EBSA maintains close links with Springer-Nature, the publishers of the European Biophysics Journal for which the copyright is owned by EBSA.",
"title": "Introduction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "At a joint conference of the Belgian, German and Netherlands Biophysical Societies in Aachen (October 1980), a proposal emerged to form an Association of related European societies (ref: “EBSA – the early days”, Eur. Biophys. J (2007) 36 (Suppl. 1): S9-S15) . Then at a meeting in Frankfurt (November 1981), hosted by the German Biophysical Society and attended by representative officers of the Belgian, British, Danish, German, Italian, Netherlands, Swedish and Swiss Biophysical Societies, the concept of a European Biophysical Socities’ Association was unanimously endorsed and accepted by all the National Member Societies present. A journal associated with EBSA was also proposed as an eventual objective. An Acting Executive Committee was constituted as follows: President: Anders Ehenberg (Stockholm); Vice-President: W. Kreutz (Freiburg); Secretary: Julius Clauwaert (Wilrijk); Member: Peter Bayley (London). The First EBSA General Assembly was held during the 8th IUPAB Congress in Bristol (July 1984). The initial eight adhering societies attended, with new applications from France and Israel, and observers from Bulgaria, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, USSR and Yugoslavia. In 1984, The formation of the European Biophysics Journal (formally “Biophysics of Structure and Mechanism”. Ed. H. Stieve, Germany), published by Springer Verlag. EBJ is now published by Springer-Nature and wholly owned by EBSA, with publication revenues supporting EBSA. An “Encyclopedia of Biophysics”, published by Springer-Nature and edited by GKC Roberts and A Watts, is now in its 2nd Edition and is accessed at (1441 entries; >374,000 downloads)",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The EBSA Executive Committee is elected by voting members of the adherent societies at the General Assembly held at the biennial EBSA congresses, and meets biannually, with two meetings at the EBSA congress. The current President (6-year term) is usually the main organizer of the previous EBSA congress, and a President-elect is usually the organizer of the next congress. A Past-President, Secretary, Treasurer are joined by ~12 committee members and co-opted members. The Managing Editor of EBJ is a ex-officio member.",
"title": "Committees and governance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Every two years EBSA organizes a European biophysics congress, hosted by a national biophysical society, and located across all parts Europe. The next Congress (2025) will be held in Rome, Italy hosted by SIBPA. In addition, EBSA offers sponsorship to organisers of multi-national meetings, workshops and schools that promote biophysics in Europe. Support can come in the form of grants to the organisers or bursaries to participants. EBSA also offers bursaries (typically 50 – 60) to individual early career scientists to enable them to participate in the biennial EBSA Congresses. Furthermore, new initiatives have been generated, such as support for working visits or bursaries to attend scientific meetings.",
"title": "Conferences and activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | 2023-12-13T21:54:44Z | 2023-12-14T11:32:20Z | [
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Biophysical_Societies%27_Association_-_EBSA |
|
75,557,757 | Robert W. Howarth | Robert Warren Howarth is an American biogeochemist and environmental scientist. Howarth is a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University. In 2023, The New Yorker cited Howarth as "one of the world’s premier methane scientists." In 2011, Time named him one of that year's "people who mattered," for his research criticizing the presentation of natural gas as a "bridge-fuel" in the transition to renewable energy. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Robert Warren Howarth is an American biogeochemist and environmental scientist. Howarth is a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University. In 2023, The New Yorker cited Howarth as \"one of the world’s premier methane scientists.\" In 2011, Time named him one of that year's \"people who mattered,\" for his research criticizing the presentation of natural gas as a \"bridge-fuel\" in the transition to renewable energy.",
"title": ""
}
] | Robert Warren Howarth is an American biogeochemist and environmental scientist. Howarth is a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Cornell University. In 2023, The New Yorker cited Howarth as "one of the world’s premier methane scientists." In 2011, Time named him one of that year's "people who mattered," for his research criticizing the presentation of natural gas as a "bridge-fuel" in the transition to renewable energy. | 2023-12-13T21:55:39Z | 2023-12-14T13:06:20Z | [
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Howarth |
75,557,764 | Slated | [] | 2023-12-13T21:55:59Z | 2023-12-13T21:55:59Z | [
"Template:Wiktionary redirect",
"Template:Short pages monitor"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slated |
||
75,557,777 | Peter L. P. Dillon | Peter L. P. Dillon (born 1934) is an American physicist, and the inventor of integral color image sensors.. and single-chip color video cameras. The curator of the Technology Collection at the George Eastman Museum, Todd Gustavson, has stated that "the color sensor technology developed by Peter Dillon has revolutionized all forms of color photography. These color sensors are now ubiquitous in products such as smart phone cameras, digital cameras and camcorders, digital cinema cameras, medical cameras, automobile cameras, and drones". Dillon joined Kodak Research Labs in 1959 and retired from Kodak in 1991. He lives in Pittsford, New York.
Peter Dillon was born in Richmond, Virginia on March 22, 1934. He attended the University of Virginia where he received a bachelor’s degree in physics in 1956. Upon graduation, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship at Cambridge University, England. He joined Kodak Research Labs (KRL) in 1959.
In early 1974, KRL began an effort to develop a one-piece color video camera / recorder (now known as a camcorder), to replace home movie cameras which used 8mm film. Work on the magnetic recorder portion was headed by James U. Lemke, while Peter Dillon was responsible for the camera portion. KRL had already begun research related to charge coupled devices (CCDs), which were invented in the late 1960s at Bell Labs. But CCD sensors only captured black and white (i.e., monochrome) images. At the time, a color CCD camera required three sensors and a color beam splitter (e.g., a prism), making it too bulky and expensive for a handheld camcorder
In 1974, Dillon conceived the idea of fabricating a pattern of color filters directly on top of the individual pixels of a CCD image sensor, during the latter steps of the wafer fabrication process. He recognized that such a color filter array (CFA) would selectively sensitize some of the sensor’s pixels to only capture red light, some to only capture green light, and the remainder to only capture blue light. After working with his KRL colleagues to fabricate the CFA and develop the circuitry needed for a single-chip color camera, Dillon presented his work at an IEEE conference in December 1976.
To determine the best color pattern to use, Dillon consulted his KRL colleague Bryce Bayer. In response, Bayer invented a pattern having 50% green pixels arranged in a checkerboard, with alternate rows of red and blue pixels in between, which is now widely known as the “Bayer filter”. However, the Bayer CFA was incompatible with the interlaced readout used in NTSC television scanning, since red and blue appear only on alternate lines and therefore only in alternate fields. Dillon then invented an alternative CFA pattern, with a green checkerboard, and blue color values on each line. He used this pattern for the color CCD sensor (shown in the below figure) in the single chip camera he developed
In order to develop a color filter array fabrication process which was compatible with semiconductor fabrication processes, Dillon collaborated with his Kodak colleague, KRL Physical Chemist Albert Brault. Brault invented a process using dye sublimation through photoresist windows onto a receiving polymer layer that was coated on top of the pixels of a CCD image sensor during the wafer fabrication stage. As a result, the color filters could be simultaneously applied to the hundreds of image sensor chips being fabricated on the same wafer before the chips were diced and packaged. This made the process very economical.
Since Kodak had not yet developed working CCD image sensors, KRL fabricated the first CFA (using Dillon’s CFA pattern) on a small glass plate. The glass plate coated with the CFA was registered and bonded to the top of an existing 100 x 100 pixel CCD sensor made by Fairchild, from which the cover glass had been removed. The performance of the CFA itself, and the combination of the CFA and monochrome CCD, were reported in a 1978 paper.
Dillon incorporated this 100 x 100 pixel color image sensor in the world's first single-chip color video camera, which he described in an IEEE paper published in February 1978. Dillon and Bayer invented the image processing algorithm and circuitry used in the camera, which is described U.S. Patent No. 4,176,373. This patent describes the signal processing circuitry used to create full red, green, and blue camera output signals from the CFA pixel values. The circuitry samples the sensor’s output signal at the appropriate times, in order to decode the color pattern, and then interpolates intermediate values between the samples. It processes the green pixels to produce a high spatial frequency luminance signal, which is added to the three low spatial frequency color channels, as shown in the figure Today, all single-sensor color cameras use a more sophisticated version of this fundamental approach, now known as “demosaicing”.
Dillon is responsible for another important video camera technology, which extends the range of operation at low light levels. As described in U.S. Patent No. 4,016,597, Dillon and his KRL colleague Jim DePalma recognized that integral color image sensors are sensitive to infrared (IR) wavelengths. As a result, color video cameras must include an Infrared (IR) blocking filter in order to obtain proper color reproduction. They demonstrated that, by automatically removing the IR blocking filter at very low light levels, the sensitivity could be significantly increased to produce acceptable monochrome images. This invention is widely used today to provide a "night vision" feature in camcorders and color video security cameras
Peter L. P. Dillon and Albert Brault both received Technology and Engineering Emmy Awards in 2019 for “Pioneering Development of the Single-Chip Color Camera”. In 2022, they received the IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award for “Contributions to the development of image sensors with integrated color filter arrays for digital video and still cameras". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Peter L. P. Dillon (born 1934) is an American physicist, and the inventor of integral color image sensors.. and single-chip color video cameras. The curator of the Technology Collection at the George Eastman Museum, Todd Gustavson, has stated that \"the color sensor technology developed by Peter Dillon has revolutionized all forms of color photography. These color sensors are now ubiquitous in products such as smart phone cameras, digital cameras and camcorders, digital cinema cameras, medical cameras, automobile cameras, and drones\". Dillon joined Kodak Research Labs in 1959 and retired from Kodak in 1991. He lives in Pittsford, New York.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Peter Dillon was born in Richmond, Virginia on March 22, 1934. He attended the University of Virginia where he received a bachelor’s degree in physics in 1956. Upon graduation, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship at Cambridge University, England. He joined Kodak Research Labs (KRL) in 1959.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In early 1974, KRL began an effort to develop a one-piece color video camera / recorder (now known as a camcorder), to replace home movie cameras which used 8mm film. Work on the magnetic recorder portion was headed by James U. Lemke, while Peter Dillon was responsible for the camera portion. KRL had already begun research related to charge coupled devices (CCDs), which were invented in the late 1960s at Bell Labs. But CCD sensors only captured black and white (i.e., monochrome) images. At the time, a color CCD camera required three sensors and a color beam splitter (e.g., a prism), making it too bulky and expensive for a handheld camcorder",
"title": "Integral color image sensors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1974, Dillon conceived the idea of fabricating a pattern of color filters directly on top of the individual pixels of a CCD image sensor, during the latter steps of the wafer fabrication process. He recognized that such a color filter array (CFA) would selectively sensitize some of the sensor’s pixels to only capture red light, some to only capture green light, and the remainder to only capture blue light. After working with his KRL colleagues to fabricate the CFA and develop the circuitry needed for a single-chip color camera, Dillon presented his work at an IEEE conference in December 1976.",
"title": "Integral color image sensors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "To determine the best color pattern to use, Dillon consulted his KRL colleague Bryce Bayer. In response, Bayer invented a pattern having 50% green pixels arranged in a checkerboard, with alternate rows of red and blue pixels in between, which is now widely known as the “Bayer filter”. However, the Bayer CFA was incompatible with the interlaced readout used in NTSC television scanning, since red and blue appear only on alternate lines and therefore only in alternate fields. Dillon then invented an alternative CFA pattern, with a green checkerboard, and blue color values on each line. He used this pattern for the color CCD sensor (shown in the below figure) in the single chip camera he developed",
"title": "Integral color image sensors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In order to develop a color filter array fabrication process which was compatible with semiconductor fabrication processes, Dillon collaborated with his Kodak colleague, KRL Physical Chemist Albert Brault. Brault invented a process using dye sublimation through photoresist windows onto a receiving polymer layer that was coated on top of the pixels of a CCD image sensor during the wafer fabrication stage. As a result, the color filters could be simultaneously applied to the hundreds of image sensor chips being fabricated on the same wafer before the chips were diced and packaged. This made the process very economical.",
"title": "Integral color image sensors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Since Kodak had not yet developed working CCD image sensors, KRL fabricated the first CFA (using Dillon’s CFA pattern) on a small glass plate. The glass plate coated with the CFA was registered and bonded to the top of an existing 100 x 100 pixel CCD sensor made by Fairchild, from which the cover glass had been removed. The performance of the CFA itself, and the combination of the CFA and monochrome CCD, were reported in a 1978 paper.",
"title": "Integral color image sensors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Dillon incorporated this 100 x 100 pixel color image sensor in the world's first single-chip color video camera, which he described in an IEEE paper published in February 1978. Dillon and Bayer invented the image processing algorithm and circuitry used in the camera, which is described U.S. Patent No. 4,176,373. This patent describes the signal processing circuitry used to create full red, green, and blue camera output signals from the CFA pixel values. The circuitry samples the sensor’s output signal at the appropriate times, in order to decode the color pattern, and then interpolates intermediate values between the samples. It processes the green pixels to produce a high spatial frequency luminance signal, which is added to the three low spatial frequency color channels, as shown in the figure Today, all single-sensor color cameras use a more sophisticated version of this fundamental approach, now known as “demosaicing”.",
"title": "Single-chip color camera processing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Dillon is responsible for another important video camera technology, which extends the range of operation at low light levels. As described in U.S. Patent No. 4,016,597, Dillon and his KRL colleague Jim DePalma recognized that integral color image sensors are sensitive to infrared (IR) wavelengths. As a result, color video cameras must include an Infrared (IR) blocking filter in order to obtain proper color reproduction. They demonstrated that, by automatically removing the IR blocking filter at very low light levels, the sensitivity could be significantly increased to produce acceptable monochrome images. This invention is widely used today to provide a \"night vision\" feature in camcorders and color video security cameras",
"title": "Single-chip color camera processing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Peter L. P. Dillon and Albert Brault both received Technology and Engineering Emmy Awards in 2019 for “Pioneering Development of the Single-Chip Color Camera”. In 2022, they received the IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award for “Contributions to the development of image sensors with integrated color filter arrays for digital video and still cameras\".",
"title": "Honors and Awards"
}
] | Peter L. P. Dillon is an American physicist, and the inventor of integral color image sensors.. and single-chip color video cameras. The curator of the Technology Collection at the George Eastman Museum, Todd Gustavson, has stated that "the color sensor technology developed by Peter Dillon has revolutionized all forms of color photography. These color sensors are now ubiquitous in products such as smart phone cameras, digital cameras and camcorders, digital cinema cameras, medical cameras, automobile cameras, and drones". Dillon joined Kodak Research Labs in 1959 and retired from Kodak in 1991. He lives in Pittsford, New York. | 2023-12-13T21:57:06Z | 2023-12-30T12:45:16Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite patent",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_L._P._Dillon |
75,557,778 | Bartolomé Abdala | Esteban Bartolomé Abdala (born 2 September 1964) is an Argentine economist and politician. He currently serves as a National Senator for San Luis Province, and since 13 December 2023 he has been Provisional President of the Senate.
An economist by profession, Abdala served as Minister of Tourism of San Luis under Governor Alberto Rodríguez Saá from 2008 to 2009. In 2013, he was elected to a four-year term as a member of the San Luis Chamber of Deputies as part of Federal Commitment, Rodríguez Saá's ruling coalition. He later joined the Republican Proposal (PRO) party and currently leads its San Luis chapter. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Esteban Bartolomé Abdala (born 2 September 1964) is an Argentine economist and politician. He currently serves as a National Senator for San Luis Province, and since 13 December 2023 he has been Provisional President of the Senate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "An economist by profession, Abdala served as Minister of Tourism of San Luis under Governor Alberto Rodríguez Saá from 2008 to 2009. In 2013, he was elected to a four-year term as a member of the San Luis Chamber of Deputies as part of Federal Commitment, Rodríguez Saá's ruling coalition. He later joined the Republican Proposal (PRO) party and currently leads its San Luis chapter.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Esteban Bartolomé Abdala is an Argentine economist and politician. He currently serves as a National Senator for San Luis Province, and since 13 December 2023 he has been Provisional President of the Senate. An economist by profession, Abdala served as Minister of Tourism of San Luis under Governor Alberto Rodríguez Saá from 2008 to 2009. In 2013, he was elected to a four-year term as a member of the San Luis Chamber of Deputies as part of Federal Commitment, Rodríguez Saá's ruling coalition. He later joined the Republican Proposal (PRO) party and currently leads its San Luis chapter. | 2023-12-13T21:57:11Z | 2023-12-26T16:20:17Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Efn",
"Template:Notelist",
"Template:S-start",
"Template:S-off",
"Template:Argentina-politician-stub",
"Template:S-ttl",
"Template:S-end",
"Template:Argentine national senators, 2023–2025",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Infobox officeholder",
"Template:Sronly",
"Template:Abbr",
"Template:Yes2",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:S-bef",
"Template:S-inc"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Abdala |
75,557,786 | Richard P. Chait | Richard P. Chait (born 1944) is an American scholar of higher education and Professor Emeritus of Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, where he was a faculty member for seventeen years. He is an expert on the terms and conditions of faculty employment and on the roles, responsibilities, and performance of nonprofit and college boards of trustees. He has also researched and written extensively on faculty work life, including advocacy for more equitable treatment of underrepresented minorities.
Chait was born and raised in Newark, New Jersey. He attended Rutgers University–New Brunswick and in 1966, graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a Bachelor of Arts in American History. That same year, he enrolled at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and wrote a thesis, "Frederick Douglass and American Politics," toward earning a Master of Arts in American History in 1967. He proceeded to enroll in the UW Madison's doctoral program in Educational Administration (Higher Education). His dissertation, "The Desegregation of American Higher Education: A Legal History", earned him a Ph.D. in 1972.
Chait began his career in higher education in 1971 at Stockton State College in Pomona, New Jersey, first as Assistant for Academic Planning, then as Assistant to the President and Assistant Professor of History. In 1974, he left Stockton State for the Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) to become Administrative Director of the Institute for Educational Management (IEM), an executive leadership program for senior administrators in higher education. He was elevated to be the program's Educational Chairman in 1977, the same year he earned an appointment as Assistant Professor. In 1980 he left Harvard to be Assistant Provost and Associate Professor of Education (Affiliate) at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park. He served there as Associate Provost from 1981 until 1984. From 1985 to 1986, Chait served Case Western Reserve University as Mandel Professor of Non-Profit Management in the School of Applied Social Sciences and Weatherhead School of Management, as well as Director of the Mandel Center for Non-Profit Organizations. He moved to the College of Education at University of Maryland, College Park in 1986 to become Professor of Higher Education and Management (1986-1996) and Executive Director of the National Center for Postsecondary Governance and Finance (1986-1990). Finally, he returned to the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1996 as Professor of Higher Education, a position he held until becoming Research Professor in 1997 and, in 2013, Professor Emeritus of Education.
Chait served as Principal Investigator on the Harvard Project on Faculty Appointments (HPFA), funded by a $1.9 million grant from The Pew Charitable Trusts to compile a database of faculty appointment types across a wide range of higher education institutional types; to support 10 universities to engage in related research projects; and to compile a report for policy makers and the media. The project activities also included a two-day symposium in 1998 for journalists and higher education leaders. Chait's lessons from the project appeared in several publications, culminating in a volume he edited, The Questions of Tenure,. The goal of the volume's contributors, Chait wrote, was a book "different in substance and in tone from [the] polemics," but one that instead "would inform discussions of faculty work life through research-based, data-driven answers to important, practical, and frequently posted questions about tenure policy and practice." It was favorably reviewed in higher education journals and the press.
In 2002, the Project on Faculty Appointments became The Study of New Scholars, evolving due to a combined $1 million in funding from the Atlantic Philanthropies and the Ford Foundation. The project's declared intentions were:
The project began with a survey of pre-tenure faculty at six liberal arts colleges and six research universities. The findings, published in three reports, established evidence of statistically significant differences in the experiences of faculty depending on their gender, their race/ethnicity, and the types of institutions that employ them.
In 2005, Chait reoriented the Study of New Scholars as The Collaborative on Academic Careers in Higher Education (COACHE), a survey research and faculty leadership development project still hosted at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. After stepping away from his teaching responsibilities at Harvard, Chait remained an advisor and Principal Investigator to COACHE until his retirement from the university in 2013.
With co-authors William Ryan and Barbara Taylor, Chait in 2005 published Governance as Leadership: Reframing the Work on Nonprofit Boards. The book's central concept is "that there are three different modes of governance: fiduciary, strategic, and generative, and all of these modes are important." The Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE) honored Chait and his co-authors with its John Grenzebach Award for Outstanding Research in Philanthropy. CASE noted that the volume "highlights theories that have transformed the practice of organizational leadership and offers a new framework for governance within nonprofit organizations." The book was also the winner of the 2005 Skystone Ryan Prize for Research from the Association of Fundraising Professionals.
By the late 1990s, Chait earned a reputation as "a leading voice on tenure reform" for his "well-known work on alternatives to tenure". Some in higher education viewed Chait as an "enemy of tenure," although Chait defended his research:
The controversies surrounding Chait subsided with the publication of The Questions of Tenure and his subsequent focus on nonprofit board governance.
Chait holds honorary degrees from Maryville College (1997), Notre Dame College (1997), and Towson University (1999). He is the recipient of a Distinguished American Fulbright Lectureship to New Zealand (2001), a Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Education (1999), and an Outstanding Teacher from Harvard University (2004). In 2005, Chait was awarded the Council of Independent Colleges (CIC) Academic Leadership Award for "his pathbreaking research on the management and governance of colleges and universities." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Richard P. Chait (born 1944) is an American scholar of higher education and Professor Emeritus of Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, where he was a faculty member for seventeen years. He is an expert on the terms and conditions of faculty employment and on the roles, responsibilities, and performance of nonprofit and college boards of trustees. He has also researched and written extensively on faculty work life, including advocacy for more equitable treatment of underrepresented minorities.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Chait was born and raised in Newark, New Jersey. He attended Rutgers University–New Brunswick and in 1966, graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a Bachelor of Arts in American History. That same year, he enrolled at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and wrote a thesis, \"Frederick Douglass and American Politics,\" toward earning a Master of Arts in American History in 1967. He proceeded to enroll in the UW Madison's doctoral program in Educational Administration (Higher Education). His dissertation, \"The Desegregation of American Higher Education: A Legal History\", earned him a Ph.D. in 1972.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Chait began his career in higher education in 1971 at Stockton State College in Pomona, New Jersey, first as Assistant for Academic Planning, then as Assistant to the President and Assistant Professor of History. In 1974, he left Stockton State for the Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE) to become Administrative Director of the Institute for Educational Management (IEM), an executive leadership program for senior administrators in higher education. He was elevated to be the program's Educational Chairman in 1977, the same year he earned an appointment as Assistant Professor. In 1980 he left Harvard to be Assistant Provost and Associate Professor of Education (Affiliate) at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park. He served there as Associate Provost from 1981 until 1984. From 1985 to 1986, Chait served Case Western Reserve University as Mandel Professor of Non-Profit Management in the School of Applied Social Sciences and Weatherhead School of Management, as well as Director of the Mandel Center for Non-Profit Organizations. He moved to the College of Education at University of Maryland, College Park in 1986 to become Professor of Higher Education and Management (1986-1996) and Executive Director of the National Center for Postsecondary Governance and Finance (1986-1990). Finally, he returned to the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1996 as Professor of Higher Education, a position he held until becoming Research Professor in 1997 and, in 2013, Professor Emeritus of Education.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Chait served as Principal Investigator on the Harvard Project on Faculty Appointments (HPFA), funded by a $1.9 million grant from The Pew Charitable Trusts to compile a database of faculty appointment types across a wide range of higher education institutional types; to support 10 universities to engage in related research projects; and to compile a report for policy makers and the media. The project activities also included a two-day symposium in 1998 for journalists and higher education leaders. Chait's lessons from the project appeared in several publications, culminating in a volume he edited, The Questions of Tenure,. The goal of the volume's contributors, Chait wrote, was a book \"different in substance and in tone from [the] polemics,\" but one that instead \"would inform discussions of faculty work life through research-based, data-driven answers to important, practical, and frequently posted questions about tenure policy and practice.\" It was favorably reviewed in higher education journals and the press.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2002, the Project on Faculty Appointments became The Study of New Scholars, evolving due to a combined $1 million in funding from the Atlantic Philanthropies and the Ford Foundation. The project's declared intentions were:",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The project began with a survey of pre-tenure faculty at six liberal arts colleges and six research universities. The findings, published in three reports, established evidence of statistically significant differences in the experiences of faculty depending on their gender, their race/ethnicity, and the types of institutions that employ them.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2005, Chait reoriented the Study of New Scholars as The Collaborative on Academic Careers in Higher Education (COACHE), a survey research and faculty leadership development project still hosted at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. After stepping away from his teaching responsibilities at Harvard, Chait remained an advisor and Principal Investigator to COACHE until his retirement from the university in 2013.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "With co-authors William Ryan and Barbara Taylor, Chait in 2005 published Governance as Leadership: Reframing the Work on Nonprofit Boards. The book's central concept is \"that there are three different modes of governance: fiduciary, strategic, and generative, and all of these modes are important.\" The Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE) honored Chait and his co-authors with its John Grenzebach Award for Outstanding Research in Philanthropy. CASE noted that the volume \"highlights theories that have transformed the practice of organizational leadership and offers a new framework for governance within nonprofit organizations.\" The book was also the winner of the 2005 Skystone Ryan Prize for Research from the Association of Fundraising Professionals.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "By the late 1990s, Chait earned a reputation as \"a leading voice on tenure reform\" for his \"well-known work on alternatives to tenure\". Some in higher education viewed Chait as an \"enemy of tenure,\" although Chait defended his research:",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The controversies surrounding Chait subsided with the publication of The Questions of Tenure and his subsequent focus on nonprofit board governance.",
"title": "Criticism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Chait holds honorary degrees from Maryville College (1997), Notre Dame College (1997), and Towson University (1999). He is the recipient of a Distinguished American Fulbright Lectureship to New Zealand (2001), a Distinguished Alumnus Award from the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Education (1999), and an Outstanding Teacher from Harvard University (2004). In 2005, Chait was awarded the Council of Independent Colleges (CIC) Academic Leadership Award for \"his pathbreaking research on the management and governance of colleges and universities.\"",
"title": "Honors and awards"
}
] | Richard P. Chait is an American scholar of higher education and Professor Emeritus of Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education, where he was a faculty member for seventeen years. He is an expert on the terms and conditions of faculty employment and on the roles, responsibilities, and performance of nonprofit and college boards of trustees. He has also researched and written extensively on faculty work life, including advocacy for more equitable treatment of underrepresented minorities. | 2023-12-13T21:57:46Z | 2023-12-22T08:34:01Z | [
"Template:Citation needed",
"Template:Section citations needed",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite thesis",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_P._Chait |
75,557,798 | 2024 in Jordan | Events in the year 2024 in Jordan. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events in the year 2024 in Jordan.",
"title": ""
}
] | Events in the year 2024 in Jordan. | 2023-12-13T21:59:36Z | 2024-01-01T01:16:34Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Portal bar",
"Template:Year in Asia",
"Template:Years in Jordan",
"Template:Jordan-stub",
"Template:Year in Jordan",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_Jordan |
75,557,800 | Megan Meza | Megan Meza (born April 14, 1990) is an American businesswoman and television personality. She appeared on the reality series, Gordon Ramsay's Food Stars.
Meza attended Duke University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree with a major in political science and a minor in Environmental Science and Policy. In 2016, she studied Culinary Techniques at the International Culinary Center for one year.
Megan Meza has been the CEO founder at Bandida in New York City since August 2019. Bandida manufactures dairy-free Horchata Cold Brew Coffee. She was the associate director of engagement planning, and customer experience lead at Ogilvy & Mather. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Megan Meza (born April 14, 1990) is an American businesswoman and television personality. She appeared on the reality series, Gordon Ramsay's Food Stars.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Meza attended Duke University and graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree with a major in political science and a minor in Environmental Science and Policy. In 2016, she studied Culinary Techniques at the International Culinary Center for one year.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Megan Meza has been the CEO founder at Bandida in New York City since August 2019. Bandida manufactures dairy-free Horchata Cold Brew Coffee. She was the associate director of engagement planning, and customer experience lead at Ogilvy & Mather.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Megan Meza is an American businesswoman and television personality. She appeared on the reality series, Gordon Ramsay's Food Stars. | 2023-12-13T21:59:45Z | 2023-12-18T22:32:36Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Wikiquote",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:BLP sources",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:IMDb name",
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Official website"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Meza |
75,557,823 | Afghan Tatars | Afghan Tatars are a Turkic ethnic group in Afghanistan. A very small community speaks the Afghan Tatar language, while the vast majority speaks either Dari, Pashto, Uzbek, or Turkmen. They are predominantly Sunni Muslims.
Afghan Tatars claim descent from Tatar nomads who joined the Golden Horde and came to Afghanistan, about 800 years after it was conquered by Genghis Khan. They lived nomadic lives in rural areas, and today are scattered across 16 different Afghan provinces, while having a higher concentration in Samangan and Balkh of Afghan Turkestan. They are mostly Sunni Muslims. Local community leaders of the Afghan Tatars claim that their entire population is around 100,000 people. The Afghan Tatar language today is critically endangered, only a very small minority speak it. The majority of Afghan Tatars adopted the language of the region they settled in. They lived a remote life for the majority of their history.
The Afghan Tatars are mostly Hanafi Sunnis with a small Shia minority, and a member of the Afghan Tatars community said that they were practicing but moderate, without any radicals. He said that the Afghan Tatars have never fought in wars except for small local conflicts. He also said that the Taliban were against Afghan Tatar traditions and that they entered homes of Afghan Tatars, burnt their books, and destroyed much cultural heritage.
Afghan Tatars never held high positions in the Afghan government, although during there was one Afghan Tatar MP in the parliament before the Taliban takeover. Afghan Tatars were not recognized as an ethnic group in Afghanistan until March 2021. The National Statistics Office of Afghanistan listed them as an ethnicity, which would allow them to have their ethnicity written on the new planned Afghan national ID cards, although the Taliban takeover happened after a few months and the ID cards never happened. The Afghan Tatar Cultural Foundation helped Afghan Tatars establish relations with ethnic Tatars over the world. They have ties to the World Tatar Congress of Tatarstan, Russia.
The Afghan Tatar Cultural Foundation's goal is to reconnect Afghan Tatars with their culture as well as revive the almost-extinct Afghan Tatar language. The World Tatar Congress helped them with much of it, and since 2005 have been inviting Afghan Tatar to Tatarstan to discuss issues. The World Tatar Congress assisted them in launching online education courses to revive their language since March 15, 2021. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Afghan Tatars are a Turkic ethnic group in Afghanistan. A very small community speaks the Afghan Tatar language, while the vast majority speaks either Dari, Pashto, Uzbek, or Turkmen. They are predominantly Sunni Muslims.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Afghan Tatars claim descent from Tatar nomads who joined the Golden Horde and came to Afghanistan, about 800 years after it was conquered by Genghis Khan. They lived nomadic lives in rural areas, and today are scattered across 16 different Afghan provinces, while having a higher concentration in Samangan and Balkh of Afghan Turkestan. They are mostly Sunni Muslims. Local community leaders of the Afghan Tatars claim that their entire population is around 100,000 people. The Afghan Tatar language today is critically endangered, only a very small minority speak it. The majority of Afghan Tatars adopted the language of the region they settled in. They lived a remote life for the majority of their history.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Afghan Tatars are mostly Hanafi Sunnis with a small Shia minority, and a member of the Afghan Tatars community said that they were practicing but moderate, without any radicals. He said that the Afghan Tatars have never fought in wars except for small local conflicts. He also said that the Taliban were against Afghan Tatar traditions and that they entered homes of Afghan Tatars, burnt their books, and destroyed much cultural heritage.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Afghan Tatars never held high positions in the Afghan government, although during there was one Afghan Tatar MP in the parliament before the Taliban takeover. Afghan Tatars were not recognized as an ethnic group in Afghanistan until March 2021. The National Statistics Office of Afghanistan listed them as an ethnicity, which would allow them to have their ethnicity written on the new planned Afghan national ID cards, although the Taliban takeover happened after a few months and the ID cards never happened. The Afghan Tatar Cultural Foundation helped Afghan Tatars establish relations with ethnic Tatars over the world. They have ties to the World Tatar Congress of Tatarstan, Russia.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Afghan Tatar Cultural Foundation's goal is to reconnect Afghan Tatars with their culture as well as revive the almost-extinct Afghan Tatar language. The World Tatar Congress helped them with much of it, and since 2005 have been inviting Afghan Tatar to Tatarstan to discuss issues. The World Tatar Congress assisted them in launching online education courses to revive their language since March 15, 2021.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Afghan Tatars are a Turkic ethnic group in Afghanistan. A very small community speaks the Afghan Tatar language, while the vast majority speaks either Dari, Pashto, Uzbek, or Turkmen. They are predominantly Sunni Muslims. | 2023-12-13T22:01:40Z | 2023-12-14T14:40:51Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Tatars |
75,557,837 | FBI: Most Wanted (season 2) | The second season of American crime drama series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on November 17, 2020 and concluded on May 25, 2021 on CBS with a total of 15 episodes. The season marked the departure of Nathaniel Arcand as Clinton Skye, and the introduction of Miguel Gomez as Ivan Ortiz.
On May 6, 2020, CBS renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on November 17, 2020. On August 28, 2020, it was announced that showrunner René Balcer would be leaving the series and David Hudgins would be taking over for the second season. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The second season of American crime drama series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on November 17, 2020 and concluded on May 25, 2021 on CBS with a total of 15 episodes. The season marked the departure of Nathaniel Arcand as Clinton Skye, and the introduction of Miguel Gomez as Ivan Ortiz.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On May 6, 2020, CBS renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on November 17, 2020. On August 28, 2020, it was announced that showrunner René Balcer would be leaving the series and David Hudgins would be taking over for the second season.",
"title": "Production"
}
] | The second season of American crime drama series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on November 17, 2020 and concluded on May 25, 2021 on CBS with a total of 15 episodes. The season marked the departure of Nathaniel Arcand as Clinton Skye, and the introduction of Miguel Gomez as Ivan Ortiz. | 2023-12-13T22:03:37Z | 2023-12-14T01:27:22Z | [
"Template:Draft topics",
"Template:AfC topic",
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:Episode table",
"Template:FBI (franchise)",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:AfC submission",
"Template:Infobox television season",
"Template:Television episode ratings",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI:_Most_Wanted_(season_2) |
75,557,846 | Fussed | [] | 2023-12-13T22:04:33Z | 2023-12-13T22:04:33Z | [
"Template:Short pages monitor",
"Template:Wiktionary redirect"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fussed |
||
75,557,850 | Fussing | [] | 2023-12-13T22:04:53Z | 2023-12-13T22:04:53Z | [
"Template:Wiktionary redirect",
"Template:Short pages monitor"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fussing |
||
75,557,859 | Samuli Miettinen (footballer) | Samuli Rasmus Miettinen (born 16 June 2004) is a Finnish professional football player who plays as a centre back for Veikkausliiga side KuPS. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Samuli Rasmus Miettinen (born 16 June 2004) is a Finnish professional football player who plays as a centre back for Veikkausliiga side KuPS.",
"title": ""
}
] | Samuli Rasmus Miettinen is a Finnish professional football player who plays as a centre back for Veikkausliiga side KuPS. | 2023-12-13T22:05:40Z | 2023-12-22T18:44:48Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Soccerway",
"Template:WorldFootball.net",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox football biography"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuli_Miettinen_(footballer) |
75,557,860 | FBI: Most Wanted (season 3) | The third season of the American police procedural television series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on September 21, 2021, on CBS, for the 2021–22 television season, and ended on May 24, 2022. The season premiered with a crossover event with FBI and new spin-off series FBI: International. The season contained 22 episodes.
FBI: Most Wanted focuses on the work of FBI's New York Fugitive Task Force, which relentlessly tracks and captures the notorious and dangerous criminals on the FBI's Most Wanted list. The season marked the departures of series regulars Julian McMahon as Team Leader Jess LaCroix, Kellan Lutz as Kenny Crosby, YaYa Gosselin as Tali LaCroix, and Miguel Gomez as Ivan Ortiz. Dylan McDermott and Alexa Davalos joined the cast as Remy Scott, Jess's replacement as Team Leader, and Kristin Gaines.
On March 24, 2021, CBS announced that the series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on September 21, 2021. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The third season of the American police procedural television series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on September 21, 2021, on CBS, for the 2021–22 television season, and ended on May 24, 2022. The season premiered with a crossover event with FBI and new spin-off series FBI: International. The season contained 22 episodes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "FBI: Most Wanted focuses on the work of FBI's New York Fugitive Task Force, which relentlessly tracks and captures the notorious and dangerous criminals on the FBI's Most Wanted list. The season marked the departures of series regulars Julian McMahon as Team Leader Jess LaCroix, Kellan Lutz as Kenny Crosby, YaYa Gosselin as Tali LaCroix, and Miguel Gomez as Ivan Ortiz. Dylan McDermott and Alexa Davalos joined the cast as Remy Scott, Jess's replacement as Team Leader, and Kristin Gaines.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On March 24, 2021, CBS announced that the series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on September 21, 2021.",
"title": "Production"
}
] | The third season of the American police procedural television series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on September 21, 2021, on CBS, for the 2021–22 television season, and ended on May 24, 2022. The season premiered with a crossover event with FBI and new spin-off series FBI: International. The season contained 22 episodes. FBI: Most Wanted focuses on the work of FBI's New York Fugitive Task Force, which relentlessly tracks and captures the notorious and dangerous criminals on the FBI's Most Wanted list. The season marked the departures of series regulars Julian McMahon as Team Leader Jess LaCroix, Kellan Lutz as Kenny Crosby, YaYa Gosselin as Tali LaCroix, and Miguel Gomez as Ivan Ortiz. Dylan McDermott and Alexa Davalos joined the cast as Remy Scott, Jess's replacement as Team Leader, and Kristin Gaines. | 2023-12-13T22:05:40Z | 2023-12-14T01:27:29Z | [
"Template:Television episode ratings",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cbignore",
"Template:FBI (franchise)",
"Template:Infobox television season",
"Template:Episode table"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI:_Most_Wanted_(season_3) |
75,557,877 | Geoffrey Gordon (computer scientist) | Geoffrey Gordon was the creator of the popular GPSS simulation system language.
In the early 1950s, Gordon began using analog computers for simulation in England. A few years later he began working with digital computers.
He moved to the United States in 1955 where he continued working with digital simulation at Westinghouse Electric Corporation. At the end of following year (1956) he began working at Bell Labs, writing simulation software for message switching systems.
In 1959, he started work on a project to digitally simulate what was seen across flow-chart style simulation sequence diagrams, instead of writing new software for each one. These diagrams used nodes to communicate the flow and operations of a simulation. The project, called the "Sequence Diagram Simulator" was completed at the end of that year.
In 1960, Gordon became manager of the Advanced Systems Development Division at IBM which experimented with new technology to design more efficient systems, especially in teleprocessing problems. Since the use of simulation was important in creating accurate models, Gordon suggested that a block diagram language be created similar to the Sequence Diagram Simulator. The new program and corresponding language, unofficially called the "Gordon Simulator", was developed in the IBM 704 symbolic assembly language. It became known throughout the company as a useful tool and became officially documented for internal use in the company on October 25, 1960. The use of the program outside of the company was soon recognized by the Cross Industry Marketing Group of IBM. On October 6, 1961, the program became available publicly outside of IBM as "GPSS I" after a complete rewrite. It was initially available for the IBM 704, 709, and 7090.
Gordon retired from IBM as a Consulting Systems Engineer and an IBM Fellow. He then became a professor at Kean University.
On December 19, 1989, he died in Washington, New Jersey. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Geoffrey Gordon was the creator of the popular GPSS simulation system language.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the early 1950s, Gordon began using analog computers for simulation in England. A few years later he began working with digital computers.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He moved to the United States in 1955 where he continued working with digital simulation at Westinghouse Electric Corporation. At the end of following year (1956) he began working at Bell Labs, writing simulation software for message switching systems.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1959, he started work on a project to digitally simulate what was seen across flow-chart style simulation sequence diagrams, instead of writing new software for each one. These diagrams used nodes to communicate the flow and operations of a simulation. The project, called the \"Sequence Diagram Simulator\" was completed at the end of that year.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1960, Gordon became manager of the Advanced Systems Development Division at IBM which experimented with new technology to design more efficient systems, especially in teleprocessing problems. Since the use of simulation was important in creating accurate models, Gordon suggested that a block diagram language be created similar to the Sequence Diagram Simulator. The new program and corresponding language, unofficially called the \"Gordon Simulator\", was developed in the IBM 704 symbolic assembly language. It became known throughout the company as a useful tool and became officially documented for internal use in the company on October 25, 1960. The use of the program outside of the company was soon recognized by the Cross Industry Marketing Group of IBM. On October 6, 1961, the program became available publicly outside of IBM as \"GPSS I\" after a complete rewrite. It was initially available for the IBM 704, 709, and 7090.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Gordon retired from IBM as a Consulting Systems Engineer and an IBM Fellow. He then became a professor at Kean University.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On December 19, 1989, he died in Washington, New Jersey.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Geoffrey Gordon was the creator of the popular GPSS simulation system language. | 2023-12-13T22:07:52Z | 2023-12-26T16:30:53Z | [
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Infobox scientist",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Gordon_(computer_scientist) |
75,557,885 | Ostentatious | [] | 2023-12-13T22:09:08Z | 2023-12-15T10:49:41Z | [
"Template:Wiktionary redirect",
"Template:Short pages monitor"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostentatious |
||
75,557,894 | Little-known | [] | 2023-12-13T22:10:12Z | 2023-12-13T22:10:12Z | [
"Template:Wiktionary redirect",
"Template:Short pages monitor"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little-known |
||
75,557,900 | Felicity and Future Alliance | The Felicity and Future Alliance (SGİ ; Turkish: Saadet ve Gelecek İttifakı) is a Turkish political alliance between the Felicity Party (SP) and the Future Party (GP) established on 6 July 2023, which includes the establishment of a joint group in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) and cooperation in the elections. The alliance has 20 deputies in the Parliament under the umbrella of the Felicity Party, but 10 of these deputies are Future Party members.
Before the 2023 parliamentary election, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) amended the electoral system so that the distribution of parliamentary deputies would be made by the individual votes of the parties instead of the total votes of the alliances. As a result of this change, it was prevented that the parties that could not get a deputy alone could unite under the roof of the alliance and get a deputy. Thereupon, Temel Karamollaoğlu, President of the Felicity Party, held talks with the Democracy and Progress Party (DEVA) and the Future Party to make a joint list within the Nation Alliance. While the Future Party was in favour of a tripartite alliance, DEVA Party Chairman Ali Babacan refused to enter the elections from the lists of the Felicity Party, so the tripartite alliance could not be established. Instead, Felicity Party, Future Party, DEVA Party and Democrat Party (DP) participated in the elections from the lists of the Republican People's Party. As a result of the elections, DEVA Party won 15 deputies to the TBMM, while Felicity Party and Future Party won 10 deputies.
Future Party President Ahmet Davutoğlu proposed to Ali Babacan a model for the complete merger of the Future and DEVA Parties. This model was rejected by the DEVA Party on the grounds that it would lead to double-headedness and confusion of messages in the party administration and would not be sustainable.
After the 2023T general election, on 15 June 2023, it was announced to the public that negotiations were held between the Felicity Party, the Future Party and the DEVA Party on cooperation models in the political field, especially the establishment of a joint group in the work of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and that these issues will be consulted at the party headquarters.
Temel Karamollaoğlu, the Chairman of the Felicity Party, wanted the group to be under the umbrella of the Felicity Party, but Ali Babacan, the Chairman of the DEVA Party, was not in favour of this. Therefore, in order to establish a joint group, a new umbrella party model was discussed in which the three parties preserved their legal entities and gave a certain number of deputies. This model was rejected by the DEVA Party on the grounds that it would not be natural to the electorate, would lead to confusion, would create governance problems and would prevent the parties from developing their own identities.
After DEVA Party withdrew from the talks, talks continued between Felicity Party and Future Party. On 26 June 2023, Temel Karamollaoğlu, the Chairman of the Felicity Party, said "There is a desire in our organisation to form a group. We came to the conclusion that it would be easier to establish such an alliance with the Future Party." On 6 July 2023, Temel Karamollaoğlu and Ahmet Davutoğlu announced the establishment of the alliance in a joint press statement and signed the alliance protocol in front of the public.
The first meeting of the Felicity Party group was held on 12 July 2023.The meeting was broadcast live by four TV channels.
The first research motion of the Felicity Party group was about finding another solution to the current economic deterioration instead of the hikes and tax increases made by the Presidential decision after the 2023 elections. The motion was submitted to the parliament by Bülent Kaya, deputy group chairman.
The Parliament went on recess on 16 July until 1 October after the economic regulations were made. The opposition, which found the salary increases inadequate despite the increase in the cost of living in the country, opposed the recess of the parliament while economic problems continued. The Felicity Party group, together with other opposition parties, called on the Parliament to convene extraordinarily on 25 July 2023 in order to "find a solution to the problems caused by the increase in VAT and SCT rates and the price increase in basic necessities". During the roll call on the day of the meeting, AK Party and MHP MPs first did not enter the hall and waited at the door, but after the quorum for the extraordinary meeting was reached, they entered the parliament and participated in the roll call. Taxes and price increases in basic necessities were discussed in the general assembly. The government's justification of the earthquake for the increases was criticised. The opposition said that the necessary additional budget could have been taken immediately after the earthquake and that the earthquake was an excuse. At the end of the meeting, the proposal "to hold a general discussion to find solutions to the problems caused by the increase in VAT and SCT rates and the price increase on basic needs" was rejected with the votes of AK Party and MHP. Parliament was recessed until October. While 109 deputies did not attend the meeting, the Felicity Party group was present at the meeting.
At the initiative of the Felicity Party group and other opposition parties, the Turkish Grand National Assembly convened for the second time for an extraordinary meeting to open a general discussion on the felling of trees in Akbelen Forest for mineral exploration. AK Party and MHP MPs joined the parliament this time after a quorum was established. The motion to resume the work of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was again rejected by the AK Party and MHP MPs. While 75 deputies, including 37 from the opposition, did not attend the meeting, the Felicity Party group was present in the parliament. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Felicity and Future Alliance (SGİ ; Turkish: Saadet ve Gelecek İttifakı) is a Turkish political alliance between the Felicity Party (SP) and the Future Party (GP) established on 6 July 2023, which includes the establishment of a joint group in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) and cooperation in the elections. The alliance has 20 deputies in the Parliament under the umbrella of the Felicity Party, but 10 of these deputies are Future Party members.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Before the 2023 parliamentary election, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) amended the electoral system so that the distribution of parliamentary deputies would be made by the individual votes of the parties instead of the total votes of the alliances. As a result of this change, it was prevented that the parties that could not get a deputy alone could unite under the roof of the alliance and get a deputy. Thereupon, Temel Karamollaoğlu, President of the Felicity Party, held talks with the Democracy and Progress Party (DEVA) and the Future Party to make a joint list within the Nation Alliance. While the Future Party was in favour of a tripartite alliance, DEVA Party Chairman Ali Babacan refused to enter the elections from the lists of the Felicity Party, so the tripartite alliance could not be established. Instead, Felicity Party, Future Party, DEVA Party and Democrat Party (DP) participated in the elections from the lists of the Republican People's Party. As a result of the elections, DEVA Party won 15 deputies to the TBMM, while Felicity Party and Future Party won 10 deputies.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Future Party President Ahmet Davutoğlu proposed to Ali Babacan a model for the complete merger of the Future and DEVA Parties. This model was rejected by the DEVA Party on the grounds that it would lead to double-headedness and confusion of messages in the party administration and would not be sustainable.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After the 2023T general election, on 15 June 2023, it was announced to the public that negotiations were held between the Felicity Party, the Future Party and the DEVA Party on cooperation models in the political field, especially the establishment of a joint group in the work of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, and that these issues will be consulted at the party headquarters.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Temel Karamollaoğlu, the Chairman of the Felicity Party, wanted the group to be under the umbrella of the Felicity Party, but Ali Babacan, the Chairman of the DEVA Party, was not in favour of this. Therefore, in order to establish a joint group, a new umbrella party model was discussed in which the three parties preserved their legal entities and gave a certain number of deputies. This model was rejected by the DEVA Party on the grounds that it would not be natural to the electorate, would lead to confusion, would create governance problems and would prevent the parties from developing their own identities.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "After DEVA Party withdrew from the talks, talks continued between Felicity Party and Future Party. On 26 June 2023, Temel Karamollaoğlu, the Chairman of the Felicity Party, said \"There is a desire in our organisation to form a group. We came to the conclusion that it would be easier to establish such an alliance with the Future Party.\" On 6 July 2023, Temel Karamollaoğlu and Ahmet Davutoğlu announced the establishment of the alliance in a joint press statement and signed the alliance protocol in front of the public.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The first meeting of the Felicity Party group was held on 12 July 2023.The meeting was broadcast live by four TV channels.",
"title": "Legislative activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The first research motion of the Felicity Party group was about finding another solution to the current economic deterioration instead of the hikes and tax increases made by the Presidential decision after the 2023 elections. The motion was submitted to the parliament by Bülent Kaya, deputy group chairman.",
"title": "Legislative activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The Parliament went on recess on 16 July until 1 October after the economic regulations were made. The opposition, which found the salary increases inadequate despite the increase in the cost of living in the country, opposed the recess of the parliament while economic problems continued. The Felicity Party group, together with other opposition parties, called on the Parliament to convene extraordinarily on 25 July 2023 in order to \"find a solution to the problems caused by the increase in VAT and SCT rates and the price increase in basic necessities\". During the roll call on the day of the meeting, AK Party and MHP MPs first did not enter the hall and waited at the door, but after the quorum for the extraordinary meeting was reached, they entered the parliament and participated in the roll call. Taxes and price increases in basic necessities were discussed in the general assembly. The government's justification of the earthquake for the increases was criticised. The opposition said that the necessary additional budget could have been taken immediately after the earthquake and that the earthquake was an excuse. At the end of the meeting, the proposal \"to hold a general discussion to find solutions to the problems caused by the increase in VAT and SCT rates and the price increase on basic needs\" was rejected with the votes of AK Party and MHP. Parliament was recessed until October. While 109 deputies did not attend the meeting, the Felicity Party group was present at the meeting.",
"title": "Legislative activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "At the initiative of the Felicity Party group and other opposition parties, the Turkish Grand National Assembly convened for the second time for an extraordinary meeting to open a general discussion on the felling of trees in Akbelen Forest for mineral exploration. AK Party and MHP MPs joined the parliament this time after a quorum was established. The motion to resume the work of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey was again rejected by the AK Party and MHP MPs. While 75 deputies, including 37 from the opposition, did not attend the meeting, the Felicity Party group was present in the parliament.",
"title": "Legislative activities"
}
] | The Felicity and Future Alliance is a Turkish political alliance between the Felicity Party (SP) and the Future Party (GP) established on 6 July 2023, which includes the establishment of a joint group in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM) and cooperation in the elections. The alliance has 20 deputies in the Parliament under the umbrella of the Felicity Party, but 10 of these deputies are Future Party members. | 2023-12-13T22:10:42Z | 2023-12-22T22:06:42Z | [
"Template:Infobox political party",
"Template:Lang-tr",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity_and_Future_Alliance |
75,557,904 | Latecomer | [] | 2023-12-13T22:10:54Z | 2023-12-13T22:10:54Z | [
"Template:Wiktionary redirect",
"Template:Short pages monitor"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latecomer |
||
75,557,910 | Deceitfulness | [] | 2023-12-13T22:12:03Z | 2023-12-13T22:12:03Z | [
"Template:Wiktionary redirect",
"Template:Short pages monitor"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceitfulness |
||
75,557,913 | FBI: Most Wanted (season 4) | The fourth season of the American police procedural television series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on September 20, 2022, on CBS, for the 2022–23 television season, and concluded on May 23, 2023. The season contained 22 episodes.
FBI: Most Wanted focuses on the work of FBI's New York Fugitive Task Force, which relentlessly tracks and captures the notorious and dangerous criminals on the FBI's Most Wanted list. A crossover event with FBI and FBI: International took place during the season in episode 16. Edwin Hodge joined the main cast as Ray Cannon, while Alexa Davalos departed the main cast at the end of the season.
For the 2022–23 television season, the fourth season of FBI: Most Wanted ranked #14 with an average of 8.02 million viewers.
On May 9, 2022, CBS renewed the series for a fourth and fifth season. The fourth season premiered on September 20, 2022.
4 Category:2022 American television seasons Category:2023 American television seasons | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The fourth season of the American police procedural television series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on September 20, 2022, on CBS, for the 2022–23 television season, and concluded on May 23, 2023. The season contained 22 episodes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "FBI: Most Wanted focuses on the work of FBI's New York Fugitive Task Force, which relentlessly tracks and captures the notorious and dangerous criminals on the FBI's Most Wanted list. A crossover event with FBI and FBI: International took place during the season in episode 16. Edwin Hodge joined the main cast as Ray Cannon, while Alexa Davalos departed the main cast at the end of the season.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "For the 2022–23 television season, the fourth season of FBI: Most Wanted ranked #14 with an average of 8.02 million viewers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On May 9, 2022, CBS renewed the series for a fourth and fifth season. The fourth season premiered on September 20, 2022.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "4 Category:2022 American television seasons Category:2023 American television seasons",
"title": "External links"
}
] | The fourth season of the American police procedural television series FBI: Most Wanted premiered on September 20, 2022, on CBS, for the 2022–23 television season, and concluded on May 23, 2023. The season contained 22 episodes. FBI: Most Wanted focuses on the work of FBI's New York Fugitive Task Force, which relentlessly tracks and captures the notorious and dangerous criminals on the FBI's Most Wanted list. A crossover event with FBI and FBI: International took place during the season in episode 16. Edwin Hodge joined the main cast as Ray Cannon, while Alexa Davalos departed the main cast at the end of the season. For the 2022–23 television season, the fourth season of FBI: Most Wanted ranked #14 with an average of 8.02 million viewers. | 2023-12-13T22:12:17Z | 2023-12-15T09:51:31Z | [
"Template:Infobox television season",
"Template:Episode table",
"Template:Television episode ratings",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:AFC submission",
"Template:Draft topics",
"Template:AfC topic",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:FBI (franchise)"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI:_Most_Wanted_(season_4) |
75,557,972 | List of attorneys general of Peru | The Attorney General of Peru is the head of the Public Ministry of Peru. Individuals in the office must be over 45 years old and are appointed by the National Board of Justice (JNJ). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Attorney General of Peru is the head of the Public Ministry of Peru. Individuals in the office must be over 45 years old and are appointed by the National Board of Justice (JNJ).",
"title": ""
}
] | The Attorney General of Peru is the head of the Public Ministry of Peru. Individuals in the office must be over 45 years old and are appointed by the National Board of Justice (JNJ). | 2023-12-13T22:20:37Z | 2023-12-13T23:08:12Z | [
"Template:Infobox official post",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cita noticia",
"Template:Cita web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_attorneys_general_of_Peru |
75,557,980 | Public Ministry of Peru | The Public Ministry of Peru, also known as the Prosecutor's Office of Peru, is an autonomous entity of the Government of Peru that is responsible for enforcing law in Peru. Headed by the Prosecutor of the Nation, the Public Ministry oversees investigations surrounding private citizens, public interest and legislative interrogatives.
Following the creation of the Supreme Court of Peru in 1825, an entity similar to the Public Ministry served under the chief national court. The 1828 Constitution of Peru established a Supreme Court with seven justices and a prosecutor.
Jorge Basadre notes that in the National Convention of 1855, functions for a national prosecutor were more defined. By 1930, it was indicated in Article 2 of the Code of Procedure in Criminal Matters that public criminal prosecution was performed by a proseuctor's office that was overseen by the Ministry of Justice. In the 1979 Constitution of Peru, the Public Ministry of Peru was officially established as an independent body from the Ministry of Justice.
The Public Ministry has 34 districts: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Public Ministry of Peru, also known as the Prosecutor's Office of Peru, is an autonomous entity of the Government of Peru that is responsible for enforcing law in Peru. Headed by the Prosecutor of the Nation, the Public Ministry oversees investigations surrounding private citizens, public interest and legislative interrogatives.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following the creation of the Supreme Court of Peru in 1825, an entity similar to the Public Ministry served under the chief national court. The 1828 Constitution of Peru established a Supreme Court with seven justices and a prosecutor.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Jorge Basadre notes that in the National Convention of 1855, functions for a national prosecutor were more defined. By 1930, it was indicated in Article 2 of the Code of Procedure in Criminal Matters that public criminal prosecution was performed by a proseuctor's office that was overseen by the Ministry of Justice. In the 1979 Constitution of Peru, the Public Ministry of Peru was officially established as an independent body from the Ministry of Justice.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Public Ministry has 34 districts:",
"title": "Organization"
}
] | The Public Ministry of Peru, also known as the Prosecutor's Office of Peru, is an autonomous entity of the Government of Peru that is responsible for enforcing law in Peru. Headed by the Prosecutor of the Nation, the Public Ministry oversees investigations surrounding private citizens, public interest and legislative interrogatives. | 2023-12-13T22:21:33Z | 2023-12-26T17:14:15Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Infobox government agency",
"Template:Main",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Ministry_of_Peru |
75,557,996 | Dihydroxyamine | Dihydroxyamine (or Azanediol) is an inorganic compound and hypothetical compound with the formula (HO)2NH. This compound is hypothetically formed by reprotonation of its tautomer, azinic acid (ONH2OH). | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Dihydroxyamine (or Azanediol) is an inorganic compound and hypothetical compound with the formula (HO)2NH. This compound is hypothetically formed by reprotonation of its tautomer, azinic acid (ONH2OH).",
"title": ""
}
] | Dihydroxyamine (or Azanediol) is an inorganic compound and hypothetical compound with the formula (HO)2NH. This compound is hypothetically formed by reprotonation of its tautomer, azinic acid (ONH2OH). | 2023-12-13T22:23:28Z | 2023-12-23T03:21:42Z | [
"Template:Proposed deletion/dated",
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:Chembox",
"Template:Chem2",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroxyamine |
75,558,007 | Ulrich von Graben | Ulrich von Graben may refer to several Austrian noblemen, including: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ulrich von Graben may refer to several Austrian noblemen, including:",
"title": ""
}
] | Ulrich von Graben may refer to several Austrian noblemen, including: Ulrich I von Graben
Ulrich II von Graben
Ulrich III von Graben | 2023-12-13T22:25:09Z | 2023-12-14T09:20:17Z | [
"Template:Died in",
"Template:Circa"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_von_Graben |
75,558,067 | Mitchel Frame | Mitchel Frame (born 25 January 2006) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Celtic.
Frame is a youth product of Celtic, having joined at the age of 9. On 1 July 2022, he signed his first professional contract with the club and joined their B-team. He joined the senior team for the preseason of the summer of 2023. On 29 September 2023, he extended his contract with the club until 2026. He made his senior and professional debut with Celtic as a substitute in a 2–1 UEFA Champions League win over Feyenoord on 13 December 2023.
Frame is a youth international for Scotland, having played for the Scotland U17s at the 2022 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. He was also part of the Scotland U19s that played for 2024 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mitchel Frame (born 25 January 2006) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Celtic.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Frame is a youth product of Celtic, having joined at the age of 9. On 1 July 2022, he signed his first professional contract with the club and joined their B-team. He joined the senior team for the preseason of the summer of 2023. On 29 September 2023, he extended his contract with the club until 2026. He made his senior and professional debut with Celtic as a substitute in a 2–1 UEFA Champions League win over Feyenoord on 13 December 2023.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Frame is a youth international for Scotland, having played for the Scotland U17s at the 2022 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. He was also part of the Scotland U19s that played for 2024 UEFA European Under-19 Championship qualification.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Mitchel Frame is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Celtic. | 2023-12-13T22:34:58Z | 2023-12-14T10:39:04Z | [
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Soccerway",
"Template:Celtic F.C. squad",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchel_Frame |
75,558,085 | Likhobory | Likhobory may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Likhobory may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Likhobory may refer to: Likhobory, a train station on the Moscow Central Circle
Likhobory railway station, a train station on the October Railway | 2023-12-13T22:39:17Z | 2023-12-13T22:58:05Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likhobory |
75,558,086 | Biewer Terrier | The Biewer Terrier (/bivə˞ˈtɛriə˞/) is a toy dog of German descent that is the result of two Yorkshire terriers with a recessive piebald gene breeding. It is usually kept as a companion animal or a show dog. The Biewer terrier was recognized by the AKC in 2021.
The Biewer terrier was first bred in Germany in 1984 by breeders Werner and Gertrude Biewer after two tricolor puppies were born in their kennel. A veterinarian friend suggested that the new breed be called "Biewer Yorkshire terriers." A pair of puppies named "Schneeflockchen von Friedheck" and "Schneeman" were both sold to singer Margot Eskens, who suggested adding “a la Pom Pon” to the breed's full name resulting in the full name of "Biewer Yorkshire terrier a la Pom Pon."
American dog enthusiasts began importing the breed from Germany to the United States in 2002. The Biewer terrier grew in popularity and the Biewer Terrier Club of America (BTCA) was formed in 2006 to promote the breed. Members of the BTCA contacted Mars Veterinary to verify that the Biewer Terrier was a separate breed from the Yorkshire Terrier, After analyzing ten blood samples from the Biewer terrier, it was concluded that the breed was separate from the Yorkshire terrier. The breed was admitted into the AKC's Foundation Stock Service in 2014 and became the 197th breed recognized by the American Kennel Club in 2021.
The Biewer terrier is a small dog that closely resembles its parent breed, the Yorkshire terrier, with a fine, straight, silky coat that is considered hypoallergenic. Unlike the Yorkshire, the Biewer's tail is not traditionally docked and Biewer terriers come in two combinations of three colors, either white, blue, and black, or white, black, and gold/tan. The coloration is a result of a preexisting recessive gene that selectes for piebald. Biewers are generally between 4–8 lb (1.8–3.6 kg) and 7–11 in (18–28 cm)
Biewer terriers make affectionate and lively companions. These dogs are social, forming strong bonds with their owners and displaying a friendly demeanor towards strangers. Their playful and energetic disposition makes them suitable for a variety of activities, and they thrive on interaction and engagement with their human counterparts.
The Biewer terrier can suffer from multiple health issues including tracheal collapse, bladder stones, patellar luxation, congenital portosystemic shunt, and hypoglycemia. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Biewer Terrier (/bivə˞ˈtɛriə˞/) is a toy dog of German descent that is the result of two Yorkshire terriers with a recessive piebald gene breeding. It is usually kept as a companion animal or a show dog. The Biewer terrier was recognized by the AKC in 2021.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Biewer terrier was first bred in Germany in 1984 by breeders Werner and Gertrude Biewer after two tricolor puppies were born in their kennel. A veterinarian friend suggested that the new breed be called \"Biewer Yorkshire terriers.\" A pair of puppies named \"Schneeflockchen von Friedheck\" and \"Schneeman\" were both sold to singer Margot Eskens, who suggested adding “a la Pom Pon” to the breed's full name resulting in the full name of \"Biewer Yorkshire terrier a la Pom Pon.\"",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "American dog enthusiasts began importing the breed from Germany to the United States in 2002. The Biewer terrier grew in popularity and the Biewer Terrier Club of America (BTCA) was formed in 2006 to promote the breed. Members of the BTCA contacted Mars Veterinary to verify that the Biewer Terrier was a separate breed from the Yorkshire Terrier, After analyzing ten blood samples from the Biewer terrier, it was concluded that the breed was separate from the Yorkshire terrier. The breed was admitted into the AKC's Foundation Stock Service in 2014 and became the 197th breed recognized by the American Kennel Club in 2021.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Biewer terrier is a small dog that closely resembles its parent breed, the Yorkshire terrier, with a fine, straight, silky coat that is considered hypoallergenic. Unlike the Yorkshire, the Biewer's tail is not traditionally docked and Biewer terriers come in two combinations of three colors, either white, blue, and black, or white, black, and gold/tan. The coloration is a result of a preexisting recessive gene that selectes for piebald. Biewers are generally between 4–8 lb (1.8–3.6 kg) and 7–11 in (18–28 cm)",
"title": "Characteristics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Biewer terriers make affectionate and lively companions. These dogs are social, forming strong bonds with their owners and displaying a friendly demeanor towards strangers. Their playful and energetic disposition makes them suitable for a variety of activities, and they thrive on interaction and engagement with their human counterparts.",
"title": "Characteristics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The Biewer terrier can suffer from multiple health issues including tracheal collapse, bladder stones, patellar luxation, congenital portosystemic shunt, and hypoglycemia.",
"title": "Health"
}
] | The Biewer Terrier is a toy dog of German descent that is the result of two Yorkshire terriers with a recessive piebald gene breeding. It is usually kept as a companion animal or a show dog. The Biewer terrier was recognized by the AKC in 2021. | 2023-12-13T22:39:22Z | 2023-12-30T04:16:05Z | [
"Template:Infobox dog breed",
"Template:IPA",
"Template:Cvt",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Toy dogs",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:German dogs"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biewer_Terrier |
75,558,122 | Streshnevo | Streshnevo may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Streshnevo may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Streshnevo may refer to: Streshnevo, a railway station on the Moscow Central Circle
Streshnevo railway station, a railway station on the Moscow Central Diameters | 2023-12-13T22:43:47Z | 2023-12-13T22:58:54Z | [
"Template:Disambig"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streshnevo |
75,558,149 | La Seine musicale | La Seine musicale is a culture centre in the Île-de-France, southwest of Paris, located on an island of the Seine, Île Seguin, near Boulogne-Billancourt. The building was designed by architects Shigeru Ban and Jean de Gastines. The acoustics were designed by Nagata Acoustics which were already responsible for the Paris Philharmonie and the Elbphilharmonie. The centre was built over three years and opened on 11 April 2017 with a concert of Bob Dylan.
Kategorie:Konzerthaus in Frankreich Kategorie:Kunst (Île-de-France) Kategorie:Erbaut in den 2010er Jahren Kategorie:Bauwerk in Boulogne-Billancourt | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "La Seine musicale is a culture centre in the Île-de-France, southwest of Paris, located on an island of the Seine, Île Seguin, near Boulogne-Billancourt. The building was designed by architects Shigeru Ban and Jean de Gastines. The acoustics were designed by Nagata Acoustics which were already responsible for the Paris Philharmonie and the Elbphilharmonie. The centre was built over three years and opened on 11 April 2017 with a concert of Bob Dylan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kategorie:Konzerthaus in Frankreich Kategorie:Kunst (Île-de-France) Kategorie:Erbaut in den 2010er Jahren Kategorie:Bauwerk in Boulogne-Billancourt",
"title": "External links"
}
] | La Seine musicale is a culture centre in the Île-de-France, southwest of Paris, located on an island of the Seine, Île Seguin, near Boulogne-Billancourt. The building was designed by architects Shigeru Ban and Jean de Gastines. The acoustics were designed by Nagata Acoustics which were already responsible for the Paris Philharmonie and the Elbphilharmonie. The centre was built over three years and opened on 11 April 2017 with a concert of Bob Dylan. | 2023-12-13T22:48:30Z | 2023-12-13T22:48:30Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Commonscat",
"Template:Official",
"Template:Authority control"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Seine_musicale |
75,558,160 | Index of September 11 attacks articles | This is an index of articles related to the September 11 attacks, which occurred on September 11, 2001. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is an index of articles related to the September 11 attacks, which occurred on September 11, 2001.",
"title": ""
}
] | This is an index of articles related to the September 11 attacks, which occurred on September 11, 2001. | 2023-12-13T22:51:10Z | 2023-12-30T02:12:07Z | [
"Template:Compact ToC"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_September_11_attacks_articles |
75,558,167 | Khlong Toei subdistrict | Khlong Toei (Thai: คลองเตย, pronounced [kʰlɔ̄ːŋ tɤ̄ːj]) is a khwaeng (subdistrict) of Khlong Toei district, Bangkok.
Khlong Toei was once the outpost of Phra Pradaeng, which was across the river Chao Phraya in the early Ayutthaya period. Present-day Phra Pradaeng district, Samut Prakan province.
The area's name means "Canal of Pandans", referring to the fragrant foliages used to grow along the waterways here. The canal Khlong Toei was considered part of Khlong Hua Lamphong otherwise known as Khlong Thanon Trong that flows from the Hua Lamphong railway station area. They have now been filled in as an extension of Rama IV road since the early 1960s.
Throughout the decades, Khlong Toei has evolved from a land of plantations into residential area and financial heart of the capital. It is here that Bangkok's main port is situated. It's also home to largest shantytown, the slum of Khlong Toei.
Khlong Toei is located to the west of the district. It is hemmed by other places (from the north clockwise): Khlong Toei Nuea in Watthana district, Khlong Tan and Phra Khanong in its district, (across the Chao Phraya river) Bang Ko Bua and Bang Kachao in Phra Pradaeng district of Samut Prakan province, Chong Nonsi in Yan Nawa district, Thung Maha Mek in Sathon district, and Lumphini in Pathum Wan district. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Khlong Toei (Thai: คลองเตย, pronounced [kʰlɔ̄ːŋ tɤ̄ːj]) is a khwaeng (subdistrict) of Khlong Toei district, Bangkok.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Khlong Toei was once the outpost of Phra Pradaeng, which was across the river Chao Phraya in the early Ayutthaya period. Present-day Phra Pradaeng district, Samut Prakan province.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The area's name means \"Canal of Pandans\", referring to the fragrant foliages used to grow along the waterways here. The canal Khlong Toei was considered part of Khlong Hua Lamphong otherwise known as Khlong Thanon Trong that flows from the Hua Lamphong railway station area. They have now been filled in as an extension of Rama IV road since the early 1960s.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Throughout the decades, Khlong Toei has evolved from a land of plantations into residential area and financial heart of the capital. It is here that Bangkok's main port is situated. It's also home to largest shantytown, the slum of Khlong Toei.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Khlong Toei is located to the west of the district. It is hemmed by other places (from the north clockwise): Khlong Toei Nuea in Watthana district, Khlong Tan and Phra Khanong in its district, (across the Chao Phraya river) Bang Ko Bua and Bang Kachao in Phra Pradaeng district of Samut Prakan province, Chong Nonsi in Yan Nawa district, Thung Maha Mek in Sathon district, and Lumphini in Pathum Wan district.",
"title": "Geography"
}
] | Khlong Toei is a khwaeng (subdistrict) of Khlong Toei district, Bangkok. | 2023-12-13T22:51:46Z | 2023-12-25T17:38:39Z | [
"Template:Infobox settlement",
"Template:Lang-th",
"Template:IPA-th",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khlong_Toei_subdistrict |
75,558,196 | 1988 York City Council election | The 1988 York City Council election took place on 5 May 1988 to elect members of York City Council in North Yorkshire, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1988 York City Council election took place on 5 May 1988 to elect members of York City Council in North Yorkshire, England. This was on the same day as other local elections.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 1988 York City Council election took place on 5 May 1988 to elect members of York City Council in North Yorkshire, England. This was on the same day as other local elections. | 2023-12-13T22:54:51Z | 2023-12-13T22:54:51Z | [
"Template:Election box end",
"Template:Election box registered electors",
"Template:Election box majority",
"Template:Election box turnout",
"Template:Election box hold with party link",
"Template:1988 United Kingdom local elections",
"Template:Election summary partial council net begin",
"Template:Election box winning candidate with party link",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Infobox election",
"Template:Election box begin",
"Template:Election box gain with party link",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:North Yorkshire elections",
"Template:Election summary partial council net party",
"Template:Election box candidate with party link"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_York_City_Council_election |
75,558,212 | Lianozovo | Lianozovo may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lianozovo may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Lianozovo may refer to: Lianozovo, a railway station on the Moscow Metro
Lianozovo District, an administrative district of North-Eastern Administrative Okrug, Moscow, Russia | 2023-12-13T22:57:21Z | 2023-12-24T08:00:15Z | [
"Template:Geodis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lianozovo |
75,558,228 | Nelson Alaguich | Nelson Alaguich (born 20 August 1959) is a Uruguayan former footballer who last played as a defender for Atlas.
Alaguich has been nicknamed "Yeye".
Alaguich played for Mexican side Atlas.
Alaguich has operated as a defender and midfielder.
After retiring from professional football, Alaguich worked as a player representative. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Nelson Alaguich (born 20 August 1959) is a Uruguayan former footballer who last played as a defender for Atlas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Alaguich has been nicknamed \"Yeye\".",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Alaguich played for Mexican side Atlas.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Alaguich has operated as a defender and midfielder.",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After retiring from professional football, Alaguich worked as a player representative.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Nelson Alaguich is a Uruguayan former footballer who last played as a defender for Atlas. | 2023-12-13T23:00:09Z | 2023-12-15T18:59:31Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Alaguich |
75,558,247 | Kate Mostel | Kate Mostel, born Kathryn Harkin (1918-1986) was an American dancer, actress and memoirist.
Kathryn Cecilia Harkin was born in Philadephia on October 8, 1918. The youngest of eight children, she made her first stage appearance in the children's act Broadway Varieties. After leaving high school, she joined Catherine Littlefield's ballet company. After leaving the company later, she danced in nightclubs in Chicago, New Jersey, New York, and Rio de Janeiro. In 1940 she became a Rockette at Radio City Music Hall.
In 1944 she married the actor Zero Mostel. The couple had two sons, Joshua and Tobias.
Kate Mostel moved into acting, appearing on Broadway in The Bird Cage, The Ladies of the Corridor and Three Men on a Horse. She also starred with Zero Mostel in his adaptation of The Imaginary Invalid.
In 1978 Mostel, recently widowed, co-authored a memoir with the actress Madeline Lee Gilford, who was married to fellow actor Jack Gilford. The book, entitled 170 Years in Show Business, told the story of the professional and personal lives of the two couples, including their encounters with other showbiz celebrities ranging from Dorothy Parker to Lotte Lenya.
Mostel died in New York City on January 22, 1986. Papers relating to her are held at the New York Public Library. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kate Mostel, born Kathryn Harkin (1918-1986) was an American dancer, actress and memoirist.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kathryn Cecilia Harkin was born in Philadephia on October 8, 1918. The youngest of eight children, she made her first stage appearance in the children's act Broadway Varieties. After leaving high school, she joined Catherine Littlefield's ballet company. After leaving the company later, she danced in nightclubs in Chicago, New Jersey, New York, and Rio de Janeiro. In 1940 she became a Rockette at Radio City Music Hall.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1944 she married the actor Zero Mostel. The couple had two sons, Joshua and Tobias.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Kate Mostel moved into acting, appearing on Broadway in The Bird Cage, The Ladies of the Corridor and Three Men on a Horse. She also starred with Zero Mostel in his adaptation of The Imaginary Invalid.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1978 Mostel, recently widowed, co-authored a memoir with the actress Madeline Lee Gilford, who was married to fellow actor Jack Gilford. The book, entitled 170 Years in Show Business, told the story of the professional and personal lives of the two couples, including their encounters with other showbiz celebrities ranging from Dorothy Parker to Lotte Lenya.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Mostel died in New York City on January 22, 1986. Papers relating to her are held at the New York Public Library.",
"title": "Life"
}
] | Kate Mostel, born Kathryn Harkin (1918-1986) was an American dancer, actress and memoirist. | 2023-12-13T23:03:38Z | 2023-12-25T20:05:19Z | [
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite encyclopedia",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Mostel |
75,558,295 | The Angel and White Horse | The Angel and White Horse is a pub in the town centre of Tadcaster, in North Yorkshire, in England.
In the Tudor period, The Red Hart inn lay on Bridge Street in Tadcaster. By the Georgian period, it had been rebuilt as The Angel, a coaching inn. In 1855, Albert Denison, 1st Baron Londesborough, purchased the building as part of a deal to establish a hotel next door, in the former White Horse inn. He closed The Angel, and converted it into shops.
Samuel Smiths Old Brewery lies behind the building. It purchased the building and converted it into its brewery tap, opening in 1977. Its name recalls both the former coaching inn and its neighbour. By the early 21st century, the pub was recognised for its food, and in the early 2010s, it was listed in the Good Beer Guide. The building was grade II listed in 1985.
The building is constructed of limestone, with some timber framing and brick. It is three storeys high, and six bays wide, with the fifth bay housing a carriage arch, and two bays having canted fronts. It retains some Tudor material, but is principally 18th century. It has mostly sash windows, and has a moulded cornice. The lower part of the three left-hand bays has been restored, and the lower part of the other bays has been partly rebuilt. There are late 20th century additions at the rear, and the entrance is also 20th century. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Angel and White Horse is a pub in the town centre of Tadcaster, in North Yorkshire, in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the Tudor period, The Red Hart inn lay on Bridge Street in Tadcaster. By the Georgian period, it had been rebuilt as The Angel, a coaching inn. In 1855, Albert Denison, 1st Baron Londesborough, purchased the building as part of a deal to establish a hotel next door, in the former White Horse inn. He closed The Angel, and converted it into shops.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Samuel Smiths Old Brewery lies behind the building. It purchased the building and converted it into its brewery tap, opening in 1977. Its name recalls both the former coaching inn and its neighbour. By the early 21st century, the pub was recognised for its food, and in the early 2010s, it was listed in the Good Beer Guide. The building was grade II listed in 1985.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The building is constructed of limestone, with some timber framing and brick. It is three storeys high, and six bays wide, with the fifth bay housing a carriage arch, and two bays having canted fronts. It retains some Tudor material, but is principally 18th century. It has mostly sash windows, and has a moulded cornice. The lower part of the three left-hand bays has been restored, and the lower part of the other bays has been partly rebuilt. There are late 20th century additions at the rear, and the entrance is also 20th century.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Angel and White Horse is a pub in the town centre of Tadcaster, in North Yorkshire, in England. In the Tudor period, The Red Hart inn lay on Bridge Street in Tadcaster. By the Georgian period, it had been rebuilt as The Angel, a coaching inn. In 1855, Albert Denison, 1st Baron Londesborough, purchased the building as part of a deal to establish a hotel next door, in the former White Horse inn. He closed The Angel, and converted it into shops. Samuel Smiths Old Brewery lies behind the building. It purchased the building and converted it into its brewery tap, opening in 1977. Its name recalls both the former coaching inn and its neighbour. By the early 21st century, the pub was recognised for its food, and in the early 2010s, it was listed in the Good Beer Guide. The building was grade II listed in 1985. The building is constructed of limestone, with some timber framing and brick. It is three storeys high, and six bays wide, with the fifth bay housing a carriage arch, and two bays having canted fronts. It retains some Tudor material, but is principally 18th century. It has mostly sash windows, and has a moulded cornice. The lower part of the three left-hand bays has been restored, and the lower part of the other bays has been partly rebuilt. There are late 20th century additions at the rear, and the entrance is also 20th century. | 2023-12-13T23:11:54Z | 2023-12-13T23:42:01Z | [
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Angel_and_White_Horse |
75,558,302 | Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919 | The Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919 was the first Catalanist movement in favor of the granting by the Spanish parliament of a Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia. It took place between November 1918 and February 1919, during the constitutional period of the reign of Alfonso XIII and in the context of the Restoration crisis. It was promoted by the Commonwealth of Catalonia —with the support of the hegemonic Regionalist League and the Catalan Republican nationalist parties— which presented a draft of bases for the autonomy of Catalonia to the government and the Cortes in Madrid at the end of November 1918. The proposal was rejected in December, in the midst of a strong anti-Catalanist campaign promoted by the Castilian deputations that made public a Message from Castile. In January 1919, at the same time that an extra-parliamentary commission appointed by the government of the Count of Romanones was dealing with the issue, a commission appointed by the Commonwealth elaborated the first draft statute of autonomy in Catalan history, which was again rejected. The resurgence of the years of lead in Barcelona in February relegated the autonomist demand to the background. The campaign for the "integral autonomy" of Catalonia, as historian Javier Moreno Luzón has emphasized, "shook the Spanish political scene to its foundations."
We, from this Catalonia... systematically eliminated from any active intervention in the government of Spain, we, treated as separatists and localists, we to the other Spaniards of good faith, to those who feel their souls oppressed by the current impotence and wish to elevate their land to a greater internal and international dignity, we point out the obstacle: this enervating, exhausting struggle, unconscious at times, well aware now, between a predominant nationality and others that do not resign themselves to disappear; and we invite you to close this period, to harmoniously unite the Spanish nationalities with one another and all with the State, in such a way that each one freely governs its internal life and all have the participation that corresponds to their importance in the direction of the community, making Spain, in this way, not the sum of a people and the spoils of other peoples, but the living, powerful resultant of all the Spanish nations, whole, as God has made them, without mutilating them first, tearing from them the language, the culture, the personality, which are the root of their strength. [...] Do not have any illusions in Madrid; the question of Catalonia will not be solved with violence, nor with KulturKampf, nor with betrayals of former patriots, nor with the political skills of rulers who are masters at winning elections by imprisoning opposing voters and distributing favors and threats in violation of all laws. The only solution is a frank and complete autonomy. To establish it, to go to the federative consecration of the freedom of all the peninsular nations, is to begin the great Spain. To follow the path taken is to work for a weak Spain, more divided, more diminished every day.
—Manifesto Per Catalunya i l'Espanya gran, 1916.
In March 1916, the Regionalist League published the manifesto Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran, written by Prat de la Riba —who would die the following year— and signed by all the deputies and senators of the party. The manifesto denounced that Catalonia was one of the peoples of Spain who saw "the substantial elements of their spirituality, of their personality, excluded from the laws of the State", which made them "third-class Spaniards". The solution was the recognition of the autonomy of Catalonia, "a work of justice" and "of the highest convenience" and to put an end to the assimilationist policy, which would make possible the authentic unity "of all Spaniards, whole, just as God has made them", converted into a "peninsular empire of Iberia" —which also implied the integration of Portugal—.
The first attempt to carry out this program took place the following year in the context of the 1917 crisis. On July 5, Francesc Cambó gathered all the Catalan deputies and senators at the City Council of Barcelona —although the 13 monarchist deputies left the meeting immediately— who reaffirmed the will of Catalonia to become an autonomous region. In the declaration they approved, signed even by Alejandro Lerroux, it was stated "that it is the general will of Catalonia to obtain a regime of broad autonomy" and a federal structure was demanded in accordance with "the reality of Spanish life", which would increase "its organic cohesion" and develop "its collective energies". They also demanded the reopening of the Cortes, which would have the function of constituent assembly. If the Dato government did not accept any of the requests, they would call on all the deputies and senators to attend an Assembly of Parliamentarians to be held on July 19 in Barcelona.
The government of the conservative Eduardo Dato tried to discredit the call by presenting the meeting as a "separatist" and "revolutionary" movement and finally only the deputies of the League, the Republicans, the reformists of Melquíades Álvarez and the socialist Pablo Iglesias went to Barcelona, who approved the formation of a government "which embodied and represented the sovereign will of the country" and which would preside over the elections to the Constituent Courts. The Assembly was dissolved by order of the civil governor of Barcelona and all the participants were arrested by the police, although as soon as they left the Palace of the Pac de la Ciutadella where they had met they were released. After the general revolutionary strike of August called by the socialists, the Assembly of Parliamentarians met again on October 30 at the Ateneo in Madrid. That same day Cambó was called to the Palace to meet with the king, who accepted his proposal to form a "concentration government" which would be presided over by the liberal Manuel García Prieto and which would include a minister from the League, Joan Ventosa. However, García Prieto's government lasted only a few months, giving way to another concentration government, called the "National Government", under the presidency of the conservative Antonio Maura, and of which Francesc Cambó himself would form part. But this government only lasted until November 1918, giving way to a purely liberal one presided over again by García Prieto.
When the assembly of parliamentarians and the concentration governments failed to achieve the objectives of the manifesto Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran, Cambó decided that "Catalonia's time had come" and the Regionalist League organized the campaign for "integral autonomy" for Catalonia which, according to Javier Moreno Luzón, "shook the Spanish political scene to its foundations".
In July 1918, the IV Municipal Week was held in Barcelona, in which the mayors and councilors of Catalonia participated, as well as the town hall secretaries. The organizing entity of the Week, the Escola de Funcionaris de l'Administració Local, decided to call a Plebiscit de la voluntat municipal de Catalunya in which the city councils had to pronounce on the autonomy of Catalonia "so that it could fully develop all its energies, and reach the place that belongs to it, fulfilling its mission in the resurgence of Spain". It had the precedent of the municipal plebiscite held in 1913 in favor of the creation of the Commonwealth of Catalonia.
At the beginning of November 1918, on the occasion of the end of the First World War, several allied and hostile demonstrations to the monarchy were held in Barcelona, together with rallies called by radical Catalan nationalist groups. In this context, on November 5, Francesc Macià made a resounding speech in favor of the independence of Catalonia in the Congress of Deputies, which emptied as soon as he began to speak. On November 10, when the news of the abdication of the German Kaiser spread, Francesc Layret asked the Commonwealth to call an assembly of town councils to request the League of Nations to intervene in favor of Catalonia. Four days later, the Partit Republicà Català deputies Marcel-lí Domingo, Salvador Albert and Julià Nougués, supported by three other republican deputies from other regions, presented a bill in the Cortes that read: "The Congress grants Catalonia full autonomy".
On November 15 Francesc Cambó had an interview with the king in the Royal Palace during which, according to Cambó's own testimony, Alfonso XIII encouraged him to launch the autonomist campaign in order to distract "the masses [of Catalonia] from any revolutionary purpose". "I see no other way to save such a difficult situation than to satisfy at once the aspirations of Catalonia, so that the Catalans stop feeling revolutionary at this moment and reinforce their adhesion to the Monarchy," the king told Cambó. According to the historian Javier Moreno Luzón, "Alfonso XIII was convinced that only the League, satisfied with some autonomic potion, could dissuade the masses and stop the imminent revolution in Barcelona, a transcript of the Russian or German ones". For Cambó, "Catalonia's time had come".
The following day, November 16, in a solemn act in which various economic, cultural and professional entities were represented, and which was also attended by the deputies and senators for Catalonia and the deputies of the four provincial deputations —while a crowd gathered in the Plaza de Sant Jaime—, the president of the organizing entity of the municipal plebiscite handed to the president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia Josep Puig i Cadafalch a volume with the certificates of the Catalan town councils, which had expressed themselves overwhelmingly in favor of the autonomy of Catalonia —practically all the municipalities, representing 98% of the Catalan population—. Puig i Cadafalch then met with the members of the Permanent Council of the Commonwealth and with the Catalan parliamentarians and proposed that a committee be formed to draw up a draft of the bases for Catalan autonomy, which would be presented to the government of the liberal Manuel García Prieto. Francesc Macià, however, left the meeting after saying that autonomy was insufficient and that what had to be achieved was independence.
On November 17, 1918, Macià gave a conference in the premises of the CADCI where he presented for the first time to the public the Catalan independence flag that he had just invented —and whose first appearance in the street had taken place the day before—: the Estelada, with a blue triangle and a white star. At the exit of the conference a demonstration was formed on the Ramblas, the first of the autonomist campaign, which was dissolved by the police. Later, when the demonstrators went to the Serbian consulate so that Macià could congratulate the consul for his victory in the war, a group of Carlist requetés appeared and began to give cheers to Spain, which were answered with cheers to Catalunya lliure, producing a serious altercation in which the police had to intervene again.
The CNT, the hegemonic workers' organization in Catalonia, did not join the autonomist campaign, but that did not mean that it defended centralism. On December 18, the official newspaper of the organization in Catalonia, Solidaridad Obrera, directed at that time by Ángel Pestaña, published an article with the significant title "Ni con unos ni con otros" (in English: Neither with one or the other). It said: "In the problem of the autonomy of Catalonia [...] we cannot be with either one or the other [...] All the workers of Spain should know that the movement for autonomy carried out by the plutocrats of the League does not have the acquiescence nor the sympathy of the workers of Catalonia [...] We are not interested in the autonomy dispute, except for the protest of the people in the street. That protest, which can be translated into mutiny and that mutiny which can lead to a liberating revolution, yes, because it reflects the uneasiness of the people and the anxieties they feel to get out of this state [...] as far as it means revolt, crystallization and revolutionary events we accept it [...] we will remain on the sidelines, but in expectation". The Catalan leader of the CNT Salvador Seguí said in a meeting held on January 12, a few days before he was arrested by the police taking advantage of the suspension of constitutional guarantees decreed by the Romanones government.
We do not want Catalonia to be a colony like those that the manufacturers of Barcelona have, to which their workers are enslaved. We want Catalonia to be a free, conscious and well administered nation. We are more Catalan than those who boast so much of Catalanism. Nor do we want to play into the hands of the central power, since the latter is only waiting for the occasion when the men of autonomy are impotent or for any other reason, to deny its concession, on the pretext that they cannot dominate nor know how to govern the diverse elements that make up Catalonia.
The committee appointed by the Commonwealth prepared the draft of the bases in just a few days. This was maximalist in that it only specified the competences that corresponded to the State, leaving the rest for Catalonia, which meant, as historian Albert Balcells has pointed out, starting from the idea of "a virtually sovereign Catalonia that pacts on equal terms with the Spanish State, a situation only plausible in the case of a constituent process that would entail a federalization of Spain, but inadequate in the case of a demand for a singular autonomy for Catalonia without constitutional reform; what was needed was the opposite: to establish the competences that the State ceded to Catalonia", which was the approach that the Regionalist League leader Francesc Cambó had defended from the beginning.
On November 25, the Catalan parliamentarians approved the draft of the bases, making it clear, at Cambó's proposal, that it was not a draft statute since "the honor of whose initiative corresponded to the Government", and that it had only outlined "the general lines that... could serve as a guideline for the Government, and as a norm for the future Constitution that the Catalan people would give itself". On November 29th the president of the Commonwealth Puig i Cadafalch, accompanied by the Consell and the Catalan parliamentarians, delivered in Madrid the project of bases for the autonomy of Catalonia to the president of the government García Prieto, who received it very coldly. That same afternoon Cambó gave a conference at the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence in which he defended the project, insisting on the idea that the autonomy of Catalonia did not imply the dismemberment of Spain.
The draft of the bases divided the government between those in favor of negotiating, led by the Count of Romanones, and those in favor of delaying the request, led by President García Prieto and Santiago Alba. The disagreement prevented the continuity of the government and García Prieto resigned —his government had lasted less than a month—. The king then entrusted the formation of the government to the Count of Romanones, the liberal leader who had defended the need to reach an agreement, although he only had the support of the deputies of his own faction. As the historian Ángeles Barrio has pointed out, the main mission of the new government was "to steer the question of autonomy through smoother channels".
The mere possibility of the granting of a Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia provoked the immediate reaction of Spanish nationalism, which deployed a strong anti-Catalanist campaign based on clichés and stereotypes about Catalonia and the Catalans, but which managed to mobilize thousands of people who protested in Madrid and other cities. The campaign was initiated by the so-called trust of the liberal press of Madrid formed by the newspapers El Liberal, El Heraldo de Madrid and El Imparcial, which was soon joined by the conservative daily ABC, the newspaper with the largest circulation in Spain. Various employers' organizations, some of them linked to the liberal sector headed by Santiago Alba, called for a large demonstration in Madrid, accompanied by the closure of stores, which brought together more than 100,000 people and had an enormous impact on public opinion —the newspaper El Imparcial headlined on its front page: "Madrid's protest against the separatism of the Catalans of the League"—. The campaign also included the boycott of Catalan products, as would happen in 1932 when the Cortes of the Second Spanish Republic debated the draft Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia.
On December 2, 1918, one day after the Romanones government was formed, the deputations of Castilla y León —Santander, Valladolid, Palencia, Soria, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Logroño and Madrid—, gathered in Burgos, responded to Catalan pretensions with the Message of Castile, in which they defended "national unity" and opposed any region obtaining political autonomy that would undermine Spanish sovereignty —and even called for a boycott of "the orders of the Catalan industrial houses"—. They also opposed the co-officiality of Catalan, which they called a "regional dialect". The following day, the newspaper El Norte de Castilla headlined: "Faced with the problem presented by Catalan nationalism, Castile affirms the Spanish nation". It also denounced "the separatist campaign displayed in the Basque provinces".
The Andalusian deputations also manifested their opposition to Catalan autonomy, although the minority Andalusian regionalist group of Blas Infante sent a message of support to the president of the Commonwealth. For its part, the Diputación de Zaragoza demanded the Commonwealth for Aragón, but made it clear that its aspirations should not be confused with those of the Catalanists, since "Aragón has proclaimed above all the intangibility of the homeland". However, in Barcelona the Aragonese Regionalist Union was formed and organized an act of support for the Catalan autonomist campaign, in which the deputy for Zaragoza of the Radical Republican Party Manuel Marraco Ramón intervened and said that if Catalonia achieved autonomy it would favor Aragon.
The presidents of the Castilian deputations delivered on December 6 the manifesto against the autonomy of Catalonia to the president of the government Romanones and to the king. The latter, who days before had encouraged Cambó to present the Statute proposal, expressed his solidarity "with the patriotic gestures of the Castilian provinces" and encouraged the presidents of the deputations to continue in their efforts. On December 9, the day before the debate in the Congress of Deputies on the draft Statute, some one hundred thousand people marched through the streets of Madrid in defense of "the unity of Spain" and against the Catalan Statute.
Unlike what happened in other parts of Spain, in the Basque Country and Navarre, the Catalan autonomist campaign found the support of Basque nationalism, which at that time was at its peak as it held the presidency of the Provincial Council of Biscay and the mayoralty of Bilbao. The Catalan aspirations connected with theirs and in fact the Basque nationalist deputies, anticipating the Catalans, had presented on November 8, 1918 in the Cortes a bill to achieve the foral reintegration —the abolition of the law of October 25, 1839 and the reestablishment of the Basque fueros— and the opening of a constituent period for Álava, Gipuzkoa, Biscay and Navarre. On December 15, the Assembly of the City Councils of Biscay met in the Bilbao City Hall, but this ended in a serious altercation between dynastics and socialists on one side and Basque nationalists on the other. A Basque nationalist demonstration later went through the streets of Bilbao, and the Maurist newspaper El Pueblo Vasco was assaulted. The response of the Romanones government was to dismiss the nationalist mayor of Bilbao, Mario Arana. On January 7, 1919 the two dynastic parties formed the Monarchist Action League to face the growth of Basque nationalism.
In July 1918, when the end of the "Great War" was near, the Committee Pro Catalonia was formed with people from the Unió Catalanista, chaired by the director of the magazine La Tralla, Vicenç Albert Ballester, inventor of the Estelada, the flag of the new Catalan nationalist independence movement. The objective of the Committee was to internationalize the "Catalan dispute" for which it contacted the Catalan centers in America. The Regionalist League at first did not join this strategy of the radical Catalan nationalists, but its position began to change and in October the president of the Commonwealth Josep Puig i Cadafalch went to Perpignan to attend the act of homage to the French Marshal Joseph Joffre, who had been born in French Catalonia —Puig i Cadafalch invited the Marshal to come to Barcelona, a visit he made in May 1920 to preside over the Jocs Florals; on the other hand, the radical nationalist propaganda presented Marshal Joffre as a Catalan war hero—. Cambó went so far as to sound out the French government about a possible trip to Paris to defend the "Catalan cause" but the answer was negative, considering it an "internal Spanish problem".
In December 1918, two months after the armistice that put an end to the First World War was signed, radical Catalan nationalists formed in Paris the self-styled "Catalan National Committee", which imitated the Czech National Committee, to demand that the victorious countries deal with the "Catalan lawsuit". In the name of the "Catalan Legion" —the Catalans who had enlisted in the French Foreign Legion to fight against the Central Empires, and who the nationalist propaganda put at twelve thousand, although today that number is considered to be greatly inflated—the Committee sent a letter to the North American president Woodrow Wilson in which they asked for "the revision of the ignominious Treaty of Utrecht and to allow the Catalan Nation, free and independent, to enter to occupy in the League of Nations the place that corresponds to it by its glorious past and by its present flourishing". There is no record that they received any response and the "Catalan dispute" was not included in the agenda of the Paris Conference. In fact, when in January 1919 the Committee intended to organize in Paris a tribute to the Catalan volunteers who had fought in the "Great War", the French government did not allow the Estelada to be displayed or to be used as an act of propaganda in favor of independence and forced the meeting to be presented as a tribute to the "Spanish volunteers".
Among other reasons, this was due to the efforts of the Count of Romanones, who went ahead of Cambó to find out to what extent Wilson's famous Fourteen Points could affect Spain. And the Count found himself with a message of reassurance from the President of the United States —and therefore from the rest of the allies— that the principles of those 14 points would only be imposed on the countries defeated in the conflict, not on the neutrals nor, evidently, on the victors. It must be taken into account that at that time almost the entire map of Europe was redrawn: the center (Germany), the north (Poland-Russia), the east (Balkans) and also the Middle East and the colonies in Africa and Asia, the last thing the victorious allies (who also had opposing interests in many geostrategic areas) wanted was to create another problem in the Iberian Peninsula. Therefore, the Count remained calm and Cambó had an unpleasant surprise when he found that the person he thought was going to be his main supporter —Wilson, president of the United States— simply ignored his proposals because he already had to negotiate more than a few issues throughout Europe.
On December 10, 1918, the Congress of Deputies began the debate on the draft of the bases, which was defended by Francesc Cambó. In his speech he said that the definitive integration of the League into the political system of the Monarchy depended on the acceptance of the autonomy of Catalonia, without which the "greatness of Spain" was not possible, and that otherwise they would be "eliminated from general politics". He added that the granting of the Statute did not weaken the powers of the Spanish parliament because the latter could "repeal it and even... modify it", a statement, according to the historian Albert Balcells, "very risky" because "he had recognized something that denied the sovereignty of the Catalan autonomous power", although "the logic of Cambó's speech —just like that of the Bases presented— was federal and constituent, since it claimed in the areas of competence of the Catalan regional power a total, complete, absolute sovereignty".
The spokesman for the liberals and therefore for the government, Niceto Alcalá Zamora, spoke next and opposed the draft of the Bases, among other reasons, because it was incompatible with the Constitution of 1876 and because it granted Catalonia "tax privileges". He ended his speech by stating that if the Catalan nationalists wanted autonomy they should renounce their participation in the government of Spain. It was then that, addressing Cambó, he said: "You cannot be both Bolívar of Catalonia and Bismarck of Spain".
He was followed by the "albista" deputy Gascón y Marín who, after accusing the project of being "pancatalanist —a claim that Alcalá Zamora had also made— opposed the transfer of the competence over civil law because of its relation with social legislation and, above all, the transfer of teaching: "Do you think that we are not going to defend the teachers, who represent the unity of thought, the unity of Spain?
The following day, the expected intervention of the conservative leader Antonio Maura took place, who also opposed Catalan autonomy, although he allowed the possibility of negotiating an administrative decentralization that did not put at risk the autonomy of the municipalities "because the municipality has, not so much a right, but a more notorious and indisputable right to autonomy than the region, and the Nation needs municipal autonomy much more and much sooner than regional autonomy". Referring to the question of competences, he said that "the region has been delimited by demarcating the State" and to explain this he resorted to the following metaphor: "An eagle that has to serve as solace in a park for the idle can be caged, an eagle that has to defend its life and that of its children cannot have a feather taken from its wings or a nail removed from its claws". Then, addressing the Catalan deputies, he told them that, whether they liked it or not, they were Spanish: "No one can choose their mother, or brothers, or their father's house, or their hometown, or their homeland". His intervention was very applauded by the deputies of the two dynastic parties, including the president of the government, Count of Romanones.
After Maura's intervention, Cambó wrote a letter to the king on December 12 in which he terminated the secret agreement adopted a month earlier and in which he justified the withdrawal from the Cortes of the great majority of Catalan deputies and senators as a sign of protest against the rejection of the autonomy of Catalonia, a gesture that was very much disapproved by the dynastic parties. In the letter Cambó wrote:
The result of yesterday's session means the failure of all our actions in Spanish politics and the abandonment of all hope that the Catalan problem could have the solution in which I had placed all my illusions. A duty of political loyalty obliges me to proclaim it in Parliament before leaving for Catalonia. Believe V.M. that when writing these lines to you I am going through the most bitter trance of my life.
In Cambó's speech in the Congress of Deputies to explain the withdrawal of the parliamentarians, he thanked the republicans and socialists for the support they had given to the autonomy of Catalonia:
By great good fortune, you, men who represent currents of opinion that are not limited to a part of Spanish territory, have declared that in your sentiments the broadest political autonomy for Catalonia is compatible with the integrity, with the unity of Spain. Think of the immense responsibility that weighs on you as you are almost the only ones in general Spanish politics who maintain in your convictions and in your feelings this compatibility.
The following day, December 13, there were demonstrations in Barcelona in support of autonomy, harshly repressed by the police. In one of them an army lieutenant dressed in uniform arrested a demonstrator because he had shouted Visca Catalunya Lliure but the crowd prevented him from doing so and he was stripped of his saber and had to be rescued by the police. The incident was magnified by the military press of Madrid and caused great indignation among the officers of the garrison of Barcelona as the captain general of Catalonia Jaime Milans del Bosch immediately made known to the government of Romanones. For his part, the civil governor prohibited the pro-autonomist demonstrations. The measure prevented the organization of a large demonstration like the one that had been held in Madrid on December 9 against Catalan autonomy, but it was not an obstacle to the occurrence of attempted demonstrations led by radical nationalist groups that ended in serious clashes with the police.
On December 14, the deputies and senators who had left the Cortes and were returning from Madrid were received in Barcelona with full honors. Then a manifestation went through the main streets of Barcelona without the police intervening. Some participants stoned the headquarters of La Vanguardia, which had criticized the withdrawal of the parliamentarians, and burned copies of the newspaper in the street. It was at that moment that the police finally intervened. The following day the Republicans organized a rally in a theater in Barcelona in favor of Catalan autonomy. At the exit another demonstration was organized and the police without warning shot at the demonstrators, killing a woman who was passing by. She was the first victim of three during the autonomy campaign. No policeman was arrested or punished for these events.
On December 18, Cambó launched at a rally the slogan "Monarchy? Republic? Catalonia!". "We do not mortgage autonomy to the Republic, nor do we wait for the Republic to implement autonomy, but we will not slow down our march because of the fact that the Monarchy may fall, We have love and adhesion to Catalonia and autonomy. We do not choose our enemies, they themselves will say against whom Catalonia has to go", he declared. Cambó wrote to a journalist: "I will not enter into any government in which I cannot fully develop my thoughts... without a complete agreement regarding what is going to be done and how it is going to be done".
In the second half of December there were rallies in favor of autonomy, in which, together with the Republicans, the Socialists Francisco Largo Caballero and Julián Besteiro took part, as well as attempted demonstrations which ended with the intervention of the police. On December 18, a group of Spanish nationalists attacked the demonstrators with sticks without the police intervening, and the following day they forced to shout "Viva España" to those who cheered "Catalunya lliure", threatening them with pistols. On the 20th the incidents were repeated, in which the Spanish supporters fired their revolvers although there were no injuries. On the 22nd a police sergeant was wounded by a blow to the head and a lieutenant was also seriously wounded by a shot fired by an unidentified sniper.
At the proposal of Cambó with whom he had met before he announced the withdrawal of the Catalan parliamentarians, the president of the government Romanones called an extra-parliamentary commission to draft a proposal of autonomy for Catalonia that would be taken to parliament. On December 21, 1918, the Catalan parliamentarians who had left the Cortes, the Assembly of the Commonwealth and the deputies of the four deputations met in Barcelona to decide whether to participate in the commission created by the government. The republicans proposed that those present should set themselves up as a constituent assembly and draft a proposal for a Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia, while parliamentarians from the dynastic parties were of the opinion that they should form part of the government commission. Finally, it was resolved that the Council of the Commonwealth and the deputy parliamentarians would draw up a draft Statute, although without ruling out the possibility of also going to Madrid. The government expressed its displeasure at
the absolute omission of the published decree creating the extra-parliamentary Commission, a fact which has the value of a solemn requirement addressed to Catalonia, and the silence kept with respect to the power of the Cortes, to whom any autonomist aspiration must ultimately be submitted.
On December 27th, the members of the extra-parliamentary commission appointed by the government were announced. It was made up of 33 people, 18 of whom were in favor of Catalan autonomy, although the agreements had to be reached by consensus, since the draft statute to be drawn up had to be approved by the Cortes, where the two dynastic parties had a very large majority. Two days later the Council of the Commonwealth met with the Catalan members of the commission, among them Cambó and the president of the Commonwealth Puig i Cadafalch, and it was decided not to attend the commission in order not to break the unity of those who supported autonomy since the Republicans were opposed. They also argued that certain politicians had also refused to attend, such as Eduardo Dato, who had a good number of deputies behind him, which made it impossible for what the commission agreed to be endorsed by the Cortes. As a Catalan Republican newspaper said, "the Commission was stillborn [...] and, in the end, the Cortes will decide in the last instance, annulling all effectiveness of the Commission". In spite of this, Romanones maintained the convocation.
On January 2 the extra-parliamentary commission met with only 14 of its members since 19 had resigned. A five-member committee was appointed, including Antonio Maura and Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, which concluded its work on January 11. The government assumed the project and presented it to the Cortes on the 21st. The proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission consisted of 22 bases, 21 of which dealt with municipal autonomy and only one, the last one, with regional autonomy. According to this, which consisted of 18 articles and 3 transitory provisions, Catalonia would have an assembly called Diputació (one third of whose members would be elected by the town councils and by certain corporations) and a government with the name of Generalitat. The four provincial deputations would disappear, although the regional power would not have the power to modify the existing provincial territorial division. The co-officiality of Catalan was recognized, including the administration of justice. It also established the possibility of creating a regional police force that would coordinate with the state police force. There were undoubted advances but, as pointed out by the jurists appointed by the Commonwealth to study the proposal, it was more a project of administrative decentralization since no exclusive competence was granted to the regional power nor was any State service transferred to it and, in addition, a new figure was created, that of the governor general of the region, who could refuse to sanction the provisions of the Deputation and of the Generality if he considered that these contained excesses. He also appointed delegates in the four provinces, had the power to dissolve the regional assembly (or Deputation) and to call new elections if he had the approval of the government in Madrid, and maintained the powers of the civil governors in matters of freedom of the press, of association and assembly, and of public order —the Civil Guard was under his direct orders—. The Catalan jurists emphasized that the powers granted to the governor were a step backwards with respect to the relative independence that the Commonwealth had "which has no direct contact of any kind with the [civil] governors".
While the extra-parliamentary commission was working in Madrid, in Barcelona the Consell de la Commonwealth with the deputy parliamentarians was working on its own draft Statute. It was finished on January 17, a few days after the Madrid commission presented theirs. Four changes were made to the November draft to make it possible for it to be approved by the Cortes. Firstly, the reference to other territories outside Catalonia that could be incorporated into it was eliminated, so that it would not be accused of being a "pan-Catalanist" project. Secondly, the competences that would correspond to the regional power were listed, contrary to what had been done in the bases in which only the competences of the State were listed, so that all those that were not included in the list would correspond to the autonomous region. Thirdly, the mixed and parity commission established in the bases, which was in charge of settling conflicts of competences, was renounced, passing this power to the Spanish Parliament, so that it was left to be both judge and party. Fourthly, the figure of the governor general was incorporated with practically the same powers as in the project of the extra-parliamentary commission of Madrid, although the competence over public order was removed. In conclusion, as the historian Albert Balcells has pointed out, "the draft statute of the Commonwealth of 1919 contained substantial concessions to the central power in comparison with the bases drafted in November 1918 in the four aspects that had been most criticized in Madrid in the parliamentary debate that had provoked the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies".
The draft Statute of the Commonwealth maintained the bicameral regional parliament proposed in the bases, with a senate elected by the councilors of the municipalities and a congress elected by universal suffrage, by means of the majority electoral system except in the constituency constituted by the city of Barcelona, which would be proportional. The ministers of the Catalan government, appointed by the governor general, would be responsible to the two chambers. In addition to legislating on the matters that the Statute declared to be exclusive to the regional power, the Catalan congress and senate could agree on amendments to the laws passed by the Cortes in certain matters, such as social legislation, which would only apply in Catalonia, provided that the Cortes did not oppose them.
The powers that corresponded to Catalonia included education at all levels, with the obligation to teach Spanish in primary schools; the municipal and provincial regime, which included the power to modify the territorial division of Catalonia; Catalan civil law, including the creation of a court of cassation; the organization of the administration of justice in Catalonia; public works, except those considered to be of general Spanish interest; telephones; forestry and agricultural services, including the draining and clearing of uncultivated land; charity and health; and public order. To finance these services, a treasury was created to which direct contributions would be transferred. On the other hand, the Statute did not contain any definition of Catalonia, neither as an "autonomous region" (Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932), nor as a "nationality" (Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979). Nor was there an article establishing the official or co-official status of Catalan.
On January 24 and 25, 1919, the extraordinary Assembly of the Commonwealth and the Catalan parliamentarians debated extensively and unanimously approved —the Catalan deputies and senators of the dynastic parties also voted in favor— the draft Statute of the Consell, which was ratified on Sunday 26th by the mayors and delegates of the Catalan municipalities gathered at the Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona —of the 1072 Catalan municipalities 1046, representing 99% of the population, presented the minutes in which their favorable vote was recorded—. In the Palau, Cambó he said:
Never in Catalonia had the will of the Catalan people been so fully expressed as it is at this moment; whatever is agreed here is undoubtedly the expression of the will of Catalonia.
Between January 11 and 26, 1919, while the draft of the Statute of the Commonwealth was being elaborated, practically every day the attempts of demonstration of the Catalan nationalist groups to the cry of "Visca Catalunya Lliure" and the police charges to prevent them returned to the center of Barcelona. Spanish nationalist groups of the Spanish Patriotic League also intervened, shouting "Viva España" and attacking demonstrators or people wearing ribbons with the Catalan flag. In these incidents the police acted on the side of the pro-Spanish protesters and arrested only the Catalan nationalists accused of "incitement to rebellion", a fact that was denounced by the press. Sometimes it was the police themselves who removed the ribbons with the four-colored flag from their lapels. CNT leaders were also arrested, such as Salvador Seguí, the Noi del sucre, and the newspaper Solidaridad Obrera was closed. On January 17 a large group of the Patriotic League, among them army officers stationed in Barcelona, burst into a theater at the moment when those gathered were singing the hymn Els Segadors and began to shoot. Numerous people were wounded due to the panic caused by the violent irruption, one of them shot, but none of the assailants was arrested. The government then decreed the suspension of constitutional guarantees, so censorship was imposed and the press could no longer report on the anti-Catalanist violence or the actions of the police. The conservative newspaper La Vanguardia justified the suspension by equating the autonomist campaign with the strikes and anarchist attacks. In its editorial of the 19th it said:
[...] the street riots repeated with futile pretexts; the strikes also daily planned, the attacks against workers and bosses, the expectation [...] of a threatening regional Assembly, and above all the revolutionary propaganda [...] all contribute to the exacerbation of passions in the cause of autonomy and unionism [...], giving the paradox that the opposing forces, such as the revolutionary parties and some Catalanists who call themselves conservatives, collaborate in sustaining the abnormality, of course without involving the respective disputes, which they keep perfectly separate. But in vain do these elements want to disengage themselves from the campaign of the unions, to which they involuntarily lend help with their rebellious attitude; their issues are different, but the abnormality receives the incentive from both sides, and thus we see the government turn with the same haste to the two sources of disturbance, entrusting to a committee the drafting of the regional statute and immediately ordering the Institute of Social Reforms to study new improvements for the working class.
After the suspension of the guarantees, the violence of the groups of the Spanish Patriotic League did not stop. On January 17 they wounded a young Catalan nationalist worker who died three days later. On the 24th the police charges were extraordinarily harsh, causing serious damage to the cafés on the Rambla when the police broke into them in pursuit of the demonstrators. The regionalist deputy Pere Rahola compared the police action to the brutal treatment given by the indigenous police to the Rifian rebels in the Spanish protectorate of Morocco. On Sunday, January 27, while the act of ratification by the municipal delegates of the draft Statute of the Commonwealth was being held in the Palacio de la Música, the last violent confrontations took place. That day a young man wearing a tie with the colors of the Catalan flag was attacked by a group of the Spanish Patriotic League, but the people came to his defense and the aggressors had to flee. At noon there was a shooting confrontation between Carlist requetés and members of the Patriotic League when the latter tried to remove the ties with the Catalan flag they were wearing on their lapels. Seven people were wounded by gunshot, two of them very seriously —one a Carlist and the other a member of the Patriotic League—. The police arrested twenty people, none of them from the Patriotic League. In another place in Barcelona, groups of the Patriotic League seriously wounded a young man who died a few days later. He was the third and last fatality during the autonomist campaign. On January 28 the civil governor ordered the closure of the premises of the CADCI and those of the Spanish Patriotic League, although its members continued to meet without police intervention, and prohibited the display of Catalan flags in unofficial places and the wearing of ribbons with the four-colored flag.
After January 27, Catalan nationalist agitation ceased and the Spanish Patriotic League discontinued its activities. "In any case, it cannot be considered that the Spanish Patriotic League and the radical nationalist groups were the two extreme sides of the same phenomenon. The members of the League used firearms, and this fact has no correspondence in the radical nationalist groups. The leniency of the police with the former contrasts with the violence they exercised on the latter. It seems that the Patriotic League was an auxiliary group of police and military; in fact, it disappeared without a trace, although some of its members must have joined various later extreme right-wing groups".
The Catalan parliamentarians returned to the Cortes to try to get the draft Statute of the Commonwealth approved. On January 28, 1919, Francesc Cambó participated in the Congress. He first referred to the practically unanimous support that the draft Statute of the Commonwealth had received from the Catalan town councils and confronted those who said that it broke the unity of Spain:
That manifestation of will creates a right, creates the most sacred right, the only legitimate foundation of a power and of a sovereignty. Those who affirm that this authentically expressed will and that we are willing to submit to the unsurpassable ratification of the individual plebiscite, which would undoubtedly consecrate it, those who understand that this attacks the unity of Spain, begin by declaring that today Catalonia is already spiritually, in spirit and in will, separated from Spain. Think about it.
He then stated that the approval of the project of the extra-parliamentary commission that the government had backed would not resolve the question: "The day after the government's project was approved, even with all the modifications compatible with its nature, the problem would remain the same". Cambó ended his intervention with some defiant phrases: "A nation on its feet, unanimous, which formulates an aspiration (whispers) that refers to the regime of its internal life, do you think that in 1919, when the League of Nations is being forged, it does not have the right to what it is requesting? (louder whispers). To the government and to the representatives of the forces which may replace it I require them to express their opinion." However, the government maintained its position of assuming as its own the project of the extra-parliamentary commission and not that of the Commonwealth, which is why it was not debated in the Cortes.
On February 6, the debate began in the Congress of Deputies on the opinion of the parliamentary commission that had studied the draft Statute of the extra-parliamentary commission. The following day, Cambó intervened to oppose the project and to propose the debate on that of the Commonwealth, "because our Statute is a minimum, because in drafting it we took into account that we had no right to raise a bargaining dispute, that in what could be compromised we had to compromise, and we did not have to ask for anything more than what was absolutely indispensable for the autonomy of Catalonia to be a reality, not a fiction". He went on to add that if what was being asked for was seen as a separatist proposal it was tantamount to saying "that we are already spiritually separated and that the union is maintained by force". Then he accused the President of the Government of his lack of support for the Commonwealth project with the phrase: "Your Lordship, like Faust, in order to prolong his ministerial life, has sold his soul to the devil". To which Romanones replied with laughter: "He would have made a good deal!".
Next, the liberal Niceto Alcalá Zamora intervened on behalf of the commission to attack the project of the Commonwealth, alleging that it had been the result of an "illegal deliberation of an irregularly constituted assembly [...] before which we do not have to submit" and declaring himself absolutely opposed to the transfer of the competences that the project attributed to Catalonia. The president of the government then intervened to say that only the project of the extra-parliamentary commission would be discussed. At this impasse, the Catalan republican, regionalist and traditionalist deputies, but not those of the dynastic parties, presented a motion on February 18 for a plebiscite on autonomy to be held in Catalonia. To support the proposal Cambó intervened three days later to say:
... our problem is the following: a nation, the Catalan nation, for centuries has lived as an independent state and has produced a language, a civil law, a political law and a general sentiment that has characterized the expression of its life. And this nation first joined the Crown of Spain, then the incorporation was total with the state, and in centuries of coexistence have created common interests, have created spiritual ties that have established a formula of common patriotism that would be foolish to want to destroy; but at the same time, this personality that had had a life of its own, independent, subsists, and has not disappeared; the language, the law, the juridical sense and the public spirit of its own have persisted, and all that, which was a biological fact while there was not a phenomenon of will that turned it into a political fact. This will, what does it say, what does it express, what does it want? It wants Catalonia to have full sovereignty to govern itself in everything that concerns Catalonia's own internal life, and that in everything that affects everything beyond its borders, there should be only one unity, which is Spain.
The president of the government Romanones declared that he was opposed to the referendum and that he recognized the will of the Catalans to have a statute of autonomy but that it should not necessarily be that of the Commonwealth. Finally, Romanones closed the Cortes on February 27th —precisely the day on which the Catalan plebiscite proposal was to be voted—, taking as a pretext the social conflict that had broken out in Barcelona as a result of the La Canadiense strike. The promoters of the autonomist campaign with Cambó at the head decided then not to promote any movement of civil resistance or municipal boycott, but rather to end the campaign. As Albert Balcells has pointed out, "afterwards it was very easy to say that the Canadiense strike had prevented the municipal boycott. But it is clear that the Somatén could not be prepared as an anti-unionist force under the orders of the captain general [before whom it paraded in Barcelona on January 12] and, at the same time, program a movement of civil disobedience that should have confronted the captain general". Moreover, it should not be forgotten that the Spanish National Monarchist Union (UMN) had just been formed, which constituted a serious threat to the hitherto hegemonic Regionalist League and to the autonomist movement, which until then had had almost all the Catalan parliamentarians of the dynastic parties.
"During the four years that followed the events of 1919, the existence of the UMN, together with the predominance of the periods of exception, which were directed against the CNT but restricted general political freedoms, made it impossible to rebuild the autonomist front to raise again the demand for a statute. The League, which through the words of Francesc Cambó had solemnly announced in the Cortes that it would not participate again in any government until the favorable resolution of the autonomist demands, would form part, with Cambó as Minister of Finance and after the disaster of Annual in Morocco, of the Maura-De la Cierva government of August 1921, without any decentralizing counterpart, and then, with Bertan i Musitu as Minister of Justice, but for a very short time, of the Sánchez Guerra government in March 1922".
In conclusion, according to historian Borja de Riquer, the extra-parliamentary commission presided over by Antonio Maura drew up a draft Statute that was very limited and therefore unacceptable to the Catalan deputies who had returned to Congress. Cambó then asked for a plebiscite to be held in Catalonia to find out whether or not the citizens of Catalonia wanted a Statute of Autonomy, but the deputies of the dynastic parties, including Alfons Sala, president of the recently created National Monarchist Union, extended the debates and the proposal was never discussed. Finally, the government closed the Cortes on February 27, taking advantage of the crisis caused by the Canadiense strike in Barcelona.
According to Javier Moreno Luzón, the government and the king stopped supporting even the project of the extra-parliamentary commission because of the pressures of the garrison of Barcelona and the violent confrontations that took place in Barcelona between the pro-Spanish Patriotic League and the Catalanists, but what definitively silenced the project was the beginning of the "social war" in Barcelona with the strike of La Canadiense in February 1919, since the "regional question" took a back seat in the concerns of the Catalan ruling classes.
On the other hand, the failure of the League favored the emergence of other more radical Catalan nationalist groups such as the Federació Democràtica Nacionalista of Francesc Macià, which would generate Estat Catalá, the Partit Republicà Català of Lluís Companys and Marcelino Domingo and the Socialist Union of Catalonia. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919 was the first Catalanist movement in favor of the granting by the Spanish parliament of a Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia. It took place between November 1918 and February 1919, during the constitutional period of the reign of Alfonso XIII and in the context of the Restoration crisis. It was promoted by the Commonwealth of Catalonia —with the support of the hegemonic Regionalist League and the Catalan Republican nationalist parties— which presented a draft of bases for the autonomy of Catalonia to the government and the Cortes in Madrid at the end of November 1918. The proposal was rejected in December, in the midst of a strong anti-Catalanist campaign promoted by the Castilian deputations that made public a Message from Castile. In January 1919, at the same time that an extra-parliamentary commission appointed by the government of the Count of Romanones was dealing with the issue, a commission appointed by the Commonwealth elaborated the first draft statute of autonomy in Catalan history, which was again rejected. The resurgence of the years of lead in Barcelona in February relegated the autonomist demand to the background. The campaign for the \"integral autonomy\" of Catalonia, as historian Javier Moreno Luzón has emphasized, \"shook the Spanish political scene to its foundations.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "We, from this Catalonia... systematically eliminated from any active intervention in the government of Spain, we, treated as separatists and localists, we to the other Spaniards of good faith, to those who feel their souls oppressed by the current impotence and wish to elevate their land to a greater internal and international dignity, we point out the obstacle: this enervating, exhausting struggle, unconscious at times, well aware now, between a predominant nationality and others that do not resign themselves to disappear; and we invite you to close this period, to harmoniously unite the Spanish nationalities with one another and all with the State, in such a way that each one freely governs its internal life and all have the participation that corresponds to their importance in the direction of the community, making Spain, in this way, not the sum of a people and the spoils of other peoples, but the living, powerful resultant of all the Spanish nations, whole, as God has made them, without mutilating them first, tearing from them the language, the culture, the personality, which are the root of their strength. [...] Do not have any illusions in Madrid; the question of Catalonia will not be solved with violence, nor with KulturKampf, nor with betrayals of former patriots, nor with the political skills of rulers who are masters at winning elections by imprisoning opposing voters and distributing favors and threats in violation of all laws. The only solution is a frank and complete autonomy. To establish it, to go to the federative consecration of the freedom of all the peninsular nations, is to begin the great Spain. To follow the path taken is to work for a weak Spain, more divided, more diminished every day.",
"title": "\"Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "—Manifesto Per Catalunya i l'Espanya gran, 1916.",
"title": "\"Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In March 1916, the Regionalist League published the manifesto Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran, written by Prat de la Riba —who would die the following year— and signed by all the deputies and senators of the party. The manifesto denounced that Catalonia was one of the peoples of Spain who saw \"the substantial elements of their spirituality, of their personality, excluded from the laws of the State\", which made them \"third-class Spaniards\". The solution was the recognition of the autonomy of Catalonia, \"a work of justice\" and \"of the highest convenience\" and to put an end to the assimilationist policy, which would make possible the authentic unity \"of all Spaniards, whole, just as God has made them\", converted into a \"peninsular empire of Iberia\" —which also implied the integration of Portugal—.",
"title": "\"Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The first attempt to carry out this program took place the following year in the context of the 1917 crisis. On July 5, Francesc Cambó gathered all the Catalan deputies and senators at the City Council of Barcelona —although the 13 monarchist deputies left the meeting immediately— who reaffirmed the will of Catalonia to become an autonomous region. In the declaration they approved, signed even by Alejandro Lerroux, it was stated \"that it is the general will of Catalonia to obtain a regime of broad autonomy\" and a federal structure was demanded in accordance with \"the reality of Spanish life\", which would increase \"its organic cohesion\" and develop \"its collective energies\". They also demanded the reopening of the Cortes, which would have the function of constituent assembly. If the Dato government did not accept any of the requests, they would call on all the deputies and senators to attend an Assembly of Parliamentarians to be held on July 19 in Barcelona.",
"title": "\"Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The government of the conservative Eduardo Dato tried to discredit the call by presenting the meeting as a \"separatist\" and \"revolutionary\" movement and finally only the deputies of the League, the Republicans, the reformists of Melquíades Álvarez and the socialist Pablo Iglesias went to Barcelona, who approved the formation of a government \"which embodied and represented the sovereign will of the country\" and which would preside over the elections to the Constituent Courts. The Assembly was dissolved by order of the civil governor of Barcelona and all the participants were arrested by the police, although as soon as they left the Palace of the Pac de la Ciutadella where they had met they were released. After the general revolutionary strike of August called by the socialists, the Assembly of Parliamentarians met again on October 30 at the Ateneo in Madrid. That same day Cambó was called to the Palace to meet with the king, who accepted his proposal to form a \"concentration government\" which would be presided over by the liberal Manuel García Prieto and which would include a minister from the League, Joan Ventosa. However, García Prieto's government lasted only a few months, giving way to another concentration government, called the \"National Government\", under the presidency of the conservative Antonio Maura, and of which Francesc Cambó himself would form part. But this government only lasted until November 1918, giving way to a purely liberal one presided over again by García Prieto.",
"title": "\"Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "When the assembly of parliamentarians and the concentration governments failed to achieve the objectives of the manifesto Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran, Cambó decided that \"Catalonia's time had come\" and the Regionalist League organized the campaign for \"integral autonomy\" for Catalonia which, according to Javier Moreno Luzón, \"shook the Spanish political scene to its foundations\".",
"title": "\"Per Catalunya i l'Espanya Gran\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In July 1918, the IV Municipal Week was held in Barcelona, in which the mayors and councilors of Catalonia participated, as well as the town hall secretaries. The organizing entity of the Week, the Escola de Funcionaris de l'Administració Local, decided to call a Plebiscit de la voluntat municipal de Catalunya in which the city councils had to pronounce on the autonomy of Catalonia \"so that it could fully develop all its energies, and reach the place that belongs to it, fulfilling its mission in the resurgence of Spain\". It had the precedent of the municipal plebiscite held in 1913 in favor of the creation of the Commonwealth of Catalonia.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "At the beginning of November 1918, on the occasion of the end of the First World War, several allied and hostile demonstrations to the monarchy were held in Barcelona, together with rallies called by radical Catalan nationalist groups. In this context, on November 5, Francesc Macià made a resounding speech in favor of the independence of Catalonia in the Congress of Deputies, which emptied as soon as he began to speak. On November 10, when the news of the abdication of the German Kaiser spread, Francesc Layret asked the Commonwealth to call an assembly of town councils to request the League of Nations to intervene in favor of Catalonia. Four days later, the Partit Republicà Català deputies Marcel-lí Domingo, Salvador Albert and Julià Nougués, supported by three other republican deputies from other regions, presented a bill in the Cortes that read: \"The Congress grants Catalonia full autonomy\".",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "On November 15 Francesc Cambó had an interview with the king in the Royal Palace during which, according to Cambó's own testimony, Alfonso XIII encouraged him to launch the autonomist campaign in order to distract \"the masses [of Catalonia] from any revolutionary purpose\". \"I see no other way to save such a difficult situation than to satisfy at once the aspirations of Catalonia, so that the Catalans stop feeling revolutionary at this moment and reinforce their adhesion to the Monarchy,\" the king told Cambó. According to the historian Javier Moreno Luzón, \"Alfonso XIII was convinced that only the League, satisfied with some autonomic potion, could dissuade the masses and stop the imminent revolution in Barcelona, a transcript of the Russian or German ones\". For Cambó, \"Catalonia's time had come\".",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The following day, November 16, in a solemn act in which various economic, cultural and professional entities were represented, and which was also attended by the deputies and senators for Catalonia and the deputies of the four provincial deputations —while a crowd gathered in the Plaza de Sant Jaime—, the president of the organizing entity of the municipal plebiscite handed to the president of the Commonwealth of Catalonia Josep Puig i Cadafalch a volume with the certificates of the Catalan town councils, which had expressed themselves overwhelmingly in favor of the autonomy of Catalonia —practically all the municipalities, representing 98% of the Catalan population—. Puig i Cadafalch then met with the members of the Permanent Council of the Commonwealth and with the Catalan parliamentarians and proposed that a committee be formed to draw up a draft of the bases for Catalan autonomy, which would be presented to the government of the liberal Manuel García Prieto. Francesc Macià, however, left the meeting after saying that autonomy was insufficient and that what had to be achieved was independence.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "On November 17, 1918, Macià gave a conference in the premises of the CADCI where he presented for the first time to the public the Catalan independence flag that he had just invented —and whose first appearance in the street had taken place the day before—: the Estelada, with a blue triangle and a white star. At the exit of the conference a demonstration was formed on the Ramblas, the first of the autonomist campaign, which was dissolved by the police. Later, when the demonstrators went to the Serbian consulate so that Macià could congratulate the consul for his victory in the war, a group of Carlist requetés appeared and began to give cheers to Spain, which were answered with cheers to Catalunya lliure, producing a serious altercation in which the police had to intervene again.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The CNT, the hegemonic workers' organization in Catalonia, did not join the autonomist campaign, but that did not mean that it defended centralism. On December 18, the official newspaper of the organization in Catalonia, Solidaridad Obrera, directed at that time by Ángel Pestaña, published an article with the significant title \"Ni con unos ni con otros\" (in English: Neither with one or the other). It said: \"In the problem of the autonomy of Catalonia [...] we cannot be with either one or the other [...] All the workers of Spain should know that the movement for autonomy carried out by the plutocrats of the League does not have the acquiescence nor the sympathy of the workers of Catalonia [...] We are not interested in the autonomy dispute, except for the protest of the people in the street. That protest, which can be translated into mutiny and that mutiny which can lead to a liberating revolution, yes, because it reflects the uneasiness of the people and the anxieties they feel to get out of this state [...] as far as it means revolt, crystallization and revolutionary events we accept it [...] we will remain on the sidelines, but in expectation\". The Catalan leader of the CNT Salvador Seguí said in a meeting held on January 12, a few days before he was arrested by the police taking advantage of the suspension of constitutional guarantees decreed by the Romanones government.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "We do not want Catalonia to be a colony like those that the manufacturers of Barcelona have, to which their workers are enslaved. We want Catalonia to be a free, conscious and well administered nation. We are more Catalan than those who boast so much of Catalanism. Nor do we want to play into the hands of the central power, since the latter is only waiting for the occasion when the men of autonomy are impotent or for any other reason, to deny its concession, on the pretext that they cannot dominate nor know how to govern the diverse elements that make up Catalonia.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The committee appointed by the Commonwealth prepared the draft of the bases in just a few days. This was maximalist in that it only specified the competences that corresponded to the State, leaving the rest for Catalonia, which meant, as historian Albert Balcells has pointed out, starting from the idea of \"a virtually sovereign Catalonia that pacts on equal terms with the Spanish State, a situation only plausible in the case of a constituent process that would entail a federalization of Spain, but inadequate in the case of a demand for a singular autonomy for Catalonia without constitutional reform; what was needed was the opposite: to establish the competences that the State ceded to Catalonia\", which was the approach that the Regionalist League leader Francesc Cambó had defended from the beginning.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "On November 25, the Catalan parliamentarians approved the draft of the bases, making it clear, at Cambó's proposal, that it was not a draft statute since \"the honor of whose initiative corresponded to the Government\", and that it had only outlined \"the general lines that... could serve as a guideline for the Government, and as a norm for the future Constitution that the Catalan people would give itself\". On November 29th the president of the Commonwealth Puig i Cadafalch, accompanied by the Consell and the Catalan parliamentarians, delivered in Madrid the project of bases for the autonomy of Catalonia to the president of the government García Prieto, who received it very coldly. That same afternoon Cambó gave a conference at the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence in which he defended the project, insisting on the idea that the autonomy of Catalonia did not imply the dismemberment of Spain.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The draft of the bases divided the government between those in favor of negotiating, led by the Count of Romanones, and those in favor of delaying the request, led by President García Prieto and Santiago Alba. The disagreement prevented the continuity of the government and García Prieto resigned —his government had lasted less than a month—. The king then entrusted the formation of the government to the Count of Romanones, the liberal leader who had defended the need to reach an agreement, although he only had the support of the deputies of his own faction. As the historian Ángeles Barrio has pointed out, the main mission of the new government was \"to steer the question of autonomy through smoother channels\".",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The mere possibility of the granting of a Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia provoked the immediate reaction of Spanish nationalism, which deployed a strong anti-Catalanist campaign based on clichés and stereotypes about Catalonia and the Catalans, but which managed to mobilize thousands of people who protested in Madrid and other cities. The campaign was initiated by the so-called trust of the liberal press of Madrid formed by the newspapers El Liberal, El Heraldo de Madrid and El Imparcial, which was soon joined by the conservative daily ABC, the newspaper with the largest circulation in Spain. Various employers' organizations, some of them linked to the liberal sector headed by Santiago Alba, called for a large demonstration in Madrid, accompanied by the closure of stores, which brought together more than 100,000 people and had an enormous impact on public opinion —the newspaper El Imparcial headlined on its front page: \"Madrid's protest against the separatism of the Catalans of the League\"—. The campaign also included the boycott of Catalan products, as would happen in 1932 when the Cortes of the Second Spanish Republic debated the draft Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "On December 2, 1918, one day after the Romanones government was formed, the deputations of Castilla y León —Santander, Valladolid, Palencia, Soria, Segovia, Avila, Salamanca, Logroño and Madrid—, gathered in Burgos, responded to Catalan pretensions with the Message of Castile, in which they defended \"national unity\" and opposed any region obtaining political autonomy that would undermine Spanish sovereignty —and even called for a boycott of \"the orders of the Catalan industrial houses\"—. They also opposed the co-officiality of Catalan, which they called a \"regional dialect\". The following day, the newspaper El Norte de Castilla headlined: \"Faced with the problem presented by Catalan nationalism, Castile affirms the Spanish nation\". It also denounced \"the separatist campaign displayed in the Basque provinces\".",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "The Andalusian deputations also manifested their opposition to Catalan autonomy, although the minority Andalusian regionalist group of Blas Infante sent a message of support to the president of the Commonwealth. For its part, the Diputación de Zaragoza demanded the Commonwealth for Aragón, but made it clear that its aspirations should not be confused with those of the Catalanists, since \"Aragón has proclaimed above all the intangibility of the homeland\". However, in Barcelona the Aragonese Regionalist Union was formed and organized an act of support for the Catalan autonomist campaign, in which the deputy for Zaragoza of the Radical Republican Party Manuel Marraco Ramón intervened and said that if Catalonia achieved autonomy it would favor Aragon.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "The presidents of the Castilian deputations delivered on December 6 the manifesto against the autonomy of Catalonia to the president of the government Romanones and to the king. The latter, who days before had encouraged Cambó to present the Statute proposal, expressed his solidarity \"with the patriotic gestures of the Castilian provinces\" and encouraged the presidents of the deputations to continue in their efforts. On December 9, the day before the debate in the Congress of Deputies on the draft Statute, some one hundred thousand people marched through the streets of Madrid in defense of \"the unity of Spain\" and against the Catalan Statute.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Unlike what happened in other parts of Spain, in the Basque Country and Navarre, the Catalan autonomist campaign found the support of Basque nationalism, which at that time was at its peak as it held the presidency of the Provincial Council of Biscay and the mayoralty of Bilbao. The Catalan aspirations connected with theirs and in fact the Basque nationalist deputies, anticipating the Catalans, had presented on November 8, 1918 in the Cortes a bill to achieve the foral reintegration —the abolition of the law of October 25, 1839 and the reestablishment of the Basque fueros— and the opening of a constituent period for Álava, Gipuzkoa, Biscay and Navarre. On December 15, the Assembly of the City Councils of Biscay met in the Bilbao City Hall, but this ended in a serious altercation between dynastics and socialists on one side and Basque nationalists on the other. A Basque nationalist demonstration later went through the streets of Bilbao, and the Maurist newspaper El Pueblo Vasco was assaulted. The response of the Romanones government was to dismiss the nationalist mayor of Bilbao, Mario Arana. On January 7, 1919 the two dynastic parties formed the Monarchist Action League to face the growth of Basque nationalism.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "In July 1918, when the end of the \"Great War\" was near, the Committee Pro Catalonia was formed with people from the Unió Catalanista, chaired by the director of the magazine La Tralla, Vicenç Albert Ballester, inventor of the Estelada, the flag of the new Catalan nationalist independence movement. The objective of the Committee was to internationalize the \"Catalan dispute\" for which it contacted the Catalan centers in America. The Regionalist League at first did not join this strategy of the radical Catalan nationalists, but its position began to change and in October the president of the Commonwealth Josep Puig i Cadafalch went to Perpignan to attend the act of homage to the French Marshal Joseph Joffre, who had been born in French Catalonia —Puig i Cadafalch invited the Marshal to come to Barcelona, a visit he made in May 1920 to preside over the Jocs Florals; on the other hand, the radical nationalist propaganda presented Marshal Joffre as a Catalan war hero—. Cambó went so far as to sound out the French government about a possible trip to Paris to defend the \"Catalan cause\" but the answer was negative, considering it an \"internal Spanish problem\".",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "In December 1918, two months after the armistice that put an end to the First World War was signed, radical Catalan nationalists formed in Paris the self-styled \"Catalan National Committee\", which imitated the Czech National Committee, to demand that the victorious countries deal with the \"Catalan lawsuit\". In the name of the \"Catalan Legion\" —the Catalans who had enlisted in the French Foreign Legion to fight against the Central Empires, and who the nationalist propaganda put at twelve thousand, although today that number is considered to be greatly inflated—the Committee sent a letter to the North American president Woodrow Wilson in which they asked for \"the revision of the ignominious Treaty of Utrecht and to allow the Catalan Nation, free and independent, to enter to occupy in the League of Nations the place that corresponds to it by its glorious past and by its present flourishing\". There is no record that they received any response and the \"Catalan dispute\" was not included in the agenda of the Paris Conference. In fact, when in January 1919 the Committee intended to organize in Paris a tribute to the Catalan volunteers who had fought in the \"Great War\", the French government did not allow the Estelada to be displayed or to be used as an act of propaganda in favor of independence and forced the meeting to be presented as a tribute to the \"Spanish volunteers\".",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Among other reasons, this was due to the efforts of the Count of Romanones, who went ahead of Cambó to find out to what extent Wilson's famous Fourteen Points could affect Spain. And the Count found himself with a message of reassurance from the President of the United States —and therefore from the rest of the allies— that the principles of those 14 points would only be imposed on the countries defeated in the conflict, not on the neutrals nor, evidently, on the victors. It must be taken into account that at that time almost the entire map of Europe was redrawn: the center (Germany), the north (Poland-Russia), the east (Balkans) and also the Middle East and the colonies in Africa and Asia, the last thing the victorious allies (who also had opposing interests in many geostrategic areas) wanted was to create another problem in the Iberian Peninsula. Therefore, the Count remained calm and Cambó had an unpleasant surprise when he found that the person he thought was going to be his main supporter —Wilson, president of the United States— simply ignored his proposals because he already had to negotiate more than a few issues throughout Europe.",
"title": "Beginning of the campaign for \"integral autonomy\""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "On December 10, 1918, the Congress of Deputies began the debate on the draft of the bases, which was defended by Francesc Cambó. In his speech he said that the definitive integration of the League into the political system of the Monarchy depended on the acceptance of the autonomy of Catalonia, without which the \"greatness of Spain\" was not possible, and that otherwise they would be \"eliminated from general politics\". He added that the granting of the Statute did not weaken the powers of the Spanish parliament because the latter could \"repeal it and even... modify it\", a statement, according to the historian Albert Balcells, \"very risky\" because \"he had recognized something that denied the sovereignty of the Catalan autonomous power\", although \"the logic of Cambó's speech —just like that of the Bases presented— was federal and constituent, since it claimed in the areas of competence of the Catalan regional power a total, complete, absolute sovereignty\".",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "The spokesman for the liberals and therefore for the government, Niceto Alcalá Zamora, spoke next and opposed the draft of the Bases, among other reasons, because it was incompatible with the Constitution of 1876 and because it granted Catalonia \"tax privileges\". He ended his speech by stating that if the Catalan nationalists wanted autonomy they should renounce their participation in the government of Spain. It was then that, addressing Cambó, he said: \"You cannot be both Bolívar of Catalonia and Bismarck of Spain\".",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "He was followed by the \"albista\" deputy Gascón y Marín who, after accusing the project of being \"pancatalanist —a claim that Alcalá Zamora had also made— opposed the transfer of the competence over civil law because of its relation with social legislation and, above all, the transfer of teaching: \"Do you think that we are not going to defend the teachers, who represent the unity of thought, the unity of Spain?",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "The following day, the expected intervention of the conservative leader Antonio Maura took place, who also opposed Catalan autonomy, although he allowed the possibility of negotiating an administrative decentralization that did not put at risk the autonomy of the municipalities \"because the municipality has, not so much a right, but a more notorious and indisputable right to autonomy than the region, and the Nation needs municipal autonomy much more and much sooner than regional autonomy\". Referring to the question of competences, he said that \"the region has been delimited by demarcating the State\" and to explain this he resorted to the following metaphor: \"An eagle that has to serve as solace in a park for the idle can be caged, an eagle that has to defend its life and that of its children cannot have a feather taken from its wings or a nail removed from its claws\". Then, addressing the Catalan deputies, he told them that, whether they liked it or not, they were Spanish: \"No one can choose their mother, or brothers, or their father's house, or their hometown, or their homeland\". His intervention was very applauded by the deputies of the two dynastic parties, including the president of the government, Count of Romanones.",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "After Maura's intervention, Cambó wrote a letter to the king on December 12 in which he terminated the secret agreement adopted a month earlier and in which he justified the withdrawal from the Cortes of the great majority of Catalan deputies and senators as a sign of protest against the rejection of the autonomy of Catalonia, a gesture that was very much disapproved by the dynastic parties. In the letter Cambó wrote:",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "The result of yesterday's session means the failure of all our actions in Spanish politics and the abandonment of all hope that the Catalan problem could have the solution in which I had placed all my illusions. A duty of political loyalty obliges me to proclaim it in Parliament before leaving for Catalonia. Believe V.M. that when writing these lines to you I am going through the most bitter trance of my life.",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "In Cambó's speech in the Congress of Deputies to explain the withdrawal of the parliamentarians, he thanked the republicans and socialists for the support they had given to the autonomy of Catalonia:",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "By great good fortune, you, men who represent currents of opinion that are not limited to a part of Spanish territory, have declared that in your sentiments the broadest political autonomy for Catalonia is compatible with the integrity, with the unity of Spain. Think of the immense responsibility that weighs on you as you are almost the only ones in general Spanish politics who maintain in your convictions and in your feelings this compatibility.",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "The following day, December 13, there were demonstrations in Barcelona in support of autonomy, harshly repressed by the police. In one of them an army lieutenant dressed in uniform arrested a demonstrator because he had shouted Visca Catalunya Lliure but the crowd prevented him from doing so and he was stripped of his saber and had to be rescued by the police. The incident was magnified by the military press of Madrid and caused great indignation among the officers of the garrison of Barcelona as the captain general of Catalonia Jaime Milans del Bosch immediately made known to the government of Romanones. For his part, the civil governor prohibited the pro-autonomist demonstrations. The measure prevented the organization of a large demonstration like the one that had been held in Madrid on December 9 against Catalan autonomy, but it was not an obstacle to the occurrence of attempted demonstrations led by radical nationalist groups that ended in serious clashes with the police.",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "On December 14, the deputies and senators who had left the Cortes and were returning from Madrid were received in Barcelona with full honors. Then a manifestation went through the main streets of Barcelona without the police intervening. Some participants stoned the headquarters of La Vanguardia, which had criticized the withdrawal of the parliamentarians, and burned copies of the newspaper in the street. It was at that moment that the police finally intervened. The following day the Republicans organized a rally in a theater in Barcelona in favor of Catalan autonomy. At the exit another demonstration was organized and the police without warning shot at the demonstrators, killing a woman who was passing by. She was the first victim of three during the autonomy campaign. No policeman was arrested or punished for these events.",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "On December 18, Cambó launched at a rally the slogan \"Monarchy? Republic? Catalonia!\". \"We do not mortgage autonomy to the Republic, nor do we wait for the Republic to implement autonomy, but we will not slow down our march because of the fact that the Monarchy may fall, We have love and adhesion to Catalonia and autonomy. We do not choose our enemies, they themselves will say against whom Catalonia has to go\", he declared. Cambó wrote to a journalist: \"I will not enter into any government in which I cannot fully develop my thoughts... without a complete agreement regarding what is going to be done and how it is going to be done\".",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "In the second half of December there were rallies in favor of autonomy, in which, together with the Republicans, the Socialists Francisco Largo Caballero and Julián Besteiro took part, as well as attempted demonstrations which ended with the intervention of the police. On December 18, a group of Spanish nationalists attacked the demonstrators with sticks without the police intervening, and the following day they forced to shout \"Viva España\" to those who cheered \"Catalunya lliure\", threatening them with pistols. On the 20th the incidents were repeated, in which the Spanish supporters fired their revolvers although there were no injuries. On the 22nd a police sergeant was wounded by a blow to the head and a lieutenant was also seriously wounded by a shot fired by an unidentified sniper.",
"title": "Debate in the Cortes on the Bases project and the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "At the proposal of Cambó with whom he had met before he announced the withdrawal of the Catalan parliamentarians, the president of the government Romanones called an extra-parliamentary commission to draft a proposal of autonomy for Catalonia that would be taken to parliament. On December 21, 1918, the Catalan parliamentarians who had left the Cortes, the Assembly of the Commonwealth and the deputies of the four deputations met in Barcelona to decide whether to participate in the commission created by the government. The republicans proposed that those present should set themselves up as a constituent assembly and draft a proposal for a Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia, while parliamentarians from the dynastic parties were of the opinion that they should form part of the government commission. Finally, it was resolved that the Council of the Commonwealth and the deputy parliamentarians would draw up a draft Statute, although without ruling out the possibility of also going to Madrid. The government expressed its displeasure at",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "the absolute omission of the published decree creating the extra-parliamentary Commission, a fact which has the value of a solemn requirement addressed to Catalonia, and the silence kept with respect to the power of the Cortes, to whom any autonomist aspiration must ultimately be submitted.",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "On December 27th, the members of the extra-parliamentary commission appointed by the government were announced. It was made up of 33 people, 18 of whom were in favor of Catalan autonomy, although the agreements had to be reached by consensus, since the draft statute to be drawn up had to be approved by the Cortes, where the two dynastic parties had a very large majority. Two days later the Council of the Commonwealth met with the Catalan members of the commission, among them Cambó and the president of the Commonwealth Puig i Cadafalch, and it was decided not to attend the commission in order not to break the unity of those who supported autonomy since the Republicans were opposed. They also argued that certain politicians had also refused to attend, such as Eduardo Dato, who had a good number of deputies behind him, which made it impossible for what the commission agreed to be endorsed by the Cortes. As a Catalan Republican newspaper said, \"the Commission was stillborn [...] and, in the end, the Cortes will decide in the last instance, annulling all effectiveness of the Commission\". In spite of this, Romanones maintained the convocation.",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "On January 2 the extra-parliamentary commission met with only 14 of its members since 19 had resigned. A five-member committee was appointed, including Antonio Maura and Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, which concluded its work on January 11. The government assumed the project and presented it to the Cortes on the 21st. The proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission consisted of 22 bases, 21 of which dealt with municipal autonomy and only one, the last one, with regional autonomy. According to this, which consisted of 18 articles and 3 transitory provisions, Catalonia would have an assembly called Diputació (one third of whose members would be elected by the town councils and by certain corporations) and a government with the name of Generalitat. The four provincial deputations would disappear, although the regional power would not have the power to modify the existing provincial territorial division. The co-officiality of Catalan was recognized, including the administration of justice. It also established the possibility of creating a regional police force that would coordinate with the state police force. There were undoubted advances but, as pointed out by the jurists appointed by the Commonwealth to study the proposal, it was more a project of administrative decentralization since no exclusive competence was granted to the regional power nor was any State service transferred to it and, in addition, a new figure was created, that of the governor general of the region, who could refuse to sanction the provisions of the Deputation and of the Generality if he considered that these contained excesses. He also appointed delegates in the four provinces, had the power to dissolve the regional assembly (or Deputation) and to call new elections if he had the approval of the government in Madrid, and maintained the powers of the civil governors in matters of freedom of the press, of association and assembly, and of public order —the Civil Guard was under his direct orders—. The Catalan jurists emphasized that the powers granted to the governor were a step backwards with respect to the relative independence that the Commonwealth had \"which has no direct contact of any kind with the [civil] governors\".",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "While the extra-parliamentary commission was working in Madrid, in Barcelona the Consell de la Commonwealth with the deputy parliamentarians was working on its own draft Statute. It was finished on January 17, a few days after the Madrid commission presented theirs. Four changes were made to the November draft to make it possible for it to be approved by the Cortes. Firstly, the reference to other territories outside Catalonia that could be incorporated into it was eliminated, so that it would not be accused of being a \"pan-Catalanist\" project. Secondly, the competences that would correspond to the regional power were listed, contrary to what had been done in the bases in which only the competences of the State were listed, so that all those that were not included in the list would correspond to the autonomous region. Thirdly, the mixed and parity commission established in the bases, which was in charge of settling conflicts of competences, was renounced, passing this power to the Spanish Parliament, so that it was left to be both judge and party. Fourthly, the figure of the governor general was incorporated with practically the same powers as in the project of the extra-parliamentary commission of Madrid, although the competence over public order was removed. In conclusion, as the historian Albert Balcells has pointed out, \"the draft statute of the Commonwealth of 1919 contained substantial concessions to the central power in comparison with the bases drafted in November 1918 in the four aspects that had been most criticized in Madrid in the parliamentary debate that had provoked the withdrawal of the Catalan deputies\".",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "The draft Statute of the Commonwealth maintained the bicameral regional parliament proposed in the bases, with a senate elected by the councilors of the municipalities and a congress elected by universal suffrage, by means of the majority electoral system except in the constituency constituted by the city of Barcelona, which would be proportional. The ministers of the Catalan government, appointed by the governor general, would be responsible to the two chambers. In addition to legislating on the matters that the Statute declared to be exclusive to the regional power, the Catalan congress and senate could agree on amendments to the laws passed by the Cortes in certain matters, such as social legislation, which would only apply in Catalonia, provided that the Cortes did not oppose them.",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "The powers that corresponded to Catalonia included education at all levels, with the obligation to teach Spanish in primary schools; the municipal and provincial regime, which included the power to modify the territorial division of Catalonia; Catalan civil law, including the creation of a court of cassation; the organization of the administration of justice in Catalonia; public works, except those considered to be of general Spanish interest; telephones; forestry and agricultural services, including the draining and clearing of uncultivated land; charity and health; and public order. To finance these services, a treasury was created to which direct contributions would be transferred. On the other hand, the Statute did not contain any definition of Catalonia, neither as an \"autonomous region\" (Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932), nor as a \"nationality\" (Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979). Nor was there an article establishing the official or co-official status of Catalan.",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "On January 24 and 25, 1919, the extraordinary Assembly of the Commonwealth and the Catalan parliamentarians debated extensively and unanimously approved —the Catalan deputies and senators of the dynastic parties also voted in favor— the draft Statute of the Consell, which was ratified on Sunday 26th by the mayors and delegates of the Catalan municipalities gathered at the Palau de la Música Catalana in Barcelona —of the 1072 Catalan municipalities 1046, representing 99% of the population, presented the minutes in which their favorable vote was recorded—. In the Palau, Cambó he said:",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "Never in Catalonia had the will of the Catalan people been so fully expressed as it is at this moment; whatever is agreed here is undoubtedly the expression of the will of Catalonia.",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "Between January 11 and 26, 1919, while the draft of the Statute of the Commonwealth was being elaborated, practically every day the attempts of demonstration of the Catalan nationalist groups to the cry of \"Visca Catalunya Lliure\" and the police charges to prevent them returned to the center of Barcelona. Spanish nationalist groups of the Spanish Patriotic League also intervened, shouting \"Viva España\" and attacking demonstrators or people wearing ribbons with the Catalan flag. In these incidents the police acted on the side of the pro-Spanish protesters and arrested only the Catalan nationalists accused of \"incitement to rebellion\", a fact that was denounced by the press. Sometimes it was the police themselves who removed the ribbons with the four-colored flag from their lapels. CNT leaders were also arrested, such as Salvador Seguí, the Noi del sucre, and the newspaper Solidaridad Obrera was closed. On January 17 a large group of the Patriotic League, among them army officers stationed in Barcelona, burst into a theater at the moment when those gathered were singing the hymn Els Segadors and began to shoot. Numerous people were wounded due to the panic caused by the violent irruption, one of them shot, but none of the assailants was arrested. The government then decreed the suspension of constitutional guarantees, so censorship was imposed and the press could no longer report on the anti-Catalanist violence or the actions of the police. The conservative newspaper La Vanguardia justified the suspension by equating the autonomist campaign with the strikes and anarchist attacks. In its editorial of the 19th it said:",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "[...] the street riots repeated with futile pretexts; the strikes also daily planned, the attacks against workers and bosses, the expectation [...] of a threatening regional Assembly, and above all the revolutionary propaganda [...] all contribute to the exacerbation of passions in the cause of autonomy and unionism [...], giving the paradox that the opposing forces, such as the revolutionary parties and some Catalanists who call themselves conservatives, collaborate in sustaining the abnormality, of course without involving the respective disputes, which they keep perfectly separate. But in vain do these elements want to disengage themselves from the campaign of the unions, to which they involuntarily lend help with their rebellious attitude; their issues are different, but the abnormality receives the incentive from both sides, and thus we see the government turn with the same haste to the two sources of disturbance, entrusting to a committee the drafting of the regional statute and immediately ordering the Institute of Social Reforms to study new improvements for the working class.",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "After the suspension of the guarantees, the violence of the groups of the Spanish Patriotic League did not stop. On January 17 they wounded a young Catalan nationalist worker who died three days later. On the 24th the police charges were extraordinarily harsh, causing serious damage to the cafés on the Rambla when the police broke into them in pursuit of the demonstrators. The regionalist deputy Pere Rahola compared the police action to the brutal treatment given by the indigenous police to the Rifian rebels in the Spanish protectorate of Morocco. On Sunday, January 27, while the act of ratification by the municipal delegates of the draft Statute of the Commonwealth was being held in the Palacio de la Música, the last violent confrontations took place. That day a young man wearing a tie with the colors of the Catalan flag was attacked by a group of the Spanish Patriotic League, but the people came to his defense and the aggressors had to flee. At noon there was a shooting confrontation between Carlist requetés and members of the Patriotic League when the latter tried to remove the ties with the Catalan flag they were wearing on their lapels. Seven people were wounded by gunshot, two of them very seriously —one a Carlist and the other a member of the Patriotic League—. The police arrested twenty people, none of them from the Patriotic League. In another place in Barcelona, groups of the Patriotic League seriously wounded a young man who died a few days later. He was the third and last fatality during the autonomist campaign. On January 28 the civil governor ordered the closure of the premises of the CADCI and those of the Spanish Patriotic League, although its members continued to meet without police intervention, and prohibited the display of Catalan flags in unofficial places and the wearing of ribbons with the four-colored flag.",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "After January 27, Catalan nationalist agitation ceased and the Spanish Patriotic League discontinued its activities. \"In any case, it cannot be considered that the Spanish Patriotic League and the radical nationalist groups were the two extreme sides of the same phenomenon. The members of the League used firearms, and this fact has no correspondence in the radical nationalist groups. The leniency of the police with the former contrasts with the violence they exercised on the latter. It seems that the Patriotic League was an auxiliary group of police and military; in fact, it disappeared without a trace, although some of its members must have joined various later extreme right-wing groups\".",
"title": "Proposal of the extra-parliamentary commission and draft Statute of the Commonwealth"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "The Catalan parliamentarians returned to the Cortes to try to get the draft Statute of the Commonwealth approved. On January 28, 1919, Francesc Cambó participated in the Congress. He first referred to the practically unanimous support that the draft Statute of the Commonwealth had received from the Catalan town councils and confronted those who said that it broke the unity of Spain:",
"title": "Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "That manifestation of will creates a right, creates the most sacred right, the only legitimate foundation of a power and of a sovereignty. Those who affirm that this authentically expressed will and that we are willing to submit to the unsurpassable ratification of the individual plebiscite, which would undoubtedly consecrate it, those who understand that this attacks the unity of Spain, begin by declaring that today Catalonia is already spiritually, in spirit and in will, separated from Spain. Think about it.",
"title": "Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "He then stated that the approval of the project of the extra-parliamentary commission that the government had backed would not resolve the question: \"The day after the government's project was approved, even with all the modifications compatible with its nature, the problem would remain the same\". Cambó ended his intervention with some defiant phrases: \"A nation on its feet, unanimous, which formulates an aspiration (whispers) that refers to the regime of its internal life, do you think that in 1919, when the League of Nations is being forged, it does not have the right to what it is requesting? (louder whispers). To the government and to the representatives of the forces which may replace it I require them to express their opinion.\" However, the government maintained its position of assuming as its own the project of the extra-parliamentary commission and not that of the Commonwealth, which is why it was not debated in the Cortes.",
"title": "Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "On February 6, the debate began in the Congress of Deputies on the opinion of the parliamentary commission that had studied the draft Statute of the extra-parliamentary commission. The following day, Cambó intervened to oppose the project and to propose the debate on that of the Commonwealth, \"because our Statute is a minimum, because in drafting it we took into account that we had no right to raise a bargaining dispute, that in what could be compromised we had to compromise, and we did not have to ask for anything more than what was absolutely indispensable for the autonomy of Catalonia to be a reality, not a fiction\". He went on to add that if what was being asked for was seen as a separatist proposal it was tantamount to saying \"that we are already spiritually separated and that the union is maintained by force\". Then he accused the President of the Government of his lack of support for the Commonwealth project with the phrase: \"Your Lordship, like Faust, in order to prolong his ministerial life, has sold his soul to the devil\". To which Romanones replied with laughter: \"He would have made a good deal!\".",
"title": "Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "Next, the liberal Niceto Alcalá Zamora intervened on behalf of the commission to attack the project of the Commonwealth, alleging that it had been the result of an \"illegal deliberation of an irregularly constituted assembly [...] before which we do not have to submit\" and declaring himself absolutely opposed to the transfer of the competences that the project attributed to Catalonia. The president of the government then intervened to say that only the project of the extra-parliamentary commission would be discussed. At this impasse, the Catalan republican, regionalist and traditionalist deputies, but not those of the dynastic parties, presented a motion on February 18 for a plebiscite on autonomy to be held in Catalonia. To support the proposal Cambó intervened three days later to say:",
"title": "Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "... our problem is the following: a nation, the Catalan nation, for centuries has lived as an independent state and has produced a language, a civil law, a political law and a general sentiment that has characterized the expression of its life. And this nation first joined the Crown of Spain, then the incorporation was total with the state, and in centuries of coexistence have created common interests, have created spiritual ties that have established a formula of common patriotism that would be foolish to want to destroy; but at the same time, this personality that had had a life of its own, independent, subsists, and has not disappeared; the language, the law, the juridical sense and the public spirit of its own have persisted, and all that, which was a biological fact while there was not a phenomenon of will that turned it into a political fact. This will, what does it say, what does it express, what does it want? It wants Catalonia to have full sovereignty to govern itself in everything that concerns Catalonia's own internal life, and that in everything that affects everything beyond its borders, there should be only one unity, which is Spain.",
"title": "Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"text": "The president of the government Romanones declared that he was opposed to the referendum and that he recognized the will of the Catalans to have a statute of autonomy but that it should not necessarily be that of the Commonwealth. Finally, Romanones closed the Cortes on February 27th —precisely the day on which the Catalan plebiscite proposal was to be voted—, taking as a pretext the social conflict that had broken out in Barcelona as a result of the La Canadiense strike. The promoters of the autonomist campaign with Cambó at the head decided then not to promote any movement of civil resistance or municipal boycott, but rather to end the campaign. As Albert Balcells has pointed out, \"afterwards it was very easy to say that the Canadiense strike had prevented the municipal boycott. But it is clear that the Somatén could not be prepared as an anti-unionist force under the orders of the captain general [before whom it paraded in Barcelona on January 12] and, at the same time, program a movement of civil disobedience that should have confronted the captain general\". Moreover, it should not be forgotten that the Spanish National Monarchist Union (UMN) had just been formed, which constituted a serious threat to the hitherto hegemonic Regionalist League and to the autonomist movement, which until then had had almost all the Catalan parliamentarians of the dynastic parties.",
"title": "Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"text": "\"During the four years that followed the events of 1919, the existence of the UMN, together with the predominance of the periods of exception, which were directed against the CNT but restricted general political freedoms, made it impossible to rebuild the autonomist front to raise again the demand for a statute. The League, which through the words of Francesc Cambó had solemnly announced in the Cortes that it would not participate again in any government until the favorable resolution of the autonomist demands, would form part, with Cambó as Minister of Finance and after the disaster of Annual in Morocco, of the Maura-De la Cierva government of August 1921, without any decentralizing counterpart, and then, with Bertan i Musitu as Minister of Justice, but for a very short time, of the Sánchez Guerra government in March 1922\".",
"title": "Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"text": "In conclusion, according to historian Borja de Riquer, the extra-parliamentary commission presided over by Antonio Maura drew up a draft Statute that was very limited and therefore unacceptable to the Catalan deputies who had returned to Congress. Cambó then asked for a plebiscite to be held in Catalonia to find out whether or not the citizens of Catalonia wanted a Statute of Autonomy, but the deputies of the dynastic parties, including Alfons Sala, president of the recently created National Monarchist Union, extended the debates and the proposal was never discussed. Finally, the government closed the Cortes on February 27, taking advantage of the crisis caused by the Canadiense strike in Barcelona.",
"title": "Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"text": "According to Javier Moreno Luzón, the government and the king stopped supporting even the project of the extra-parliamentary commission because of the pressures of the garrison of Barcelona and the violent confrontations that took place in Barcelona between the pro-Spanish Patriotic League and the Catalanists, but what definitively silenced the project was the beginning of the \"social war\" in Barcelona with the strike of La Canadiense in February 1919, since the \"regional question\" took a back seat in the concerns of the Catalan ruling classes.",
"title": "Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"text": "On the other hand, the failure of the League favored the emergence of other more radical Catalan nationalist groups such as the Federació Democràtica Nacionalista of Francesc Macià, which would generate Estat Catalá, the Partit Republicà Català of Lluís Companys and Marcelino Domingo and the Socialist Union of Catalonia.",
"title": "Second debate in the Cortes and end of the campaign"
}
] | The Catalan autonomist campaign of 1918-1919 was the first Catalanist movement in favor of the granting by the Spanish parliament of a Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia. It took place between November 1918 and February 1919, during the constitutional period of the reign of Alfonso XIII and in the context of the Restoration crisis. It was promoted by the Commonwealth of Catalonia —with the support of the hegemonic Regionalist League and the Catalan Republican nationalist parties— which presented a draft of bases for the autonomy of Catalonia to the government and the Cortes in Madrid at the end of November 1918. The proposal was rejected in December, in the midst of a strong anti-Catalanist campaign promoted by the Castilian deputations that made public a Message from Castile. In January 1919, at the same time that an extra-parliamentary commission appointed by the government of the Count of Romanones was dealing with the issue, a commission appointed by the Commonwealth elaborated the first draft statute of autonomy in Catalan history, which was again rejected. The resurgence of the years of lead in Barcelona in February relegated the autonomist demand to the background. The campaign for the "integral autonomy" of Catalonia, as historian Javier Moreno Luzón has emphasized, "shook the Spanish political scene to its foundations." | 2023-12-13T23:13:02Z | 2023-12-14T11:31:03Z | [
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:ISBN",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Sfn",
"Template:Quote box",
"Template:Lang-es",
"Template:Main"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_autonomist_campaign_of_1918-1919 |
75,558,303 | Bonner Wall station | Bonner Wall station is a station on Cologne Stadtbahn line 17. It is the most southern underground station on the North-South Stadtbahn tunnel. The station opened on 13 December 2015 with interim service on line 17. When the entire North-South Stadtbahn tunnel is complete, it is expected to be served by both lines 5 and 16.
Media related to Bonner Wall station at Wikimedia Commons | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bonner Wall station is a station on Cologne Stadtbahn line 17. It is the most southern underground station on the North-South Stadtbahn tunnel. The station opened on 13 December 2015 with interim service on line 17. When the entire North-South Stadtbahn tunnel is complete, it is expected to be served by both lines 5 and 16.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Media related to Bonner Wall station at Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Bonner Wall station is a station on Cologne Stadtbahn line 17. It is the most southern underground station on the North-South Stadtbahn tunnel. The station opened on 13 December 2015 with interim service on line 17. When the entire North-South Stadtbahn tunnel is complete, it is expected to be served by both lines 5 and 16. | 2023-12-13T23:13:05Z | 2023-12-13T23:14:27Z | [
"Template:Germany-metro-stub",
"Template:NorthRhineWestphalia-railstation-stub",
"Template:Infobox station",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Commons category-inline",
"Template:In lang"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonner_Wall_station |
75,558,326 | Ally Sentnor | Allyson Marie Sentnor (born February 18, 2004) is an American soccer player. She plays college soccer for the North Carolina Tar Heels. She has played internationally for the United States women's youth national team, most recently the under-20 team.
Sentnor grew up in Hanson, Massachusetts, in Boston's South Shore, the oldest of three children of Richard and Lee Sentnor. She began playing soccer at age four. She played club soccer alongside future UCLA player Lilly Reale for South Shore Select of Hingham, Massachusetts, and frequently trained with the Boston Bolts boys' team. She often played futsal, an indoor soccer variant, which helped develop her touch in constrained spaces. She graduated a year early from Thayer Academy in 2021.
Sentnor began attending the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the fall of 2021. Minutes into her first preseason game in August 2021, she tore her ACL and it took nine months to recover after surgery. She returned to the college field in August 2022, scoring in a 2–0 win against UNC Wilmington. She scored ten goals in her redshirt freshman season and was named to the All-ACC first team; five of her goals came in the 2022 NCAA tournament, where North Carolina reached the final.
The next season, Sentnor led the team with 11 goals and 7 assists and was named the 2023 ACC Midfielder of the Year, first-team All-ACC, and third-team All-American.
Sentnor began participating in youth national team training camps in seventh grade. She was the youngest player at the under-14 team camp in July 2016 at age 12 and at the under-15 team camp in June 2017 at 13. She traveled to Germany as the youngest member of the under-15 team in November 2017, scoring five goals in two games. She was named the most valuable player of the 2018 Weifang Cup, won by the under-15 team. She was the youngest player on the national under-18 team roster in February 2019 and scored twice in two friendlies against England.
Following her ACL recovery, Sentnor was called up to the national under-20 team and played her first matches outside of scrimmages at the 2022 Sud Ladies Cup in June 2022. In August 2022, she appeared in all three group stage matches at 2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, scoring once against Ghana. The next year, she scored four goals at the 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship to help the team qualify for the 2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.
Individual | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Allyson Marie Sentnor (born February 18, 2004) is an American soccer player. She plays college soccer for the North Carolina Tar Heels. She has played internationally for the United States women's youth national team, most recently the under-20 team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sentnor grew up in Hanson, Massachusetts, in Boston's South Shore, the oldest of three children of Richard and Lee Sentnor. She began playing soccer at age four. She played club soccer alongside future UCLA player Lilly Reale for South Shore Select of Hingham, Massachusetts, and frequently trained with the Boston Bolts boys' team. She often played futsal, an indoor soccer variant, which helped develop her touch in constrained spaces. She graduated a year early from Thayer Academy in 2021.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sentnor began attending the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the fall of 2021. Minutes into her first preseason game in August 2021, she tore her ACL and it took nine months to recover after surgery. She returned to the college field in August 2022, scoring in a 2–0 win against UNC Wilmington. She scored ten goals in her redshirt freshman season and was named to the All-ACC first team; five of her goals came in the 2022 NCAA tournament, where North Carolina reached the final.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The next season, Sentnor led the team with 11 goals and 7 assists and was named the 2023 ACC Midfielder of the Year, first-team All-ACC, and third-team All-American.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Sentnor began participating in youth national team training camps in seventh grade. She was the youngest player at the under-14 team camp in July 2016 at age 12 and at the under-15 team camp in June 2017 at 13. She traveled to Germany as the youngest member of the under-15 team in November 2017, scoring five goals in two games. She was named the most valuable player of the 2018 Weifang Cup, won by the under-15 team. She was the youngest player on the national under-18 team roster in February 2019 and scored twice in two friendlies against England.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Following her ACL recovery, Sentnor was called up to the national under-20 team and played her first matches outside of scrimmages at the 2022 Sud Ladies Cup in June 2022. In August 2022, she appeared in all three group stage matches at 2022 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup, scoring once against Ghana. The next year, she scored four goals at the 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship to help the team qualify for the 2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Individual",
"title": "Awards and honors"
}
] | Allyson Marie Sentnor is an American soccer player. She plays college soccer for the North Carolina Tar Heels. She has played internationally for the United States women's youth national team, most recently the under-20 team. | 2023-12-13T23:16:35Z | 2023-12-21T08:08:54Z | [
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Commons category",
"Template:Soccerway",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ally_Sentnor |
75,558,350 | HIV latency | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has the capability to enter a latent stage of infection where it exists as a dormant provirus in CD4+ T-cells. Most latently infected cells are resting memory T cells, however a small fraction of latently infected cells isolated from HIV patients are naive CD4 T cells.
HIV transcription is controlled by the 5’ Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) region of the provirus, which serves as the key promoter.
The LTR promoter has multiple upstream DNA regulatory elements: there are three SP1-binding sites, a TATA element, and an initiator sequence. The LTR has two NF-кB binding motifs that are capable of binding both NF-кB transcription factors as well as NFATs. The LTR promoter is very noisy and prone to large bursts of transcription. While signaling through the NF-кB enhancers has been shown to be necessary for re-activation of latent proviruses, mutations in these sites do not completely inhibit viral growth in cell line experiments.
The LTR of HIV is positively auto regulated by the Tat (transcription activator) protein, which is found towards the 3’ end of the HIV genome. Without Tat activity, HIV transcription is restricted and often results in abortive transcripts. Tat activates the LTR through interactions with the elongation factor P-TEFb; Tat binds to cyclin T1, which is a unit of P-TEFb. Tat:P-TEFb directs RNA polymerases to the provirus genome by binding the HIV transactivation response (TAR) element, an RNA stem-loop structure.
The mechanisms underpinning HIV latency and proviral induction are not thoroughly understood, and two competing models attempt to explain how latency is controlled.
In the cell-dependent model of latency regulation, host cell processes control provirus latency and induction. Generally, this model proposes that the relaxation of active CD4+ T-cells to a resting or quiescent state as memory T cells restricts proviral transcription and leads to latency.
Multiple host-cell processes have been experimentally linked to HIV latency regulation. Observations both in patient samples and in vitro experiments with T cell lines have correlated latency with the relaxation of activated T cells to a resting-memory state. Latency was initially thought to be due to HIV proviral genome integration into heterochromatin, but later it was found that latent proviral transcripts were still preferentially integrated into active genes. The main changes in cell state observed are epigenetic silencing of the HIV LTR as well as cytosolic sequestration of NF-кB and NFAST, which can activate HIV transcription if present in the nucleus. The LTRs of latent proviruses acquire heterochromatic structures instead of integrating into previously heterochromatic areas, and show high levels of deacetylated and methylated histones, which reinforces the role of chromatin restriction in latency regulation. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are recruited to the proviral genome during latency establishment and methylate key Histone H3 Lysines, indicating a role of HDACs in latency regulation.
In addition to cytosolic sequestration of transcription factors, the P-TEFb complex is restricted in quiescent T cells through incorporation into an RNP complex. In latently infected cells, NF-кB induction and TNF-α have been shown to be necessary but not sufficient for viral induction. T-cell Receptor (TCR) activation has been shown to activate proviral transcription in latently-infected memory T cells, indicating some correlation between proviral induction and T cell state.
In contrast to the cell-dependent model, the cell-autonomous model proposes that HIV latency decisions are largely driven by the Tat-positive feedback loop and latency is therefore a probabilistic response due to intrinsically-generated phenotypic heterogeneity rather than host-cell-determined.
Multiple studies have found that proviral induction is dependent on the Tat autoregulation response. In a study focused on understanding the diversity of roles of Sp1 and NF-кB binding elements in the LTR, authors noted that the Tat autoregulatory circuit resulted in a phenotypic bifurcation of genetically identical cells where viral gene expression was either off or highly induced. Additionally, primate studies of HIV latency have shown that latent cells emerge before the adaptive immune response is established, indicating that latency cannot entirely be dependent on T-cell relaxation after peak adaptive immune response. Latency is also established in cell-culture models with up to a 50% probability of establishment.
Some research has shown that the Tat positive-feedback loop in isolation has the ability to establish latency via stochastic noise, and that T-cell relaxation is not sufficient to drive latency. This model proposes to explain why many latent proviruses are not reactivated along with T-cell reactivation: instead of a deterministic mechanism, cellular activation or relaxation would probabilistically affect HIV latency decisions, which is consistent with other work showing that LTR regulatory sites have some influence on the frequency of phenotypic bifurcation of HIV transcription.
One key hypothesis put forward is that latency allows HIV infection to persist past the initial mucosal stage; latently infected cells could allow HIV to disseminate from mucosal tissue to lymph nodes with much higher populations of the target CD4+ T cells. This hypothesis is supported by observations that HIV infections appear to expand from single founder sequences, indicating that the mucosal infection provides a bottleneck. A two-compartment model of HIV dissemination and transmission predicts that the probability of latency for an HIV provirus should be close to 50% to balance dissemination from the mucosal tissue and transmission inoculum.
Latently infected cells are the key barrier to viral elimination by current antiretroviral therapies. A study focused on determining the frequency of latently infected cells in patients on combination antiretroviral therapy found that latently infected cells created a stable reservoir of virus with a half-life of 43 months. This latent reservoir forces patients to continuously take antiretroviral therapy to avoid viral re-emergence. An additional study found that actively infected cells and viremia re-emerge within weeks of antiretroviral therapy being discontinued.
Some work has been put into a “shock and kill” strategy to circumvent the challenge posed by latently infected reservoirs: before antiretrovirals, there is a “shock” phase that attempts to reactivate most latent proviruses. So far, these “shock” phases focus on drugs that stimulate P-TEFb nuclear mobilization and direct transcriptional activation of HIV. Further work is being done to understand LTR noise and more effectively activate or kill latently infected cells. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has the capability to enter a latent stage of infection where it exists as a dormant provirus in CD4+ T-cells. Most latently infected cells are resting memory T cells, however a small fraction of latently infected cells isolated from HIV patients are naive CD4 T cells.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "HIV transcription is controlled by the 5’ Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) region of the provirus, which serves as the key promoter.",
"title": "Molecular Control of HIV Latency"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The LTR promoter has multiple upstream DNA regulatory elements: there are three SP1-binding sites, a TATA element, and an initiator sequence. The LTR has two NF-кB binding motifs that are capable of binding both NF-кB transcription factors as well as NFATs. The LTR promoter is very noisy and prone to large bursts of transcription. While signaling through the NF-кB enhancers has been shown to be necessary for re-activation of latent proviruses, mutations in these sites do not completely inhibit viral growth in cell line experiments.",
"title": "Molecular Control of HIV Latency"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The LTR of HIV is positively auto regulated by the Tat (transcription activator) protein, which is found towards the 3’ end of the HIV genome. Without Tat activity, HIV transcription is restricted and often results in abortive transcripts. Tat activates the LTR through interactions with the elongation factor P-TEFb; Tat binds to cyclin T1, which is a unit of P-TEFb. Tat:P-TEFb directs RNA polymerases to the provirus genome by binding the HIV transactivation response (TAR) element, an RNA stem-loop structure.",
"title": "Molecular Control of HIV Latency"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The mechanisms underpinning HIV latency and proviral induction are not thoroughly understood, and two competing models attempt to explain how latency is controlled.",
"title": "Latency Regulation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In the cell-dependent model of latency regulation, host cell processes control provirus latency and induction. Generally, this model proposes that the relaxation of active CD4+ T-cells to a resting or quiescent state as memory T cells restricts proviral transcription and leads to latency.",
"title": "Latency Regulation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Multiple host-cell processes have been experimentally linked to HIV latency regulation. Observations both in patient samples and in vitro experiments with T cell lines have correlated latency with the relaxation of activated T cells to a resting-memory state. Latency was initially thought to be due to HIV proviral genome integration into heterochromatin, but later it was found that latent proviral transcripts were still preferentially integrated into active genes. The main changes in cell state observed are epigenetic silencing of the HIV LTR as well as cytosolic sequestration of NF-кB and NFAST, which can activate HIV transcription if present in the nucleus. The LTRs of latent proviruses acquire heterochromatic structures instead of integrating into previously heterochromatic areas, and show high levels of deacetylated and methylated histones, which reinforces the role of chromatin restriction in latency regulation. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are recruited to the proviral genome during latency establishment and methylate key Histone H3 Lysines, indicating a role of HDACs in latency regulation.",
"title": "Latency Regulation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In addition to cytosolic sequestration of transcription factors, the P-TEFb complex is restricted in quiescent T cells through incorporation into an RNP complex. In latently infected cells, NF-кB induction and TNF-α have been shown to be necessary but not sufficient for viral induction. T-cell Receptor (TCR) activation has been shown to activate proviral transcription in latently-infected memory T cells, indicating some correlation between proviral induction and T cell state.",
"title": "Latency Regulation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In contrast to the cell-dependent model, the cell-autonomous model proposes that HIV latency decisions are largely driven by the Tat-positive feedback loop and latency is therefore a probabilistic response due to intrinsically-generated phenotypic heterogeneity rather than host-cell-determined.",
"title": "Latency Regulation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Multiple studies have found that proviral induction is dependent on the Tat autoregulation response. In a study focused on understanding the diversity of roles of Sp1 and NF-кB binding elements in the LTR, authors noted that the Tat autoregulatory circuit resulted in a phenotypic bifurcation of genetically identical cells where viral gene expression was either off or highly induced. Additionally, primate studies of HIV latency have shown that latent cells emerge before the adaptive immune response is established, indicating that latency cannot entirely be dependent on T-cell relaxation after peak adaptive immune response. Latency is also established in cell-culture models with up to a 50% probability of establishment.",
"title": "Latency Regulation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Some research has shown that the Tat positive-feedback loop in isolation has the ability to establish latency via stochastic noise, and that T-cell relaxation is not sufficient to drive latency. This model proposes to explain why many latent proviruses are not reactivated along with T-cell reactivation: instead of a deterministic mechanism, cellular activation or relaxation would probabilistically affect HIV latency decisions, which is consistent with other work showing that LTR regulatory sites have some influence on the frequency of phenotypic bifurcation of HIV transcription.",
"title": "Latency Regulation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "One key hypothesis put forward is that latency allows HIV infection to persist past the initial mucosal stage; latently infected cells could allow HIV to disseminate from mucosal tissue to lymph nodes with much higher populations of the target CD4+ T cells. This hypothesis is supported by observations that HIV infections appear to expand from single founder sequences, indicating that the mucosal infection provides a bottleneck. A two-compartment model of HIV dissemination and transmission predicts that the probability of latency for an HIV provirus should be close to 50% to balance dissemination from the mucosal tissue and transmission inoculum.",
"title": "Latency Regulation"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Latently infected cells are the key barrier to viral elimination by current antiretroviral therapies. A study focused on determining the frequency of latently infected cells in patients on combination antiretroviral therapy found that latently infected cells created a stable reservoir of virus with a half-life of 43 months. This latent reservoir forces patients to continuously take antiretroviral therapy to avoid viral re-emergence. An additional study found that actively infected cells and viremia re-emerge within weeks of antiretroviral therapy being discontinued.",
"title": "Clinical Relevance"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Some work has been put into a “shock and kill” strategy to circumvent the challenge posed by latently infected reservoirs: before antiretrovirals, there is a “shock” phase that attempts to reactivate most latent proviruses. So far, these “shock” phases focus on drugs that stimulate P-TEFb nuclear mobilization and direct transcriptional activation of HIV. Further work is being done to understand LTR noise and more effectively activate or kill latently infected cells.",
"title": "Clinical Relevance"
}
] | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has the capability to enter a latent stage of infection where it exists as a dormant provirus in CD4+ T-cells. Most latently infected cells are resting memory T cells, however a small fraction of latently infected cells isolated from HIV patients are naive CD4 T cells. | 2023-12-13T23:23:23Z | 2023-12-30T20:33:26Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV_latency |
75,558,351 | Meir Kadosh | Meir Kadosh (born 25 November 1965) is a former Israeli footballer. Played 11 season for Beitar Jerusalem until his retirement.
Kadosh started to play football in Beitar Jerusalem. On the 19th fixture of 1984–85 against Maccabi Haifa Kadosh passed back to the goalkeeper Yossi Mizrahi but the ball got stuck in puddle and Avraham Abukarat scored for Haifa.
Today Kadosh has car lot in Jerusalem. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Meir Kadosh (born 25 November 1965) is a former Israeli footballer. Played 11 season for Beitar Jerusalem until his retirement.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kadosh started to play football in Beitar Jerusalem. On the 19th fixture of 1984–85 against Maccabi Haifa Kadosh passed back to the goalkeeper Yossi Mizrahi but the ball got stuck in puddle and Avraham Abukarat scored for Haifa.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Today Kadosh has car lot in Jerusalem.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Meir Kadosh is a former Israeli footballer. Played 11 season for Beitar Jerusalem until his retirement. | 2023-12-13T23:23:47Z | 2023-12-14T23:51:58Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meir_Kadosh |
75,558,353 | Order of precedence in Newfoundland and Labrador | The Newfoundland and Labrador order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It has no legal standing but is used to dictate ceremonial protocol at events of a provincial nature. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Newfoundland and Labrador order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It has no legal standing but is used to dictate ceremonial protocol at events of a provincial nature.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Newfoundland and Labrador order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It has no legal standing but is used to dictate ceremonial protocol at events of a provincial nature. The Sovereign Consort of the Sovereign Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador
Chief Justice of Newfoundland and Labrador
Speaker of the House of Assembly
Former Lieutenant Governors, in order of their departure from office
Frank Fagan Judy Foote Former Premiers, in order of their departure from office
Brian Peckford Tom Rideout
Clyde Wells Brian Tobin Beaton Tulk
Roger Grimes Danny Williams Kathy Dunderdale
Tom Marshall Paul Davis
Dwight Ball
Members of the Executive Council
Leader of the Opposition
Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada resident in Newfoundland and Labrador
Members of the Cabinet of Canada who represent Newfoundland and Labrador
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador
Associate Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador
Puisne justices of the Court of Appeal
Justices of the Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador
Chief Judge of the Provincial Court
Associate Chief Judge of the Provincial Court Puisne judges of the Provincial Court
Associate Chief Judge of the Family Court
Puisne judges of the Family Court
Members of the House of Assembly
Members of the Senate who represent Newfoundland and Labrador
Members of the House of Commons who represent Newfoundland and Labrador
Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. John's
Bishop of Eastern Newfoundland & Labrador
Minister of the Presbyterian Church
Heads of Consular Post with jurisdiction in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador with precedence governed by date of exequatur
Honorary Consulate-General of Ireland
Consul General of France
Consulate General of Portugal
Honorary Consulate of Italy
General Consulate of The Netherlands
Mayor of St. John's
Mayor of Corner Brook
Mayor of Mount Pearl
Mayors or other elected officials of incorporated municipalities, precedence governed alphabetically by municipality name
Recipients of the Victoria Cross resident in Newfoundland and Labrador
Commanding Officers, precedence governed by Canadian Armed Forces order of precedence CFB Gander
CFB Goose Bay
CFS St. John's
Chief of Police, Royal Newfoundland Constabulary
Commanding Officer "B" Division, Royal Canadian Mounted Police
High Sheriff of Newfoundland and Labrador
Members of the Order of Newfoundland and Labrador
Chancellor of Memorial University of Newfoundland
President and vice-chancellor of Memorial University of Newfoundland | 2023-12-13T23:24:21Z | 2024-01-01T00:34:06Z | [
"Template:Post-nominals",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:About",
"Template:Primary sources",
"Template:Precedence",
"Template:Flagicon image"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador |
75,558,359 | Lauren Acampora | Lauren Acampora is an American novelist and short story writer. She is the author of The Wonder Garden, a collection of linked short stories, and the novels The Paper Wasp, and The Hundred Waters, all published by Grove Atlantic.
A native of Darien, Connecticut, Acampora attended Ox Ridge Elementary School, Middlesex Middle School, and Darien High School. She graduated from Brown University in 1997 and received a Master of Fine Arts from Brooklyn College. She lives in Westchester County, New York with her husband, the artist Thomas Doyle, and their daughter.
Acampora's debut collection of linked stories, The Wonder Garden, was published by Grove Atlantic in 2015. The book won the GLCA New Writers Award. It was also a finalist for the New England Book Awards, was on the longlist for the 2015 Story Prize, and was a Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers selection. It was reviewed in publications such as The New York Times, The Boston Globe, and The Dallas Morning News and earned four starred pre-publication reviews from Publishers Weekly, Kirkus Reviews, Library Journal, and Booklist. In The Boston Globe, Priscilla Gilman described the book as a "weird, inspired, original collection of 13 interwoven short stories. It is reminiscent of John Cheever in its anatomizing of suburban ennui and of Ann Beattie in its bemused dissection of a colorful cast of eccentrics. But Acampora's is entirely her own book, as it is self-consciously of its own world: Set in the fictional town of Old Cranbury, 'a desirable suburb in a sterling school district, not too far from the city,' with a 'historic pedigree' dating back to the Puritans."
Acampora's debut novel, The Paper Wasp, was published by Grove Atlantic in 2019 and by Quercus in the United Kingdom. The novel tells the story of Abby Graven, a young woman in rural Michigan who becomes obsessed with her former high school friend, Elise VanDijk, who is now a Hollywood starlet living in Malibu, California. The book was longlisted for the Center for Fiction First Novel Prize and was reviewed by publications such as The New York Times, Time, The Irish Times, O Magazine, and Elle. Stephanie Zacharek wrote of the book in Time: "Acampora's prose has a seductive, pearlescent allure, even when she's addressing doomed friendships, friends who can never live up to our expectations, friends who betray." In The New York Times, Vanessa Friedman wrote: "Take 'The Talented Mr. Ripley,' cross it with 'Suspiria,' add a dash of 'La La Land' and mix it all at midnight and this arty psychological stalker novel is what might result."
Grove Atlantic published Acampora's third book, The Hundred Waters, in 2022. The novel centers on Louisa Rader, a former model and photographer in New York City. Having returned to her well-heeled hometown of Nearwater, Connecticut to raise a family, she becomes embroiled with the aristocratic Steigers and their troubled teenaged son, Gabriel, an artist and environmental activist. The novel was chosen as one of the best books of the year by Vogue. In a starred review in Booklist, Stephanie Turza wrote, "In this tightly paced novel that echoes Celeste Ng's Little Fires Everywhere, Tom Perrotta's Mrs. Fletcher, and A. Natasha Joukovsky's The Portrait of a Mirror, Acampora sets the idealism of youth against middle-age complacency and high-society reservations."
Acampora's short fiction has appeared in publications including The Paris Review, Guernica, New England Review, The Missouri Review, Prairie Schooner, and The Antioch Review. Her nonfiction has been published in The New York Times Book Review, Literary Hub, and NER Digital. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lauren Acampora is an American novelist and short story writer. She is the author of The Wonder Garden, a collection of linked short stories, and the novels The Paper Wasp, and The Hundred Waters, all published by Grove Atlantic.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A native of Darien, Connecticut, Acampora attended Ox Ridge Elementary School, Middlesex Middle School, and Darien High School. She graduated from Brown University in 1997 and received a Master of Fine Arts from Brooklyn College. She lives in Westchester County, New York with her husband, the artist Thomas Doyle, and their daughter.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Acampora's debut collection of linked stories, The Wonder Garden, was published by Grove Atlantic in 2015. The book won the GLCA New Writers Award. It was also a finalist for the New England Book Awards, was on the longlist for the 2015 Story Prize, and was a Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers selection. It was reviewed in publications such as The New York Times, The Boston Globe, and The Dallas Morning News and earned four starred pre-publication reviews from Publishers Weekly, Kirkus Reviews, Library Journal, and Booklist. In The Boston Globe, Priscilla Gilman described the book as a \"weird, inspired, original collection of 13 interwoven short stories. It is reminiscent of John Cheever in its anatomizing of suburban ennui and of Ann Beattie in its bemused dissection of a colorful cast of eccentrics. But Acampora's is entirely her own book, as it is self-consciously of its own world: Set in the fictional town of Old Cranbury, 'a desirable suburb in a sterling school district, not too far from the city,' with a 'historic pedigree' dating back to the Puritans.\"",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Acampora's debut novel, The Paper Wasp, was published by Grove Atlantic in 2019 and by Quercus in the United Kingdom. The novel tells the story of Abby Graven, a young woman in rural Michigan who becomes obsessed with her former high school friend, Elise VanDijk, who is now a Hollywood starlet living in Malibu, California. The book was longlisted for the Center for Fiction First Novel Prize and was reviewed by publications such as The New York Times, Time, The Irish Times, O Magazine, and Elle. Stephanie Zacharek wrote of the book in Time: \"Acampora's prose has a seductive, pearlescent allure, even when she's addressing doomed friendships, friends who can never live up to our expectations, friends who betray.\" In The New York Times, Vanessa Friedman wrote: \"Take 'The Talented Mr. Ripley,' cross it with 'Suspiria,' add a dash of 'La La Land' and mix it all at midnight and this arty psychological stalker novel is what might result.\"",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Grove Atlantic published Acampora's third book, The Hundred Waters, in 2022. The novel centers on Louisa Rader, a former model and photographer in New York City. Having returned to her well-heeled hometown of Nearwater, Connecticut to raise a family, she becomes embroiled with the aristocratic Steigers and their troubled teenaged son, Gabriel, an artist and environmental activist. The novel was chosen as one of the best books of the year by Vogue. In a starred review in Booklist, Stephanie Turza wrote, \"In this tightly paced novel that echoes Celeste Ng's Little Fires Everywhere, Tom Perrotta's Mrs. Fletcher, and A. Natasha Joukovsky's The Portrait of a Mirror, Acampora sets the idealism of youth against middle-age complacency and high-society reservations.\"",
"title": "Writing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Acampora's short fiction has appeared in publications including The Paris Review, Guernica, New England Review, The Missouri Review, Prairie Schooner, and The Antioch Review. Her nonfiction has been published in The New York Times Book Review, Literary Hub, and NER Digital.",
"title": "Writing"
}
] | Lauren Acampora is an American novelist and short story writer. She is the author of The Wonder Garden, a collection of linked short stories, and the novels The Paper Wasp, and The Hundred Waters, all published by Grove Atlantic. | 2023-12-13T23:25:45Z | 2023-12-24T23:02:50Z | [
"Template:Use American English",
"Template:Citation needed",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite magazine",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Use mdy dates"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_Acampora |
75,558,361 | Sapessi dire no | Sapessi dire no is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 17 April 2012 on his label Iris and distributed by Sony Music Entertainment. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sapessi dire no is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 17 April 2012 on his label Iris and distributed by Sony Music Entertainment.",
"title": ""
}
] | Sapessi dire no is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 17 April 2012 on his label Iris and distributed by Sony Music Entertainment. | 2023-12-13T23:26:01Z | 2023-12-30T01:25:24Z | [
"Template:Certification Table Top",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Infobox album",
"Template:Album chart",
"Template:Certification Table Entry",
"Template:Certification Table Bottom",
"Template:Biagio Antonacci",
"Template:2010s-album-stub",
"Template:Track listing"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapessi_dire_no |
75,558,371 | Wilhelm Mier | Wilhelm Mier (c. 1680 – 13 February 1758) was a military officer, politican, and nobleman. He was the Governor of Kraków and Sandomierz from 1715 to 1724, and the member of the Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as the Castellan of Słońsk, from 1746 to 1758. He was also a major general in the Crown Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the commanding officer of the Crown Horse Guard Regiment.
Wilhelm Mier was born around 1680. He was the son of Jan Mier and Anna Ross. He was of Scottish descent, and related to the Clan Muir. His father was a major general in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, and the commander of the Petrovaradin Fortress.
He served in the Crown Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the rank of colonel from 1706 to 1720, and major general from 1721 to 1738. In 1717, he organized Crown Horse Guard Regiment, and was its commanding officer until 1740. The unit was informally called Mier Guard after him. The barracks of the unit, built between 1730 and 1732 in the town of Wielopole (now part of Warsaw) also became known as Mier Barracks.
Wilhelm Mier was the mayor (starosta) of Lubcza in 1712, and Trzcinica in 1721. From 1 January 1715 to 31 December 1724, he was the Governor of Kraków and Sandomierz, administrating the crown land. In 1726, for his service to the country, the Seym of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth granted him the indygenat, which was the recognition of his noble status. From 1746 to 1758, he was the castellan of Słońsk, which made him a member of the Senate of Poland.
In 1730s, he bought the village of Wożuczyn. There, he developed the local castle, and founded the construction of the Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary between 1742 and 1750.
According to most sources, Wilhelm Mier died on 13 February 1758. He was buried in the Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Wożuczyn.
Wilhelm Mier was married to Katarzyna Barbara Geshaw, with whom he had three children; two sons and one daughter. They were: Józef Mier, Jan Mier, and Marianna Karłowska.
The Crown Horse Guard Regiment, of which Wilhelm Mier was the commanding officer, was informally called the Mier Guard. The barracks in Wielopole (now part of Warsaw), in which the unit was stationed, because known as the Mier Barracks. The nearby town square also became known as the Mier Square. In 1903 in place of the barracks were opened two market hall, which were named the Mier Halls. Formerly in the area was also Mirowska Street (Polish: ulica Mirowska; lit. Mier Street), named after the barracks, and located between Jana Pawła II and Zimna Street. In the 1960s, in the area was also built the urban park named after the barracks, the Mier Park.
The neighbourhood in Warsaw, Poland, in which the Mier Barracks and the Mier Halls were located, was named Mirów after them and Wilhelm Mier. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Wilhelm Mier (c. 1680 – 13 February 1758) was a military officer, politican, and nobleman. He was the Governor of Kraków and Sandomierz from 1715 to 1724, and the member of the Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as the Castellan of Słońsk, from 1746 to 1758. He was also a major general in the Crown Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the commanding officer of the Crown Horse Guard Regiment.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Wilhelm Mier was born around 1680. He was the son of Jan Mier and Anna Ross. He was of Scottish descent, and related to the Clan Muir. His father was a major general in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire, and the commander of the Petrovaradin Fortress.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He served in the Crown Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the rank of colonel from 1706 to 1720, and major general from 1721 to 1738. In 1717, he organized Crown Horse Guard Regiment, and was its commanding officer until 1740. The unit was informally called Mier Guard after him. The barracks of the unit, built between 1730 and 1732 in the town of Wielopole (now part of Warsaw) also became known as Mier Barracks.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Wilhelm Mier was the mayor (starosta) of Lubcza in 1712, and Trzcinica in 1721. From 1 January 1715 to 31 December 1724, he was the Governor of Kraków and Sandomierz, administrating the crown land. In 1726, for his service to the country, the Seym of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth granted him the indygenat, which was the recognition of his noble status. From 1746 to 1758, he was the castellan of Słońsk, which made him a member of the Senate of Poland.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1730s, he bought the village of Wożuczyn. There, he developed the local castle, and founded the construction of the Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary between 1742 and 1750.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "According to most sources, Wilhelm Mier died on 13 February 1758. He was buried in the Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Wożuczyn.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Wilhelm Mier was married to Katarzyna Barbara Geshaw, with whom he had three children; two sons and one daughter. They were: Józef Mier, Jan Mier, and Marianna Karłowska.",
"title": "Private life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The Crown Horse Guard Regiment, of which Wilhelm Mier was the commanding officer, was informally called the Mier Guard. The barracks in Wielopole (now part of Warsaw), in which the unit was stationed, because known as the Mier Barracks. The nearby town square also became known as the Mier Square. In 1903 in place of the barracks were opened two market hall, which were named the Mier Halls. Formerly in the area was also Mirowska Street (Polish: ulica Mirowska; lit. Mier Street), named after the barracks, and located between Jana Pawła II and Zimna Street. In the 1960s, in the area was also built the urban park named after the barracks, the Mier Park.",
"title": "Commemorations and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The neighbourhood in Warsaw, Poland, in which the Mier Barracks and the Mier Halls were located, was named Mirów after them and Wilhelm Mier.",
"title": "Commemorations and legacy"
}
] | Wilhelm Mier was a military officer, politican, and nobleman. He was the Governor of Kraków and Sandomierz from 1715 to 1724, and the member of the Senate of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as the Castellan of Słońsk, from 1746 to 1758. He was also a major general in the Crown Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the commanding officer of the Crown Horse Guard Regiment. | 2023-12-13T23:27:45Z | 2023-12-30T06:54:16Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox officeholder"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Mier |
75,558,375 | La Joia (album) | La Joia is the upcoming debut studio album by Spanish singer and songwriter Bad Gyal, set to be released on 26 January 2024 through Universal Music Latino and Interscope Records. It features collaborations with Myke Towers, Anitta, Tommy Lee Sparta, Ñengo Flow, Tokischa, Young Miko, Morad, and Quevedo.
After releasing several mixtapes and EPs, La Joia will be Bad Gyal's fifth release overall as well as her first full-length project. It is supported by five singles: "Sexy", "Sin Carné", "Real G", "Chulo pt. 2", and "Mi Lova", all released through 2022 and 2023.
Prior to La Joia, Bad Gyal released the three-song EP Sound System: The Final Releases on 9 December 2021. In early 2022, she travelled to Miami, Florida to work with different producers for what would become her debut album. She recorded with producers she had worked in previous singles such as Scott Storch ("Zorra" and "Slim Thick"), Supa Dups ("Nueva York") and Nely el Arma Secreta ("Judas"). Through 2022, she released several singles including "Sexy", "Sin Carné" and "Real G", the latter was first teased during a concert in Mexico City and features Spanish rapper Quevedo.
In February 2023, she gave concerts in Barcelona and Madrid at the Palau Sant Jordi and the WiZink Center, respectively. During said concerts, she revealed the name of the album as a "gift for the fans" and shared a potential tracklist, which included possible collaborations with Argentine singer Nicki Nicole and Puerto Rican rapper Ñengo Flow, these collaborations ended up being the non-album single "Enamórate" with the former and the album track "Bad Boy" with the latter. In an interview with V Magazine, she commented that "what my fans can expect this year is my debut album that will have songs that'll make them move. It'll have a lot of different genres, and it'll be a mix of styles and experiments [that] I always like to do".
During 2023, she continued releasing singles such as "Chulo", "El Sol Me Da" (a promotional single for a Estrella Damm advertisement), "Mi Lova" with Puerto Rican rapper Myke Towers, and a remix of "Chulo" titled "Chulo pt. 2" alongside Puerto Rican rapper Young Miko and Dominican singer Tokischa. The latter two singles were included in the album. In November 2023, the album was announced to be released on January of the following year through a teaser video uploaded to Bad Gyal's YouTube channel. Later in the year, on 13 December, she announced via her Instagram account, the albums official release date, tracklist, album cover, and featured artists.
On May 22, 2022, Bad Gyal embarked on a tour titled La Joia Tour, which started with a concert at the Auditori Atrium in Viladecans, Spain. The tour included concerts in several cities in Spain and United States, as well as different countries of Latin America such as Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Mexico, as a part of the Primavera Sound music festival.
At the Latin American Music Awards of 2023, celebrated on 20 April 2023 in Las Vegas, she performed "Chulo", making her first musical appearance at an international awards show. Through 2023, she continued performing concerts, later announcing several concerts through Spain, United States, and Latin America, as a part of the La Joia 24 Karats Tour, a continuation of her previous tour.
The single "Sexy" was released on 14 July 2022. It was followed by "Sin Carné", released on 6 October 2022. Both songs entered the songs chart in Spain peaking at numbers 62 and 35 respectively. A music video for the latter song was directed by MANSON, who had previously directed the videos for "Candela", "Zorra" and "Aprendiendo El Sexo"; and produced by CANADA. "Real G", a collaboration with Quevedo, was released on 2 December 2022. It peaked at number 12 in Spain and was certified gold in the country. The music video for the song was directed by Javier Peralvo and produced by Belledenuit.
On 10 February 2023, the single was "Chulo" was released. It peaked at number 16 in Spain. A remix for the song titled "Chulo pt. 2" was released on 21 June 2023 featuring rappers Tokischa and Young Miko. Its music video was directed by Artasans and features the three artists in a limousine "having a wild girls' night out" in Barcelona. The remix was commercially successful in both United States and Latin America. It peaked within the top ten in Chile, Peru, and Nicaragua. It also at number 33 and 89 at the Hot Latin Songs and Global 200 charts respectively, being her highest-charting single in both charts since "Karmika", a collaboration with Karol G and Sean Paul which peeaked at number 25 and 169 in said charts. Additionally, the remix was certified platinum in the United States and gold in Mexico, being Bad Gyal's first single to be certified in any of the two countries. The final single for the album was "Mi Lova" with Myke Towers, released on 7 July 2023. The single peaked at number 21 in Spain and was certified gold in the country. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "La Joia is the upcoming debut studio album by Spanish singer and songwriter Bad Gyal, set to be released on 26 January 2024 through Universal Music Latino and Interscope Records. It features collaborations with Myke Towers, Anitta, Tommy Lee Sparta, Ñengo Flow, Tokischa, Young Miko, Morad, and Quevedo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "After releasing several mixtapes and EPs, La Joia will be Bad Gyal's fifth release overall as well as her first full-length project. It is supported by five singles: \"Sexy\", \"Sin Carné\", \"Real G\", \"Chulo pt. 2\", and \"Mi Lova\", all released through 2022 and 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Prior to La Joia, Bad Gyal released the three-song EP Sound System: The Final Releases on 9 December 2021. In early 2022, she travelled to Miami, Florida to work with different producers for what would become her debut album. She recorded with producers she had worked in previous singles such as Scott Storch (\"Zorra\" and \"Slim Thick\"), Supa Dups (\"Nueva York\") and Nely el Arma Secreta (\"Judas\"). Through 2022, she released several singles including \"Sexy\", \"Sin Carné\" and \"Real G\", the latter was first teased during a concert in Mexico City and features Spanish rapper Quevedo.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In February 2023, she gave concerts in Barcelona and Madrid at the Palau Sant Jordi and the WiZink Center, respectively. During said concerts, she revealed the name of the album as a \"gift for the fans\" and shared a potential tracklist, which included possible collaborations with Argentine singer Nicki Nicole and Puerto Rican rapper Ñengo Flow, these collaborations ended up being the non-album single \"Enamórate\" with the former and the album track \"Bad Boy\" with the latter. In an interview with V Magazine, she commented that \"what my fans can expect this year is my debut album that will have songs that'll make them move. It'll have a lot of different genres, and it'll be a mix of styles and experiments [that] I always like to do\".",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During 2023, she continued releasing singles such as \"Chulo\", \"El Sol Me Da\" (a promotional single for a Estrella Damm advertisement), \"Mi Lova\" with Puerto Rican rapper Myke Towers, and a remix of \"Chulo\" titled \"Chulo pt. 2\" alongside Puerto Rican rapper Young Miko and Dominican singer Tokischa. The latter two singles were included in the album. In November 2023, the album was announced to be released on January of the following year through a teaser video uploaded to Bad Gyal's YouTube channel. Later in the year, on 13 December, she announced via her Instagram account, the albums official release date, tracklist, album cover, and featured artists.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On May 22, 2022, Bad Gyal embarked on a tour titled La Joia Tour, which started with a concert at the Auditori Atrium in Viladecans, Spain. The tour included concerts in several cities in Spain and United States, as well as different countries of Latin America such as Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Mexico, as a part of the Primavera Sound music festival.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "At the Latin American Music Awards of 2023, celebrated on 20 April 2023 in Las Vegas, she performed \"Chulo\", making her first musical appearance at an international awards show. Through 2023, she continued performing concerts, later announcing several concerts through Spain, United States, and Latin America, as a part of the La Joia 24 Karats Tour, a continuation of her previous tour.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The single \"Sexy\" was released on 14 July 2022. It was followed by \"Sin Carné\", released on 6 October 2022. Both songs entered the songs chart in Spain peaking at numbers 62 and 35 respectively. A music video for the latter song was directed by MANSON, who had previously directed the videos for \"Candela\", \"Zorra\" and \"Aprendiendo El Sexo\"; and produced by CANADA. \"Real G\", a collaboration with Quevedo, was released on 2 December 2022. It peaked at number 12 in Spain and was certified gold in the country. The music video for the song was directed by Javier Peralvo and produced by Belledenuit.",
"title": "Singles"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "On 10 February 2023, the single was \"Chulo\" was released. It peaked at number 16 in Spain. A remix for the song titled \"Chulo pt. 2\" was released on 21 June 2023 featuring rappers Tokischa and Young Miko. Its music video was directed by Artasans and features the three artists in a limousine \"having a wild girls' night out\" in Barcelona. The remix was commercially successful in both United States and Latin America. It peaked within the top ten in Chile, Peru, and Nicaragua. It also at number 33 and 89 at the Hot Latin Songs and Global 200 charts respectively, being her highest-charting single in both charts since \"Karmika\", a collaboration with Karol G and Sean Paul which peeaked at number 25 and 169 in said charts. Additionally, the remix was certified platinum in the United States and gold in Mexico, being Bad Gyal's first single to be certified in any of the two countries. The final single for the album was \"Mi Lova\" with Myke Towers, released on 7 July 2023. The single peaked at number 21 in Spain and was certified gold in the country.",
"title": "Singles"
}
] | La Joia is the upcoming debut studio album by Spanish singer and songwriter Bad Gyal, set to be released on 26 January 2024 through Universal Music Latino and Interscope Records. It features collaborations with Myke Towers, Anitta, Tommy Lee Sparta, Ñengo Flow, Tokischa, Young Miko, Morad, and Quevedo. After releasing several mixtapes and EPs, La Joia will be Bad Gyal's fifth release overall as well as her first full-length project. It is supported by five singles: "Sexy", "Sin Carné", "Real G", "Chulo pt. 2", and "Mi Lova", all released through 2022 and 2023. | 2023-12-13T23:28:05Z | 2023-12-19T18:19:21Z | [
"Template:Track listing",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite magazine",
"Template:Cite certification",
"Template:Bad Gyal",
"Template:Infobox album"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Joia_(album) |
75,558,400 | Church of St. Stephen Harding | Church of St. Stephen Harding may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Church of St. Stephen Harding may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Church of St. Stephen Harding may refer to: Church of St. Stephen Harding in Apátistvánfalva, Vendvidék, Hungary
St Thomas Aquinas & St Stephen Harding Church, Market Drayton, England | 2023-12-13T23:30:38Z | 2023-12-13T23:30:38Z | [
"Template:Dab"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Stephen_Harding |
75,558,407 | Londesborough Arms | The Londesborough Arms is a historic building in the town centre of Tadcaster, in West Yorkshire, in England.
By the Georgian period, The White Horse on Bridge Street was Tadcaster's most important coaching inn. With the construction of the railways, the trade of the inns fell, and in 1841 the inn closed, and was converted into three houses. In 1855, Albert Denison, 1st Baron Londesborough, wished to establish a hotel in the town, to put up his guests. He purchased the property, recombining the houses to create the Londesborough Arms hotel.
From 1875 to 1877, the town's Anglican services were held in the hotel, while St Mary's Church was being rebuilt. The hotel remained open until 1976, when it was purchased by Samuel Smiths Old Brewery. The building was combined with the neighbouring Old Town Hall, and converted into offices for the brewery. In 1985, it was grade II listed.
The building is late 18th century, with 19th-century alterations. It is built of brick, with stone dressings and a slate roof. It has three storeys and is three bays wide, with a central entrance. It has double doors, below a fanlight, with a frieze and cornice, and the brewery logo in wrought iron above. The outer bays are canted, and there are chimney stacks at each end of the building. Inside, there is a central hallway with an 18th-century staircase, and two ground floor rooms have elaborate 19th-century mouldings. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Londesborough Arms is a historic building in the town centre of Tadcaster, in West Yorkshire, in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "By the Georgian period, The White Horse on Bridge Street was Tadcaster's most important coaching inn. With the construction of the railways, the trade of the inns fell, and in 1841 the inn closed, and was converted into three houses. In 1855, Albert Denison, 1st Baron Londesborough, wished to establish a hotel in the town, to put up his guests. He purchased the property, recombining the houses to create the Londesborough Arms hotel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "From 1875 to 1877, the town's Anglican services were held in the hotel, while St Mary's Church was being rebuilt. The hotel remained open until 1976, when it was purchased by Samuel Smiths Old Brewery. The building was combined with the neighbouring Old Town Hall, and converted into offices for the brewery. In 1985, it was grade II listed.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The building is late 18th century, with 19th-century alterations. It is built of brick, with stone dressings and a slate roof. It has three storeys and is three bays wide, with a central entrance. It has double doors, below a fanlight, with a frieze and cornice, and the brewery logo in wrought iron above. The outer bays are canted, and there are chimney stacks at each end of the building. Inside, there is a central hallway with an 18th-century staircase, and two ground floor rooms have elaborate 19th-century mouldings.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Londesborough Arms is a historic building in the town centre of Tadcaster, in West Yorkshire, in England. By the Georgian period, The White Horse on Bridge Street was Tadcaster's most important coaching inn. With the construction of the railways, the trade of the inns fell, and in 1841 the inn closed, and was converted into three houses. In 1855, Albert Denison, 1st Baron Londesborough, wished to establish a hotel in the town, to put up his guests. He purchased the property, recombining the houses to create the Londesborough Arms hotel. From 1875 to 1877, the town's Anglican services were held in the hotel, while St Mary's Church was being rebuilt. The hotel remained open until 1976, when it was purchased by Samuel Smiths Old Brewery. The building was combined with the neighbouring Old Town Hall, and converted into offices for the brewery. In 1985, it was grade II listed. The building is late 18th century, with 19th-century alterations. It is built of brick, with stone dressings and a slate roof. It has three storeys and is three bays wide, with a central entrance. It has double doors, below a fanlight, with a frieze and cornice, and the brewery logo in wrought iron above. The outer bays are canted, and there are chimney stacks at each end of the building. Inside, there is a central hallway with an 18th-century staircase, and two ground floor rooms have elaborate 19th-century mouldings. | 2023-12-13T23:31:00Z | 2023-12-13T23:31:00Z | [
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londesborough_Arms |
75,558,446 | Min Dong (electrical engineer) | Min Dong (born 1976) is a Chinese-Canadian electrical engineer whose research involves signal processing, including resource balancing in cloud computing and smart grids, and pilot symbol assisted wireless communications in which a special "pilot" symbol is periodically transmitted to recalibrate communications channels. She is a professor in the Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering at Ontario Tech University.
Dong was born in Beijing in 1976, and writes that she "grew up on the campus of Tsinghua University". She graduated from Tsinghua University with a bachelor's degree in automation and electrical engineering in 1998. She completed a Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering at Cornell University in 2004, after earning a master's degree there in 2003. Her dissertation, Efficient Information Retrieval and Processing in Wireless Communication Systems and Sensor Networks, was supervised by Lang Tong.
She worked for Qualcomm, in San Diego, California, from 2004 to 2008, before joining Ontario Tech University. She also holds a courtesy appointment in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of Toronto.
Dong was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, "for contributions to transmission design and resource optimization for wireless communications". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Min Dong (born 1976) is a Chinese-Canadian electrical engineer whose research involves signal processing, including resource balancing in cloud computing and smart grids, and pilot symbol assisted wireless communications in which a special \"pilot\" symbol is periodically transmitted to recalibrate communications channels. She is a professor in the Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering at Ontario Tech University.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Dong was born in Beijing in 1976, and writes that she \"grew up on the campus of Tsinghua University\". She graduated from Tsinghua University with a bachelor's degree in automation and electrical engineering in 1998. She completed a Ph.D. in electrical and computer engineering at Cornell University in 2004, after earning a master's degree there in 2003. Her dissertation, Efficient Information Retrieval and Processing in Wireless Communication Systems and Sensor Networks, was supervised by Lang Tong.",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She worked for Qualcomm, in San Diego, California, from 2004 to 2008, before joining Ontario Tech University. She also holds a courtesy appointment in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering at the University of Toronto.",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Dong was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, \"for contributions to transmission design and resource optimization for wireless communications\".",
"title": "Recognition"
}
] | Min Dong is a Chinese-Canadian electrical engineer whose research involves signal processing, including resource balancing in cloud computing and smart grids, and pilot symbol assisted wireless communications in which a special "pilot" symbol is periodically transmitted to recalibrate communications channels. She is a professor in the Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering at Ontario Tech University. | 2023-12-13T23:36:11Z | 2023-12-13T23:37:36Z | [
"Template:Google Scholar id",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Use list-defined references",
"Template:R",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Dong_(electrical_engineer) |
75,558,451 | Kartäuserhof station | Kartäuserhof station is a station on Cologne Stadtbahn line 17. The station opened on 13 December 2015 with interim service on line 17. When the entire North-South Stadtbahn tunnel is complete, it is expected to be served by both lines 5 and 16.
Media related to Kartäuserhof station at Wikimedia Commons | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kartäuserhof station is a station on Cologne Stadtbahn line 17. The station opened on 13 December 2015 with interim service on line 17. When the entire North-South Stadtbahn tunnel is complete, it is expected to be served by both lines 5 and 16.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Media related to Kartäuserhof station at Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Kartäuserhof station is a station on Cologne Stadtbahn line 17. The station opened on 13 December 2015 with interim service on line 17. When the entire North-South Stadtbahn tunnel is complete, it is expected to be served by both lines 5 and 16. | 2023-12-13T23:37:09Z | 2023-12-13T23:38:42Z | [
"Template:NorthRhineWestphalia-railstation-stub",
"Template:Infobox station",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Commons category-inline",
"Template:In lang",
"Template:Germany-metro-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kart%C3%A4userhof_station |
75,558,453 | 2023–24 UAB Blazers women's basketball team | The 2023–24 UAB Blazers women's basketball team represents the University of Alabama at Birmingham during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Blazers, led by 11th-year head coach Randy Norton, play their home games at the Bartow Arena in Birmingham, Alabama as first year members of the American Athletic Conference.
The Blazers finished the 2022–23 season 14–17, 5–15 in C-USA play to finish in a tie for tenth (last) place. As the #10 seed in the C-USA tournament, they upset #7 seed North Texas in the first round, before falling to #2 seed Western Kentucky in the quarterfinals. This was the Blazers' final season as members of Conference USA, as they moved to the American Athletic Conference effective July 1, 2023.
Sources: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 UAB Blazers women's basketball team represents the University of Alabama at Birmingham during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Blazers, led by 11th-year head coach Randy Norton, play their home games at the Bartow Arena in Birmingham, Alabama as first year members of the American Athletic Conference.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Blazers finished the 2022–23 season 14–17, 5–15 in C-USA play to finish in a tie for tenth (last) place. As the #10 seed in the C-USA tournament, they upset #7 seed North Texas in the first round, before falling to #2 seed Western Kentucky in the quarterfinals. This was the Blazers' final season as members of Conference USA, as they moved to the American Athletic Conference effective July 1, 2023.",
"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Schedule and results"
}
] | The 2023–24 UAB Blazers women's basketball team represents the University of Alabama at Birmingham during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Blazers, led by 11th-year head coach Randy Norton, play their home games at the Bartow Arena in Birmingham, Alabama as first year members of the American Athletic Conference. | 2023-12-13T23:37:19Z | 2023-12-21T07:57:43Z | [
"Template:CBB roster/Footer",
"Template:CBB schedule start",
"Template:CBB Schedule End",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:UAB Blazers women's basketball navbox",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox NCAA team season",
"Template:CBB roster/Header",
"Template:CBB roster/Player",
"Template:CBB Schedule Entry",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:2023–24 American Athletic Conference women's basketball standings"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_UAB_Blazers_women%27s_basketball_team |
75,558,461 | Desvelado | Desvelado (English: Sleepless) is the debut studio album by American Tejano music singer Bobby Pulido. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Desvelado (English: Sleepless) is the debut studio album by American Tejano music singer Bobby Pulido.",
"title": ""
}
] | Desvelado is the debut studio album by American Tejano music singer Bobby Pulido. | 2023-12-13T23:39:53Z | 2023-12-13T23:41:34Z | [
"Template:Italic title",
"Template:Certification Table Entry",
"Template:Certification Table Summary",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Infobox album",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Lang-en",
"Template:Col-end",
"Template:Portal",
"Template:Col-begin",
"Template:Col-2",
"Template:Certification Table Top",
"Template:Certification Table Bottom",
"Template:Authority control"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desvelado |
75,558,463 | Philippines at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics | The Philippines will compete at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics in Gangwon, South Korea from 19 January to 1 February 2024.
Having took part in the 2020 edition, this will be the first back-to-back appearance for the Philippines in the Winter Youth Olympics.
The following national sports associations are fielding athletes in the quadrennial event: the Philippine Skating Union and the Philippine Ski and Snowboard Federation.
The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.
The Philippines received one (1) male quota. Manila-born 16-year-old Avery Balbanida fills the lone quota slot.
The Philippines received one (1)female quota in slopestyle/big air. 14-year-old Laetaz Amihan Rabe fills the slot.
The Philippines achieved 1 male quota at the 2023 World Junior Short Track Speed Skating Championships. The slot was filled in by Peter Groseclose. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Philippines will compete at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics in Gangwon, South Korea from 19 January to 1 February 2024.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Having took part in the 2020 edition, this will be the first back-to-back appearance for the Philippines in the Winter Youth Olympics.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The following national sports associations are fielding athletes in the quadrennial event: the Philippine Skating Union and the Philippine Ski and Snowboard Federation.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.",
"title": "Competitors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Philippines received one (1) male quota. Manila-born 16-year-old Avery Balbanida fills the lone quota slot.",
"title": "Cross-country skiing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The Philippines received one (1)female quota in slopestyle/big air. 14-year-old Laetaz Amihan Rabe fills the slot.",
"title": "Freestyle skiing"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The Philippines achieved 1 male quota at the 2023 World Junior Short Track Speed Skating Championships. The slot was filled in by Peter Groseclose.",
"title": "Short track speed skating"
}
] | The Philippines will compete at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics in Gangwon, South Korea from 19 January to 1 February 2024. Having took part in the 2020 edition, this will be the first back-to-back appearance for the Philippines in the Winter Youth Olympics. The following national sports associations are fielding athletes in the quadrennial event: the Philippine Skating Union and the Philippine Ski and Snowboard Federation. | 2023-12-13T23:40:08Z | 2023-12-25T01:24:18Z | [
"Template:N/a",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Philippines-sport-stub",
"Template:Nations at the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics",
"Template:Infobox country at games",
"Template:Main"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_at_the_2024_Winter_Youth_Olympics |
75,558,468 | Kobi Ganon | Kobi Ganon (Hebrew: קובי גנון, born 17 May 1976) is an Israeli footballer.
Ganon started his career in Maccabi Haifa's youth team as striker. In 1996 joined the senior team moved to be a left back.
In August 2001 signed for Maccabi Petah Tikva, there played 11 seasons. In summer 2012 retired. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kobi Ganon (Hebrew: קובי גנון, born 17 May 1976) is an Israeli footballer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ganon started his career in Maccabi Haifa's youth team as striker. In 1996 joined the senior team moved to be a left back.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In August 2001 signed for Maccabi Petah Tikva, there played 11 seasons. In summer 2012 retired.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Kobi Ganon is an Israeli footballer. | 2023-12-13T23:40:50Z | 2023-12-15T16:59:04Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Worldfootball.net",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Lang-he"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobi_Ganon |
75,558,477 | Jane Langton (silk merchant) | Jane Langton was a 15th-century English silk merchant.
The widow of a saddler, Langton bought silk with Genoese merchants, in one transaction spending £300 15s. for silk in the place of her daughter-in-law Agnes, who had recently died. In her 1475 will Langton calls herself a 'silkwoman'.
Langton's daughter-in-law Elizabeth Langton supplied the royal family with silk goods amounting to over £100 in 1503. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jane Langton was a 15th-century English silk merchant.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The widow of a saddler, Langton bought silk with Genoese merchants, in one transaction spending £300 15s. for silk in the place of her daughter-in-law Agnes, who had recently died. In her 1475 will Langton calls herself a 'silkwoman'.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Langton's daughter-in-law Elizabeth Langton supplied the royal family with silk goods amounting to over £100 in 1503.",
"title": ""
}
] | Jane Langton was a 15th-century English silk merchant. The widow of a saddler, Langton bought silk with Genoese merchants, in one transaction spending £300 15s. for silk in the place of her daughter-in-law Agnes, who had recently died. In her 1475 will Langton calls herself a 'silkwoman'. Langton's daughter-in-law Elizabeth Langton supplied the royal family with silk goods amounting to over £100 in 1503. | 2023-12-13T23:42:49Z | 2023-12-13T23:51:01Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite encyclopedia",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Middleages-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Langton_(silk_merchant) |
75,558,501 | All Men Are Crazy | All Men Are Crazy (Hungarian: A férfi mind örült) is a 1937 Hungarian comedy film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Mária Lázár, Pál Jávor, Piroska Vaszary and Antal Páger. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Márton Vincze.
A financially struggling but gifted painter tries to maintain a higher standard of living he can afford. When a widow arrives at the hotel he courts her, trying to conceal his own lack of money from her. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "All Men Are Crazy (Hungarian: A férfi mind örült) is a 1937 Hungarian comedy film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Mária Lázár, Pál Jávor, Piroska Vaszary and Antal Páger. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Márton Vincze.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A financially struggling but gifted painter tries to maintain a higher standard of living he can afford. When a widow arrives at the hotel he courts her, trying to conceal his own lack of money from her.",
"title": "Synopsis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | All Men Are Crazy is a 1937 Hungarian comedy film directed by Viktor Gertler and starring Mária Lázár, Pál Jávor, Piroska Vaszary and Antal Páger. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Márton Vincze. | 2023-12-13T23:48:02Z | 2023-12-20T19:49:49Z | [
"Template:Hungary-film-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:IMDb title",
"Template:Viktor Gertler"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Men_Are_Crazy |
75,558,519 | Severinstraße station | Severinstraße station is a station on the Cologne Stadtbahn lines 3 and 4 and 17. The station consists of two side platforms with two rail tracks on the surface, and an Island platform with two tracks in the underground. The underground platform opened on 13 December 2015 with interim service on line 17. Once the North-South Stadtbahn is finished, lines 5 and 16 will operate through the tunnel, serving the underground station. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Severinstraße station is a station on the Cologne Stadtbahn lines 3 and 4 and 17. The station consists of two side platforms with two rail tracks on the surface, and an Island platform with two tracks in the underground. The underground platform opened on 13 December 2015 with interim service on line 17. Once the North-South Stadtbahn is finished, lines 5 and 16 will operate through the tunnel, serving the underground station.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Severinstraße station is a station on the Cologne Stadtbahn lines 3 and 4 and 17. The station consists of two side platforms with two rail tracks on the surface, and an Island platform with two tracks in the underground. The underground platform opened on 13 December 2015 with interim service on line 17. Once the North-South Stadtbahn is finished, lines 5 and 16 will operate through the tunnel, serving the underground station. | 2023-12-13T23:51:06Z | 2023-12-13T23:51:06Z | [
"Template:Infobox station",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:In lang",
"Template:Germany-metro-stub",
"Template:NorthRhineWestphalia-railstation-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severinstra%C3%9Fe_station |
75,558,540 | Indigenous peoples of New York (state) | Native Americans have lived in the New York area for at least more than 13,000 years. They initially settled in the space around Lake Champlain, the Hudson River Valley and Oneida Lake.
There are currently eight federally recognized Native Americans tribes in New York. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Native Americans have lived in the New York area for at least more than 13,000 years. They initially settled in the space around Lake Champlain, the Hudson River Valley and Oneida Lake.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "There are currently eight federally recognized Native Americans tribes in New York.",
"title": ""
}
] | Native Americans have lived in the New York area for at least more than 13,000 years. They initially settled in the space around Lake Champlain, the Hudson River Valley and Oneida Lake. There are currently eight federally recognized Native Americans tribes in New York. | 2023-12-13T23:53:29Z | 2023-12-23T01:37:55Z | [
"Template:Native Americans by location",
"Template:NewYork-stub",
"Template:NorthAm-native-stub",
"Template:Portal",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Ethnicity in New York (state)"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_New_York_(state) |
75,558,600 | First Demo 12/29/80 | First Demo 12/29/80 is an EP by American hardcore punk band State of Alert. It contains eight tracks recorded on December 29, 1980, by engineer Don Zientara at the group's first studio session with Skip Groff at Inner Ear Studios in Arlington, Virginia. The EP was released as a seven-inch, 45-rpm vinyl record in March 2014 by Dischord Records.
S.O.A. was formed in October 1980 by 19-year-old Henry Garfield, now known as Henry Rollins, with guitarist Michael Hampton, bassist Wendel Blow, and drummer Simon Jacobsen. The group performed a total of nine shows before disbanding in July 1981, and, prior to the release of First Demo, had issued less than 30 minutes of music.
The track titled "Gonna Have to Fight" was included on the band's 1981 debut release, No Policy, while "Disease" and "Stepping Stone Party" were originally issued on the 1982 Dischord sampler Flex Your Head. The remaining tracks are previously-unreleased alternate versions of songs that also appeared on No Policy.
In a review for AllMusic, Mark Deming wrote: "Most of First Demo sounds like standard-issue hardcore of the era... energetic but not especially remarkable... D.C. hardcore completists and folks interested in Henry Rollins' first baby steps in punk rock will want to have this historical document, but while it packs some kicks, don't expect to be enlightened."
James Bennett of SLUG Magazine stated: "This is a forceful, quick single that allows the listener to better understand why 1980s D.C. was so important to the development of American Hardcore."
The Washington City Paper's Brent Burton noted that the band is "surprisingly confident," and commented: "the S.O.A demo is a valuable reminder of a time when D.C. punks were exploring the outer limits of what it meant to be hardcore."
Writing for Verbicide, Chris Martin called the album a "whirlwind of unbridled energy," and remarked: "While SOA was far from groundbreaking, their music is a must listen for punk lovers everywhere. Garfield and crew packed more punch into their 40-second songs than many musicians did in a lifetime. First Demo is a nice addition to their minimal collection."
In an article for The Quietus, Andrew Holter described "Gonna Have to Fight" as "a window into the world of a young man who has fully accepted the violence that his adopted subculture invites from off-duty Marines, Southern Maryland rednecks, and the like." He wrote: "It's self-defence he's urging, yes, but you can hear in the voice that this kid has internalised the words of Mick Jones: 'And if I get aggression, I give it two times back'."
Track timings not provided. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "First Demo 12/29/80 is an EP by American hardcore punk band State of Alert. It contains eight tracks recorded on December 29, 1980, by engineer Don Zientara at the group's first studio session with Skip Groff at Inner Ear Studios in Arlington, Virginia. The EP was released as a seven-inch, 45-rpm vinyl record in March 2014 by Dischord Records.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "S.O.A. was formed in October 1980 by 19-year-old Henry Garfield, now known as Henry Rollins, with guitarist Michael Hampton, bassist Wendel Blow, and drummer Simon Jacobsen. The group performed a total of nine shows before disbanding in July 1981, and, prior to the release of First Demo, had issued less than 30 minutes of music.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The track titled \"Gonna Have to Fight\" was included on the band's 1981 debut release, No Policy, while \"Disease\" and \"Stepping Stone Party\" were originally issued on the 1982 Dischord sampler Flex Your Head. The remaining tracks are previously-unreleased alternate versions of songs that also appeared on No Policy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In a review for AllMusic, Mark Deming wrote: \"Most of First Demo sounds like standard-issue hardcore of the era... energetic but not especially remarkable... D.C. hardcore completists and folks interested in Henry Rollins' first baby steps in punk rock will want to have this historical document, but while it packs some kicks, don't expect to be enlightened.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "James Bennett of SLUG Magazine stated: \"This is a forceful, quick single that allows the listener to better understand why 1980s D.C. was so important to the development of American Hardcore.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The Washington City Paper's Brent Burton noted that the band is \"surprisingly confident,\" and commented: \"the S.O.A demo is a valuable reminder of a time when D.C. punks were exploring the outer limits of what it meant to be hardcore.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Writing for Verbicide, Chris Martin called the album a \"whirlwind of unbridled energy,\" and remarked: \"While SOA was far from groundbreaking, their music is a must listen for punk lovers everywhere. Garfield and crew packed more punch into their 40-second songs than many musicians did in a lifetime. First Demo is a nice addition to their minimal collection.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In an article for The Quietus, Andrew Holter described \"Gonna Have to Fight\" as \"a window into the world of a young man who has fully accepted the violence that his adopted subculture invites from off-duty Marines, Southern Maryland rednecks, and the like.\" He wrote: \"It's self-defence he's urging, yes, but you can hear in the voice that this kid has internalised the words of Mick Jones: 'And if I get aggression, I give it two times back'.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Track timings not provided.",
"title": "Track listing"
}
] | First Demo 12/29/80 is an EP by American hardcore punk band State of Alert. It contains eight tracks recorded on December 29, 1980, by engineer Don Zientara at the group's first studio session with Skip Groff at Inner Ear Studios in Arlington, Virginia. The EP was released as a seven-inch, 45-rpm vinyl record in March 2014 by Dischord Records. S.O.A. was formed in October 1980 by 19-year-old Henry Garfield, now known as Henry Rollins, with guitarist Michael Hampton, bassist Wendel Blow, and drummer Simon Jacobsen. The group performed a total of nine shows before disbanding in July 1981, and, prior to the release of First Demo, had issued less than 30 minutes of music. The track titled "Gonna Have to Fight" was included on the band's 1981 debut release, No Policy, while "Disease" and "Stepping Stone Party" were originally issued on the 1982 Dischord sampler Flex Your Head. The remaining tracks are previously-unreleased alternate versions of songs that also appeared on No Policy. | 2023-12-13T23:55:03Z | 2023-12-14T10:25:32Z | [
"Template:Infobox album",
"Template:Album ratings",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Demo_12/29/80 |
75,558,640 | Marktstraße station | Marktstraße station is a future station on Cologne Stadtbahn line 5. It is the most southern underground station on the North-South Stadtbahn project.
Media related to Marktstraße station at Wikimedia Commons | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Marktstraße station is a future station on Cologne Stadtbahn line 5. It is the most southern underground station on the North-South Stadtbahn project.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Media related to Marktstraße station at Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Marktstraße station is a future station on Cologne Stadtbahn line 5. It is the most southern underground station on the North-South Stadtbahn project. | 2023-12-13T23:59:25Z | 2023-12-13T23:59:25Z | [
"Template:Infobox station",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Commons category-inline",
"Template:Germany-metro-stub",
"Template:NorthRhineWestphalia-railstation-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marktstra%C3%9Fe_station |
75,558,651 | Kay George | Kay George (born 1954, Rotorua, New Zealand) is a senior New Zealand and Cook Islands artist based in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. George is a major player in the development of the visual arts in the Cook Islands.
George and her husband Ian George, also a notable artist himself, migrated to Rarotonga, Cook Islands from New Zealand so her husband can explore his family's heritage in the Cook Islands. George and her husband ran an art gallery named The Art Studio for many years, (now Beluga Cafe), in Arorangi. The Art Studio was recognised as one of the leading galleries in the Pacific.
In 2008, She graduated Masters of Art and Design from Auckland University of Technology with Cook Islands scholarship. In 2018, celebrating 30 years since George's arrival to the Cook Islands, Bergman Gallery hosted her retrospective exhibition and 200 people attended the opening.
Her work are exhibited internationally in Cook Islands, Australia, New Zealand, United States of America, and Fiji. Her daughter Mīria George, is an award winning New Zealand writer, producer and director. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kay George (born 1954, Rotorua, New Zealand) is a senior New Zealand and Cook Islands artist based in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. George is a major player in the development of the visual arts in the Cook Islands.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "George and her husband Ian George, also a notable artist himself, migrated to Rarotonga, Cook Islands from New Zealand so her husband can explore his family's heritage in the Cook Islands. George and her husband ran an art gallery named The Art Studio for many years, (now Beluga Cafe), in Arorangi. The Art Studio was recognised as one of the leading galleries in the Pacific.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2008, She graduated Masters of Art and Design from Auckland University of Technology with Cook Islands scholarship. In 2018, celebrating 30 years since George's arrival to the Cook Islands, Bergman Gallery hosted her retrospective exhibition and 200 people attended the opening.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Her work are exhibited internationally in Cook Islands, Australia, New Zealand, United States of America, and Fiji. Her daughter Mīria George, is an award winning New Zealand writer, producer and director.",
"title": ""
}
] | Kay George is a senior New Zealand and Cook Islands artist based in Rarotonga, Cook Islands. George is a major player in the development of the visual arts in the Cook Islands. George and her husband Ian George, also a notable artist himself, migrated to Rarotonga, Cook Islands from New Zealand so her husband can explore his family's heritage in the Cook Islands. George and her husband ran an art gallery named The Art Studio for many years,, in Arorangi. The Art Studio was recognised as one of the leading galleries in the Pacific. In 2008, She graduated Masters of Art and Design from Auckland University of Technology with Cook Islands scholarship. In 2018, celebrating 30 years since George's arrival to the Cook Islands, Bergman Gallery hosted her retrospective exhibition and 200 people attended the opening. Her work are exhibited internationally in Cook Islands, Australia, New Zealand, United States of America, and Fiji. Her daughter Mīria George, is an award winning New Zealand writer, producer and director. | 2023-12-14T00:00:51Z | 2023-12-14T22:43:50Z | [
"Template:Infobox artist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_George |
75,558,653 | Poimeniko, Kastoria | Poimeniko (Greek: Ποιμενικο, Bulgarian, Macedonian: Бапчор, Bapchor) is an abandoned village in the Kastoria regional unit, Greece, 22 km north of the city of Kastoria.
Poimeniko was inhabited by a predominately Bulgarian speaking population during the Ottoman period.
In 1913, with the conditions of the Treaty of Bucharest, when this part of Macedonia became part of Greece, and after the Balkan Wars, a lot of locals emigrated to Bulgaria. Following World War II as well as the Greek Civil War (where most of the villagers supported the communist side), the remaining inhabitants were expelled to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, with many also migrating to Australia. By 1949, the village was abandoned.
The church of Saint George is the only remaining building and was renovated in 2018. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Poimeniko (Greek: Ποιμενικο, Bulgarian, Macedonian: Бапчор, Bapchor) is an abandoned village in the Kastoria regional unit, Greece, 22 km north of the city of Kastoria.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Poimeniko was inhabited by a predominately Bulgarian speaking population during the Ottoman period.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1913, with the conditions of the Treaty of Bucharest, when this part of Macedonia became part of Greece, and after the Balkan Wars, a lot of locals emigrated to Bulgaria. Following World War II as well as the Greek Civil War (where most of the villagers supported the communist side), the remaining inhabitants were expelled to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, with many also migrating to Australia. By 1949, the village was abandoned.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The church of Saint George is the only remaining building and was renovated in 2018.",
"title": ""
}
] | Poimeniko is an abandoned village in the Kastoria regional unit, Greece, 22 km north of the city of Kastoria. Poimeniko was inhabited by a predominately Bulgarian speaking population during the Ottoman period. In 1913, with the conditions of the Treaty of Bucharest, when this part of Macedonia became part of Greece, and after the Balkan Wars, a lot of locals emigrated to Bulgaria. Following World War II as well as the Greek Civil War, the remaining inhabitants were expelled to Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, with many also migrating to Australia. By 1949, the village was abandoned. The church of Saint George is the only remaining building and was renovated in 2018. | 2023-12-14T00:01:34Z | 2023-12-29T10:32:11Z | [
"Template:Unreferenced"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poimeniko,_Kastoria |
75,558,659 | 2023 WESPA Championship (WESPAC) | The 2023 WESPA Championship (WESPAC) was a Scrabble tournament organized by NASPA Games as part of the NASPA Double Down in Las Vegas - at the Westgate Las Vegas Resorts & Casino in Las Vegas, NV.
The 2023 event was the first in-person World Scrabble Championship event since 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was the first world championship to be held in North America since 2001.
The event held as a single division, with players seeded by World English-Language Scrabble Players' Association (WESPA) ratings. 32 games were played on the first four days, after which the top two players, 2017 champion David Eldar and Harshan Lamabadusuriya, played a best-of-seven final the day after for the top prize of $10,000. Eldar beat Lamabadusuriya 4-3 to earn a second world title.
The 2023 event had a record-breaking 900 live viewers on Twitch. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 WESPA Championship (WESPAC) was a Scrabble tournament organized by NASPA Games as part of the NASPA Double Down in Las Vegas - at the Westgate Las Vegas Resorts & Casino in Las Vegas, NV.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The 2023 event was the first in-person World Scrabble Championship event since 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was the first world championship to be held in North America since 2001.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The event held as a single division, with players seeded by World English-Language Scrabble Players' Association (WESPA) ratings. 32 games were played on the first four days, after which the top two players, 2017 champion David Eldar and Harshan Lamabadusuriya, played a best-of-seven final the day after for the top prize of $10,000. Eldar beat Lamabadusuriya 4-3 to earn a second world title.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The 2023 event had a record-breaking 900 live viewers on Twitch.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 2023 WESPA Championship (WESPAC) was a Scrabble tournament organized by NASPA Games as part of the NASPA Double Down in Las Vegas - at the Westgate Las Vegas Resorts & Casino in Las Vegas, NV. The 2023 event was the first in-person World Scrabble Championship event since 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and was the first world championship to be held in North America since 2001. The event held as a single division, with players seeded by World English-Language Scrabble Players' Association (WESPA) ratings. 32 games were played on the first four days, after which the top two players, 2017 champion David Eldar and Harshan Lamabadusuriya, played a best-of-seven final the day after for the top prize of $10,000. Eldar beat Lamabadusuriya 4-3 to earn a second world title. The 2023 event had a record-breaking 900 live viewers on Twitch. | 2023-12-14T00:03:49Z | 2023-12-26T16:17:20Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:World-Scrabble-Championship",
"Template:Flagathlete",
"Template:Bda",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:WSC"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_WESPA_Championship_(WESPAC) |
75,558,678 | Church of the Immaculate Conception, Scarthingwell | The Church of the Immaculate Conception is a historic church in Scarthingwell, in North Yorkshire, in England.
The church was constructed in 1854 to a design by John Bownas and William Atkinson. It was commissioned by Edward William Hawke-Harvey, 4th Baron Hawke, as a private chapel for his seat, Scarthingwell Hall. It was the first church in England to be dedicate to the immaculate conception. The hall was demolished in 1960, but the chapel survived as a Roman Catholic church. It was grade II listed in 1988.
The church is in the Norman style, built of limestone, with a slate roof. It has a nave with a chancel in the form of an apse. The west end is gabled, and houses four niches. There is also a small stone turret at the west end. The nave has four tall windows, each with two lights, while the chancel has seven lancet windows. Inside, there is highly decorative plasterwork and a wooden gallery at the west end, reached by a staircase, which originally housed the family pew, but now contains an organ. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Church of the Immaculate Conception is a historic church in Scarthingwell, in North Yorkshire, in England.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The church was constructed in 1854 to a design by John Bownas and William Atkinson. It was commissioned by Edward William Hawke-Harvey, 4th Baron Hawke, as a private chapel for his seat, Scarthingwell Hall. It was the first church in England to be dedicate to the immaculate conception. The hall was demolished in 1960, but the chapel survived as a Roman Catholic church. It was grade II listed in 1988.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The church is in the Norman style, built of limestone, with a slate roof. It has a nave with a chancel in the form of an apse. The west end is gabled, and houses four niches. There is also a small stone turret at the west end. The nave has four tall windows, each with two lights, while the chancel has seven lancet windows. Inside, there is highly decorative plasterwork and a wooden gallery at the west end, reached by a staircase, which originally housed the family pew, but now contains an organ.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Church of the Immaculate Conception is a historic church in Scarthingwell, in North Yorkshire, in England. The church was constructed in 1854 to a design by John Bownas and William Atkinson. It was commissioned by Edward William Hawke-Harvey, 4th Baron Hawke, as a private chapel for his seat, Scarthingwell Hall. It was the first church in England to be dedicate to the immaculate conception. The hall was demolished in 1960, but the chapel survived as a Roman Catholic church. It was grade II listed in 1988. The church is in the Norman style, built of limestone, with a slate roof. It has a nave with a chancel in the form of an apse. The west end is gabled, and houses four niches. There is also a small stone turret at the west end. The nave has four tall windows, each with two lights, while the chancel has seven lancet windows. Inside, there is highly decorative plasterwork and a wooden gallery at the west end, reached by a staircase, which originally housed the family pew, but now contains an organ. | 2023-12-14T00:06:56Z | 2023-12-20T12:19:07Z | [
"Template:Official website",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Scarthingwell |
75,558,685 | History of Alfa Romeo | The history of Alfa Romeo, an Italian car manufacturer known for producing sports cars, began on June 24, 1910 with the founding of ALFA (an acronym for "Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili") in Milan. In 1918 the company changed its name to "Alfa Romeo" following the acquisition of control of the company by Nicola Romeo.
In 1933 ownership of Alfa Romeo passed, through IRI, to the Italian state because of the heavy debt the company had incurred with banks since the previous decade. Alfa Romeo continued to produce cars in a semi-craftsmanship manner until the early 1950s, when it transformed into a full-fledged automobile manufacturer with the introduction of the assembly line in the production departments. From this decade on, Alfa Romeo experienced a phase of growing success that reached its peak in the 1960s. In the 1970s, however, there was a turnaround that caused a deep crisis. The failing finances then led the Italian state, in 1986, to sell the automaker to the Fiat group. The revival of Alfa Romeo took place in the second part of the 1990s. In 2014, it became part of the brands controlled by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and from 2021 by Stellantis.
Alfa Romeo's origins have French and Neapolitan roots. The genesis of the brand is linked to the founding of the Società Italiana Automobili Darracq, which was opened in Naples on April 6, 1906. However, the entrepreneurial venture immediately proved to be fraught with difficulties, especially because of the high distance between Naples and France. For this reason, as early as the end of 1906, the company was relocated to Milan with the construction of a factory in the Portello area. The first industrial settlement that was the origin of Alfa Romeo, and which remained active until 1986, was built on a vast square bordering the areas that had hosted the Milan International. However, difficulties continued and sales proved insufficient to ensure the survival of the manufacturing business. Because of these problems, as early as the end of 1909 the company was put into liquidation and was then taken over by some Lombard entrepreneurs, who purchased it in 1910 together with Ugo Stella, who participated in the transaction.
The change of ownership took place on June 24, 1910, at which time the company changed its name to ALFA (an acronym for "Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili"). The name chosen recalled the first letter of the Greek alphabet, intended to emphasize the beginning of a new industrial adventure.
At this point, the new management recognized the need to completely revise its models by adapting them to the needs of the Italian market, and therefore decided to hire Giuseppe Merosi, a designer from Piacenza with several years of experience in the fledgling Italian automobile industry to his credit. Merosi, who therefore became the first technical manager of the fledgling car company, was given the task of designing a totally new car model. The company's first logo was also designed on the occasion. Sketched by Merosi himself, the mark recalled ALFA's ties with its city of origin: on one side the Visconti serpent (the "biscione"), on the other the red cross on a white field, the medieval symbol of Milan. Surrounding the two emblems were the inscriptions "ALFA" and "MILANO" divided by two Savoy knots in honor of the Italian ruling house.
The new model was launched as early as the same year in which the change of ownership took place. Designed by Merosi, the ALFA 24 HP possessed an inline four-cylinder, side-valve engine with a displacement of 4,084 cm³ that delivered 42 hp of power (the 24 HP in the model name referred instead to fiscal power). The 24 HP was designed considering the shortcomings of the Darracq models, and was therefore equipped with a very strong structure and a powerful engine that allowed the car to reach the remarkable speed (for the time) of 100 km/h. The model ensured reliability due to the preliminary tests that were carried out before the launch at the behest of Giuseppe Merosi, and thus sales of the ALFA gradually began to grow. However, the 24 HP was marketed with a "bare" chassis, that is, without the body; at the time, it was common to sell the models produced without the body, so as to give buyers the opportunity to complete them according to their personal tastes by taking them to their trusted coachbuilder.
From the 24 HP was derived the first truck model built by Alfa Romeo. Made in 1914, it was produced through a substantial modification of the car's structure. This truck inaugurated a tradition that marked the Biscione company for decades. Alfa Romeo produced commercial vehicles until 1988 and was, after FIAT, the Italian company that built this type of transport vehicle for the longest time.
The 24 HP was successful and so, in the same year, a smaller car, the 12 HP, was launched, which was equipped with a 2,413 cm³ and 22 hp inline-four engine. Both the powerplant and chassis of the 12 HP were derived from those of the 24 HP. In 1911 the 12 HP was updated by installing an upgraded version of the engine, which now delivered 24 hp; for this reason, the model changed its name to 15 HP, as the fiscal horsepower also changed although the displacement remained the same. The 15 HP in 1914 underwent a similar update to that which had led to its birth. These changes mainly involved the engine: the displacement was kept the same in exchange for an increase in power output, which grew to 28 HP. From these changes came the 15-20 HP. In contrast, the previous year (1913) the successor model to the 24 HP, the 40-60 HP, had been launched. This new car was basically the fruit of the development of the previous model and marked a turning point for the carmaker's car design, owing to the high engineering level of its mechanics. The new model had mounted a 6,082 cm³, 70-hp six-cylinder engine that differed from previous powerplants by having overhead valves instead of valves on the side.
In 1911 ALFA debuted, with the 24 HP, in motor racing. In an attempt to win new buyers, ALFA's management was considering the launch of a new car that was to feature a more luxurious trim level and a higher price, at least by the standards of previous models. However, the idea was soon shelved because of the risks involved, which were related to a possible negative response from the market and the danger of losing the already acquired customers, who were accustomed to the peculiarities of ALFA's previous cars: therefore, their reaction to a completely new type of car could not be predicted. It was therefore decided to prepare a racing model, which with its eventual successes could attract new buyers. Merosi was therefore commissioned to transform two 24 HP examples into cars suitable for racing. The goal was achieved by lightening the two vehicles, which was achieved, for example, by eliminating the bodywork; in addition, the wheelbase was shortened and the axles were replaced. These examples were entered in the 1911 Targa Florio, but without success; the disappointing results were then repeated the following year. Nevertheless, success in racing came in 1913 with a racing version of the 40-60 HP. The model won the Parma-Poggio di Berceto finishing first in its class and second overall.
The victory of the 40-60 HP gave ALFA the impetus to continue its participation in competitions, and this resulted in the design of a racing model suitable for participation in Grand Prix motor racing, which attracted more public interest than endurance races. In 1914 Giuseppe Merosi was therefore commissioned to design a useful model for the purpose, employing an existing car as the basis of the design again, since making a new model from scratch would have required too many financial resources. Thus in 1914 the ALFA Grand Prix was born, which was derived from the 40-60 HP and was the first car designed by the Biscione company to be intended exclusively for competition. The model featured innovations regarding engine technology: it had a double overhead camshaft timing system and possessed dual ignition per cylinder. The power unit was the Biscione company's first engine to have these features and was therefore the forerunner of Alfa Romeo's Twin Cam engine and Twin Spark ignition system, which were produced a few decades later. Due to the outbreak of World War I, in which Italy did not initially take part, the organization of international competitions was suspended and thus the ALFA Grand Prix had a rather short racing activity.
Before Italy's entry into the war, ALFA's sales gradually increased from 80 cars in 1911 to 150 in 1912, 200 in 1913, 272 in 1914 and then dropped to 207 in 1915. With the outbreak of the conflict (1914), the Milanese automaker entered a crisis due to the stagnation of the domestic car market and the interruption of exports. ALFA was in those years broadening its commercial horizons by also targeting foreign markets. The situation precipitated with Italy's entry into the war (1915). The national manufacturing apparatus converted its industrial activities to meet the demand for wartime supplies and this put ALFA in a difficult situation: the owners of the Milanese car manufacturer did not possess the financial resources to convert plants for this purpose. An attempt was made, however, by Merosi to modify the engine of the 15-20 HP into a generator suitable for the Royal Army, but without success. To avoid being in a situation where the factory would no longer produce profits, the ownership therefore decided to sell the ALFA to the Banca Italiana di Sconto.
The bank identified Nicola Romeo, a mechanical engineer from Sant'Antimo, as a potential buyer who could manage and later buy ALFA. Previously Romeo, after having had some experience abroad, had founded in 1911 in Milan the "Società in accomandita semplice Ing. Nicola Romeo e Co." for the production of machinery for mining. After the outbreak of war, the Neapolitan entrepreneur decided to enter the military contracting business, obtaining a significant order for the Royal Army in July 1915, which involved the production of ammunition. Since his company did not possess the resources to fulfill this order, Nicola Romeo decided to take over ALFA by entering the company's capital by purchasing some shares. On August 4, 1915, Nicola Romeo was appointed director of the Portello plant, and within two years the industrial group led by the engineer from Sant'Antimo managed to gain control of the company; on this occasion, ALFA changed its name to "Società Anonima Italiana Ing. Nicola Romeo." It then concentrated on the manufacture of ammunition (75 mm shells loaded on 75 Krupp and Déport guns and 149 caliber shells loaded on 149/35 guns), flamethrowers, generating sets (using the engine of the 15-20 HP and mounted on special carriages supplied by Bollani coachworks), aircraft engines under license from Isotta-Fraschini, and mining equipment, which were essential in the trenches of the Italian front, temporarily discontinuing the production of cars. The mining equipment was driven by air compressors, officially named Motocompressor Type C (Cadottato) but known as "Il Piccolo Italiano," which were designed by Merosi and were powered by the engines already mounted on the 15 HP and 24 HP. In this context, due to the conflicting relationship that existed between Merosi and Romeo the designer from Piacenza was sent to southern Italy to lead a factory owned by the engineer from Sant'Antimo.
When the war ended, military orders came to an end and Romeo decided to convert the company's activities back to the production of cars for civilian use. This process was facilitated by inventories of car components that had been made before the conflict and by the substantial funds set aside by Romeo from military supplies. At the same time, Bolinder heavy oil engines for fishing boats were imported. Romeo, who was aware of the value of the ALFA brand name in the marketing of passenger car models, decided to change the name of the company to "Alfa Romeo." The official act of Alfa Romeo's birth is dated February 3, 1918, and was signed by notary Federico Guasti of Milan. In the same year Merosi returned to the company following the settlement of conflicts with Romeo. This was also achieved by revising the contract that bound Merosi to the Portello car manufacturer, including an extraordinary payment based on the number of cars sold.
Financial liquidity had also previously been used, by Romeo's group, to purchase other mechanical companies: the Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno, Officine Ferroviarie Meridionali of Naples, and Officine Ferroviarie Romane. With them Romeo built rolling stock until 1925. However, Romeo did not own a majority shareholding in the companies of his group: additional shareholders were in fact the Banca Italiana di Sconto and other financiers. Despite not owning a majority, Romeo nevertheless managed to have absolute control of the companies he led. From 1918 to 1921 the company led by Romeo produced a model of agricultural tractor under license from International Harvester, the Romeo. The Romeo had little commercial success, mainly on the basis of its technical characteristics, which had been obsolete for a few years. An example of the Romeo is preserved at the Alfa Romeo Historical Museum in Arese. This was the only agricultural tractor model marketed by the Portello company.
The first passenger car model produced after the end of World War I from stock was the prewar 15/20 HP, the marketing of which resumed in 1919. However, it was necessary to wait until 1920 before normal car production resumed, when the Alfa Romeo 20-30 HP was launched, which was thus the first road model to be marketed under the company's new name. The Alfa Romeo brand had already debuted on November 23, 1919 on a racing version of the 40-60 HP, which participated in the Targa Florio.
In 1921 a new model designed by Merosi was launched, the G1. The 40-60 HP had become obsolete, so Alfa Romeo's offerings needed a completely new high-end model. The G1, because of its imposing size, was the largest Alfa Romeo ever built up to that time. The model, however, had no market in Italy partly because of high taxation, which, being calculated according to displacement, penalized models with large-cubic capacity engines. The 50 expensive examples produced were therefore all sold in Australia.
Business deteriorated because of low sales. The reasons for this poor success lay in the almost total absence of a dealer network and the corporate disorganization that originated from Romeo's management, who, as a result, began to get into debt with banks. Business did not improve even with the launch of a new car that was equipped with a six-cylinder engine designed by Merosi, the RL. The new model was received lukewarmly by the market precisely because of the engine, which featured relatively low power. However, the RL was launched on the markets to complete the range with a road model whose competition version would have to meet the new Grand Prix regulations, which called for a reduction in the maximum displacement of participating cars. Nevertheless, the RL was important for the history of the manufacturer: on one example of the competition version, the Alfa Romeo four-leaf clover symbol made its debut, which would appear in all the Milanese manufacturer's competitive activities and on the sportiest versions of its cars from then on. The four-leaf clover was painted by the driver Ugo Sivocci on his car at the 1923 Targa Florio for superstitious reasons, since the model was entered in the competition with the number 13; with this symbol the driver from Salerno won the first victory in his career. The achievement was also Alfa Romeo's first in the famous Sicilian competition. In the 1920s Alfa Romeo successfully expanded its sporting activities thanks to drivers of the caliber of Antonio Ascari, Giuseppe Campari, Enzo Ferrari and Sivocci. As a result of its racing victories, Alfa Romeo achieved international fame.
In the financial sphere, Alfa Romeo's situation worsened with the bankruptcy in 1921 of the Banca Italiana di Sconto. This event was caused by the excessive indebtedness incurred by the companies, which were struggling with complications due to post-war reconversion. The bankrupt banking institution was taken over by the Bank of Italy through the Banca Nazionale di Credito, and thus part of the debts of the companies involved were basically managed by the Italian state. As a result, these companies were also administratively controlled de facto by the Italian state, and Alfa Romeo was no exception. In 1922 Benito Mussolini came to power; the leader of Fascism decided to make a cut in public spending and thus the Banca Nazionale di Credito was no longer able to lavish the substantial liquidity that had been provided until then. No longer having access to credit with relative ease, Alfa Romeo's situation thus worsened considerably and the possibility of closure was raised. In regard to the Milanese automaker, however, Mussolini was not as perplexed as he was about other industrial concerns in crisis. According to the Duce, Alfa Romeo's victories in automobile competitions gave the brand, and consequently Italy as well, a certain prestige. Mussolini therefore decided to save Alfa Romeo from closure. However, with sales continuing to languish, in 1925 the Banca Nazionale di Credito pulled its weight and ousted Romeo from the company, replacing him with Pasquale Gallo.
The tarnishing of the Alfa Romeo brand caused by the poor commercial success of the road models was mitigated by successes in competition, and in particular by the triumph of the Alfa Romeo P2 in the first organized world motor racing championship in history (1925), which was won thanks to the victories of Antonio Ascari and Gastone Brilli-Peri. They defeated drivers from the automakers that dominated the Grand Prix at the time and were therefore favorites for the title (Bugatti, Fiat, Delage, Sunbeam and Miller). To celebrate the victory, a laurel wreath was added to the edge of the Milanese automaker's coat of arms. The P2 was the first Alfa Romeo designed by Vittorio Jano, who in the meantime had replaced Merosi at the company's technical helm; the latter had left Alfa Romeo because of disagreements with Gallo. Notably, the decision to replace Merosi with Jano was made the day after Sivocci's death on a P1 during some tests. The ownership identified the technical director from Piacenza as the main culprit of the tragedy, and therefore decided to replace him. The choice of successor then fell on Jano, who was working at Fiat at the time. However, as the similarity between the world champion Alfa Romeo model and the Fiat 805 was evident, Giovanni Agnelli became convinced that Jano had used some designs from Fiat as the basis for P2, and so he turned to the relevant authorities. Subsequent investigations exonerated Jano: the two cars, despite their aesthetic similarity, were in fact mechanically very different. With Jano for Alfa Romeo began a period of great sporting success and technological advances that would later lead to the company's revival.
Participation in competitions was a means of increasing sales of civilian cars, and therefore it was essential to launch a model that, in the wake of winning the world championship, would drive sales by attracting new customers. Therefore, in 1927 Alfa Romeo presented the 6C 1500, which was an easy to handle, compact model. Designed by Jano, the 6C 1500 was derived from the P2 and was, from a technological point of view, equipped with exceptional features: it was fitted with a six-cylinder, overhead-valve engine of 1.5 L displacement, which was equipped with a single-shaft timing system. It was later upgraded by installing a double overhead camshaft on the Sport version. Due to the company's inefficiencies, however, the model was marketed at an excessively high price. In addition, the short-wheelbase version, which was the sports one, was not as successful as hoped, so the launch of the new car did not allow the Milanese automaker to capitalize on its victory at the world championship. Despite its lack of success, the 6C was nonetheless the progenitor model of a series of cars that would later go down in automotive history because of their performance, styling and reliability. The 6C 1500 was followed by the 6C 1750, which was derived from the parent model through an increase in engine displacement. The 6C 1500 Sport won, for the first time for Alfa Romeo, the Mille Miglia (1928). This success was followed by two more victories (1929 and 1930) that were achieved by the 6C 1750.
Meanwhile, due to the corporate vicissitudes that had involved Gallo, the company was still struggling despite the moderate upswing in sales that had been recorded thanks to the launch of the 6C 1750. Gallo was arrested because he was caught red-handed while attempting to provide aid to a staunch opponent of the Fascist regime, Cipriano Facchinetti, who wanted to flee Italy. Gallo's management, despite its short duration, was nevertheless characterized by a reorganization of production activities that was later important for the company's subsequent revival. At this point, the Duce himself chose Prospero Gianferrari as director, who further improved production processes and established a sector within Alfa Romeo that would be responsible for making the bodies, thus giving the company the opportunity to build complete cars. In addition, Gianferrari chose to diversify its production activities: in 1931 the first industrial vehicle not derived from road cars, the Alfa Romeo Tipo 50, was introduced, while in 1932 the first aircraft engine totally designed by Alfa Romeo, the D2, was presented, which was later mounted on the Caproni Ca.101. As for cars, during those years was the introduction in 1931 of the 8C 2300 and the launch of the 6C 2300. On the racing front, Jano designed, also in 1931, Alfa Romeo's first single-seater car, the Tipo A. However, the model, which was extraordinarily powerful due to the installation of two engines, was not very sturdy and difficult to control. From the same era is another racing car designed by Jano, the P3 ("Tipo B"); it is considered one of the best racing cars ever built due to the numerous victories won especially by Tazio Nuvolari.
Despite its racing successes, Alfa Romeo's financial situation continued to be critical. Adding to the other problems in the 1930s was the great economic crisis that had begun in 1929 with the collapse of the Wall Street Stock Exchange and which precipitated the situation. In this context, in 1933, the Italian government decided to take over the shares of Alfa Romeo that were owned by banks, officially acquiring control of the company, which thus became state-owned. In this situation, as the finances continued to worsen, some members of the Treasury Ministry speculated about the closure of the carmaker. At this point Mussolini himself intervened again and decided, through the IRI (the state-owned corporation created for the purpose of supporting banks and companies in difficulty), to save the company, commissioning Ugo Gobbato to reorganize Alfa Romeo from both a financial and a production point of view. Mussolini's personal interest was not accidental: the Duce was a great admirer of Alfa Romeo especially for its racing achievements. It was again the latter that prompted Mussolini to go against the opinion of his ministry by deciding, for the second time, to save the Milanese automaker.
Alfa Romeo's rescue was achieved thanks to the joint work done by Jano and Gobbato: the former continued his work of designing new models, which were made consistently competitive in the market due to Gobbato's contribution to improving production processes. The 6C 2300 (which was characterized by a simpler structure and thus also sold well because of its lower price), the 6C 2500 (which was the more powerful and sumptuous version of the same model) and the large and luxurious 8C 2900 are from these years. Overall, the years leading up to World War II were characterized by powerful and refined models marked by elegant lines. In particular, the three models that later made Alfa Romeo a world-famous brand in the 1930s, even for road cars, were the 6C 1500, the 8C 2300, and the aforementioned 8C 2900.
In April 1936, Alfa Romeo established a corporate after-work section of its Milan plant. The football section debuted in the 1936-1937 Lombardy First Division championship, finishing the season in first place and thus gaining access to the Serie C. Starting with the 1937-1938 season, the Gruppo Calcio Alfa Romeo was formed, autonomous from the company's after-work section albeit connected to it. The following season Alfa Romeo hired – thanks in part to the prospect of stable employment as a mechanic – 18-year-old Valentino Mazzola, future captain of Grande Torino, who remained in the red jersey for only one season before moving to Venezia. The club played five seasons in the third division until the 1941-1942 season, after which it renounced its membership; it also played four editions of the Coppa Italia without ever passing the first elimination round.
In this context, in 1933 Gobbato decided to withdraw Alfa Romeo from official and direct participation in competitions, ceding its cars to Scuderia Ferrari, which had been founded a few years earlier and had already been using cars from the Biscione manufacturer for some time. However, in 1937 Jano was dismissed from Alfa Romeo because of disagreements with the management, which criticized him for lack of success in races (in these years there was a supremacy of German cars). The engineer defended himself by citing as an excuse the lack of support from management, which Jano considered necessary for the development of his projects. Jano was replaced, at first, by Bruno Trevisan, who, in turn, was replaced in 1936 by Spaniard Wifredo Ricart. Ricart left an indelible mark in the history of Alfa Romeo, since it was his work to introduce the De Dion tube on the brand's cars; this technical peculiarity would later characterize the Milanese automaker's models for decades. On the other hand, as far as Gobbato's administration is concerned, it was fundamental for the brand, which became, under his direction, famous and esteemed all over the world also for its mass-produced cars. The international fame won by Alfa Romeo caused Henry Ford to say, in a conversation that took place in 1939 with Gobbato himself, "when I see an Alfa Romeo go by, I take my hat off." This worldwide fame was consolidated thanks also to the races and drivers who, despite German supremacy, still achieved significant successes. Among those who contributed to writing important pages of Alfa Romeo history in this decade were Giuseppe Campari, Tazio Nuvolari, Achille Varzi, Louis Chiron, and Mario Umberto Baconin Borzacchini.
In the 1930s there was also the establishment of Alfa Romeo commercial vehicles, which was achieved mainly through their use in the Italian colonies. Such was their popularity and reputation that even in the 21st century in Ethiopia the term romeo generically denotes "truck." The most famous Alfa Romeo truck models were produced in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s and were the 430, 900, and Mille. Also in this context, the early 1930s also saw the appearance of the first Alfa Romeo-branded buses and trolley buses which were, in essence, modified trucks. After the 1950s, the Biscione company began to produce these types of vehicles without deriving them from trucks anymore. With the passage of time, Alfa Romeo's tradition in the field of public vehicle assembly was consolidated, making the Biscione company one of the largest Italian manufacturers in this field. Specifically, it produced buses and trolley buses until the 1960s, while it continued to build lighter vehicles such as school buses and minibuses until the 1980s.
This continuation of the strategy of production diversification was also the work of Gobbato, which also focused on the manufacture of aero engines; in this context, in 1938, work began on the construction of a production plant in Pomigliano d'Arco, in the province of Naples, which was to be responsible for the design and assembly of these types of engines. This industrial site was the ancestor of the Fiat group's modern production plant. In this context, in 1941, Alfa Romeo Avio was born, that is, the division that dealt exclusively with aeronautical production. Also in 1938, there was the official return of Alfa Romeo to racing, with the founding of Alfa Corse, that is, a section that was connected to the design, construction and maintenance of racing cars and was managed by Enzo Ferrari. The racing models produced during this period were designed by Gioacchino Colombo and Luigi Bazzi under Ricart. Enzo Ferrari then left Alfa Corse in 1939 because of disagreements that had arisen with other members of the racing department.
Toward the end of the 1930s, however, the political situation in Europe was changing. The winds of war led the various nations, including Italy, toward an arms race. Alfa Romeo's industrial production was oriented toward the assembly of aircraft engines and trucks, which would be most useful to Italy in the event of armed conflict. Thus, the assembly of civilian cars was drastically reduced in favor mainly of aircraft production, which in the years leading up to World War II generated almost 80 percent of Alfa Romeo's sales. Alfa Romeo's tradition in aviation had its roots in the early days of the brand's history. As the decades passed, Alfa Romeo's aero engines became famous for their victorious participation in various attempts to break world records in aviation and for their sporting triumphs, where they demonstrated a certain technical supremacy. The Biscione company's aero engines were thus fitted to a considerable number of aircraft of the Regia Aeronautica, contributing to writing important pages of Italian aviation history. In the field of military engines, many were derived from models, such as the Jupiter, produced under license and characterized by power outputs that, while adequate in the 1930s, with the rapid evolution of technology later proved to be too low for wartime use, while reliability and robustness always remained high. The military engines were almost all radial and air-cooled; an exception was the RA 1000 RC.41 which was a licensed production of the Daimler-Benz DB 601 and equipped the Macchi M.C.202 and Reggiane Re.2001 fighters.
In the powerboat field, Alfa Romeo supplied its Lynx aero engine to a hydroplane at the second Pavia-Venice Raid in 1930. Participation in this competition continued in the following years, and in 1938 the company won its first victory with the D2 C.30 powerplant. At the helm was Lieutenant Colonel Goffredo Gorini, a civilian aircraft pilot, who repeated the feat the following year aboard the SIAI-Alfa Romeo hydroplane.
On the other hand, as far as automobile competitions were concerned, the second part of the 1930s saw a supremacy of German cars: the Nazi regime had decided to allocate substantial funds to Auto Union and Mercedes-Benz with the aim of making them more competitive, and thus victorious in competitions. The limited resources that Italy could provide at the time did not allow Alfa Romeo to do the same, responding on the track to German victories. From these years, however, is the creation of the 158, one of the most successful competition cars produced by the company, which, after World War II, would win the inaugural edition of the Formula 1 World Championship. War broke out in 1939, and due to wartime events, Alfa Corse was temporarily closed on February 29, 1940. Italy entered the war in June of the same year.
World War II also left many marks on the Portello plant, which was considered very important for war supplies. Already during the war it was decided to move some of the departments to the Milanese hinterland and to relocate part of the warehouse around Vicenza, to defend these resources from bombing. In addition, Gobbato prepared a plan to conceal the components of the cars, a plan that would prove crucial for the resumption of production activities once the conflict was over. Because of its strategic importance, on February 14 and August 13, 1943, the Milan plant suffered two heavy bombings. The coup de grace came on October 20, 1944, when the most violent bombing that Milan had suffered up to that time caused the demolition of more than 60 percent of the structure, causing the closure of the production site. The Pomigliano d'Arco plant suffered the same fate on May 30, 1943, with the destruction of 70 percent of the operating facilities.
In 1945, with the conflict over, Alfa Romeo found itself in a very difficult situation. The Portello plant had been heavily damaged during the war and there was almost no Italian automobile market. There was also a shortage of raw materials and there was a lack of men who could have handled the situation; Gobbato had been assassinated on April 28, 1945, and Ricart, linked to Francisco Franco, had returned to Spain following the fall of fascism in Italy. The fortunes of Alfa Romeo were again entrusted to Pasquale Gallo, who was appointed extraordinary commissioner by the CNL and later became president, a position he held until 1948.
Since the end of the war, the company tried to put the damaged plants back into operation by initially devoting itself to the construction of electric and gas cookers, metal fixtures, electric motors, buffers for railroad cars, furniture and other manufactured goods. The production strategy set up by Gallo was inspired by the Swiss model of the so-called "organized craftsmanship," in the continuation of the construction of highly elite sports cars, helping itself economically with the production of other manufactured goods even from non-motor sectors, taking advantage of the great elasticity allowed by a craft system, and avoiding mass production, which Gallo believed was destined to succumb against the massive U.S. industry.
As early as the end of 1945, Alfa Romeo returned to traditional automobile production with the production of two examples of a prewar car, the 6C 2500. The following year, due to the great availability of labor and the large stocks in the warehouses of automotive components that had been saved from the bombing, automobile production resumed steadily, again by assembling examples of the 6C 2500. The 6C 2000 "Gazelle," a prototype that had been designed by Ricart during the last years of the war and was equipped with state-of-the-art mechanics (for example, the model anticipated the transaxle transmission that was later fitted thirty years later on the Alfetta), was not put into production.
Alfa Romeo management made this choice because putting a completely new model into production involved a substantial investment of funds. Although the car that returned to production dated back to before the war, the market response was good: due to the growing demand for cars resulting from the first hints of economic recovery, these newly completed examples left the factory destined for buyers. In addition to the market recovery, the abundance of labor also contributed to Alfa Romeo's revival, as it was in the government's interest to reemploy the unemployed in the factories. A special version of the 6C 2500 called the "Golden Arrow" was greatly appreciated by the public and was also purchased by King Farouk I of Egypt, Rita Hayworth and Tyrone Power. In contrast, on the racing front, in 1947 Alfa Romeo won with a 1938 8C 2900B the first edition of the Mille Miglia organized after the end of the war.
On the managerial front, Orazio Satta Puliga was appointed technical manager in 1946, whose contribution would prove decisive in the relaunch of the brand. Satta Puliga proved his worth in the following years, transforming Alfa Romeo into a car manufacturer producing cars with a wider circulation, at least compared to the models produced until then. Even at this difficult time, as had already happened with Gobbato, Alfa Romeo thus found the right man to solve the problems. These choices were made in collaboration with Giuseppe Luraghi, who was president of Finmeccanica, that is, IRI's lead financial company that owned Alfa Romeo. It was Luraghi who appointed Satta Puliga as technical manager of the Biscione company: the Milanese executive's goal was to relaunch the brand, since he recognized in Alfa Romeo great potential for expansion (Luraghi would later remain with Finmeccanica until 1956). The first measure Satta Puliga took after his appointment as technical manager was to modernize the 6C 2500, at the same time initiating the design phase for the launch of a new model. He also outsourced the production of secondary components to outside companies, thus lowering some of the costs involved in assembling the cars. The new model, which was given the name 1900, debuted in 1950 and was decisive in rescuing the company: in 1949 Finmeccanica was intent on closing it due to low sales of passenger cars and a drastic drop in orders for aircraft engines, which, with the end of the war, were in much less demand on the market. In addition, assiduous participation in competitions involved the use of a lot of funds, so Alfa Romeo's financial situation was not prosperous.
In developing the design of the 1900, Satta Puliga kept in mind some fundamental principles that would prove crucial to the car's success: reliability, ease of driving, sporty features, and a non-prohibitive price. In particular, drivability was a key aspect in widening the pool of potential customers; a 1900 could be bought and driven even by not very experienced drivers. Production costs, on the other hand, were lowered thanks to the introduction of the assembly line at Portello as well in 1952 (the first 1900s had not been produced on the assembly line). Because of this construction technique, which was also introduced at Alfa Romeo at the behest of Satta Puliga and which was developed with the help of the Marshall Plan, the time needed to assemble a car dropped from 250 to 100 hours, while allowing the high quality standard that was necessary for an Alfa Romeo model to be maintained. The IRI was not able to lavish substantial funds to invest in the carmaker, and therefore aid from the United States was decisive for the relaunch of the brand, which allocated $5 million to the Milanese manufacturer through the Marshall Plan. With the 1900, Alfa Romeo thus went from being a carmaker that assembled luxury models, at an almost artisanal level, to a brand that produced its products industrially, which became within the reach of a greater number of potential buyers thanks to lower production costs. The 1900 also had two other firsts: it was the first Alfa Romeo to have a monocoque structure and to possess left-side steering. All Alfa Romeo cars that followed the 1900, except for a few competition models, would have left-hand drive. The model name was related to the engine's displacement, which was 1,884 cm³, while the mechanicals were derived from Alfa Romeo competition models. The 1900 immediately established itself in the markets, as it was a model with particularly brilliant performance but, at the same time, mass-produced and thus sold at a relatively low price. The new approach immediately bore fruit: thousands of vehicles a year were now coming out of the Portello plant, and this was a record: previously production was at most a thousand cars a year, often without reaching the planned number of units. Growth was steady: from 6,104 cars assembled in 1955, the plant's production capacity reached 57,870 units in 1960.
Due to increased production volumes, the 1900 range was later expanded. In 1951 the 1900 Sprint, a coupe equipped with a more powerful engine, was launched, and the following year the 1900 TI sedan was introduced, which was equipped with the same powertrain as the 1900 Sprint and was instead also intended for racing. For these reasons, the motto "the family car that wins races" was chosen as the 1900's advertising slogan. From the 1900 was then derived the so-called "Disco Volante," which was particularly appreciated for its futuristic lines. However, this car was set up in very few examples and never went into series production.
Two important victories in motor racing also came in this context. Two Alfa Romeos won the first two editions of the Formula 1 World Championship, taking the title in the 1950 and 1951 seasons thanks, respectively, to Nino Farina aboard a 158 (nicknamed "Alfetta" because of its small size), and Juan Manuel Fangio, who instead piloted a 159. After these two victories, despite complaints from fans, industry insiders and some of the most prominent political figures, Alfa Romeo temporarily withdrew from Formula 1 because of the high costs that were necessary to continue participation in the championship.
Another model produced during these years was the Matta, i.e., an off-road car that came into being as a result of Alfa Romeo joining an Italian Army tender to supply reconnaissance cars; however, the Italian Armed Forces purchased few examples of this model because of the cost, which was higher than that of the competing car, the Fiat Campagnola. The Matta also did not receive a positive response from the private market. Still in the area of supply to the state, it was instead the 1900 that paved the way for the sale of Alfa Romeo cars to the police: it was the model that inaugurated the famous series of the "Panthers," or cars supplied to the flying squad whose nickname was derived from their black color, aggressive shape and snappy performance. In 1954 the first van built by Alfa Romeo was introduced, the Romeo, which was in production until 1967. Later, the F11/A11 (between 1967 and 1971) and the F12/A12, which was assembled between 1967 and 1983, were produced.
However, the 1900, due to technical issues, was still linked to prewar Alfa Romeos. Due to the excellent sales recorded and the success of the company's change in strategy, which now involved models marketed in relatively high sales volumes, Alfa Romeo decided to design a new model intended this time for the middle class, counting also on the fact that the Italian car market, in the second part of the 1950s, had fully recovered from the postwar economic crisis. In addition, Portello needed a car produced in large volumes that would allow the company's coffers to breathe. Thus the Giulietta was born, that is, a smaller, less expensive and constructively simpler model than the 1900. Italy was in the midst of an economic boom and thus consumption was growing steadily, bringing more and more potential customers into the position of being able to afford a model like the Giulietta, preferring it to the Fiat 1100 or the Lancia Appia. Rudolf Hruska, the Austrian engineer who a few years earlier had designed the Volkswagen Beetle and was hired at Alfa Romeo at Luraghi's behest, also participated in the development of the Giulietta. In the years following the launch, many versions of the Giulietta followed, all of which were fitted with a 1.3 L engine from which Giuseppe Busso, i.e., the designer who developed the mechanics of Alfa Romeo models starting with the 1900, was able to obtain up to 90 hp of power. It was therefore decided not to use the more common 1.1 L engine so as not to upset Fiat, which in fact dominated this market segment with the 1100. However, the Giulietta remained an unattainable desire for the vast majority of Italians, who could not afford it; despite this, the model was an unprecedented success for an Alfa Romeo model and earned the nickname "Italy's sweetheart." With the Giulietta, the term "alfista" was born, which would henceforth define fans of the Milanese brand.
The Giulietta was followed in 1958 by the unsuccessful 2000, which did not reach the hoped-for market share due to competition from the more successful Lancia Flaminia, the backwardness of its mechanics and its too high price. In 1959, Alfa Romeo instead introduced the Dauphine, a small car produced under Renault license that was launched in the markets to saturate the production lines at the Portello plant. Since the small car market segment in Italy was controlled almost absolutely by Fiat, Alfa Romeo's management decided not to invest resources in the development of a completely new model, but to rely on another car brand that had more experience on this type of car. However, the Dauphine was not as successful as hoped. Nevertheless, with the launch of the 1900 and Giulietta, Alfa Romeo's sales from 1951 to 1957 increased by 187 percent, which ensured the salvation of the brand.
In the early 1960s the 2600 was introduced, which marked the return to models with large displacement engines. An evolution of the 2000, it was the last Alfa Romeo with a twin-shaft inline-six engine. In this context, the management of the Milanese car manufacturer decided to give priority to the design of the successor model of the Giulietta, which, in the meantime, had reached the one hundred thousandth model produced (this milestone, reached in 1961, was celebrated in the presence of actress Giulietta Masina). The need for the new model was becoming more and more pressing, since one of the fastest-growing sectors, due to increasing affluence at all levels, was that of medium-sized cars; moreover, competition in this market had become fierce, with customers demanding increasingly powerful and high-performing models. On the managerial front, Luraghi became president in 1960 and thus returned to the Biscione carmaker after a stint at Lanerossi.
In the meantime, the production capacity of the Portello plant was reaching saturation point, so an expansion of the industrial infrastructure became necessary. However, the Portello factory was gradually becoming part of Milan's urban fabric due to the city's urban sprawl, so Alfa Romeo's management decided to open a new plant on the outskirts of Milan that would not have the problems of the urban site: the expansion of Milan's urban center meant that the factory could not be enlarged. The official decision to open a new production site was made on February 27, 1959, when the board of directors decreed the purchase of a large vacant area just outside Milan, between the towns of Arese and Garbagnate Milanese. However, the construction phases of the Arese plant, strongly desired by Luraghi, were protracted longer than planned due to problems related to procurement, so the inauguration of the structure was postponed to 1963. For this reason, assembly of the Giulietta's successor model was initially planned at the Portello, with the intention of transferring production to Arese when the new plant was completed. The inauguration of the Centro Sperimentale di Balocco (Balocco Experimental Center), i.e., a track intended for testing cars that reproduced the most famous and challenging curves of the motor racing circuits of the time, also took place during these years.
Meanwhile, the design of the model that would replace the Giulietta went ahead with the intention of making a market launch before the predecessor car went out of production. The first version of the Giulia was introduced to the markets in June 1962. Already from the name, its place in the markets was understood. Slightly larger than the Giulietta, it was placed in a slightly higher range: while the Giulietta was competing with models having a displacement of about 1300 cm³, the Giulia was placed in the market range of cars that possessed a 1600 cm³ engine. The similarity between the two models did not lie only in the name, however, as the Giulia inherited the type of engines previously fitted on the 1900 and Giulietta. What changed was the line, which was completely redesigned at the behest of Satta Puliga. The result was a very distinctive body, which did not resemble that of any other contemporary car and which possessed, due to the use of the wind tunnel, a particularly aerodynamic shape. The slogan "the Giulia, a car designed by the wind" was coined for its very low Cx. Alfa Romeo's new 1.6 L twin-shaft engine, which debuted on the model, allowed the Giulia to rank first in the performance-based ranking of European sedans. In the following years many variants of the Giulia were launched on the market, which also completed the range with distinctly sporty versions such as the Giulia GT (later marketed simply as "GT"). Due to the prosperity that was beginning to spread in Italy following the economic boom, an increasing number of Italians could afford an Alfa Romeo. The Giulia, also due to the 1.3 L engine that had joined the aforementioned 1.6 L powerplant, was the emblem of this period. The Giulia with the 1.3 L engine was the preserve of the upper-middle class, while the models with the 1.6 L powerplant were generally purchased by more affluent customers.
To complete the range, Alfa Romeo then decided to launch on the markets also a spyder model with high performance that would succeed the Giulia Spider whose line, in turn, was derived from that of the Giulietta Spider. The design of the line of the new car was entrusted to Pininfarina, which had also designed, among other things, the bodywork of its two ancestors. The model to be mass-produced debuted in March 1966 under the name "1600 Spider." It was designed by Pininfarina. Soon after, however, it was decided to associate the car with a nickname that would enter the collective imagination, and so a competition was announced by Quattroruote magazine where readers could suggest the name; a Brescian engineer, Guidobaldo Trionfi, won, who had proposed the name "Duetto," recalling the fact that the model had two seats. As early as 1966 that nickname was officially attached to the 1600 Spider, but it could only be used for a short time because of homonymy with a chocolate snack sold at the time. The confectionery company that produced it claimed the exclusive right to commercial use of the name "Duetto," and thus the Milanese automaker was forced to change the model's name to "Alfa Romeo Spider"; however, despite this dispute, the model is universally known as the "Duetto." The Duetto's floorpan was derived from that of the Giulia, and it was Battista Farina's last work before his death. The Duetto was a huge success that crossed national borders reaching as far as the United States, where it was also very popular due to its appearance in the film The Graduate (1967; this film was Dustin Hoffman's first starring role). During these years Alfa Romeo, which was at the height of its fame, introduced another model that went down in history, the 33 Stradale. Derived from the Tipo 33 competition model, the 33 Stradale was produced in a very small number of examples. The project from which the Tipo 33 was born, that is, the progenitor of many competition models that raced until the 1970s, was Luraghi's idea.
In 1963, again at Luraghi's behest and through the efforts of Carlo Chiti, Autodelta was established, which the following year became the racing section of Alfa Romeo. This external racing department was desired by Luraghi to provide Alfa Romeo with a streamlined and independent structure that would relieve the parent company of the conspicuous work associated with racing. In 1966 Alfa Romeo acquired Autodelta, which then became the new official racing department of the company, replacing the in-house one. One of the models prepared by Autodelta during this period, the Giulia GTA, won six European Touring Car Championships between the 1960s and 1970s.
At the time, Alfa Romeo's dominance in the medium-large car category was unchallenged, so the Milanese automaker decided to design a model that would replace the unsuccessful 2600 by placing itself in the large car bracket. This time they opted for a smaller and less expensive model, using the Giulia as a base to limit design costs. Thus was born, in 1967, the 1750. However, the new car, which pleased the market, was also the first "victim" of the "Hot Autumn" since, due to labor unrest, production slowdowns and sabotage incidents were recorded starting in 1969.
The 1960s and 1970s were characterized by the collaboration between Alfa Romeo and the leading Italian designers; for example, Zagato, who designed the lines of many of the brand's coupes, Pininfarina, to whom the Duetto is owed, and Bertone, who designed, among other things, the 1970 Montreal, a model that was not as successful as hoped because it was launched on the markets just before the 1973 oil crisis and thus suffered from the high fuel consumption of its 2.5 l V8 engine, worked for the Biscione company. On the other hand, in 1971 the 2000 was developed from the 1750.
On the corporate strategy front, a decision was made as early as the late 1960s to remake the Pomigliano d'Arco plant, which included its transformation from an aircraft engine production center to a full-fledged automotive plant. However, the plan to assemble a small model in southern Italy dated back to the 1950s even though, due to various vicissitudes, it was not made operational until the 1970s. One of the reasons that prompted Luraghi to invest in southern Italy was an attempt to limit southern emigration to factories in the north, thus bringing work to the areas where it originated. This, according to Luraghi, would limit the emergence of the social and integration problems that arose from the massive exodus of migrants to northern regions.
The first car to be produced in Pomigliano d'Arco was the Alfasud, that is, a medium-small model that marked the Biscione company's debut in this segment and was assembled starting in 1972. The Alfasud was equipped with a bodywork that was born from the pencil of Giorgetto Giugiaro and a small 1.2 l engine that, however, did not detract from the model's performance due to its size. The model had two firsts: it was the first Alfa Romeo with front-wheel drive and the first model from the manufacturer to have installed the Alfa Romeo Boxer engine. Already at the time of its launch, the Alfasud was commercially successful, partly due to the downward expansion of the potential customer base. The latter now included possible buyers who previously would never have been able to afford a new Alfa Romeo model. Since production was now carried out not only in the province of Milan but also in Campania, the Alfa Romeo brand had its reference to the Milanese capital removed.
The Alfasud, also in 1972, was joined by a new model, the Alfetta, i.e., a mid to high-end sedan that was placed – in the Alfa Romeo range – between the Giulia and the 2000. The Alfetta was powered by the 1.8-liter version of Alfa Romeo's twin-shaft engine that had made its debut in 1968 on the 1750. The Alfetta featured completely new mechanicals that were developed to modernize the transmission, suspension, and chassis, whose schemes dated back to the 1900 and had become obsolete, especially in light of the technological advances made by competitors. The name of the new car was derived from the nickname of the racing model that had won the first Formula 1 world championship, the 158. The choice of the name was not accidental, nor was it dictated by tradition: the new mechanicals were derived from the competition cars and included a chassis with double wishbone front suspension and a De Dion rear axle. The transmission followed the transaxle scheme, with the gearbox and clutch mounted in bulk in the rear axle to achieve perfect weight distribution. Specifically, the De Dion tube solution was derived from the competition cars of the 1950s and was installed because it allowed the wheels to move independently without having unfavorable camber deviations, resulting in improved road holding. Because of these technical innovations, the Alfetta initially raised some doubts among some Alfa Romeo executives, who feared a negative response from the market accustomed to Alfa Romeo's classic and proven mechanics: the reaction of potential buyers to such a radical change could not be predicted with certainty. From a mechanical point of view, however, the Alfetta was ahead of its time, and no other competitor model possessed such a refined scheme. Nevertheless, the new model had one major flaw: it possessed some assembly problems.
As for racing, the 1970s saw Alfa Romeo engaged mainly in racing with "covered-wheel" cars, particularly with the Tipo 33 and its derivatives, which won in two editions of the World Sportscar Championship (1975 and 1977). In the 1977 edition Alfa Romeo won all the races on the calendar in its own category, while in the 1975 edition it won the overall ranking. The drivers responsible for these successes were Arturo Merzario, Jacques Laffite, Jochen Mass, Derek Bell, Nino Vaccarella, Jean-Pierre Jarier, Vittorio Brambilla and Henri Pescarolo.
Despite the racing victories, the 1970s were not as fortunate with regard to mass production, mainly due to the 1973 oil crisis that severely affected the auto industry. Sales of passenger cars fell conspicuously due to the rapid and steep rise in fuel prices. On the managerial front, Luraghi left Alfa Romeo in 1974 following the clash that occurred with IRI and CIPE executives over the possible construction of a fourth Alfa Romeo plant in Irpinia, Ciriaco De Mita's constituency. The goal was to produce the Alfetta there with the simultaneous downsizing of the Arese plant. Luraghi considered the proposal to open a second plant in the South uneconomical, especially in light of the difficulties that arose due to the energy crisis, preferring, on the contrary, the upgrading of the Arese production site. This fourth Alfa Romeo plant was then built in Pratola Serra in 1981 for the assembly of the Arna. Since 1996, engines for the Fiat group have been produced there.
As for road models, the second part of the 1970s was marked by the start of a phase of serious difficulties that resulted in a substantial passivity towards updating older models and launching new cars. The Giulia, which had already been obsolete for years, was replaced only in 1977 by the new Giulietta, which took the mechanicals from the Alfetta but positioned itself in a lower market segment since it was offered with two smaller engines, 1300 and 1600 cm³. However, the bodywork was completely different from that of the Giulia, as it featured squarish lines. At the same time, the Alfetta with a 2-liter engine was introduced, whose debut followed the version with a 1.6-liter engine by a few years.
A little later, and after a long gestation, the new flagship was introduced, which was given the name Alfa 6 (1979). Although it was equipped with the V6 Busso engine, i.e., Alfa Romeo's first six-cylinder engine since the one installed on the 2600, the Alfa 6 proved to be a commercial flop due to its obsolete styling, the economic climate of those years that discouraged the purchase of large cars, and the growing antagonism of BMW and Mercedes-Benz models. The same year saw the debut of the first Italian car with a supercharged diesel engine, the Alfetta Turbodiesel; it was successful mainly due to its performance, which placed it in the top positions of the rankings drawn up based on the performance of cars with this type of fuel. The achievement soothed the failure of the first Alfa Romeo Diesel, a Giulia to which the Alfa Romeo F12 van powerplant had been fitted in 1976.
In the late 1970s, Alfa Romeo returned to Formula 1 racing. The prelude dated back to the previous decade, when the Biscione company had supplied the powerplant to minor racing teams, and to the early part of the 1970s, when Alfa Romeo engines had been fitted, from 1970 to 1971, to McLaren and March cars. With the intention of gaining experience in Grand Prix while preparing for direct participation as a manufacturer, Alfa Romeo entered into an agreement with Brabham in 1975, again for the supply of engines. Alfa Romeo then took part in the Formula 1 championship as a constructor from 1979 to 1985, but without achieving great success. This return to Formula 1 was overshadowed by the death of driver Patrick Depailler, who crashed, during some tests in Germany in 1980, in his Alfa Romeo.
The period from the late 1970s to the early 1980s was characterized by the presence in the Alfa Romeo range of obsolete and outdated models that were not replaced by new cars that lived up to the prestige of the brand. The workmanship of the models was also deficient, lacking in poor assembly and poor quality of materials. The latter, in particular, also led to rust problems with the car body, which caused, among other things, the brand's image to deteriorate, especially in the international arena. In the meantime, the energy crisis was mitigating its inhibiting effects towards the economy, and this also led – among other consequences – to stronger competition from foreign automakers. Therefore, Alfa Romeo went from a situation characterized by the presence of only one main competitor – Lancia – to a new condition that was marked by the presence of strong and growing competition from the models of foreign brands, which had benefited from the internationalization of markets that had taken place during the energy crisis[177]. In this unfavorable context, Alfa Romeo's situation deteriorated further. The first measure that was taken by Alfa Romeo's management to cope with the situation was to carry out a restyling of the entire range in the early 1980s. This update, as a result, did not bring the hoped-for benefits.
One event that temporarily improved the situation was the 1983 launch of the new model that replaced the Alfasud, the 33. The 33 was based on the chassis and mechanics of the model it replaced, but featured a body with modern lines. The 33 was very well received commercially and thus gave some breathing room to the company's coffers. It also proved successful with the 4x4 and family versions; the latter, in particular, helped to spread this type of bodywork among Italians. Until then, family cars were considered only suitable for use as work vehicles. As a consequence of the launch of the 33 family car, and also due to the counterpart version of the Lancia Thema, Italians began to appreciate this body type as a family car as well. Also in 1983 came to life the attempted joint venture with the Japanese manufacturer Nissan that led to the production of the Arna: based on the chassis of the Nissan Cherry and equipped with the 33's mechanicals, the Arna did not, however, achieve the hoped-for success because potential customers did not recognize in this model the characteristic features typical of the Biscione manufacturer's cars, from which the model was far away, thus resulting in a resounding commercial flop. With this model, Alfa Romeo's prestige reached the lowest point in its history.
At this point Alfa Romeo found itself lacking the cash to radically renew the range by replacing the older cars, so the management decided to launch a new flagship on the markets that would be based on the previous models. The 90 debuted on the markets in 1984 and replaced both the Alfetta and the Alfa 6. It was equipped with the former's mechanicals and a modern body designed by Bertone.
However, the new flagship was overshadowed by another new model that was based on the Alfetta, the 75. The 75, which replaced the Giulietta in 1985, was named after the founding anniversary of Alfa Romeo, which was 75 years old that very year, and was yet another result of the strategy of deriving new models from earlier cars. The 75 was successful in the markets and was the first Alfa Romeo to be fitted with the new Twin Spark engine. However, this was not the company's first powerplant to have twin spark, which had debuted in 1914 on the Grand Prix. The 75 was Alfa Romeo's last rear-wheel drive sports sedan until the debut of the Giulia in 2015 and was offered in markets with a wide range of engines.
On the racing front, these years saw plenty of accomplishments especially due to the GTV 6, which won the European Touring Car Championship in the 1982, 1983, and 1984 seasons. In 1985 it was decided to liquidate Autodelta; from the following year, races were again managed by Alfa Corse, whose name had already been associated with a structure that had been in charge of the Biscione car manufacturer's competitions.
However, the company, despite launching models that were commercially successful, still had its finances in the red. This financial situation was mainly due to high production costs; for example, in the early 1980s, Alfa Romeo spent three times as much to assemble an Alfetta as the price at which the model was then sold to the public. With the aim of reducing IRI's losses, the Italian government at the time instructed the president of the holding company of state industries, Romano Prodi, to sell the Biscione car manufacturer, which in the meantime had reached a real debt of more than 2,000 billion lire (thus well over the officially recognized 700 billion) to a private group. In 1986, after a heated battle with Ford, the Fiat group acquired Alfa Romeo thanks to Prodi's intercession, which prevented, not without controversy, the purchase by the U.S. automotive group. After the acquisition, Fiat decided to merge Alfa Romeo with another company in the group, Lancia, creating "Alfa-Lancia Industriale," to whose presidency Vittorio Ghidella was appointed. At the same time, the new ownership decided to optimize the car range with the exit of the Arna and the 90 and the updating of the other models that remained on the catalog.
In 1987 the 164 was introduced, the flagship born on the development of the Tipo4 floorpan of Fiat origin, together with Lancia and SAAB. This was made possible by an agreement between Alfa Romeo and the two competing car groups prior to Fiat's purchase, the purpose of which was to keep model design and development costs down. However, the 164 featured a distinctive stylistic design by Pininfarina. The model represented a milestone in the company's history, as it was the first Alfa Romeo flagship with front-wheel drive. Meanwhile, prior to the launch of new models that would be based on Fiat Group floorpans, the 75 and 33 had been revised in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Also in 1989, a limited series coupe was unveiled that was intended to revive Alfa Romeo's sporty reputation. The SZ was then joined in 1991 by the RZ, its convertible version. The SZ was the first Alfa Romeo model entirely designed and produced under the leadership of the Fiat group, while retaining a mechanical design derived from the Alfetta. In 1988, however, production of the vans ended. The last two models produced, the AR6 and AR8, originated from an agreement with Iveco and were rebadged Fiat Ducato and Iveco Daily, respectively. With them, the production of Alfa Romeo-branded commercial vehicles ended.
The beginning of the final decade of the 20th century was marked by the last update of the Spider Duetto, the origins of which stretched back to the 1960s. These changes, which were introduced in 1990, included the installation of body-color bumpers and the revision of the rear end, the design of which was now influenced by that of the 164.
In contrast, the second model designed and developed by the new ownership was the 155, which was introduced in 1992. It was based on the Tipo2 floorpan, which was already used by many cars in the group at the time. The 155 was assembled at the Pomigliano d'Arco plant. Due to the mechanics in synergy with other group cars and the abandonment of rear-wheel drive in favor of front-wheel drive, the 155 was not welcomed by the Alfisti, despite the presence of refined mechanical solutions such as the "Twin Spark" twin-shaft engines with dual ignition system and phase shifter or the technology of the Q4 all-wheel drive version, which was derived from that of the Lancia Delta Integrale. Fiat decided to derive the mechanics of Alfa Romeo models from those of Fiat cars with the aim of keeping costs down, choosing solutions that simplified as much as possible the schemes that were the basis of the suspension, transmission and other elements, while also paying attention to the ease of maintenance of the mechanical components. The 155, in competition, won several national Touring Car Championships, including the prestigious Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft thus interrupting the dominance of German cars.
Shortly thereafter, the two models that replaced the 33 were launched, the 145 and 146, which debuted in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Both cars were sedans based on the 155's floorpan and featured a body with innovative features: the 145 was small in size and possessed a three-door, hatchback body, while the 146 was a five-door hatchback. The two models inherited Alfa Romeo boxer engines from the 33, which were replaced a few years later by Twin Spark engines.
1995 was also the debut year of another pair of models that revived this time two historical names for the Biscione company: the GTV and the Spider. They were introduced to revive the brand's sporty reputation and thus were equipped with high-performance engines. However, the mechanicals were derived from those of the Fiat Tipo, although an adaptation was made to provide sportiness to the models. Due in part to competition from their German counterparts, however, the two models were not as successful as hoped.
The breakthrough year for Alfa Romeo was 1997, due to the launch of the 156. The 156 replaced the unsuccessful 155 and marked, with its sporty and innovative lines, a break with the cars of the past while marking the beginning of a new styling concept that was later applied to the following models as well, albeit with various updates. This new styling concept, which was the work of Walter de Silva, combined the characteristic lines of famous Alfa Romeo models of the past with modern styling cues. The 156 was immediately a remarkable and unexpected success so much so that it won the Car of the Year award in 1998, partly due to its refined mechanics. It was on this model that the selespeed transmission was introduced for the first time, i.e., a semi-automatic transmission with two levers behind the steering wheel that controlled the shifting of the gears; this gearbox was derived from the racing world and its launch was made to allow a sporty use of the car. The 156 was also the first car in the world to have the common rail turbo diesel engine installed. In 2000, a family version, the Sportwagon, was introduced.
In 1998 production of the 164 ended, giving way to the company's new flagship, the 166. The 166 came with even more generous dimensions than its progenitor but retaining front-wheel drive. The latter aspect generated discontent among Alfisti, partly in light of the trend followed by rival brands, which was directed toward marketing rear-wheel drive models. However, the 166 had a very comfortable interior and particularly rich furnishings that made the model suitable, among other things, for long routes. The 166 was withdrawn from the market in 2007 after being commercially successful.
In terms of competition, Alfa Romeo won four European touring car drivers' titles (2000 to 2003) with the 156 during this period, thanks to Fabrizio Giovanardi and Gabriele Tarquini, and three European touring car championships (2000 to 2002).
The new millennium began for the Biscione manufacturer under excellent commercial auspices. The new model that was introduced in 2000, the compact 147, was a great success among the public and managed to win the Das Goldene Lenkrad award in 2000 and the title of Car of the Year in 2001. From a stylistic point of view, the introduction on the 147 of a front end with sharper and more defined lines, reminiscent of that of the 1900, marked the beginning of a new stylistic pattern that would mark the front parts of later models and facelifts of cars on the catalog.
The year 2003 was marked by the updating of the entire range, which was achieved through a radical facelift. The 156, Spider, GTV and 166 were renewed. Also in 2003 came the presentation of the GT model, which won the "World's Most Beautiful Car" award the following year. In 2004 the 147 was updated and two new versions of the 156, the Q4 and the GT, were launched on the markets.
In 2005, the 159 debuted, which was the mid to upper-range model that replaced the 156. Designed by Giugiaro, the 159 was basically an evolution of the model it replaced despite having larger dimensions and weight. The car was made in cooperation with the General Motors group; the floorpan was the result of a cooperation with the Opel brand, which, however, was not followed up. The 159 was equipped with a wide range of engines from which customers could choose, and was offered in both sedan and family Sportwagon versions. The same year saw the debut of a new sports coupe, again born from the pencil of Giorgetto Giugiaro and taking the place of the GTV: the Brera.
In 2006 the new Spider was introduced, which was an evolution of the Brera and replaced the previous model of the same name. 2007 was the time of the debut of the sporty 8C Competizione, whose shapes were inspired by the 33 Stradale. It was marketed in a limited series, and the planned 500 examples were all sold as soon as they were introduced to the market to wealthy customers. It was equipped with a 4.7 l, 450 hp V8 Maserati Squadra Corse engine, which was assembled by Ferrari and derived from the powerplant fitted on the Maserati 4200 GT. The model took its name from the eight-cylinder-engined Alfa Romeo cars marketed in the 1930s and 1940s and marked the Biscione company's return to rear-wheel drive. The car was very successful, and for that reason the Fiat group decided to also make a spyder version, which went into production in 2009. Only 500 examples of the open version were assembled.
In June 2008 came the commercial launch of the compact MiTo ("Mi" for Milan, where Alfa Romeo was born, and "To" for Turin, where it was built), which was designed to try to boost sales by extending the range downward. It was positioned below the 147 and – because of its sporty and dynamic appearance – was designed to appeal to young audiences. The MiTo is based on the SCCS platform and was the first Alfa Romeo to be assembled at Fiat's Mirafiori plant. The MiTo is available with a wide choice of engines and has a decidedly low Cx (0.29), a consequence of a thorough study of aerodynamics.
In 2010, to mark the 100th anniversary of the company's founding, Alfa Romeo unveiled the model that replaced the 147, the Giulietta. The car is based on the new Fiat Compact platform and has sought-after mechanical features such as a dual-clutch transmission. The Giulietta also features the start-stop system, Alfa Romeo DNA (introduced on the MiTo in 2008), electronic stability control, and Q2 differential. Also in 2010, Zagato presented the TZ3, which was assembled in ten units (including the one-off example). The centenary also saw a rationalization of the lineup, with the GT, Brera and Spider being discontinued.
In 2013, on the other hand, the 4C entered production, with which Alfa Romeo returned to rear-wheel drive in a production car (not limited) after about two decades. On June 24, 2015, on the occasion of the 105th anniversary of the company's founding, the Giulia was unveiled at the Alfa Romeo Historical Museum which was followed on November 16, 2016 by the presentation of the first SUV produced by the company, called the Stelvio, which shares a platform and engines with the Giulia.
At the end of July 2018, production of the MiTo ceased, with no immediate replacement in its segment. On February 8, 2022, the second SUV produced by the company, called Tonale, was unveiled in a world preview. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The history of Alfa Romeo, an Italian car manufacturer known for producing sports cars, began on June 24, 1910 with the founding of ALFA (an acronym for \"Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili\") in Milan. In 1918 the company changed its name to \"Alfa Romeo\" following the acquisition of control of the company by Nicola Romeo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1933 ownership of Alfa Romeo passed, through IRI, to the Italian state because of the heavy debt the company had incurred with banks since the previous decade. Alfa Romeo continued to produce cars in a semi-craftsmanship manner until the early 1950s, when it transformed into a full-fledged automobile manufacturer with the introduction of the assembly line in the production departments. From this decade on, Alfa Romeo experienced a phase of growing success that reached its peak in the 1960s. In the 1970s, however, there was a turnaround that caused a deep crisis. The failing finances then led the Italian state, in 1986, to sell the automaker to the Fiat group. The revival of Alfa Romeo took place in the second part of the 1990s. In 2014, it became part of the brands controlled by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and from 2021 by Stellantis.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Alfa Romeo's origins have French and Neapolitan roots. The genesis of the brand is linked to the founding of the Società Italiana Automobili Darracq, which was opened in Naples on April 6, 1906. However, the entrepreneurial venture immediately proved to be fraught with difficulties, especially because of the high distance between Naples and France. For this reason, as early as the end of 1906, the company was relocated to Milan with the construction of a factory in the Portello area. The first industrial settlement that was the origin of Alfa Romeo, and which remained active until 1986, was built on a vast square bordering the areas that had hosted the Milan International. However, difficulties continued and sales proved insufficient to ensure the survival of the manufacturing business. Because of these problems, as early as the end of 1909 the company was put into liquidation and was then taken over by some Lombard entrepreneurs, who purchased it in 1910 together with Ugo Stella, who participated in the transaction.",
"title": "ALFA"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The change of ownership took place on June 24, 1910, at which time the company changed its name to ALFA (an acronym for \"Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili\"). The name chosen recalled the first letter of the Greek alphabet, intended to emphasize the beginning of a new industrial adventure.",
"title": "ALFA"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "At this point, the new management recognized the need to completely revise its models by adapting them to the needs of the Italian market, and therefore decided to hire Giuseppe Merosi, a designer from Piacenza with several years of experience in the fledgling Italian automobile industry to his credit. Merosi, who therefore became the first technical manager of the fledgling car company, was given the task of designing a totally new car model. The company's first logo was also designed on the occasion. Sketched by Merosi himself, the mark recalled ALFA's ties with its city of origin: on one side the Visconti serpent (the \"biscione\"), on the other the red cross on a white field, the medieval symbol of Milan. Surrounding the two emblems were the inscriptions \"ALFA\" and \"MILANO\" divided by two Savoy knots in honor of the Italian ruling house.",
"title": "ALFA"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The new model was launched as early as the same year in which the change of ownership took place. Designed by Merosi, the ALFA 24 HP possessed an inline four-cylinder, side-valve engine with a displacement of 4,084 cm³ that delivered 42 hp of power (the 24 HP in the model name referred instead to fiscal power). The 24 HP was designed considering the shortcomings of the Darracq models, and was therefore equipped with a very strong structure and a powerful engine that allowed the car to reach the remarkable speed (for the time) of 100 km/h. The model ensured reliability due to the preliminary tests that were carried out before the launch at the behest of Giuseppe Merosi, and thus sales of the ALFA gradually began to grow. However, the 24 HP was marketed with a \"bare\" chassis, that is, without the body; at the time, it was common to sell the models produced without the body, so as to give buyers the opportunity to complete them according to their personal tastes by taking them to their trusted coachbuilder.",
"title": "ALFA"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "From the 24 HP was derived the first truck model built by Alfa Romeo. Made in 1914, it was produced through a substantial modification of the car's structure. This truck inaugurated a tradition that marked the Biscione company for decades. Alfa Romeo produced commercial vehicles until 1988 and was, after FIAT, the Italian company that built this type of transport vehicle for the longest time.",
"title": "ALFA"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The 24 HP was successful and so, in the same year, a smaller car, the 12 HP, was launched, which was equipped with a 2,413 cm³ and 22 hp inline-four engine. Both the powerplant and chassis of the 12 HP were derived from those of the 24 HP. In 1911 the 12 HP was updated by installing an upgraded version of the engine, which now delivered 24 hp; for this reason, the model changed its name to 15 HP, as the fiscal horsepower also changed although the displacement remained the same. The 15 HP in 1914 underwent a similar update to that which had led to its birth. These changes mainly involved the engine: the displacement was kept the same in exchange for an increase in power output, which grew to 28 HP. From these changes came the 15-20 HP. In contrast, the previous year (1913) the successor model to the 24 HP, the 40-60 HP, had been launched. This new car was basically the fruit of the development of the previous model and marked a turning point for the carmaker's car design, owing to the high engineering level of its mechanics. The new model had mounted a 6,082 cm³, 70-hp six-cylinder engine that differed from previous powerplants by having overhead valves instead of valves on the side.",
"title": "ALFA"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1911 ALFA debuted, with the 24 HP, in motor racing. In an attempt to win new buyers, ALFA's management was considering the launch of a new car that was to feature a more luxurious trim level and a higher price, at least by the standards of previous models. However, the idea was soon shelved because of the risks involved, which were related to a possible negative response from the market and the danger of losing the already acquired customers, who were accustomed to the peculiarities of ALFA's previous cars: therefore, their reaction to a completely new type of car could not be predicted. It was therefore decided to prepare a racing model, which with its eventual successes could attract new buyers. Merosi was therefore commissioned to transform two 24 HP examples into cars suitable for racing. The goal was achieved by lightening the two vehicles, which was achieved, for example, by eliminating the bodywork; in addition, the wheelbase was shortened and the axles were replaced. These examples were entered in the 1911 Targa Florio, but without success; the disappointing results were then repeated the following year. Nevertheless, success in racing came in 1913 with a racing version of the 40-60 HP. The model won the Parma-Poggio di Berceto finishing first in its class and second overall.",
"title": "ALFA"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The victory of the 40-60 HP gave ALFA the impetus to continue its participation in competitions, and this resulted in the design of a racing model suitable for participation in Grand Prix motor racing, which attracted more public interest than endurance races. In 1914 Giuseppe Merosi was therefore commissioned to design a useful model for the purpose, employing an existing car as the basis of the design again, since making a new model from scratch would have required too many financial resources. Thus in 1914 the ALFA Grand Prix was born, which was derived from the 40-60 HP and was the first car designed by the Biscione company to be intended exclusively for competition. The model featured innovations regarding engine technology: it had a double overhead camshaft timing system and possessed dual ignition per cylinder. The power unit was the Biscione company's first engine to have these features and was therefore the forerunner of Alfa Romeo's Twin Cam engine and Twin Spark ignition system, which were produced a few decades later. Due to the outbreak of World War I, in which Italy did not initially take part, the organization of international competitions was suspended and thus the ALFA Grand Prix had a rather short racing activity.",
"title": "ALFA"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Before Italy's entry into the war, ALFA's sales gradually increased from 80 cars in 1911 to 150 in 1912, 200 in 1913, 272 in 1914 and then dropped to 207 in 1915. With the outbreak of the conflict (1914), the Milanese automaker entered a crisis due to the stagnation of the domestic car market and the interruption of exports. ALFA was in those years broadening its commercial horizons by also targeting foreign markets. The situation precipitated with Italy's entry into the war (1915). The national manufacturing apparatus converted its industrial activities to meet the demand for wartime supplies and this put ALFA in a difficult situation: the owners of the Milanese car manufacturer did not possess the financial resources to convert plants for this purpose. An attempt was made, however, by Merosi to modify the engine of the 15-20 HP into a generator suitable for the Royal Army, but without success. To avoid being in a situation where the factory would no longer produce profits, the ownership therefore decided to sell the ALFA to the Banca Italiana di Sconto.",
"title": "The birth of the Alfa Romeo brand"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The bank identified Nicola Romeo, a mechanical engineer from Sant'Antimo, as a potential buyer who could manage and later buy ALFA. Previously Romeo, after having had some experience abroad, had founded in 1911 in Milan the \"Società in accomandita semplice Ing. Nicola Romeo e Co.\" for the production of machinery for mining. After the outbreak of war, the Neapolitan entrepreneur decided to enter the military contracting business, obtaining a significant order for the Royal Army in July 1915, which involved the production of ammunition. Since his company did not possess the resources to fulfill this order, Nicola Romeo decided to take over ALFA by entering the company's capital by purchasing some shares. On August 4, 1915, Nicola Romeo was appointed director of the Portello plant, and within two years the industrial group led by the engineer from Sant'Antimo managed to gain control of the company; on this occasion, ALFA changed its name to \"Società Anonima Italiana Ing. Nicola Romeo.\" It then concentrated on the manufacture of ammunition (75 mm shells loaded on 75 Krupp and Déport guns and 149 caliber shells loaded on 149/35 guns), flamethrowers, generating sets (using the engine of the 15-20 HP and mounted on special carriages supplied by Bollani coachworks), aircraft engines under license from Isotta-Fraschini, and mining equipment, which were essential in the trenches of the Italian front, temporarily discontinuing the production of cars. The mining equipment was driven by air compressors, officially named Motocompressor Type C (Cadottato) but known as \"Il Piccolo Italiano,\" which were designed by Merosi and were powered by the engines already mounted on the 15 HP and 24 HP. In this context, due to the conflicting relationship that existed between Merosi and Romeo the designer from Piacenza was sent to southern Italy to lead a factory owned by the engineer from Sant'Antimo.",
"title": "The birth of the Alfa Romeo brand"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "When the war ended, military orders came to an end and Romeo decided to convert the company's activities back to the production of cars for civilian use. This process was facilitated by inventories of car components that had been made before the conflict and by the substantial funds set aside by Romeo from military supplies. At the same time, Bolinder heavy oil engines for fishing boats were imported. Romeo, who was aware of the value of the ALFA brand name in the marketing of passenger car models, decided to change the name of the company to \"Alfa Romeo.\" The official act of Alfa Romeo's birth is dated February 3, 1918, and was signed by notary Federico Guasti of Milan. In the same year Merosi returned to the company following the settlement of conflicts with Romeo. This was also achieved by revising the contract that bound Merosi to the Portello car manufacturer, including an extraordinary payment based on the number of cars sold.",
"title": "The birth of the Alfa Romeo brand"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Financial liquidity had also previously been used, by Romeo's group, to purchase other mechanical companies: the Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno, Officine Ferroviarie Meridionali of Naples, and Officine Ferroviarie Romane. With them Romeo built rolling stock until 1925. However, Romeo did not own a majority shareholding in the companies of his group: additional shareholders were in fact the Banca Italiana di Sconto and other financiers. Despite not owning a majority, Romeo nevertheless managed to have absolute control of the companies he led. From 1918 to 1921 the company led by Romeo produced a model of agricultural tractor under license from International Harvester, the Romeo. The Romeo had little commercial success, mainly on the basis of its technical characteristics, which had been obsolete for a few years. An example of the Romeo is preserved at the Alfa Romeo Historical Museum in Arese. This was the only agricultural tractor model marketed by the Portello company.",
"title": "The birth of the Alfa Romeo brand"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The first passenger car model produced after the end of World War I from stock was the prewar 15/20 HP, the marketing of which resumed in 1919. However, it was necessary to wait until 1920 before normal car production resumed, when the Alfa Romeo 20-30 HP was launched, which was thus the first road model to be marketed under the company's new name. The Alfa Romeo brand had already debuted on November 23, 1919 on a racing version of the 40-60 HP, which participated in the Targa Florio.",
"title": "The early postwar period and the 1920s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In 1921 a new model designed by Merosi was launched, the G1. The 40-60 HP had become obsolete, so Alfa Romeo's offerings needed a completely new high-end model. The G1, because of its imposing size, was the largest Alfa Romeo ever built up to that time. The model, however, had no market in Italy partly because of high taxation, which, being calculated according to displacement, penalized models with large-cubic capacity engines. The 50 expensive examples produced were therefore all sold in Australia.",
"title": "The early postwar period and the 1920s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Business deteriorated because of low sales. The reasons for this poor success lay in the almost total absence of a dealer network and the corporate disorganization that originated from Romeo's management, who, as a result, began to get into debt with banks. Business did not improve even with the launch of a new car that was equipped with a six-cylinder engine designed by Merosi, the RL. The new model was received lukewarmly by the market precisely because of the engine, which featured relatively low power. However, the RL was launched on the markets to complete the range with a road model whose competition version would have to meet the new Grand Prix regulations, which called for a reduction in the maximum displacement of participating cars. Nevertheless, the RL was important for the history of the manufacturer: on one example of the competition version, the Alfa Romeo four-leaf clover symbol made its debut, which would appear in all the Milanese manufacturer's competitive activities and on the sportiest versions of its cars from then on. The four-leaf clover was painted by the driver Ugo Sivocci on his car at the 1923 Targa Florio for superstitious reasons, since the model was entered in the competition with the number 13; with this symbol the driver from Salerno won the first victory in his career. The achievement was also Alfa Romeo's first in the famous Sicilian competition. In the 1920s Alfa Romeo successfully expanded its sporting activities thanks to drivers of the caliber of Antonio Ascari, Giuseppe Campari, Enzo Ferrari and Sivocci. As a result of its racing victories, Alfa Romeo achieved international fame.",
"title": "The early postwar period and the 1920s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "In the financial sphere, Alfa Romeo's situation worsened with the bankruptcy in 1921 of the Banca Italiana di Sconto. This event was caused by the excessive indebtedness incurred by the companies, which were struggling with complications due to post-war reconversion. The bankrupt banking institution was taken over by the Bank of Italy through the Banca Nazionale di Credito, and thus part of the debts of the companies involved were basically managed by the Italian state. As a result, these companies were also administratively controlled de facto by the Italian state, and Alfa Romeo was no exception. In 1922 Benito Mussolini came to power; the leader of Fascism decided to make a cut in public spending and thus the Banca Nazionale di Credito was no longer able to lavish the substantial liquidity that had been provided until then. No longer having access to credit with relative ease, Alfa Romeo's situation thus worsened considerably and the possibility of closure was raised. In regard to the Milanese automaker, however, Mussolini was not as perplexed as he was about other industrial concerns in crisis. According to the Duce, Alfa Romeo's victories in automobile competitions gave the brand, and consequently Italy as well, a certain prestige. Mussolini therefore decided to save Alfa Romeo from closure. However, with sales continuing to languish, in 1925 the Banca Nazionale di Credito pulled its weight and ousted Romeo from the company, replacing him with Pasquale Gallo.",
"title": "The early postwar period and the 1920s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The tarnishing of the Alfa Romeo brand caused by the poor commercial success of the road models was mitigated by successes in competition, and in particular by the triumph of the Alfa Romeo P2 in the first organized world motor racing championship in history (1925), which was won thanks to the victories of Antonio Ascari and Gastone Brilli-Peri. They defeated drivers from the automakers that dominated the Grand Prix at the time and were therefore favorites for the title (Bugatti, Fiat, Delage, Sunbeam and Miller). To celebrate the victory, a laurel wreath was added to the edge of the Milanese automaker's coat of arms. The P2 was the first Alfa Romeo designed by Vittorio Jano, who in the meantime had replaced Merosi at the company's technical helm; the latter had left Alfa Romeo because of disagreements with Gallo. Notably, the decision to replace Merosi with Jano was made the day after Sivocci's death on a P1 during some tests. The ownership identified the technical director from Piacenza as the main culprit of the tragedy, and therefore decided to replace him. The choice of successor then fell on Jano, who was working at Fiat at the time. However, as the similarity between the world champion Alfa Romeo model and the Fiat 805 was evident, Giovanni Agnelli became convinced that Jano had used some designs from Fiat as the basis for P2, and so he turned to the relevant authorities. Subsequent investigations exonerated Jano: the two cars, despite their aesthetic similarity, were in fact mechanically very different. With Jano for Alfa Romeo began a period of great sporting success and technological advances that would later lead to the company's revival.",
"title": "The early postwar period and the 1920s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Participation in competitions was a means of increasing sales of civilian cars, and therefore it was essential to launch a model that, in the wake of winning the world championship, would drive sales by attracting new customers. Therefore, in 1927 Alfa Romeo presented the 6C 1500, which was an easy to handle, compact model. Designed by Jano, the 6C 1500 was derived from the P2 and was, from a technological point of view, equipped with exceptional features: it was fitted with a six-cylinder, overhead-valve engine of 1.5 L displacement, which was equipped with a single-shaft timing system. It was later upgraded by installing a double overhead camshaft on the Sport version. Due to the company's inefficiencies, however, the model was marketed at an excessively high price. In addition, the short-wheelbase version, which was the sports one, was not as successful as hoped, so the launch of the new car did not allow the Milanese automaker to capitalize on its victory at the world championship. Despite its lack of success, the 6C was nonetheless the progenitor model of a series of cars that would later go down in automotive history because of their performance, styling and reliability. The 6C 1500 was followed by the 6C 1750, which was derived from the parent model through an increase in engine displacement. The 6C 1500 Sport won, for the first time for Alfa Romeo, the Mille Miglia (1928). This success was followed by two more victories (1929 and 1930) that were achieved by the 6C 1750.",
"title": "The early postwar period and the 1920s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Meanwhile, due to the corporate vicissitudes that had involved Gallo, the company was still struggling despite the moderate upswing in sales that had been recorded thanks to the launch of the 6C 1750. Gallo was arrested because he was caught red-handed while attempting to provide aid to a staunch opponent of the Fascist regime, Cipriano Facchinetti, who wanted to flee Italy. Gallo's management, despite its short duration, was nevertheless characterized by a reorganization of production activities that was later important for the company's subsequent revival. At this point, the Duce himself chose Prospero Gianferrari as director, who further improved production processes and established a sector within Alfa Romeo that would be responsible for making the bodies, thus giving the company the opportunity to build complete cars. In addition, Gianferrari chose to diversify its production activities: in 1931 the first industrial vehicle not derived from road cars, the Alfa Romeo Tipo 50, was introduced, while in 1932 the first aircraft engine totally designed by Alfa Romeo, the D2, was presented, which was later mounted on the Caproni Ca.101. As for cars, during those years was the introduction in 1931 of the 8C 2300 and the launch of the 6C 2300. On the racing front, Jano designed, also in 1931, Alfa Romeo's first single-seater car, the Tipo A. However, the model, which was extraordinarily powerful due to the installation of two engines, was not very sturdy and difficult to control. From the same era is another racing car designed by Jano, the P3 (\"Tipo B\"); it is considered one of the best racing cars ever built due to the numerous victories won especially by Tazio Nuvolari.",
"title": "The early postwar period and the 1920s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Despite its racing successes, Alfa Romeo's financial situation continued to be critical. Adding to the other problems in the 1930s was the great economic crisis that had begun in 1929 with the collapse of the Wall Street Stock Exchange and which precipitated the situation. In this context, in 1933, the Italian government decided to take over the shares of Alfa Romeo that were owned by banks, officially acquiring control of the company, which thus became state-owned. In this situation, as the finances continued to worsen, some members of the Treasury Ministry speculated about the closure of the carmaker. At this point Mussolini himself intervened again and decided, through the IRI (the state-owned corporation created for the purpose of supporting banks and companies in difficulty), to save the company, commissioning Ugo Gobbato to reorganize Alfa Romeo from both a financial and a production point of view. Mussolini's personal interest was not accidental: the Duce was a great admirer of Alfa Romeo especially for its racing achievements. It was again the latter that prompted Mussolini to go against the opinion of his ministry by deciding, for the second time, to save the Milanese automaker.",
"title": "The 1930s and 1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Alfa Romeo's rescue was achieved thanks to the joint work done by Jano and Gobbato: the former continued his work of designing new models, which were made consistently competitive in the market due to Gobbato's contribution to improving production processes. The 6C 2300 (which was characterized by a simpler structure and thus also sold well because of its lower price), the 6C 2500 (which was the more powerful and sumptuous version of the same model) and the large and luxurious 8C 2900 are from these years. Overall, the years leading up to World War II were characterized by powerful and refined models marked by elegant lines. In particular, the three models that later made Alfa Romeo a world-famous brand in the 1930s, even for road cars, were the 6C 1500, the 8C 2300, and the aforementioned 8C 2900.",
"title": "The 1930s and 1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "In April 1936, Alfa Romeo established a corporate after-work section of its Milan plant. The football section debuted in the 1936-1937 Lombardy First Division championship, finishing the season in first place and thus gaining access to the Serie C. Starting with the 1937-1938 season, the Gruppo Calcio Alfa Romeo was formed, autonomous from the company's after-work section albeit connected to it. The following season Alfa Romeo hired – thanks in part to the prospect of stable employment as a mechanic – 18-year-old Valentino Mazzola, future captain of Grande Torino, who remained in the red jersey for only one season before moving to Venezia. The club played five seasons in the third division until the 1941-1942 season, after which it renounced its membership; it also played four editions of the Coppa Italia without ever passing the first elimination round.",
"title": "The 1930s and 1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "In this context, in 1933 Gobbato decided to withdraw Alfa Romeo from official and direct participation in competitions, ceding its cars to Scuderia Ferrari, which had been founded a few years earlier and had already been using cars from the Biscione manufacturer for some time. However, in 1937 Jano was dismissed from Alfa Romeo because of disagreements with the management, which criticized him for lack of success in races (in these years there was a supremacy of German cars). The engineer defended himself by citing as an excuse the lack of support from management, which Jano considered necessary for the development of his projects. Jano was replaced, at first, by Bruno Trevisan, who, in turn, was replaced in 1936 by Spaniard Wifredo Ricart. Ricart left an indelible mark in the history of Alfa Romeo, since it was his work to introduce the De Dion tube on the brand's cars; this technical peculiarity would later characterize the Milanese automaker's models for decades. On the other hand, as far as Gobbato's administration is concerned, it was fundamental for the brand, which became, under his direction, famous and esteemed all over the world also for its mass-produced cars. The international fame won by Alfa Romeo caused Henry Ford to say, in a conversation that took place in 1939 with Gobbato himself, \"when I see an Alfa Romeo go by, I take my hat off.\" This worldwide fame was consolidated thanks also to the races and drivers who, despite German supremacy, still achieved significant successes. Among those who contributed to writing important pages of Alfa Romeo history in this decade were Giuseppe Campari, Tazio Nuvolari, Achille Varzi, Louis Chiron, and Mario Umberto Baconin Borzacchini.",
"title": "The 1930s and 1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "In the 1930s there was also the establishment of Alfa Romeo commercial vehicles, which was achieved mainly through their use in the Italian colonies. Such was their popularity and reputation that even in the 21st century in Ethiopia the term romeo generically denotes \"truck.\" The most famous Alfa Romeo truck models were produced in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s and were the 430, 900, and Mille. Also in this context, the early 1930s also saw the appearance of the first Alfa Romeo-branded buses and trolley buses which were, in essence, modified trucks. After the 1950s, the Biscione company began to produce these types of vehicles without deriving them from trucks anymore. With the passage of time, Alfa Romeo's tradition in the field of public vehicle assembly was consolidated, making the Biscione company one of the largest Italian manufacturers in this field. Specifically, it produced buses and trolley buses until the 1960s, while it continued to build lighter vehicles such as school buses and minibuses until the 1980s.",
"title": "The 1930s and 1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "This continuation of the strategy of production diversification was also the work of Gobbato, which also focused on the manufacture of aero engines; in this context, in 1938, work began on the construction of a production plant in Pomigliano d'Arco, in the province of Naples, which was to be responsible for the design and assembly of these types of engines. This industrial site was the ancestor of the Fiat group's modern production plant. In this context, in 1941, Alfa Romeo Avio was born, that is, the division that dealt exclusively with aeronautical production. Also in 1938, there was the official return of Alfa Romeo to racing, with the founding of Alfa Corse, that is, a section that was connected to the design, construction and maintenance of racing cars and was managed by Enzo Ferrari. The racing models produced during this period were designed by Gioacchino Colombo and Luigi Bazzi under Ricart. Enzo Ferrari then left Alfa Corse in 1939 because of disagreements that had arisen with other members of the racing department.",
"title": "The 1930s and 1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Toward the end of the 1930s, however, the political situation in Europe was changing. The winds of war led the various nations, including Italy, toward an arms race. Alfa Romeo's industrial production was oriented toward the assembly of aircraft engines and trucks, which would be most useful to Italy in the event of armed conflict. Thus, the assembly of civilian cars was drastically reduced in favor mainly of aircraft production, which in the years leading up to World War II generated almost 80 percent of Alfa Romeo's sales. Alfa Romeo's tradition in aviation had its roots in the early days of the brand's history. As the decades passed, Alfa Romeo's aero engines became famous for their victorious participation in various attempts to break world records in aviation and for their sporting triumphs, where they demonstrated a certain technical supremacy. The Biscione company's aero engines were thus fitted to a considerable number of aircraft of the Regia Aeronautica, contributing to writing important pages of Italian aviation history. In the field of military engines, many were derived from models, such as the Jupiter, produced under license and characterized by power outputs that, while adequate in the 1930s, with the rapid evolution of technology later proved to be too low for wartime use, while reliability and robustness always remained high. The military engines were almost all radial and air-cooled; an exception was the RA 1000 RC.41 which was a licensed production of the Daimler-Benz DB 601 and equipped the Macchi M.C.202 and Reggiane Re.2001 fighters.",
"title": "The 1930s and 1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "In the powerboat field, Alfa Romeo supplied its Lynx aero engine to a hydroplane at the second Pavia-Venice Raid in 1930. Participation in this competition continued in the following years, and in 1938 the company won its first victory with the D2 C.30 powerplant. At the helm was Lieutenant Colonel Goffredo Gorini, a civilian aircraft pilot, who repeated the feat the following year aboard the SIAI-Alfa Romeo hydroplane.",
"title": "The 1930s and 1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "On the other hand, as far as automobile competitions were concerned, the second part of the 1930s saw a supremacy of German cars: the Nazi regime had decided to allocate substantial funds to Auto Union and Mercedes-Benz with the aim of making them more competitive, and thus victorious in competitions. The limited resources that Italy could provide at the time did not allow Alfa Romeo to do the same, responding on the track to German victories. From these years, however, is the creation of the 158, one of the most successful competition cars produced by the company, which, after World War II, would win the inaugural edition of the Formula 1 World Championship. War broke out in 1939, and due to wartime events, Alfa Corse was temporarily closed on February 29, 1940. Italy entered the war in June of the same year.",
"title": "The 1930s and 1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "World War II also left many marks on the Portello plant, which was considered very important for war supplies. Already during the war it was decided to move some of the departments to the Milanese hinterland and to relocate part of the warehouse around Vicenza, to defend these resources from bombing. In addition, Gobbato prepared a plan to conceal the components of the cars, a plan that would prove crucial for the resumption of production activities once the conflict was over. Because of its strategic importance, on February 14 and August 13, 1943, the Milan plant suffered two heavy bombings. The coup de grace came on October 20, 1944, when the most violent bombing that Milan had suffered up to that time caused the demolition of more than 60 percent of the structure, causing the closure of the production site. The Pomigliano d'Arco plant suffered the same fate on May 30, 1943, with the destruction of 70 percent of the operating facilities.",
"title": "The 1930s and 1940s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "In 1945, with the conflict over, Alfa Romeo found itself in a very difficult situation. The Portello plant had been heavily damaged during the war and there was almost no Italian automobile market. There was also a shortage of raw materials and there was a lack of men who could have handled the situation; Gobbato had been assassinated on April 28, 1945, and Ricart, linked to Francisco Franco, had returned to Spain following the fall of fascism in Italy. The fortunes of Alfa Romeo were again entrusted to Pasquale Gallo, who was appointed extraordinary commissioner by the CNL and later became president, a position he held until 1948.",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "Since the end of the war, the company tried to put the damaged plants back into operation by initially devoting itself to the construction of electric and gas cookers, metal fixtures, electric motors, buffers for railroad cars, furniture and other manufactured goods. The production strategy set up by Gallo was inspired by the Swiss model of the so-called \"organized craftsmanship,\" in the continuation of the construction of highly elite sports cars, helping itself economically with the production of other manufactured goods even from non-motor sectors, taking advantage of the great elasticity allowed by a craft system, and avoiding mass production, which Gallo believed was destined to succumb against the massive U.S. industry.",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "As early as the end of 1945, Alfa Romeo returned to traditional automobile production with the production of two examples of a prewar car, the 6C 2500. The following year, due to the great availability of labor and the large stocks in the warehouses of automotive components that had been saved from the bombing, automobile production resumed steadily, again by assembling examples of the 6C 2500. The 6C 2000 \"Gazelle,\" a prototype that had been designed by Ricart during the last years of the war and was equipped with state-of-the-art mechanics (for example, the model anticipated the transaxle transmission that was later fitted thirty years later on the Alfetta), was not put into production.",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "Alfa Romeo management made this choice because putting a completely new model into production involved a substantial investment of funds. Although the car that returned to production dated back to before the war, the market response was good: due to the growing demand for cars resulting from the first hints of economic recovery, these newly completed examples left the factory destined for buyers. In addition to the market recovery, the abundance of labor also contributed to Alfa Romeo's revival, as it was in the government's interest to reemploy the unemployed in the factories. A special version of the 6C 2500 called the \"Golden Arrow\" was greatly appreciated by the public and was also purchased by King Farouk I of Egypt, Rita Hayworth and Tyrone Power. In contrast, on the racing front, in 1947 Alfa Romeo won with a 1938 8C 2900B the first edition of the Mille Miglia organized after the end of the war.",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "On the managerial front, Orazio Satta Puliga was appointed technical manager in 1946, whose contribution would prove decisive in the relaunch of the brand. Satta Puliga proved his worth in the following years, transforming Alfa Romeo into a car manufacturer producing cars with a wider circulation, at least compared to the models produced until then. Even at this difficult time, as had already happened with Gobbato, Alfa Romeo thus found the right man to solve the problems. These choices were made in collaboration with Giuseppe Luraghi, who was president of Finmeccanica, that is, IRI's lead financial company that owned Alfa Romeo. It was Luraghi who appointed Satta Puliga as technical manager of the Biscione company: the Milanese executive's goal was to relaunch the brand, since he recognized in Alfa Romeo great potential for expansion (Luraghi would later remain with Finmeccanica until 1956). The first measure Satta Puliga took after his appointment as technical manager was to modernize the 6C 2500, at the same time initiating the design phase for the launch of a new model. He also outsourced the production of secondary components to outside companies, thus lowering some of the costs involved in assembling the cars. The new model, which was given the name 1900, debuted in 1950 and was decisive in rescuing the company: in 1949 Finmeccanica was intent on closing it due to low sales of passenger cars and a drastic drop in orders for aircraft engines, which, with the end of the war, were in much less demand on the market. In addition, assiduous participation in competitions involved the use of a lot of funds, so Alfa Romeo's financial situation was not prosperous.",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "In developing the design of the 1900, Satta Puliga kept in mind some fundamental principles that would prove crucial to the car's success: reliability, ease of driving, sporty features, and a non-prohibitive price. In particular, drivability was a key aspect in widening the pool of potential customers; a 1900 could be bought and driven even by not very experienced drivers. Production costs, on the other hand, were lowered thanks to the introduction of the assembly line at Portello as well in 1952 (the first 1900s had not been produced on the assembly line). Because of this construction technique, which was also introduced at Alfa Romeo at the behest of Satta Puliga and which was developed with the help of the Marshall Plan, the time needed to assemble a car dropped from 250 to 100 hours, while allowing the high quality standard that was necessary for an Alfa Romeo model to be maintained. The IRI was not able to lavish substantial funds to invest in the carmaker, and therefore aid from the United States was decisive for the relaunch of the brand, which allocated $5 million to the Milanese manufacturer through the Marshall Plan. With the 1900, Alfa Romeo thus went from being a carmaker that assembled luxury models, at an almost artisanal level, to a brand that produced its products industrially, which became within the reach of a greater number of potential buyers thanks to lower production costs. The 1900 also had two other firsts: it was the first Alfa Romeo to have a monocoque structure and to possess left-side steering. All Alfa Romeo cars that followed the 1900, except for a few competition models, would have left-hand drive. The model name was related to the engine's displacement, which was 1,884 cm³, while the mechanicals were derived from Alfa Romeo competition models. The 1900 immediately established itself in the markets, as it was a model with particularly brilliant performance but, at the same time, mass-produced and thus sold at a relatively low price. The new approach immediately bore fruit: thousands of vehicles a year were now coming out of the Portello plant, and this was a record: previously production was at most a thousand cars a year, often without reaching the planned number of units. Growth was steady: from 6,104 cars assembled in 1955, the plant's production capacity reached 57,870 units in 1960.",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "Due to increased production volumes, the 1900 range was later expanded. In 1951 the 1900 Sprint, a coupe equipped with a more powerful engine, was launched, and the following year the 1900 TI sedan was introduced, which was equipped with the same powertrain as the 1900 Sprint and was instead also intended for racing. For these reasons, the motto \"the family car that wins races\" was chosen as the 1900's advertising slogan. From the 1900 was then derived the so-called \"Disco Volante,\" which was particularly appreciated for its futuristic lines. However, this car was set up in very few examples and never went into series production.",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "Two important victories in motor racing also came in this context. Two Alfa Romeos won the first two editions of the Formula 1 World Championship, taking the title in the 1950 and 1951 seasons thanks, respectively, to Nino Farina aboard a 158 (nicknamed \"Alfetta\" because of its small size), and Juan Manuel Fangio, who instead piloted a 159. After these two victories, despite complaints from fans, industry insiders and some of the most prominent political figures, Alfa Romeo temporarily withdrew from Formula 1 because of the high costs that were necessary to continue participation in the championship.",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "Another model produced during these years was the Matta, i.e., an off-road car that came into being as a result of Alfa Romeo joining an Italian Army tender to supply reconnaissance cars; however, the Italian Armed Forces purchased few examples of this model because of the cost, which was higher than that of the competing car, the Fiat Campagnola. The Matta also did not receive a positive response from the private market. Still in the area of supply to the state, it was instead the 1900 that paved the way for the sale of Alfa Romeo cars to the police: it was the model that inaugurated the famous series of the \"Panthers,\" or cars supplied to the flying squad whose nickname was derived from their black color, aggressive shape and snappy performance. In 1954 the first van built by Alfa Romeo was introduced, the Romeo, which was in production until 1967. Later, the F11/A11 (between 1967 and 1971) and the F12/A12, which was assembled between 1967 and 1983, were produced.",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "However, the 1900, due to technical issues, was still linked to prewar Alfa Romeos. Due to the excellent sales recorded and the success of the company's change in strategy, which now involved models marketed in relatively high sales volumes, Alfa Romeo decided to design a new model intended this time for the middle class, counting also on the fact that the Italian car market, in the second part of the 1950s, had fully recovered from the postwar economic crisis. In addition, Portello needed a car produced in large volumes that would allow the company's coffers to breathe. Thus the Giulietta was born, that is, a smaller, less expensive and constructively simpler model than the 1900. Italy was in the midst of an economic boom and thus consumption was growing steadily, bringing more and more potential customers into the position of being able to afford a model like the Giulietta, preferring it to the Fiat 1100 or the Lancia Appia. Rudolf Hruska, the Austrian engineer who a few years earlier had designed the Volkswagen Beetle and was hired at Alfa Romeo at Luraghi's behest, also participated in the development of the Giulietta. In the years following the launch, many versions of the Giulietta followed, all of which were fitted with a 1.3 L engine from which Giuseppe Busso, i.e., the designer who developed the mechanics of Alfa Romeo models starting with the 1900, was able to obtain up to 90 hp of power. It was therefore decided not to use the more common 1.1 L engine so as not to upset Fiat, which in fact dominated this market segment with the 1100. However, the Giulietta remained an unattainable desire for the vast majority of Italians, who could not afford it; despite this, the model was an unprecedented success for an Alfa Romeo model and earned the nickname \"Italy's sweetheart.\" With the Giulietta, the term \"alfista\" was born, which would henceforth define fans of the Milanese brand.",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "The Giulietta was followed in 1958 by the unsuccessful 2000, which did not reach the hoped-for market share due to competition from the more successful Lancia Flaminia, the backwardness of its mechanics and its too high price. In 1959, Alfa Romeo instead introduced the Dauphine, a small car produced under Renault license that was launched in the markets to saturate the production lines at the Portello plant. Since the small car market segment in Italy was controlled almost absolutely by Fiat, Alfa Romeo's management decided not to invest resources in the development of a completely new model, but to rely on another car brand that had more experience on this type of car. However, the Dauphine was not as successful as hoped. Nevertheless, with the launch of the 1900 and Giulietta, Alfa Romeo's sales from 1951 to 1957 increased by 187 percent, which ensured the salvation of the brand.",
"title": "The 1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "In the early 1960s the 2600 was introduced, which marked the return to models with large displacement engines. An evolution of the 2000, it was the last Alfa Romeo with a twin-shaft inline-six engine. In this context, the management of the Milanese car manufacturer decided to give priority to the design of the successor model of the Giulietta, which, in the meantime, had reached the one hundred thousandth model produced (this milestone, reached in 1961, was celebrated in the presence of actress Giulietta Masina). The need for the new model was becoming more and more pressing, since one of the fastest-growing sectors, due to increasing affluence at all levels, was that of medium-sized cars; moreover, competition in this market had become fierce, with customers demanding increasingly powerful and high-performing models. On the managerial front, Luraghi became president in 1960 and thus returned to the Biscione carmaker after a stint at Lanerossi.",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "In the meantime, the production capacity of the Portello plant was reaching saturation point, so an expansion of the industrial infrastructure became necessary. However, the Portello factory was gradually becoming part of Milan's urban fabric due to the city's urban sprawl, so Alfa Romeo's management decided to open a new plant on the outskirts of Milan that would not have the problems of the urban site: the expansion of Milan's urban center meant that the factory could not be enlarged. The official decision to open a new production site was made on February 27, 1959, when the board of directors decreed the purchase of a large vacant area just outside Milan, between the towns of Arese and Garbagnate Milanese. However, the construction phases of the Arese plant, strongly desired by Luraghi, were protracted longer than planned due to problems related to procurement, so the inauguration of the structure was postponed to 1963. For this reason, assembly of the Giulietta's successor model was initially planned at the Portello, with the intention of transferring production to Arese when the new plant was completed. The inauguration of the Centro Sperimentale di Balocco (Balocco Experimental Center), i.e., a track intended for testing cars that reproduced the most famous and challenging curves of the motor racing circuits of the time, also took place during these years.",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "Meanwhile, the design of the model that would replace the Giulietta went ahead with the intention of making a market launch before the predecessor car went out of production. The first version of the Giulia was introduced to the markets in June 1962. Already from the name, its place in the markets was understood. Slightly larger than the Giulietta, it was placed in a slightly higher range: while the Giulietta was competing with models having a displacement of about 1300 cm³, the Giulia was placed in the market range of cars that possessed a 1600 cm³ engine. The similarity between the two models did not lie only in the name, however, as the Giulia inherited the type of engines previously fitted on the 1900 and Giulietta. What changed was the line, which was completely redesigned at the behest of Satta Puliga. The result was a very distinctive body, which did not resemble that of any other contemporary car and which possessed, due to the use of the wind tunnel, a particularly aerodynamic shape. The slogan \"the Giulia, a car designed by the wind\" was coined for its very low Cx. Alfa Romeo's new 1.6 L twin-shaft engine, which debuted on the model, allowed the Giulia to rank first in the performance-based ranking of European sedans. In the following years many variants of the Giulia were launched on the market, which also completed the range with distinctly sporty versions such as the Giulia GT (later marketed simply as \"GT\"). Due to the prosperity that was beginning to spread in Italy following the economic boom, an increasing number of Italians could afford an Alfa Romeo. The Giulia, also due to the 1.3 L engine that had joined the aforementioned 1.6 L powerplant, was the emblem of this period. The Giulia with the 1.3 L engine was the preserve of the upper-middle class, while the models with the 1.6 L powerplant were generally purchased by more affluent customers.",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "To complete the range, Alfa Romeo then decided to launch on the markets also a spyder model with high performance that would succeed the Giulia Spider whose line, in turn, was derived from that of the Giulietta Spider. The design of the line of the new car was entrusted to Pininfarina, which had also designed, among other things, the bodywork of its two ancestors. The model to be mass-produced debuted in March 1966 under the name \"1600 Spider.\" It was designed by Pininfarina. Soon after, however, it was decided to associate the car with a nickname that would enter the collective imagination, and so a competition was announced by Quattroruote magazine where readers could suggest the name; a Brescian engineer, Guidobaldo Trionfi, won, who had proposed the name \"Duetto,\" recalling the fact that the model had two seats. As early as 1966 that nickname was officially attached to the 1600 Spider, but it could only be used for a short time because of homonymy with a chocolate snack sold at the time. The confectionery company that produced it claimed the exclusive right to commercial use of the name \"Duetto,\" and thus the Milanese automaker was forced to change the model's name to \"Alfa Romeo Spider\"; however, despite this dispute, the model is universally known as the \"Duetto.\" The Duetto's floorpan was derived from that of the Giulia, and it was Battista Farina's last work before his death. The Duetto was a huge success that crossed national borders reaching as far as the United States, where it was also very popular due to its appearance in the film The Graduate (1967; this film was Dustin Hoffman's first starring role). During these years Alfa Romeo, which was at the height of its fame, introduced another model that went down in history, the 33 Stradale. Derived from the Tipo 33 competition model, the 33 Stradale was produced in a very small number of examples. The project from which the Tipo 33 was born, that is, the progenitor of many competition models that raced until the 1970s, was Luraghi's idea.",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "In 1963, again at Luraghi's behest and through the efforts of Carlo Chiti, Autodelta was established, which the following year became the racing section of Alfa Romeo. This external racing department was desired by Luraghi to provide Alfa Romeo with a streamlined and independent structure that would relieve the parent company of the conspicuous work associated with racing. In 1966 Alfa Romeo acquired Autodelta, which then became the new official racing department of the company, replacing the in-house one. One of the models prepared by Autodelta during this period, the Giulia GTA, won six European Touring Car Championships between the 1960s and 1970s.",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "At the time, Alfa Romeo's dominance in the medium-large car category was unchallenged, so the Milanese automaker decided to design a model that would replace the unsuccessful 2600 by placing itself in the large car bracket. This time they opted for a smaller and less expensive model, using the Giulia as a base to limit design costs. Thus was born, in 1967, the 1750. However, the new car, which pleased the market, was also the first \"victim\" of the \"Hot Autumn\" since, due to labor unrest, production slowdowns and sabotage incidents were recorded starting in 1969.",
"title": "The 1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "The 1960s and 1970s were characterized by the collaboration between Alfa Romeo and the leading Italian designers; for example, Zagato, who designed the lines of many of the brand's coupes, Pininfarina, to whom the Duetto is owed, and Bertone, who designed, among other things, the 1970 Montreal, a model that was not as successful as hoped because it was launched on the markets just before the 1973 oil crisis and thus suffered from the high fuel consumption of its 2.5 l V8 engine, worked for the Biscione company. On the other hand, in 1971 the 2000 was developed from the 1750.",
"title": "The 1970s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "On the corporate strategy front, a decision was made as early as the late 1960s to remake the Pomigliano d'Arco plant, which included its transformation from an aircraft engine production center to a full-fledged automotive plant. However, the plan to assemble a small model in southern Italy dated back to the 1950s even though, due to various vicissitudes, it was not made operational until the 1970s. One of the reasons that prompted Luraghi to invest in southern Italy was an attempt to limit southern emigration to factories in the north, thus bringing work to the areas where it originated. This, according to Luraghi, would limit the emergence of the social and integration problems that arose from the massive exodus of migrants to northern regions.",
"title": "The 1970s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "The first car to be produced in Pomigliano d'Arco was the Alfasud, that is, a medium-small model that marked the Biscione company's debut in this segment and was assembled starting in 1972. The Alfasud was equipped with a bodywork that was born from the pencil of Giorgetto Giugiaro and a small 1.2 l engine that, however, did not detract from the model's performance due to its size. The model had two firsts: it was the first Alfa Romeo with front-wheel drive and the first model from the manufacturer to have installed the Alfa Romeo Boxer engine. Already at the time of its launch, the Alfasud was commercially successful, partly due to the downward expansion of the potential customer base. The latter now included possible buyers who previously would never have been able to afford a new Alfa Romeo model. Since production was now carried out not only in the province of Milan but also in Campania, the Alfa Romeo brand had its reference to the Milanese capital removed.",
"title": "The 1970s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "The Alfasud, also in 1972, was joined by a new model, the Alfetta, i.e., a mid to high-end sedan that was placed – in the Alfa Romeo range – between the Giulia and the 2000. The Alfetta was powered by the 1.8-liter version of Alfa Romeo's twin-shaft engine that had made its debut in 1968 on the 1750. The Alfetta featured completely new mechanicals that were developed to modernize the transmission, suspension, and chassis, whose schemes dated back to the 1900 and had become obsolete, especially in light of the technological advances made by competitors. The name of the new car was derived from the nickname of the racing model that had won the first Formula 1 world championship, the 158. The choice of the name was not accidental, nor was it dictated by tradition: the new mechanicals were derived from the competition cars and included a chassis with double wishbone front suspension and a De Dion rear axle. The transmission followed the transaxle scheme, with the gearbox and clutch mounted in bulk in the rear axle to achieve perfect weight distribution. Specifically, the De Dion tube solution was derived from the competition cars of the 1950s and was installed because it allowed the wheels to move independently without having unfavorable camber deviations, resulting in improved road holding. Because of these technical innovations, the Alfetta initially raised some doubts among some Alfa Romeo executives, who feared a negative response from the market accustomed to Alfa Romeo's classic and proven mechanics: the reaction of potential buyers to such a radical change could not be predicted with certainty. From a mechanical point of view, however, the Alfetta was ahead of its time, and no other competitor model possessed such a refined scheme. Nevertheless, the new model had one major flaw: it possessed some assembly problems.",
"title": "The 1970s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "As for racing, the 1970s saw Alfa Romeo engaged mainly in racing with \"covered-wheel\" cars, particularly with the Tipo 33 and its derivatives, which won in two editions of the World Sportscar Championship (1975 and 1977). In the 1977 edition Alfa Romeo won all the races on the calendar in its own category, while in the 1975 edition it won the overall ranking. The drivers responsible for these successes were Arturo Merzario, Jacques Laffite, Jochen Mass, Derek Bell, Nino Vaccarella, Jean-Pierre Jarier, Vittorio Brambilla and Henri Pescarolo.",
"title": "The 1970s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "Despite the racing victories, the 1970s were not as fortunate with regard to mass production, mainly due to the 1973 oil crisis that severely affected the auto industry. Sales of passenger cars fell conspicuously due to the rapid and steep rise in fuel prices. On the managerial front, Luraghi left Alfa Romeo in 1974 following the clash that occurred with IRI and CIPE executives over the possible construction of a fourth Alfa Romeo plant in Irpinia, Ciriaco De Mita's constituency. The goal was to produce the Alfetta there with the simultaneous downsizing of the Arese plant. Luraghi considered the proposal to open a second plant in the South uneconomical, especially in light of the difficulties that arose due to the energy crisis, preferring, on the contrary, the upgrading of the Arese production site. This fourth Alfa Romeo plant was then built in Pratola Serra in 1981 for the assembly of the Arna. Since 1996, engines for the Fiat group have been produced there.",
"title": "The 1970s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "As for road models, the second part of the 1970s was marked by the start of a phase of serious difficulties that resulted in a substantial passivity towards updating older models and launching new cars. The Giulia, which had already been obsolete for years, was replaced only in 1977 by the new Giulietta, which took the mechanicals from the Alfetta but positioned itself in a lower market segment since it was offered with two smaller engines, 1300 and 1600 cm³. However, the bodywork was completely different from that of the Giulia, as it featured squarish lines. At the same time, the Alfetta with a 2-liter engine was introduced, whose debut followed the version with a 1.6-liter engine by a few years.",
"title": "The 1970s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "A little later, and after a long gestation, the new flagship was introduced, which was given the name Alfa 6 (1979). Although it was equipped with the V6 Busso engine, i.e., Alfa Romeo's first six-cylinder engine since the one installed on the 2600, the Alfa 6 proved to be a commercial flop due to its obsolete styling, the economic climate of those years that discouraged the purchase of large cars, and the growing antagonism of BMW and Mercedes-Benz models. The same year saw the debut of the first Italian car with a supercharged diesel engine, the Alfetta Turbodiesel; it was successful mainly due to its performance, which placed it in the top positions of the rankings drawn up based on the performance of cars with this type of fuel. The achievement soothed the failure of the first Alfa Romeo Diesel, a Giulia to which the Alfa Romeo F12 van powerplant had been fitted in 1976.",
"title": "The 1970s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"text": "In the late 1970s, Alfa Romeo returned to Formula 1 racing. The prelude dated back to the previous decade, when the Biscione company had supplied the powerplant to minor racing teams, and to the early part of the 1970s, when Alfa Romeo engines had been fitted, from 1970 to 1971, to McLaren and March cars. With the intention of gaining experience in Grand Prix while preparing for direct participation as a manufacturer, Alfa Romeo entered into an agreement with Brabham in 1975, again for the supply of engines. Alfa Romeo then took part in the Formula 1 championship as a constructor from 1979 to 1985, but without achieving great success. This return to Formula 1 was overshadowed by the death of driver Patrick Depailler, who crashed, during some tests in Germany in 1980, in his Alfa Romeo.",
"title": "The 1970s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"text": "The period from the late 1970s to the early 1980s was characterized by the presence in the Alfa Romeo range of obsolete and outdated models that were not replaced by new cars that lived up to the prestige of the brand. The workmanship of the models was also deficient, lacking in poor assembly and poor quality of materials. The latter, in particular, also led to rust problems with the car body, which caused, among other things, the brand's image to deteriorate, especially in the international arena. In the meantime, the energy crisis was mitigating its inhibiting effects towards the economy, and this also led – among other consequences – to stronger competition from foreign automakers. Therefore, Alfa Romeo went from a situation characterized by the presence of only one main competitor – Lancia – to a new condition that was marked by the presence of strong and growing competition from the models of foreign brands, which had benefited from the internationalization of markets that had taken place during the energy crisis[177]. In this unfavorable context, Alfa Romeo's situation deteriorated further. The first measure that was taken by Alfa Romeo's management to cope with the situation was to carry out a restyling of the entire range in the early 1980s. This update, as a result, did not bring the hoped-for benefits.",
"title": "The 1980s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"text": "One event that temporarily improved the situation was the 1983 launch of the new model that replaced the Alfasud, the 33. The 33 was based on the chassis and mechanics of the model it replaced, but featured a body with modern lines. The 33 was very well received commercially and thus gave some breathing room to the company's coffers. It also proved successful with the 4x4 and family versions; the latter, in particular, helped to spread this type of bodywork among Italians. Until then, family cars were considered only suitable for use as work vehicles. As a consequence of the launch of the 33 family car, and also due to the counterpart version of the Lancia Thema, Italians began to appreciate this body type as a family car as well. Also in 1983 came to life the attempted joint venture with the Japanese manufacturer Nissan that led to the production of the Arna: based on the chassis of the Nissan Cherry and equipped with the 33's mechanicals, the Arna did not, however, achieve the hoped-for success because potential customers did not recognize in this model the characteristic features typical of the Biscione manufacturer's cars, from which the model was far away, thus resulting in a resounding commercial flop. With this model, Alfa Romeo's prestige reached the lowest point in its history.",
"title": "The 1980s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"text": "At this point Alfa Romeo found itself lacking the cash to radically renew the range by replacing the older cars, so the management decided to launch a new flagship on the markets that would be based on the previous models. The 90 debuted on the markets in 1984 and replaced both the Alfetta and the Alfa 6. It was equipped with the former's mechanicals and a modern body designed by Bertone.",
"title": "The 1980s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"text": "However, the new flagship was overshadowed by another new model that was based on the Alfetta, the 75. The 75, which replaced the Giulietta in 1985, was named after the founding anniversary of Alfa Romeo, which was 75 years old that very year, and was yet another result of the strategy of deriving new models from earlier cars. The 75 was successful in the markets and was the first Alfa Romeo to be fitted with the new Twin Spark engine. However, this was not the company's first powerplant to have twin spark, which had debuted in 1914 on the Grand Prix. The 75 was Alfa Romeo's last rear-wheel drive sports sedan until the debut of the Giulia in 2015 and was offered in markets with a wide range of engines.",
"title": "The 1980s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"text": "On the racing front, these years saw plenty of accomplishments especially due to the GTV 6, which won the European Touring Car Championship in the 1982, 1983, and 1984 seasons. In 1985 it was decided to liquidate Autodelta; from the following year, races were again managed by Alfa Corse, whose name had already been associated with a structure that had been in charge of the Biscione car manufacturer's competitions.",
"title": "The 1980s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"text": "However, the company, despite launching models that were commercially successful, still had its finances in the red. This financial situation was mainly due to high production costs; for example, in the early 1980s, Alfa Romeo spent three times as much to assemble an Alfetta as the price at which the model was then sold to the public. With the aim of reducing IRI's losses, the Italian government at the time instructed the president of the holding company of state industries, Romano Prodi, to sell the Biscione car manufacturer, which in the meantime had reached a real debt of more than 2,000 billion lire (thus well over the officially recognized 700 billion) to a private group. In 1986, after a heated battle with Ford, the Fiat group acquired Alfa Romeo thanks to Prodi's intercession, which prevented, not without controversy, the purchase by the U.S. automotive group. After the acquisition, Fiat decided to merge Alfa Romeo with another company in the group, Lancia, creating \"Alfa-Lancia Industriale,\" to whose presidency Vittorio Ghidella was appointed. At the same time, the new ownership decided to optimize the car range with the exit of the Arna and the 90 and the updating of the other models that remained on the catalog.",
"title": "The 1980s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"text": "In 1987 the 164 was introduced, the flagship born on the development of the Tipo4 floorpan of Fiat origin, together with Lancia and SAAB. This was made possible by an agreement between Alfa Romeo and the two competing car groups prior to Fiat's purchase, the purpose of which was to keep model design and development costs down. However, the 164 featured a distinctive stylistic design by Pininfarina. The model represented a milestone in the company's history, as it was the first Alfa Romeo flagship with front-wheel drive. Meanwhile, prior to the launch of new models that would be based on Fiat Group floorpans, the 75 and 33 had been revised in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Also in 1989, a limited series coupe was unveiled that was intended to revive Alfa Romeo's sporty reputation. The SZ was then joined in 1991 by the RZ, its convertible version. The SZ was the first Alfa Romeo model entirely designed and produced under the leadership of the Fiat group, while retaining a mechanical design derived from the Alfetta. In 1988, however, production of the vans ended. The last two models produced, the AR6 and AR8, originated from an agreement with Iveco and were rebadged Fiat Ducato and Iveco Daily, respectively. With them, the production of Alfa Romeo-branded commercial vehicles ended.",
"title": "The 1980s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"text": "The beginning of the final decade of the 20th century was marked by the last update of the Spider Duetto, the origins of which stretched back to the 1960s. These changes, which were introduced in 1990, included the installation of body-color bumpers and the revision of the rear end, the design of which was now influenced by that of the 164.",
"title": "The 1990s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"text": "In contrast, the second model designed and developed by the new ownership was the 155, which was introduced in 1992. It was based on the Tipo2 floorpan, which was already used by many cars in the group at the time. The 155 was assembled at the Pomigliano d'Arco plant. Due to the mechanics in synergy with other group cars and the abandonment of rear-wheel drive in favor of front-wheel drive, the 155 was not welcomed by the Alfisti, despite the presence of refined mechanical solutions such as the \"Twin Spark\" twin-shaft engines with dual ignition system and phase shifter or the technology of the Q4 all-wheel drive version, which was derived from that of the Lancia Delta Integrale. Fiat decided to derive the mechanics of Alfa Romeo models from those of Fiat cars with the aim of keeping costs down, choosing solutions that simplified as much as possible the schemes that were the basis of the suspension, transmission and other elements, while also paying attention to the ease of maintenance of the mechanical components. The 155, in competition, won several national Touring Car Championships, including the prestigious Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft thus interrupting the dominance of German cars.",
"title": "The 1990s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"text": "Shortly thereafter, the two models that replaced the 33 were launched, the 145 and 146, which debuted in 1994 and 1995, respectively. Both cars were sedans based on the 155's floorpan and featured a body with innovative features: the 145 was small in size and possessed a three-door, hatchback body, while the 146 was a five-door hatchback. The two models inherited Alfa Romeo boxer engines from the 33, which were replaced a few years later by Twin Spark engines.",
"title": "The 1990s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"text": "1995 was also the debut year of another pair of models that revived this time two historical names for the Biscione company: the GTV and the Spider. They were introduced to revive the brand's sporty reputation and thus were equipped with high-performance engines. However, the mechanicals were derived from those of the Fiat Tipo, although an adaptation was made to provide sportiness to the models. Due in part to competition from their German counterparts, however, the two models were not as successful as hoped.",
"title": "The 1990s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"text": "The breakthrough year for Alfa Romeo was 1997, due to the launch of the 156. The 156 replaced the unsuccessful 155 and marked, with its sporty and innovative lines, a break with the cars of the past while marking the beginning of a new styling concept that was later applied to the following models as well, albeit with various updates. This new styling concept, which was the work of Walter de Silva, combined the characteristic lines of famous Alfa Romeo models of the past with modern styling cues. The 156 was immediately a remarkable and unexpected success so much so that it won the Car of the Year award in 1998, partly due to its refined mechanics. It was on this model that the selespeed transmission was introduced for the first time, i.e., a semi-automatic transmission with two levers behind the steering wheel that controlled the shifting of the gears; this gearbox was derived from the racing world and its launch was made to allow a sporty use of the car. The 156 was also the first car in the world to have the common rail turbo diesel engine installed. In 2000, a family version, the Sportwagon, was introduced.",
"title": "The 1990s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"text": "In 1998 production of the 164 ended, giving way to the company's new flagship, the 166. The 166 came with even more generous dimensions than its progenitor but retaining front-wheel drive. The latter aspect generated discontent among Alfisti, partly in light of the trend followed by rival brands, which was directed toward marketing rear-wheel drive models. However, the 166 had a very comfortable interior and particularly rich furnishings that made the model suitable, among other things, for long routes. The 166 was withdrawn from the market in 2007 after being commercially successful.",
"title": "The 1990s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"text": "In terms of competition, Alfa Romeo won four European touring car drivers' titles (2000 to 2003) with the 156 during this period, thanks to Fabrizio Giovanardi and Gabriele Tarquini, and three European touring car championships (2000 to 2002).",
"title": "The 1990s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"text": "The new millennium began for the Biscione manufacturer under excellent commercial auspices. The new model that was introduced in 2000, the compact 147, was a great success among the public and managed to win the Das Goldene Lenkrad award in 2000 and the title of Car of the Year in 2001. From a stylistic point of view, the introduction on the 147 of a front end with sharper and more defined lines, reminiscent of that of the 1900, marked the beginning of a new stylistic pattern that would mark the front parts of later models and facelifts of cars on the catalog.",
"title": "The 2000s and 2010s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"text": "The year 2003 was marked by the updating of the entire range, which was achieved through a radical facelift. The 156, Spider, GTV and 166 were renewed. Also in 2003 came the presentation of the GT model, which won the \"World's Most Beautiful Car\" award the following year. In 2004 the 147 was updated and two new versions of the 156, the Q4 and the GT, were launched on the markets.",
"title": "The 2000s and 2010s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"text": "In 2005, the 159 debuted, which was the mid to upper-range model that replaced the 156. Designed by Giugiaro, the 159 was basically an evolution of the model it replaced despite having larger dimensions and weight. The car was made in cooperation with the General Motors group; the floorpan was the result of a cooperation with the Opel brand, which, however, was not followed up. The 159 was equipped with a wide range of engines from which customers could choose, and was offered in both sedan and family Sportwagon versions. The same year saw the debut of a new sports coupe, again born from the pencil of Giorgetto Giugiaro and taking the place of the GTV: the Brera.",
"title": "The 2000s and 2010s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"text": "In 2006 the new Spider was introduced, which was an evolution of the Brera and replaced the previous model of the same name. 2007 was the time of the debut of the sporty 8C Competizione, whose shapes were inspired by the 33 Stradale. It was marketed in a limited series, and the planned 500 examples were all sold as soon as they were introduced to the market to wealthy customers. It was equipped with a 4.7 l, 450 hp V8 Maserati Squadra Corse engine, which was assembled by Ferrari and derived from the powerplant fitted on the Maserati 4200 GT. The model took its name from the eight-cylinder-engined Alfa Romeo cars marketed in the 1930s and 1940s and marked the Biscione company's return to rear-wheel drive. The car was very successful, and for that reason the Fiat group decided to also make a spyder version, which went into production in 2009. Only 500 examples of the open version were assembled.",
"title": "The 2000s and 2010s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"text": "In June 2008 came the commercial launch of the compact MiTo (\"Mi\" for Milan, where Alfa Romeo was born, and \"To\" for Turin, where it was built), which was designed to try to boost sales by extending the range downward. It was positioned below the 147 and – because of its sporty and dynamic appearance – was designed to appeal to young audiences. The MiTo is based on the SCCS platform and was the first Alfa Romeo to be assembled at Fiat's Mirafiori plant. The MiTo is available with a wide choice of engines and has a decidedly low Cx (0.29), a consequence of a thorough study of aerodynamics.",
"title": "The 2000s and 2010s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"text": "In 2010, to mark the 100th anniversary of the company's founding, Alfa Romeo unveiled the model that replaced the 147, the Giulietta. The car is based on the new Fiat Compact platform and has sought-after mechanical features such as a dual-clutch transmission. The Giulietta also features the start-stop system, Alfa Romeo DNA (introduced on the MiTo in 2008), electronic stability control, and Q2 differential. Also in 2010, Zagato presented the TZ3, which was assembled in ten units (including the one-off example). The centenary also saw a rationalization of the lineup, with the GT, Brera and Spider being discontinued.",
"title": "The 2000s and 2010s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"text": "In 2013, on the other hand, the 4C entered production, with which Alfa Romeo returned to rear-wheel drive in a production car (not limited) after about two decades. On June 24, 2015, on the occasion of the 105th anniversary of the company's founding, the Giulia was unveiled at the Alfa Romeo Historical Museum which was followed on November 16, 2016 by the presentation of the first SUV produced by the company, called the Stelvio, which shares a platform and engines with the Giulia.",
"title": "The 2000s and 2010s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"text": "At the end of July 2018, production of the MiTo ceased, with no immediate replacement in its segment. On February 8, 2022, the second SUV produced by the company, called Tonale, was unveiled in a world preview.",
"title": "The 2000s and 2010s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"text": "",
"title": "Bibliography"
}
] | The history of Alfa Romeo, an Italian car manufacturer known for producing sports cars, began on June 24, 1910 with the founding of ALFA in Milan. In 1918 the company changed its name to "Alfa Romeo" following the acquisition of control of the company by Nicola Romeo. In 1933 ownership of Alfa Romeo passed, through IRI, to the Italian state because of the heavy debt the company had incurred with banks since the previous decade. Alfa Romeo continued to produce cars in a semi-craftsmanship manner until the early 1950s, when it transformed into a full-fledged automobile manufacturer with the introduction of the assembly line in the production departments. From this decade on, Alfa Romeo experienced a phase of growing success that reached its peak in the 1960s. In the 1970s, however, there was a turnaround that caused a deep crisis. The failing finances then led the Italian state, in 1986, to sell the automaker to the Fiat group. The revival of Alfa Romeo took place in the second part of the 1990s. In 2014, it became part of the brands controlled by Fiat Chrysler Automobiles and from 2021 by Stellantis. | 2023-12-14T00:08:56Z | 2023-12-28T00:22:26Z | [
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Alfa Romeo",
"Template:Portale",
"Template:Subject bar",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Harvtxt",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Alfa_Romeo |
75,558,694 | Ashley Ingram | Ashley Ingram (born March 31, 1973}) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Carson–Newman University, a position he will hold in 2024. He also coached for North Alabama, Temple, North Cobb High School, West Alabama, Rhode Island, Bucknell, and Navy. He played college football as an offensive lineman for North Alabama. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ashley Ingram (born March 31, 1973}) is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Carson–Newman University, a position he will hold in 2024. He also coached for North Alabama, Temple, North Cobb High School, West Alabama, Rhode Island, Bucknell, and Navy. He played college football as an offensive lineman for North Alabama.",
"title": ""
}
] | Ashley Ingram is an American college football coach. He is the head football coach for Carson–Newman University, a position he will hold in 2024. He also coached for North Alabama, Temple, North Cobb High School, West Alabama, Rhode Island, Bucknell, and Navy. He played college football as an offensive lineman for North Alabama. | 2023-12-14T00:10:14Z | 2023-12-15T18:49:13Z | [
"Template:Use mdy dates",
"Template:1993 North Alabama Lions football navbox",
"Template:CFB Yearly Record Subhead",
"Template:CFB Yearly Record End",
"Template:Carson–Newman Eagles football coach navbox",
"Template:South Atlantic Conference football coach navbox",
"Template:Amfoot-coach-stub",
"Template:Infobox college coach",
"Template:CFB Yearly Record Start",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:1995 North Alabama Lions football navbox",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:CFB Yearly Record Entry",
"Template:CFB Yearly Record Subtotal",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:1994 North Alabama Lions football navbox"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Ingram |
75,558,696 | Julien Buge | Julien Pierre Isidore Buge (18 February 1913 – 18 May 1940) was a French professional footballer who played as a forward in Division 1 for Excelsior Roubaix and Division 2 for Amiens.
Buge's father was killed serving during the First World War. Buge himself served in the 246th Infantry Regiment of the French Army during the Second World War. He was killed in action in Meuse on 18 May 1940. His son, also named Julien, would become a professional footballer who played for CO Roubaix-Tourcoing. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Julien Pierre Isidore Buge (18 February 1913 – 18 May 1940) was a French professional footballer who played as a forward in Division 1 for Excelsior Roubaix and Division 2 for Amiens.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Buge's father was killed serving during the First World War. Buge himself served in the 246th Infantry Regiment of the French Army during the Second World War. He was killed in action in Meuse on 18 May 1940. His son, also named Julien, would become a professional footballer who played for CO Roubaix-Tourcoing.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Julien Pierre Isidore Buge was a French professional footballer who played as a forward in Division 1 for Excelsior Roubaix and Division 2 for Amiens. | 2023-12-14T00:10:27Z | 2023-12-30T00:02:03Z | [
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:France-footy-forward-1910s-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien_Buge |
75,558,700 | 16 Carat Gold Tournament (wXw) | The 16 Carat Gold Tournament is an annual single-elimination tournament produced by the Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw) promotion. The sixteen-man tournament was first conceived by wXw in 2006 and has been held every year since then with the exception of the 2021 edition which was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The inaugural edition of the tournament took place between January 27 and 29, 2006, in Essen, Germany.
The 2007 edition of the event took place between May 4 and 6, in Essen, Germany.
The 2008 edition of the event took place between March 7 and 9, in Essen, Germany.
The 2009 edition of the event took place between March 6 and 8, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2010 edition of the event took place between March 5 and 7, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2011 edition of the event took place between March 11 and 13, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2012 edition of the event took place between March 2 and 5, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2013 edition of the event took place between March 1 and 3, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2014 edition of the event took place between March 14 and 16, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2015 edition of the event took place between March 7 and 9, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2016 edition of the event took place between March 11 and 13, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2017 edition of the event took place between March 10 and 12, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2018 edition of the event took place between March 9 and 11, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2019 edition of the event took place between March 8 and 10, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2020 edition of the event took place between March 6 and 8, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2022 edition of the event took place between March 4 and 6, in Oberhausen, Germany.
The 2023 edition of the event took place between March 10 and 12, in Oberhausen, Germany. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 16 Carat Gold Tournament is an annual single-elimination tournament produced by the Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw) promotion. The sixteen-man tournament was first conceived by wXw in 2006 and has been held every year since then with the exception of the 2021 edition which was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The inaugural edition of the tournament took place between January 27 and 29, 2006, in Essen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The 2007 edition of the event took place between May 4 and 6, in Essen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The 2008 edition of the event took place between March 7 and 9, in Essen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The 2009 edition of the event took place between March 6 and 8, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The 2010 edition of the event took place between March 5 and 7, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The 2011 edition of the event took place between March 11 and 13, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The 2012 edition of the event took place between March 2 and 5, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The 2013 edition of the event took place between March 1 and 3, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The 2014 edition of the event took place between March 14 and 16, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The 2015 edition of the event took place between March 7 and 9, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The 2016 edition of the event took place between March 11 and 13, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The 2017 edition of the event took place between March 10 and 12, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The 2018 edition of the event took place between March 9 and 11, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The 2019 edition of the event took place between March 8 and 10, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The 2020 edition of the event took place between March 6 and 8, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The 2022 edition of the event took place between March 4 and 6, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The 2023 edition of the event took place between March 10 and 12, in Oberhausen, Germany.",
"title": "Tournament history"
}
] | The 16 Carat Gold Tournament is an annual single-elimination tournament produced by the Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw) promotion. The sixteen-man tournament was first conceived by wXw in 2006 and has been held every year since then with the exception of the 2021 edition which was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. | 2023-12-14T00:10:50Z | 2023-12-15T23:15:53Z | [
"Template:16TeamBracket",
"Template:Notelist",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:WXW 16 Carat Gold Tournament",
"Template:Westside Xtreme Wrestling",
"Template:Infobox wrestling PPV series"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_Carat_Gold_Tournament_(wXw) |
75,558,702 | Sarah S. Jacobs | Sarah S. Jacobs (1813-1902) was an American writer and civic worker.
Sarah S. Jacobs was from Rhode Island. Her father was Rev. Bela Jacobs, a Baptist clergyman. Later in life, she resided at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her poems were brought together in Griswold's Female Poets of America. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sarah S. Jacobs (1813-1902) was an American writer and civic worker.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sarah S. Jacobs was from Rhode Island. Her father was Rev. Bela Jacobs, a Baptist clergyman. Later in life, she resided at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her poems were brought together in Griswold's Female Poets of America.",
"title": ""
}
] | Sarah S. Jacobs (1813-1902) was an American writer and civic worker. Sarah S. Jacobs was from Rhode Island. Her father was Rev. Bela Jacobs, a Baptist clergyman. Later in life, she resided at Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her poems were brought together in Griswold's Female Poets of America. | 2023-12-14T00:11:29Z | 2023-12-14T01:43:18Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Source-attribution",
"Template:Authority control"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_S._Jacobs |
75,558,707 | Jente Michels | Jente Michels (born 17 February 2003) is a Belgian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team Alpecin–Deceuninck Development Team. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jente Michels (born 17 February 2003) is a Belgian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team Alpecin–Deceuninck Development Team.",
"title": ""
}
] | Jente Michels is a Belgian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team Alpecin–Deceuninck Development Team. | 2023-12-14T00:11:47Z | 2023-12-23T17:11:57Z | [
"Template:Div col end",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Ct",
"Template:Div col",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Sports links",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Infobox cyclist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jente_Michels |
75,558,710 | John E. Brown | John E. Brown may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "John E. Brown may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | John E. Brown may refer to: John E. Brown (1879–1957), American evangelist, founder of John Brown University
John Ednie Brown (1848–1899), Scottish author on sylviculture and state conservator of forests
John Edward Brown (1931–2011), English Anglican bishop
John Edward "The Body" Brown (1922–2009), American football center and linebacker
John Evans Brown (1827–1895), American-born member of New Zealand parliament | 2023-12-14T00:12:38Z | 2023-12-14T00:12:38Z | [
"Template:Hndis"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Brown |
75,558,746 | The Revolution of Birdie Randolph | The Revolution of Birdie Randolph is a 2019 young adult novel by Brandy Colbert about a teenage girl who must learn to be her authentic self beyond her family's expectations.
"The Revolution of Birdie Randolph follows Dove "Birdie" Randolph, a 16-year-old Black girl living in Chicago with her parents in an apartment above her mother's hair salon. While Birdie's sister, Mimi, is away at university, Birdie is adhering to a rigorous academic schedule. In addition to spending time with her best friend, Lazarus “Laz” Ramos, Birdie is secretly meeting with Booker Stratton, a boy her parents wouldn't approve of. The plot takes a turn when Birdie's enigmatic Aunt Carlene, who has struggled with addiction and spent significant time in rehab, moves into the apartment, introducing heightened tension within the family.
The Revolution of Birdie Randolph received starred reviews from Booklist, Publishers Weekly, and Shelf Awareness.
Booklist's Enishia Davenport wrote, "Colbert’s latest novel brilliantly delves into first loves, forbidden romance, rebellion, and family expectations [...] Heavier topics like addiction, trauma, and the ills of juvenile justice system for teens of color are also explored in a refreshingly nuanced way that is handled with intelligence and care. With these topics, Colbert shows that there are two sides to every story and that the people enmeshed in these situations are often victims who need support rather than recrimination."
Kirkus Reviews agreed with Davenport that "the treatment of topics such as the impact of addiction, racial profiling and discrimination, and sexuality [...] is skillful and will resonate". They concluded that the novel is "moving and memorable".
Publishers Weekly conceded that the novel had "occasionally predictable plotting" but agreed with other reviewers regarding the novel's "unique cast of well-developed characters", as well as Colbert's skill "navigating responsibility, grief, racial profiling, and addiction".
Breanna J. McDaniel, writing for Shelf Awareness, praised the novel's "superb pacing and full-bodied development of queer and ethnically diverse central and supporting characters". McDaniel also highlighted the "unexpected, masterful plot twist and an extremely satisfying ending".
School Library Journal's Kristin Lee Anderson also reviewed the novel.
The Revolution of Birdie Randolph is a Junior Library Guild book.
In 2019, the Chicago Public Library named The Revolution of Birdie Randolph one of the best young adult books of the year, and Booklist included it on their Booklist Editors' Choice: Books for Youth list. The following year, the American Library Association selected it for their Best Fiction for Young Adults list. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Revolution of Birdie Randolph is a 2019 young adult novel by Brandy Colbert about a teenage girl who must learn to be her authentic self beyond her family's expectations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "\"The Revolution of Birdie Randolph follows Dove \"Birdie\" Randolph, a 16-year-old Black girl living in Chicago with her parents in an apartment above her mother's hair salon. While Birdie's sister, Mimi, is away at university, Birdie is adhering to a rigorous academic schedule. In addition to spending time with her best friend, Lazarus “Laz” Ramos, Birdie is secretly meeting with Booker Stratton, a boy her parents wouldn't approve of. The plot takes a turn when Birdie's enigmatic Aunt Carlene, who has struggled with addiction and spent significant time in rehab, moves into the apartment, introducing heightened tension within the family.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Revolution of Birdie Randolph received starred reviews from Booklist, Publishers Weekly, and Shelf Awareness.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Booklist's Enishia Davenport wrote, \"Colbert’s latest novel brilliantly delves into first loves, forbidden romance, rebellion, and family expectations [...] Heavier topics like addiction, trauma, and the ills of juvenile justice system for teens of color are also explored in a refreshingly nuanced way that is handled with intelligence and care. With these topics, Colbert shows that there are two sides to every story and that the people enmeshed in these situations are often victims who need support rather than recrimination.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Kirkus Reviews agreed with Davenport that \"the treatment of topics such as the impact of addiction, racial profiling and discrimination, and sexuality [...] is skillful and will resonate\". They concluded that the novel is \"moving and memorable\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Publishers Weekly conceded that the novel had \"occasionally predictable plotting\" but agreed with other reviewers regarding the novel's \"unique cast of well-developed characters\", as well as Colbert's skill \"navigating responsibility, grief, racial profiling, and addiction\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Breanna J. McDaniel, writing for Shelf Awareness, praised the novel's \"superb pacing and full-bodied development of queer and ethnically diverse central and supporting characters\". McDaniel also highlighted the \"unexpected, masterful plot twist and an extremely satisfying ending\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "School Library Journal's Kristin Lee Anderson also reviewed the novel.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The Revolution of Birdie Randolph is a Junior Library Guild book.",
"title": "Awards and honors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 2019, the Chicago Public Library named The Revolution of Birdie Randolph one of the best young adult books of the year, and Booklist included it on their Booklist Editors' Choice: Books for Youth list. The following year, the American Library Association selected it for their Best Fiction for Young Adults list.",
"title": "Awards and honors"
}
] | The Revolution of Birdie Randolph is a 2019 young adult novel by Brandy Colbert about a teenage girl who must learn to be her authentic self beyond her family's expectations. | 2023-12-14T00:19:44Z | 2023-12-14T00:26:15Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox book",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolution_of_Birdie_Randolph |
75,558,754 | 1907 Copa de Honor MCBA Final | The 1907 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was the football match that decided the champion of the 3rd. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, played at the "Quilmes Old Ground" in Quilmes, Belgrano A.C. defeated Quilmes 3–1. to win their first Copa de Honor trophy.
The 1907 edition was contested by 10 clubs, 9 within Buenos Aires Province, and 1 from Liga Rosarina de Football. Playing in a single-elimination tournament, Belgrano eliminated Rosario Central 7–3, then defeating Reformer 2–0 in semifinals.
On the other hand, Estudiantes defeated Estudiantes de Buenos Aires 5–0, then eliminating San Isidro 2–1.
In the final, Belgrano defeated Quilmes 3–1, at the Quilmes Old Ground to win their first Copa de Honor trophy. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1907 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was the football match that decided the champion of the 3rd. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, played at the \"Quilmes Old Ground\" in Quilmes, Belgrano A.C. defeated Quilmes 3–1. to win their first Copa de Honor trophy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The 1907 edition was contested by 10 clubs, 9 within Buenos Aires Province, and 1 from Liga Rosarina de Football. Playing in a single-elimination tournament, Belgrano eliminated Rosario Central 7–3, then defeating Reformer 2–0 in semifinals.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On the other hand, Estudiantes defeated Estudiantes de Buenos Aires 5–0, then eliminating San Isidro 2–1.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In the final, Belgrano defeated Quilmes 3–1, at the Quilmes Old Ground to win their first Copa de Honor trophy.",
"title": "Overview"
}
] | The 1907 Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires Final was the football match that decided the champion of the 3rd. edition of this National cup of Argentina. In the match, played at the "Quilmes Old Ground" in Quilmes, Belgrano A.C. defeated Quilmes 3–1. to win their first Copa de Honor trophy. | 2023-12-14T00:20:40Z | 2023-12-31T12:48:55Z | [
"Template:Quilmes Atlético Club",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Football box",
"Template:Copa de Honor MCBA",
"Template:Belgrano Athletic Club",
"Template:Infobox football match",
"Template:Smaller",
"Template:Small div",
"Template:Football kit"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_Copa_de_Honor_MCBA_Final |
75,558,762 | Niger–Benin Oil Pipeline | The Niger–Benin Oil Pipeline, also known as Niger-Benin Export Pipeline (NBEP), is a 1,950 kilometer long crude oil pipeline connecting oilfields near the desert oasis of Agadem in Niger to the Atlantic Ocean. It ends in the Gulf of Guinea near Benin's largest city Cotonou. The pipeline was built between 2019-23, with exports expected to begin in January 2024. The pipeline will be operated by the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC).
It is the longest pipeline in Africa.
The pipeline runs from Koulélé in the Agadem Rift Basin in a southwestern direction towards the Soraz refinery near the city of Zinder. The refinery was built by CNPC and is in operation since November 2011. From Zinder, the pipeline continues westward until turning south towards the border with Benin. The Nigerien section of the pipeline measures 1,275 kilometer. In Benin, the pipeline runs southward for 675 kilometers until reaching the sea. It ends east of Cotonou, at Port Sèmè offshore terminal, approximately 15 kilometers off the coast.
As of December 2023, CNPC is the only company producing oil in Niger, although there are two other oil companies operating in other blocks in Niger: Sonatrach and Savannah Energy. CNPC began explorations in Niger in 2003 with the Tenere and Bilma blocks. Extensive exploration of the Agadem block took place between 2008 and 2017.
An export pipeline from the Nigerien oilfields to the Atlantic coast is in the works since 2012. CNPC initially planned to link up the Agadem oilfield to the similarly Chinese-operated oil assets in Chad. The shelved Niger Chad Oil Pipeline would have run 600 kilometers from the Agadem basin to the Doba Basin in Chad. There, it would connect to the existing Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline, providing sea access at the Cameroonian port of Kribi. Security concerns about Boko Haram in the Chad Basin as well as about a weakening state in Cameroon have contributed to the decision against the Niger-Chad pipeline. An additional reason from a Chinese perspective may have been that CNPC exports from Niger would have been dependent on the owners and operators of the Chad-Cameroon pipeline (Exxon Mobil, Chevron and Petronas) for access to the sea.
In January 2019, Niger and Benin signed an agreement to build a pipeline linking the two countries with the goal of enabling the export of Nigerien oil. CNPC signed a contract for the construction and operation of a pipeline with the government of Benin in August 2019. CNPC was contracted to construct the pipeline along with the West African Gas Pipeline Company (WAPCo).
The NBEP was officially comissioned by Niger’s Prime Minister Ali Lamine Zeine in November 2023. The following month, de-facto president Abdourahamane Tiani announced the first exports would begin in January 2024.
The NBEP will be accessible to third parties. UK-based Savannah Energy has indicated its intent to utilize the pipeline.
Before the NBEP, the daily production of around 20,000 barrels supplied the Soraz refinery through an approximately 13-inch diameter 460 kilometer pipeline which connects the oil fields at Agadem to the refinery. The refinery mainly produces diesel and super petrol for the domestic market and exports the surplus. CNPC owns 60 percent of the Soraz refinery, while Niger holds 40 percent. It was built in 2011 in a joint venture at a cost of five billion USD.
The NBEP and the new facilities at the oilfields are supposed to enable the production of 110,000 barrels per day, of which 90,000 will be exported through the port in Benin. The remaining 20,000 will continue to go to the Soraz refinery.
The 20-inch diameter pipeline project comprises nine intermediate stations before terminating at Port Sèmè: eight pumping stations (six in Niger and two in Benin) and a petroleum terminal in Sèmè with a 2 million barrel storage capacity. The offshore export terminal is connected via two parallel 28-inch subsea pipelines with a capacity of a million barrels per day. It includes a pipeline-end manifold and a single-buoy mooring system designed with six mooring anchors.
Niger will hold a 15 percent share in the pipeline.
Nigerien President Mahamadou Issoufou laid the first stone in September 2019. The first batch of pipeline segments was shipped from Tianjin, China to Benin in January 2020.
In February 2020, CNPC suspended all construction work due to the COVID pandemic. Because of this disruption, the pipeline could not be finished in 2021.
In 2021, Dutch company Bluewater Energy Services was contracted to build the single-point mooring system at the offshore terminal.
In October 2022, more than 600 kilometers of track had been built.
The pipeline was officially comissioned by Niger’s Prime Minister Ali Lamine Zeine in November 2023. However, it could not enter into operation because the border between Niger and Benin was closed due to ECOWAS sanctions related to the 2023 military coup in Niger.
According to a Nigerien government statement from November 2023, more than six billion USD have been invested in the project, including 4 billion USD for the development of the oilfields and 2.3 billion USD for the pipeline.
Category:Oil pipelines in Africa Category:Economy of Niger Category:Economy of Benin Category:West Africa Category:Oil pipelines | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Niger–Benin Oil Pipeline, also known as Niger-Benin Export Pipeline (NBEP), is a 1,950 kilometer long crude oil pipeline connecting oilfields near the desert oasis of Agadem in Niger to the Atlantic Ocean. It ends in the Gulf of Guinea near Benin's largest city Cotonou. The pipeline was built between 2019-23, with exports expected to begin in January 2024. The pipeline will be operated by the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It is the longest pipeline in Africa.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The pipeline runs from Koulélé in the Agadem Rift Basin in a southwestern direction towards the Soraz refinery near the city of Zinder. The refinery was built by CNPC and is in operation since November 2011. From Zinder, the pipeline continues westward until turning south towards the border with Benin. The Nigerien section of the pipeline measures 1,275 kilometer. In Benin, the pipeline runs southward for 675 kilometers until reaching the sea. It ends east of Cotonou, at Port Sèmè offshore terminal, approximately 15 kilometers off the coast.",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "As of December 2023, CNPC is the only company producing oil in Niger, although there are two other oil companies operating in other blocks in Niger: Sonatrach and Savannah Energy. CNPC began explorations in Niger in 2003 with the Tenere and Bilma blocks. Extensive exploration of the Agadem block took place between 2008 and 2017.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "An export pipeline from the Nigerien oilfields to the Atlantic coast is in the works since 2012. CNPC initially planned to link up the Agadem oilfield to the similarly Chinese-operated oil assets in Chad. The shelved Niger Chad Oil Pipeline would have run 600 kilometers from the Agadem basin to the Doba Basin in Chad. There, it would connect to the existing Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline, providing sea access at the Cameroonian port of Kribi. Security concerns about Boko Haram in the Chad Basin as well as about a weakening state in Cameroon have contributed to the decision against the Niger-Chad pipeline. An additional reason from a Chinese perspective may have been that CNPC exports from Niger would have been dependent on the owners and operators of the Chad-Cameroon pipeline (Exxon Mobil, Chevron and Petronas) for access to the sea.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In January 2019, Niger and Benin signed an agreement to build a pipeline linking the two countries with the goal of enabling the export of Nigerien oil. CNPC signed a contract for the construction and operation of a pipeline with the government of Benin in August 2019. CNPC was contracted to construct the pipeline along with the West African Gas Pipeline Company (WAPCo).",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The NBEP was officially comissioned by Niger’s Prime Minister Ali Lamine Zeine in November 2023. The following month, de-facto president Abdourahamane Tiani announced the first exports would begin in January 2024.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The NBEP will be accessible to third parties. UK-based Savannah Energy has indicated its intent to utilize the pipeline.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Before the NBEP, the daily production of around 20,000 barrels supplied the Soraz refinery through an approximately 13-inch diameter 460 kilometer pipeline which connects the oil fields at Agadem to the refinery. The refinery mainly produces diesel and super petrol for the domestic market and exports the surplus. CNPC owns 60 percent of the Soraz refinery, while Niger holds 40 percent. It was built in 2011 in a joint venture at a cost of five billion USD.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The NBEP and the new facilities at the oilfields are supposed to enable the production of 110,000 barrels per day, of which 90,000 will be exported through the port in Benin. The remaining 20,000 will continue to go to the Soraz refinery.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The 20-inch diameter pipeline project comprises nine intermediate stations before terminating at Port Sèmè: eight pumping stations (six in Niger and two in Benin) and a petroleum terminal in Sèmè with a 2 million barrel storage capacity. The offshore export terminal is connected via two parallel 28-inch subsea pipelines with a capacity of a million barrels per day. It includes a pipeline-end manifold and a single-buoy mooring system designed with six mooring anchors.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Niger will hold a 15 percent share in the pipeline.",
"title": "Overview"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Nigerien President Mahamadou Issoufou laid the first stone in September 2019. The first batch of pipeline segments was shipped from Tianjin, China to Benin in January 2020.",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In February 2020, CNPC suspended all construction work due to the COVID pandemic. Because of this disruption, the pipeline could not be finished in 2021.",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In 2021, Dutch company Bluewater Energy Services was contracted to build the single-point mooring system at the offshore terminal.",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In October 2022, more than 600 kilometers of track had been built.",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The pipeline was officially comissioned by Niger’s Prime Minister Ali Lamine Zeine in November 2023. However, it could not enter into operation because the border between Niger and Benin was closed due to ECOWAS sanctions related to the 2023 military coup in Niger.",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "According to a Nigerien government statement from November 2023, more than six billion USD have been invested in the project, including 4 billion USD for the development of the oilfields and 2.3 billion USD for the pipeline.",
"title": "Cost"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Category:Oil pipelines in Africa Category:Economy of Niger Category:Economy of Benin Category:West Africa Category:Oil pipelines",
"title": "References"
}
] | The Niger–Benin Oil Pipeline, also known as Niger-Benin Export Pipeline (NBEP), is a 1,950 kilometer long crude oil pipeline connecting oilfields near the desert oasis of Agadem in Niger to the Atlantic Ocean. It ends in the Gulf of Guinea near Benin's largest city Cotonou. The pipeline was built between 2019-23, with exports expected to begin in January 2024. The pipeline will be operated by the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). It is the longest pipeline in Africa. | 2023-12-14T00:21:31Z | 2023-12-14T23:36:20Z | [
"Template:Draft topics",
"Template:AfC topic",
"Template:AfC submission",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Benin_Oil_Pipeline |
75,558,765 | Glenda Raymond | Glenda Raymond (26 October 1922 – 2003) was an Australian soprano with a long career on radio and on stage in Melbourne, closely associated with conductor Hector Crawford, whom she later married.
Raymond was born into a musical family (see below), the only daughter of soprano Veta Coraline Ryan, née Furlong, and Cleveland Vivian Ryan, who divorced in 1929. She was brought up by her grandmother Annie Furlong, née Wemyss, in the Melbourne seaside suburb of Sandringham.
After leaving school the diminutive Raymond (then named Glenda Ryan) was employed as a bank clerk (shorthand typist?) in Prahran, Melbourne. In 1944 she made the shortlist for a Melbourne University Conservatorium entrance exhibition. Another in the list was violinist Leonard Dommett. By May 1944 she was using "Raymond", as a stage name at least.
There are several different stories of how she got her start in radio: in one account she failed an audition for a radio talent quest, and was so indignant she confronted Hector Crawford, who recognised her talent. Another, from Raymond herself, had her in a recording studio, making a personal recording as a gift for some family member, and was overheard by Crawford, who invited her to appear in his "Music for the People" concerts, for which he was conductor. One such concert was held at the Coburg Town Hall in July 1944. In any event, Crawford recommended her to a teacher, Pauline Bindley, her coach for the next five years.
Her singing career began in 1946, when she was chosen to portray the singing voice of the early adult Nellie Melba in the radio serial Melba, broadcast on Melbourne's radio stations 3DB and 3LK, and on-sold to broadcasters throughout Australia. No expense was spared in making this 50-episode series — Raymond sang every note in Melba's repertoire with a full symphony orchestra in the original key. Her portrayal was praised by Mrs George Armstrong, Melba's daughter-in-law.
Her reputation grew with a series of radio concerts Opera for the People, appearing in its premiere, La Bohème in 1946, followed by many others. Raymond became a celebrity.
In 1948, accompanied by bass-baritone David Allen and piano accompanist Eunice Garland, she embarked on a fundraising tour to take her to Italy for further training. The Vacuum Oil Company (Mobil) was a sponsor, though to what extent was not mentioned in their advertising. She left for London by the Orion in August 1948.
Her expressed intention was to study in Milan, but no record of her travelling to Italy, or having contact with Lina Pagliughi has been found. One of her first contacts in London was to the teacher Dino Borgioli, at Queen's Gate in London. She next had an interview with Basil Cameron, and an audition at Wigmore Hall, after which she was contracted to sing the role of "Etain" in Rutland Boughton's The Immortal Hour with the London Philharmonic Orchestra at the "Great Hall" of the People's Palace on 4 April.
Her "Etain" received good notices in The Times, and she found regular work with the BBC, including a television appearance, also with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, including a concert at the Royal Albert Hall. She studied under Borgioli, as did Sun Aria winner John Lanigan. She returned to Sydney via Darwin on a BOAC Constellation. on 2 August 1949, and thence to Melbourne. Some of her supporters were disappointed at her early return, and without having studied in Milan. Perhaps they felt chagrin at her travelling by air — hugely expensive in the 1940s, unbecoming for a struggling artist.
She made her first return concert at the Alfred Hall, Ballarat, on 3 September 1949, with Premier Hollway and his wife in the audience, followed by a guest appearance at the Mobil Quest final, at which the winner was the baritone Ronal Jackson, and Joan Sutherland one of the semi-finalists. Jackson was guest vocalist at Raymond's concert at the Melbourne Town Hall on 11 October. One critic suggested she had spent her time overseas, not in studying, but merely singing.
On 17 February she sang at a benefit in the Melbourne Town Hall for the young violinist Desmond Bradley, accompanied by Eunice Garland, in real life his mother. On 22 February she took part in a recreation, or rather celebration, of Melba's farewell concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 25 June 1926. Other sopranos to take part were Barbara Wilson and Joan Arnold. Raymond's numbers included Home, Sweet Home. She flew to Sydney five days later and left for London by BCPA on 1 March. She appeared in the second revival of Boughton's The Immortal Hour, conducted by the composer rather than the previously-advertised Sir Adrian Boult. Of the four principals of bass, baritone, tenor and soprano, three were Australians — Arnold Matters, Douglas Parnell, and Glenda Raymond. The theatre was only one third filled, due to inadequate publicity She returned to the Royal Albert Hall and Wigmore Hall, winning praise from The Times critic, and shared a stage with Sydney baritone John Cameron. She returned to Melbourne by air in July 1950. Later that year Dorothy Crawford produced a variety program Glenda, with Hector Crawford and orchestra and a variety of guests, which went to air on 3DB, 8:00 pm on Mondays, 18 September 1950 to 10 September 1951. John Amadio was a regular guest. Meanwhile she was also appearing in Music for the People concerts at the Botanical Gardens.
In 1949 it was revealed that Raymond and an RAAF serviceman had been engaged to marry, though no further details or confirmation has been found. She announced her imminent return to London, but accepted Crawford's proposal of marriage. They married in a very private ceremony on 10 November 1950 in Melbourne. The guests included Raymond's father, premier John Cain and his daughter Joan Cain. A subsequent celebration was less secretive."Celebrated with Cocktails". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 32, 518. Victoria, Australia. 21 November 1950. p. 9. Retrieved 14 December 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
Raymond's later work for the Australian Broadcasting Commission was praised by the critic from the Sydney Morning Herald as just as attractive a singer, but more thoughtful than her earlier self.
The first of the "Music for the People" concerts to be held at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl took place on 19 February 1961, and Raymond was frequently a contributor.
Horatio John Furlong (1870 – 4 July 1926) married Annie Wemyss (1876–1960) and lived in Ballarat East. She later lived in Sandringham, Victoria. Their family included:
They were parishioners of St Thomas' (Anglican) Church, Moonee Ponds.
ABC Records released an LP compilation of works by Raymond: ABC CLASSICS Australian Heritage Series 472 689 2 [73.46]
Australian Symphony Orchestra/Hector Crawford
The varied and interesting programme on this disc includes arias and duets etc sung in English and the original language. The Hoffmann 'Barcarolle' (tr. 4) sung, unusually with a tenor as the muse Nicklause, the Hamlet (tr. 7) and Mireille's aria (tr. 12) - all come from the earliest, 1946, sessions of the 'Melba Story'. They show a very light flexible and agile voice, rather lacking in colour or variety of tone. She sings both Olympia’s and Antonia's arias from Hoffmann (trs. 3 and 5), and this lack of weight and colour is a serious drawback for the latter whilst her sketchy trill and sliding between notes is a weakness in the former, although the high note at 4:35 is secure. The smudged roulades and runs in the Hamlet aria quickly improved after Raymond's lessons, particularly with Lina Pagliughi in Italy and Dino Borgioli in London. The upshot is a rather mixed bag in conveying Raymond's particular skills as a light-toned lyric coloratura soprano. John Lanigan, an Australian tenor who made a considerable career at Covent Garden, particularly in 'character' roles, is an agreeable partner vocally as is Geoffrey Chard, another name that will be recognised in the UK. Less successful is David Allen, a characterless baritone Mephisto in the final trio from Faust (tr. 9). Overall the recording quality is bright and clear with the voices well forward. The presence of an audience is sometimes indicated by applause at the conclusion of a track. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Glenda Raymond (26 October 1922 – 2003) was an Australian soprano with a long career on radio and on stage in Melbourne, closely associated with conductor Hector Crawford, whom she later married.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Raymond was born into a musical family (see below), the only daughter of soprano Veta Coraline Ryan, née Furlong, and Cleveland Vivian Ryan, who divorced in 1929. She was brought up by her grandmother Annie Furlong, née Wemyss, in the Melbourne seaside suburb of Sandringham.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After leaving school the diminutive Raymond (then named Glenda Ryan) was employed as a bank clerk (shorthand typist?) in Prahran, Melbourne. In 1944 she made the shortlist for a Melbourne University Conservatorium entrance exhibition. Another in the list was violinist Leonard Dommett. By May 1944 she was using \"Raymond\", as a stage name at least.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "There are several different stories of how she got her start in radio: in one account she failed an audition for a radio talent quest, and was so indignant she confronted Hector Crawford, who recognised her talent. Another, from Raymond herself, had her in a recording studio, making a personal recording as a gift for some family member, and was overheard by Crawford, who invited her to appear in his \"Music for the People\" concerts, for which he was conductor. One such concert was held at the Coburg Town Hall in July 1944. In any event, Crawford recommended her to a teacher, Pauline Bindley, her coach for the next five years.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Her singing career began in 1946, when she was chosen to portray the singing voice of the early adult Nellie Melba in the radio serial Melba, broadcast on Melbourne's radio stations 3DB and 3LK, and on-sold to broadcasters throughout Australia. No expense was spared in making this 50-episode series — Raymond sang every note in Melba's repertoire with a full symphony orchestra in the original key. Her portrayal was praised by Mrs George Armstrong, Melba's daughter-in-law.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Her reputation grew with a series of radio concerts Opera for the People, appearing in its premiere, La Bohème in 1946, followed by many others. Raymond became a celebrity.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 1948, accompanied by bass-baritone David Allen and piano accompanist Eunice Garland, she embarked on a fundraising tour to take her to Italy for further training. The Vacuum Oil Company (Mobil) was a sponsor, though to what extent was not mentioned in their advertising. She left for London by the Orion in August 1948.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Her expressed intention was to study in Milan, but no record of her travelling to Italy, or having contact with Lina Pagliughi has been found. One of her first contacts in London was to the teacher Dino Borgioli, at Queen's Gate in London. She next had an interview with Basil Cameron, and an audition at Wigmore Hall, after which she was contracted to sing the role of \"Etain\" in Rutland Boughton's The Immortal Hour with the London Philharmonic Orchestra at the \"Great Hall\" of the People's Palace on 4 April.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Her \"Etain\" received good notices in The Times, and she found regular work with the BBC, including a television appearance, also with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, including a concert at the Royal Albert Hall. She studied under Borgioli, as did Sun Aria winner John Lanigan. She returned to Sydney via Darwin on a BOAC Constellation. on 2 August 1949, and thence to Melbourne. Some of her supporters were disappointed at her early return, and without having studied in Milan. Perhaps they felt chagrin at her travelling by air — hugely expensive in the 1940s, unbecoming for a struggling artist.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "She made her first return concert at the Alfred Hall, Ballarat, on 3 September 1949, with Premier Hollway and his wife in the audience, followed by a guest appearance at the Mobil Quest final, at which the winner was the baritone Ronal Jackson, and Joan Sutherland one of the semi-finalists. Jackson was guest vocalist at Raymond's concert at the Melbourne Town Hall on 11 October. One critic suggested she had spent her time overseas, not in studying, but merely singing.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "On 17 February she sang at a benefit in the Melbourne Town Hall for the young violinist Desmond Bradley, accompanied by Eunice Garland, in real life his mother. On 22 February she took part in a recreation, or rather celebration, of Melba's farewell concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 25 June 1926. Other sopranos to take part were Barbara Wilson and Joan Arnold. Raymond's numbers included Home, Sweet Home. She flew to Sydney five days later and left for London by BCPA on 1 March. She appeared in the second revival of Boughton's The Immortal Hour, conducted by the composer rather than the previously-advertised Sir Adrian Boult. Of the four principals of bass, baritone, tenor and soprano, three were Australians — Arnold Matters, Douglas Parnell, and Glenda Raymond. The theatre was only one third filled, due to inadequate publicity She returned to the Royal Albert Hall and Wigmore Hall, winning praise from The Times critic, and shared a stage with Sydney baritone John Cameron. She returned to Melbourne by air in July 1950. Later that year Dorothy Crawford produced a variety program Glenda, with Hector Crawford and orchestra and a variety of guests, which went to air on 3DB, 8:00 pm on Mondays, 18 September 1950 to 10 September 1951. John Amadio was a regular guest. Meanwhile she was also appearing in Music for the People concerts at the Botanical Gardens.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 1949 it was revealed that Raymond and an RAAF serviceman had been engaged to marry, though no further details or confirmation has been found. She announced her imminent return to London, but accepted Crawford's proposal of marriage. They married in a very private ceremony on 10 November 1950 in Melbourne. The guests included Raymond's father, premier John Cain and his daughter Joan Cain. A subsequent celebration was less secretive.\"Celebrated with Cocktails\". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 32, 518. Victoria, Australia. 21 November 1950. p. 9. Retrieved 14 December 2023 – via National Library of Australia.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Raymond's later work for the Australian Broadcasting Commission was praised by the critic from the Sydney Morning Herald as just as attractive a singer, but more thoughtful than her earlier self.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The first of the \"Music for the People\" concerts to be held at the Sidney Myer Music Bowl took place on 19 February 1961, and Raymond was frequently a contributor.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Horatio John Furlong (1870 – 4 July 1926) married Annie Wemyss (1876–1960) and lived in Ballarat East. She later lived in Sandringham, Victoria. Their family included:",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "They were parishioners of St Thomas' (Anglican) Church, Moonee Ponds.",
"title": "Family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "ABC Records released an LP compilation of works by Raymond: ABC CLASSICS Australian Heritage Series 472 689 2 [73.46]",
"title": "Recordings"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Australian Symphony Orchestra/Hector Crawford",
"title": "Recordings"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The varied and interesting programme on this disc includes arias and duets etc sung in English and the original language. The Hoffmann 'Barcarolle' (tr. 4) sung, unusually with a tenor as the muse Nicklause, the Hamlet (tr. 7) and Mireille's aria (tr. 12) - all come from the earliest, 1946, sessions of the 'Melba Story'. They show a very light flexible and agile voice, rather lacking in colour or variety of tone. She sings both Olympia’s and Antonia's arias from Hoffmann (trs. 3 and 5), and this lack of weight and colour is a serious drawback for the latter whilst her sketchy trill and sliding between notes is a weakness in the former, although the high note at 4:35 is secure. The smudged roulades and runs in the Hamlet aria quickly improved after Raymond's lessons, particularly with Lina Pagliughi in Italy and Dino Borgioli in London. The upshot is a rather mixed bag in conveying Raymond's particular skills as a light-toned lyric coloratura soprano. John Lanigan, an Australian tenor who made a considerable career at Covent Garden, particularly in 'character' roles, is an agreeable partner vocally as is Geoffrey Chard, another name that will be recognised in the UK. Less successful is David Allen, a characterless baritone Mephisto in the final trio from Faust (tr. 9). Overall the recording quality is bright and clear with the voices well forward. The presence of an audience is sometimes indicated by applause at the conclusion of a track.",
"title": "Recordings"
}
] | Glenda Raymond was an Australian soprano with a long career on radio and on stage in Melbourne, closely associated with conductor Hector Crawford, whom she later married. | 2023-12-14T00:21:55Z | 2023-12-28T05:09:51Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Efn",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:When",
"Template:Notelist",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenda_Raymond |
75,558,767 | 2023-24 Kitchener Rangers season | The 2023–24 Kitchener Rangers season is the franchise's 61st season (60th season of play) in the Ontario Hockey League. The Rangers will try to improve on there 33–29–6 record from last season as well as rebound from their second round defeat at the hands of the London Knights.
Note: DIV = Division; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title.
Standings as of December 14, 2023.
2023-2024 Game Log: 23–7–2, 32 points (Home: 13–2–1; Road: 10–5–1)
September: 2–0–0, 4 points (Home: 1-0–0 ; Road: 1–0–0)
October: 7–4–0, 11 points (Home: 2–3–0 ; Road: 5–1–0)
November: 10–3–0, 20 points (Home: 5–1–0 ; Road: 5–2–0)
December: 4–0–2, 10 points (Home: 2–0–1 ; Road: 2–0–1)
January: 0–0–0, 0 points (Home: 0–0–0 ; Road: 0–0–0)
February: 0–0–0, 0 points (Home: 0–0–0 ; Road: 0–0–0)
March: 0–0–0, 0 points (Home: 0–0–0 ; Road: 0–0–0) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 Kitchener Rangers season is the franchise's 61st season (60th season of play) in the Ontario Hockey League. The Rangers will try to improve on there 33–29–6 record from last season as well as rebound from their second round defeat at the hands of the London Knights.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Note: DIV = Division; GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime losses; SL = Shootout losses; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title.",
"title": "Standings"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Standings as of December 14, 2023.",
"title": "Standings"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "2023-2024 Game Log: 23–7–2, 32 points (Home: 13–2–1; Road: 10–5–1)",
"title": "Schedule"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "September: 2–0–0, 4 points (Home: 1-0–0 ; Road: 1–0–0)",
"title": "Schedule"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "October: 7–4–0, 11 points (Home: 2–3–0 ; Road: 5–1–0)",
"title": "Schedule"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "November: 10–3–0, 20 points (Home: 5–1–0 ; Road: 5–2–0)",
"title": "Schedule"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "December: 4–0–2, 10 points (Home: 2–0–1 ; Road: 2–0–1)",
"title": "Schedule"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "January: 0–0–0, 0 points (Home: 0–0–0 ; Road: 0–0–0)",
"title": "Schedule"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "February: 0–0–0, 0 points (Home: 0–0–0 ; Road: 0–0–0)",
"title": "Schedule"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "March: 0–0–0, 0 points (Home: 0–0–0 ; Road: 0–0–0)",
"title": "Schedule"
}
] | The 2023–24 Kitchener Rangers season is the franchise's 61st season in the Ontario Hockey League. The Rangers will try to improve on there 33–29–6 record from last season as well as rebound from their second round defeat at the hands of the London Knights. | 2023-12-14T00:22:01Z | 2023-12-19T23:33:10Z | [
"Template:Infobox ice hockey team season",
"Template:Abbr",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Citation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023-24_Kitchener_Rangers_season |
75,558,772 | Mahabharat (animated TV series) | Mahabharat is an Indian animated mythological television series based on the Indian epic Mahabharata. The series produced by Animatrix Multimedia and aired on Sony Aath. The series digitally available on YouTube and SonyLIV. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mahabharat is an Indian animated mythological television series based on the Indian epic Mahabharata. The series produced by Animatrix Multimedia and aired on Sony Aath. The series digitally available on YouTube and SonyLIV.",
"title": ""
}
] | Mahabharat is an Indian animated mythological television series based on the Indian epic Mahabharata. The series produced by Animatrix Multimedia and aired on Sony Aath. The series digitally available on YouTube and SonyLIV. | 2023-12-14T00:24:36Z | 2023-12-16T22:45:19Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Uncategorized",
"Template:Infobox television"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabharat_(animated_TV_series) |
75,558,788 | DiDa Ritz | DiDa Ritz is the stage name of Xavier Hairston, an American drag performer who competed on season 4 of RuPaul's Drag Race. DiDa Ritz is based in Chicago, where she performs regularly and hosts Drag Race viewing parties. Her performance during a lip-sync to "This Will Be" by Natalie Cole has been deemed among the show's best.
Xavier Hairston was raised by a pastor in Lansing, Michigan. He moved to Chicago after graduating from high school.
Hairston performs in drag as DiDa Ritz. She competed on season 4 (2012) of RuPaul's Drag Race, and performed regularly at Chicago's Hydrate Nightclub at the time. In 2017, DiDa Ritz attended the "Fashion Does Drag" Ball, hosted by former Drag Race judge Marc Jacobs during New York Fashion Week. She performed in the show "Black Girl Magic" with Drag Race contestants Asia O'Hara, Mayhem Miller, Shea Couleé, and The Vixen, in Detroit in 2018.
In 2020, DiDa Ritz participated in RuPaul's Digital DragCon, which replaced RuPaul's DragCon LA because of the COVID-19 pandemic. She also joined thousands for the Drag March for Change, a protest in Chicago "[demanding] justice for the multiple black people who have died due to police brutality, focusing on those who are a part of the LGBTQ+ community". Additionally, she was in the line-up for an online benefit concert organized by the Chicago Artists' Relief Fund and Rattleback Records for artists (especially those of color) unemployed due to COVID-19. DiDa Ritz also performed regular at Chicago's gay bar and nightclub Berlin; according to The New York Times, in 2000 she helped lead a demonstration from the club along Halsted Avenue, demanding better pay and working conditions for drag performers.
DiDa Ritz has continued to host LGBT events and tour throughout the United States. In 2021, Out included her in a list of the top 30 "movers and shakers" in queer nightlife. She hosted RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars viewing parties at Hydrate Nightclub, as of 2021. In 2022, she performed at Pridefest in Bloomington, Indiana, and at the Official Unofficially Official Club Renaissance Party, which was organized the same weekend as Beyoncé's Renaissance World Tour in Chicago.
On Drag Race, DiDa Ritz did not win any main challenges and placed sixth overall. On the third episode, she placed in the bottom two of an infomercial challenge and defeated The Princess in a lip-sync to "This Will Be" (1975) by Natalie Cole, who was serving as a guest judge. DiDa Ritz impersonated Wendy Williams for the Snatch Game challenge. She was eliminated on the ninth episode, which featured a comedy challenge in the form of a "Frock the Vote" debate. She placed in the bottom two and lost the lip-sync battle against Latrice Royale to "I've Got to Use My Imagination" (1973) by Gladys Knight & the Pips.
DiDa Ritz was at times ostracized by judges and fellow contestants as "not perpetuating the hyper-glamorized look of professional drag", leading to her portrayal by editors as the antagonist within the context of the show. Despite this, high points of the season included the aforementioned rendition of "This Will Be", judged by Cole herself, who engaged in a call-and-response duet with DiDa Ritz. DiDa Ritz's performance mimed Cole's wide-eyed expressions and rhythmic dancing as Cole ad-libbed along, gospel-style. According to author Jennifer O'Meara, Cole's response to the performance "can be read as a validation that such lip-synching, with its corresponding 'body talk', takes real skill".
The "This Will Be" lip-sync has been described by PinkNews and Pride.com as the best of the season and among the best of all time. Pride.com said DiDa Ritz "gave her all to every single lyric and beat in the song. The Princess didn't do poorly, but Ritz gave us a legitimate lip sync masterclass!" Latrice Royale described DiDa Ritz's performance as "high drag at its finest". In 2018, Drag Race contestant Alyssa Edwards said the lip-sync was among her top five favorites from the show. In The Spinoff's 2019 "definitive ranking" of Drag Race lip-syncs to date, Sam Brooks ranked DiDa Ritz's battles against Latrice Royale and The Princess numbers 35 and 20 out of 162, respectively. Brooks called the "This Will Be" lip-sync "one of the most joyous ... of all time" and wrote, "Not only does DiDa Ritz channel Natalie Cole in her prime, she confirms herself as a contender here. It's a perfect match of song, energy and performer, only marred by the queen she has to share the stage with".
In Bustle's 2021 list of 17 lip-syncs "that left RuPaul and viewers gagged", Mary Kate McGrath said DiDa Ritz delivered "pure joy" and was the season's "lip-sync assassin". In his 2021 list of the ten best "one-sided" lip-syncs, Screen Rant's Ben Orosz wrote:
The lovable queen from season 4 delivered one of the show's most seminal moments in this lip sync. She embodied the song through pure joy and enthusiasm and didn't rely on splits or dips to make an impression. The Princess certainly did a fine job and was far from a failure, but it was impossible not to be captivated by Dida. She made sure to make eye contact with the singer and her thousand-watt smile was infectious.
In 2022, the website's Cailyn Szelinski said the performance "cemented her place as one of the most entertaining Drag Race queens who deserved more recognition on their season", and Out included the lip-sync in a list of the show's seven best performances, according to judge Michelle Visage.
Hairston is based in Chicago, and has also lived in Detroit.
DiDa Ritz's name is inspired by Dita Von Teese. She is a member of the House of Hall, which also includes fellow Drag Race contestants Jaida Essence Hall, Kahmora Hall, and Naysha Lopez. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "DiDa Ritz is the stage name of Xavier Hairston, an American drag performer who competed on season 4 of RuPaul's Drag Race. DiDa Ritz is based in Chicago, where she performs regularly and hosts Drag Race viewing parties. Her performance during a lip-sync to \"This Will Be\" by Natalie Cole has been deemed among the show's best.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Xavier Hairston was raised by a pastor in Lansing, Michigan. He moved to Chicago after graduating from high school.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Hairston performs in drag as DiDa Ritz. She competed on season 4 (2012) of RuPaul's Drag Race, and performed regularly at Chicago's Hydrate Nightclub at the time. In 2017, DiDa Ritz attended the \"Fashion Does Drag\" Ball, hosted by former Drag Race judge Marc Jacobs during New York Fashion Week. She performed in the show \"Black Girl Magic\" with Drag Race contestants Asia O'Hara, Mayhem Miller, Shea Couleé, and The Vixen, in Detroit in 2018.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2020, DiDa Ritz participated in RuPaul's Digital DragCon, which replaced RuPaul's DragCon LA because of the COVID-19 pandemic. She also joined thousands for the Drag March for Change, a protest in Chicago \"[demanding] justice for the multiple black people who have died due to police brutality, focusing on those who are a part of the LGBTQ+ community\". Additionally, she was in the line-up for an online benefit concert organized by the Chicago Artists' Relief Fund and Rattleback Records for artists (especially those of color) unemployed due to COVID-19. DiDa Ritz also performed regular at Chicago's gay bar and nightclub Berlin; according to The New York Times, in 2000 she helped lead a demonstration from the club along Halsted Avenue, demanding better pay and working conditions for drag performers.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "DiDa Ritz has continued to host LGBT events and tour throughout the United States. In 2021, Out included her in a list of the top 30 \"movers and shakers\" in queer nightlife. She hosted RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars viewing parties at Hydrate Nightclub, as of 2021. In 2022, she performed at Pridefest in Bloomington, Indiana, and at the Official Unofficially Official Club Renaissance Party, which was organized the same weekend as Beyoncé's Renaissance World Tour in Chicago.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On Drag Race, DiDa Ritz did not win any main challenges and placed sixth overall. On the third episode, she placed in the bottom two of an infomercial challenge and defeated The Princess in a lip-sync to \"This Will Be\" (1975) by Natalie Cole, who was serving as a guest judge. DiDa Ritz impersonated Wendy Williams for the Snatch Game challenge. She was eliminated on the ninth episode, which featured a comedy challenge in the form of a \"Frock the Vote\" debate. She placed in the bottom two and lost the lip-sync battle against Latrice Royale to \"I've Got to Use My Imagination\" (1973) by Gladys Knight & the Pips.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "DiDa Ritz was at times ostracized by judges and fellow contestants as \"not perpetuating the hyper-glamorized look of professional drag\", leading to her portrayal by editors as the antagonist within the context of the show. Despite this, high points of the season included the aforementioned rendition of \"This Will Be\", judged by Cole herself, who engaged in a call-and-response duet with DiDa Ritz. DiDa Ritz's performance mimed Cole's wide-eyed expressions and rhythmic dancing as Cole ad-libbed along, gospel-style. According to author Jennifer O'Meara, Cole's response to the performance \"can be read as a validation that such lip-synching, with its corresponding 'body talk', takes real skill\".",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The \"This Will Be\" lip-sync has been described by PinkNews and Pride.com as the best of the season and among the best of all time. Pride.com said DiDa Ritz \"gave her all to every single lyric and beat in the song. The Princess didn't do poorly, but Ritz gave us a legitimate lip sync masterclass!\" Latrice Royale described DiDa Ritz's performance as \"high drag at its finest\". In 2018, Drag Race contestant Alyssa Edwards said the lip-sync was among her top five favorites from the show. In The Spinoff's 2019 \"definitive ranking\" of Drag Race lip-syncs to date, Sam Brooks ranked DiDa Ritz's battles against Latrice Royale and The Princess numbers 35 and 20 out of 162, respectively. Brooks called the \"This Will Be\" lip-sync \"one of the most joyous ... of all time\" and wrote, \"Not only does DiDa Ritz channel Natalie Cole in her prime, she confirms herself as a contender here. It's a perfect match of song, energy and performer, only marred by the queen she has to share the stage with\".",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In Bustle's 2021 list of 17 lip-syncs \"that left RuPaul and viewers gagged\", Mary Kate McGrath said DiDa Ritz delivered \"pure joy\" and was the season's \"lip-sync assassin\". In his 2021 list of the ten best \"one-sided\" lip-syncs, Screen Rant's Ben Orosz wrote:",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The lovable queen from season 4 delivered one of the show's most seminal moments in this lip sync. She embodied the song through pure joy and enthusiasm and didn't rely on splits or dips to make an impression. The Princess certainly did a fine job and was far from a failure, but it was impossible not to be captivated by Dida. She made sure to make eye contact with the singer and her thousand-watt smile was infectious.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In 2022, the website's Cailyn Szelinski said the performance \"cemented her place as one of the most entertaining Drag Race queens who deserved more recognition on their season\", and Out included the lip-sync in a list of the show's seven best performances, according to judge Michelle Visage.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Hairston is based in Chicago, and has also lived in Detroit.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "DiDa Ritz's name is inspired by Dita Von Teese. She is a member of the House of Hall, which also includes fellow Drag Race contestants Jaida Essence Hall, Kahmora Hall, and Naysha Lopez.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | DiDa Ritz is the stage name of Xavier Hairston, an American drag performer who competed on season 4 of RuPaul's Drag Race. DiDa Ritz is based in Chicago, where she performs regularly and hosts Drag Race viewing parties. Her performance during a lip-sync to "This Will Be" by Natalie Cole has been deemed among the show's best. | 2023-12-14T00:28:34Z | 2023-12-25T02:01:51Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:YouTube",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Quote",
"Template:Commons category",
"Template:RuPaul's Drag Race",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:'s"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DiDa_Ritz |
75,558,789 | Joy Lucas (ski instructor) | Joy Piles Lucas, also known as Lucky Lucas (1917-2011) was an American ski instructor and author. She was the first woman certified as a ski instructor in the Pacific Northwest.
Joy Piles was born on February 15, 1917, in Spokane, Washington. Her parents worked for the United States Forest Service at Barlow Pass.
She began skiing in 1938, and married Jim Lucas. From 1940 the couple ran the Deer Valley Ski Lodge together in the Olympic Range. Joy Lucas was certified as a professional ski instructor in 1941. After World War II the couple managed Milwaukee Ski Bowl. She taught at Snoqualmie for 27 years, and only retired from ski instruction in 1992 at the age of 75.
She died in Spokane in February 2011. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Joy Piles Lucas, also known as Lucky Lucas (1917-2011) was an American ski instructor and author. She was the first woman certified as a ski instructor in the Pacific Northwest.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Joy Piles was born on February 15, 1917, in Spokane, Washington. Her parents worked for the United States Forest Service at Barlow Pass.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She began skiing in 1938, and married Jim Lucas. From 1940 the couple ran the Deer Valley Ski Lodge together in the Olympic Range. Joy Lucas was certified as a professional ski instructor in 1941. After World War II the couple managed Milwaukee Ski Bowl. She taught at Snoqualmie for 27 years, and only retired from ski instruction in 1992 at the age of 75.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "She died in Spokane in February 2011.",
"title": "Life"
}
] | Joy Piles Lucas, also known as Lucky Lucas (1917-2011)
was an American ski instructor and author. She was the first woman certified as a ski instructor in the Pacific Northwest. | 2023-12-14T00:29:02Z | 2023-12-14T10:26:37Z | [
"Template:Isbn",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite encyclopedia",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Skiing-bio-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Lucas_(ski_instructor) |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.