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75,547,170 | Prodigy: The Icarus Society | [] | 2023-12-12T19:50:19Z | 2023-12-22T02:10:36Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodigy:_The_Icarus_Society |
||
75,547,179 | Poland Songs | REDIRECTHits of the World#Europe | [
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75,547,192 | 2011 Subway Jalapeño 250 | The 2011 Subway Jalapeño 250 was a NASCAR Nationwide Series race held at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida on July 1, 2011. The race was 10th iteration of the event as well as the 17th race of the 2011 NASCAR Nationwide Series. Kevin Harvick won the pole while Elliott Sadler led the most laps. But it was Joey Logano who made a last lap pass on Sadler to win the race after Logano started in 18th but had to go back and start 40th and got caught up in a spin on lap 26.
Daytona International Speedway is a race track in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. Since opening in 1959, it has been the home of the Daytona 500, the most prestigious race in NASCAR as well as its season opening event. In addition to NASCAR, the track also hosts races for ARCA, AMA Superbike, IMSA, SCCA, and Motocross. The track features multiple layouts including the primary 2.500 mi (4.023 km) high-speed tri-oval, a 3.560 mi (5.729 km) sports car course, a 2.950 mi (4.748 km) motorcycle course, and a 1,320 ft (402.3 m) karting and motorcycle flat-track. The track's 180-acre (72.8 ha) infield includes the 29-acre (11.7 ha) Lake Lloyd, which has hosted powerboat racing. The speedway is operated by NASCAR pursuant to a lease with the City of Daytona Beach on the property that runs until 2054. Dale Earnhardt is Daytona International Speedway's all-time winningest driver, with a total of 34 career victories (12- Daytona 500 Qualifying Races) (7- NASCAR Xfinity Series Races) (6- Busch Clash Races) (6- IROC Races) (2- Pepsi 400 July Races) (1- The 1998 Daytona 500).
Kevin Harvick won the pole for the race with a time of 49.545 and a speed of 181.653. Harvick's team Kevin Harvick Incorporated dominated the first two rows.
* – made the field via owners points.
** – Joey Logano, Mike Bliss, and Eric McClure had to start at the rear of the field all for adjustments outside impound.
Drivers began to form into tandems when the race started. Pole sitter Kevin Harvick led the first lap with Elliott Sadler behind him. On lap 3, Tony Stewart attempted to take the lead with Clint Bowyer behind him and led that lap before he and Bowyer got separated and gave the lead back to Harvick. Bowyer also pitted the same lap believing he had a flat tire. On lap 7, Brad Keselowski attempted to take the lead with Aric Almirola but couldn't pass Harvick. Keselowski tried again on lap 9 and this time was successful. On lap 10, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. took the lead with Trevor Bayne behind him. On lap 14, Brad Keselowski took the lead back from Stenhouse. On lap 16, Elliott Sadler took the lead. On lap 17, Keselowski took the lead back. On lap 20, Kevin Harvick took the lead. On lap 22, Aric Almirola took the lead. On lap 23, Kevin Harvick took the lead back. On lap 24, Danica Patrick took the lead with Tony Stewart behind her. On lap 26, the first caution flew when Joey Logano spun in turn 3 after he and his partner Brian Scott tried to go low to avoid a lapped car in Kevin Lepage but realizing they would go below the yellow line which would be a penalty but Logano got turned by Scott. Elliott Sadler won the race off of pit road and he led the field to the restart on lap 31. On lap 34, the second caution would fly when Ricky Carmichael spun in turn 2 after he cut a left rear tire while getting pushed by Timmy Hill and hit the outside wall. The wreck also collected Danny Efland who spun late to avoid Carmichael but got turned by Aric Almirola. The race would restart on lap 39. On lap 40, Danica Patrick took the lead with Tony Stewart pushing her. On lap 43, Reed Sorenson took the lead with Jason Leffler. On lap 44, Patrick took the lead back after Sorenson and Leffler switched positions. At the same time, the third caution would fly when Eric McClure got turned by his teammate Mike Bliss down the frontstretch into turn 1 and McClure went up and hit the outside wall hard and spun down through the infield.
Jason Leffler won the race off of pit road but Carl Edwards, Jamie McMurray, Steve Wallace, Michael Annett, and Brad Keselowski did not pit and Edwards led the field to the restart on lap 49. But on the restart, a stack up ensued on the inside line and Jennifer Jo Cobb ran into the rear of Tim George Jr. hard enough to where it punctured the radiator of Cobb's car and brought out the 4th caution for oil. The race would restart with 47 laps to go on lap 54. With 43 laps to go, Danica Patrick took the lead with Aric Almirola behind her. With 40 laps to go, Carl Edwards retook the lead. With 36 to go, Kyle Busch took the lead. With 35 to go, Elliott Sadler took the lead. With 29 to go, Carl Edwards took the lead. With 28 to go, Clint Bowyer took the lead. With 27 to go, Tony Stewart took the lead. With 25 to go, Carl Edwards took the lead back. With 23 to go, Tony Stewart tried to take the lead from Edwards with Sadler and led that lap but could not get infront of Edwards. With 21 laps to go, the 5th caution flew when Clint Bowyer hit the outside backstretch wall hard after he got hooked by his teammate Kevin Harvick. Kevin Harvick won the race off of pit road and he led the field to the restart with 16 laps to go. On the restart, Harvick fell back after failing to get infront of his teammate Elliott Sadler and Sadler took the lead with Tony Stewart behind him. With 15 to go, Joey Logano attempted to take the lead with Kyle Busch but failed to do so after Busch made contact with Aric Almirola that caused them to fall back. With 13 laps to go, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. took the lead with Trevor Bayne. With 12 to go, Sadler took the lead back. With 11 laps to go, the 6th and final caution flew when Joe Nemechek got turned by Kevin Conway and both of the NEMCO cars slid up into the outside wall in turn 3. The race would restart for the last time with 7 laps to go. On the restart, Brad Keselowski took the lead with Kevin Harvick. With 6 laps to go, Elliott Sadler took the lead back. With 5 to go, Danica Patrick took the lead with Aric Almirola. Patrick was looking for her first Nationwide Series win. But with 4 to go, Sadler took the lead back. Soon, a pack of 10 cars formed up in tandems and tried to catch the Sadler–Stewart tandem. On the last lap, a tandem of Michael Annett and Steve Wallace passed Sadler and Annett took the lead. In turn 1, the tandem of Danica Patrick and Aric Almirola went high to pass the Sadler–Stewart tandem and hit the outside wall but never lost momentum. Down the backstretch, a tandem of Joey Logano and Kyle Busch passed the Annett–Wallace tandem as both ended up getting separated. Logano and Busch would hold off everyone and Busch pushed Logano to the win. Behind them, a big wreck occurred through the tri-oval that took out 8 cars. It started when Mike Wallace, who was alone with no tandem, got loose off of turn 4 after almost making contact with Steve Wallace and Mike washed up high almost into Danica Patrick. Patrick got loose from Almirola and Patrick tried to come back down to re-hook with Almirola but Patrick got hooked by Almirola and Patrick turned down into Wallace. Mike Wallace got loose and came up into Patrick and both spun down and collected Steve Wallace, Elliott Sadler, and Tony Stewart and all 5 cars spun up into Aric Almirola and all 6 cars crashed into the outside wall. The wreck also caused Almirola's car to catch on fire. The wreck also collected Jamie McMurray and Brian Scott. The race would be Logano's first and only win of the 2011 Nationwide Series season. Jason Leffler, Reed Sorenson, Kyle Busch, and Justin Allgaier rounded out the top 5 while Michael Annett, Kenny Wallace, Elliott Sadler, Aric Almirola, and Danica Patrick rounded out the top 10. | [
{
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"text": "The 2011 Subway Jalapeño 250 was a NASCAR Nationwide Series race held at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida on July 1, 2011. The race was 10th iteration of the event as well as the 17th race of the 2011 NASCAR Nationwide Series. Kevin Harvick won the pole while Elliott Sadler led the most laps. But it was Joey Logano who made a last lap pass on Sadler to win the race after Logano started in 18th but had to go back and start 40th and got caught up in a spin on lap 26.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Daytona International Speedway is a race track in Daytona Beach, Florida, United States. Since opening in 1959, it has been the home of the Daytona 500, the most prestigious race in NASCAR as well as its season opening event. In addition to NASCAR, the track also hosts races for ARCA, AMA Superbike, IMSA, SCCA, and Motocross. The track features multiple layouts including the primary 2.500 mi (4.023 km) high-speed tri-oval, a 3.560 mi (5.729 km) sports car course, a 2.950 mi (4.748 km) motorcycle course, and a 1,320 ft (402.3 m) karting and motorcycle flat-track. The track's 180-acre (72.8 ha) infield includes the 29-acre (11.7 ha) Lake Lloyd, which has hosted powerboat racing. The speedway is operated by NASCAR pursuant to a lease with the City of Daytona Beach on the property that runs until 2054. Dale Earnhardt is Daytona International Speedway's all-time winningest driver, with a total of 34 career victories (12- Daytona 500 Qualifying Races) (7- NASCAR Xfinity Series Races) (6- Busch Clash Races) (6- IROC Races) (2- Pepsi 400 July Races) (1- The 1998 Daytona 500).",
"title": "Background"
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"text": "Kevin Harvick won the pole for the race with a time of 49.545 and a speed of 181.653. Harvick's team Kevin Harvick Incorporated dominated the first two rows.",
"title": "Qualifying"
},
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"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "* – made the field via owners points.",
"title": "Qualifying"
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"text": "** – Joey Logano, Mike Bliss, and Eric McClure had to start at the rear of the field all for adjustments outside impound.",
"title": "Qualifying"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Drivers began to form into tandems when the race started. Pole sitter Kevin Harvick led the first lap with Elliott Sadler behind him. On lap 3, Tony Stewart attempted to take the lead with Clint Bowyer behind him and led that lap before he and Bowyer got separated and gave the lead back to Harvick. Bowyer also pitted the same lap believing he had a flat tire. On lap 7, Brad Keselowski attempted to take the lead with Aric Almirola but couldn't pass Harvick. Keselowski tried again on lap 9 and this time was successful. On lap 10, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. took the lead with Trevor Bayne behind him. On lap 14, Brad Keselowski took the lead back from Stenhouse. On lap 16, Elliott Sadler took the lead. On lap 17, Keselowski took the lead back. On lap 20, Kevin Harvick took the lead. On lap 22, Aric Almirola took the lead. On lap 23, Kevin Harvick took the lead back. On lap 24, Danica Patrick took the lead with Tony Stewart behind her. On lap 26, the first caution flew when Joey Logano spun in turn 3 after he and his partner Brian Scott tried to go low to avoid a lapped car in Kevin Lepage but realizing they would go below the yellow line which would be a penalty but Logano got turned by Scott. Elliott Sadler won the race off of pit road and he led the field to the restart on lap 31. On lap 34, the second caution would fly when Ricky Carmichael spun in turn 2 after he cut a left rear tire while getting pushed by Timmy Hill and hit the outside wall. The wreck also collected Danny Efland who spun late to avoid Carmichael but got turned by Aric Almirola. The race would restart on lap 39. On lap 40, Danica Patrick took the lead with Tony Stewart pushing her. On lap 43, Reed Sorenson took the lead with Jason Leffler. On lap 44, Patrick took the lead back after Sorenson and Leffler switched positions. At the same time, the third caution would fly when Eric McClure got turned by his teammate Mike Bliss down the frontstretch into turn 1 and McClure went up and hit the outside wall hard and spun down through the infield.",
"title": "Race"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Jason Leffler won the race off of pit road but Carl Edwards, Jamie McMurray, Steve Wallace, Michael Annett, and Brad Keselowski did not pit and Edwards led the field to the restart on lap 49. But on the restart, a stack up ensued on the inside line and Jennifer Jo Cobb ran into the rear of Tim George Jr. hard enough to where it punctured the radiator of Cobb's car and brought out the 4th caution for oil. The race would restart with 47 laps to go on lap 54. With 43 laps to go, Danica Patrick took the lead with Aric Almirola behind her. With 40 laps to go, Carl Edwards retook the lead. With 36 to go, Kyle Busch took the lead. With 35 to go, Elliott Sadler took the lead. With 29 to go, Carl Edwards took the lead. With 28 to go, Clint Bowyer took the lead. With 27 to go, Tony Stewart took the lead. With 25 to go, Carl Edwards took the lead back. With 23 to go, Tony Stewart tried to take the lead from Edwards with Sadler and led that lap but could not get infront of Edwards. With 21 laps to go, the 5th caution flew when Clint Bowyer hit the outside backstretch wall hard after he got hooked by his teammate Kevin Harvick. Kevin Harvick won the race off of pit road and he led the field to the restart with 16 laps to go. On the restart, Harvick fell back after failing to get infront of his teammate Elliott Sadler and Sadler took the lead with Tony Stewart behind him. With 15 to go, Joey Logano attempted to take the lead with Kyle Busch but failed to do so after Busch made contact with Aric Almirola that caused them to fall back. With 13 laps to go, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. took the lead with Trevor Bayne. With 12 to go, Sadler took the lead back. With 11 laps to go, the 6th and final caution flew when Joe Nemechek got turned by Kevin Conway and both of the NEMCO cars slid up into the outside wall in turn 3. The race would restart for the last time with 7 laps to go. On the restart, Brad Keselowski took the lead with Kevin Harvick. With 6 laps to go, Elliott Sadler took the lead back. With 5 to go, Danica Patrick took the lead with Aric Almirola. Patrick was looking for her first Nationwide Series win. But with 4 to go, Sadler took the lead back. Soon, a pack of 10 cars formed up in tandems and tried to catch the Sadler–Stewart tandem. On the last lap, a tandem of Michael Annett and Steve Wallace passed Sadler and Annett took the lead. In turn 1, the tandem of Danica Patrick and Aric Almirola went high to pass the Sadler–Stewart tandem and hit the outside wall but never lost momentum. Down the backstretch, a tandem of Joey Logano and Kyle Busch passed the Annett–Wallace tandem as both ended up getting separated. Logano and Busch would hold off everyone and Busch pushed Logano to the win. Behind them, a big wreck occurred through the tri-oval that took out 8 cars. It started when Mike Wallace, who was alone with no tandem, got loose off of turn 4 after almost making contact with Steve Wallace and Mike washed up high almost into Danica Patrick. Patrick got loose from Almirola and Patrick tried to come back down to re-hook with Almirola but Patrick got hooked by Almirola and Patrick turned down into Wallace. Mike Wallace got loose and came up into Patrick and both spun down and collected Steve Wallace, Elliott Sadler, and Tony Stewart and all 5 cars spun up into Aric Almirola and all 6 cars crashed into the outside wall. The wreck also caused Almirola's car to catch on fire. The wreck also collected Jamie McMurray and Brian Scott. The race would be Logano's first and only win of the 2011 Nationwide Series season. Jason Leffler, Reed Sorenson, Kyle Busch, and Justin Allgaier rounded out the top 5 while Michael Annett, Kenny Wallace, Elliott Sadler, Aric Almirola, and Danica Patrick rounded out the top 10.",
"title": "Race"
}
] | The 2011 Subway Jalapeño 250 was a NASCAR Nationwide Series race held at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Florida on July 1, 2011. The race was 10th iteration of the event as well as the 17th race of the 2011 NASCAR Nationwide Series. Kevin Harvick won the pole while Elliott Sadler led the most laps. But it was Joey Logano who made a last lap pass on Sadler to win the race after Logano started in 18th but had to go back and start 40th and got caught up in a spin on lap 26. | 2023-12-12T19:55:03Z | 2023-12-13T18:47:19Z | [
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75,547,193 | Sweden Songs | REDIRECTHits of the World#Europe | [
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"text": "REDIRECTHits of the World#Europe",
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] | REDIRECTHits of the World#Europe | 2023-12-12T19:55:08Z | 2023-12-12T19:55:08Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_Songs |
75,547,202 | Madelon Stockwell | Madelon Stockwell Turner (August 9, 1845 - June 7, 1924) was an American diarist and the first woman to earn a bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan.
Madelon Louisa Stockwell was born to Louisa Peabody and Reverend Charles F. Stockwell, the first principal of Wesleyan Female Seminary (now Albion College). In 1850, when Stockwell was four years old, he left Michigan in pursuit of a fortune in the California Gold Rush. On his travels, he contracted a disease and died.
Stockwell studied at Albion College and Kalamazoo College before applying to the University of Michigan under the encouragement of her mentor and teacher Lucinda Stone.
On February 2, 1870, Stockwell began her first semester at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. She was the first woman to enroll at the school following a decision by the Board of Regents to open the university to female students. The following semester, 34 additional female students, including Laura Rogers White and Olive San Louie Anderson, enrolled at the University of Michigan. Stockwell graduated from the university with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1872, and was selected to deliver her class's commencement address, in which she stated that "There was never a time in which I did not long to attend our State University". Stockwell's speech was reportedly attended by future University of Michigan student Alice Freeman Palmer.
In 1873, Stockwell married Charles K. Turner, who had been her classmate at the University of Michigan. Their wedding ceeremony was officiated by University of Michigan professor, Benjamin F. Cocker, who reportedly joked that their relationship proved "the ill effects of coeducation". Charles Turner died of tuberculosis in 1880 at the age of 37.
After her husband's death, Stockwell led a reclusive life.
Stockwell died in Kalamazoo, Michigan on June 7, 1924, at the age of 78. At the time, she was believed to have been the richest woman in the city.
In her will, Stockwell left $340,000 to Albion College, which the school used to build a library. The building was designated the Stockwell Memorial Library in her honor on June 4, 1938. She also left $10,000 to the University of Michigan. Members of Stockwell's family contested the will, but their claims were dismissed by the court.
Stockwell's diaries are kept at Albion College and were published in 1988 as A Michigan Childhood: The Journals of Madelon Louisa Stockwell, 1856-1860. In 1982, the Stockwell Society was established at Albion College to honor those who have included a gift to the school in their will. | [
{
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"text": "Madelon Stockwell Turner (August 9, 1845 - June 7, 1924) was an American diarist and the first woman to earn a bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Madelon Louisa Stockwell was born to Louisa Peabody and Reverend Charles F. Stockwell, the first principal of Wesleyan Female Seminary (now Albion College). In 1850, when Stockwell was four years old, he left Michigan in pursuit of a fortune in the California Gold Rush. On his travels, he contracted a disease and died.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Stockwell studied at Albion College and Kalamazoo College before applying to the University of Michigan under the encouragement of her mentor and teacher Lucinda Stone.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On February 2, 1870, Stockwell began her first semester at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. She was the first woman to enroll at the school following a decision by the Board of Regents to open the university to female students. The following semester, 34 additional female students, including Laura Rogers White and Olive San Louie Anderson, enrolled at the University of Michigan. Stockwell graduated from the university with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1872, and was selected to deliver her class's commencement address, in which she stated that \"There was never a time in which I did not long to attend our State University\". Stockwell's speech was reportedly attended by future University of Michigan student Alice Freeman Palmer.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1873, Stockwell married Charles K. Turner, who had been her classmate at the University of Michigan. Their wedding ceeremony was officiated by University of Michigan professor, Benjamin F. Cocker, who reportedly joked that their relationship proved \"the ill effects of coeducation\". Charles Turner died of tuberculosis in 1880 at the age of 37.",
"title": "Biography"
},
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"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "After her husband's death, Stockwell led a reclusive life.",
"title": "Biography"
},
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"text": "Stockwell died in Kalamazoo, Michigan on June 7, 1924, at the age of 78. At the time, she was believed to have been the richest woman in the city.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In her will, Stockwell left $340,000 to Albion College, which the school used to build a library. The building was designated the Stockwell Memorial Library in her honor on June 4, 1938. She also left $10,000 to the University of Michigan. Members of Stockwell's family contested the will, but their claims were dismissed by the court.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Stockwell's diaries are kept at Albion College and were published in 1988 as A Michigan Childhood: The Journals of Madelon Louisa Stockwell, 1856-1860. In 1982, the Stockwell Society was established at Albion College to honor those who have included a gift to the school in their will.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] | Madelon Stockwell Turner was an American diarist and the first woman to earn a bachelor's degree from the University of Michigan. | 2023-12-12T19:56:25Z | 2023-12-26T15:53:08Z | [
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75,547,213 | Estelle Touzet | Estelle Touzet, born in 1981 in Châteauroux (Indre), is a French chef sommelier.
Introduced to French cuisine and wine at an early age, Estelle Touzet worked in a number of restaurants and palaces, notably in Paris. In 2010, after working at Le Meurice for two years, she became the first woman in the world to be appointed head sommelier of a three-star restaurant. In parallel, she runs a wine consultancy and lectures at several hotel schools in France.
Recognized by her peers in a predominantly male environment, Estelle Touzet is one of the few female sommeliers in France.
Born in 1981 in Châteauroux (Indre) to parents from the Castelroussins region, Estelle Touzet learned baking and pastry-making at the age of five from her two grandmothers in Issoudun. Her grandfathers introduced her to the wines of the Loire Valley, particularly Reuilly, Quincy, Chinon, Menetou-Salon and Sancerre, at Sunday dinners. She completed her secondary education at the Collège Les Capucins in Châteauroux. It was there that her history-geography teacher, Denis Hervier, and her German teacher, Jean-Louis Rizet, introduced her to the world of wine and gastronomy.
At the end of her third year, Estelle Touzet decided to continue her studies at the Brive-la-Gaillarde hotel school. After graduating in 1995 with a baccalauréat in hotel and catering, she went on to study for a brevet de technicien supérieur (BTS) in "hotel and catering, culinary arts, table arts and service". She spent a year in Brittany, specializing in dietetic cooking, before finishing in 2002 with a complementary mention in sommellerie at the Lycée Albert-de-Mun, in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, taught by Christine Vernay and Franck Ramage.
In 2003, she entered the job market, starting out as a chef at Château Cordeillan-Bages in the Médoc. She then worked at Guy Savoy's restaurant in Paris, then at the Bristol (2003) and Crillon (2005) Parisian palaces, alongside David Biraud. In 2006, she moved to Tom Aikens' Michelin-starred restaurant in London.
In 2008, she joined the team at Le Meurice as assistant to the head sommelier. In 2010, again at Le Meurice, she became the first woman in the world to be appointed head sommelier of a three-star restaurant. Gilles Pudlowski wrote of her: "She impresses with her liveliness, naturalness and the pertinence of her choices in a three-star restaurant where she knows how to keep her identity. [...] Thanks to her, a dream meal is good, honest, fruity and pleasurable".
Between 2014 and 2017, she was president of Gustess, a wine consulting company.
In 2015, Estelle Touzet became head sommelier at the Ritz Paris for its reopening after four years of renovation. With a team of seven to nine people (including one woman), she completely rethought the wine list and reviewed the 1,100 references in the palace's cellar, which included between 40,000 and 55,000 bottles of grands crus and rare vintages. She was also involved in the development of a computer system to manage the cellar and wine invoicing more efficiently. Her day-to-day work then included buying bottles, designing the wine list, training teams and providing service in the restaurants and lounges. At the Ritz, she promoted a non-conformist vision of wine, highlighting unexpected pairings such as champagne with red mullet, or gamay with ravioli carbonara with peanut and bacon cream. Her aim was to free herself from the technical details of the wines she tasted, to focus above all on their sensory characteristics. Contrary to her usual practice, she systematically chose the wine she wanted to serve first, before working with the head chef to decide which dish would go best with it. She favored lesser-known Loire Valley appellations, rather than the Burgundy and Bordeaux wines for which Parisian palace cellars were renowned. In September 2018, she inaugurated " eudis du vin" (Wine Thursdays) at the Ritz Bar, fun wine-tasting workshops. Estelle Touzet described her role as head sommelier at the Ritz as that of a "merchant of happiness", stating that "whatever bottle we choose, our customers should leave with an unforgettable memory".
At the same time, she gave lectures at several hotel schools in France. In 2019, Estelle Touzet was part of the jury for the final of the 34th Best Apprentices of France competition, in the "Arts de la table" (Tableware) specialization.
In September 2020, as the hotel and restaurant industry faced the health and economic crisis caused by COVID-19, Estelle Touzet left her position at the Ritz Paris; her decision was motivated by "a change in personal life" and the setting of new professional goals, in particular her wish to create a new consulting company, specializing in wine-related projects. She was a guest on Tout le monde joue en cuisine, a program hosted by Nagui on France 2 on September 22, 2020.
According to culinary blogger Anne Lataillade, it's a "book that's very educational (but not heavy-handed), very interesting about wine and pulls readers up by their bootstraps. The recipes are accessible [...]. Even if they are the consequence of choosing a wine, they are no less gourmet". Food critic Gilles Pudlowski points out that Estelle Touzet "delivers her wine and food pairings, her favorite vintages and her beautiful ideas in a beautifully illustrated book. It's wise, playful, fervent and colorful. [...] It's an opportunity to tell the story of a wine, to develop a pairing, to unfold a menu. This book of drawers is like a series of surprises, an opportunity to develop one's knowledge of taste, and therefore of oneself". Journalist Charlotte Langrand adds that Estelle Touzet here takes "habits in reverse by adapting recipes to wine" in a "wonderful book".
In this special issue commissioned by the newspaper's editorial team, Estelle Touzet gives suggestions for pairing dishes with red, rosé or white sancerre.
The sommelier is also regularly interviewed for food and wine pairing tips in national media such as L'Express, France 2, Le Point, RTL, France Inter, Le Parisien Magazine and Madame Figaro.
Estelle Touzet is appointed to two national orders:
At the age of seven, Estelle Touzet learned to play the violin with her sister at the Conservatoire de Châteauroux. In her spare time, she played in two groups, the Orchestre symphonique et lyrique de Paris and Les Ondes Plurielles. In 2017, she confided that this activity complemented her profession as sommelier, when she directed, "like an orchestra conductor", the cellar of the Ritz Paris:
In the lexical field of wine, there are many words that come from the world of music: nuance, intensity, resonance... Crescendo, for example - we start with the mineral, crystalline wine and move towards a more unctuous, powerful, creamy wine. Finally, we speak of food and wine pairings, like musical chords. I love this crossing of lexical fields; it's natural and spontaneous.
Women have long been present in sommellerie, notably in Finland and South Korea, but remain poorly represented. In France, only Virginie Routis before her seems to have held sommelier responsibilities, when she joined the Élysée Palace in 2007. As one of the only female head sommeliers in France, Estelle Touzet has set the benchmark for this precise function, in an environment where it is generally men who supervise the sommelier service.
Being a woman in a man's world, I've lived it. It took me a long time to understand that this distinction existed. The customer who refuses to let me take the order because I'm a woman, or those who take us for the trainee: even if, in the end, it's skills that count, you have to prove that you can hold your ground physically - you have to carry crates of wine - and psychologically: we're talking about a brigade for a reason.
In 2018, she explained that she was still subjected to misogynistic comments, when a new customer told her that "he wasn't interested in a woman's opinion".
Estelle Touzet has admitted that she wants to stay "far away from clichés" when it comes to different management styles for men and women. She does, however, speak of an "exacerbated sensitivity that needs to be contained" by remaining "attentive" to her team. In her words, her leadership style is "energetic, enthusiastic, lively and elegant". She doesn't seek to impose herself, but to identify and stand out: "You can do it with strength, grace or elegance, or with wit and knowledge. For a woman, you have to combine all of these and be an iron fist in a velvet glove on a daily basis". During service, the sommelier pays particular attention to the power of words and "the art of knowing how to say it", when talking to customers or communicating with her staff.
In 2011, Estelle Touzet said of wine fairs that "there has to be wine for everyone. Going to a winery to buy wine is a very specific process that only concerns between 5 and 10% of the population. The act of buying a bottle of wine by walking into a store and asking the sales assistant for advice, trusting him or her, is not an easy one. That's why the wine fair remains indispensable.
In a 2015 interview with Élise Lucet on France 2's 1 p.m. news program, Estelle Touzet described wine fairs as an interesting opportunity to "share, desacralize the world of wine, which can seem rather closed and austere, [...] access great wines and grands crus classés at fairly affordable prices, [...] provided that these bottles are tasted properly and showcased as they should be".
In 2021, Estelle Touzet added that "the important thing [with wines] is not to know or not to know, but to taste what you like, to identify your needs and sensitivities with your own vocabulary". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Estelle Touzet, born in 1981 in Châteauroux (Indre), is a French chef sommelier.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Introduced to French cuisine and wine at an early age, Estelle Touzet worked in a number of restaurants and palaces, notably in Paris. In 2010, after working at Le Meurice for two years, she became the first woman in the world to be appointed head sommelier of a three-star restaurant. In parallel, she runs a wine consultancy and lectures at several hotel schools in France.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Recognized by her peers in a predominantly male environment, Estelle Touzet is one of the few female sommeliers in France.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Born in 1981 in Châteauroux (Indre) to parents from the Castelroussins region, Estelle Touzet learned baking and pastry-making at the age of five from her two grandmothers in Issoudun. Her grandfathers introduced her to the wines of the Loire Valley, particularly Reuilly, Quincy, Chinon, Menetou-Salon and Sancerre, at Sunday dinners. She completed her secondary education at the Collège Les Capucins in Châteauroux. It was there that her history-geography teacher, Denis Hervier, and her German teacher, Jean-Louis Rizet, introduced her to the world of wine and gastronomy.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "At the end of her third year, Estelle Touzet decided to continue her studies at the Brive-la-Gaillarde hotel school. After graduating in 1995 with a baccalauréat in hotel and catering, she went on to study for a brevet de technicien supérieur (BTS) in \"hotel and catering, culinary arts, table arts and service\". She spent a year in Brittany, specializing in dietetic cooking, before finishing in 2002 with a complementary mention in sommellerie at the Lycée Albert-de-Mun, in the 7th arrondissement of Paris, taught by Christine Vernay and Franck Ramage.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2003, she entered the job market, starting out as a chef at Château Cordeillan-Bages in the Médoc. She then worked at Guy Savoy's restaurant in Paris, then at the Bristol (2003) and Crillon (2005) Parisian palaces, alongside David Biraud. In 2006, she moved to Tom Aikens' Michelin-starred restaurant in London.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2008, she joined the team at Le Meurice as assistant to the head sommelier. In 2010, again at Le Meurice, she became the first woman in the world to be appointed head sommelier of a three-star restaurant. Gilles Pudlowski wrote of her: \"She impresses with her liveliness, naturalness and the pertinence of her choices in a three-star restaurant where she knows how to keep her identity. [...] Thanks to her, a dream meal is good, honest, fruity and pleasurable\".",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Between 2014 and 2017, she was president of Gustess, a wine consulting company.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 2015, Estelle Touzet became head sommelier at the Ritz Paris for its reopening after four years of renovation. With a team of seven to nine people (including one woman), she completely rethought the wine list and reviewed the 1,100 references in the palace's cellar, which included between 40,000 and 55,000 bottles of grands crus and rare vintages. She was also involved in the development of a computer system to manage the cellar and wine invoicing more efficiently. Her day-to-day work then included buying bottles, designing the wine list, training teams and providing service in the restaurants and lounges. At the Ritz, she promoted a non-conformist vision of wine, highlighting unexpected pairings such as champagne with red mullet, or gamay with ravioli carbonara with peanut and bacon cream. Her aim was to free herself from the technical details of the wines she tasted, to focus above all on their sensory characteristics. Contrary to her usual practice, she systematically chose the wine she wanted to serve first, before working with the head chef to decide which dish would go best with it. She favored lesser-known Loire Valley appellations, rather than the Burgundy and Bordeaux wines for which Parisian palace cellars were renowned. In September 2018, she inaugurated \" eudis du vin\" (Wine Thursdays) at the Ritz Bar, fun wine-tasting workshops. Estelle Touzet described her role as head sommelier at the Ritz as that of a \"merchant of happiness\", stating that \"whatever bottle we choose, our customers should leave with an unforgettable memory\".",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "At the same time, she gave lectures at several hotel schools in France. In 2019, Estelle Touzet was part of the jury for the final of the 34th Best Apprentices of France competition, in the \"Arts de la table\" (Tableware) specialization.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In September 2020, as the hotel and restaurant industry faced the health and economic crisis caused by COVID-19, Estelle Touzet left her position at the Ritz Paris; her decision was motivated by \"a change in personal life\" and the setting of new professional goals, in particular her wish to create a new consulting company, specializing in wine-related projects. She was a guest on Tout le monde joue en cuisine, a program hosted by Nagui on France 2 on September 22, 2020.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "According to culinary blogger Anne Lataillade, it's a \"book that's very educational (but not heavy-handed), very interesting about wine and pulls readers up by their bootstraps. The recipes are accessible [...]. Even if they are the consequence of choosing a wine, they are no less gourmet\". Food critic Gilles Pudlowski points out that Estelle Touzet \"delivers her wine and food pairings, her favorite vintages and her beautiful ideas in a beautifully illustrated book. It's wise, playful, fervent and colorful. [...] It's an opportunity to tell the story of a wine, to develop a pairing, to unfold a menu. This book of drawers is like a series of surprises, an opportunity to develop one's knowledge of taste, and therefore of oneself\". Journalist Charlotte Langrand adds that Estelle Touzet here takes \"habits in reverse by adapting recipes to wine\" in a \"wonderful book\".",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In this special issue commissioned by the newspaper's editorial team, Estelle Touzet gives suggestions for pairing dishes with red, rosé or white sancerre.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The sommelier is also regularly interviewed for food and wine pairing tips in national media such as L'Express, France 2, Le Point, RTL, France Inter, Le Parisien Magazine and Madame Figaro.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Estelle Touzet is appointed to two national orders:",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "At the age of seven, Estelle Touzet learned to play the violin with her sister at the Conservatoire de Châteauroux. In her spare time, she played in two groups, the Orchestre symphonique et lyrique de Paris and Les Ondes Plurielles. In 2017, she confided that this activity complemented her profession as sommelier, when she directed, \"like an orchestra conductor\", the cellar of the Ritz Paris:",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "In the lexical field of wine, there are many words that come from the world of music: nuance, intensity, resonance... Crescendo, for example - we start with the mineral, crystalline wine and move towards a more unctuous, powerful, creamy wine. Finally, we speak of food and wine pairings, like musical chords. I love this crossing of lexical fields; it's natural and spontaneous.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Women have long been present in sommellerie, notably in Finland and South Korea, but remain poorly represented. In France, only Virginie Routis before her seems to have held sommelier responsibilities, when she joined the Élysée Palace in 2007. As one of the only female head sommeliers in France, Estelle Touzet has set the benchmark for this precise function, in an environment where it is generally men who supervise the sommelier service.",
"title": "Positions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Being a woman in a man's world, I've lived it. It took me a long time to understand that this distinction existed. The customer who refuses to let me take the order because I'm a woman, or those who take us for the trainee: even if, in the end, it's skills that count, you have to prove that you can hold your ground physically - you have to carry crates of wine - and psychologically: we're talking about a brigade for a reason.",
"title": "Positions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "In 2018, she explained that she was still subjected to misogynistic comments, when a new customer told her that \"he wasn't interested in a woman's opinion\".",
"title": "Positions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Estelle Touzet has admitted that she wants to stay \"far away from clichés\" when it comes to different management styles for men and women. She does, however, speak of an \"exacerbated sensitivity that needs to be contained\" by remaining \"attentive\" to her team. In her words, her leadership style is \"energetic, enthusiastic, lively and elegant\". She doesn't seek to impose herself, but to identify and stand out: \"You can do it with strength, grace or elegance, or with wit and knowledge. For a woman, you have to combine all of these and be an iron fist in a velvet glove on a daily basis\". During service, the sommelier pays particular attention to the power of words and \"the art of knowing how to say it\", when talking to customers or communicating with her staff.",
"title": "Positions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "In 2011, Estelle Touzet said of wine fairs that \"there has to be wine for everyone. Going to a winery to buy wine is a very specific process that only concerns between 5 and 10% of the population. The act of buying a bottle of wine by walking into a store and asking the sales assistant for advice, trusting him or her, is not an easy one. That's why the wine fair remains indispensable.",
"title": "Positions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "In a 2015 interview with Élise Lucet on France 2's 1 p.m. news program, Estelle Touzet described wine fairs as an interesting opportunity to \"share, desacralize the world of wine, which can seem rather closed and austere, [...] access great wines and grands crus classés at fairly affordable prices, [...] provided that these bottles are tasted properly and showcased as they should be\".",
"title": "Positions"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "In 2021, Estelle Touzet added that \"the important thing [with wines] is not to know or not to know, but to taste what you like, to identify your needs and sensitivities with your own vocabulary\".",
"title": "Positions"
}
] | Estelle Touzet, born in 1981 in Châteauroux (Indre), is a French chef sommelier. Introduced to French cuisine and wine at an early age, Estelle Touzet worked in a number of restaurants and palaces, notably in Paris. In 2010, after working at Le Meurice for two years, she became the first woman in the world to be appointed head sommelier of a three-star restaurant. In parallel, she runs a wine consultancy and lectures at several hotel schools in France. Recognized by her peers in a predominantly male environment, Estelle Touzet is one of the few female sommeliers in France. | 2023-12-12T19:57:36Z | 2023-12-26T14:37:59Z | [
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75,547,242 | Johan Henrik Knuth | Johan Henrik (Heinrich) Knuth (22 August 1746 – 12 July 1802) was the third Count of Knuthenborg. He served as Prefect of Zealand and the Faroe Islands from 1790 until her death. He also served as county governor [amtmand) of Roskilde County (1796–1799) and Copenhagen County (1800–1802).
Knuth was born on 22 August 1746 to Eggert Christopher Knuth (1722-1887) and Marguerite Maurice Francoise de Monteleone (1723-1752). He was appointed chamberlain (kammerherre) in 1772. In 1777, he was created a White Knight. In 1780, he was appointed as Danish envoy at the Prince-elector's court (det kurfyrsteligge hof).
Knuth succeeded his father to the counties of Knuthenborg and Gyldensten in 1776. In 1796, he was awarded the title of gehejmeråd.
On 26 May 1790, he was appointed as Prefect (stiftsamtmand) of the Diocese of Zealand ( and the Faroe Islands. On 27 May 1796, he was appointed as county governor (amtmand) of the Roskilde County. On 28 December 1799, he was appointed county governor of the Copenhagen County (with effect from January 1800).
On 26 February 1772 in Dresden, Knut was wed to Constance Alexandrine von Cosel (1756–1804).
Knit was survived by four daughters, his only son had already died in 1782. He was therefore succeeded to the county of Knuthenborg by his brother Frederik Knuth. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Johan Henrik (Heinrich) Knuth (22 August 1746 – 12 July 1802) was the third Count of Knuthenborg. He served as Prefect of Zealand and the Faroe Islands from 1790 until her death. He also served as county governor [amtmand) of Roskilde County (1796–1799) and Copenhagen County (1800–1802).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Knuth was born on 22 August 1746 to Eggert Christopher Knuth (1722-1887) and Marguerite Maurice Francoise de Monteleone (1723-1752). He was appointed chamberlain (kammerherre) in 1772. In 1777, he was created a White Knight. In 1780, he was appointed as Danish envoy at the Prince-elector's court (det kurfyrsteligge hof).",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Knuth succeeded his father to the counties of Knuthenborg and Gyldensten in 1776. In 1796, he was awarded the title of gehejmeråd.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On 26 May 1790, he was appointed as Prefect (stiftsamtmand) of the Diocese of Zealand ( and the Faroe Islands. On 27 May 1796, he was appointed as county governor (amtmand) of the Roskilde County. On 28 December 1799, he was appointed county governor of the Copenhagen County (with effect from January 1800).",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On 26 February 1772 in Dresden, Knut was wed to Constance Alexandrine von Cosel (1756–1804).",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Knit was survived by four daughters, his only son had already died in 1782. He was therefore succeeded to the county of Knuthenborg by his brother Frederik Knuth.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Johan Henrik (Heinrich) Knuth was the third Count of Knuthenborg. He served as Prefect of Zealand and the Faroe Islands from 1790 until her death. He also served as county governor [amtmand) of Roskilde County (1796–1799) and Copenhagen County (1800–1802). | 2023-12-12T20:02:40Z | 2023-12-20T23:11:48Z | [
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75,547,248 | Cryptocarya turbinata | Cryptocarya turbinata is a species of flowering plant in the laurel family, Lauraceae. It is a tree native to Fiji, Niue, the Samoan Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Cryptocarya turbinata is a species of flowering plant in the laurel family, Lauraceae. It is a tree native to Fiji, Niue, the Samoan Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu.",
"title": ""
}
] | Cryptocarya turbinata is a species of flowering plant in the laurel family, Lauraceae. It is a tree native to Fiji, Niue, the Samoan Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu. | 2023-12-12T20:03:58Z | 2023-12-12T20:56:15Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptocarya_turbinata |
75,547,249 | Black Birds in the Sky | Black Birds in the Sky: The Story and Legacy of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre is a 2021 non-fiction book by Brandy Colbert aimed at middle-grade and young adult readers.
Black Birds in the Sky recounts the story surrounding the Tulsa race massacre that took place between May 31 and June 1, 192. The attack began after Dick Rowland, a 19-year-old Black man, allegedly assaulted Sarah Page, a 17-year-old white woman, resulting in a mob of white Tulsa residents seeking justice. The attackers, backed by government officials, burned and destroyed more than 35 square blocks of the neighborhood—at the time one of the wealthiest Black communities in the United States, colloquially known as "Black Wall Street".
Black Birds in the Sky not only discusses the events of the Tulsa race massacre but also explores the thriving community known as Black Wall Street, which was destroyed as a result of the massacre, as well as 100 years of history leading up to the event. Colbert provides context for the development of this community, including the impact of the the United States government's forcible removal of Indigenous peoples, the rise of discriminatory laws, and Oklahoma's rise to statehood in 1907.
The book includes an foreword and afterword discussing the importance and relevance of knowing this history. Throughout, the text includes quotes from survivors, photographs, and newspaper headlines and articles.
Black Birds in the Sky received starred reviews from Booklist, Kirkus Reviews, Publishers Weekly, School Library Journal, and Shelf Awareness.
Booklist's Melanie Marshall wrote, "This title offers a timely account for young adult readers. While it could have been written as a single, tragic event in an otherwise progressively trending nation, Colbert takes time and care to situate and contextualize the massacre as part of the longstanding history and legacy of racism in America." Marshall further noted that "readers are left with a vivid picture that will surely resonate with current events".
Kirkus Reviews called the book "a compelling recounting that invites and encourages readers to grapple with difficult history" They further noted that "the clear, readable prose supports a greater understanding both of how and why incidents like the one in Tulsa happened and their exclusion from curriculum and conversations about U.S. history."
Publishers Weekly referred to the writing as "compassionate but unflinching," and highlighted how "Colbert displays an impeccable grasp of the history of segregated Black towns and communities [...] and the powder keg of hatred and prejudice that would eventually condemn it".
Writing for Shelf Awareness, Natasha Harris highlighted how "thoroughly researched" Black Birds in the Sky is. Harris further added, "Colbert paints a clear picture of how and why this racial massacre occurred and encourages all readers, regardless of age or race, to confront the difficult and often obscured history of racial violence in the United States."
On behalf of School Library Journal, Allison Staley wrote, "Clear straightforward text, photos, and well-organized storytelling makes this an essential read for teens and adults alike."
The audiobook, narrated by Brandy Colbert and Kristyl Dawn Tift, also received a starred review from Booklist's Kaitlin Conner, who highlighted how Tift reads "with an air of grounded calm, her voice maintaining a gentle cadence, even as tensions escalate".
Black Birds in the Sky is a Junior Library Guild book.
In 2021, the audiobook received an Earphone Award from AudioFile. The same year, Booklist included the book on their Booklist Editors' Choice: Books for Youth list, as well as their 2022 list of the top ten history books for youth. In 2022, it won the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award for Nonfiction and was a finalist for the YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction. | [
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"text": "Black Birds in the Sky: The Story and Legacy of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre is a 2021 non-fiction book by Brandy Colbert aimed at middle-grade and young adult readers.",
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},
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"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Black Birds in the Sky recounts the story surrounding the Tulsa race massacre that took place between May 31 and June 1, 192. The attack began after Dick Rowland, a 19-year-old Black man, allegedly assaulted Sarah Page, a 17-year-old white woman, resulting in a mob of white Tulsa residents seeking justice. The attackers, backed by government officials, burned and destroyed more than 35 square blocks of the neighborhood—at the time one of the wealthiest Black communities in the United States, colloquially known as \"Black Wall Street\".",
"title": "Plot"
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"text": "Black Birds in the Sky not only discusses the events of the Tulsa race massacre but also explores the thriving community known as Black Wall Street, which was destroyed as a result of the massacre, as well as 100 years of history leading up to the event. Colbert provides context for the development of this community, including the impact of the the United States government's forcible removal of Indigenous peoples, the rise of discriminatory laws, and Oklahoma's rise to statehood in 1907.",
"title": "Plot"
},
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"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The book includes an foreword and afterword discussing the importance and relevance of knowing this history. Throughout, the text includes quotes from survivors, photographs, and newspaper headlines and articles.",
"title": "Plot"
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{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Black Birds in the Sky received starred reviews from Booklist, Kirkus Reviews, Publishers Weekly, School Library Journal, and Shelf Awareness.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Booklist's Melanie Marshall wrote, \"This title offers a timely account for young adult readers. While it could have been written as a single, tragic event in an otherwise progressively trending nation, Colbert takes time and care to situate and contextualize the massacre as part of the longstanding history and legacy of racism in America.\" Marshall further noted that \"readers are left with a vivid picture that will surely resonate with current events\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Kirkus Reviews called the book \"a compelling recounting that invites and encourages readers to grapple with difficult history\" They further noted that \"the clear, readable prose supports a greater understanding both of how and why incidents like the one in Tulsa happened and their exclusion from curriculum and conversations about U.S. history.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Publishers Weekly referred to the writing as \"compassionate but unflinching,\" and highlighted how \"Colbert displays an impeccable grasp of the history of segregated Black towns and communities [...] and the powder keg of hatred and prejudice that would eventually condemn it\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Writing for Shelf Awareness, Natasha Harris highlighted how \"thoroughly researched\" Black Birds in the Sky is. Harris further added, \"Colbert paints a clear picture of how and why this racial massacre occurred and encourages all readers, regardless of age or race, to confront the difficult and often obscured history of racial violence in the United States.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "On behalf of School Library Journal, Allison Staley wrote, \"Clear straightforward text, photos, and well-organized storytelling makes this an essential read for teens and adults alike.\"",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The audiobook, narrated by Brandy Colbert and Kristyl Dawn Tift, also received a starred review from Booklist's Kaitlin Conner, who highlighted how Tift reads \"with an air of grounded calm, her voice maintaining a gentle cadence, even as tensions escalate\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Black Birds in the Sky is a Junior Library Guild book.",
"title": "Awards and honors"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 2021, the audiobook received an Earphone Award from AudioFile. The same year, Booklist included the book on their Booklist Editors' Choice: Books for Youth list, as well as their 2022 list of the top ten history books for youth. In 2022, it won the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award for Nonfiction and was a finalist for the YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction.",
"title": "Awards and honors"
}
] | Black Birds in the Sky: The Story and Legacy of the 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre is a 2021 non-fiction book by Brandy Colbert aimed at middle-grade and young adult readers. | 2023-12-12T20:04:14Z | 2023-12-13T11:15:15Z | [
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75,547,250 | Socerb Castle | The Socerb Castle (In Slovenian: Grad Socerb; In Italian: Castello di San Servolo), is a castle located near the village of Socerb in the municipality of Koper in Slovenia, a short distance from the Italian-Slovenian border. It is a fortress built on a cliff more than 350 meters high.
It was built to defend the territory from the Hungarians. The initial core presumably dates back to the 9th century, and was later expanded over the centuries. It was the scene of numerous battles and, in particular, the one fought between the Austrians and Venetians at the beginning of the 16th century for control of the salt trade that occurred in the Zaule salt mines and ran through the Val Rosandra.
It was owned by the Venetians from 1463 to 1511, who used it as an extreme defense against the Turks and the Austrian Empire. In 1521, the captain and nobleman of Trieste Nicolò Rauber became its owner. At the beginning of the 17th century, during the Uskok War (1615-1617), the castle belonged to the Trieste nobleman Benvenuto Petazzi. In 1768 it was acquired by the Montecuccoli counts of Modena, who retained the property even after the abolition of serfdom in 1848.
Due to damage caused by a fire caused by lightning in 1780, the castle fell into ruins in the early 19th century. What remained of the castle was purchased in 1907 by the Baron of Trieste Demetrio Economo, who renovated it in 1925, repairing the surrounding wall and removing the other ruins. In the World War II, during the period of the liberation struggle, thanks to its strategic position, it was used as a headquarters first by the German army and then by the partisan militias after their conquest in the autumn of 1944. After the war it was renovated again and assumed historical and touristic importance. | [
{
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"text": "The Socerb Castle (In Slovenian: Grad Socerb; In Italian: Castello di San Servolo), is a castle located near the village of Socerb in the municipality of Koper in Slovenia, a short distance from the Italian-Slovenian border. It is a fortress built on a cliff more than 350 meters high.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It was built to defend the territory from the Hungarians. The initial core presumably dates back to the 9th century, and was later expanded over the centuries. It was the scene of numerous battles and, in particular, the one fought between the Austrians and Venetians at the beginning of the 16th century for control of the salt trade that occurred in the Zaule salt mines and ran through the Val Rosandra.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "It was owned by the Venetians from 1463 to 1511, who used it as an extreme defense against the Turks and the Austrian Empire. In 1521, the captain and nobleman of Trieste Nicolò Rauber became its owner. At the beginning of the 17th century, during the Uskok War (1615-1617), the castle belonged to the Trieste nobleman Benvenuto Petazzi. In 1768 it was acquired by the Montecuccoli counts of Modena, who retained the property even after the abolition of serfdom in 1848.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Due to damage caused by a fire caused by lightning in 1780, the castle fell into ruins in the early 19th century. What remained of the castle was purchased in 1907 by the Baron of Trieste Demetrio Economo, who renovated it in 1925, repairing the surrounding wall and removing the other ruins. In the World War II, during the period of the liberation struggle, thanks to its strategic position, it was used as a headquarters first by the German army and then by the partisan militias after their conquest in the autumn of 1944. After the war it was renovated again and assumed historical and touristic importance.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Socerb Castle, is a castle located near the village of Socerb in the municipality of Koper in Slovenia, a short distance from the Italian-Slovenian border. It is a fortress built on a cliff more than 350 meters high. It was built to defend the territory from the Hungarians. The initial core presumably dates back to the 9th century, and was later expanded over the centuries. It was the scene of numerous battles and, in particular, the one fought between the Austrians and Venetians at the beginning of the 16th century for control of the salt trade that occurred in the Zaule salt mines and ran through the Val Rosandra. It was owned by the Venetians from 1463 to 1511, who used it as an extreme defense against the Turks and the Austrian Empire. In 1521, the captain and nobleman of Trieste Nicolò Rauber became its owner. At the beginning of the 17th century, during the Uskok War (1615-1617), the castle belonged to the Trieste nobleman Benvenuto Petazzi. In 1768 it was acquired by the Montecuccoli counts of Modena, who retained the property even after the abolition of serfdom in 1848. Due to damage caused by a fire caused by lightning in 1780, the castle fell into ruins in the early 19th century. What remained of the castle was purchased in 1907 by the Baron of Trieste Demetrio Economo, who renovated it in 1925, repairing the surrounding wall and removing the other ruins. In the World War II, during the period of the liberation struggle, thanks to its strategic position, it was used as a headquarters first by the German army and then by the partisan militias after their conquest in the autumn of 1944. After the war it was renovated again and assumed historical and touristic importance. | 2023-12-12T20:04:19Z | 2023-12-14T13:13:50Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
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75,547,256 | Embassy of Palestine, Jakarta | The Embassy of the State of Palestine in Jakarta is the diplomatic mission of the State of Palestine in the Republic of Indonesia. The incumbent ambassador is Zuhair Al-Shun as of December 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Embassy of the State of Palestine in Jakarta is the diplomatic mission of the State of Palestine in the Republic of Indonesia. The incumbent ambassador is Zuhair Al-Shun as of December 2023.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Embassy of the State of Palestine in Jakarta is the diplomatic mission of the State of Palestine in the Republic of Indonesia. The incumbent ambassador is Zuhair Al-Shun as of December 2023. | 2023-12-12T20:05:15Z | 2023-12-20T03:57:57Z | [
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75,547,260 | Strömparterren | Strömparterren is a park located in Norrström east of Norrbro on Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm (Sweden). The park was built in 1830.
At the far end of the semi-circular park stands Carl Milles' sculpture Solsångaren, which was erected in 1926 in memory of Esaias Tegnér. The statue depicts Tegnér's poem Sång till solen (Song to the Sun). On the Strömparterren there is another sculpture, Dimman, a female figure in bronze by Gusten Lindberg, erected in 1910. From the Strömparterren you can also reach the Medieval Museum, which has its premises under Norrbro. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Strömparterren is a park located in Norrström east of Norrbro on Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm (Sweden). The park was built in 1830.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "At the far end of the semi-circular park stands Carl Milles' sculpture Solsångaren, which was erected in 1926 in memory of Esaias Tegnér. The statue depicts Tegnér's poem Sång till solen (Song to the Sun). On the Strömparterren there is another sculpture, Dimman, a female figure in bronze by Gusten Lindberg, erected in 1910. From the Strömparterren you can also reach the Medieval Museum, which has its premises under Norrbro.",
"title": ""
}
] | Strömparterren is a park located in Norrström east of Norrbro on Helgeandsholmen in central Stockholm (Sweden). The park was built in 1830. At the far end of the semi-circular park stands Carl Milles' sculpture Solsångaren, which was erected in 1926 in memory of Esaias Tegnér. The statue depicts Tegnér's poem Sång till solen. On the Strömparterren there is another sculpture, Dimman, a female figure in bronze by Gusten Lindberg, erected in 1910. From the Strömparterren you can also reach the Medieval Museum, which has its premises under Norrbro. | 2023-12-12T20:06:19Z | 2023-12-25T22:34:22Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Commonscat",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B6mparterren |
75,547,309 | Kips Bay Generating Station | Kips Bay Generating Station was a steam plant in Manhattan, New York City, that operated from 1926 until 1987. The facility was located in the Murray Hill neighborhood on the east side of First Avenue between East 35th and 36th streets, alongside the East River. Originally built by the New York Steam Corporation, the plant produced steam for the New York City steam system and was later operated by Consolidated Edison after merger of the companies. The steam plant was demolished from 1987 to 1994. As part of the decommissioning and sale of Con Edison's nearby Waterside Generating Station in 2005, the former site of the Kips Bay Generating Station was sold to a private developer, remediated, and redeveloped into high-rise apartments and a school.
In the 1920s, the New York Steam Corporation underwent an important stage of expansion of its district heating system that coincided with the development of many large buildings in Midtown Manhattan, including those in the area near Grand Central Terminal. The corporation's growth during this period included the construction of the Kips Bay Generating Station, which was the fourth steam plant constructed by the corporation, and an increase in steam production capacity at its Sixtieth Street Station on the East River. The company also secured an arrangement to obtain steam produced during off-peak hours from the Waterside Generating Station—a nearby electric power station operated by the New York Edison Company—as the peak demand for steam normally occurred in the morning hours while the peak demand for electricity occurred in the afternoon hours.
Plans for the construction of a new power plant for the New York Steam Corporation located at 407–425 East 35th Street were filed with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings in June 1926. The drawings called for a 145-foot-high (44 m) structure occupying a footprint of 188 by 151 feet (57 by 46 m). The plant was built on the former site of a lumber yard located on the eastern portion of the block bounded by East 35th Street on the south, East 36th Street on the south, First Avenue on the west, and the East River on the east. The general contract for construction of the steam power plant was awarded to Dwight P. Robinson & Co.
The first boiler of the station was placed into service on December 23, 1926, and two additional boilers were operating by the end of the year. The three water-tube boilers were manufactured by the Ladd Water Tube Boiler Company and designed in consultation with Combustion Engineering and Thomas E. Murray, Inc. Each boiler could generate up to 325,000 pounds (147,000 kg) of steam per hour. The plant had been placed into operation while it was still under construction in order to meet New York City's demand for steam. Expansion of the plant continued with the addition of two more boilers to increase its capacity; a fourth boiler was placed into service in 1927 and the fifth boiler began operating on November 29, 1930. After enlargement, the plant had a total capacity of 2,450,000 pounds (1,110,000 kg) of steam per hour and was the largest central station steam generating plant in the world. The facility also contained generators producing up to 13,000 kilowatts of power for the sole purpose of running its equipment. The plant had seven coal pulverizing mills, one of which had a capacity of 50 short tons (45,000 kg) per hour and was the largest of its type in the world. The location of the steam plant adjacent to the East River allowed barges to dock next to the facility and unload the coal used as fuel for the boilers. The plant contained a single smokestack 380 feet (120 m) in height.
The increased capacity and dependable supply of steam provided by the New York Steam Corporation enabled the New York Central Railroad to close both of its boiler plants that supplied steam to the Grand Central Zone (also known as Terminal City) in 1929. These included the railroad's steam plant at Park Avenue and East 50th Street, which was replaced by the Waldorf Astoria New York, and its steam plant underneath Grand Central Terminal, which was repurposed as the M42 sub-basement.
In 1942, the final link of the East River Drive from East 34th to 49th streets was completed adjacent to the Kips Bay Generating Station. Although the segment of highway next to the steam plant was constructed using land reclamation from the East River, it necessitated $700,000 of modifications to the systems that transported coal and ash between the plant and barges docked in river.
Consolidated Edison fully merged with the New York Steam Company on March 8, 1954. The steam company was originally established as an independent utility in 1879 and Consolidated Gas (now Consolidated Edison) had acquired a controlling interest in the company in 1929. In the late 1960s, the plant was capable of burning coal and fuel oil and had a total capacity of 2,273,000 pounds (1,031,000 kg) of steam per hour, which was more steam than all of Con Edison's other facilities combined. The use of coal was discontinued by the early 1970s and the plant's coal handling facilities were demolished. At this time, Con Edison added a 255,000-US-gallon (970,000 L) underground storage tank, a pump house, and other equipment to the storage yard on the west end of the plant as well as a sidewalk plaza on the east side of First Avenue. The underground storage tank was used as a backup fuel supply for the Waterside Generating Station. Fuel oil was delivered by barges to a pier on the East River located to the south of the foot of East 36th Street and piped to the plant's storage tanks.
In the mid-1980s, the neighborhood surrounding the steam plant between First Avenue and the FDR Drive began to change when some of the blocks were rezoned from manufacturing to commercial districts to allow for residential development, which led to the construction of the Rivergate, Manhattan Place, and Horizon high-rise apartment buildings. While the above-grade portions of the steam plant were demolished from 1987 to 1994, the site had subsequently been used by Con Edison for vehicle storage and continued to serve as a backup fuel storage site for the Waterside Generating Station. All of the remaining surface and subsurface structures at the site—then referred to as the Kips Bay Fuel Terminal—were demolished and removed by 2004.
Con Edison listed the former site of the Kips Bay Generating Station for sale in 1999 along with two other nearby properties owned by the utility. Later that year, Con Edison announced plans to sell the site of the Waterside Generating Station to private developers along with three other properties that had been placed on the market. Con Edison closed on the sale of these properties in 2005, the same year that the Waterside plant was decommissioned. In 2008, environmental remediation of the properties was completed and a rezoning of the sites was approved by the New York City Planning Commission and the New York City Council.
The block that formerly contained the steam plant was redeveloped with an elementary school that opened in 2013 (P.S. 281 – The River School) and a pair of residential skyscrapers, American Copper Buildings, that were completed in 2017 and 2018. The former fueling pier of the Kips Bay Generating Station was incorporated into the East 34th Street Ferry Landing.
40°44′40″N 73°58′19″W / 40.74444°N 73.97194°W / 40.74444; -73.97194 | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kips Bay Generating Station was a steam plant in Manhattan, New York City, that operated from 1926 until 1987. The facility was located in the Murray Hill neighborhood on the east side of First Avenue between East 35th and 36th streets, alongside the East River. Originally built by the New York Steam Corporation, the plant produced steam for the New York City steam system and was later operated by Consolidated Edison after merger of the companies. The steam plant was demolished from 1987 to 1994. As part of the decommissioning and sale of Con Edison's nearby Waterside Generating Station in 2005, the former site of the Kips Bay Generating Station was sold to a private developer, remediated, and redeveloped into high-rise apartments and a school.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the 1920s, the New York Steam Corporation underwent an important stage of expansion of its district heating system that coincided with the development of many large buildings in Midtown Manhattan, including those in the area near Grand Central Terminal. The corporation's growth during this period included the construction of the Kips Bay Generating Station, which was the fourth steam plant constructed by the corporation, and an increase in steam production capacity at its Sixtieth Street Station on the East River. The company also secured an arrangement to obtain steam produced during off-peak hours from the Waterside Generating Station—a nearby electric power station operated by the New York Edison Company—as the peak demand for steam normally occurred in the morning hours while the peak demand for electricity occurred in the afternoon hours.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Plans for the construction of a new power plant for the New York Steam Corporation located at 407–425 East 35th Street were filed with the Manhattan Bureau of Buildings in June 1926. The drawings called for a 145-foot-high (44 m) structure occupying a footprint of 188 by 151 feet (57 by 46 m). The plant was built on the former site of a lumber yard located on the eastern portion of the block bounded by East 35th Street on the south, East 36th Street on the south, First Avenue on the west, and the East River on the east. The general contract for construction of the steam power plant was awarded to Dwight P. Robinson & Co.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The first boiler of the station was placed into service on December 23, 1926, and two additional boilers were operating by the end of the year. The three water-tube boilers were manufactured by the Ladd Water Tube Boiler Company and designed in consultation with Combustion Engineering and Thomas E. Murray, Inc. Each boiler could generate up to 325,000 pounds (147,000 kg) of steam per hour. The plant had been placed into operation while it was still under construction in order to meet New York City's demand for steam. Expansion of the plant continued with the addition of two more boilers to increase its capacity; a fourth boiler was placed into service in 1927 and the fifth boiler began operating on November 29, 1930. After enlargement, the plant had a total capacity of 2,450,000 pounds (1,110,000 kg) of steam per hour and was the largest central station steam generating plant in the world. The facility also contained generators producing up to 13,000 kilowatts of power for the sole purpose of running its equipment. The plant had seven coal pulverizing mills, one of which had a capacity of 50 short tons (45,000 kg) per hour and was the largest of its type in the world. The location of the steam plant adjacent to the East River allowed barges to dock next to the facility and unload the coal used as fuel for the boilers. The plant contained a single smokestack 380 feet (120 m) in height.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The increased capacity and dependable supply of steam provided by the New York Steam Corporation enabled the New York Central Railroad to close both of its boiler plants that supplied steam to the Grand Central Zone (also known as Terminal City) in 1929. These included the railroad's steam plant at Park Avenue and East 50th Street, which was replaced by the Waldorf Astoria New York, and its steam plant underneath Grand Central Terminal, which was repurposed as the M42 sub-basement.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1942, the final link of the East River Drive from East 34th to 49th streets was completed adjacent to the Kips Bay Generating Station. Although the segment of highway next to the steam plant was constructed using land reclamation from the East River, it necessitated $700,000 of modifications to the systems that transported coal and ash between the plant and barges docked in river.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Consolidated Edison fully merged with the New York Steam Company on March 8, 1954. The steam company was originally established as an independent utility in 1879 and Consolidated Gas (now Consolidated Edison) had acquired a controlling interest in the company in 1929. In the late 1960s, the plant was capable of burning coal and fuel oil and had a total capacity of 2,273,000 pounds (1,031,000 kg) of steam per hour, which was more steam than all of Con Edison's other facilities combined. The use of coal was discontinued by the early 1970s and the plant's coal handling facilities were demolished. At this time, Con Edison added a 255,000-US-gallon (970,000 L) underground storage tank, a pump house, and other equipment to the storage yard on the west end of the plant as well as a sidewalk plaza on the east side of First Avenue. The underground storage tank was used as a backup fuel supply for the Waterside Generating Station. Fuel oil was delivered by barges to a pier on the East River located to the south of the foot of East 36th Street and piped to the plant's storage tanks.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In the mid-1980s, the neighborhood surrounding the steam plant between First Avenue and the FDR Drive began to change when some of the blocks were rezoned from manufacturing to commercial districts to allow for residential development, which led to the construction of the Rivergate, Manhattan Place, and Horizon high-rise apartment buildings. While the above-grade portions of the steam plant were demolished from 1987 to 1994, the site had subsequently been used by Con Edison for vehicle storage and continued to serve as a backup fuel storage site for the Waterside Generating Station. All of the remaining surface and subsurface structures at the site—then referred to as the Kips Bay Fuel Terminal—were demolished and removed by 2004.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Con Edison listed the former site of the Kips Bay Generating Station for sale in 1999 along with two other nearby properties owned by the utility. Later that year, Con Edison announced plans to sell the site of the Waterside Generating Station to private developers along with three other properties that had been placed on the market. Con Edison closed on the sale of these properties in 2005, the same year that the Waterside plant was decommissioned. In 2008, environmental remediation of the properties was completed and a rezoning of the sites was approved by the New York City Planning Commission and the New York City Council.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The block that formerly contained the steam plant was redeveloped with an elementary school that opened in 2013 (P.S. 281 – The River School) and a pair of residential skyscrapers, American Copper Buildings, that were completed in 2017 and 2018. The former fueling pier of the Kips Bay Generating Station was incorporated into the East 34th Street Ferry Landing.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "40°44′40″N 73°58′19″W / 40.74444°N 73.97194°W / 40.74444; -73.97194",
"title": "References"
}
] | Kips Bay Generating Station was a steam plant in Manhattan, New York City, that operated from 1926 until 1987. The facility was located in the Murray Hill neighborhood on the east side of First Avenue between East 35th and 36th streets, alongside the East River. Originally built by the New York Steam Corporation, the plant produced steam for the New York City steam system and was later operated by Consolidated Edison after merger of the companies. The steam plant was demolished from 1987 to 1994. As part of the decommissioning and sale of Con Edison's nearby Waterside Generating Station in 2005, the former site of the Kips Bay Generating Station was sold to a private developer, remediated, and redeveloped into high-rise apartments and a school. | 2023-12-12T20:13:34Z | 2023-12-15T22:57:53Z | [
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75,547,310 | Kirbee Kiln Site | The Kirbee Kiln Site is a 19th-century kiln ruin located in Montgomery County, Texas, where stoneware was manufactured by the Kirbee family. It is one of the largest groundhog kilns ever recorded in the American South. The exact location of the site is restricted. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.
The Kirbee Kiln was founded and operated by James Kirbee, who was originally from Edgefield, South Carolina, and had relatives and acquaintances who were also potters. One of his acquaintances might have been David Drake, a potter who was enslaved by Kirbee's associate Rev. John Landrum. By 1830, Kirbee and his family had relocated to Georgia; and by 1840, they had migrated to Montgomery County, Texas. The kiln itself was likely built around 1849, as it appeared in the 1850 Schedule of Industry and Manufacture. James was likely assisted by his sons M.J. and Louis. The annual value of the stoneware produced did not exceed $500, much lower than other local kilns. The kiln likely ceased operations in the 1860s.
The site was one of several kilns surveyed by the Texas Historical Commission between 1973 and 1974. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1973. It was the first site from in the area to be added to the NRHP.
At the time of the archaeological surveys in the 1970s, the Texas Historical Commission named the Kirbee Kiln Site as the largest groundhog kiln that had then been excavated in Texas, and it remains one of the largest ever recorded in the American South. It measured 39 feet (12 m) across and 8 to 10 inches wide and was constructed of brick. The kiln was rectangular in shape, consisting of an opening at the very front for loading and firing, a depressed firebox, the loading shelf in the middle, and a fireplace-shaped chimney at the very back. A unique feature of this kiln was the presence of a second firing box located midway along the loading shelf; a side door would have provided access. The chimney is believed by the excavators to have decreased in width towards its top. The buttresses of the Kirbee Kiln were large and angled but also included several smaller ones, a rare feature that could have functioned to support its size, offer resistance against the sloped ground, and double as a retaining wall. The entire floor of the kiln was sandy soil.
Kirbee's stoneware had similarities to techniques observed elsewhere in Georgia and South Carolina, particularly the alkaline glaze that was characteristic of contemporary Edgefield stoneware; and the vessels were also comparable in features such as their handles and shape. This style of pottery is very similar to Catawba Valley Pottery, which was developed in nearby North Carolina. The trademarks on the Kirbee stoneware were a round stamp resembling the letter "O". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Kirbee Kiln Site is a 19th-century kiln ruin located in Montgomery County, Texas, where stoneware was manufactured by the Kirbee family. It is one of the largest groundhog kilns ever recorded in the American South. The exact location of the site is restricted. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Kirbee Kiln was founded and operated by James Kirbee, who was originally from Edgefield, South Carolina, and had relatives and acquaintances who were also potters. One of his acquaintances might have been David Drake, a potter who was enslaved by Kirbee's associate Rev. John Landrum. By 1830, Kirbee and his family had relocated to Georgia; and by 1840, they had migrated to Montgomery County, Texas. The kiln itself was likely built around 1849, as it appeared in the 1850 Schedule of Industry and Manufacture. James was likely assisted by his sons M.J. and Louis. The annual value of the stoneware produced did not exceed $500, much lower than other local kilns. The kiln likely ceased operations in the 1860s.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The site was one of several kilns surveyed by the Texas Historical Commission between 1973 and 1974. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1973. It was the first site from in the area to be added to the NRHP.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "At the time of the archaeological surveys in the 1970s, the Texas Historical Commission named the Kirbee Kiln Site as the largest groundhog kiln that had then been excavated in Texas, and it remains one of the largest ever recorded in the American South. It measured 39 feet (12 m) across and 8 to 10 inches wide and was constructed of brick. The kiln was rectangular in shape, consisting of an opening at the very front for loading and firing, a depressed firebox, the loading shelf in the middle, and a fireplace-shaped chimney at the very back. A unique feature of this kiln was the presence of a second firing box located midway along the loading shelf; a side door would have provided access. The chimney is believed by the excavators to have decreased in width towards its top. The buttresses of the Kirbee Kiln were large and angled but also included several smaller ones, a rare feature that could have functioned to support its size, offer resistance against the sloped ground, and double as a retaining wall. The entire floor of the kiln was sandy soil.",
"title": "Architecture and pottery"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Kirbee's stoneware had similarities to techniques observed elsewhere in Georgia and South Carolina, particularly the alkaline glaze that was characteristic of contemporary Edgefield stoneware; and the vessels were also comparable in features such as their handles and shape. This style of pottery is very similar to Catawba Valley Pottery, which was developed in nearby North Carolina. The trademarks on the Kirbee stoneware were a round stamp resembling the letter \"O\".",
"title": "Architecture and pottery"
}
] | The Kirbee Kiln Site is a 19th-century kiln ruin located in Montgomery County, Texas, where stoneware was manufactured by the Kirbee family. It is one of the largest groundhog kilns ever recorded in the American South. The exact location of the site is restricted. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. | 2023-12-12T20:13:45Z | 2023-12-12T20:13:45Z | [
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75,547,313 | ISIF | ISIF may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "ISIF may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | ISIF may refer to: Industrial Society and Its Future
Ireland Strategic Investment Fund | 2023-12-12T20:16:05Z | 2023-12-12T20:58:08Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISIF |
75,547,329 | Karla María Rabelo Estrada | Karla María Rabelo Estrada ( Villahermosa , Tabasco ; March 15 , 1984 ) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Regeneration Movement party. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Karla María Rabelo Estrada ( Villahermosa , Tabasco ; March 15 , 1984 ) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Regeneration Movement party.",
"title": ""
}
] | Karla María Rabelo Estrada is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Regeneration Movement party. | 2023-12-12T20:18:48Z | 2023-12-12T23:27:06Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karla_Mar%C3%ADa_Rabelo_Estrada |
75,547,343 | Kura Paul-Burke | Kura Paul-Burke (Ngāti Awa, Ngāti Whakahemo) is a New Zealand Māori marine scientist, and is the first woman Māori professor of marine science at the University of Waikato. Her research focuses on mātauranga Māori and aquaculture.
Paul-Burke whakapapas to Ngāti Awa and Ngāti Whakahemo.
Paul-Burke's interest in environmental science began when she was snorkeling around Whakaari. She quit her job and enrolled at Auckland University of Technology to study for a Bachelor of Applied Science. She then earned a Master of Indigenous studies degree in 2011, with a thesis on surveys of taonga species in Ngāti Awa waters. In 2015 she Paul-Burke completed a PhD titled An investigation into marine management of taonga species in Aotearoa New Zealand: A case study of kutai, perna canaliculus, green-lipped mussels in Ohiwa harbour at Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiārangi.
Paul-Burke joined the faculty of the University of Waikato, rising to full professor in 2022. She was the first wahine Māori (Māori woman) professor of marine science appointed at the University of Waikato, and her appointment brought the number of Māori marine professors in New Zealand to three.
During her studies, Paul-Burke noticed a relationship between the cultural diversity of people and marine biodiversity, noting that "areas where indigenous peoples speak their languages and enact their traditional practices are the areas with the highest biodiversity". Her research has shown that mātauranga Māori approaches to marine science can be beneficial. For instance, between 2007 and 2019 the population of green-lipped mussels in Ōhiwa harbour had dropped from 120 million to fewer than 80,000, due to a number of challenges, including the effects of seastars. Working with the Bay of Plenty Council, local iwi and Māori weavers, Paul-Burke used fibre from cabbage tree leaves and flax to replace the normal plastic spat lines, increasing the mussel population to 800,000. In working with iwi on kaitiakitanga approaches to marine conservation, Paul-Burke emphasises the importance of collecting data to make evidence-based decisions.
Paul-Burke is a project leader at the Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge.
Paul-Burke was a semi-finalist in the 2023 Ministry for the Environment’s New Zealand Environmental Hero of the Year. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kura Paul-Burke (Ngāti Awa, Ngāti Whakahemo) is a New Zealand Māori marine scientist, and is the first woman Māori professor of marine science at the University of Waikato. Her research focuses on mātauranga Māori and aquaculture.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Paul-Burke whakapapas to Ngāti Awa and Ngāti Whakahemo.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Paul-Burke's interest in environmental science began when she was snorkeling around Whakaari. She quit her job and enrolled at Auckland University of Technology to study for a Bachelor of Applied Science. She then earned a Master of Indigenous studies degree in 2011, with a thesis on surveys of taonga species in Ngāti Awa waters. In 2015 she Paul-Burke completed a PhD titled An investigation into marine management of taonga species in Aotearoa New Zealand: A case study of kutai, perna canaliculus, green-lipped mussels in Ohiwa harbour at Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiārangi.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Paul-Burke joined the faculty of the University of Waikato, rising to full professor in 2022. She was the first wahine Māori (Māori woman) professor of marine science appointed at the University of Waikato, and her appointment brought the number of Māori marine professors in New Zealand to three.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During her studies, Paul-Burke noticed a relationship between the cultural diversity of people and marine biodiversity, noting that \"areas where indigenous peoples speak their languages and enact their traditional practices are the areas with the highest biodiversity\". Her research has shown that mātauranga Māori approaches to marine science can be beneficial. For instance, between 2007 and 2019 the population of green-lipped mussels in Ōhiwa harbour had dropped from 120 million to fewer than 80,000, due to a number of challenges, including the effects of seastars. Working with the Bay of Plenty Council, local iwi and Māori weavers, Paul-Burke used fibre from cabbage tree leaves and flax to replace the normal plastic spat lines, increasing the mussel population to 800,000. In working with iwi on kaitiakitanga approaches to marine conservation, Paul-Burke emphasises the importance of collecting data to make evidence-based decisions.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Paul-Burke is a project leader at the Sustainable Seas National Science Challenge.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Paul-Burke was a semi-finalist in the 2023 Ministry for the Environment’s New Zealand Environmental Hero of the Year.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Kura Paul-Burke is a New Zealand Māori marine scientist, and is the first woman Māori professor of marine science at the University of Waikato. Her research focuses on mātauranga Māori and aquaculture. | 2023-12-12T20:23:11Z | 2023-12-31T06:23:02Z | [
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75,547,345 | Xin Luna Dong | Xin Luna Dong (born 1975) is a Chinese-American computer scientist and database researcher whose research topics include knowledge graphs, knowledge fusion, and intelligent assistants. She is a principal scientist at Meta Reality Labs.
Dong studied computer science and international finance at Nankai University in Tianjin, China, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1998. After a master's degree in computer science in 2001 at Peking University, she came to the University of Washington for doctoral study in computer science, earning a second master's degree in 2003 and completing her Ph.D. in 2007. Her dissertation, Providing Best Effort Services in Dataspace Systems, concerned databases and was supervised by Alon Halevy.
She became a researcher for AT&T Research from 2007 to 2012, for Google from 2013 to 2016, and for Amazon from 2016 to 2021, before taking her present position at Meta in 2021. Her work at Google and Amazon involved the Google Knowledge Graph and Amazon Product Knowledge Graph, respectively.
Dong was the 2016 recipient of the VLDB Early Career Award, "for advancing the state of the art of knowledge fusion". She is the 2023 recipient of the VLDB Women in Database Research Award.
She was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, "for contributions to knowledge graph construction and data integration". She is also a Distinguished Member of the Association for Computing Machinery. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Xin Luna Dong (born 1975) is a Chinese-American computer scientist and database researcher whose research topics include knowledge graphs, knowledge fusion, and intelligent assistants. She is a principal scientist at Meta Reality Labs.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Dong studied computer science and international finance at Nankai University in Tianjin, China, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1998. After a master's degree in computer science in 2001 at Peking University, she came to the University of Washington for doctoral study in computer science, earning a second master's degree in 2003 and completing her Ph.D. in 2007. Her dissertation, Providing Best Effort Services in Dataspace Systems, concerned databases and was supervised by Alon Halevy.",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She became a researcher for AT&T Research from 2007 to 2012, for Google from 2013 to 2016, and for Amazon from 2016 to 2021, before taking her present position at Meta in 2021. Her work at Google and Amazon involved the Google Knowledge Graph and Amazon Product Knowledge Graph, respectively.",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Dong was the 2016 recipient of the VLDB Early Career Award, \"for advancing the state of the art of knowledge fusion\". She is the 2023 recipient of the VLDB Women in Database Research Award.",
"title": "Recognition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "She was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, \"for contributions to knowledge graph construction and data integration\". She is also a Distinguished Member of the Association for Computing Machinery.",
"title": "Recognition"
}
] | Xin Luna Dong is a Chinese-American computer scientist and database researcher whose research topics include knowledge graphs, knowledge fusion, and intelligent assistants. She is a principal scientist at Meta Reality Labs. | 2023-12-12T20:23:27Z | 2023-12-12T20:23:27Z | [
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75,547,361 | Art for Your Sake | Art for Your Sake is an American art-appreciation radio series that was broadcast on NBC-Red from October 7, 1939, until April 27, 1940.
The National Art Society (NAS), which was formed shortly before Art for Your Sake debuted, helped to produce the program, which had as host Bernard Myers, a professor of art history at New York University. The program sought to extend appreciation of, and access to, art "to audiences far removed from the refinements and dilettantism of Paris and New York." One of the driving forces behind the program was James Rowland Angell, who became educational counselor at NBC in 1937, immediately after having been president of Yale University. He also was chairman of the Board of Trustees of NAS. He said that the program was "the first practical method I have heard of for bringing widespread public participation in the arts."
Episodes dramatized the stories behind masterpieces with Myers discussing each painting to complement the drama. Through the program, "a listener learned how Gaugin painted 'Tahitian Woman' and what influenced Rubens in his execution of 'Fox Hunt'." An episode about Thomas Hart Benton "intercut interview segments with relevant excerpts from secular and sacred folk music". Some content of episodes came from diaries and letters of the artists, and other content came from diaries and letters of people who knew them. Other artists who were featured on the program included Grant Wood, Emil Ganso, Rockwell Kent, Eugene Speicher, and Harry Watrous.
In some cities, including Cleveland, Denver, Milwaukee, and San Francisco, museums arranged for exhibitions, study groups, or both, related to the paintings featured on the program.
The NAS offered supplementary content that enabled a listener to study a painting visually while it was discussed on the air. Four portfolios were available for $1 each. Each portfolio contained full-color reproductions of 16 paintings, and three had illustrated brochures with critical and biographical content.
More formal use of episodes and supplementary material occurred in some schools. For example, radio station KSTP in St. Paul, Minnesota, made transcriptions of the series (along with full-color reproductions of the paintings, supplementary material for students, and a teacher's manual) available to all schools in Minnesota. In one case, a sophomore art class at Roosevelt High School in Minneapolis heard nine of the transcriptions, and the teacher assigned a creative project after each session. The Walker Art Center, also in Minneapolis, displayed the students' work for a month, and it "attracted considerable attention".
Art for Your Sake was broadcast on Saturdays at 7:30 p.m. Eastern Time. Some episodes were simulcast on television station W2XBS in New York City.
Leo G. Mazow wrote in his book Thomas Hart Benton and the American Sound that along with some of Benton's paintings and documents from NBC and NAS, "the script for the January 1940 dramatization of Benton's life on Art for Your Sake presents in a new, critical light questions posed by the artist's regionalist agenda, pointing as well to the movement's often overlooked mission of the mass distribution of cultural products." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Art for Your Sake is an American art-appreciation radio series that was broadcast on NBC-Red from October 7, 1939, until April 27, 1940.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The National Art Society (NAS), which was formed shortly before Art for Your Sake debuted, helped to produce the program, which had as host Bernard Myers, a professor of art history at New York University. The program sought to extend appreciation of, and access to, art \"to audiences far removed from the refinements and dilettantism of Paris and New York.\" One of the driving forces behind the program was James Rowland Angell, who became educational counselor at NBC in 1937, immediately after having been president of Yale University. He also was chairman of the Board of Trustees of NAS. He said that the program was \"the first practical method I have heard of for bringing widespread public participation in the arts.\"",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Episodes dramatized the stories behind masterpieces with Myers discussing each painting to complement the drama. Through the program, \"a listener learned how Gaugin painted 'Tahitian Woman' and what influenced Rubens in his execution of 'Fox Hunt'.\" An episode about Thomas Hart Benton \"intercut interview segments with relevant excerpts from secular and sacred folk music\". Some content of episodes came from diaries and letters of the artists, and other content came from diaries and letters of people who knew them. Other artists who were featured on the program included Grant Wood, Emil Ganso, Rockwell Kent, Eugene Speicher, and Harry Watrous.",
"title": "Format"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In some cities, including Cleveland, Denver, Milwaukee, and San Francisco, museums arranged for exhibitions, study groups, or both, related to the paintings featured on the program.",
"title": "Format"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The NAS offered supplementary content that enabled a listener to study a painting visually while it was discussed on the air. Four portfolios were available for $1 each. Each portfolio contained full-color reproductions of 16 paintings, and three had illustrated brochures with critical and biographical content.",
"title": "Home and school studies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "More formal use of episodes and supplementary material occurred in some schools. For example, radio station KSTP in St. Paul, Minnesota, made transcriptions of the series (along with full-color reproductions of the paintings, supplementary material for students, and a teacher's manual) available to all schools in Minnesota. In one case, a sophomore art class at Roosevelt High School in Minneapolis heard nine of the transcriptions, and the teacher assigned a creative project after each session. The Walker Art Center, also in Minneapolis, displayed the students' work for a month, and it \"attracted considerable attention\".",
"title": "Home and school studies"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Art for Your Sake was broadcast on Saturdays at 7:30 p.m. Eastern Time. Some episodes were simulcast on television station W2XBS in New York City.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Leo G. Mazow wrote in his book Thomas Hart Benton and the American Sound that along with some of Benton's paintings and documents from NBC and NAS, \"the script for the January 1940 dramatization of Benton's life on Art for Your Sake presents in a new, critical light questions posed by the artist's regionalist agenda, pointing as well to the movement's often overlooked mission of the mass distribution of cultural products.\"",
"title": "Critical response"
}
] | Art for Your Sake is an American art-appreciation radio series that was broadcast on NBC-Red from October 7, 1939, until April 27, 1940. | 2023-12-12T20:25:44Z | 2023-12-26T13:43:48Z | [
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75,547,367 | Ottoman Freedom Society | The Ottoman Freedom Society (Turkish: Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti ) a political society founded in 1906 by Talat Pasha in Thessaloniki.
In September 1906, the Ottoman Liberty Society was founded in Thessaloniki at the house of Mithat Şükrü (Bleda) Bey. The initial meeting led to the third Congress where the founding members, primarily army officers, convened. The founders included Bursalı Tahir, Naki (Yücekök), Edip Servet (Tör), Kazım Nami (Duru), Mithat Şükrü (Bleda), Ömer Naci, İsmail Canbulat, Hakkı Baha, Mehmed Talat Bey, and Rahmi (Arslan) Bey.
The society's primary objective was the proclamation of a constitutional monarchy and to conduct covert actions against the government. Membership was exclusive, requiring an oath and known only to a few within the society. A unique feature was the rapid increase in members, including significant military figures, by mid-1907.
The society's structure was secretive, adopting a cell-type format. Members were inducted in a clandestine ceremony involving an oath with significant emphasis on confidentiality. The structure included a 'Supreme Council' with key figures like İsmail Canbolat, Talat Bey, and Rahmi Bey. The organization distinguished itself by spreading among both military and civilian statesmen, primarily based in Thessaloniki.
The society merged with the Committee of Union and Progress on September 27, 1907, marking a significant evolution in its history. The merger led to a new name and possibly a shift in the organization's direction and influence within the Ottoman Empire.
The group also managed to publish a newspaper, Neyyir-i Hakikat, contributing to its influence. The activities in Monastir, spearheaded by Messrs. Enver and Kazım, and Necib Draga's efforts in Skopje, were notable during this period. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Ottoman Freedom Society (Turkish: Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti ) a political society founded in 1906 by Talat Pasha in Thessaloniki.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In September 1906, the Ottoman Liberty Society was founded in Thessaloniki at the house of Mithat Şükrü (Bleda) Bey. The initial meeting led to the third Congress where the founding members, primarily army officers, convened. The founders included Bursalı Tahir, Naki (Yücekök), Edip Servet (Tör), Kazım Nami (Duru), Mithat Şükrü (Bleda), Ömer Naci, İsmail Canbulat, Hakkı Baha, Mehmed Talat Bey, and Rahmi (Arslan) Bey.",
"title": "Founding of the Ottoman Liberty Society"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The society's primary objective was the proclamation of a constitutional monarchy and to conduct covert actions against the government. Membership was exclusive, requiring an oath and known only to a few within the society. A unique feature was the rapid increase in members, including significant military figures, by mid-1907.",
"title": "Objectives and Membership Oath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The society's structure was secretive, adopting a cell-type format. Members were inducted in a clandestine ceremony involving an oath with significant emphasis on confidentiality. The structure included a 'Supreme Council' with key figures like İsmail Canbolat, Talat Bey, and Rahmi Bey. The organization distinguished itself by spreading among both military and civilian statesmen, primarily based in Thessaloniki.",
"title": "Expansion and Structure"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The society merged with the Committee of Union and Progress on September 27, 1907, marking a significant evolution in its history. The merger led to a new name and possibly a shift in the organization's direction and influence within the Ottoman Empire.",
"title": "Merger with the Committee of Union and Progress"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The group also managed to publish a newspaper, Neyyir-i Hakikat, contributing to its influence. The activities in Monastir, spearheaded by Messrs. Enver and Kazım, and Necib Draga's efforts in Skopje, were notable during this period.",
"title": "Publication and Influence"
}
] | The Ottoman Freedom Society a political society founded in 1906 by Talat Pasha in Thessaloniki. | 2023-12-12T20:26:30Z | 2023-12-15T04:42:05Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Freedom_Society |
75,547,373 | Front Row at the Trump Show | Front Row at the Trump Show is a 2020 non-fiction book by Jonathan Karl about the presidency of Donald Trump. Primarily focused on Karl's personal experiences covering President Donald Trump, it debuted on The New York Times Best Seller list.
The book received praise from critics, with The Guardian describing it as "a cautionary tale" during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was followed by a sequel, Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show, in 2021. | [
{
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"text": "Front Row at the Trump Show is a 2020 non-fiction book by Jonathan Karl about the presidency of Donald Trump. Primarily focused on Karl's personal experiences covering President Donald Trump, it debuted on The New York Times Best Seller list.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The book received praise from critics, with The Guardian describing it as \"a cautionary tale\" during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was followed by a sequel, Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show, in 2021.",
"title": ""
}
] | Front Row at the Trump Show is a 2020 non-fiction book by Jonathan Karl about the presidency of Donald Trump. Primarily focused on Karl's personal experiences covering President Donald Trump, it debuted on The New York Times Best Seller list. The book received praise from critics, with The Guardian describing it as "a cautionary tale" during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was followed by a sequel, Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show, in 2021. | 2023-12-12T20:27:43Z | 2023-12-12T20:45:20Z | [
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75,547,421 | Cryptic woolly bat | The cryptic woolly bat, also known as the flat-headed woolly bat (Kerivoula crypta), is a species of vesper bat found in southern India and Sri Lanka. It was described as a new species in 1913 by Robert Charles Wroughton and Kathleen V. Ryley. The holotype had been collected by Guy C. Shortridge in Shimoga, India. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The cryptic woolly bat, also known as the flat-headed woolly bat (Kerivoula crypta), is a species of vesper bat found in southern India and Sri Lanka. It was described as a new species in 1913 by Robert Charles Wroughton and Kathleen V. Ryley. The holotype had been collected by Guy C. Shortridge in Shimoga, India.",
"title": ""
}
] | The cryptic woolly bat, also known as the flat-headed woolly bat, is a species of vesper bat found in southern India and Sri Lanka. It was described as a new species in 1913 by Robert Charles Wroughton and Kathleen V. Ryley. The holotype had been collected by Guy C. Shortridge in Shimoga, India. | 2023-12-12T20:35:55Z | 2023-12-13T03:44:00Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptic_woolly_bat |
75,547,429 | Sadiq Gurbanov | Sadig Gurbanov (Sadiq Haqverdi oğlu Qurbanov; born on July 12, 1972, in Alikli, Ilich district) is a candidate of technical sciences. Member of the New Azerbaijan Party, deputy of the 6th Meeting of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2020).
Sadik Gurbanov was born on July 12, 1972, in the Alekli village of Sharur district of Nakhchivan. He graduated from Arabyengica village secondary school in 1989 and entered the Baku State University Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics in the same year. After completing his education in 1994, he became a doctoral student at the same faculty and also worked as a laboratory assistant in the department of "Theoretical Mechanics and Mechanics of the Whole Environment". In 2005, he defended his candidate's thesis and received the title of candidate of technical sciences. He studied at BSU Faculty of Law between 1997 and 2001. Between 2001 and 2004, upon the invitation of the National People's Congress, he studied at the "State and Municipal Administration" Faculty of the Public Administration Academy affiliated with the President.
He is married and has two children.
The book "Leader beyond time: Heydar Aliyev's philosophy of management and succession" | [
{
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"text": "Sadig Gurbanov (Sadiq Haqverdi oğlu Qurbanov; born on July 12, 1972, in Alikli, Ilich district) is a candidate of technical sciences. Member of the New Azerbaijan Party, deputy of the 6th Meeting of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2020).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sadik Gurbanov was born on July 12, 1972, in the Alekli village of Sharur district of Nakhchivan. He graduated from Arabyengica village secondary school in 1989 and entered the Baku State University Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics in the same year. After completing his education in 1994, he became a doctoral student at the same faculty and also worked as a laboratory assistant in the department of \"Theoretical Mechanics and Mechanics of the Whole Environment\". In 2005, he defended his candidate's thesis and received the title of candidate of technical sciences. He studied at BSU Faculty of Law between 1997 and 2001. Between 2001 and 2004, upon the invitation of the National People's Congress, he studied at the \"State and Municipal Administration\" Faculty of the Public Administration Academy affiliated with the President.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He is married and has two children.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The book \"Leader beyond time: Heydar Aliyev's philosophy of management and succession\"",
"title": "Books"
}
] | Sadig Gurbanov is a candidate of technical sciences. Member of the New Azerbaijan Party, deputy of the 6th Meeting of the National Assembly of the Republic of Azerbaijan (2020). | 2023-12-12T20:37:36Z | 2023-12-17T16:34:46Z | [
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75,547,486 | Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show | Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show is a 2021 non-fiction book by Jonathan Karl about the presidency of Donald Trump. A sequel to Front Row at the Trump Show, it largely covers the final year of Donald Trump's tenure as president, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the January 6 United States Capitol attack.
The book received strong praise from critics, including in The Guardian, The New York Times and The Washington Post. It debuted on The New York Times Best Seller list, and received national attention when Karl released audio of Trump describing chants of "hang Mike Pence" by January 6th insurrectionists as "common sense" and "understandable". | [
{
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"text": "Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show is a 2021 non-fiction book by Jonathan Karl about the presidency of Donald Trump. A sequel to Front Row at the Trump Show, it largely covers the final year of Donald Trump's tenure as president, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the January 6 United States Capitol attack.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The book received strong praise from critics, including in The Guardian, The New York Times and The Washington Post. It debuted on The New York Times Best Seller list, and received national attention when Karl released audio of Trump describing chants of \"hang Mike Pence\" by January 6th insurrectionists as \"common sense\" and \"understandable\".",
"title": ""
}
] | Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show is a 2021 non-fiction book by Jonathan Karl about the presidency of Donald Trump. A sequel to Front Row at the Trump Show, it largely covers the final year of Donald Trump's tenure as president, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the January 6 United States Capitol attack. The book received strong praise from critics, including in The Guardian, The New York Times and The Washington Post. It debuted on The New York Times Best Seller list, and received national attention when Karl released audio of Trump describing chants of "hang Mike Pence" by January 6th insurrectionists as "common sense" and "understandable". | 2023-12-12T20:45:29Z | 2023-12-12T21:13:41Z | [
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75,547,507 | Herbert Baldus | Herbert Baldus (Wiesbaden, March 14, 1899 - São Paulo, October 24, 1970) was a German-born Brazilian ethnologist. He lectured in Brazilian Ethnology at the Free School of Sociology and Politics in São Paulo from 1939 to 1960, and later headed the Ethnology Section of the Museu Paulista from 1947 to 1968, where he also became director.
Herbert Baldus was the son of Martin Baldus, a mathematician, and Carolina Baldus, daughter of German builders. After turning 18, he joined the German Royal Cadet Corps in Potsdam as an aviator, participated in the World War I and began writing war poems. In 1921, he made an unspecified trip to Argentina and two years later arrived in Brazil.
Herbert Baldus settled in São Paulo and, in the same year, joined a film expedition that visited the Xamakoko, Kaskihá and Sanapaná people of the Paraguayan Chaco, where he became interested in ethnology. Using the research material collected on this trip, he published Os índios Chamacoco in 1927, his first article on indigenous issues. Later, Baldus visited the Guarani on the coast of São Paulo, which led him to write Ligeiras notas sobre os índios Guaranys no litoral paulista in 1929.
Baldus returned to Germany and became a student of Richard Thurnwald, Konrad Theodor Preuss and Walter Lehmann at the Humboldt University of Berlin, where he completed his studies in ethnology in 1928 and earned a PhD in Philosophy. In 1931, he published his first book, Indianer Studien im nordöstlichen Chaco, in the city of Leipzig, which described the three indigenous groups in Paraguay that he had already met. He began to write texts, including Madame Lynch, a biographical novel based on the life of Solano López' wife, Eliza Lynch, published in 1931. When Nazism ascended to power in 1933, Baldus decided to return to Brazil.
After returning to Brazil, Baldus organized an expedition to the south of the country where he visited the Kaingang and the Xiripá people in Palmas, Paraná. He published several articles on indigenous themes after the trip. In 1934, on an expedition to Mato Grosso, Baldus had his first contact with the Terena and Bororo people and saw rock paintings in Sant'ana de Chapada, which sparked his interest in archaeology. The journey also produced some articles, such as As pinturas rupestres de Sant'ana da Chapada (Mato Grosso), published in 1937.
In 1935, Baldus returned to Mato Grosso to continue his study of the Bororo and began his investigations of the Karajá people of Bananal Island, on the Araguaia River. In 1937, he published the essay A posição social da mulher entre os Borôros Orientais and met the Tapirapé people, an experience that led to his main work Tapirapé - Tribo tupi no Brasil Central, published in 1970.
In 1937, Baldus decided to compile several works and publish them in the book Ensaios de Etnologia Brasileira, dedicated to "the great connoisseur of natives in Brazil Curt Nimuendaju". In 1939, he became professor of Brazilian ethnology at the Free School of Sociology and Politics of São Paulo. He was also director of the ethnological section of the São Paulo School of Sociology and Politics Foundation (FESPSP) and published several of his works in the journal Sociologia. He was the teacher of Oracy Nogueira, Gioconda Mussolini, Virgínia Leone Bicudo, Lucila Hermann, Florestan Fernandes, Levy Cruz, Fernando Altenfender Silva and Sergio Buarque de Holanda at FESPSP. In the company of Emilio Willems and his students from FESPSP, Baldus visited the Ribeira do Iguape Valley, in the interior of São Paulo, to study the cultural change in the group of Japanese immigrants who had settled there. After this expedition, he published the article Casas e túmulos de japoneses no vale do Ribeira do Iguape in collaboration with Willems in 1941. In the same year, he became a naturalized Brazilian citizen and adopted Brazil as his second nationality.
In 1944, Baldus excavated sites in Paraná and found pottery shards in the Paranapanema River, which were analyzed and described in the study Tonschenberfunde in Nordparaná. Two years later, he visited the Kaingang people of Ivaí and documented their mythology in his 1947 article Os Kaingang do Ivaí. The psychologist Aniela Ginsberg helped Baldus in an experiment on a group of thirty-two Kaingang men and women, whose results were published in the 1947 article Aplicação do psicodiagnóstico de Rorscharch a índios Kaingang.
In 1946, Sérgio Buarque de Holanda became director of the Museu Paulista and hired Baldus to lead the Ethnology Section. Together, the two made ethnology the centerpiece of the museum. Baldus edited the Revista do Museu Paulista and in 1947, he published the first volume of the Nova Série, one of the most important anthropological journals in Brazil. His main ethnological research occurred in the central-western and northern regions of Brazil in collaboration with his advisor Harald Schultz. Ten years after being hired, Baldus assumed the directorship of the museum when Sérgio Buarque joined USP as Professor of the History of Brazilian Civilization. In 1959, his term as director ended and Paulo Junqueira Duarte took over.
In 1947, Baldus visited the Kaingang group of Icatu and the Terena group of Araribá. In the same year, he was invited by the Indian Protection Service (SPI) to visit the Karajá indigenous village on Bananal Island. Later, he wrote a report for the SPI published in the Revista do Museu Paulista, which criticized the institution and proposed solutions for improving the living conditions of the natives. Baldus commented the "imposition" of the white school on the indigenous people and their use of objects originating from the whites, such as iron pots (which replaced clay pots) and leather shoes.
In 1949, Herbert Baldus was invited by the US government to take a tour of several native tribes in the states of Arizona and New Mexico and appointed secretary of the Executive Committee of the XXIX International Congress of Americanists, which took place in New York City. After returning to Brazil, he received two awards: the Tobias de Aguiar Medal, granted by the São Paulo State Government, and the Goethean Medal, presented by the Sociedade Goetheana do Estado de São Paulo. Also in 1949, he made the preface to the book Etno-sociologia brasileira, written by Florestan Fernandes, which presented a synthesis of all the contributions of travelers, chroniclers and missionaries to the knowledge of Brazilian tribal populations. Based on previous visits to the Araguaia area, Baldus published the article Akkulturantion im Araguaia, which distinguished the communities of the Karajá and Tapirapé people between his first visit in 1935 and the second in 1947.
In 1952, Baldus went to Rio Grande do Sul to conduct his last field research and visited the Kaingang and Mbyá-Guarany indigenous peoples. That same year he published the study Breve notícia sobre os Mbyá-Guarany de Guarita. Also in 1952, he participated in the examining board for the defense of Florestan Fernandes' PhD thesis, at the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of the University of São Paulo. Later, he traveled to Europe to visit cultural institutions, libraries and museums in countries such as Austria, France, Denmark, Spain, Switzerland, England, Portugal and Sweden. During this trip, Baldus attended the XXX International Congress of Americanists, held in Cambridge, England, and was elected Honorary Vice-President of the conclave. At the conference, Baldus presented his paper Supernatural Relations with Animals among Indians of Eastern and Southern Brazil.
In 1953, he took part in the 2nd Latin American Congress of Sociology held in São Paulo and was elected President of the conclave of the 1st Brazilian Anthropology Meeting. He also took part in all the other editions of the conference (Salvador, 1955; Recife, 1958; Curitiba, 1959; Belo Horizonte, 1961; and São Paulo, 1963). In 1954, Baldus organized the XXXI International Congress of Americanists in São Paulo. After this experience in Europe, Baldus returned to Brazil and participated in several conferences, such as The Japanese in São Paulo and Brazil, where he presided over one of the sessions.
From 1955, Herbert Baldus became a corresponding member of the Sociedade Suíça de Americanistas. In 1961, he assumed the position of professor of Brazilian Ethnology at the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters in Rio Claro, a city in the interior of São Paulo. In 1964, on his 65th birthday, Baldus was honored in a commemorative edition of Hans Becher's Völkerkundliche Abhandlungen - Beiträge zur Völkerkunde Südamerikas, which contained texts by thirty specialists in Americanist subjects.
Herbert Baldus died on October 24, 1970, in the city of São Paulo.
Selected works include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Herbert Baldus (Wiesbaden, March 14, 1899 - São Paulo, October 24, 1970) was a German-born Brazilian ethnologist. He lectured in Brazilian Ethnology at the Free School of Sociology and Politics in São Paulo from 1939 to 1960, and later headed the Ethnology Section of the Museu Paulista from 1947 to 1968, where he also became director.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Herbert Baldus was the son of Martin Baldus, a mathematician, and Carolina Baldus, daughter of German builders. After turning 18, he joined the German Royal Cadet Corps in Potsdam as an aviator, participated in the World War I and began writing war poems. In 1921, he made an unspecified trip to Argentina and two years later arrived in Brazil.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Herbert Baldus settled in São Paulo and, in the same year, joined a film expedition that visited the Xamakoko, Kaskihá and Sanapaná people of the Paraguayan Chaco, where he became interested in ethnology. Using the research material collected on this trip, he published Os índios Chamacoco in 1927, his first article on indigenous issues. Later, Baldus visited the Guarani on the coast of São Paulo, which led him to write Ligeiras notas sobre os índios Guaranys no litoral paulista in 1929.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Baldus returned to Germany and became a student of Richard Thurnwald, Konrad Theodor Preuss and Walter Lehmann at the Humboldt University of Berlin, where he completed his studies in ethnology in 1928 and earned a PhD in Philosophy. In 1931, he published his first book, Indianer Studien im nordöstlichen Chaco, in the city of Leipzig, which described the three indigenous groups in Paraguay that he had already met. He began to write texts, including Madame Lynch, a biographical novel based on the life of Solano López' wife, Eliza Lynch, published in 1931. When Nazism ascended to power in 1933, Baldus decided to return to Brazil.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After returning to Brazil, Baldus organized an expedition to the south of the country where he visited the Kaingang and the Xiripá people in Palmas, Paraná. He published several articles on indigenous themes after the trip. In 1934, on an expedition to Mato Grosso, Baldus had his first contact with the Terena and Bororo people and saw rock paintings in Sant'ana de Chapada, which sparked his interest in archaeology. The journey also produced some articles, such as As pinturas rupestres de Sant'ana da Chapada (Mato Grosso), published in 1937.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1935, Baldus returned to Mato Grosso to continue his study of the Bororo and began his investigations of the Karajá people of Bananal Island, on the Araguaia River. In 1937, he published the essay A posição social da mulher entre os Borôros Orientais and met the Tapirapé people, an experience that led to his main work Tapirapé - Tribo tupi no Brasil Central, published in 1970.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 1937, Baldus decided to compile several works and publish them in the book Ensaios de Etnologia Brasileira, dedicated to \"the great connoisseur of natives in Brazil Curt Nimuendaju\". In 1939, he became professor of Brazilian ethnology at the Free School of Sociology and Politics of São Paulo. He was also director of the ethnological section of the São Paulo School of Sociology and Politics Foundation (FESPSP) and published several of his works in the journal Sociologia. He was the teacher of Oracy Nogueira, Gioconda Mussolini, Virgínia Leone Bicudo, Lucila Hermann, Florestan Fernandes, Levy Cruz, Fernando Altenfender Silva and Sergio Buarque de Holanda at FESPSP. In the company of Emilio Willems and his students from FESPSP, Baldus visited the Ribeira do Iguape Valley, in the interior of São Paulo, to study the cultural change in the group of Japanese immigrants who had settled there. After this expedition, he published the article Casas e túmulos de japoneses no vale do Ribeira do Iguape in collaboration with Willems in 1941. In the same year, he became a naturalized Brazilian citizen and adopted Brazil as his second nationality.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 1944, Baldus excavated sites in Paraná and found pottery shards in the Paranapanema River, which were analyzed and described in the study Tonschenberfunde in Nordparaná. Two years later, he visited the Kaingang people of Ivaí and documented their mythology in his 1947 article Os Kaingang do Ivaí. The psychologist Aniela Ginsberg helped Baldus in an experiment on a group of thirty-two Kaingang men and women, whose results were published in the 1947 article Aplicação do psicodiagnóstico de Rorscharch a índios Kaingang.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1946, Sérgio Buarque de Holanda became director of the Museu Paulista and hired Baldus to lead the Ethnology Section. Together, the two made ethnology the centerpiece of the museum. Baldus edited the Revista do Museu Paulista and in 1947, he published the first volume of the Nova Série, one of the most important anthropological journals in Brazil. His main ethnological research occurred in the central-western and northern regions of Brazil in collaboration with his advisor Harald Schultz. Ten years after being hired, Baldus assumed the directorship of the museum when Sérgio Buarque joined USP as Professor of the History of Brazilian Civilization. In 1959, his term as director ended and Paulo Junqueira Duarte took over.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 1947, Baldus visited the Kaingang group of Icatu and the Terena group of Araribá. In the same year, he was invited by the Indian Protection Service (SPI) to visit the Karajá indigenous village on Bananal Island. Later, he wrote a report for the SPI published in the Revista do Museu Paulista, which criticized the institution and proposed solutions for improving the living conditions of the natives. Baldus commented the \"imposition\" of the white school on the indigenous people and their use of objects originating from the whites, such as iron pots (which replaced clay pots) and leather shoes.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In 1949, Herbert Baldus was invited by the US government to take a tour of several native tribes in the states of Arizona and New Mexico and appointed secretary of the Executive Committee of the XXIX International Congress of Americanists, which took place in New York City. After returning to Brazil, he received two awards: the Tobias de Aguiar Medal, granted by the São Paulo State Government, and the Goethean Medal, presented by the Sociedade Goetheana do Estado de São Paulo. Also in 1949, he made the preface to the book Etno-sociologia brasileira, written by Florestan Fernandes, which presented a synthesis of all the contributions of travelers, chroniclers and missionaries to the knowledge of Brazilian tribal populations. Based on previous visits to the Araguaia area, Baldus published the article Akkulturantion im Araguaia, which distinguished the communities of the Karajá and Tapirapé people between his first visit in 1935 and the second in 1947.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 1952, Baldus went to Rio Grande do Sul to conduct his last field research and visited the Kaingang and Mbyá-Guarany indigenous peoples. That same year he published the study Breve notícia sobre os Mbyá-Guarany de Guarita. Also in 1952, he participated in the examining board for the defense of Florestan Fernandes' PhD thesis, at the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of the University of São Paulo. Later, he traveled to Europe to visit cultural institutions, libraries and museums in countries such as Austria, France, Denmark, Spain, Switzerland, England, Portugal and Sweden. During this trip, Baldus attended the XXX International Congress of Americanists, held in Cambridge, England, and was elected Honorary Vice-President of the conclave. At the conference, Baldus presented his paper Supernatural Relations with Animals among Indians of Eastern and Southern Brazil.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 1953, he took part in the 2nd Latin American Congress of Sociology held in São Paulo and was elected President of the conclave of the 1st Brazilian Anthropology Meeting. He also took part in all the other editions of the conference (Salvador, 1955; Recife, 1958; Curitiba, 1959; Belo Horizonte, 1961; and São Paulo, 1963). In 1954, Baldus organized the XXXI International Congress of Americanists in São Paulo. After this experience in Europe, Baldus returned to Brazil and participated in several conferences, such as The Japanese in São Paulo and Brazil, where he presided over one of the sessions.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "From 1955, Herbert Baldus became a corresponding member of the Sociedade Suíça de Americanistas. In 1961, he assumed the position of professor of Brazilian Ethnology at the Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters in Rio Claro, a city in the interior of São Paulo. In 1964, on his 65th birthday, Baldus was honored in a commemorative edition of Hans Becher's Völkerkundliche Abhandlungen - Beiträge zur Völkerkunde Südamerikas, which contained texts by thirty specialists in Americanist subjects.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Herbert Baldus died on October 24, 1970, in the city of São Paulo.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Selected works include:",
"title": "Works"
}
] | Herbert Baldus was a German-born Brazilian ethnologist. He lectured in Brazilian Ethnology at the Free School of Sociology and Politics in São Paulo from 1939 to 1960, and later headed the Ethnology Section of the Museu Paulista from 1947 to 1968, where he also became director. | 2023-12-12T20:49:22Z | 2023-12-13T11:16:53Z | [
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75,547,515 | Nebraska Ornithologists' Union | The Nebraska Ornithologists' Union (or NOU) is a group of ornithologists and birders interested in the avifauna of the state of Nebraska. Founded in 1899, the group keeps and maintains records about Nebraska birds, regularly publishing the Nebraska Bird Review and holding annual meetings for their membership.
The NOU publishes the Nebraska Bird Review. | [
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"text": "The Nebraska Ornithologists' Union (or NOU) is a group of ornithologists and birders interested in the avifauna of the state of Nebraska. Founded in 1899, the group keeps and maintains records about Nebraska birds, regularly publishing the Nebraska Bird Review and holding annual meetings for their membership.",
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"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The NOU publishes the Nebraska Bird Review.",
"title": "Publications"
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] | The Nebraska Ornithologists' Union is a group of ornithologists and birders interested in the avifauna of the state of Nebraska. Founded in 1899, the group keeps and maintains records about Nebraska birds, regularly publishing the Nebraska Bird Review and holding annual meetings for their membership. | 2023-12-12T20:50:10Z | 2023-12-18T16:12:01Z | [
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75,547,535 | 15th New York Battery Light Artillery | The 15th Independent Battery, Volunteer Light Artillery (aka Hart's Battery) was an artillery battery that served in the U.S. Army during the American Civil War.
The battery was formed in December, 1861, as Battery B of the 2nd Battalion, New York Light Artillery, after which it was designated as Battery B of that command. In December, 1861, the battery, then under command of Capt. Henry J, McMahon, was ordered to Washington. It remained there about four months, during which time it received its equipment and was instructed in artillery drill and camp duty. Its armament at the time consisted of six 3-inch rifled guns. In September, 1862, the battery was ordered to Maryland, and stationed at the Relay House. While there its designation was changed to that of the 15th Independent Battery, New York Light Artillery.
Captain McMahon left the service at the end of 1862 and was succeeded in February, 1863, by Capt. Patrick Hart, with whose name the battery subsequently became identified and achieved honorable distinction. Assigned to the Army of the Potomac's (AoP's) Artillery Reserve During the Chancellorsville Campaign,the battery fought in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg, May 1–4, 1863, without sustaining any losses.
During the Gettysburg campaign, Hart's Battery was attached to Lt. Col. McGilvery's 1st Volunteer Brigade, of the Artillery Reserve. It had been re-equipped with four brass 12-pounder Model 1857 Napoleons. Marching with the Reserve Artillery it left Falmouth, VA, on June 13, and moving northward with the AoP, crossed the Potomac into Maryland, arriving at Frederick City on June 27, halting there two days. On June 30, the brigade arrived at Taneytown, 13 miles from Gettysburg, where it remained encamped during the first day's battle. At daybreak on the morning of July 2, the brigade started for the battlefield, arriving there about 10:30 a. m. The batteries as they arrived were placed in reserve on between the Taneytown Road and Baltimore Pike in rear of III Corps' position. As they waited in reserve, the men of the battery noted that all was quiet along the lines, with no firing to be heard except musketry of distant pickets and, at long intervals, occasional cannon shots.
That changed at 4:00 p. m. when Captain Hart received orders to take the battery to the front and into position on Maj. Gen. Sickles' III Corps line. General Hunt, AoP's Chief of Artillery, placed the battery at 4:30 p. m. in the Peach Orchard along the Wheatfield Road, with the four guns pointed south. From here, they opened on the enemy's artillery, using solid shot and shell with such good effect that one of the opposing batteries was forced to withdraw. Unfortunately for Hart ands his men, the Rebels brought up fresh batteries, some of which, having a cross-fire, proved destructive to Hart's men and horses.
At 5:30 pm, Longstreet sent his corps forward and Brig. Gen. Kershaw's South Carolina Brigade attacking the south front of the Peach Orchard. Here, the 15th was in line. Hart ordered shrapnel, soon changed to canister as the enemy infantry closed range. Kershaw's attack was repulsed by the battery's fire. Drawing back, the Rebels formed for a second charge and the 15th stopped them again. During the lull after the second attack, Hart reported to McGilvery that they had exhausted their stock of canister, and had nothing left in the caissons except some solid shot. McGilvery ordered them to withdraw. As they battery began retiring, they found they had only enough horses for three guns. The withdrawal was covered by Lieut. Knox's gun. After they were clear, Knox and his crew drew off his gun by hand, an action that caused him to receive the Medal of Honor on October 18, 1892.
It was in action at this place over two hours. It then limbered to the rear of the main line where it repaired damages, gathered new horses, and replenished the ammunition chests, after which it reported to General Tyler that it was again ready for action.
On July 3, the 15th Battery took part in the grand cannonade which was such a prominent feature of the day's contest. It was posted with the rest of McGilvery's Artillery Brigade at a point in the line about halfway between Cemetery Hill and Little Round Top. When the Confederate infantry advanced, at the close of the artillery fire, the battery assisted in the repulse of Wilcox's and Perry's brigades, using double charges of canister on their ranks. During the artillery fire with which the enemy sought to cover the retreat of their infantry, the 15th New York Battery achieved signal success by exploding two of his caissons and dismounting two guns by well-directed shots aimed by Sergeant Sheehy and Corporal Hammond.
The battery carried 2 officers and 68 men into action at Gettysburg, of whom 16 were killed or wounded, Captain Hart being among the latter. Lieutenant Knox, who was severely wounded, is mentioned in Captain Hart's report as one whose " noble and gallant conduct deserves the highest honor that could be conferred on him." In addition to the casualties among the men, the battery lost 25 horses killed or wounded.
After Gettysburg the battery participated in the fall Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns, notably being present at Rappahannock Station on November 7, 1863, after which it went into winter quarters with the AoP near Culpepper, VA.
Breaking camp early on the morning of May 5, 1864, Captain Hart and his command moved with Grant's army on the Wilderness campaign, during which it was present or engaged in that long series of hard-fought battles. On May 23, 1864, the battery was in action at the North Anna, where it was under fire and several of the men were wounded. It was attached, at this time, to the Artillery Brigade of V Corps, having been transferred from the Reserve Artillery on May 16th. At Cold Harbor further losses in killed and wounded were sustained while in the works in front of that place.
During the assault on Petersburg, June 17, 1864, the battery was actively engaged, its guns being run up well to the front and placed within easy canister range of the enemy's earthworks and artillery. Captain Hart and his men received special mention in the official reports for the courage and skill with which they handled their guns on this occasion. In addition to the losses sustained in this action, several men were killed or wounded in the trenches before Petersburg during the long siege that followed this first assault.
On the morning of August 18, 1864, the battery left its camp near the Avery House, in front of Petersburg, and, accompanying the V Corps, moved to a point on the Petersburg Railroad, also called the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad, which led south to Weldon, North Carolina, and connected to the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad which led to the Confederacy's only remaining major port, Wilmington, North Carolina. The Battle of Globe Tavern, also known as the Second Battle of the Weldon Railroad, was the second U.S. Army attempt to cut the Weldon Railroad during the siege of Petersburg. Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren led a force that destroyed miles of track and withstood strong attacks from Confederate troops under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard and Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill. Hart's guns went into position near the Blick House, and west of it. Later in the day the pieces were placed about twenty rods farther west. The battle opened on the next day about 3:00 p.m., the Confederates attacking vigorously in order to drive the V Corps from its position. In this fight, Hart's Battery, with others of the Artillery Brigade, assisted materially in checking the advance of the enemy.
But the battle was not over. On the next day, August 20, the artillerymen busied themselves in throwing up earthworks in front of the guns, putting down platforms, and strengthening their position generally. The enemy renewed the attack on August 21, but were again repulsed, the artillery taking a prominent part in the fighting. At no battle in the Virginia campaigns of 1864 was artillery used so effectively as at Globe Tavern. The 15th New York Battery did its share, as is evident from the official reports. Colonel Wainwright, commander of the Artillery Brigade, V Corps, says in his report: " The advanced position held by Hart's and Mink's Batteries, especially the former, afforded these commanders greater opportunities to display their promptness in changing front, while they were also more exposed than others. The manner in which they handled their guns is worthy of the highest praise." It was the first Union victory in the Richmond–Petersburg Campaign. It forced the Confederates to carry their supplies 30 miles (48 km) by wagon to bypass the new Union lines that were extended farther to the south and west.In the battle at the Weldon Railroad the Hart's Battery lost 11 men killed or wounded; a severe loss, as it only had 4 guns at this time.
Three months later, in November, the battery was ordered to Washington, where it remained for a short time in the defenses of that city. During this period it was attached to XXII Corps. In December it moved to Harper's Ferry, where it was consolidated, February 4, 1865, with " Kusserow's Battery,"— the 32nd New York Independent Battery — Captain Hart being retained in command. The 32nd Battery, still under command of Captain Hart, was mustered out of service July 14, 1865, at New York City.
Attached to:
The official list of battles in which the regiment bore a part:
The battery lost a total of 11 men during service; 8 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 enlisted men died of disease.
The battery was armed with six 3-inch Ordnance rifles and commanded by a captain. The battery was further divided into three sections of two guns. Each gun in a section used two six-horse teams; one team pulled a limber that attached to the trail of the gun to form a four-wheeled wagon of sorts; the other pulled a limber that attached to a caisson. Each piece in a section was operated by a gun crew of eight, plus four additional men to handle the horses and equipment. The two guns in a section operated under the control of a lieutenant. The battery also had six supply wagons and a portable forge. After Chancellorsville, during the Gettysburg Campaign, the Ordnance rifles were exchanged for four brass Model 1857 Napoleons.
Footnotes
Citations
References | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 15th Independent Battery, Volunteer Light Artillery (aka Hart's Battery) was an artillery battery that served in the U.S. Army during the American Civil War.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The battery was formed in December, 1861, as Battery B of the 2nd Battalion, New York Light Artillery, after which it was designated as Battery B of that command. In December, 1861, the battery, then under command of Capt. Henry J, McMahon, was ordered to Washington. It remained there about four months, during which time it received its equipment and was instructed in artillery drill and camp duty. Its armament at the time consisted of six 3-inch rifled guns. In September, 1862, the battery was ordered to Maryland, and stationed at the Relay House. While there its designation was changed to that of the 15th Independent Battery, New York Light Artillery.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Captain McMahon left the service at the end of 1862 and was succeeded in February, 1863, by Capt. Patrick Hart, with whose name the battery subsequently became identified and achieved honorable distinction. Assigned to the Army of the Potomac's (AoP's) Artillery Reserve During the Chancellorsville Campaign,the battery fought in the Second Battle of Fredericksburg, May 1–4, 1863, without sustaining any losses.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "During the Gettysburg campaign, Hart's Battery was attached to Lt. Col. McGilvery's 1st Volunteer Brigade, of the Artillery Reserve. It had been re-equipped with four brass 12-pounder Model 1857 Napoleons. Marching with the Reserve Artillery it left Falmouth, VA, on June 13, and moving northward with the AoP, crossed the Potomac into Maryland, arriving at Frederick City on June 27, halting there two days. On June 30, the brigade arrived at Taneytown, 13 miles from Gettysburg, where it remained encamped during the first day's battle. At daybreak on the morning of July 2, the brigade started for the battlefield, arriving there about 10:30 a. m. The batteries as they arrived were placed in reserve on between the Taneytown Road and Baltimore Pike in rear of III Corps' position. As they waited in reserve, the men of the battery noted that all was quiet along the lines, with no firing to be heard except musketry of distant pickets and, at long intervals, occasional cannon shots.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "That changed at 4:00 p. m. when Captain Hart received orders to take the battery to the front and into position on Maj. Gen. Sickles' III Corps line. General Hunt, AoP's Chief of Artillery, placed the battery at 4:30 p. m. in the Peach Orchard along the Wheatfield Road, with the four guns pointed south. From here, they opened on the enemy's artillery, using solid shot and shell with such good effect that one of the opposing batteries was forced to withdraw. Unfortunately for Hart ands his men, the Rebels brought up fresh batteries, some of which, having a cross-fire, proved destructive to Hart's men and horses.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "At 5:30 pm, Longstreet sent his corps forward and Brig. Gen. Kershaw's South Carolina Brigade attacking the south front of the Peach Orchard. Here, the 15th was in line. Hart ordered shrapnel, soon changed to canister as the enemy infantry closed range. Kershaw's attack was repulsed by the battery's fire. Drawing back, the Rebels formed for a second charge and the 15th stopped them again. During the lull after the second attack, Hart reported to McGilvery that they had exhausted their stock of canister, and had nothing left in the caissons except some solid shot. McGilvery ordered them to withdraw. As they battery began retiring, they found they had only enough horses for three guns. The withdrawal was covered by Lieut. Knox's gun. After they were clear, Knox and his crew drew off his gun by hand, an action that caused him to receive the Medal of Honor on October 18, 1892.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "It was in action at this place over two hours. It then limbered to the rear of the main line where it repaired damages, gathered new horses, and replenished the ammunition chests, after which it reported to General Tyler that it was again ready for action.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "On July 3, the 15th Battery took part in the grand cannonade which was such a prominent feature of the day's contest. It was posted with the rest of McGilvery's Artillery Brigade at a point in the line about halfway between Cemetery Hill and Little Round Top. When the Confederate infantry advanced, at the close of the artillery fire, the battery assisted in the repulse of Wilcox's and Perry's brigades, using double charges of canister on their ranks. During the artillery fire with which the enemy sought to cover the retreat of their infantry, the 15th New York Battery achieved signal success by exploding two of his caissons and dismounting two guns by well-directed shots aimed by Sergeant Sheehy and Corporal Hammond.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The battery carried 2 officers and 68 men into action at Gettysburg, of whom 16 were killed or wounded, Captain Hart being among the latter. Lieutenant Knox, who was severely wounded, is mentioned in Captain Hart's report as one whose \" noble and gallant conduct deserves the highest honor that could be conferred on him.\" In addition to the casualties among the men, the battery lost 25 horses killed or wounded.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "After Gettysburg the battery participated in the fall Bristoe and Mine Run campaigns, notably being present at Rappahannock Station on November 7, 1863, after which it went into winter quarters with the AoP near Culpepper, VA.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Breaking camp early on the morning of May 5, 1864, Captain Hart and his command moved with Grant's army on the Wilderness campaign, during which it was present or engaged in that long series of hard-fought battles. On May 23, 1864, the battery was in action at the North Anna, where it was under fire and several of the men were wounded. It was attached, at this time, to the Artillery Brigade of V Corps, having been transferred from the Reserve Artillery on May 16th. At Cold Harbor further losses in killed and wounded were sustained while in the works in front of that place.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "During the assault on Petersburg, June 17, 1864, the battery was actively engaged, its guns being run up well to the front and placed within easy canister range of the enemy's earthworks and artillery. Captain Hart and his men received special mention in the official reports for the courage and skill with which they handled their guns on this occasion. In addition to the losses sustained in this action, several men were killed or wounded in the trenches before Petersburg during the long siege that followed this first assault.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "On the morning of August 18, 1864, the battery left its camp near the Avery House, in front of Petersburg, and, accompanying the V Corps, moved to a point on the Petersburg Railroad, also called the Petersburg and Weldon Railroad, which led south to Weldon, North Carolina, and connected to the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad which led to the Confederacy's only remaining major port, Wilmington, North Carolina. The Battle of Globe Tavern, also known as the Second Battle of the Weldon Railroad, was the second U.S. Army attempt to cut the Weldon Railroad during the siege of Petersburg. Maj. Gen. Gouverneur K. Warren led a force that destroyed miles of track and withstood strong attacks from Confederate troops under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard and Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill. Hart's guns went into position near the Blick House, and west of it. Later in the day the pieces were placed about twenty rods farther west. The battle opened on the next day about 3:00 p.m., the Confederates attacking vigorously in order to drive the V Corps from its position. In this fight, Hart's Battery, with others of the Artillery Brigade, assisted materially in checking the advance of the enemy.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "But the battle was not over. On the next day, August 20, the artillerymen busied themselves in throwing up earthworks in front of the guns, putting down platforms, and strengthening their position generally. The enemy renewed the attack on August 21, but were again repulsed, the artillery taking a prominent part in the fighting. At no battle in the Virginia campaigns of 1864 was artillery used so effectively as at Globe Tavern. The 15th New York Battery did its share, as is evident from the official reports. Colonel Wainwright, commander of the Artillery Brigade, V Corps, says in his report: \" The advanced position held by Hart's and Mink's Batteries, especially the former, afforded these commanders greater opportunities to display their promptness in changing front, while they were also more exposed than others. The manner in which they handled their guns is worthy of the highest praise.\" It was the first Union victory in the Richmond–Petersburg Campaign. It forced the Confederates to carry their supplies 30 miles (48 km) by wagon to bypass the new Union lines that were extended farther to the south and west.In the battle at the Weldon Railroad the Hart's Battery lost 11 men killed or wounded; a severe loss, as it only had 4 guns at this time.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Three months later, in November, the battery was ordered to Washington, where it remained for a short time in the defenses of that city. During this period it was attached to XXII Corps. In December it moved to Harper's Ferry, where it was consolidated, February 4, 1865, with \" Kusserow's Battery,\"— the 32nd New York Independent Battery — Captain Hart being retained in command. The 32nd Battery, still under command of Captain Hart, was mustered out of service July 14, 1865, at New York City.",
"title": "Service"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Attached to:",
"title": "Affiliations, battle honors, detailed service, and casualties"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The official list of battles in which the regiment bore a part:",
"title": "Affiliations, battle honors, detailed service, and casualties"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The battery lost a total of 11 men during service; 8 enlisted men killed or mortally wounded, 3 enlisted men died of disease.",
"title": "Casualties"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The battery was armed with six 3-inch Ordnance rifles and commanded by a captain. The battery was further divided into three sections of two guns. Each gun in a section used two six-horse teams; one team pulled a limber that attached to the trail of the gun to form a four-wheeled wagon of sorts; the other pulled a limber that attached to a caisson. Each piece in a section was operated by a gun crew of eight, plus four additional men to handle the horses and equipment. The two guns in a section operated under the control of a lieutenant. The battery also had six supply wagons and a portable forge. After Chancellorsville, during the Gettysburg Campaign, the Ordnance rifles were exchanged for four brass Model 1857 Napoleons.",
"title": "Armament & equipment"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Footnotes",
"title": "Notes/References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Citations",
"title": "Notes/References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "References",
"title": "Notes/References"
}
] | The 15th Independent Battery, Volunteer Light Artillery was an artillery battery that served in the U.S. Army during the American Civil War. | 2023-12-12T20:52:38Z | 2023-12-13T20:18:08Z | [
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75,547,570 | A. erosa | A. erosa may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A. erosa may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | A. erosa may refer to: Aa erosa, species of orchid
Anomis erosa, moth of the family Erebidae
Asclepias erosa, species of milkweed | 2023-12-12T20:57:23Z | 2023-12-12T20:57:23Z | [
"Template:Italic title",
"Template:Species Latin name abbreviation disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._erosa |
75,547,571 | Sivan Mor | Sivan Mor (Hebrew: סיון מור) is an Israeli athlete who represented Israel at the Paralympics in horse riding.
Mor was injured in Southern Lebanon during his military service in the Israel Defense Forces.
In 1996 he won bronze medal in the dressage at the world equestrian championships for the disabled.
At the 1996 Summer Paralympics Mor competed in Mixed Dressage Grade I and Mixed Kur Trot Grade I, finishing in seventh place.
In later years Mor began handcycling, ranking fifth at the Israeli national championship in 2010 and eighth in 2012. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sivan Mor (Hebrew: סיון מור) is an Israeli athlete who represented Israel at the Paralympics in horse riding.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Mor was injured in Southern Lebanon during his military service in the Israel Defense Forces.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1996 he won bronze medal in the dressage at the world equestrian championships for the disabled.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "At the 1996 Summer Paralympics Mor competed in Mixed Dressage Grade I and Mixed Kur Trot Grade I, finishing in seventh place.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In later years Mor began handcycling, ranking fifth at the Israeli national championship in 2010 and eighth in 2012.",
"title": ""
}
] | Sivan Mor is an Israeli athlete who represented Israel at the Paralympics in horse riding. Mor was injured in Southern Lebanon during his military service in the Israel Defense Forces. In 1996 he won bronze medal in the dressage at the world equestrian championships for the disabled. At the 1996 Summer Paralympics Mor competed in Mixed Dressage Grade I and Mixed Kur Trot Grade I, finishing in seventh place. In later years Mor began handcycling, ranking fifth at the Israeli national championship in 2010 and eighth in 2012. | 2023-12-12T20:57:25Z | 2023-12-12T21:21:58Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivan_Mor |
75,547,576 | Antonio Tikvić | Antonio Tikvić (born 21 April 2004) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Serie A club Udinese. Born in Germany, he is a youth international for Croatia.
Tikvić is a youth product of the German clubs FC St. Pauli, Hamburger SV, Niendorfer TSV and Eintracht Frankfurt. He briefly suffered from Pfeiffer's disease in 2017 that kept him out of football for a bit. He began his senior career with Türkgücü München in 2021 in the 3. Liga. On 10 May 2022, he moved to Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga on a contract until 2025, where he made 18 appearances with 1 goal. On 1 September 2023, he transferred to the Serie A club Udinese on a contract until 2028. He made his senior debut with Udinese in a 2–1 Coppa Italia loss in extra time to Cagliari on 12 December 2023.
Born in Germany, Tikvić is of Croatian descent. He is a youth international for Croatia, having played for the Croatia U21s for a set of 2025 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification matches in November 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Antonio Tikvić (born 21 April 2004) is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Serie A club Udinese. Born in Germany, he is a youth international for Croatia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Tikvić is a youth product of the German clubs FC St. Pauli, Hamburger SV, Niendorfer TSV and Eintracht Frankfurt. He briefly suffered from Pfeiffer's disease in 2017 that kept him out of football for a bit. He began his senior career with Türkgücü München in 2021 in the 3. Liga. On 10 May 2022, he moved to Bayern Munich II in the Regionalliga on a contract until 2025, where he made 18 appearances with 1 goal. On 1 September 2023, he transferred to the Serie A club Udinese on a contract until 2028. He made his senior debut with Udinese in a 2–1 Coppa Italia loss in extra time to Cagliari on 12 December 2023.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Born in Germany, Tikvić is of Croatian descent. He is a youth international for Croatia, having played for the Croatia U21s for a set of 2025 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification matches in November 2023.",
"title": "International career"
}
] | Antonio Tikvić is a professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Serie A club Udinese. Born in Germany, he is a youth international for Croatia. | 2023-12-12T20:58:06Z | 2023-12-20T21:32:12Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Tikvi%C4%87 |
75,547,597 | Siege of Toledo (930–932) | In May 930, the city of Toledo rebelled against the Córdoban Caliph, Abdulrahman III. The Córdobans besieged the city for two years until it fell in June 932.
Following the death of the Leonese monarch, Ordoño II, in 924, Fruela took over as king; however, his reign was brief as he was succeeded by Alfonso IV of León, who fought two civil wars against his brothers, Sancho Ordóñez and Ramiro. Ramiro defeated Alfonso. The former assumed the name "Ramiro II." Ramiro started to renew the war with the Moors. Ramiro realized that the Moors needed to be distracted by internal conflicts and civil wars to weaken them.
Ramiro took advantage of Toledo's growing signs of rebellion and dispatched his spies to incite the city to rebel against the caliph. When the Caliph realized this, he issued commands to the city, demanding that they acknowledge his authority, but the city refused. The caliph gave Sa'eed bin Mundhir, his vizier, the order to besiege the city. After coming to join him in May 930, the caliph started destroying the city's suburbs and chopping off its trees. Subsequently, the caliph departed the city, leaving the siege to his vizier.
The city resisted for two years; however, realizing they wouldn't last long, the rebels sent Ramiro a message pleading for assistance. Answering their call, Ramiro departed for Toledo on March 932. He was able to take control of Madrid's fort while marching. Ramiro then dispatched a detachment to relieve the city, but they were routed before they could enter the city by the Córdoban forces. Seeing that there was nothing he could do, Ramiro decided to let the city suffer its fate. In June, the Caliph returned to the city and launched a full-scale siege.
The rebels lost hope and decided to surrender to the caliph. The rebel leader, Tha'laba bin Muhammad, asked the caliph for amnesty, to which he agreed. Thus allowing Abdulrahman to consolidate his power as the ruler of Andalusia. The walls of the city were demolished. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In May 930, the city of Toledo rebelled against the Córdoban Caliph, Abdulrahman III. The Córdobans besieged the city for two years until it fell in June 932.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following the death of the Leonese monarch, Ordoño II, in 924, Fruela took over as king; however, his reign was brief as he was succeeded by Alfonso IV of León, who fought two civil wars against his brothers, Sancho Ordóñez and Ramiro. Ramiro defeated Alfonso. The former assumed the name \"Ramiro II.\" Ramiro started to renew the war with the Moors. Ramiro realized that the Moors needed to be distracted by internal conflicts and civil wars to weaken them.",
"title": "Siege"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ramiro took advantage of Toledo's growing signs of rebellion and dispatched his spies to incite the city to rebel against the caliph. When the Caliph realized this, he issued commands to the city, demanding that they acknowledge his authority, but the city refused. The caliph gave Sa'eed bin Mundhir, his vizier, the order to besiege the city. After coming to join him in May 930, the caliph started destroying the city's suburbs and chopping off its trees. Subsequently, the caliph departed the city, leaving the siege to his vizier.",
"title": "Siege"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The city resisted for two years; however, realizing they wouldn't last long, the rebels sent Ramiro a message pleading for assistance. Answering their call, Ramiro departed for Toledo on March 932. He was able to take control of Madrid's fort while marching. Ramiro then dispatched a detachment to relieve the city, but they were routed before they could enter the city by the Córdoban forces. Seeing that there was nothing he could do, Ramiro decided to let the city suffer its fate. In June, the Caliph returned to the city and launched a full-scale siege.",
"title": "Siege"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The rebels lost hope and decided to surrender to the caliph. The rebel leader, Tha'laba bin Muhammad, asked the caliph for amnesty, to which he agreed. Thus allowing Abdulrahman to consolidate his power as the ruler of Andalusia. The walls of the city were demolished.",
"title": "Siege"
}
] | In May 930, the city of Toledo rebelled against the Córdoban Caliph, Abdulrahman III. The Córdobans besieged the city for two years until it fell in June 932. | 2023-12-12T21:00:21Z | 2023-12-15T14:11:32Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Toledo_(930%E2%80%93932) |
75,547,601 | Plainclothes agents in Iran | [] | REDIRECT [[Vigilantes in Iran] | 2023-12-12T21:00:56Z | 2023-12-12T21:00:56Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plainclothes_agents_in_Iran |
|
75,547,632 | Patricia Liggins Hill | Patricia Alveda Liggins Hill (1942 – January 23, 2023) was an American college professor. She was one of the first three Black professors hired by the University of San Francisco (USF), in 1970. She became the first director of the Ethnic Studies program (now Critical Diversity Studies), and taught at USF until her retirement in 2015. Hill was general editor of Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition (1997).
Patricia Alveda Liggins was born in Washington, D.C., the daughter of Rudolph Liggins and Haroldine Alexander Liggins. She earned a bachelor's degree from Howard University in 1965. She earned a master's degree in English at USF in 1970. She earned a PhD in English from Stanford University in 1977. Her dissertation was titled "The new Black aesthetic as a counterpoetics: the poetry of Etheridge Knight" (1977).
In 1970, Hill was one of the first three Black professors hired by USF. She became the first director of the Ethnic Studies program. She gained full professor status at USF in 1985. In 1994 she and three other female English professors sued four male professors for job discrimination and sexual harassment; the case was settled out of court in 1997. She retired from USF in 2015.
In addition to her own writings, Hill was general editor of Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition (1997).
Hill had two children, Sanya and Solomon. She died in 2023, at the age of 80. The Dr. Patricia Liggins Hill BASE Scholarship was founded in her memory. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Patricia Alveda Liggins Hill (1942 – January 23, 2023) was an American college professor. She was one of the first three Black professors hired by the University of San Francisco (USF), in 1970. She became the first director of the Ethnic Studies program (now Critical Diversity Studies), and taught at USF until her retirement in 2015. Hill was general editor of Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition (1997).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Patricia Alveda Liggins was born in Washington, D.C., the daughter of Rudolph Liggins and Haroldine Alexander Liggins. She earned a bachelor's degree from Howard University in 1965. She earned a master's degree in English at USF in 1970. She earned a PhD in English from Stanford University in 1977. Her dissertation was titled \"The new Black aesthetic as a counterpoetics: the poetry of Etheridge Knight\" (1977).",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1970, Hill was one of the first three Black professors hired by USF. She became the first director of the Ethnic Studies program. She gained full professor status at USF in 1985. In 1994 she and three other female English professors sued four male professors for job discrimination and sexual harassment; the case was settled out of court in 1997. She retired from USF in 2015.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In addition to her own writings, Hill was general editor of Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition (1997).",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Hill had two children, Sanya and Solomon. She died in 2023, at the age of 80. The Dr. Patricia Liggins Hill BASE Scholarship was founded in her memory.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Patricia Alveda Liggins Hill was an American college professor. She was one of the first three Black professors hired by the University of San Francisco (USF), in 1970. She became the first director of the Ethnic Studies program, and taught at USF until her retirement in 2015. Hill was general editor of Call and Response: The Riverside Anthology of the African American Literary Tradition (1997). | 2023-12-12T21:05:16Z | 2023-12-12T21:09:17Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Liggins_Hill |
75,547,633 | Joe Shimko | Joe Shimko is an American football long snapper for the NC State Wolfpack.
Shimko was born in Belmar, New Jersey. He played baseball and ran track, but only began football prior to his sophomore year at Wall High School. Shimko sustained injuries playing running back and linebacker and questioned how long he would last playing the sport; his father then convinced him to try out long snapper, a position at which it is more common for players to have long careers. He attended camps held by Chris Rubio but at an event in Las Vegas, was ranked only 80th out of 100 entrants for the Class of 2018.
In the summer prior to his junior year, Shimko would long snap to his father 400 times each day (200 for each field goals and punts). He quickly rose in Rubio's long snapping rankings and became the varsity starter that season at Wall. As a senior, he posted 13 tackles, was named All-Division and played in the All-American Bowl. Ranked a five-star recruit, the seventh-best long snapper by Rubio's camp and the fifth-best by 247Sports, he committed to play college football for the NC State Wolfpack.
Shimko became a starter at NC State as a true freshman in 2019, serving as the long snapper for all 108 of the team's kicks. He then recorded 114 snaps in the 2020 season. In 2021, Shimko was named a fourth-team All-American by Phil Steele. The following year, he was a second-team All-American selection by the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) and was a semifinalist for the Patrick Mannelly Award, given to the best long snapper nationally. In 2023, he won the Patrick Mannelly Award; in his career, 61 games, he never made a bad snap.
Off the field, Shimko has been active in charitable organizations, having helped raise hundreds of thousands of dollars for different groups. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Joe Shimko is an American football long snapper for the NC State Wolfpack.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Shimko was born in Belmar, New Jersey. He played baseball and ran track, but only began football prior to his sophomore year at Wall High School. Shimko sustained injuries playing running back and linebacker and questioned how long he would last playing the sport; his father then convinced him to try out long snapper, a position at which it is more common for players to have long careers. He attended camps held by Chris Rubio but at an event in Las Vegas, was ranked only 80th out of 100 entrants for the Class of 2018.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the summer prior to his junior year, Shimko would long snap to his father 400 times each day (200 for each field goals and punts). He quickly rose in Rubio's long snapping rankings and became the varsity starter that season at Wall. As a senior, he posted 13 tackles, was named All-Division and played in the All-American Bowl. Ranked a five-star recruit, the seventh-best long snapper by Rubio's camp and the fifth-best by 247Sports, he committed to play college football for the NC State Wolfpack.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Shimko became a starter at NC State as a true freshman in 2019, serving as the long snapper for all 108 of the team's kicks. He then recorded 114 snaps in the 2020 season. In 2021, Shimko was named a fourth-team All-American by Phil Steele. The following year, he was a second-team All-American selection by the American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) and was a semifinalist for the Patrick Mannelly Award, given to the best long snapper nationally. In 2023, he won the Patrick Mannelly Award; in his career, 61 games, he never made a bad snap.",
"title": "College career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Off the field, Shimko has been active in charitable organizations, having helped raise hundreds of thousands of dollars for different groups.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Joe Shimko is an American football long snapper for the NC State Wolfpack. | 2023-12-12T21:05:24Z | 2023-12-15T21:28:12Z | [
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75,547,650 | Nemorilla maculosa | Nemorilla maculosa is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.
Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corse, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Mongolia, Canary Islands, Morocco, Tunisia, Russia, Azerbaijan, China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Taiwan. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Nemorilla maculosa is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Corse, Croatia, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Japan, South Korea, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Mongolia, Canary Islands, Morocco, Tunisia, Russia, Azerbaijan, China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Taiwan.",
"title": "Distribution"
}
] | Nemorilla maculosa is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae. | 2023-12-12T21:07:39Z | 2023-12-16T09:27:39Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemorilla_maculosa |
75,547,660 | Erik Felderhof | Erik Felderhof is an award-winning TV and film producer and director. He is best known as the creator of the TV series Meaningful and The Way Out with Juriaan Kamp which won multiple Telly awards. He is the founder of Original Bear Entertainment alongside Alexander Woronovich.
In 2020, Felderhof established Original Bear Entertainment, a production company headquartered in Santa Barbara, California.
Felderhof created "The Journey," a TV series that debuted in 2022. The show, produced by Original Bear Entertainment, has gained acclaim, and in Q3 2023, Felderhof signed a co-production deal with MGM Studios.
Felderhof is the executive producer of "The Way Out with Jurriaan Kamp," a critically acclaimed series.
Felderhof was the executive producer of "In The Eye of The Storm," a documentary on the political journey of Yanis Varoufakis in London.
He was the producer of "MEANINGFUL," a Typeform original series based in San Francisco. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Erik Felderhof is an award-winning TV and film producer and director. He is best known as the creator of the TV series Meaningful and The Way Out with Juriaan Kamp which won multiple Telly awards. He is the founder of Original Bear Entertainment alongside Alexander Woronovich.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 2020, Felderhof established Original Bear Entertainment, a production company headquartered in Santa Barbara, California.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Felderhof created \"The Journey,\" a TV series that debuted in 2022. The show, produced by Original Bear Entertainment, has gained acclaim, and in Q3 2023, Felderhof signed a co-production deal with MGM Studios.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Felderhof is the executive producer of \"The Way Out with Jurriaan Kamp,\" a critically acclaimed series.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Felderhof was the executive producer of \"In The Eye of The Storm,\" a documentary on the political journey of Yanis Varoufakis in London.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He was the producer of \"MEANINGFUL,\" a Typeform original series based in San Francisco.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Erik Felderhof is an award-winning TV and film producer and director. He is best known as the creator of the TV series Meaningful and The Way Out with Juriaan Kamp which won multiple Telly awards. He is the founder of Original Bear Entertainment alongside Alexander Woronovich. | 2023-12-12T21:08:55Z | 2023-12-31T21:54:28Z | [
"Template:Short description",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Felderhof |
75,547,663 | Arminda | Arminda is a feminine name derived from the Roman name Arminius.
Notable people with the name Arminda include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Arminda is a feminine name derived from the Roman name Arminius.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Notable people with the name Arminda include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Arminda is a feminine name derived from the Roman name Arminius. Notable people with the name Arminda include: Arminda, a main character in Mozart's opera La finta giardiniera.
Arminda, a character in the 1985 video game Dread Dragon Doom
Arminda Aberastury (1910–1972), Argentinian psychoanalyst
Jane Arminda Delano (1862–1919), nurse and founder of the American Red Cross Nursing Service
Arminda Schutte (1909-1995), Cuban pianist
Arminda Lopes Coelho de Mira (1887–1964), Portuguese physicist. Pioneered early studies on radioactivity and radiation in Portugal during the 1920s - relatively new concepts at the time. | 2023-12-12T21:09:02Z | 2023-12-15T00:22:02Z | [
"Template:Given name"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminda |
75,547,679 | Tired of Winning: Donald Trump and the End of the Grand Old Party | Tired of Winning: Donald Trump and the End of the Grand Old Party is a 2023 non-fiction book by Jonathan Karl about the aftermath of the presidency of Donald Trump, including his presidential campaign. Following Karl's Front Row at the Trump Show and Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show, the book uses entirely new reporting to chronicle Trump's role in the January 6 United States Capitol attack and 2022 midterm elections. It also analyzes comparisons between Trump and Adolf Hitler, covers the former president's volatile political relationship with Kim Kardashian, and explores the power of Johnny McEntee. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tired of Winning: Donald Trump and the End of the Grand Old Party is a 2023 non-fiction book by Jonathan Karl about the aftermath of the presidency of Donald Trump, including his presidential campaign. Following Karl's Front Row at the Trump Show and Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show, the book uses entirely new reporting to chronicle Trump's role in the January 6 United States Capitol attack and 2022 midterm elections. It also analyzes comparisons between Trump and Adolf Hitler, covers the former president's volatile political relationship with Kim Kardashian, and explores the power of Johnny McEntee.",
"title": ""
}
] | Tired of Winning: Donald Trump and the End of the Grand Old Party is a 2023 non-fiction book by Jonathan Karl about the aftermath of the presidency of Donald Trump, including his presidential campaign. Following Karl's Front Row at the Trump Show and Betrayal: The Final Act of the Trump Show, the book uses entirely new reporting to chronicle Trump's role in the January 6 United States Capitol attack and 2022 midterm elections. It also analyzes comparisons between Trump and Adolf Hitler, covers the former president's volatile political relationship with Kim Kardashian, and explores the power of Johnny McEntee. | 2023-12-12T21:12:18Z | 2023-12-12T21:17:29Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tired_of_Winning:_Donald_Trump_and_the_End_of_the_Grand_Old_Party |
75,547,697 | Tsvetana | Tsvetana or Tzvetana (Bulgarian: Цветана) is a feminine given name found among Bulgarian people. It comes from the word for "flower" in Bulgarian, and it is the feminine form of the masculine name Tsvetan.
Notable people with this given name include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tsvetana or Tzvetana (Bulgarian: Цветана) is a feminine given name found among Bulgarian people. It comes from the word for \"flower\" in Bulgarian, and it is the feminine form of the masculine name Tsvetan.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Notable people with this given name include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Tsvetana or Tzvetana is a feminine given name found among Bulgarian people. It comes from the word for "flower" in Bulgarian, and it is the feminine form of the masculine name Tsvetan. Notable people with this given name include: | 2023-12-12T21:14:56Z | 2023-12-26T18:09:59Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsvetana |
75,547,703 | Alphitonia zizyphoides | Alphitonia zizyphoides is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae. It is native to the Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, the Samoan Islands, the Society Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Alphitonia zizyphoides is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae. It is native to the Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, the Samoan Islands, the Society Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna.",
"title": ""
}
] | Alphitonia zizyphoides is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae. It is native to the Cook Islands, Fiji, Niue, the Samoan Islands, the Society Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna. | 2023-12-12T21:15:45Z | 2023-12-13T15:51:49Z | [
"Template:Short description",
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"Template:Reflist",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphitonia_zizyphoides |
75,547,747 | Council of Nationalities | 'Council of Nationalities, Soviet of Nationalities, etc. may refer to the following organizations in the Soviet Union and Russia: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "'Council of Nationalities, Soviet of Nationalities, etc. may refer to the following organizations in the Soviet Union and Russia:",
"title": ""
}
] | 'Council of Nationalities, Soviet of Nationalities, etc. may refer to the following organizations in the Soviet Union and Russia: Council of nationalities of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities of the RSFSR
Department of nationalities of the Presidium of VTsIK
Council of nationalities of the [Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union]]
Soviet of Nationalities, upper chamber of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (1938-1991)
Soviet of Nationalities (1990-1993), parliamentary chamber | 2023-12-12T21:21:23Z | 2023-12-13T00:39:46Z | [
"Template:Disambig"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Nationalities |
75,547,756 | Council of Nationalities (disambiguation) | [] | redirect [Council of Nationalities]] | 2023-12-12T21:23:12Z | 2023-12-12T21:23:12Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Nationalities_(disambiguation) |
|
75,547,758 | Iris (2004 film) | Iris is a 2004 Spanish historical melodrama film directed by Rosa Vergés which stars Silke as the title character alongside Ana Torrent, Ginés García Millán, Nacho Fresneda, and Martirio.
Chagrined and married photographer Iris becomes a war reporter during the Spanish Civil War, falling romantically and marrying doctor Óscar, who goes missing during the conflict.
The film was produced by Ovideo TV and it had the participation of and Canal+ and TVC. Shooting locations included Barcelona, Blanes, and Mataró.
The film was presented in the official selection of the 7th Málaga Film Festival in April 2004. Distributed by Solida, it was released theatrically in Spain on 16 July 2008.
Jonathan Holland of Variety wrote that the film "never comes close to provoking either a tear or, intentionally at least, a smile". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Iris is a 2004 Spanish historical melodrama film directed by Rosa Vergés which stars Silke as the title character alongside Ana Torrent, Ginés García Millán, Nacho Fresneda, and Martirio.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Chagrined and married photographer Iris becomes a war reporter during the Spanish Civil War, falling romantically and marrying doctor Óscar, who goes missing during the conflict.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The film was produced by Ovideo TV and it had the participation of and Canal+ and TVC. Shooting locations included Barcelona, Blanes, and Mataró.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The film was presented in the official selection of the 7th Málaga Film Festival in April 2004. Distributed by Solida, it was released theatrically in Spain on 16 July 2008.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Jonathan Holland of Variety wrote that the film \"never comes close to provoking either a tear or, intentionally at least, a smile\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Iris is a 2004 Spanish historical melodrama film directed by Rosa Vergés which stars Silke as the title character alongside Ana Torrent, Ginés García Millán, Nacho Fresneda, and Martirio. | 2023-12-12T21:23:20Z | 2023-12-23T07:12:27Z | [
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75,547,760 | Maʻafu | Maʻafu or Ma'afu is a name commonly found in people from Oceania. It can be a masculine given name or a surname.
Notable people with this name include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Maʻafu or Ma'afu is a name commonly found in people from Oceania. It can be a masculine given name or a surname.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Notable people with this name include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Maʻafu or Ma'afu is a name commonly found in people from Oceania. It can be a masculine given name or a surname. Notable people with this name include: | 2023-12-12T21:23:41Z | 2023-12-12T21:23:41Z | [
"Template:Given name"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CA%BBafu |
75,547,803 | American Exorcism: Expelling Demons in the Land of the Plenty | American Exorcism: Expelling Demons in the Land of the Plenty is a 2001 book written by Michael Cuneo and published originally by Doubleday. It follows the experience of Cuneo while he toured the United States of America and witnessed over 50 exorcisms.
This book is a comprehensive guide to the history and pop culture representation of exorcism in the United States, juxtaposed with his experience attending over 50 exorcisms in person. Through his research Cuneo highlights important figures such as; Malachi Martin, Frank and Ida B. Hammond, and Peter Blatty, as well topics such as the difference between Catholic exorcism and Deliverance ministry. This text is importantly a comprehensive look at the meteoric rise of exorcisms in the United States and is one of the few resources on the topic. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "American Exorcism: Expelling Demons in the Land of the Plenty is a 2001 book written by Michael Cuneo and published originally by Doubleday. It follows the experience of Cuneo while he toured the United States of America and witnessed over 50 exorcisms.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This book is a comprehensive guide to the history and pop culture representation of exorcism in the United States, juxtaposed with his experience attending over 50 exorcisms in person. Through his research Cuneo highlights important figures such as; Malachi Martin, Frank and Ida B. Hammond, and Peter Blatty, as well topics such as the difference between Catholic exorcism and Deliverance ministry. This text is importantly a comprehensive look at the meteoric rise of exorcisms in the United States and is one of the few resources on the topic.",
"title": "Content"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | American Exorcism: Expelling Demons in the Land of the Plenty is a 2001 book written by Michael Cuneo and published originally by Doubleday. It follows the experience of Cuneo while he toured the United States of America and witnessed over 50 exorcisms. | 2023-12-12T21:31:02Z | 2024-01-01T00:15:45Z | [
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75,547,814 | Marco Deen | Marco Deen (born 8 June 1968) is a Dutch entrepreneur and politician of the Party for Freedom (PVV). Since 6 December 2023, he has been a member of the House of Representatives and is a Member of the Provincial Council of North Holland where he serves as the party's regional leader and spokesman.
Deen was born in Heerlen in 1968 before moving the Zandvoort. He worked for Holland Casino before becoming an entrepreneur and consultant within the entertainment and leisure industry.
He became a municipal councilor for the PVV in Zandvoort in 2015. Since 2018 he has also sat on the Provincial Council of North Holland where he acts as the party's group leader. He also sits on the council's committee for social mobility and finance. For the 2023 Dutch general election Deen was elected to the House of Representatives. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Marco Deen (born 8 June 1968) is a Dutch entrepreneur and politician of the Party for Freedom (PVV). Since 6 December 2023, he has been a member of the House of Representatives and is a Member of the Provincial Council of North Holland where he serves as the party's regional leader and spokesman.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Deen was born in Heerlen in 1968 before moving the Zandvoort. He worked for Holland Casino before becoming an entrepreneur and consultant within the entertainment and leisure industry.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He became a municipal councilor for the PVV in Zandvoort in 2015. Since 2018 he has also sat on the Provincial Council of North Holland where he acts as the party's group leader. He also sits on the council's committee for social mobility and finance. For the 2023 Dutch general election Deen was elected to the House of Representatives.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Marco Deen is a Dutch entrepreneur and politician of the Party for Freedom (PVV). Since 6 December 2023, he has been a member of the House of Representatives and is a Member of the Provincial Council of North Holland where he serves as the party's regional leader and spokesman. | 2023-12-12T21:33:21Z | 2023-12-24T13:43:53Z | [
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75,547,833 | Sekou Diawara | Sekou Diawara (born 21 April 2004) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Serie A club Udinese.
A youth product of Gent, Diawara moved to Genk's youth academy in 2018. On 7 August 2020 he signed his first professional contract to Gent until 2023, and was later promoted to Jong Genk in 2022. He had a falling out with Genk after being suspended for posing with his brother Mamady celebrating the latters' move to Club Brugge. On 25 January 2023, he moved to the Italian club Udinese on a contract until 2027. He made his senior debut with Udinese in a 2–1 Coppa Italia loss in extra time to Cagliari on 12 December 2023.
Born in Germany, Diawara is of Guinean descent. He is a youth international for Belgium, having played for the Belgium 20s in September 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sekou Diawara (born 21 April 2004) is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Serie A club Udinese.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A youth product of Gent, Diawara moved to Genk's youth academy in 2018. On 7 August 2020 he signed his first professional contract to Gent until 2023, and was later promoted to Jong Genk in 2022. He had a falling out with Genk after being suspended for posing with his brother Mamady celebrating the latters' move to Club Brugge. On 25 January 2023, he moved to the Italian club Udinese on a contract until 2027. He made his senior debut with Udinese in a 2–1 Coppa Italia loss in extra time to Cagliari on 12 December 2023.",
"title": "Playing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Born in Germany, Diawara is of Guinean descent. He is a youth international for Belgium, having played for the Belgium 20s in September 2023.",
"title": "International career"
}
] | Sekou Diawara is a Belgian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Serie A club Udinese. | 2023-12-12T21:37:20Z | 2023-12-30T01:08:12Z | [
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75,547,842 | Kansas Avenue | Kansas Avenue can refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kansas Avenue can refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Kansas Avenue can refer to: Kansas Avenue
Kansas Avenue, ending at the 23rd Street viaduct between Kansas City, Kansas, and Kansas City, Missouri, in the U.S. | 2023-12-12T21:39:28Z | 2023-12-12T21:39:28Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Avenue |
75,547,868 | Bhajan Lal | [] | 2023-12-12T21:43:56Z | 2023-12-13T14:41:09Z | [
"Template:Redirect category shell"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan_Lal |
||
75,547,873 | National Conference (NASL) | The National Soccer Conference was one of two conferences of the original North American Soccer League between 1978 and 1980. It along with the American Conference were formed for the 1978 season as part of a realignment to accommodate an expanding league, and bolster more competitive play which had been lacking under the previous Atlantic and Pacific conferences. It is speculated, that the league decided to realign the league to be more similar to the National Football League (American football) format, with one league official stating that the league hoped that new expansions and initiatives would cause "enough demand for soccer that they [could] sell the TV rights to two networks like the NFL did." During their three season tenure, National Conference teams dominated the league, and won all three available premierships, and all three league championships. Of these honors, five of them were won by the New York Cosmos, whose only playoff defeat in the National Conference came in 1979 where they were beaten by eventual champions, the Vancouver Whitecaps, in the Conference Finals.
Following the realignment, the conference was initially made up of four teams from the Atlantic Conference, seven teams from the Pacific Conference, and one team making their NASL debut. After playing just one season, the Colorado Caribous were sold and relocated to Atlanta to revive the Atlanta Chiefs franchise. | [
{
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"text": "The National Soccer Conference was one of two conferences of the original North American Soccer League between 1978 and 1980. It along with the American Conference were formed for the 1978 season as part of a realignment to accommodate an expanding league, and bolster more competitive play which had been lacking under the previous Atlantic and Pacific conferences. It is speculated, that the league decided to realign the league to be more similar to the National Football League (American football) format, with one league official stating that the league hoped that new expansions and initiatives would cause \"enough demand for soccer that they [could] sell the TV rights to two networks like the NFL did.\" During their three season tenure, National Conference teams dominated the league, and won all three available premierships, and all three league championships. Of these honors, five of them were won by the New York Cosmos, whose only playoff defeat in the National Conference came in 1979 where they were beaten by eventual champions, the Vancouver Whitecaps, in the Conference Finals.",
"title": ""
},
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"title": "Teams"
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] | The National Soccer Conference was one of two conferences of the original North American Soccer League between 1978 and 1980. It along with the American Conference were formed for the 1978 season as part of a realignment to accommodate an expanding league, and bolster more competitive play which had been lacking under the previous Atlantic and Pacific conferences. It is speculated, that the league decided to realign the league to be more similar to the National Football League format, with one league official stating that the league hoped that new expansions and initiatives would cause "enough demand for soccer that they [could] sell the TV rights to two networks like the NFL did." During their three season tenure, National Conference teams dominated the league, and won all three available premierships, and all three league championships. Of these honors, five of them were won by the New York Cosmos, whose only playoff defeat in the National Conference came in 1979 where they were beaten by eventual champions, the Vancouver Whitecaps, in the Conference Finals. | 2023-12-12T21:44:41Z | 2023-12-13T11:19:54Z | [
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75,547,884 | American Conference (NASL) | The American Soccer Conference was one of two conferences of the original North American Soccer League between 1978 and 1980. It along with the National Conference were formed for the 1978 season as part of a realignment to accommodate an expanding league, and bolster more competitive play which had been lacking under the previous Atlantic and Pacific conferences. It is speculated, that the league decided to realign the league to be more similar to the National Football League (American football) format, with one league official stating that the league hoped that new expansions and initiatives would cause "enough demand for soccer that they [could] sell the TV rights to two networks like the NFL did." During the three seasons using the American/National alignment, American Conference teams struggled to compete against their National Conference counterparts, with the American Conference champion failing to win the Soccer Bowl in every season.
Following the realignment, the conference was initially made up of five teams from the Atlantic Conference, two teams from the Pacific Conference, and five teams making their NASL debut. After playing just one season, the Oakland Stompers were sold and relocated to Edmonton. | [
{
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"title": ""
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{
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"title": "Teams"
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] | The American Soccer Conference was one of two conferences of the original North American Soccer League between 1978 and 1980. It along with the National Conference were formed for the 1978 season as part of a realignment to accommodate an expanding league, and bolster more competitive play which had been lacking under the previous Atlantic and Pacific conferences. It is speculated, that the league decided to realign the league to be more similar to the National Football League format, with one league official stating that the league hoped that new expansions and initiatives would cause "enough demand for soccer that they [could] sell the TV rights to two networks like the NFL did." During the three seasons using the American/National alignment, American Conference teams struggled to compete against their National Conference counterparts, with the American Conference champion failing to win the Soccer Bowl in every season. | 2023-12-12T21:46:19Z | 2023-12-12T21:47:14Z | [
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75,547,921 | Mughal–Portuguese conflicts | Mughal–Portuguese conflicts refers to the various armed engagements between the forces of the Portuguese Empire in India and the Mughal Empire, between the 16th century and the 18th century.
The Mughal Empire came into direct contact with the Portuguese Empire in 1573 after Akbar annexed Gujarat, which bordered the Portuguese territories of Diu, Daman and Bassein. The Portuguese governor of India António de Noronha then signed a treaty with Akbar, officially establishing bilateral relations between Portugal and the Mughal Empire.
Hostilities usually broke out because of diplomatical blunders, Portuguese support of the Maratha Confederacy or steadfast Portuguese rejection of Mughal demands for tribute.
Despite occasional incidents, Mughal-Portuguese relations were usually pragmatic in practice, as the Mughals prioritized land and Portuguese authorities the sea. Starting in 1573, the Mughals agreed not to harbour pirate fleets, welcomed Portuguese ambassadors and Jesuit missions in Agra and in return the Portuguese Crown granted a single naval license or cartaz each year to the Mughal Emperors, who in effect tacitly acknowledged Portuguese naval supremacy.
Conflict with the Portuguese also caused the Mughal Empire to favour relations with the East India Company, who were allowed to open a trading post at Surat, in the hopes that the English might be of assistance against the Portuguese.
Portugal established direct contact with India after Vasco da Gama first reached the subcontinent by sea via the Cape Route in 1498. A first fortress was then built in the allied kingdom of Cochin in 1502 in exchange for a military alliance against the Zamorin of Calicut and Goa was captured by Afonso de Albuquerque in 1510.
The Sultanate of Gujarat was hostile towards the Portuguese but when war broke out between Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat and Humayun in 1532, Bahadur offered Portugal the territory of Bassein in exchange for peace and military assistance against the Mughals. The Portuguese governor of India Nuno da Cunha agreed and the Treaty of Bassein was signed in 1534. Bahadur was however routed in battle and as a result, the following year he allowed the Portuguese to erect a formidable fortress at the strategically important Island of Diu in the southern tip of the Kathiawar Peninsula, in exchange for protection should his sultanate fall.
Gujarat was subsequently invaded by Mughal troops and under these circumstances they first clashed with the Portuguese, though the region would only be annexed in 1573.
Between the signing of the Treaty of Bassein in 1534 and the annexation of Gujarat in 1573, the Portuguese occasionally engaged invading Mughal troops in defense of their territory or in support of the Sultanate of Gujarat.
At the request of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Portuguese governor of India Nuno da Cunha dispatched Vasco Pires de Sampayo at the head of a naval squadron with 250 soldiers to recover the fort of Verivene by the mouth of the Indus River, which had been taken by the Mughals. An attack was made one morning, but before the Portuguese could land their artillery the Mughals abandoned the fort during the night and it was recovered for Gujarat the following day.
When the Mughals invaded the Sultanate of Gujarat in 1565, 3000 Mughal horsemen invaded the Portuguese territory of Daman. After receiving reinforcements from Goa, Chaul and Bassein, the captain of Daman João de Sousa marched north beyond the Daman Ganga River with a force of 600 arquebusiers, 120 horse and some field guns to Pernel, where the Mughals had set up camp but the Mughals immediately withdrew, leaving behind all their material, which was captured.
In 1569, Nuno Velho Pereira was dispatched from Daman with a naval squadron to clear the Gulf of Cambay of Portuguese enemies. He burnt two settlements, ships, captured prisoners and later attacked a Mughal stronghold three leagues away from Daman at Pernel, which was abandoned after six days of artillery bombardment and razed.
Ayres Telles de Menezes helped Rustum Khan resist a Mughal siege on Bharuch with a squadron of seven ships. Rustum Khan offered to become a tributary vassal of Portugal in exchange but after the Mughals were driven off Rustum Khan repudiated his part of the agreement.
While the siege of Bharuch was ongoing, the captain of Daman Dom Pedro de Almeida sailed to Surat and confiscated two large merchantships loaded by the lord of Surat Agaluchem without the authorization of the Portuguese viceroy of India. They were valued at 100,000 ducats.
In 1580, Diogo Lopes Coutinho de Santarém at the head of a force of eight ships had a village near Surat burned, after its garrison had killed six Portuguese who had gone ashore. At the request of the Mughal governor of Surat Caliche Mahamed, the Mughal governor of Bharuch Qutub ud-Din Khan (Cutubidicam in Portuguese) joined forces into an army of 15,000 men, elephants and a cannon to attack Daman.
Portuguese reinforcements flowed into Daman by sea while the Mughals attacked the surrounding territory of Daman. Despite their numerical advantage, facing stiffer resistance than anticipated the Mughals hesitated in assaulting the unwalled city and withdrew their army after six months of maneuvres and skirmishes.
Wishing to undertake the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Emperor Akbars aunt Gulbadan Begum gifted Valsad to the Portuguese in 1572 while waiting for a Portuguese naval pass at Surat so as to ensure a safe passage. Upon her return and no longer needing to be on good terms with the Portuguese she demanded that Valsad be retaken and troops were dispatched from Surat to occupy the town but they were routed by the Portuguese with considerable loss.
The years up to 1613 were marked by affinity between the Mughal capital and the capital of the Portuguese State of India. After the Battle of Swally however, the Mughals allowed the East India Company to set up a trading post at Surat and as reprisal the Portuguese seized the royal Mughal merchantship Rahimi, belonging to Emperor Jahangirs mother Mariam-uz-Zamani, worth 200 000 pounds and carrying 700 persons.
The Rahimi incident sparked a major diplomatic incident and renewed hostilities between the Mughals and the Portuguese. The Jesuit church in Agra was closed. The territory of Daman was invaded by a Mughal detachment from Surat and in mid 1614 they clashed with reinforcements dispatched from Goa under the command of Luiz de Brito, who forced the Mughals to withdraw. The city of Bharuch was then sacked and the surrounding region pillaged by the forces of Brito.
Portuguese trade with the Mughal Empire ceased during the conflict, providing the English East India Company with an unexpected windfall. After two years, the Portuguese Viceroy of India Dom Jerónimo de Azevedo compensated the Mughals and reestablished bilateral relations.
A crisis between the Portuguese State of India and the Mughal Empire erupted in March 1630 when captain Dom Francisco Coutinho de Ocem captured two large Mughal tradeships in the Surat harbour for lacking cartazes, one of which belonged to Shah Jahan. Another large Mughal tradeship was apprehended by Dom Francisco in September, however a treaty was negotiated in November and further conflict averted.
In 1578, the Portuguese merchant Pedro Tavares had obtained authorization from the Mughal Court for Portuguese merchants to settle at Hooghly. Although the city came to contain a large community of Portuguese traders, churches and monasteries, it was not officially part of the Portuguese Empire.
Having received complaints of illegal Portuguese activities in the region and angered that the Portuguese did not support his revolt, Shah Jahan ordered the destruction of Hooghly. Although the city was unwalled and defended by no more than 300 Portuguese it was only taken after a three-month siege and its inhabitants taken captive to Agra. The viceroy of India interceded on behalf of the Portuguese traders and they were allowed to resettle in Bengal the following year.
After being appointed viceroy of the Deccan, prince Aurangzeb determined to attack Daman. In late 1638 a Mughal army of 10,000 to 40,000 men invaded Portuguese territory and set up camp at Magravará, two miles from the city.
Reinforcements flowed into Daman by sea and the Portuguese conducted limited attacks against the Mughals. Although the siege was closely fought, on the evening of January 5, 1639, the Portuguese captain of the city nevertheless offered William Methwold refreshments when his ship docked there. Because the Mughals were unable to cut the naval supply lines to Daman, the Portuguese were able to continuously reinforce the city.
Unable to break through Portuguese defenses despite their numerical superiority, the Mughals requested peace through the governor of Surat Mir Musa, with the help of the president of the English East India Company factory at Surat, and later lifted the siege, having lost between 700 and 7000 men in the action.
While at war with the Maratha Empire, a Mughal army sought to pass through Portuguese territory near Bassein, however this was refused by the Portuguese. As the Mughal general Matabar Khan accused the Portuguese of favouring the Marathas and harbouring the families of their officers, in 1692 he invaded Portuguese territory and pillaged the region of Bassein.
By diplomatic means however, the Portuguese viceroy Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque got Emperor Aurangzeb to order the cessation of hostilities. Matabar Khan was instructed to return any prisoners of war and compensate the Portuguese with 200,000 rupees.
Conflict with the Portuguese caused the Mughal Empire to gradually turn to the English East India Company for trade.
Portuguese maritime supremacy was complete as far as the Mughals were concerned, as the Mughals paid the Portuguese tolls to sail the Indian Ocean.
As a land-based power, the Mughals did not wish to hostilize the Portuguese because it could result in reprisals against Mughal merchantships and most importantly disturb the naval hajj pilgrimage route from Surat to Mecca, which they sought to present themselves as sponsors and protectors of. Mughal tradeships were still required to acquire Portuguese naval licenses to sail the Indian Ocean and they cost between 3000 and 8000 mahmudis. They also sought the sympathy of the Portuguese to check the activities of the Marathas in the Konkan. The Portuguese sought to preserve their territory in India against the Mughals.
Although open conflicts tended to be avoided, the Portuguese Viceroy of India covertly supported the Marathas against the Mughals and promoted anti-Mughal alliances in the Deccan with Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golkonda.
After the Maratha conquest of Konkan and Gujarat in the 18th century, contact between Portuguese India and the by then declining Mughal Empire ceased. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mughal–Portuguese conflicts refers to the various armed engagements between the forces of the Portuguese Empire in India and the Mughal Empire, between the 16th century and the 18th century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Mughal Empire came into direct contact with the Portuguese Empire in 1573 after Akbar annexed Gujarat, which bordered the Portuguese territories of Diu, Daman and Bassein. The Portuguese governor of India António de Noronha then signed a treaty with Akbar, officially establishing bilateral relations between Portugal and the Mughal Empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Hostilities usually broke out because of diplomatical blunders, Portuguese support of the Maratha Confederacy or steadfast Portuguese rejection of Mughal demands for tribute.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Despite occasional incidents, Mughal-Portuguese relations were usually pragmatic in practice, as the Mughals prioritized land and Portuguese authorities the sea. Starting in 1573, the Mughals agreed not to harbour pirate fleets, welcomed Portuguese ambassadors and Jesuit missions in Agra and in return the Portuguese Crown granted a single naval license or cartaz each year to the Mughal Emperors, who in effect tacitly acknowledged Portuguese naval supremacy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Conflict with the Portuguese also caused the Mughal Empire to favour relations with the East India Company, who were allowed to open a trading post at Surat, in the hopes that the English might be of assistance against the Portuguese.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Portugal established direct contact with India after Vasco da Gama first reached the subcontinent by sea via the Cape Route in 1498. A first fortress was then built in the allied kingdom of Cochin in 1502 in exchange for a military alliance against the Zamorin of Calicut and Goa was captured by Afonso de Albuquerque in 1510.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The Sultanate of Gujarat was hostile towards the Portuguese but when war broke out between Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat and Humayun in 1532, Bahadur offered Portugal the territory of Bassein in exchange for peace and military assistance against the Mughals. The Portuguese governor of India Nuno da Cunha agreed and the Treaty of Bassein was signed in 1534. Bahadur was however routed in battle and as a result, the following year he allowed the Portuguese to erect a formidable fortress at the strategically important Island of Diu in the southern tip of the Kathiawar Peninsula, in exchange for protection should his sultanate fall.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Gujarat was subsequently invaded by Mughal troops and under these circumstances they first clashed with the Portuguese, though the region would only be annexed in 1573.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Between the signing of the Treaty of Bassein in 1534 and the annexation of Gujarat in 1573, the Portuguese occasionally engaged invading Mughal troops in defense of their territory or in support of the Sultanate of Gujarat.",
"title": "Early engagements 1535-1573"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "At the request of the Sultan of Gujarat, the Portuguese governor of India Nuno da Cunha dispatched Vasco Pires de Sampayo at the head of a naval squadron with 250 soldiers to recover the fort of Verivene by the mouth of the Indus River, which had been taken by the Mughals. An attack was made one morning, but before the Portuguese could land their artillery the Mughals abandoned the fort during the night and it was recovered for Gujarat the following day.",
"title": "Early engagements 1535-1573"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "When the Mughals invaded the Sultanate of Gujarat in 1565, 3000 Mughal horsemen invaded the Portuguese territory of Daman. After receiving reinforcements from Goa, Chaul and Bassein, the captain of Daman João de Sousa marched north beyond the Daman Ganga River with a force of 600 arquebusiers, 120 horse and some field guns to Pernel, where the Mughals had set up camp but the Mughals immediately withdrew, leaving behind all their material, which was captured.",
"title": "Early engagements 1535-1573"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 1569, Nuno Velho Pereira was dispatched from Daman with a naval squadron to clear the Gulf of Cambay of Portuguese enemies. He burnt two settlements, ships, captured prisoners and later attacked a Mughal stronghold three leagues away from Daman at Pernel, which was abandoned after six days of artillery bombardment and razed.",
"title": "Early engagements 1535-1573"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Ayres Telles de Menezes helped Rustum Khan resist a Mughal siege on Bharuch with a squadron of seven ships. Rustum Khan offered to become a tributary vassal of Portugal in exchange but after the Mughals were driven off Rustum Khan repudiated his part of the agreement.",
"title": "Early engagements 1535-1573"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "While the siege of Bharuch was ongoing, the captain of Daman Dom Pedro de Almeida sailed to Surat and confiscated two large merchantships loaded by the lord of Surat Agaluchem without the authorization of the Portuguese viceroy of India. They were valued at 100,000 ducats.",
"title": "Early engagements 1535-1573"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In 1580, Diogo Lopes Coutinho de Santarém at the head of a force of eight ships had a village near Surat burned, after its garrison had killed six Portuguese who had gone ashore. At the request of the Mughal governor of Surat Caliche Mahamed, the Mughal governor of Bharuch Qutub ud-Din Khan (Cutubidicam in Portuguese) joined forces into an army of 15,000 men, elephants and a cannon to attack Daman.",
"title": "Siege of Daman, 1581"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Portuguese reinforcements flowed into Daman by sea while the Mughals attacked the surrounding territory of Daman. Despite their numerical advantage, facing stiffer resistance than anticipated the Mughals hesitated in assaulting the unwalled city and withdrew their army after six months of maneuvres and skirmishes.",
"title": "Siege of Daman, 1581"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Wishing to undertake the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, Emperor Akbars aunt Gulbadan Begum gifted Valsad to the Portuguese in 1572 while waiting for a Portuguese naval pass at Surat so as to ensure a safe passage. Upon her return and no longer needing to be on good terms with the Portuguese she demanded that Valsad be retaken and troops were dispatched from Surat to occupy the town but they were routed by the Portuguese with considerable loss.",
"title": "Battle of Valsad, 1582"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The years up to 1613 were marked by affinity between the Mughal capital and the capital of the Portuguese State of India. After the Battle of Swally however, the Mughals allowed the East India Company to set up a trading post at Surat and as reprisal the Portuguese seized the royal Mughal merchantship Rahimi, belonging to Emperor Jahangirs mother Mariam-uz-Zamani, worth 200 000 pounds and carrying 700 persons.",
"title": "Luso-Mughal War 1613-1615"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "The Rahimi incident sparked a major diplomatic incident and renewed hostilities between the Mughals and the Portuguese. The Jesuit church in Agra was closed. The territory of Daman was invaded by a Mughal detachment from Surat and in mid 1614 they clashed with reinforcements dispatched from Goa under the command of Luiz de Brito, who forced the Mughals to withdraw. The city of Bharuch was then sacked and the surrounding region pillaged by the forces of Brito.",
"title": "Luso-Mughal War 1613-1615"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Portuguese trade with the Mughal Empire ceased during the conflict, providing the English East India Company with an unexpected windfall. After two years, the Portuguese Viceroy of India Dom Jerónimo de Azevedo compensated the Mughals and reestablished bilateral relations.",
"title": "Luso-Mughal War 1613-1615"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "A crisis between the Portuguese State of India and the Mughal Empire erupted in March 1630 when captain Dom Francisco Coutinho de Ocem captured two large Mughal tradeships in the Surat harbour for lacking cartazes, one of which belonged to Shah Jahan. Another large Mughal tradeship was apprehended by Dom Francisco in September, however a treaty was negotiated in November and further conflict averted.",
"title": "Luso-Mughal Crisis, 1630"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "In 1578, the Portuguese merchant Pedro Tavares had obtained authorization from the Mughal Court for Portuguese merchants to settle at Hooghly. Although the city came to contain a large community of Portuguese traders, churches and monasteries, it was not officially part of the Portuguese Empire.",
"title": "Siege of Hooghly, 1632"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Having received complaints of illegal Portuguese activities in the region and angered that the Portuguese did not support his revolt, Shah Jahan ordered the destruction of Hooghly. Although the city was unwalled and defended by no more than 300 Portuguese it was only taken after a three-month siege and its inhabitants taken captive to Agra. The viceroy of India interceded on behalf of the Portuguese traders and they were allowed to resettle in Bengal the following year.",
"title": "Siege of Hooghly, 1632"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "After being appointed viceroy of the Deccan, prince Aurangzeb determined to attack Daman. In late 1638 a Mughal army of 10,000 to 40,000 men invaded Portuguese territory and set up camp at Magravará, two miles from the city.",
"title": "Luso-Mughal War 1638-1639"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Reinforcements flowed into Daman by sea and the Portuguese conducted limited attacks against the Mughals. Although the siege was closely fought, on the evening of January 5, 1639, the Portuguese captain of the city nevertheless offered William Methwold refreshments when his ship docked there. Because the Mughals were unable to cut the naval supply lines to Daman, the Portuguese were able to continuously reinforce the city.",
"title": "Luso-Mughal War 1638-1639"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "Unable to break through Portuguese defenses despite their numerical superiority, the Mughals requested peace through the governor of Surat Mir Musa, with the help of the president of the English East India Company factory at Surat, and later lifted the siege, having lost between 700 and 7000 men in the action.",
"title": "Luso-Mughal War 1638-1639"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "While at war with the Maratha Empire, a Mughal army sought to pass through Portuguese territory near Bassein, however this was refused by the Portuguese. As the Mughal general Matabar Khan accused the Portuguese of favouring the Marathas and harbouring the families of their officers, in 1692 he invaded Portuguese territory and pillaged the region of Bassein.",
"title": "Luso-Mughal War, 1692-1693"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "By diplomatic means however, the Portuguese viceroy Pedro António de Meneses Noronha de Albuquerque got Emperor Aurangzeb to order the cessation of hostilities. Matabar Khan was instructed to return any prisoners of war and compensate the Portuguese with 200,000 rupees.",
"title": "Luso-Mughal War, 1692-1693"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Conflict with the Portuguese caused the Mughal Empire to gradually turn to the English East India Company for trade.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Portuguese maritime supremacy was complete as far as the Mughals were concerned, as the Mughals paid the Portuguese tolls to sail the Indian Ocean.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "As a land-based power, the Mughals did not wish to hostilize the Portuguese because it could result in reprisals against Mughal merchantships and most importantly disturb the naval hajj pilgrimage route from Surat to Mecca, which they sought to present themselves as sponsors and protectors of. Mughal tradeships were still required to acquire Portuguese naval licenses to sail the Indian Ocean and they cost between 3000 and 8000 mahmudis. They also sought the sympathy of the Portuguese to check the activities of the Marathas in the Konkan. The Portuguese sought to preserve their territory in India against the Mughals.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Although open conflicts tended to be avoided, the Portuguese Viceroy of India covertly supported the Marathas against the Mughals and promoted anti-Mughal alliances in the Deccan with Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golkonda.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "After the Maratha conquest of Konkan and Gujarat in the 18th century, contact between Portuguese India and the by then declining Mughal Empire ceased.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | Mughal–Portuguese conflicts refers to the various armed engagements between the forces of the Portuguese Empire in India and the Mughal Empire, between the 16th century and the 18th century. The Mughal Empire came into direct contact with the Portuguese Empire in 1573 after Akbar annexed Gujarat, which bordered the Portuguese territories of Diu, Daman and Bassein. The Portuguese governor of India António de Noronha then signed a treaty with Akbar, officially establishing bilateral relations between Portugal and the Mughal Empire. Hostilities usually broke out because of diplomatical blunders, Portuguese support of the Maratha Confederacy or steadfast Portuguese rejection of Mughal demands for tribute. Despite occasional incidents, Mughal-Portuguese relations were usually pragmatic in practice, as the Mughals prioritized land and Portuguese authorities the sea. Starting in 1573, the Mughals agreed not to harbour pirate fleets, welcomed Portuguese ambassadors and Jesuit missions in Agra and in return the Portuguese Crown granted a single naval license or cartaz each year to the Mughal Emperors, who in effect tacitly acknowledged Portuguese naval supremacy. Conflict with the Portuguese also caused the Mughal Empire to favour relations with the East India Company, who were allowed to open a trading post at Surat, in the hopes that the English might be of assistance against the Portuguese. | 2023-12-12T21:53:26Z | 2023-12-16T17:04:18Z | [
"Template:Portuguese colonial campaigns",
"Template:Main article",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Infobox military conflict",
"Template:Portuguese battles in the Indian Ocean"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts |
75,547,946 | AzTECC71 | AzTECC71 is a dusty star-forming galaxy discovered by James Webb Space Telescope reported by Nasa early December 2023. This red ghost like galaxy has been optically invisible to other telescopes including the Hubble Space Telescope; astronomers referred to them as “Hubble-dark galaxies,”
This object has been identified as a dusty star-forming galaxy by the astronomers with the COSMOS-Web collaboration and the team published its findings in The Astrophysical Journal. “This thing is a real monster,” said Jed McKinney, a postdoctoral researcher at The University of Texas at Austin. “Even though it looks like a little blob, it’s actually forming hundreds of new stars every year. And the fact that even something that extreme is barely visible in the most sensitive imaging from our newest telescope is so exciting to me. It’s potentially telling us there’s a whole population of galaxies that have been hiding from us.” | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "AzTECC71 is a dusty star-forming galaxy discovered by James Webb Space Telescope reported by Nasa early December 2023. This red ghost like galaxy has been optically invisible to other telescopes including the Hubble Space Telescope; astronomers referred to them as “Hubble-dark galaxies,”",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "This object has been identified as a dusty star-forming galaxy by the astronomers with the COSMOS-Web collaboration and the team published its findings in The Astrophysical Journal. “This thing is a real monster,” said Jed McKinney, a postdoctoral researcher at The University of Texas at Austin. “Even though it looks like a little blob, it’s actually forming hundreds of new stars every year. And the fact that even something that extreme is barely visible in the most sensitive imaging from our newest telescope is so exciting to me. It’s potentially telling us there’s a whole population of galaxies that have been hiding from us.”",
"title": ""
}
] | AzTECC71 is a dusty star-forming galaxy discovered by James Webb Space Telescope reported by Nasa early December 2023. This red ghost like galaxy has been optically invisible to other telescopes including the Hubble Space Telescope; astronomers referred to them as “Hubble-dark galaxies,” This object has been identified as a dusty star-forming galaxy by the astronomers with the COSMOS-Web collaboration and the team published its findings in The Astrophysical Journal.
“This thing is a real monster,” said Jed McKinney, a postdoctoral researcher at The University of Texas at Austin. “Even though it looks like a little blob, it’s actually forming hundreds of new stars every year. And the fact that even something that extreme is barely visible in the most sensitive imaging from our newest telescope is so exciting to me. It’s potentially telling us there’s a whole population of galaxies that have been hiding from us.” | 2023-12-12T21:59:08Z | 2023-12-22T10:32:05Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:One source",
"Template:Orphan"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AzTECC71 |
75,547,948 | Athletics at the 2023 Parapan American Games – Men's 100 metres T47 | The men's T47 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 24 - 25 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:
All times shown are in seconds.
The fastest two athletes of each semifinal advance to the final. The results were as follows:
The results were as follows: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The men's T47 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 24 - 25 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:",
"title": "Records"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "All times shown are in seconds.",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The fastest two athletes of each semifinal advance to the final. The results were as follows:",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The results were as follows:",
"title": "Results"
}
] | The men's T47 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 24 - 25 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile. | 2023-12-12T21:59:47Z | 2023-12-13T18:01:23Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2023_Parapan_American_Games_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metres_T47 |
75,547,954 | Breton bidet | The Breton bidet is a type of bidet, a small horse bred in Brittany. Characterized by its ability to move at amble, and bred for its working strength, the bidet has been around since the 5th century. In the Middle Ages, it may have been crossed with oriental horses brought by the House of Rohan. Widespread in Brittany until the mid-nineteenth century, bidets were used for all work requiring a low-value horse. The Haras Nationaux fought against this breeding. Transportation modernized in the 19th century, making the draft horse more sought-after. The Breton bidet disappeared at the dawn of the 20th century.
These small horses, measuring 1.30 m to 1.45 m in height, are generally chestnut in color. Reputed to be ugly, they have great stamina and proverbial resistance to effort. Bidets are mainly used for saddling or as packhorses, but some are also known for their racing abilities. They are bred in southern and central Brittany, near Briec, Carhaix, Loudéac, and on the Morbihan coast.
The Breton bidet has the particularity of going amble, which has earned it the name "bidet d'allures" throughout its history. The Breton word for an ambling bidet is inkané (incâne according to the old spelling).
The Breton bidet seems to have been used by the Celtic warriors who occupied Armorica in ancient times: according to Commandant Saint-Gal de Pons, the Celts migrated with small horses with a primitive coat (buckskin or grullo with markings), which formed the stock of the Breton bidet. Popular belief, supported by several scholars, has it that these bidets are descended from Arabian horses brought back from the Crusades, but a few sources mention the presence of racing bidets going amble before that time. In 880, Landévennec abbot Gurdisten cites in the Cartulaire de Landévennec an amble race that took place four centuries before him, between Riwal the Duke of Dumnonia and his cousin Fragan. He refers to earlier authors who were eyewitnesses. According to Guy de Sallier Dupin, an ambler bidet existed in Brittany before any Arab influence, as early as the 5th century. It may well have influenced the Norman bidet, or have a common origin with it.
Externally, bidets are reminiscent of the Barb horse, leading some 19th-century writers to speculate that they "may have been crossbred". Historian Guy de Sallier Dupin has noted several references to an Arab origin in his work, but also some oppositions, particularly from Éphrem Houël, for whom the Breton bidet is a native breed whose appearance is simply the result of a semi-feral lifestyle, soil and climate. A historical study of the peasants of Central Brittany reveals no evidence of large numbers of imported horses before the 19th century, apart from nine Arab stallions taken from Egypt by the de Rohan family during the Crusades, and brought back to their fiefdom in Brittany in 1213. It is possible, however, that Breton bidets bred on the Rohan family's lands were sometimes crossed with Oriental stallions. Guy de Sallier Dupin notes a correspondence from the 15th century, in which a Rohan son-in-law of François II deals with the Turks to import horses, falcons and greyhounds.
Historically, Breton bidets have been sought after for their amble, which they either know naturally or are taught. This particular gait made them popular in the Middle Ages.
They live wild or semi-feral in forests and on moors. According to Commandant Antoine-Auguste Saint-Gal de Pons, medieval prints show horses measuring between 1.36 m and 1.45 m in height, notably in depictions of the Duc de Richemont. An unverifiable tradition has it that several oriental horses contemporary with Godolphin Arabian (1730), perhaps of the Barb breed, influenced the livestock in Brittany's Lorge forest.
Road improvements in Brittany in the 18th century led to changes in the bidets bred on the coast, as they were considered bad horses. This made them faster and stronger, better suited to pulling, and represented the beginnings of the development of the Breton draft horse. Genuine bidets are generally described as ugly, small and miserable, despite their working strength. After the French Revolution, the Haras Nationaux lost interest in the mountainous regions of inland Brittany where they were bred, and made no imported stallions available: the large horses brought by the stud farms from northern Europe were not suited to the size of the "bidettes". As far back as 1756, an edict ordered breeders to trim or cut off one ear of superior quality animals, so as to differentiate them more quickly. Similarly, in 1762, an order was issued to eliminate the stallions of local farmers who bred bidets. As a result, many horses were castrated on authority.
The animal has a bad reputation in the memories of the time, although some documents report crossbreeding with Barb horses and an Arabian stallion in 1785. In 1780, 12 bidets were selected in the arrondissements of Quimper and Châteaulin, indicating that these animals had been selected for the native population. In 1819, bidets were still a source of prosperity in the country, and their numbers increased, as did their size, while their conformation improved.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the majority of Breton farmers still owned bidets. Many bred these smaller horses to avoid having them requisitioned by the army, since a minimum size was required. According to anthropologist Philippe Lacombe, the Haras Nationaux are engaged in a process of "nationalization" and "civilization" of animals and people, as they attack bidet breeding, which is being "stigmatized". The Breton bidet, decried by the French stud farm administration for its lack of elegance, is, in their view, the embodiment of peasant gaucherie. Yann Brekilien speaks of a "merciless struggle" to impose standards in defiance of the real needs of Brittany's inhabitants. Théophile de Pompéry is equally critical, saying (in 1851) that the stud system confuses and deteriorates horse breeds by denying their regional particularities.
For Guy de Sallier Dupin, the work of the Haras Nationaux is more nuanced. The Breton bidet really improved over the course of the century, through crossbreeding with bidets from the Midi region and then with Thoroughbreds and Arabians. The distribution of premiums by the Conseil Général and the Haras Nationaux, rewarding the best breeders, led to the emergence of pioneers who bred half-bloods, notably in Corlay, where the Corlay horse was born. The stud officer in charge of Langonnet between 1837 and 1847, Éphrem Houël, reports on numerous efforts to force farmers to breed larger animals.
Opinions differ as to the precise date of the disappearance of Breton bidets. According to Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez and Divi Kervella, the last true bidets disappeared in the 1850s. However, in 1897, Martial Cornic testifies to a clear distinction between the Breton draft breed and the bidet. At the beginning of the 20th century, according to René Musset and Camille Vallaux (1907), Breton bidets were "no more than a memory", while a 1910 issue of the Journal d'agriculture pratique spoke of a "plan to halt the disappearance of the Breton bidet". Other, more mainstream sources date their disappearance to the World War I, due to the demands of the French army.
Several reasons are cited for this disappearance: modernization of transport, crossbreeding with hot-blooded or draft horses, and the influence of Haras Nationaux. Evidence from the period shows that the Breton bidet became much less sought-after, at least in central Cornouaille and Morbihan. The state of the roads led to the widespread use of horse-drawn vehicles. Around 1859, these small horses were no longer used except in their country of birth, despite their qualities of sobriety and robustness. They were replaced by Breton draft horses from Léon and Trégor: "the transformation of the old Breton bidet by crossbreeding was decided and hastened by road construction", according to Camille Vallaux. Crossbreeding with blood horses also led to an evolution of the breed "towards blood". According to Yann Brekilien and Thierry Jigourel, it was the Haras Nationaux's action against the breeding of bidets that led directly to the disappearance of this little horse throughout Brittany, an analysis previously defended by Jacques Charpy, director of the Finistère archives.
Public action by the stud farms encouraged cross-breeding, notably with Norfolks, but also with stallions from Boulonnais, Ardennais, Percheron, etc., causing the Breton bidet to evolve in the course of the 19th century into the larger Breton draft horse.
According to history professor Bernard Denis, bidets disappeared without giving rise to any breeds, but they did influence some. The Centre-Montagne, also known as the "petit trait Breton", originated in the mountainous areas of Brittany where bidets were bred. It is the smallest variety of the Breton breed. It was included in the breed's recognized types in 1927, along with the trait and the postier breton. At the time, it stood around 1.40 m tall. It is said to be descended from mountain bidets, and to have survived "because there have always been breeders to ride horses in the mountains". However, the Centre-Montagne also disappeared in the 1980s.
The Breton bidet is probably a small, primitive type of horse, comparable to the Sorraia pony from Portugal and the Fjord from Norway. These animals are not very homogeneous. According to Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez and Divi Kervella, there are four types of Breton bidet. The Briec bidet (Kezeg Kernev bidochenn), bred in Cornouaille, hence its other name of "Cornouaille bidet", has enjoyed great popularity. Mountain bidet (Kezeg-menez) comes from the eastern Monts d'Arrée. The Landes bidet (Kezeg-lann) is bred in Loudéac, near Rennes. They also include the small Ushant horse (Kezeg bihan Eusa), considered differently by other authors. In Loire-Atlantique, a heathland and woodland bidet is described at the end of the Ancien régime, near Derval and Blain.
The height is generally small, averaging 1.30 m to 1.45 m, with some horses even smaller. At the end of the Ancien Régime, the height of Breton bidet was from 1.24 m to 1.30 m, according to contemporary sources. In 1840, Count Achille de Montendre estimated this height at between 1.35 m and 1.52 m, pointing out that the biggest are rarely the best. Two years later, Eugène Gayot estimated the average height of bidets at between 1.38 m and 1.40 m. A larger, stronger bidet is called a "double-bidet". Mountainous countries produce bidets from 1.20 m to 1.40 m at most. The bidet from Derval and Blain barely exceeds 1.20 m, and the small horse from Ushant is the size of a Shetland pony.
All bidets are frustratingly inelegant, thin and dry animals. They are often puny and angular, with a short, stocky build. Animals from the Carhaix area are more angular and slightly taller than those from Briec and Châteauneuf. Briec bidets have a fleshier, better-planted neck, a squarer head and rounder ribs.
While some authors describe the head of Breton bidets as small, others describe it as large and poorly attached, fairly strong, square, with a cambered nose, dry and usually flat. The forehead is broad and flat, with open gables. The eyes are bright, but those of stallions tend to be hidden by thick eyelids. The nostrils are wide open, and the ears are small and well placed.
The neck is short and strong, curved or straight, and fairly slender. It is often axed and spiked. The withers are round, underdeveloped and not very prominent. Shoulders are dry, body rounded, ample, short and compact. The chest is broader than it is deep. The loins are straight and short. The rump is well-fleshed, rounded and low, or swallowed/folded. The tail is short and set high, well detached on the move.
Limbs are strong and short, lean, well joined, with broad, flat, well sunken hocks. The forearms are long, and the legs of the forelegs are said to be "perfect". The hocks are sometimes closed (hooked), especially in mountain horses, whose topline is reminiscent of that of the mule. Joints are good. The fetlocks are full of hair, but without long dewlaps (some authors attest to the total absence of dewlaps). The hooves are very well conformed, although some horses have "panard" or "crochard" legs.
According to most descriptions, the most common coat is chestnut, in various shades. Dark manes (in red tones) are preferred, as horses with washed-out manes are generally castrated; however, the actual presence of washed-out manes is frequent. There are also dapple-gray, strawberry roan, grullo with markings on the legs. These primitive characteristics, notably the mouse-gray coat, are shared by many of Europe's ancient horse breeds. Bidets from the Loudéac area can also be bay, or more rarely black.
Trotting bidets have long, lively gaits. They work well into old age, without their legs or limbs suffering, while making do with little food, usually a supplement of crushed gorse and very little hay in winter. They live outside on the moors, without shelter.
"The Breton bidet is satisfied with what Mother Nature offers: a little hay, crushed heath, exceptionally bran and a few measures of oats. A marvel of a horse [...]". – Alexandre Bouët
This sobriety would have earned the Breton bidet the nickname of "France's Cossack" during the Russian campaign, but Guy de Sallier Dupin casts doubt on the veracity of this Napoleonic statement.
The Derval bidet is reputed to be "of astounding vigor, sobriety and robustness". Yann Brekilien also testifies to the qualities of hardiness, docility, resistance and courage that are uncommon in Breton bidets. Period documents are full of praise for its vigor and stamina, evoking "surprising" means despite its small size, unfailing hardiness, exceptional endurance and ability to bear the weight of traction. A testimonial published in the press in 1894 reported that one bidet covered forty leagues in one day, with no signs of fatigue.
The Breton bidet has seen many uses as a pack horse, saddle horse, and more exceptionally as a racehorse or traction horse.
Breton bidets were used in the trenches during the World War I, where 50,000 died.
Breton bidets are mainly used at work, for carrying people or materials. Breton bidets carry all kinds of loads: grain, flour, salt, coal, linen, canvas or slate tiles. Peasants used the "double-bidet" to carry flour sacks over rough roads. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Breton bidet was, "in France, the mount of almost all those whose profession required them to ride daily". According to Éphrem Houël, it was not uncommon for train bidets to cover distances of thirty to forty kilometers, at a rate of "twenty-four kilometers an hour". Yann Brekilien, who holds a diploma in equestrian tourism, believes that the Breton bidet would have made an excellent mount for equestrian tourism in Brittany, had it survived.
Whether or not Breton bidets were integrated into Napoleon's army is a matter of debate. Although Brittany's horses were requisitioned in large numbers for this purpose, it's unlikely that they were bidets, as they were too small for the purpose. In 1812, the mayor of Corlay observed that the horses in his commune were below army size. The horses used by Napoleon's army were probably crossbred animals, impregnated with Arab and Thoroughbred blood.
Bidets are not suited to pulling or plowing, jobs long reserved for oxen. In 1825, some mayors reported in a survey the lack of aptitude of these small horses for draft work. Exceptionally, however, one may be placed in a team in front of the oxen, as reported by Chabert in the diocese of Vannes.
An anecdote is recorded in 1850. A senior English officer urgently requested transport between Lannion and Morlaix in the middle of winter. He called on a local valet, who showed up with a heavy carriage hitched to a puny bidet. At first, the Englishman refused to get in, fearing for his safety on the rough, snowy and icy ground. But the carriage proves so efficient that he offers the driver 125 francs, or five guineas, to buy a few hairs from his bidet. The Englishman had the manes framed alongside those of the thoroughbred Eclipse, as a tribute to "the bravest horse he had ever met".
From 1806 onwards, local races were organized in Morbihan. For a time, bidets took part in these races in Brittany. They distinguished themselves at the Saint-Brieuc racecourse in 1807. The tradition of the "clocher à clocher" race, well documented by 19th-century folklorists, saw riders compete on local bidets. Those from the Breton mountains are ambleurs. Breton peasants also found plenty of opportunities to pit their horses against each other at weddings, pardons and other festivities. In Nantes in 1835, Breton bidets and Thoroughbreds shared the racecourse.
However, legends mingle with historical facts. Moggy, a "peasant bidet", is reputed to have beaten a Thoroughbred mare in a race between Saint-Brieuc and Guingamp. Sallier Dupin's critical study reveals that Moggy is not a pure-bred Breton bidet, having been bred from an Arabian horse. The opposing mare was not a thoroughbred, but a strolling mare, barely half-blood.
Breton bidets are common in southern and central Brittany. They are found around Briec and Carhaix, in the valleys and on the sunset of the Monts d'Arrée, and on the Morbihan coast, generally bred by fairly poor farmers. In the Côtes d'Armor region, bidets are mainly raised in the arrondissement of Loudéac near Corlay, Gouarec, a few communes around Mûr-de-Bretagne, in the south of the arrondissement of Guingamp, at Saint-Nicolas-du-Pélem, Callac and Rostrenen. This type of breeding continues in areas where the nature of the pastures does not allow for the greater needs of draft horses. Farms have one or two mares. Briec bidets were particularly expensive in the early 19th century, with the price of a good animal rising to 800 francs.
Breton bidets were widely exported. In the 17th century, representatives of the breed were sent to New France (now Canada) at the instigation of the king. The Canadian horse breed still reflects this influence. At the beginning of the 20th century, bidets were sent to Cochinchina to be crossed with native mares.
A breeder in Haut Corlay is trying to revive the local bidet by crossing Breton draft horses with thoroughbreds. A first foal was approved by the Breton horse studbook in 2010.
The memory of bidets remains particularly vivid. A folk tale collected by Émile Souvestre, La Groac'h de l'île du Lok, tells of a stick that changes into "Saint-Thégonnec's red bidet" with an incantation:
"From Saint Vouga, remember!
Bidet de Léon, lead me
On the ground, in the air, on the water,
Wherever I must go!"
- Émile Souvestre, La Groac'h de l'île du Lok.
Painter Rosa Bonheur sketched a number of Breton bidets. Brittany regularly celebrates the memory of these little horses, an integral part of local history. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Breton bidet is a type of bidet, a small horse bred in Brittany. Characterized by its ability to move at amble, and bred for its working strength, the bidet has been around since the 5th century. In the Middle Ages, it may have been crossed with oriental horses brought by the House of Rohan. Widespread in Brittany until the mid-nineteenth century, bidets were used for all work requiring a low-value horse. The Haras Nationaux fought against this breeding. Transportation modernized in the 19th century, making the draft horse more sought-after. The Breton bidet disappeared at the dawn of the 20th century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "These small horses, measuring 1.30 m to 1.45 m in height, are generally chestnut in color. Reputed to be ugly, they have great stamina and proverbial resistance to effort. Bidets are mainly used for saddling or as packhorses, but some are also known for their racing abilities. They are bred in southern and central Brittany, near Briec, Carhaix, Loudéac, and on the Morbihan coast.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Breton bidet has the particularity of going amble, which has earned it the name \"bidet d'allures\" throughout its history. The Breton word for an ambling bidet is inkané (incâne according to the old spelling).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Breton bidet seems to have been used by the Celtic warriors who occupied Armorica in ancient times: according to Commandant Saint-Gal de Pons, the Celts migrated with small horses with a primitive coat (buckskin or grullo with markings), which formed the stock of the Breton bidet. Popular belief, supported by several scholars, has it that these bidets are descended from Arabian horses brought back from the Crusades, but a few sources mention the presence of racing bidets going amble before that time. In 880, Landévennec abbot Gurdisten cites in the Cartulaire de Landévennec an amble race that took place four centuries before him, between Riwal the Duke of Dumnonia and his cousin Fragan. He refers to earlier authors who were eyewitnesses. According to Guy de Sallier Dupin, an ambler bidet existed in Brittany before any Arab influence, as early as the 5th century. It may well have influenced the Norman bidet, or have a common origin with it.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Externally, bidets are reminiscent of the Barb horse, leading some 19th-century writers to speculate that they \"may have been crossbred\". Historian Guy de Sallier Dupin has noted several references to an Arab origin in his work, but also some oppositions, particularly from Éphrem Houël, for whom the Breton bidet is a native breed whose appearance is simply the result of a semi-feral lifestyle, soil and climate. A historical study of the peasants of Central Brittany reveals no evidence of large numbers of imported horses before the 19th century, apart from nine Arab stallions taken from Egypt by the de Rohan family during the Crusades, and brought back to their fiefdom in Brittany in 1213. It is possible, however, that Breton bidets bred on the Rohan family's lands were sometimes crossed with Oriental stallions. Guy de Sallier Dupin notes a correspondence from the 15th century, in which a Rohan son-in-law of François II deals with the Turks to import horses, falcons and greyhounds.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Historically, Breton bidets have been sought after for their amble, which they either know naturally or are taught. This particular gait made them popular in the Middle Ages.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "They live wild or semi-feral in forests and on moors. According to Commandant Antoine-Auguste Saint-Gal de Pons, medieval prints show horses measuring between 1.36 m and 1.45 m in height, notably in depictions of the Duc de Richemont. An unverifiable tradition has it that several oriental horses contemporary with Godolphin Arabian (1730), perhaps of the Barb breed, influenced the livestock in Brittany's Lorge forest.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Road improvements in Brittany in the 18th century led to changes in the bidets bred on the coast, as they were considered bad horses. This made them faster and stronger, better suited to pulling, and represented the beginnings of the development of the Breton draft horse. Genuine bidets are generally described as ugly, small and miserable, despite their working strength. After the French Revolution, the Haras Nationaux lost interest in the mountainous regions of inland Brittany where they were bred, and made no imported stallions available: the large horses brought by the stud farms from northern Europe were not suited to the size of the \"bidettes\". As far back as 1756, an edict ordered breeders to trim or cut off one ear of superior quality animals, so as to differentiate them more quickly. Similarly, in 1762, an order was issued to eliminate the stallions of local farmers who bred bidets. As a result, many horses were castrated on authority.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The animal has a bad reputation in the memories of the time, although some documents report crossbreeding with Barb horses and an Arabian stallion in 1785. In 1780, 12 bidets were selected in the arrondissements of Quimper and Châteaulin, indicating that these animals had been selected for the native population. In 1819, bidets were still a source of prosperity in the country, and their numbers increased, as did their size, while their conformation improved.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "At the beginning of the 19th century, the majority of Breton farmers still owned bidets. Many bred these smaller horses to avoid having them requisitioned by the army, since a minimum size was required. According to anthropologist Philippe Lacombe, the Haras Nationaux are engaged in a process of \"nationalization\" and \"civilization\" of animals and people, as they attack bidet breeding, which is being \"stigmatized\". The Breton bidet, decried by the French stud farm administration for its lack of elegance, is, in their view, the embodiment of peasant gaucherie. Yann Brekilien speaks of a \"merciless struggle\" to impose standards in defiance of the real needs of Brittany's inhabitants. Théophile de Pompéry is equally critical, saying (in 1851) that the stud system confuses and deteriorates horse breeds by denying their regional particularities.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "For Guy de Sallier Dupin, the work of the Haras Nationaux is more nuanced. The Breton bidet really improved over the course of the century, through crossbreeding with bidets from the Midi region and then with Thoroughbreds and Arabians. The distribution of premiums by the Conseil Général and the Haras Nationaux, rewarding the best breeders, led to the emergence of pioneers who bred half-bloods, notably in Corlay, where the Corlay horse was born. The stud officer in charge of Langonnet between 1837 and 1847, Éphrem Houël, reports on numerous efforts to force farmers to breed larger animals.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Opinions differ as to the precise date of the disappearance of Breton bidets. According to Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez and Divi Kervella, the last true bidets disappeared in the 1850s. However, in 1897, Martial Cornic testifies to a clear distinction between the Breton draft breed and the bidet. At the beginning of the 20th century, according to René Musset and Camille Vallaux (1907), Breton bidets were \"no more than a memory\", while a 1910 issue of the Journal d'agriculture pratique spoke of a \"plan to halt the disappearance of the Breton bidet\". Other, more mainstream sources date their disappearance to the World War I, due to the demands of the French army.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Several reasons are cited for this disappearance: modernization of transport, crossbreeding with hot-blooded or draft horses, and the influence of Haras Nationaux. Evidence from the period shows that the Breton bidet became much less sought-after, at least in central Cornouaille and Morbihan. The state of the roads led to the widespread use of horse-drawn vehicles. Around 1859, these small horses were no longer used except in their country of birth, despite their qualities of sobriety and robustness. They were replaced by Breton draft horses from Léon and Trégor: \"the transformation of the old Breton bidet by crossbreeding was decided and hastened by road construction\", according to Camille Vallaux. Crossbreeding with blood horses also led to an evolution of the breed \"towards blood\". According to Yann Brekilien and Thierry Jigourel, it was the Haras Nationaux's action against the breeding of bidets that led directly to the disappearance of this little horse throughout Brittany, an analysis previously defended by Jacques Charpy, director of the Finistère archives.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Public action by the stud farms encouraged cross-breeding, notably with Norfolks, but also with stallions from Boulonnais, Ardennais, Percheron, etc., causing the Breton bidet to evolve in the course of the 19th century into the larger Breton draft horse.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "According to history professor Bernard Denis, bidets disappeared without giving rise to any breeds, but they did influence some. The Centre-Montagne, also known as the \"petit trait Breton\", originated in the mountainous areas of Brittany where bidets were bred. It is the smallest variety of the Breton breed. It was included in the breed's recognized types in 1927, along with the trait and the postier breton. At the time, it stood around 1.40 m tall. It is said to be descended from mountain bidets, and to have survived \"because there have always been breeders to ride horses in the mountains\". However, the Centre-Montagne also disappeared in the 1980s.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The Breton bidet is probably a small, primitive type of horse, comparable to the Sorraia pony from Portugal and the Fjord from Norway. These animals are not very homogeneous. According to Mikael Bodlore-Penlaez and Divi Kervella, there are four types of Breton bidet. The Briec bidet (Kezeg Kernev bidochenn), bred in Cornouaille, hence its other name of \"Cornouaille bidet\", has enjoyed great popularity. Mountain bidet (Kezeg-menez) comes from the eastern Monts d'Arrée. The Landes bidet (Kezeg-lann) is bred in Loudéac, near Rennes. They also include the small Ushant horse (Kezeg bihan Eusa), considered differently by other authors. In Loire-Atlantique, a heathland and woodland bidet is described at the end of the Ancien régime, near Derval and Blain.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The height is generally small, averaging 1.30 m to 1.45 m, with some horses even smaller. At the end of the Ancien Régime, the height of Breton bidet was from 1.24 m to 1.30 m, according to contemporary sources. In 1840, Count Achille de Montendre estimated this height at between 1.35 m and 1.52 m, pointing out that the biggest are rarely the best. Two years later, Eugène Gayot estimated the average height of bidets at between 1.38 m and 1.40 m. A larger, stronger bidet is called a \"double-bidet\". Mountainous countries produce bidets from 1.20 m to 1.40 m at most. The bidet from Derval and Blain barely exceeds 1.20 m, and the small horse from Ushant is the size of a Shetland pony.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "All bidets are frustratingly inelegant, thin and dry animals. They are often puny and angular, with a short, stocky build. Animals from the Carhaix area are more angular and slightly taller than those from Briec and Châteauneuf. Briec bidets have a fleshier, better-planted neck, a squarer head and rounder ribs.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "While some authors describe the head of Breton bidets as small, others describe it as large and poorly attached, fairly strong, square, with a cambered nose, dry and usually flat. The forehead is broad and flat, with open gables. The eyes are bright, but those of stallions tend to be hidden by thick eyelids. The nostrils are wide open, and the ears are small and well placed.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "The neck is short and strong, curved or straight, and fairly slender. It is often axed and spiked. The withers are round, underdeveloped and not very prominent. Shoulders are dry, body rounded, ample, short and compact. The chest is broader than it is deep. The loins are straight and short. The rump is well-fleshed, rounded and low, or swallowed/folded. The tail is short and set high, well detached on the move.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Limbs are strong and short, lean, well joined, with broad, flat, well sunken hocks. The forearms are long, and the legs of the forelegs are said to be \"perfect\". The hocks are sometimes closed (hooked), especially in mountain horses, whose topline is reminiscent of that of the mule. Joints are good. The fetlocks are full of hair, but without long dewlaps (some authors attest to the total absence of dewlaps). The hooves are very well conformed, although some horses have \"panard\" or \"crochard\" legs.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "According to most descriptions, the most common coat is chestnut, in various shades. Dark manes (in red tones) are preferred, as horses with washed-out manes are generally castrated; however, the actual presence of washed-out manes is frequent. There are also dapple-gray, strawberry roan, grullo with markings on the legs. These primitive characteristics, notably the mouse-gray coat, are shared by many of Europe's ancient horse breeds. Bidets from the Loudéac area can also be bay, or more rarely black.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Trotting bidets have long, lively gaits. They work well into old age, without their legs or limbs suffering, while making do with little food, usually a supplement of crushed gorse and very little hay in winter. They live outside on the moors, without shelter.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "\"The Breton bidet is satisfied with what Mother Nature offers: a little hay, crushed heath, exceptionally bran and a few measures of oats. A marvel of a horse [...]\". – Alexandre Bouët",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "This sobriety would have earned the Breton bidet the nickname of \"France's Cossack\" during the Russian campaign, but Guy de Sallier Dupin casts doubt on the veracity of this Napoleonic statement.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The Derval bidet is reputed to be \"of astounding vigor, sobriety and robustness\". Yann Brekilien also testifies to the qualities of hardiness, docility, resistance and courage that are uncommon in Breton bidets. Period documents are full of praise for its vigor and stamina, evoking \"surprising\" means despite its small size, unfailing hardiness, exceptional endurance and ability to bear the weight of traction. A testimonial published in the press in 1894 reported that one bidet covered forty leagues in one day, with no signs of fatigue.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "The Breton bidet has seen many uses as a pack horse, saddle horse, and more exceptionally as a racehorse or traction horse.",
"title": "Usage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Breton bidets were used in the trenches during the World War I, where 50,000 died.",
"title": "Usage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Breton bidets are mainly used at work, for carrying people or materials. Breton bidets carry all kinds of loads: grain, flour, salt, coal, linen, canvas or slate tiles. Peasants used the \"double-bidet\" to carry flour sacks over rough roads. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Breton bidet was, \"in France, the mount of almost all those whose profession required them to ride daily\". According to Éphrem Houël, it was not uncommon for train bidets to cover distances of thirty to forty kilometers, at a rate of \"twenty-four kilometers an hour\". Yann Brekilien, who holds a diploma in equestrian tourism, believes that the Breton bidet would have made an excellent mount for equestrian tourism in Brittany, had it survived.",
"title": "Usage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "Whether or not Breton bidets were integrated into Napoleon's army is a matter of debate. Although Brittany's horses were requisitioned in large numbers for this purpose, it's unlikely that they were bidets, as they were too small for the purpose. In 1812, the mayor of Corlay observed that the horses in his commune were below army size. The horses used by Napoleon's army were probably crossbred animals, impregnated with Arab and Thoroughbred blood.",
"title": "Usage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Bidets are not suited to pulling or plowing, jobs long reserved for oxen. In 1825, some mayors reported in a survey the lack of aptitude of these small horses for draft work. Exceptionally, however, one may be placed in a team in front of the oxen, as reported by Chabert in the diocese of Vannes.",
"title": "Usage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "An anecdote is recorded in 1850. A senior English officer urgently requested transport between Lannion and Morlaix in the middle of winter. He called on a local valet, who showed up with a heavy carriage hitched to a puny bidet. At first, the Englishman refused to get in, fearing for his safety on the rough, snowy and icy ground. But the carriage proves so efficient that he offers the driver 125 francs, or five guineas, to buy a few hairs from his bidet. The Englishman had the manes framed alongside those of the thoroughbred Eclipse, as a tribute to \"the bravest horse he had ever met\".",
"title": "Usage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "From 1806 onwards, local races were organized in Morbihan. For a time, bidets took part in these races in Brittany. They distinguished themselves at the Saint-Brieuc racecourse in 1807. The tradition of the \"clocher à clocher\" race, well documented by 19th-century folklorists, saw riders compete on local bidets. Those from the Breton mountains are ambleurs. Breton peasants also found plenty of opportunities to pit their horses against each other at weddings, pardons and other festivities. In Nantes in 1835, Breton bidets and Thoroughbreds shared the racecourse.",
"title": "Usage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "However, legends mingle with historical facts. Moggy, a \"peasant bidet\", is reputed to have beaten a Thoroughbred mare in a race between Saint-Brieuc and Guingamp. Sallier Dupin's critical study reveals that Moggy is not a pure-bred Breton bidet, having been bred from an Arabian horse. The opposing mare was not a thoroughbred, but a strolling mare, barely half-blood.",
"title": "Usage"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "Breton bidets are common in southern and central Brittany. They are found around Briec and Carhaix, in the valleys and on the sunset of the Monts d'Arrée, and on the Morbihan coast, generally bred by fairly poor farmers. In the Côtes d'Armor region, bidets are mainly raised in the arrondissement of Loudéac near Corlay, Gouarec, a few communes around Mûr-de-Bretagne, in the south of the arrondissement of Guingamp, at Saint-Nicolas-du-Pélem, Callac and Rostrenen. This type of breeding continues in areas where the nature of the pastures does not allow for the greater needs of draft horses. Farms have one or two mares. Briec bidets were particularly expensive in the early 19th century, with the price of a good animal rising to 800 francs.",
"title": "Breeding spread"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "Breton bidets were widely exported. In the 17th century, representatives of the breed were sent to New France (now Canada) at the instigation of the king. The Canadian horse breed still reflects this influence. At the beginning of the 20th century, bidets were sent to Cochinchina to be crossed with native mares.",
"title": "Breeding spread"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "A breeder in Haut Corlay is trying to revive the local bidet by crossing Breton draft horses with thoroughbreds. A first foal was approved by the Breton horse studbook in 2010.",
"title": "Breeding spread"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "The memory of bidets remains particularly vivid. A folk tale collected by Émile Souvestre, La Groac'h de l'île du Lok, tells of a stick that changes into \"Saint-Thégonnec's red bidet\" with an incantation:",
"title": "In the culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "\"From Saint Vouga, remember!",
"title": "In the culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "Bidet de Léon, lead me",
"title": "In the culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "On the ground, in the air, on the water,",
"title": "In the culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "Wherever I must go!\"",
"title": "In the culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "- Émile Souvestre, La Groac'h de l'île du Lok.",
"title": "In the culture"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "Painter Rosa Bonheur sketched a number of Breton bidets. Brittany regularly celebrates the memory of these little horses, an integral part of local history.",
"title": "In the culture"
}
] | The Breton bidet is a type of bidet, a small horse bred in Brittany. Characterized by its ability to move at amble, and bred for its working strength, the bidet has been around since the 5th century. In the Middle Ages, it may have been crossed with oriental horses brought by the House of Rohan. Widespread in Brittany until the mid-nineteenth century, bidets were used for all work requiring a low-value horse. The Haras Nationaux fought against this breeding. Transportation modernized in the 19th century, making the draft horse more sought-after. The Breton bidet disappeared at the dawn of the 20th century. These small horses, measuring 1.30 m to 1.45 m in height, are generally chestnut in color. Reputed to be ugly, they have great stamina and proverbial resistance to effort. Bidets are mainly used for saddling or as packhorses, but some are also known for their racing abilities. They are bred in southern and central Brittany, near Briec, Carhaix, Loudéac, and on the Morbihan coast. | 2023-12-12T22:01:10Z | 2023-12-26T16:43:19Z | [
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"Template:Cite publication",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_bidet |
75,547,989 | La Casa Pizzaria | La Casa Pizzaria (also known simply as La Casa or La Casa Pizza) is a family-owned restaurant brand located in Omaha, Nebraska. Founded in 1953, the original La Casa location is the oldest operating pizzeria in Omaha, and is widely considered iconic to the city. Its neon sign depicts the mascot Peppi, and is listed as an Omaha Landmark by the Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission. In 2016, Alexander Payne cameoed the restaurant in the film Downsizing. As of 2023, the brand operates 3 restaurants throughout Omaha and has received praise for its unique style of pizza.
La Casa Pizzaria is a family owed series of restaurant in Omaha, Nebraska. The original La Casa Pizzaria is located on 45th & Leavenworth St., while two sister locations are located at 84th and Grover Streets (often referred to as 'the Grover location' or "La Casa West') and at 168th and Pacific Streets (Also referred to as 'La Casa Pizzaria West at Pacific Springs'). La Casa is family owned and is currently operated by the founder's grandchildren and great-grandchildren. The La Casa Pizzaria West is operated by Anthony Vacanti Jr. and Anthony Vacanti Sr. Vacanti Sr. is also a part owner of the original location, which is operated by Cole Jesse, Joel Hahn and Brandon Hahn. The restaurants are seen as 'iconic' to Omaha.
Both of the sister locations, unlike the original, are centered around ordering at a counter and self-seating. La Casa West, however, is roughly twice as large as the Grover location and can host nearly 120 people at a time. This restaurant also includes outdoor seating, lounging space, a bar, and party rooms. The chain also operates a mobile food truck and ships its pizzas across the United States.
The mascot for La Casa is named 'Peppi' (sometimes spelled Pepé) and is featured prominently at each location with a neon sign. The neon sign featuring Peppi was first constructed in 1957 and was originally designed as part of a larger neon sign trend in Omaha at the time. Peppi is depicted as a stout, 'troubadour' with a handlebar mustache who plays a mandolin or guitar. The designer is unknown. In 2002, the Peppi neon sign at the original La Casa location was declared an Omaha Landmark by the Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission.
La Casa's menu largely serves Italian food, focusing particularity on pizza and pasta. Notably, La Casa features a signature thin-crust, Romano cheese and hamburger pizza that is served in a rectangular shape. The crust has a flaky, 'biscuit-like' texture and the sauce is custom made. The 'bakery-style' crust is made without yeast, and is made in a custom, gas-fired deck oven where the pizza is grilled. This has, at times, been described as pioneering 'Omaha style', a derivation of Neapolitan style pizza.
The restaurant is also notable for its minestrone soup recipe that was first designed by founder Joe Patane, and has remained unchanged since then. Other foods include, soups, salads, lasagna, cheese bread, and sandwiches.
The original La Casa Pizzaria was opened on June 8, 1953, by Sicilian immigrants Joe and Nellie Patane. Originally, the site was the couple's home but was later converted into a restaurant following direction from the city. This prompted the couple to name the restaurant "La Casa" or 'the house'. In 1965, La Casa opened a second location, La Casa West, marking one of the first take-out only pizza shops in Omaha. In the 1980s, the Patanes retired and their kids Jessie and Joel Hahn took over the business. The brothers implemented tuition assistance, health insurance, and improved training programs to retain workers. In 2014, they also began operating a food truck to keep up with demand.
In 2016, La Casa was cameoed in the Alexander Payne film Downsizing, starring Matt Damon, Christoph Waltz, Hong Chau, and Kristen Wiig. This film featured multiple points of Omaha iconography. Shooting at La Casa mainly involved footage of the outside of the building and its neon Peppi sign. Following the completion of filming, La Casa hosted Alexander Payne and the filming crew. In 2019, La Casa opened its third location, "La Casa Pizzaria West at Pacific Springs", which coincided with the 65th anniversary of the brand. This was proceeded by two years of site planning and construction.
In 2020, the neon sign ouside the original La Casa was damaged by a dump truck. Repairs cost approximately $30,000 US to complete and the sign was returned to the restaurant in April 2021. As of 2023, La Casa is the oldest operating pizzeria in Omaha.
Local news station KMTV 3 lists La Casa Pizza as "some of Omaha's best Neapolitan style pizza." The Omaha World Herold describes the pizza as "a longtime Omaha favorite" and lists its pizza as one of "A dozen restaurant dishes that define midtown Omaha". The Omaha-based newspaper, The Reader, described the pizza as "The crust is thin like pastry, the hamburger is granular like meat gravel, and the cheese is pure, smelly Romano." Omaha magazine described the restaurant as "the legendary Omaha restaurant known for its unique pizza and iconic neon sign". La Casa's restaurant and food truck have the Omaha magazine's Best of Omaha Award in Pizza during 1992, 1994, 2002, 2004, 2006–2009, 2011–2014, 2016, 2018–2021, and 2023–2024. The restaurant has also been praised for its efforts in retaining and training staff. The neon sign located at La Casa Pizza is widely regarded as icon and historic to Omaha. In a restaurant review by the podcast Restauranthoppin, hosted by food critic Dan Hoppin, the restaurants were described as:
While the focus on La Casa’s historic standing in Omaha is well-deserved, its reputation as a one-trick pony is not. Because while the hamburger pizza is a fan favorite for a reason, there’s a lot more going on at this restaurant than this one pie.
During the 65th anniversary of the restaurant, the Omaha World Herold described mixed reception to the restaurant, but attributed the brand's survival to their 'iconic' pizza style.
La Casa is featured in the Pizza Hall of Fame. Tracy Morin, a Mashed journalist and writer for PMQ Pizza Magazine, praised the restaurant's food and described the modern restaurant as "relevant though Facebook and Twitter while attracting a younger crowd with fun events" The travel and tourism site TravelAwaits listed La Casa as amongst the '11 Best Italian Restaurants In Omaha, Nebraska'. The Food Network has praised La Casa's food, describing it as a lesser known 'Omaha-style' of pizza.
Director Alexander Payne has stated his personal favorite dish is pizza with mushrooms, onions, and ground beef. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "La Casa Pizzaria (also known simply as La Casa or La Casa Pizza) is a family-owned restaurant brand located in Omaha, Nebraska. Founded in 1953, the original La Casa location is the oldest operating pizzeria in Omaha, and is widely considered iconic to the city. Its neon sign depicts the mascot Peppi, and is listed as an Omaha Landmark by the Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission. In 2016, Alexander Payne cameoed the restaurant in the film Downsizing. As of 2023, the brand operates 3 restaurants throughout Omaha and has received praise for its unique style of pizza.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "La Casa Pizzaria is a family owed series of restaurant in Omaha, Nebraska. The original La Casa Pizzaria is located on 45th & Leavenworth St., while two sister locations are located at 84th and Grover Streets (often referred to as 'the Grover location' or \"La Casa West') and at 168th and Pacific Streets (Also referred to as 'La Casa Pizzaria West at Pacific Springs'). La Casa is family owned and is currently operated by the founder's grandchildren and great-grandchildren. The La Casa Pizzaria West is operated by Anthony Vacanti Jr. and Anthony Vacanti Sr. Vacanti Sr. is also a part owner of the original location, which is operated by Cole Jesse, Joel Hahn and Brandon Hahn. The restaurants are seen as 'iconic' to Omaha.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Both of the sister locations, unlike the original, are centered around ordering at a counter and self-seating. La Casa West, however, is roughly twice as large as the Grover location and can host nearly 120 people at a time. This restaurant also includes outdoor seating, lounging space, a bar, and party rooms. The chain also operates a mobile food truck and ships its pizzas across the United States.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The mascot for La Casa is named 'Peppi' (sometimes spelled Pepé) and is featured prominently at each location with a neon sign. The neon sign featuring Peppi was first constructed in 1957 and was originally designed as part of a larger neon sign trend in Omaha at the time. Peppi is depicted as a stout, 'troubadour' with a handlebar mustache who plays a mandolin or guitar. The designer is unknown. In 2002, the Peppi neon sign at the original La Casa location was declared an Omaha Landmark by the Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "La Casa's menu largely serves Italian food, focusing particularity on pizza and pasta. Notably, La Casa features a signature thin-crust, Romano cheese and hamburger pizza that is served in a rectangular shape. The crust has a flaky, 'biscuit-like' texture and the sauce is custom made. The 'bakery-style' crust is made without yeast, and is made in a custom, gas-fired deck oven where the pizza is grilled. This has, at times, been described as pioneering 'Omaha style', a derivation of Neapolitan style pizza.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The restaurant is also notable for its minestrone soup recipe that was first designed by founder Joe Patane, and has remained unchanged since then. Other foods include, soups, salads, lasagna, cheese bread, and sandwiches.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The original La Casa Pizzaria was opened on June 8, 1953, by Sicilian immigrants Joe and Nellie Patane. Originally, the site was the couple's home but was later converted into a restaurant following direction from the city. This prompted the couple to name the restaurant \"La Casa\" or 'the house'. In 1965, La Casa opened a second location, La Casa West, marking one of the first take-out only pizza shops in Omaha. In the 1980s, the Patanes retired and their kids Jessie and Joel Hahn took over the business. The brothers implemented tuition assistance, health insurance, and improved training programs to retain workers. In 2014, they also began operating a food truck to keep up with demand.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2016, La Casa was cameoed in the Alexander Payne film Downsizing, starring Matt Damon, Christoph Waltz, Hong Chau, and Kristen Wiig. This film featured multiple points of Omaha iconography. Shooting at La Casa mainly involved footage of the outside of the building and its neon Peppi sign. Following the completion of filming, La Casa hosted Alexander Payne and the filming crew. In 2019, La Casa opened its third location, \"La Casa Pizzaria West at Pacific Springs\", which coincided with the 65th anniversary of the brand. This was proceeded by two years of site planning and construction.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 2020, the neon sign ouside the original La Casa was damaged by a dump truck. Repairs cost approximately $30,000 US to complete and the sign was returned to the restaurant in April 2021. As of 2023, La Casa is the oldest operating pizzeria in Omaha.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Local news station KMTV 3 lists La Casa Pizza as \"some of Omaha's best Neapolitan style pizza.\" The Omaha World Herold describes the pizza as \"a longtime Omaha favorite\" and lists its pizza as one of \"A dozen restaurant dishes that define midtown Omaha\". The Omaha-based newspaper, The Reader, described the pizza as \"The crust is thin like pastry, the hamburger is granular like meat gravel, and the cheese is pure, smelly Romano.\" Omaha magazine described the restaurant as \"the legendary Omaha restaurant known for its unique pizza and iconic neon sign\". La Casa's restaurant and food truck have the Omaha magazine's Best of Omaha Award in Pizza during 1992, 1994, 2002, 2004, 2006–2009, 2011–2014, 2016, 2018–2021, and 2023–2024. The restaurant has also been praised for its efforts in retaining and training staff. The neon sign located at La Casa Pizza is widely regarded as icon and historic to Omaha. In a restaurant review by the podcast Restauranthoppin, hosted by food critic Dan Hoppin, the restaurants were described as:",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "While the focus on La Casa’s historic standing in Omaha is well-deserved, its reputation as a one-trick pony is not. Because while the hamburger pizza is a fan favorite for a reason, there’s a lot more going on at this restaurant than this one pie.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "During the 65th anniversary of the restaurant, the Omaha World Herold described mixed reception to the restaurant, but attributed the brand's survival to their 'iconic' pizza style.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "La Casa is featured in the Pizza Hall of Fame. Tracy Morin, a Mashed journalist and writer for PMQ Pizza Magazine, praised the restaurant's food and described the modern restaurant as \"relevant though Facebook and Twitter while attracting a younger crowd with fun events\" The travel and tourism site TravelAwaits listed La Casa as amongst the '11 Best Italian Restaurants In Omaha, Nebraska'. The Food Network has praised La Casa's food, describing it as a lesser known 'Omaha-style' of pizza.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Director Alexander Payne has stated his personal favorite dish is pizza with mushrooms, onions, and ground beef.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | La Casa Pizzaria is a family-owned restaurant brand located in Omaha, Nebraska. Founded in 1953, the original La Casa location is the oldest operating pizzeria in Omaha, and is widely considered iconic to the city. Its neon sign depicts the mascot Peppi, and is listed as an Omaha Landmark by the Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission. In 2016, Alexander Payne cameoed the restaurant in the film Downsizing. As of 2023, the brand operates 3 restaurants throughout Omaha and has received praise for its unique style of pizza. | 2023-12-12T22:06:33Z | 2023-12-20T20:18:17Z | [
"Template:Infobox restaurant",
"Template:Blockquote",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Casa_Pizzaria |
75,547,995 | Harold Gilbee Anderson | Harold Gilbee Anderson was an English medical missionary who originally worked in London, then went to western China for research fellowship. He was appointed to an administrative role in the Church Missionary Society (CMS). Anderson based his missionary trips around religion, specifically Evangelism, claiming that the goal of medical missions is to help men to find their "wholeness" in life.
Harold Gilbee Anderson was born on May 26, 1896 at Safed, Palestine. Anderson's father was a medical missionary in Palestine, under the Church Missions to Jews, while his mother was a secretary for Young Women's Christian Association. Between 1907 and 1915, he attended Monkton Combe School, where he first heard the call to missionary service.
Anderson went into war service with both the British and American Expeditionary Forces in France, where he was captain of the Royal West Kent Regiment (1915-1919). Afterwards, he was a superintendent at a hospital slum mission from 1920-1923. He earned his master degrees and received Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS) and Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians (LRCP) certifications.
In 1925, after his war service in France, he entered St. Bartholomew's Hospital where he received his Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians (MRCP), M.B, B.S. from London and held the post of Senior house physician. He was accepted by CMS and sailed to China for his missionary trip, where he later obtained his medical degree in 1934. Anderson married Eleanor Waverly Mcneil, on April 29, 1927 but she died in London on February 15, 1950. He remarried a year later to Elizabeth France who was formerly of CMS H.Q. staff.
In October 15, 1924, he was accepted to be a missionary by the Church Missionary Society where on March 5, 1926 he was sent on to his mission in Western China, Meinchu. He began his association with the West China Union University, Chengdu in 1926 but was interrupted for a year by the 1926 Chinese Revolution, also known as the Northern Expedition.
The hospital that Anderson was working in, was supposed to accommodate one hundred and ten patients; on one day they had seven hundred wounded people in. During this time of upheaval, there was crowding in the hospital that involve many wounded soldiers. This took its toll as diseases spread to the hospital's staff, and Anderson came down with influenza that later turned into typhus fever.
Anderson and his wife sought refuge in Australia, Adelaide, during the 1926 Chinese revolution. This provided an opportunity in 1927 to develop missionary interest by founding the CMS. Youth Fellowship in South Australia. Anderson returned to Chengdu.
During Anderson's time at the hospital, two teachers from Hong Kong University became his patients after a motor-bus accident outside of Chengdu, eventually leading to the possibility of a real measure of future cooperation between the two universities. In 1932, he was approved by the executive missionary and both university authorities, Hong Kong University and West China Union University, to conduct a 6 month research fellowship at Henry Lester Institute of Medical Research in Shanghai. He completed a short monograph on tuberculosis in West China.
By 1933, he left China and went back to England through Australia. From 1934-1935, he served as an acting physician and secretary, acting as a locum for and succeeding J. H. Cook as CMS Medical Secretary at Salisbury Square, London. In 1935, Anderson went back to Chengdu where the executive committee approved of him joining Barely in a far east tour of CMS. and reported back on his journey. Anderson was later asked by CMS to relinquish his work in Chengdu to take up a role as physician to the Society on the Home staff, and as the secretary in charge of the CMS Medical Missions.
Anderson traveled back to England in 1938 where he was appointed as a physician society, an administration of the Church Missionary Society, and as secretary to the medical community. The Medical Commission's report of 1939 is a landmark in the history of CMS medical missions, and Anderson's passion was translating its recommendations from paper to practice.
He resigned as a medical superintendent on January 21, 1959, but the resignation wasn't effective until September of that year.
Anderson died on October 6, 1977, in Painswick, Gloucester, England. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Harold Gilbee Anderson was an English medical missionary who originally worked in London, then went to western China for research fellowship. He was appointed to an administrative role in the Church Missionary Society (CMS). Anderson based his missionary trips around religion, specifically Evangelism, claiming that the goal of medical missions is to help men to find their \"wholeness\" in life.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Harold Gilbee Anderson was born on May 26, 1896 at Safed, Palestine. Anderson's father was a medical missionary in Palestine, under the Church Missions to Jews, while his mother was a secretary for Young Women's Christian Association. Between 1907 and 1915, he attended Monkton Combe School, where he first heard the call to missionary service.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Anderson went into war service with both the British and American Expeditionary Forces in France, where he was captain of the Royal West Kent Regiment (1915-1919). Afterwards, he was a superintendent at a hospital slum mission from 1920-1923. He earned his master degrees and received Member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (MRCS) and Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians (LRCP) certifications.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1925, after his war service in France, he entered St. Bartholomew's Hospital where he received his Membership of the Royal Colleges of Physicians (MRCP), M.B, B.S. from London and held the post of Senior house physician. He was accepted by CMS and sailed to China for his missionary trip, where he later obtained his medical degree in 1934. Anderson married Eleanor Waverly Mcneil, on April 29, 1927 but she died in London on February 15, 1950. He remarried a year later to Elizabeth France who was formerly of CMS H.Q. staff.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In October 15, 1924, he was accepted to be a missionary by the Church Missionary Society where on March 5, 1926 he was sent on to his mission in Western China, Meinchu. He began his association with the West China Union University, Chengdu in 1926 but was interrupted for a year by the 1926 Chinese Revolution, also known as the Northern Expedition.",
"title": "Career and journey"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The hospital that Anderson was working in, was supposed to accommodate one hundred and ten patients; on one day they had seven hundred wounded people in. During this time of upheaval, there was crowding in the hospital that involve many wounded soldiers. This took its toll as diseases spread to the hospital's staff, and Anderson came down with influenza that later turned into typhus fever.",
"title": "Career and journey"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Anderson and his wife sought refuge in Australia, Adelaide, during the 1926 Chinese revolution. This provided an opportunity in 1927 to develop missionary interest by founding the CMS. Youth Fellowship in South Australia. Anderson returned to Chengdu.",
"title": "Career and journey"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "During Anderson's time at the hospital, two teachers from Hong Kong University became his patients after a motor-bus accident outside of Chengdu, eventually leading to the possibility of a real measure of future cooperation between the two universities. In 1932, he was approved by the executive missionary and both university authorities, Hong Kong University and West China Union University, to conduct a 6 month research fellowship at Henry Lester Institute of Medical Research in Shanghai. He completed a short monograph on tuberculosis in West China.",
"title": "Career and journey"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "By 1933, he left China and went back to England through Australia. From 1934-1935, he served as an acting physician and secretary, acting as a locum for and succeeding J. H. Cook as CMS Medical Secretary at Salisbury Square, London. In 1935, Anderson went back to Chengdu where the executive committee approved of him joining Barely in a far east tour of CMS. and reported back on his journey. Anderson was later asked by CMS to relinquish his work in Chengdu to take up a role as physician to the Society on the Home staff, and as the secretary in charge of the CMS Medical Missions.",
"title": "Career and journey"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Anderson traveled back to England in 1938 where he was appointed as a physician society, an administration of the Church Missionary Society, and as secretary to the medical community. The Medical Commission's report of 1939 is a landmark in the history of CMS medical missions, and Anderson's passion was translating its recommendations from paper to practice.",
"title": "Career and journey"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "He resigned as a medical superintendent on January 21, 1959, but the resignation wasn't effective until September of that year.",
"title": "Career and journey"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Anderson died on October 6, 1977, in Painswick, Gloucester, England.",
"title": "Death"
}
] | Harold Gilbee Anderson was an English medical missionary who originally worked in London, then went to western China for research fellowship. He was appointed to an administrative role in the Church Missionary Society (CMS). Anderson based his missionary trips around religion, specifically Evangelism, claiming that the goal of medical missions is to help men to find their "wholeness" in life. | 2023-12-12T22:07:19Z | 2023-12-31T21:33:53Z | [
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"Template:Multiple issues",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Gilbee_Anderson |
75,548,003 | 2023–24 UMBC Retrievers women's basketball team | The 2023–24 UMBC Retrievers women's basketball team represents the University of Maryland, Baltimore County during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Retrievers, led by fourth-year head coach Johnetta Hayes, play their home games at the Chesapeake Employers Insurance Arena in Catonsville, Maryland, as members of the America East Conference.
The Retrievers finished the 2022–23 season 14–15, 10–6 in America East play to finish in fourth place. They defeated NJIT in the quarterfinals, before falling to top-seeded and eventual tournament champions Vermont in the semifinals of the America East tournament.
Sources: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 UMBC Retrievers women's basketball team represents the University of Maryland, Baltimore County during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Retrievers, led by fourth-year head coach Johnetta Hayes, play their home games at the Chesapeake Employers Insurance Arena in Catonsville, Maryland, as members of the America East Conference.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Retrievers finished the 2022–23 season 14–15, 10–6 in America East play to finish in fourth place. They defeated NJIT in the quarterfinals, before falling to top-seeded and eventual tournament champions Vermont in the semifinals of the America East tournament.",
"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Schedule and results"
}
] | The 2023–24 UMBC Retrievers women's basketball team represents the University of Maryland, Baltimore County during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Retrievers, led by fourth-year head coach Johnetta Hayes, play their home games at the Chesapeake Employers Insurance Arena in Catonsville, Maryland, as members of the America East Conference. | 2023-12-12T22:08:41Z | 2023-12-13T18:45:14Z | [
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75,548,009 | George Orwell on Screen: Adaptations, Documentaries and Docudramas on Film and Television | George Orwell on Screen: Adaptations, Documentaries and Docudramas on Film and Television is a book-length comprehensive exploration written by British writer and journalist David Ryan, delving into the cinematic and televisual adaptations of the works of British author and essayist George Orwell. It was published by McFarland & Company in 2018. Ryan's analysis is supported by interviews with key industry figures, including actors, writers, directors, and producers, providing a perspective on the evolution of Orwellian themes in visual media. The book was one of the Times Literary Supplement‘s books of the year in 2018. On the strength of this book, the Criterion Collection interviewed David Ryan for its Blu-ray of Michael Radford’s film 1984. | [
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] | George Orwell on Screen: Adaptations, Documentaries and Docudramas on Film and Television is a book-length comprehensive exploration written by British writer and journalist David Ryan, delving into the cinematic and televisual adaptations of the works of British author and essayist George Orwell. It was published by McFarland & Company in 2018. Ryan's analysis is supported by interviews with key industry figures, including actors, writers, directors, and producers, providing a perspective on the evolution of Orwellian themes in visual media. The book was one of the Times Literary Supplement‘s books of the year in 2018. On the strength of this book, the Criterion Collection interviewed David Ryan for its Blu-ray of Michael Radford’s film 1984. | 2023-12-12T22:09:47Z | 2023-12-13T13:52:00Z | [
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75,548,010 | Lynn Wagenknecht | Lynn Wagenknecht is an American restaurateur. | [
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75,548,030 | Nolwenn (given name) | Nolwenn is a feminine given name. Notable people with the name include: | [
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] | Nolwenn is a feminine given name. Notable people with the name include: Nolwenn Leroy, French singer-songwriter and musician
Nolwenn Korbell, French singer-songwriter
Nolwenn Le Blevennec, French journalist | 2023-12-12T22:13:22Z | 2023-12-12T23:10:48Z | [
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75,548,046 | Battle of Gettysburg order of battle | The order of battle for the Battle of Gettysburg includes: | [
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] | The order of battle for the Battle of Gettysburg includes: Battle of Gettysburg order of battle: Confederate
Battle of Gettysburg order of battle: Union | 2023-12-12T22:15:51Z | 2023-12-16T07:28:47Z | [
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75,548,058 | Dámaso Bilbao la Vieja | Dámaso Bilbao la Vieja Alquiza (11 December 1789 – 28 June 1869) was a Bolivian military officer who participated in the Spanish American wars of independence, War of the Confederation, and the Peruvian–Bolivian War of 1841–42. He was a descendant of the Marquesses of Haro and, thus, a Spanish aristocrat.
He was born in the city of La Paz on December 11, 1789. He was the legitimate son of the Spanish colonel, Don Antonio Bilbao la Vieja de Rojas and Doña Francisca Alquiza Foronda. The noble title of 'La Vieja' was obtained from the Spanish crown; however, he never used it because he sympathized with democracy and republicanism.
On July 16, 1808, he enlisted as a cadet in the militias of the Spanish army. A year later, on the same day, July 16, he assisted the patriots in taking the barracks and proclaimed the independence of the Americas. The next day, he was promoted to the rank of second lieutenant. He participated in the Combat of Chacaltaya, unfortunate for the patriots, and the victorious General José Manuel de Goyeneche exiled him to Córdoba for four years.
There, he served under the Argentine General Juan Martín de Puyrredón, who promoted him to the rank of captain in 1811. He was part of the three Argentine expeditions in Upper Peru and took part in all the battles and combats that occurred from 1811 to 1817: Huaqui, Las Piedras, Tucumán, Salta, Suipacha, Vilcapugio, Ayuma, Sipesipe. At Sipesipe, he showed great courage and valiant behavior. On May 25, 1813, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel by the government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. He served in the Argentine army for thirteen years, and in 1825, when the war of independence ended, he returned to his homeland with General José María Pérez de Urdininea.
In Bolivia, he held multiple and important positions, both military and administrative, excelling in all of them with true diligence and competence. He earned the most honorable recommendations from all his superiors. First as the chief Intendant of La Paz, then as the Governor of the province of Yungas, later as the head of the National Guard, and finally, as the commander-in-chief, Bilbao La Vieja dedicated his career to the army.
In 1826, he was elected deputy to the constituent congress convened in Chuquisaca. In 1829, he was appointed aide-de-camp to President Andrés de Santa Cruz, and alongside him participated in the campaigns of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, taking part in the Battles of Yanacocha, Ninabamba, Socabaya, Paucarpata, and Yungay. After the defeat in Yungay on January 20, 1839, he was taken prisoner and transported to Cuzco, where he remained until July of the following year when, having obtained his freedom, he returned to his homeland.
During the government of General José Miguel de Velasco, he was the Prefect of La Paz, a member of the war council, and the head of the national guard. In September 1841, the people of La Paz appointed him commander-in-chief of the garrison of that city, following the political change that proclaimed his nephew, General José Ballivián, as president of the republic. Ballivián appointed him chief aide-de-camp of the General Staff, and in this capacity, he participated in the 40-day campaign against Peru and fought in the Battle of Ingavi on November 18, 1841. For his part, Bilbao La Vieja was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. He received the commemorative medal for this battle and was declared a hero of the country.
He participated in the 1842 campaign in Peru as the commander-in-chief of a division. In the same year and the following ones, he successively held the position of Prefect in the departments of Chuquisaca, Potosí, and Oruro; a member of the national council, commander-in-chief of the infantry brigade, and other important positions in various departments of the republic. In 1855, he was instrumental defeating the uprising of General Gregorio Pérez, securing the presidency of Jorge Córdova.
Bilbao la Vieja married María de los Dolores Ramos Mexia Ross on December 8, 1814. The couple had five children:
During the governments of Manuel Isidoro Belzu and Jorge Córdova, he was out of service for not being a supporter of these rulers. José María Linares reinstated him in 1857, as Bilbao la Vieja played a crucial role in ousting the belcistas. During the presidency of General José María de Achá, he held the position of commander-in-chief of the La Paz garrison, the last public office he held, as he requested and obtained his retirement in 1865. Bilbao La Vieja passed away in La Paz on June 28, 1869, in his own home. | [
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"title": ""
},
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"text": "There, he served under the Argentine General Juan Martín de Puyrredón, who promoted him to the rank of captain in 1811. He was part of the three Argentine expeditions in Upper Peru and took part in all the battles and combats that occurred from 1811 to 1817: Huaqui, Las Piedras, Tucumán, Salta, Suipacha, Vilcapugio, Ayuma, Sipesipe. At Sipesipe, he showed great courage and valiant behavior. On May 25, 1813, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel by the government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. He served in the Argentine army for thirteen years, and in 1825, when the war of independence ended, he returned to his homeland with General José María Pérez de Urdininea.",
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"title": "Military career"
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"text": "In 1826, he was elected deputy to the constituent congress convened in Chuquisaca. In 1829, he was appointed aide-de-camp to President Andrés de Santa Cruz, and alongside him participated in the campaigns of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, taking part in the Battles of Yanacocha, Ninabamba, Socabaya, Paucarpata, and Yungay. After the defeat in Yungay on January 20, 1839, he was taken prisoner and transported to Cuzco, where he remained until July of the following year when, having obtained his freedom, he returned to his homeland.",
"title": "Military career"
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"text": "During the government of General José Miguel de Velasco, he was the Prefect of La Paz, a member of the war council, and the head of the national guard. In September 1841, the people of La Paz appointed him commander-in-chief of the garrison of that city, following the political change that proclaimed his nephew, General José Ballivián, as president of the republic. Ballivián appointed him chief aide-de-camp of the General Staff, and in this capacity, he participated in the 40-day campaign against Peru and fought in the Battle of Ingavi on November 18, 1841. For his part, Bilbao La Vieja was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. He received the commemorative medal for this battle and was declared a hero of the country.",
"title": "Military career"
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"text": "He participated in the 1842 campaign in Peru as the commander-in-chief of a division. In the same year and the following ones, he successively held the position of Prefect in the departments of Chuquisaca, Potosí, and Oruro; a member of the national council, commander-in-chief of the infantry brigade, and other important positions in various departments of the republic. In 1855, he was instrumental defeating the uprising of General Gregorio Pérez, securing the presidency of Jorge Córdova.",
"title": "Military career"
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"title": "Marriage and family"
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"text": "During the governments of Manuel Isidoro Belzu and Jorge Córdova, he was out of service for not being a supporter of these rulers. José María Linares reinstated him in 1857, as Bilbao la Vieja played a crucial role in ousting the belcistas. During the presidency of General José María de Achá, he held the position of commander-in-chief of the La Paz garrison, the last public office he held, as he requested and obtained his retirement in 1865. Bilbao La Vieja passed away in La Paz on June 28, 1869, in his own home.",
"title": "Final years and death"
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] | Dámaso Bilbao la Vieja Alquiza was a Bolivian military officer who participated in the Spanish American wars of independence, War of the Confederation, and the Peruvian–Bolivian War of 1841–42. He was a descendant of the Marquesses of Haro and, thus, a Spanish aristocrat. | 2023-12-12T22:17:06Z | 2023-12-27T19:10:01Z | [
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75,548,063 | 2023 term United States Supreme Court opinions of Elena Kagan | [] | 2023-12-12T22:18:00Z | 2023-12-12T22:18:09Z | [
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||
75,548,065 | Adeeb Youssef | Adeeb Abdel Rahman Youssef (born circa 1975) is a Sudanese human rights activist and politician. From 2003 he documented evidence of atrocities in his native Darfur. For his activism he was imprisoned and tortured by Sudanese authorities. At one point he moved to the United States where he remained for several years and studied at George Mason University. After the Sudanese revolution he served as governor of Central Darfur from 27 July 2020 until his removal during the 2021 Sudanese coup d'état on 25 October.
Youssef was born circa 1975. He is of Fur aristocratic descent. His father had two wives and Youssef had 22 siblings. Youssef grew up in Juldo, Marrah Mountains, Darfur, Sudan. In April 2001 he was one of the co-founders of the Sudan Social Development Organization. He worked in rural areas and supported local communicaties in obtaining its rights versus the government. As a human rights activist he also planted medicinal trees and helped build schools and clinics. From 2003 onwards he visited 339 villages in Darfur to collect evidence of acts of violence and human rights abuses. He sent these photos to Amnesty International. The Sudanese security services subsequently took an interest in him. Youssef was detained at least twice in Sudan. He was imprisoned four months in a torture facility, while sharing a cell with nine others. He also spent two months in a bathroom in Kobar Prison. He also escaped asssination. At his first attempt to leave for the United States he had his passport and money seized.
In September 2008 he went to New York City, United States, for a lecture tour. He hoped to return Sudan swiftly, but by December the Sudanese government threatened his family and imprisoned a brother to question him about Adeeb. Youssef then spent time between Manhattan, Brooklyn and New Jersey. He ultimately remained in the United States for six years. Apart from his time in New York he later also spent time in San Francisco. In March 2009, after the indictment of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir by the International Criminal Court Youssef stated "It’s a very happy day for every Darfurian”. His Sudan Social Development Organization was subsequently expelled from Sudan by al-Bashir. In June 2009 Youssef stated he had been tortured for 11 months in Darfur after revealing atrocities aimed against black Africans in the region. In 2018 Youssef obtained a PhD from the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution at George Mason University.
Youssef was one of the developers of the Darfur Emergency Response Operation, which assists in programs for internally displaced persons (IDP) camps. Youssef has also served as general manager of the Darfur Reconciliation and Development Organization.
As of 2009, Youssef had lost 33 family members in the conflict in Darfur, including his grandmother whom he found burned in his home village. One of his close friends was killed by the Janjaweed.
On 27 July 2020 Youssef was sworn in as Governor of Central Darfur in front of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan. His swearing-in coincided with that of 17 other governors. In August 2020 he visited mass graves of the war in Darfur. On 19 October 2020 Youssef met with Fatou Bensouda, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, in the Corinthia Hotel Khartoum to discuss the International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur and especially the case of Ali Kushayb of whom the events took place in Central Darfur. Youssef stated that the location of the meeting, Sudan rather than The Hague or New York, was a victory for the victims. During November 2020 Youssef announced a campaign for disarmament of Central Darfur. On 31 December 2020 Youssef met with Anita Kiki Gbeho, the Deputy Joint Special Representative of United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), to discuss the winding down of the mission.
In January 2021 Youssef reportedly paid 170,000 Sudanese pound to avoid an attack from 200 Arabs on the Hamidiya internally displaced persons camp near Zalingei. In May 2021 Youssef criticized the appointment of Minni Minnawi as Darfur Regional Governor by Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok, calling it a hasty decision, which needed consultation. He feared the appointment would make peace negotiations with Abdul Wahid al Nur more difficult. The same month he accepted the handover of the UNAMID headquarters in Zalingei on behalf of the state of Sudan. In July 2021 he announced the discovery of three mass graves in Central Darfur, containing at least 76 victims. In July 2021 he also spoke with a panel of experts reporting to the United Nations Security Council, he indicated that in four locaties near the borders with Chad and the Central African Republic there were tensions which led to incursions between Sudan and Chad. At times the local population supported Chadian opposition groups. On 31 August 2021 students of the University of Zalingei protested at the former UNAMID site, as they tried to open the gates they were fired upon by security forces. The protesters then marched to the offices of Central Darfur's government where they hoped to speak to Youssef, who allegedly refused. They were once more fired upon, killing one student.
During the 2021 Sudanese coup d'état of 25 October Abdel Fattah al-Burhan sacked the governors of the states of Sudan. By November 2021 Youssef had certainly been ousted from his position. Saad Adam Babiker succeeded Youssef, he was dismissed himself in November 2023.
In November 2021, Youssef together with Mohamed Hassan Al-Taishi, a former member of the Transitional Sovereignty Council, and the ousted Minister of Justice, Nasredeen Abdulbari spoke with European ambassadors to Sudan on steps to be taken to restore democracy.
In July 2022, commmenting on the reported death of 168 individuals in Darfur, Youssef stated that: "the violence is the result of a communal conflict that was never resolved in all past peace agreements".
In May 2023, speaking with NPR, Youssef stated he victims in Darfur were being revictimized. He also feared that fighting in Sudan would lead to harmful effects on agriculture and possibly famine. In September 2023, commenting on the situation in Sudan, he stated that the departure of international organizations lead to escalation in the fighting. He argued for international sanctions, against the fighting parties and the countries which supported them. Youssef left Darfur in November 2023, but vowed to return to resume giving aid. In November 2023 he stated that conflict in Sudan was more ethnical than political, with genocidal acts being committed and that the effects were worse than the previous war in Darfur with the humaniterian conditions suffering due to lack of foreign aid. | [
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"title": "Early life and humanitarian efforts"
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"text": "In September 2008 he went to New York City, United States, for a lecture tour. He hoped to return Sudan swiftly, but by December the Sudanese government threatened his family and imprisoned a brother to question him about Adeeb. Youssef then spent time between Manhattan, Brooklyn and New Jersey. He ultimately remained in the United States for six years. Apart from his time in New York he later also spent time in San Francisco. In March 2009, after the indictment of Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir by the International Criminal Court Youssef stated \"It’s a very happy day for every Darfurian”. His Sudan Social Development Organization was subsequently expelled from Sudan by al-Bashir. In June 2009 Youssef stated he had been tortured for 11 months in Darfur after revealing atrocities aimed against black Africans in the region. In 2018 Youssef obtained a PhD from the Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter School for Peace and Conflict Resolution at George Mason University.",
"title": "Early life and humanitarian efforts"
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},
{
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"text": "As of 2009, Youssef had lost 33 family members in the conflict in Darfur, including his grandmother whom he found burned in his home village. One of his close friends was killed by the Janjaweed.",
"title": "Early life and humanitarian efforts"
},
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"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 27 July 2020 Youssef was sworn in as Governor of Central Darfur in front of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan. His swearing-in coincided with that of 17 other governors. In August 2020 he visited mass graves of the war in Darfur. On 19 October 2020 Youssef met with Fatou Bensouda, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, in the Corinthia Hotel Khartoum to discuss the International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur and especially the case of Ali Kushayb of whom the events took place in Central Darfur. Youssef stated that the location of the meeting, Sudan rather than The Hague or New York, was a victory for the victims. During November 2020 Youssef announced a campaign for disarmament of Central Darfur. On 31 December 2020 Youssef met with Anita Kiki Gbeho, the Deputy Joint Special Representative of United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), to discuss the winding down of the mission.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In January 2021 Youssef reportedly paid 170,000 Sudanese pound to avoid an attack from 200 Arabs on the Hamidiya internally displaced persons camp near Zalingei. In May 2021 Youssef criticized the appointment of Minni Minnawi as Darfur Regional Governor by Sudanese Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok, calling it a hasty decision, which needed consultation. He feared the appointment would make peace negotiations with Abdul Wahid al Nur more difficult. The same month he accepted the handover of the UNAMID headquarters in Zalingei on behalf of the state of Sudan. In July 2021 he announced the discovery of three mass graves in Central Darfur, containing at least 76 victims. In July 2021 he also spoke with a panel of experts reporting to the United Nations Security Council, he indicated that in four locaties near the borders with Chad and the Central African Republic there were tensions which led to incursions between Sudan and Chad. At times the local population supported Chadian opposition groups. On 31 August 2021 students of the University of Zalingei protested at the former UNAMID site, as they tried to open the gates they were fired upon by security forces. The protesters then marched to the offices of Central Darfur's government where they hoped to speak to Youssef, who allegedly refused. They were once more fired upon, killing one student.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "During the 2021 Sudanese coup d'état of 25 October Abdel Fattah al-Burhan sacked the governors of the states of Sudan. By November 2021 Youssef had certainly been ousted from his position. Saad Adam Babiker succeeded Youssef, he was dismissed himself in November 2023.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In November 2021, Youssef together with Mohamed Hassan Al-Taishi, a former member of the Transitional Sovereignty Council, and the ousted Minister of Justice, Nasredeen Abdulbari spoke with European ambassadors to Sudan on steps to be taken to restore democracy.",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In July 2022, commmenting on the reported death of 168 individuals in Darfur, Youssef stated that: \"the violence is the result of a communal conflict that was never resolved in all past peace agreements\".",
"title": "Post-political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In May 2023, speaking with NPR, Youssef stated he victims in Darfur were being revictimized. He also feared that fighting in Sudan would lead to harmful effects on agriculture and possibly famine. In September 2023, commenting on the situation in Sudan, he stated that the departure of international organizations lead to escalation in the fighting. He argued for international sanctions, against the fighting parties and the countries which supported them. Youssef left Darfur in November 2023, but vowed to return to resume giving aid. In November 2023 he stated that conflict in Sudan was more ethnical than political, with genocidal acts being committed and that the effects were worse than the previous war in Darfur with the humaniterian conditions suffering due to lack of foreign aid.",
"title": "Post-political career"
}
] | Adeeb Abdel Rahman Youssef is a Sudanese human rights activist and politician. From 2003 he documented evidence of atrocities in his native Darfur. For his activism he was imprisoned and tortured by Sudanese authorities. At one point he moved to the United States where he remained for several years and studied at George Mason University. After the Sudanese revolution he served as governor of Central Darfur from 27 July 2020 until his removal during the 2021 Sudanese coup d'état on 25 October. | 2023-12-12T22:18:18Z | 2024-01-01T01:08:02Z | [
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75,548,070 | Hugo Quintana | Hugo Lorenzo Quintana Escobar (born 10 November 2001) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Olimpia.
Born in Asunción, Quintana joined Olimpia's youth setup at the age of 14. He made his first team – and Primera División – debut on 29 April 2018, starting in a 3–0 home win over Sportivo Luqueño.
Quintana scored his first professional goal on 15 October 2018, netting his team's second in a 5–0 away routing of Deportivo Santaní. At the end of the season, he was elected as the Breakthrough Player.
In January 2020, Quintana moved on loan to 12 de Octubre, but only played one match before leaving to Palmeiras, where he was assigned to the under-20 team. He left the club in February 2021, after being rarely used.
Upon returning, Quintana was assigned back to Olimpia's first team, but suffered a knee injury in August 2022 which sidelined him for the remainder of the season. | [
{
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"text": "Hugo Lorenzo Quintana Escobar (born 10 November 2001) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Olimpia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Born in Asunción, Quintana joined Olimpia's youth setup at the age of 14. He made his first team – and Primera División – debut on 29 April 2018, starting in a 3–0 home win over Sportivo Luqueño.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Quintana scored his first professional goal on 15 October 2018, netting his team's second in a 5–0 away routing of Deportivo Santaní. At the end of the season, he was elected as the Breakthrough Player.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In January 2020, Quintana moved on loan to 12 de Octubre, but only played one match before leaving to Palmeiras, where he was assigned to the under-20 team. He left the club in February 2021, after being rarely used.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Upon returning, Quintana was assigned back to Olimpia's first team, but suffered a knee injury in August 2022 which sidelined him for the remainder of the season.",
"title": "Club career"
}
] | Hugo Lorenzo Quintana Escobar is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Olimpia. | 2023-12-12T22:18:54Z | 2023-12-19T16:00:03Z | [
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75,548,071 | Dory Kahalé | Dory Kahalé (born May 25, 1971, in Beirut, Lebanon) is an American DJ and producer from Minneapolis.
Active in the electronic dance music and techno scenes since the 1990s, Kahalé has released more than 50 records under a variety of pseudonyms, most notably DJ Apollo, Dirty McKenzie, Ralph Laurenn, and 1DJ. Minnesota alt-weekly City Pages praised his depth of expertise in the field, saying that "few people know more about dance music and its history in Minneapolis than Dory Kahalé". His work has gained attention across America, Germany, and the UK.
Kahalé was born May 25, 1971, in Beirut, Lebanon. His family lived in West Berlin, Germany, until he was 10 as refugees of the Lebanese Civil War. His family emigrated to the United States under political asylum in the early 1980s, living in Atlanta, Georgia, before settling permanently in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Kahalé began playing and composing electronic music from a young age; he got his first Casio keyboard at age 11. Early influences included Kraftwerk, Ultravox spinoff Visage, Depeche Mode, and Giorgio Moroder.
Kahalé began DJing in 1989, and was on the ground floor of the rave and club-music movement in the Midwest. He has been releasing music since the early 1990s, working under his own name and about 15 pseudonyms, most notably DJ Apollo, Dirty McKenzie, and Ralph Laurenn. Kahalé often uses these aliases as ways to distinguish his work in distinct subgenres of electronic music, including techno, house, trip hop, and ambient. Other pseudonyms include Cocaine on Her Dress, Apollo of Minneapolis, Terrence Hawke, 1DJ, DJ Sloth, The Bureau, Local 120, Statik, and The Bully. His ghetto house alias "Ralph Laurenn" is a play on the name of Chicago house DJ Robert Armani. He takes broad inspiration from jazz, rock, hip-hop, and other styles beyond electronic dance music; one of the main synthesizer lines in his 1996 single "B True 2 Your School" was inspired by the guitar riff in Primus' "Big Brown Beaver."
Under the moniker DJ Apollo, Kahalé became an integral part of the dance-music scene that coalesced at historic nightclub First Avenue in the 1990s. Along with Kevin Cole, Woody McBride, and others, Kahalé helped to create the distinctive upper Midwest techno style, characterized by electronic dance magazine Massive as "a very original, unique, distinctive sound: Hard drums, but very clear, fresh, crisp production". As both a DJ and producer, Kahalé's open-minded interest in genre cross-pollination made him one of the bridges between the EDM, industrial, darkwave, and gothic rock scenes in the Twin Cities.
He performed at the groundbreaking electronic music festival Furthur in 1994, an early high point of rave culture in the United States, as well as the subsequent 1996 festival Even Furthur, which introduced U.S. audiences to Daft Punk.
In 1991, he joined Woody McBride's MORE (Minneapolis Organization of Rave Enthusiasts), and released several records on McBride's label Communique Records, as well as joining him on tour.
Kahalé started his own label, Bass United Recordings, in 2001. Bass United has released several dozen records by Kahalé and other artists such as Estate, as well as remixes by Faze Action, Dustin Zahn, D Cup, Odahl, and Bryan Gerrard. Alternative music blog BlackPlastic praised Bass United as "an imprint that has been pushing outstanding eclectic and electric music for the last decade."
Kahalé has also appeared on compilations by Frankie Bones, Nigel Richards, and Bad Boy Bill, and on record labels including Sounds, Giant Wheel, Blueline, Cyber, Virtual, Sockett, V-Wax, Sub-Terranean, Javelin, and Sixeleven.
His work as a record producer and remixer has spanned a wide variety of genres, working with artists including Giorgio Moroder and Arcade Fire, electro-pop band Telephone, industrial group Zwaremachine, electronic pop artist Sophia Shorai, and indie-rock band So It Goes.
Kahalé has also worked in the advertising industry since 2001, and runs his own music supervision company, North Music Agency.
He continues to perform frequently as a live DJ.
Rave archivist Adam Shaw of Mixtape Magic named two of Kahalé's tapes (Ghetto Booty, made under the alias Ralph Lauren, and DJ Apollo's Bass In Yer Face) among his favorite house music of all time, saying that they "will go to the grave with me."
Reviewing DJ Apollo's 1994 albums Kiss My Acid and Double Dipped, the electronica zine Massive called his ability to switch between styles "refreshing", saying that his mix of acid and trance "takes off where experimental techno left off" and that "it seems to tempt the inner realms of the brain with its layering of odd layers and funky beats. ... This rocks the chaotic cow."
Grahame Farmer of dance-music website Data Transmission called the 2013 Dirty McKenzie single "Butterfly" "a true joy to behold", saying that in reworking the original song by Paul Johnson, "he successfully morphs it into a dancefloor weapon that’s full of vigour and colour." The website Plain & Simple called the song "sympathetic to the original whilst bringing with it plenty of modern flavours. There’s jack in the beats, tightness in the smeared synths and kinetics in the groove. A fine job all round."
Kahalé was named Best Club DJ in City Pages' annual Best of the Twin Cities poll in 2004. The publication praised Kahalé's facility with handling many different subgenres of dance music, and said that as leader of the Bass United group, he was "helping to push local DJs and producers toward the national scene."
As DJ Apollo, Kahalé was honored in 2001 with a star on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. Receiving a star "might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis," according to journalist Steve Marsh. | [
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"text": "Dory Kahalé (born May 25, 1971, in Beirut, Lebanon) is an American DJ and producer from Minneapolis.",
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},
{
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"text": "Active in the electronic dance music and techno scenes since the 1990s, Kahalé has released more than 50 records under a variety of pseudonyms, most notably DJ Apollo, Dirty McKenzie, Ralph Laurenn, and 1DJ. Minnesota alt-weekly City Pages praised his depth of expertise in the field, saying that \"few people know more about dance music and its history in Minneapolis than Dory Kahalé\". His work has gained attention across America, Germany, and the UK.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Kahalé was born May 25, 1971, in Beirut, Lebanon. His family lived in West Berlin, Germany, until he was 10 as refugees of the Lebanese Civil War. His family emigrated to the United States under political asylum in the early 1980s, living in Atlanta, Georgia, before settling permanently in Minneapolis, Minnesota.",
"title": "Early life"
},
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"text": "Kahalé began playing and composing electronic music from a young age; he got his first Casio keyboard at age 11. Early influences included Kraftwerk, Ultravox spinoff Visage, Depeche Mode, and Giorgio Moroder.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
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"text": "Kahalé began DJing in 1989, and was on the ground floor of the rave and club-music movement in the Midwest. He has been releasing music since the early 1990s, working under his own name and about 15 pseudonyms, most notably DJ Apollo, Dirty McKenzie, and Ralph Laurenn. Kahalé often uses these aliases as ways to distinguish his work in distinct subgenres of electronic music, including techno, house, trip hop, and ambient. Other pseudonyms include Cocaine on Her Dress, Apollo of Minneapolis, Terrence Hawke, 1DJ, DJ Sloth, The Bureau, Local 120, Statik, and The Bully. His ghetto house alias \"Ralph Laurenn\" is a play on the name of Chicago house DJ Robert Armani. He takes broad inspiration from jazz, rock, hip-hop, and other styles beyond electronic dance music; one of the main synthesizer lines in his 1996 single \"B True 2 Your School\" was inspired by the guitar riff in Primus' \"Big Brown Beaver.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
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"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Under the moniker DJ Apollo, Kahalé became an integral part of the dance-music scene that coalesced at historic nightclub First Avenue in the 1990s. Along with Kevin Cole, Woody McBride, and others, Kahalé helped to create the distinctive upper Midwest techno style, characterized by electronic dance magazine Massive as \"a very original, unique, distinctive sound: Hard drums, but very clear, fresh, crisp production\". As both a DJ and producer, Kahalé's open-minded interest in genre cross-pollination made him one of the bridges between the EDM, industrial, darkwave, and gothic rock scenes in the Twin Cities.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "He performed at the groundbreaking electronic music festival Furthur in 1994, an early high point of rave culture in the United States, as well as the subsequent 1996 festival Even Furthur, which introduced U.S. audiences to Daft Punk.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 1991, he joined Woody McBride's MORE (Minneapolis Organization of Rave Enthusiasts), and released several records on McBride's label Communique Records, as well as joining him on tour.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Kahalé started his own label, Bass United Recordings, in 2001. Bass United has released several dozen records by Kahalé and other artists such as Estate, as well as remixes by Faze Action, Dustin Zahn, D Cup, Odahl, and Bryan Gerrard. Alternative music blog BlackPlastic praised Bass United as \"an imprint that has been pushing outstanding eclectic and electric music for the last decade.\"",
"title": "Career"
},
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"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Kahalé has also appeared on compilations by Frankie Bones, Nigel Richards, and Bad Boy Bill, and on record labels including Sounds, Giant Wheel, Blueline, Cyber, Virtual, Sockett, V-Wax, Sub-Terranean, Javelin, and Sixeleven.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "His work as a record producer and remixer has spanned a wide variety of genres, working with artists including Giorgio Moroder and Arcade Fire, electro-pop band Telephone, industrial group Zwaremachine, electronic pop artist Sophia Shorai, and indie-rock band So It Goes.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"text": "Kahalé has also worked in the advertising industry since 2001, and runs his own music supervision company, North Music Agency.",
"title": "Career"
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"text": "He continues to perform frequently as a live DJ.",
"title": "Career"
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"text": "Rave archivist Adam Shaw of Mixtape Magic named two of Kahalé's tapes (Ghetto Booty, made under the alias Ralph Lauren, and DJ Apollo's Bass In Yer Face) among his favorite house music of all time, saying that they \"will go to the grave with me.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Reviewing DJ Apollo's 1994 albums Kiss My Acid and Double Dipped, the electronica zine Massive called his ability to switch between styles \"refreshing\", saying that his mix of acid and trance \"takes off where experimental techno left off\" and that \"it seems to tempt the inner realms of the brain with its layering of odd layers and funky beats. ... This rocks the chaotic cow.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Grahame Farmer of dance-music website Data Transmission called the 2013 Dirty McKenzie single \"Butterfly\" \"a true joy to behold\", saying that in reworking the original song by Paul Johnson, \"he successfully morphs it into a dancefloor weapon that’s full of vigour and colour.\" The website Plain & Simple called the song \"sympathetic to the original whilst bringing with it plenty of modern flavours. There’s jack in the beats, tightness in the smeared synths and kinetics in the groove. A fine job all round.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Kahalé was named Best Club DJ in City Pages' annual Best of the Twin Cities poll in 2004. The publication praised Kahalé's facility with handling many different subgenres of dance music, and said that as leader of the Bass United group, he was \"helping to push local DJs and producers toward the national scene.\"",
"title": "Honors and awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "As DJ Apollo, Kahalé was honored in 2001 with a star on the outside mural of the Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue, recognizing performers that have played sold-out shows or have otherwise demonstrated a major contribution to the culture at the iconic venue. Receiving a star \"might be the most prestigious public honor an artist can receive in Minneapolis,\" according to journalist Steve Marsh.",
"title": "Honors and awards"
}
] | Dory Kahalé is an American DJ and producer from Minneapolis. Active in the electronic dance music and techno scenes since the 1990s, Kahalé has released more than 50 records under a variety of pseudonyms, most notably DJ Apollo, Dirty McKenzie, Ralph Laurenn, and 1DJ. Minnesota alt-weekly City Pages praised his depth of expertise in the field, saying that "few people know more about dance music and its history in Minneapolis than Dory Kahalé". His work has gained attention across America, Germany, and the UK. | 2023-12-12T22:19:03Z | 2023-12-20T10:07:30Z | [
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75,548,072 | Tarih-i Üngürüs | The Tarih-i Üngürüs (Ottoman Turkish: تاريخ انكروس, romanized: Târîḫ-i Üngürûs, lit. 'The History of the Hungarians') is a 16th-century Ottoman Turkish chronicle treating the history of the Hungarians. Its author Mahmud Tercüman translated it from a Latin chronicle found after the siege of Székesfehérvár in 1543. According to the scientific point of view, this work was a late 15th-century chronicle, Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum. Since it provides different information on Hungarian prehistory compared to the Hungarian chronicles on several points, there is also a fringe theory according to which the author found and translated the lost Urgesta or "ancient gesta", the earliest chronicle of the Hungarians.
Hungarian Turkologist and orientalist Ármin Vámbéry discovered the manuscript during one of his journeys to the Ottoman Empire and brought it to Hungary in the 1850s. Vámbéry donated the manuscript to the library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA) in 1860, where the 210-page document received the pressmark Török F. 57 and is kept in the library's oriental collection.
The codex, definitely an autograph, was written in sülüs script, a classical style of the Turkish calligraphy. Its title was recorded in later handwriting in the front page. The manuscript also contains a subtitle İskendernâme ('Book of Alexander the Great'). Both title entries bear witness to European-style ductus and can perhaps be attributed to Vámbéry. There is a sign that someone tried to remove the subtitle by scratching it out. According to a note under the titles, the manuscript was once possessed by a certain Muhammed Amin Abu l'Is'ad Tusturzade. Another note records that the codex became a property of Vámbéry in the mid-19th century.
After the study of German–Hungarian linguist Josef Budenz in 1861, for almost a century the Tarih-i Üngürüs fell out of the focus of historiography. Emma Léderer referred to Budenz's study in 1952, drawing attention to the unpublished and unedited chronicle. In the next decades, from 1961, György Hazai published some philological studies on the subject with the intention of a future full translation and annotation of Mahmud's work. Meanwhile, the researches of Josef Matuz (1975) and Ernst Dieter Petritsch (1985) clarified the career arc of Mahmud Tercüman. In the 1980s, István Borzsák determined the work's connection with the Alexander the Great tradition.
Representatives of the non-mainstream alternate historiography claimed that the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA) deliberately prevented the manuscript from being researchable and processable over the decades. Emigrant activist Gyula Geönczeöl claimed that he heard about the Tarih-i Üngürüs first from Roman Catholic priest András Zakar in 1971. Zakar acquired the manuscript and sent to Turkologist József Blaskovics, who lived in Prague. According to Geönczeöl, orientalist Lajos Ligeti, then a vice president of MTA, tried to dissuade him from publishing the manuscript. Although the manuscript was translated by Blaskovics and published by Magvető in 1982, but Endre K. Grandpierre claimed this was done in a deliberately small number of copies, moreover, the original text was falsified or shortened at several points. In emigration, Geönczeöl also published the text in 1988 in Cleveland and in 1996. György Hazai worked for decades on the critical edition, which was published in 1996 and then in 2009. He explained the long work with his multifaceted busyness.
Mahmud Tercüman ("Mahmud the Interpreter") was a court official of Suleiman the Magnificent. Austrian historian Ernst Dietrich Petritsch discovered that Mahmud was born as Sebold von Pibrach in 1510 as the son of Jakob von Pibrach, a Jewish merchant in Vienna. Hungarian–German historian Josef Matuz argued that he was of Bavarian origin and served as a page in the Hungarian royal court. He was taken prisoner of war in the Battle of Mohács in 1526. His talent and language skills (Latin, German, Turkish) allowed him to rise in society of the Ottoman Empire (he bore the honorific titles agha then bey). In the following decades, he stood out for his diplomatic services in the court of Suleiman. His native language was German (Vámbéry still claimed that Mahmud was of Hungarian ethnicity). Mahmud kept his Austrian and German connections. For instance, he ordered books from Vienna in 1573, including the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum.
Mahmud was a skilled diplomat since 1541. He was employed as an interpreter at least since 1550. He served as chief interpreter of the Sublime Porte from 1573 until his death. He performed diplomatic missions in the same period: he delivered a firman of the Sultan to the Transylvanian Saxons in 1550, to call them to obedience to John Sigismund Zápolya. He led Ottoman legations to Poland (1553), Hungary (1554), France (1559) and Venice (1570). During the Ottoman–Venetian War over Cyprus, he was arrested and imprisoned in Verona. He was freed after the peace concluded in March 1573. He returned to Istanbul in July 1573. He was sent to Vienna in December 1574 in order to extend the peace with the Habsburg Empire by eight years. Mahmud Tercüman died on 3 April 1575 in Prague, during a diplomatic mission. His body was transferred to Esztergom thereafter.
In the first pages of his chronicle, Mahmud narrates that during the 1543 Ottoman campaign, Székesfehérvár ("Ustulni Belġırad") was captured among other important Hungarian cities, where a Latin-language book was found, which told the history of Hungary ("Üngürüs province") since the beginnings. The chronicle listed the Hungarian kings, their fights, reign and successions, in addition to the name history of Buda ("Budin"). Therefore, Mahmud Tercüman decided to translate the book and recommended it to the attention of Suleiman. Consequently, Mahmud wrote his chronicle sometime between 1543 and 1566 (Suleiman's death), most likely in the 1550s or early 1560s.
Several doubts have arisen regarding the authenticity of Mahmud's narration. Josef Budenz was the first scholar, who analyzed the text in 1861. He considered the chronicle as a "precious literary memory", whose historical value, however, is doubtful. According to him, Mahmud made many mistakes during his translation, misunderstood expressions and parts of the text. Budenz claimed that Mahmud's Latin book, the main source, was a "lousy historical work". Budenz expressed doubt about the single source, since the story of Alexander the Great has no tradition in the Hungarian chronicle literature. István Borzsák identified this source with the world chronicle of Justin. According to József Blaskovics, the author may actually have utilized several works. He definitely utilized Western sources for the chapter of Alexander the Great. In many cases Mahmud talks about the sources he uses in the singular and then in the plural. One of the sources was presumably an old chronicle, which contains several legends of the Hungarian prehistory (for instance, Hunor and Magor). Since the history of the 10th century (between Árpád and Stephen I) is completely missing from the Tarih-i Üngürüs, Blaskovics considered here the narration of the end of the original chronicle, and the subsequent events already belong to another source. Blaskovics argued that Mahmud's work is not a mere translation, but a fictional treatment of a compilation of historical texts. Blaskovics defined the genre of the chronicle as halk destanları (a kind of folk epic), which are basically written in prose with numerous verses, which Mahmud himself spent on the model of vernacular folk songs. The genre is characterized by the appearance of an outstanding wise man in different parts of the text, which can also be found in the Tarih-i Üngürüs (the wise man gives advices to Hunor and Magor, Saint Stephen and even Alexander the Great).
Turkologist György Hazai stated that the chronicle's language is a typical example of the Middle Ottoman Turkish period. Hazai argued that the style of the text allowed the conclusion that the manuscript was written by two people, consequently Mahmud's work was assisted by a scribe. Regarding the Hungarian history, the Tarih-i Üngürüs follows the sequence of events in accordance with the Illuminated Chronicle and Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum. It is plausible that Mahmud Tercüman used the latter book. The posopographic data of the Hungarian kings shows a high degree of correspondence between the Tarih-i Üngürüs and the Chronica Hungarorum. From the reign of Louis I of Hungary, the Tarih-i Üngürüs becomes very concise. Hazai considered that the author had to approach the issue of Ottoman–Hungarian wars with caution, thus he used a high degree of compression and omission. László Veszprémy emphasized that Mahmud took over the Carmen miserabile (an account of the 1241 Mongol invasion of Hungary) in its entirety, which confirms that the author utilized the Chronica Hungarorum, since the text of the Carmen miserabile was preserved by this aforementioned chronicle. However, Mahmud supplemented his information with other sources too, including the Gesta Hungarorum by Anonymus regarding the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.
According to Mahmud's own words, he translated the Latin chronicle because he intended to properly inform his ruler Suleiman, who was constantly at war in Hungary, about the origin and history of the Hungarians. In addition, he hoped for the sultan's reward for his efforts. György Hazai argued that Mahmud's work was a compilation of multi-threaded chronicles that served a specific political-ideological goal, namely the propagation of Suleiman's western conquests. Mahmud presented Alexander the Great and Attila as examples of the greatest conquerors comparing them to Suleiman. István Borzsák argued that the chronicler tried to emphasize that Suleiman is clearly the rightful heir to the power of Alexander the Great and, due to historical continuity, legally owns the territories of the former Eastern Roman Empire (then Byzantium). The presentation of Attila's campaigns also marks the claim of the Ottoman Empire to the entire Mediterranean Sea and the Italian Peninsula. Therefore, Hazai argued that Mahmud compiled his work in the 1540s, after Suleiman made unsuccessful attempts to capture Vienna.
Balázs Sudár analyzed the Ottoman intellectual occupation of Hungary in order to show how the acquisition of territories went hand in hand with the acquisition of the past by rewriting it. Among others, the Tarih-i Üngürüs also served this purpose. Mahmud's chronicle presents the fictional elements and anecdotes of the life of Alexander the Great, who, accordingly, marched into Pannonia and thus the Ottoman rightfully possesses Hungary too.
Hungarian essayist Endre K. Grandpierre first published an article about the Tarih-i Üngürüs as a new historical source for the Hungarian prehistory previously thought to be lost in 1979, comparing the different variations of the Hunor and Magor legend. Grandpierre claimed that Mahmud found the lost original ancient gesta or Urgesta of the Hungarians. He argued that the Tarih-i Üngürüs extended the stay of the Hungarian people in the Pannonian Basin until biblical times (the Genesis flood), thus the Hungarians are the only descendants of the Scythians. Examining the chronicle text, Grandpierre drafted altogether eight Hungarian (=Scythian, later Hun) conquests ("returns") of the Carpathian Basin over thousands of years. He claimed that the original Urgesta was initially a compilation of traditional Hungarian folk (regös) songs and Mahmud's translation preserved the contours of this national heroic epic lasted from the legendary Nimrod throughout the history of the Huns until Árpád's (re-)conquest of the Carpathian Basin, proving the identification between the Huns and the Hungarians (in this context, the Huns also ceconquested their homeland in 375). Grandpierre claimed that the original Urgesta was written in Old Hungarian script long time before the Christianization of Hungary. Grandpierre argued it was compiled around 907, because Mahmus's work completely missed the 10th century. This Urgesta was translated into Latin and continued sometime in the 11th century, after the reign of Stephen I.
Tamás Hölbling considered that Mahmud Tercüman did not utilize the Gesta Hungarorum, since his chronicle is much more detailed about the series of events of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, but omitted some relevant chapters from Anonymus' work (e.g. the Turul legend and various etymologies). Hölbling considered that Mahmud could have used the same ancient chronicle from which Anonymus drew. Hölbling argued that the Tarih-i Üngürüs, beside the Gesta Hungarorum, is the only chronicle which refers to the blood oath, but in completely different context. Regarding the details of the 890s conquest, Hölbling claimed that Mahmud's work contains very old written traditions, and by no means can it be a copy of the later chronicles. In addition, Hölbling argued about the details of the sequence of events of the "Hunnic reconquest", which is much more abundant than in the other chronicles. Thus, the historian argued (agreeing with Sándor Domanovszky's opinion) that Simon of Kéza only extracted this part in his own work and was not its creator. The history of Buda is also presented in a much more detailed and logical manner.
István Borzsák argued, apart from the literary historical aspect, the Tarih-i Üngürüs "does not have any particular importance as a source work, and the recently rediscovered manuscript does not increase knowledge about Hungarian prehistory". Borzsák considered the chronicle should be regarded as a work of fiction, whose purpose was to justify Suleiman's policy. György Hazai emphasized that approximately half of the work tells the story of the centuries before the Hungarian conquest (895). However, these parts "essentially have nothing to do with the factual prehistory of the Hungarians". The presentation of the Hungarians' history was not a goal but a means for the chronicler Mahmud, who transferred the factual material he collected into an authorial concept completely independent of the original chronicle background. Mahmud made arbitrary changes, expansions, omissions. Hazai stated that the Tarih-i Üngürüs "should essentially be eliminated from the list of reliable sources".
Balázs Sudár analyzed that – excluding the texts from Carmen miserabile and Justin's chronicle – 95 percent of the factual material in the Tarih-i Üngürüs shows a match with factual material in the late 15th-century Chronica Hungarorum. Possibly, Mahmud owned an 1488 printed version of it, which contains Carmen miserabile too. The text of the Chronica Hungarorum was expanded by Mahmud in accordance with the traditions of Ottoman chroniclers, mostly for aesthetic, literary and political reasons. Sudár argued the Tarih-i Üngürüs has no historical source value but an important piece of the Ottoman–Hungarian cultural history. Sudár considered that, after separating the figures of speeches of the 16th-century Ottoman prose writing style, the Tarih-i Üngürüs does not contain new nor unique information about Hungarian prehistory. A smaller part of the deviations is the result of translation errors or misunderstandings. Sudár highlighted that Mahmud's knowledge of Latin and his knowledge of Hungarian history were incomplete. Nevertheless, the Tarih-i Üngürüs is a typical court chronicle written for the Ottoman elite (see, for instance, its verse inserts) for political and personal purposes, refusing the statements made by Budenz (a "simple, primitive text") or Blaskovics ("collection of folk songs") before that. | [
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"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Hungarian Turkologist and orientalist Ármin Vámbéry discovered the manuscript during one of his journeys to the Ottoman Empire and brought it to Hungary in the 1850s. Vámbéry donated the manuscript to the library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA) in 1860, where the 210-page document received the pressmark Török F. 57 and is kept in the library's oriental collection.",
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{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The codex, definitely an autograph, was written in sülüs script, a classical style of the Turkish calligraphy. Its title was recorded in later handwriting in the front page. The manuscript also contains a subtitle İskendernâme ('Book of Alexander the Great'). Both title entries bear witness to European-style ductus and can perhaps be attributed to Vámbéry. There is a sign that someone tried to remove the subtitle by scratching it out. According to a note under the titles, the manuscript was once possessed by a certain Muhammed Amin Abu l'Is'ad Tusturzade. Another note records that the codex became a property of Vámbéry in the mid-19th century.",
"title": "Manuscript"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After the study of German–Hungarian linguist Josef Budenz in 1861, for almost a century the Tarih-i Üngürüs fell out of the focus of historiography. Emma Léderer referred to Budenz's study in 1952, drawing attention to the unpublished and unedited chronicle. In the next decades, from 1961, György Hazai published some philological studies on the subject with the intention of a future full translation and annotation of Mahmud's work. Meanwhile, the researches of Josef Matuz (1975) and Ernst Dieter Petritsch (1985) clarified the career arc of Mahmud Tercüman. In the 1980s, István Borzsák determined the work's connection with the Alexander the Great tradition.",
"title": "Manuscript"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Representatives of the non-mainstream alternate historiography claimed that the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA) deliberately prevented the manuscript from being researchable and processable over the decades. Emigrant activist Gyula Geönczeöl claimed that he heard about the Tarih-i Üngürüs first from Roman Catholic priest András Zakar in 1971. Zakar acquired the manuscript and sent to Turkologist József Blaskovics, who lived in Prague. According to Geönczeöl, orientalist Lajos Ligeti, then a vice president of MTA, tried to dissuade him from publishing the manuscript. Although the manuscript was translated by Blaskovics and published by Magvető in 1982, but Endre K. Grandpierre claimed this was done in a deliberately small number of copies, moreover, the original text was falsified or shortened at several points. In emigration, Geönczeöl also published the text in 1988 in Cleveland and in 1996. György Hazai worked for decades on the critical edition, which was published in 1996 and then in 2009. He explained the long work with his multifaceted busyness.",
"title": "Manuscript"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Mahmud Tercüman (\"Mahmud the Interpreter\") was a court official of Suleiman the Magnificent. Austrian historian Ernst Dietrich Petritsch discovered that Mahmud was born as Sebold von Pibrach in 1510 as the son of Jakob von Pibrach, a Jewish merchant in Vienna. Hungarian–German historian Josef Matuz argued that he was of Bavarian origin and served as a page in the Hungarian royal court. He was taken prisoner of war in the Battle of Mohács in 1526. His talent and language skills (Latin, German, Turkish) allowed him to rise in society of the Ottoman Empire (he bore the honorific titles agha then bey). In the following decades, he stood out for his diplomatic services in the court of Suleiman. His native language was German (Vámbéry still claimed that Mahmud was of Hungarian ethnicity). Mahmud kept his Austrian and German connections. For instance, he ordered books from Vienna in 1573, including the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum.",
"title": "Author"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Mahmud was a skilled diplomat since 1541. He was employed as an interpreter at least since 1550. He served as chief interpreter of the Sublime Porte from 1573 until his death. He performed diplomatic missions in the same period: he delivered a firman of the Sultan to the Transylvanian Saxons in 1550, to call them to obedience to John Sigismund Zápolya. He led Ottoman legations to Poland (1553), Hungary (1554), France (1559) and Venice (1570). During the Ottoman–Venetian War over Cyprus, he was arrested and imprisoned in Verona. He was freed after the peace concluded in March 1573. He returned to Istanbul in July 1573. He was sent to Vienna in December 1574 in order to extend the peace with the Habsburg Empire by eight years. Mahmud Tercüman died on 3 April 1575 in Prague, during a diplomatic mission. His body was transferred to Esztergom thereafter.",
"title": "Author"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In the first pages of his chronicle, Mahmud narrates that during the 1543 Ottoman campaign, Székesfehérvár (\"Ustulni Belġırad\") was captured among other important Hungarian cities, where a Latin-language book was found, which told the history of Hungary (\"Üngürüs province\") since the beginnings. The chronicle listed the Hungarian kings, their fights, reign and successions, in addition to the name history of Buda (\"Budin\"). Therefore, Mahmud Tercüman decided to translate the book and recommended it to the attention of Suleiman. Consequently, Mahmud wrote his chronicle sometime between 1543 and 1566 (Suleiman's death), most likely in the 1550s or early 1560s.",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Several doubts have arisen regarding the authenticity of Mahmud's narration. Josef Budenz was the first scholar, who analyzed the text in 1861. He considered the chronicle as a \"precious literary memory\", whose historical value, however, is doubtful. According to him, Mahmud made many mistakes during his translation, misunderstood expressions and parts of the text. Budenz claimed that Mahmud's Latin book, the main source, was a \"lousy historical work\". Budenz expressed doubt about the single source, since the story of Alexander the Great has no tradition in the Hungarian chronicle literature. István Borzsák identified this source with the world chronicle of Justin. According to József Blaskovics, the author may actually have utilized several works. He definitely utilized Western sources for the chapter of Alexander the Great. In many cases Mahmud talks about the sources he uses in the singular and then in the plural. One of the sources was presumably an old chronicle, which contains several legends of the Hungarian prehistory (for instance, Hunor and Magor). Since the history of the 10th century (between Árpád and Stephen I) is completely missing from the Tarih-i Üngürüs, Blaskovics considered here the narration of the end of the original chronicle, and the subsequent events already belong to another source. Blaskovics argued that Mahmud's work is not a mere translation, but a fictional treatment of a compilation of historical texts. Blaskovics defined the genre of the chronicle as halk destanları (a kind of folk epic), which are basically written in prose with numerous verses, which Mahmud himself spent on the model of vernacular folk songs. The genre is characterized by the appearance of an outstanding wise man in different parts of the text, which can also be found in the Tarih-i Üngürüs (the wise man gives advices to Hunor and Magor, Saint Stephen and even Alexander the Great).",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Turkologist György Hazai stated that the chronicle's language is a typical example of the Middle Ottoman Turkish period. Hazai argued that the style of the text allowed the conclusion that the manuscript was written by two people, consequently Mahmud's work was assisted by a scribe. Regarding the Hungarian history, the Tarih-i Üngürüs follows the sequence of events in accordance with the Illuminated Chronicle and Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum. It is plausible that Mahmud Tercüman used the latter book. The posopographic data of the Hungarian kings shows a high degree of correspondence between the Tarih-i Üngürüs and the Chronica Hungarorum. From the reign of Louis I of Hungary, the Tarih-i Üngürüs becomes very concise. Hazai considered that the author had to approach the issue of Ottoman–Hungarian wars with caution, thus he used a high degree of compression and omission. László Veszprémy emphasized that Mahmud took over the Carmen miserabile (an account of the 1241 Mongol invasion of Hungary) in its entirety, which confirms that the author utilized the Chronica Hungarorum, since the text of the Carmen miserabile was preserved by this aforementioned chronicle. However, Mahmud supplemented his information with other sources too, including the Gesta Hungarorum by Anonymus regarding the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin.",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "According to Mahmud's own words, he translated the Latin chronicle because he intended to properly inform his ruler Suleiman, who was constantly at war in Hungary, about the origin and history of the Hungarians. In addition, he hoped for the sultan's reward for his efforts. György Hazai argued that Mahmud's work was a compilation of multi-threaded chronicles that served a specific political-ideological goal, namely the propagation of Suleiman's western conquests. Mahmud presented Alexander the Great and Attila as examples of the greatest conquerors comparing them to Suleiman. István Borzsák argued that the chronicler tried to emphasize that Suleiman is clearly the rightful heir to the power of Alexander the Great and, due to historical continuity, legally owns the territories of the former Eastern Roman Empire (then Byzantium). The presentation of Attila's campaigns also marks the claim of the Ottoman Empire to the entire Mediterranean Sea and the Italian Peninsula. Therefore, Hazai argued that Mahmud compiled his work in the 1540s, after Suleiman made unsuccessful attempts to capture Vienna.",
"title": "Motivations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Balázs Sudár analyzed the Ottoman intellectual occupation of Hungary in order to show how the acquisition of territories went hand in hand with the acquisition of the past by rewriting it. Among others, the Tarih-i Üngürüs also served this purpose. Mahmud's chronicle presents the fictional elements and anecdotes of the life of Alexander the Great, who, accordingly, marched into Pannonia and thus the Ottoman rightfully possesses Hungary too.",
"title": "Motivations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Hungarian essayist Endre K. Grandpierre first published an article about the Tarih-i Üngürüs as a new historical source for the Hungarian prehistory previously thought to be lost in 1979, comparing the different variations of the Hunor and Magor legend. Grandpierre claimed that Mahmud found the lost original ancient gesta or Urgesta of the Hungarians. He argued that the Tarih-i Üngürüs extended the stay of the Hungarian people in the Pannonian Basin until biblical times (the Genesis flood), thus the Hungarians are the only descendants of the Scythians. Examining the chronicle text, Grandpierre drafted altogether eight Hungarian (=Scythian, later Hun) conquests (\"returns\") of the Carpathian Basin over thousands of years. He claimed that the original Urgesta was initially a compilation of traditional Hungarian folk (regös) songs and Mahmud's translation preserved the contours of this national heroic epic lasted from the legendary Nimrod throughout the history of the Huns until Árpád's (re-)conquest of the Carpathian Basin, proving the identification between the Huns and the Hungarians (in this context, the Huns also ceconquested their homeland in 375). Grandpierre claimed that the original Urgesta was written in Old Hungarian script long time before the Christianization of Hungary. Grandpierre argued it was compiled around 907, because Mahmus's work completely missed the 10th century. This Urgesta was translated into Latin and continued sometime in the 11th century, after the reign of Stephen I.",
"title": "The Urgesta theory"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Tamás Hölbling considered that Mahmud Tercüman did not utilize the Gesta Hungarorum, since his chronicle is much more detailed about the series of events of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, but omitted some relevant chapters from Anonymus' work (e.g. the Turul legend and various etymologies). Hölbling considered that Mahmud could have used the same ancient chronicle from which Anonymus drew. Hölbling argued that the Tarih-i Üngürüs, beside the Gesta Hungarorum, is the only chronicle which refers to the blood oath, but in completely different context. Regarding the details of the 890s conquest, Hölbling claimed that Mahmud's work contains very old written traditions, and by no means can it be a copy of the later chronicles. In addition, Hölbling argued about the details of the sequence of events of the \"Hunnic reconquest\", which is much more abundant than in the other chronicles. Thus, the historian argued (agreeing with Sándor Domanovszky's opinion) that Simon of Kéza only extracted this part in his own work and was not its creator. The history of Buda is also presented in a much more detailed and logical manner.",
"title": "The Urgesta theory"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "István Borzsák argued, apart from the literary historical aspect, the Tarih-i Üngürüs \"does not have any particular importance as a source work, and the recently rediscovered manuscript does not increase knowledge about Hungarian prehistory\". Borzsák considered the chronicle should be regarded as a work of fiction, whose purpose was to justify Suleiman's policy. György Hazai emphasized that approximately half of the work tells the story of the centuries before the Hungarian conquest (895). However, these parts \"essentially have nothing to do with the factual prehistory of the Hungarians\". The presentation of the Hungarians' history was not a goal but a means for the chronicler Mahmud, who transferred the factual material he collected into an authorial concept completely independent of the original chronicle background. Mahmud made arbitrary changes, expansions, omissions. Hazai stated that the Tarih-i Üngürüs \"should essentially be eliminated from the list of reliable sources\".",
"title": "The Urgesta theory"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Balázs Sudár analyzed that – excluding the texts from Carmen miserabile and Justin's chronicle – 95 percent of the factual material in the Tarih-i Üngürüs shows a match with factual material in the late 15th-century Chronica Hungarorum. Possibly, Mahmud owned an 1488 printed version of it, which contains Carmen miserabile too. The text of the Chronica Hungarorum was expanded by Mahmud in accordance with the traditions of Ottoman chroniclers, mostly for aesthetic, literary and political reasons. Sudár argued the Tarih-i Üngürüs has no historical source value but an important piece of the Ottoman–Hungarian cultural history. Sudár considered that, after separating the figures of speeches of the 16th-century Ottoman prose writing style, the Tarih-i Üngürüs does not contain new nor unique information about Hungarian prehistory. A smaller part of the deviations is the result of translation errors or misunderstandings. Sudár highlighted that Mahmud's knowledge of Latin and his knowledge of Hungarian history were incomplete. Nevertheless, the Tarih-i Üngürüs is a typical court chronicle written for the Ottoman elite (see, for instance, its verse inserts) for political and personal purposes, refusing the statements made by Budenz (a \"simple, primitive text\") or Blaskovics (\"collection of folk songs\") before that.",
"title": "The Urgesta theory"
}
] | The Tarih-i Üngürüs is a 16th-century Ottoman Turkish chronicle treating the history of the Hungarians. Its author Mahmud Tercüman translated it from a Latin chronicle found after the siege of Székesfehérvár in 1543. According to the scientific point of view, this work was a late 15th-century chronicle, Johannes de Thurocz's Chronica Hungarorum. Since it provides different information on Hungarian prehistory compared to the Hungarian chronicles on several points, there is also a fringe theory according to which the author found and translated the lost Urgesta or "ancient gesta", the earliest chronicle of the Hungarians. | 2023-12-12T22:19:04Z | 2023-12-29T11:42:54Z | [
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75,548,083 | Hannah Buckley | Hannah Buckley is a New Zealand ecologist, and is a full professor in the school of science at the Auckland University of Technology, specialising in biological variation in community ecological diversity through time and space.
Buckley completed a Bachelor of Science with Honours at Victoria University of Wellington and then a PhD titled Structure of vascular plant, epiphytic lichen, ground beetle (Carabidae), and diatom (Bacillariophyceae) communities in south-central Alberta, Canada at the University of Alberta. Buckley completed postdoctoral work at Florida State University, where she worked on ecological variation in communities inside pitcher plants across North America. Buckley then joined the faculty of Lincoln University, where she rose to associate professor. During this time she was awarded a Bullard Fellowship at Harvard University, where she and her husband Brad Case researched spatial patterns in co-occurrence of species in forest plots with Aaron Ellison.
Buckley then moved to the Auckland University of Technology, rising to full professor in 2022. She is a lead investigator in the Biological Heritage National Science Challenge.
Buckley is an ecologist, who investigate biological variation over time and space. She also studies gender in science, finding that editor's selection of reviewers for papers submitted to the New Zealand Journal of Ecology showed a gender bias: "Although the effect of associate editor gender on the selection rate of female versus male reviewers was not strong, there was nonetheless a trend for female editors to select more female reviewers than did male editors, suggesting that editors could probably improve female selection rates on the whole." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hannah Buckley is a New Zealand ecologist, and is a full professor in the school of science at the Auckland University of Technology, specialising in biological variation in community ecological diversity through time and space.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Buckley completed a Bachelor of Science with Honours at Victoria University of Wellington and then a PhD titled Structure of vascular plant, epiphytic lichen, ground beetle (Carabidae), and diatom (Bacillariophyceae) communities in south-central Alberta, Canada at the University of Alberta. Buckley completed postdoctoral work at Florida State University, where she worked on ecological variation in communities inside pitcher plants across North America. Buckley then joined the faculty of Lincoln University, where she rose to associate professor. During this time she was awarded a Bullard Fellowship at Harvard University, where she and her husband Brad Case researched spatial patterns in co-occurrence of species in forest plots with Aaron Ellison.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Buckley then moved to the Auckland University of Technology, rising to full professor in 2022. She is a lead investigator in the Biological Heritage National Science Challenge.",
"title": "Academic career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Buckley is an ecologist, who investigate biological variation over time and space. She also studies gender in science, finding that editor's selection of reviewers for papers submitted to the New Zealand Journal of Ecology showed a gender bias: \"Although the effect of associate editor gender on the selection rate of female versus male reviewers was not strong, there was nonetheless a trend for female editors to select more female reviewers than did male editors, suggesting that editors could probably improve female selection rates on the whole.\"",
"title": "Academic career"
}
] | Hannah Buckley is a New Zealand ecologist, and is a full professor in the school of science at the Auckland University of Technology, specialising in biological variation in community ecological diversity through time and space. | 2023-12-12T22:20:39Z | 2023-12-12T23:22:42Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Buckley |
75,548,086 | Peter Crosby | Peter Crosby may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Peter Crosby may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Peter Crosby may refer to: Peter Crosby (clergy), Canadian clergy
Peter Crosby (sheriff) (1844—1884), American sheriff in Warren County, Mississippi, U.S. | 2023-12-12T22:21:17Z | 2023-12-13T04:51:31Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Crosby |
75,548,094 | Central compact object | A central compact object (CCO) is an x-ray source found near the center of a young, nearby supernova remnant (SNR). Given the observed x-ray flux and spectra observed from these objects, the almost certain conclusion is that CCOs are the remnant neutron stars which resulted from the recent supernova. Unlike most pulsars, CCOs generally lack pulsed radio emission or variation in the observed x-rays due to such phenomena being either nonexistent or difficult to detect. The weaker magnetic fields than most other detected neutron stars means that most of the detected x-rays are due to blackbody radiation. Confirmation that the CCO is associated with the past supernova can be done using the kinematics of the objects and matching them to the age and kinematics of the host SNR.
The detection in 1980 of 1E 161348-5055 at the center of SNR RCW 103 using the Einstein Observatory was once touted as the first CCO discovery, but is now classified as a slow-rotating magnetar due to magnetar outburst detection. Since that object's discovery, ten CCOs have been positively identified with a further two as candidates.
The following list of confirmed CCOs and their associated supernova remnants is curated by Andrea De Luca, astronomer at the National Institute for Astrophysics. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A central compact object (CCO) is an x-ray source found near the center of a young, nearby supernova remnant (SNR). Given the observed x-ray flux and spectra observed from these objects, the almost certain conclusion is that CCOs are the remnant neutron stars which resulted from the recent supernova. Unlike most pulsars, CCOs generally lack pulsed radio emission or variation in the observed x-rays due to such phenomena being either nonexistent or difficult to detect. The weaker magnetic fields than most other detected neutron stars means that most of the detected x-rays are due to blackbody radiation. Confirmation that the CCO is associated with the past supernova can be done using the kinematics of the objects and matching them to the age and kinematics of the host SNR.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The detection in 1980 of 1E 161348-5055 at the center of SNR RCW 103 using the Einstein Observatory was once touted as the first CCO discovery, but is now classified as a slow-rotating magnetar due to magnetar outburst detection. Since that object's discovery, ten CCOs have been positively identified with a further two as candidates.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The following list of confirmed CCOs and their associated supernova remnants is curated by Andrea De Luca, astronomer at the National Institute for Astrophysics.",
"title": "List of CCOs"
}
] | A central compact object (CCO) is an x-ray source found near the center of a young, nearby supernova remnant (SNR). Given the observed x-ray flux and spectra observed from these objects, the almost certain conclusion is that CCOs are the remnant neutron stars which resulted from the recent supernova. Unlike most pulsars, CCOs generally lack pulsed radio emission or variation in the observed x-rays due to such phenomena being either nonexistent or difficult to detect. The weaker magnetic fields than most other detected neutron stars means that most of the detected x-rays are due to blackbody radiation. Confirmation that the CCO is associated with the past supernova can be done using the kinematics of the objects and matching them to the age and kinematics of the host SNR. The detection in 1980 of 1E 161348-5055 at the center of SNR RCW 103 using the Einstein Observatory was once touted as the first CCO discovery, but is now classified as a slow-rotating magnetar due to magnetar outburst detection. Since that object's discovery, ten CCOs have been positively identified with a further two as candidates. | 2023-12-12T22:22:46Z | 2023-12-19T21:01:43Z | [
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75,548,103 | Sir George Forestier-Walker, 2nd Baronet | Captain Sir George Ferdinand Radziwill Forestier-Walker, 2nd Baronet JP DL (24 May 1825 – 1 August 1896) was a British solider.
George Ferdinand Radziwill Walker was born on 24 May 1825. He was the eldest son of four sons and two daughters of Gen. Sir George Walker, 1st Baronet and, his second wife, the former Helen Caldcleugh, a daughter of Alexander Caldcleugh.
His paternal grandparents were Maj. Nathaniel Walker of the Queen's Rangers and Henrietta (née Bagster) Walker (heiress of Capt. John Bagster of the Royal Navy). Through his uncle, Gen. Frederick Nathaniel Walker, he was a first cousin of Gen. Sir Edward Forestier-Walker, who became Commander-in-Chief, Scotland and married Lady Jane Ogilvy-Grant (a daughter of Col. Francis Ogilvy-Grant, 6th Earl of Seafield).
After being educated at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1845, he was appointed Lieutenant and then Captain in the Coldstream Guards. Upon the death of his father on 14 November 1842, he succeeded as the 2nd Baronet Walker, of Castleton. He served as a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for Monmouthshire.
In 1893, his surname was legally changed to Forestier-Walker.
On 9 October 1854, he married Hon. Fanny Henrietta Morgan (c. 1835–1887), daughter of Charles Morgan, 1st Baron Tredegar, longtime MP for Brecon, and the former Rosamund Mundy. Together, they were the parents of:
Sir George died at Wentloog Castle, Monmouth, on 1 August 1896. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Captain Sir George Ferdinand Radziwill Forestier-Walker, 2nd Baronet JP DL (24 May 1825 – 1 August 1896) was a British solider.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "George Ferdinand Radziwill Walker was born on 24 May 1825. He was the eldest son of four sons and two daughters of Gen. Sir George Walker, 1st Baronet and, his second wife, the former Helen Caldcleugh, a daughter of Alexander Caldcleugh.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "His paternal grandparents were Maj. Nathaniel Walker of the Queen's Rangers and Henrietta (née Bagster) Walker (heiress of Capt. John Bagster of the Royal Navy). Through his uncle, Gen. Frederick Nathaniel Walker, he was a first cousin of Gen. Sir Edward Forestier-Walker, who became Commander-in-Chief, Scotland and married Lady Jane Ogilvy-Grant (a daughter of Col. Francis Ogilvy-Grant, 6th Earl of Seafield).",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "After being educated at Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in 1845, he was appointed Lieutenant and then Captain in the Coldstream Guards. Upon the death of his father on 14 November 1842, he succeeded as the 2nd Baronet Walker, of Castleton. He served as a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for Monmouthshire.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1893, his surname was legally changed to Forestier-Walker.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 9 October 1854, he married Hon. Fanny Henrietta Morgan (c. 1835–1887), daughter of Charles Morgan, 1st Baron Tredegar, longtime MP for Brecon, and the former Rosamund Mundy. Together, they were the parents of:",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Sir George died at Wentloog Castle, Monmouth, on 1 August 1896.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Captain Sir George Ferdinand Radziwill Forestier-Walker, 2nd Baronet JP DL was a British solider. | 2023-12-12T22:24:16Z | 2023-12-13T11:21:14Z | [
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75,548,129 | Munyaradzi Kufahakutizwi | Munyaradzi Febion Kufahakutizwi is a Zimbabwean politician who served as the Member of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe for Mabvuku-Tafara between September and October 2023 as a member of the Citizens Coalition for Change.
Kufahakutizwi was elected the councillor for ward 19 of the Harare City Council as a member of the MDC Alliance during the 2018 harmonised elections. In October 2020, he was expelled from the MDC and ceased to be councillor. He then joined the newly formed Citizens Coalition for Change party led by former MDC Alliance leader Nelson Chamisa and stood as the party's candidate in the by-election in ward 19 in March 2022 and won the seat back.
Kufahakutizwi was elected Member of Parliament for the seat of Mabvuku-Tafara in the 2023 harmonised elections held in August 2023, having narrowly defeated ZANU–PF's Pedzai Sakupwanya.
In October 2023, Sengezo Tshabangu wrote a letter to the Speaker of the National Assembly Jacob Mudenda, in which he claimed to be the Secretary-General of the CCC and stated that Kufahakutizwi and other CCC MPs had been expelled from the party. Despite Chamisa telling Mudenda to disregard Tshabangu's letter, Mudenda went ahead and declared the seats vacant, resulting in by-elections in Mabvuku-Tafara and the other constituencies for 9 December 2023. Kufahakutizwi registered to run in the by-election as a member of the CCC, but was barred from running in the by-election by a High Court order on 7 December, which saw Pedzai Sakupwanya win the seat unopposed. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Munyaradzi Febion Kufahakutizwi is a Zimbabwean politician who served as the Member of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe for Mabvuku-Tafara between September and October 2023 as a member of the Citizens Coalition for Change.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kufahakutizwi was elected the councillor for ward 19 of the Harare City Council as a member of the MDC Alliance during the 2018 harmonised elections. In October 2020, he was expelled from the MDC and ceased to be councillor. He then joined the newly formed Citizens Coalition for Change party led by former MDC Alliance leader Nelson Chamisa and stood as the party's candidate in the by-election in ward 19 in March 2022 and won the seat back.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Kufahakutizwi was elected Member of Parliament for the seat of Mabvuku-Tafara in the 2023 harmonised elections held in August 2023, having narrowly defeated ZANU–PF's Pedzai Sakupwanya.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In October 2023, Sengezo Tshabangu wrote a letter to the Speaker of the National Assembly Jacob Mudenda, in which he claimed to be the Secretary-General of the CCC and stated that Kufahakutizwi and other CCC MPs had been expelled from the party. Despite Chamisa telling Mudenda to disregard Tshabangu's letter, Mudenda went ahead and declared the seats vacant, resulting in by-elections in Mabvuku-Tafara and the other constituencies for 9 December 2023. Kufahakutizwi registered to run in the by-election as a member of the CCC, but was barred from running in the by-election by a High Court order on 7 December, which saw Pedzai Sakupwanya win the seat unopposed.",
"title": "Political career"
}
] | Munyaradzi Febion Kufahakutizwi is a Zimbabwean politician who served as the Member of the National Assembly of Zimbabwe for Mabvuku-Tafara between September and October 2023 as a member of the Citizens Coalition for Change. | 2023-12-12T22:29:54Z | 2023-12-18T19:53:32Z | [
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75,548,131 | 2026 European Women's Handball Championship bidding process | The 2026 European Women's Handball Championship bidding process entails the bids for the 2026 European Women's Handball Championship. The winners were originally Russia but it was taken away from them due to the war in Ukraine.
The bidding timeline is as follows:
On 11 May 2021 it was announced that the following nations sent in an official expression of interest:
On 20 October the final bids were presented. The Scandinavian bid was withdrawn, leaving Russia unopposed.
In September 2020, Russian federation president, Sergey Shishkarev, said he was discussing the bid with the European Handball Federation. In October 2020, Russia's name was on list of interested nations in the tournament.
When the deadline for official bids ended, Russia was on the list, under the slogan We Can. However, they made numerous changes to their bid compared to 2024, as Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and Astrakhan were all axed from the bid. In an interview with the development director of the Russian Handball Federation, Olga Bugaenko, she confirmed that all three were taken out to reduce the number of cities involved and that it is much easier for foreign fans to travel to Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Specifically on Rostov-on-Don, Bugaenko said the uncertainty surrounding their arena was the main reason for leaving the city out.
The main round groups would be held in the Sibur Arena and VTB Arena, with the final weekend in Moscow at the VTB Arena.
These were the proposed venues in Russia's bid:
Venue which was originally included, but taken out:
Having first stating an interest as two separate bids (Denmark and Norway and a Swedish solo bid) the Scandinavians decided to all bid for an EHF Euro together for the first time ever for EHF Euro, under the slogan Scandinavia Connect. Their bids' aim is to use innovation and modern-day technologies to help Handball have a bright future.
The Swedish Handball Federation president, Frederik Rapp, stated “the commitment to finding sustainable solutions across all industries and areas of life is very clear in all of Scandinavia. To connect the Scandinavian approach and experience in sustainability with European handball is so valuable. Finding more sustainable solutions for future events could be a real game-changer for the future of our sport”.
While the Danish counterpart, Per Bertelsen said “We believe we can build on the positive momentum we see in our sport. Together, we can deliver a world-class event that will be a true celebration for European handball”.
The main round would be held in Oslo or Trondheim in Norway and either Copenhagen or Herning in Denmark. The final weekend would be in the Telenor Arena in Oslo, marking the first time Norway has hosted the final of the EHF Women's Euro (they were going to host the final in 2020, but withdrew altogether due to Covid-19). Every other venue would host preliminary round matches.
However, they withdrew their 2026 bid to focus on their 2028 application, and ended up winning the hosting rights for 2028 unopposed.
These are the following 9 venues included in the Scandinavian bid:
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Venue that is no longer part of the bid:
As only the Russian bid remained it was unanimously selected at the 14th EHF Extraordinary Congress on 20 November 2021. Sergey Shishkarev called the awarding of the hosting rights as a historic moment.
After the war in Ukraine started, the EHF said they would monitor the situation. But on 4 July 2023, the championships were taken away from Russia. After the statement, Shishkarev said they would pursue future IHF World Women's Handball Championships and EHF Euros.
After it was decided that Russia would not host the event, the EHF reopened the bidding process.
The new timeline is:
On 25 August 2023, the EHF announced the new bids.
On 25 October, the EHF announced the official bids. Spain withdrew their application, while Slovakia joined Romania's bid.
Czech Republic and Poland submitted an joint bid for the event with the slogan Follow the way. Polish federation president, Henryk Szczepański, saying:
"We are delighted to be bidding for the right to host the EHF EURO 2026 together with our partners from the Czech Handball Federation. Behind us is an intensive period of work on the preparation of a joint offer, numerous meetings and arrangements at the international, central and local government levels. Poland and the Czech Republic are connected not only by their close proximity, but also by their passion for handball. I strongly believe that this will be the beginning of our joint projects".
While the Czech counterpart, Ondřej Zdráhala, said:
"We want to offer our fans, who have always been fantastic, another range of emotions, top events are the pinnacle of handball. I believe that we have done our best in the organisational preparations and we will look forward to the decision".
The preliminary round would be held Brno, Lubin and Katowice, the main round in Brno and Katowice, and the final weekend in Katowice.
These are the proposed venues for the bid:
Czech Republic
Poland
After starting off as a solo bid, Romania teamed up with Slovakia for a joint bid. Prior, it was rumoured that Romania would be given the hosting rights automatically, although this never materialised. The final weekend would be in Cluj-Napoca.
However, shortly after they announced proposed facilities, the EHF told Romania that the arenas in Pitești and Bistrita were too small and did not meet the requirements. While at the same time, the EHF reacted favourably to adding the Oradea Arena in Oradea instead.
These are the proposed venues:
Romania
Slovakia
Venues that were axed, having originally been included:
Turkey filed an application for the first time since 2016. The final weekend would take place in the Sinan Erdem Dome in Istanbul.
These are the venues for the Turkish bid:
The hosts will be announced on 27 January 2024 in Cologne. | [
{
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"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The bidding timeline is as follows:",
"title": "Bidding timeline"
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{
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"text": "On 11 May 2021 it was announced that the following nations sent in an official expression of interest:",
"title": "Bids"
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"text": "On 20 October the final bids were presented. The Scandinavian bid was withdrawn, leaving Russia unopposed.",
"title": "Bids"
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"text": "In September 2020, Russian federation president, Sergey Shishkarev, said he was discussing the bid with the European Handball Federation. In October 2020, Russia's name was on list of interested nations in the tournament.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
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"text": "When the deadline for official bids ended, Russia was on the list, under the slogan We Can. However, they made numerous changes to their bid compared to 2024, as Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar and Astrakhan were all axed from the bid. In an interview with the development director of the Russian Handball Federation, Olga Bugaenko, she confirmed that all three were taken out to reduce the number of cities involved and that it is much easier for foreign fans to travel to Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Specifically on Rostov-on-Don, Bugaenko said the uncertainty surrounding their arena was the main reason for leaving the city out.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The main round groups would be held in the Sibur Arena and VTB Arena, with the final weekend in Moscow at the VTB Arena.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
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"text": "These were the proposed venues in Russia's bid:",
"title": "Bids"
},
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"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Having first stating an interest as two separate bids (Denmark and Norway and a Swedish solo bid) the Scandinavians decided to all bid for an EHF Euro together for the first time ever for EHF Euro, under the slogan Scandinavia Connect. Their bids' aim is to use innovation and modern-day technologies to help Handball have a bright future.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
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"text": "The Swedish Handball Federation president, Frederik Rapp, stated “the commitment to finding sustainable solutions across all industries and areas of life is very clear in all of Scandinavia. To connect the Scandinavian approach and experience in sustainability with European handball is so valuable. Finding more sustainable solutions for future events could be a real game-changer for the future of our sport”.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "While the Danish counterpart, Per Bertelsen said “We believe we can build on the positive momentum we see in our sport. Together, we can deliver a world-class event that will be a true celebration for European handball”.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The main round would be held in Oslo or Trondheim in Norway and either Copenhagen or Herning in Denmark. The final weekend would be in the Telenor Arena in Oslo, marking the first time Norway has hosted the final of the EHF Women's Euro (they were going to host the final in 2020, but withdrew altogether due to Covid-19). Every other venue would host preliminary round matches.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "However, they withdrew their 2026 bid to focus on their 2028 application, and ended up winning the hosting rights for 2028 unopposed.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "These are the following 9 venues included in the Scandinavian bid:",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Denmark",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Norway",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Sweden",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Venue that is no longer part of the bid:",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "As only the Russian bid remained it was unanimously selected at the 14th EHF Extraordinary Congress on 20 November 2021. Sergey Shishkarev called the awarding of the hosting rights as a historic moment.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "After the war in Ukraine started, the EHF said they would monitor the situation. But on 4 July 2023, the championships were taken away from Russia. After the statement, Shishkarev said they would pursue future IHF World Women's Handball Championships and EHF Euros.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "After it was decided that Russia would not host the event, the EHF reopened the bidding process.",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "The new timeline is:",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "On 25 August 2023, the EHF announced the new bids.",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "On 25 October, the EHF announced the official bids. Spain withdrew their application, while Slovakia joined Romania's bid.",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "Czech Republic and Poland submitted an joint bid for the event with the slogan Follow the way. Polish federation president, Henryk Szczepański, saying:",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "\"We are delighted to be bidding for the right to host the EHF EURO 2026 together with our partners from the Czech Handball Federation. Behind us is an intensive period of work on the preparation of a joint offer, numerous meetings and arrangements at the international, central and local government levels. Poland and the Czech Republic are connected not only by their close proximity, but also by their passion for handball. I strongly believe that this will be the beginning of our joint projects\".",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "While the Czech counterpart, Ondřej Zdráhala, said:",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "\"We want to offer our fans, who have always been fantastic, another range of emotions, top events are the pinnacle of handball. I believe that we have done our best in the organisational preparations and we will look forward to the decision\".",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "The preliminary round would be held Brno, Lubin and Katowice, the main round in Brno and Katowice, and the final weekend in Katowice.",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "These are the proposed venues for the bid:",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Czech Republic",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "Poland",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "After starting off as a solo bid, Romania teamed up with Slovakia for a joint bid. Prior, it was rumoured that Romania would be given the hosting rights automatically, although this never materialised. The final weekend would be in Cluj-Napoca.",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "However, shortly after they announced proposed facilities, the EHF told Romania that the arenas in Pitești and Bistrita were too small and did not meet the requirements. While at the same time, the EHF reacted favourably to adding the Oradea Arena in Oradea instead.",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "These are the proposed venues:",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "Romania",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "Slovakia",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "Venues that were axed, having originally been included:",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "Turkey filed an application for the first time since 2016. The final weekend would take place in the Sinan Erdem Dome in Istanbul.",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "These are the venues for the Turkish bid:",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "",
"title": "Second bidding process"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "The hosts will be announced on 27 January 2024 in Cologne.",
"title": "Host selection"
}
] | The 2026 European Women's Handball Championship bidding process entails the bids for the 2026 European Women's Handball Championship. The winners were originally Russia but it was taken away from them due to the war in Ukraine. | 2023-12-12T22:30:06Z | 2023-12-27T22:25:27Z | [
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75,548,132 | GYO algorithm | The GYO algorithm is an algorithm that applies to hypergraphs. The algorithm takes as input a hypergraph and determines if the hypergraph is α-acyclic. If so, it computes a decomposition of the hypergraph.
The algorithm was proposed in 1979 by Graham and independently by Yu and Özsoyoğlu, hence its name.
A hypergraph is a generalization of a graph. Formally, a hypergraph H = ( V , E ) {\displaystyle H=(V,E)} consists of a set of vertices V, and of a set E of hyperedges, each of which is a subset of the vertices V. Given a hypergraph, we can define its primal graph as the undirected graph defined on the same set of vertices, in which we put an edge between any two vertices which occur together in some hyperedge.
A hypergraph H is α-acyclic if it satisfies two conditions: being chordal and being conformal. More precisely, we say that H is chordal if its primal graph is a chordal graph. We say that H is conformal if for every clique of the primal graph, there is a hyperedge of H containing all the vertices of the clique.
The GYO algorithm takes as input a hypergraph and determines if it is α-acyclic in this sense.
The algorithm iteratively removes so-called ears of the hypergraph, until the hypergraph is fully decomposed.
Formally, an ear of the hypergraph H is a hyperedge e which is "almost covered" by another hyperedge f, in the sense that the vertices of e can be split into two groups:
Equivalently, the hyperedge e is an ear if it is the only hyperedge of H there is another hyperedge f such that the vertices of e\f only occur in e and in no other hyperedge of H. Particular cases of ears include isolated hyperedges (i.e., those whose intersection with all other hyperedges is empty), or hyperedges that are a subset of another hyperedge.
The GYO algorithm then proceeds as follows:
If the algorithm successfully eliminates all vertices, then the hypergraph is α-acylic. Otherwise, if the algorithm gets to a hypergraph that has no ears, then the original hypergraph was not α-acyclic.
The algorithm can be made to work in linear time. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The GYO algorithm is an algorithm that applies to hypergraphs. The algorithm takes as input a hypergraph and determines if the hypergraph is α-acyclic. If so, it computes a decomposition of the hypergraph.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The algorithm was proposed in 1979 by Graham and independently by Yu and Özsoyoğlu, hence its name.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A hypergraph is a generalization of a graph. Formally, a hypergraph H = ( V , E ) {\\displaystyle H=(V,E)} consists of a set of vertices V, and of a set E of hyperedges, each of which is a subset of the vertices V. Given a hypergraph, we can define its primal graph as the undirected graph defined on the same set of vertices, in which we put an edge between any two vertices which occur together in some hyperedge.",
"title": "Definition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "A hypergraph H is α-acyclic if it satisfies two conditions: being chordal and being conformal. More precisely, we say that H is chordal if its primal graph is a chordal graph. We say that H is conformal if for every clique of the primal graph, there is a hyperedge of H containing all the vertices of the clique.",
"title": "Definition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The GYO algorithm takes as input a hypergraph and determines if it is α-acyclic in this sense.",
"title": "Definition"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The algorithm iteratively removes so-called ears of the hypergraph, until the hypergraph is fully decomposed.",
"title": "Principle of the algorithm"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Formally, an ear of the hypergraph H is a hyperedge e which is \"almost covered\" by another hyperedge f, in the sense that the vertices of e can be split into two groups:",
"title": "Principle of the algorithm"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Equivalently, the hyperedge e is an ear if it is the only hyperedge of H there is another hyperedge f such that the vertices of e\\f only occur in e and in no other hyperedge of H. Particular cases of ears include isolated hyperedges (i.e., those whose intersection with all other hyperedges is empty), or hyperedges that are a subset of another hyperedge.",
"title": "Principle of the algorithm"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The GYO algorithm then proceeds as follows:",
"title": "Principle of the algorithm"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "If the algorithm successfully eliminates all vertices, then the hypergraph is α-acylic. Otherwise, if the algorithm gets to a hypergraph that has no ears, then the original hypergraph was not α-acyclic.",
"title": "Principle of the algorithm"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The algorithm can be made to work in linear time.",
"title": "Running time"
}
] | The GYO algorithm is an algorithm that applies to hypergraphs. The algorithm takes as input a hypergraph and determines if the hypergraph is α-acyclic. If so, it computes a decomposition of the hypergraph. The algorithm was proposed in 1979 by Graham and independently by Yu and Özsoyoğlu, hence its name. | 2023-12-12T22:30:09Z | 2023-12-14T07:44:00Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:One source",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GYO_algorithm |
75,548,136 | Central Compact Object | [] | Redireact Central compact object | 2023-12-12T22:30:58Z | 2023-12-12T22:30:58Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Compact_Object |
|
75,548,148 | Pamela Good | Pamela Good is the Co-founder and CEO of "Beyond Basics," a nonprofit organization that provides literacy interventions to students across the state of Michigan.
Pamela graduated from University of Michigan-Dearborn in 2001.
Pamela began delivering coats to struggling inner-city schools in Detroit for several years, but later realized that the children needed more than just coats.This led her to formally incorporate "Beyond Basics" as a 501c (3) non-profit organization in 2002, which today offers intensive one-on-one reading tutoring and literacy enrichment programs for K-12 students.
Throughout the years, Pamela began to recognize illiteracy as a silent epidemic. Data presented by the National Assessment of Educational Progress in 2019 revealed that 69% of eighth graders in the state of Michigan are reading below proficiency. Fortunately, by implementing a structured literacy approach and incorporating evidence-based practices, Beyond Basics participants experienced significant reading improvement in 4-14 weeks.
Under Pamela's leadership, Beyond Basics has expanded its reach to more than 40 locations and now serves thousands of children annually.
P | [
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"title": "Career"
},
{
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"text": "Throughout the years, Pamela began to recognize illiteracy as a silent epidemic. Data presented by the National Assessment of Educational Progress in 2019 revealed that 69% of eighth graders in the state of Michigan are reading below proficiency. Fortunately, by implementing a structured literacy approach and incorporating evidence-based practices, Beyond Basics participants experienced significant reading improvement in 4-14 weeks.",
"title": "Career"
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{
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"text": "Under Pamela's leadership, Beyond Basics has expanded its reach to more than 40 locations and now serves thousands of children annually.",
"title": "Career"
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"text": "P",
"title": "External links"
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] | Pamela Good is the Co-founder and CEO of "Beyond Basics," a nonprofit organization that provides literacy interventions to students across the state of Michigan. | 2023-12-12T22:32:20Z | 2023-12-13T11:20:21Z | [
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75,548,163 | Theresa A. Powell | Theresa A. Powell (February 10, 1952 – January 2, 2023) was an American academic administrator who served as the vice president for student affairs at Temple University and Western Michigan University. She was the first African American woman president of the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators.
Powell was born on February 10, 1952, in Fort Worth, Texas. She was raised in Stop Six, Fort Worth, Texas where her family attended Ebenezer Missionary Baptist Church. She graduated from Paul Laurence Dunbar High School in 1970. Powell earned a bachelor's degree in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania. She earned a master's degree in student personnel services from Texas Christian University. She completed a doctorate in educational administration at the Ohio State University.
Powell was a tenured professor and the vice president for student affairs at Western Michigan University. She joined Temple University in 2002 as its vice president for student affairs. She served as the president of the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators from 2000-2001. She was the first African American woman to serve in that role.
Powell died on January 2, 2023, in Texas. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Theresa A. Powell (February 10, 1952 – January 2, 2023) was an American academic administrator who served as the vice president for student affairs at Temple University and Western Michigan University. She was the first African American woman president of the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Powell was born on February 10, 1952, in Fort Worth, Texas. She was raised in Stop Six, Fort Worth, Texas where her family attended Ebenezer Missionary Baptist Church. She graduated from Paul Laurence Dunbar High School in 1970. Powell earned a bachelor's degree in sociology from the University of Pennsylvania. She earned a master's degree in student personnel services from Texas Christian University. She completed a doctorate in educational administration at the Ohio State University.",
"title": "Life"
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"title": "Life"
},
{
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"text": "Powell died on January 2, 2023, in Texas.",
"title": "Life"
}
] | Theresa A. Powell was an American academic administrator who served as the vice president for student affairs at Temple University and Western Michigan University. She was the first African American woman president of the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators. | 2023-12-12T22:35:04Z | 2023-12-26T12:35:25Z | [
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75,548,164 | Robert Denniston (cricketer) | Sir Robert Dale Denniston (3 January 1890 – 19 November 1946) was an English first-class cricketer and businessman.
Denniston was born in January 1890 at Croydon. He was educated at both Bedford County School and Elstow School, before going to British India in 1911 to work as a junior assistant at the Madras-based firm Best & Co. There, he was heavily involved in cricket in the city, playing club cricket for the Madras Cricket Club, the Eccentrics Cricket Club, and for the lesser known Emmanuel Club. Four years after his arrival in India, Denniston made his debut in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Indians in the 1915–16 Madras Presidency Match. He played first-class cricket for the Europeans until 1926, making seven appearances for the team, all against the Indians in the Madras Presidency Match. Playing as a batsman, he scored 261 runs at an average of 20.07; he made two half centuries, with a highest score of 84. During the First World War, Denniston was commissioned into the British Indian Army as a second lieutenant with the Indian Defence Force in June 1917. His military service ended in March 1919.
After his military service, Denniston resumed his business career with Best and Co., and by the Second World War he was its chairman and managing director. He also served as the chairman of the Madras Chamber of Commerce. It was for his services to business that he was Knighted in the 1942 Birthday Honours. During the Second World War, he was a Ministry of War Transport deputy-representative in Madras. Throughout the 1930s and during the war, he remained active within the cricket community of the Madras Presidency. In 1944, he was given the honour of bowling the first ball to Sir Arthur Hope at the opening of new cricket nets in Madras. At Denniston's suggestion, schoolboys were admitted free of charge to the Madras Cricket Club Ground after 4pm on the last day of Ranji Trophy matches. He commentated on both cricket and field hockey matches, being known for his slow speech and narrative, which drew critics. Denniston left India in 1946, vowing to return, stating "I was born an Englishman, but I was brought up a Madarassi". However, he died following a short illness soon after his return to England, passing away at his residence in Hythe, Kent in November 1946. | [
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"text": "Denniston was born in January 1890 at Croydon. He was educated at both Bedford County School and Elstow School, before going to British India in 1911 to work as a junior assistant at the Madras-based firm Best & Co. There, he was heavily involved in cricket in the city, playing club cricket for the Madras Cricket Club, the Eccentrics Cricket Club, and for the lesser known Emmanuel Club. Four years after his arrival in India, Denniston made his debut in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Indians in the 1915–16 Madras Presidency Match. He played first-class cricket for the Europeans until 1926, making seven appearances for the team, all against the Indians in the Madras Presidency Match. Playing as a batsman, he scored 261 runs at an average of 20.07; he made two half centuries, with a highest score of 84. During the First World War, Denniston was commissioned into the British Indian Army as a second lieutenant with the Indian Defence Force in June 1917. His military service ended in March 1919.",
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},
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"text": "After his military service, Denniston resumed his business career with Best and Co., and by the Second World War he was its chairman and managing director. He also served as the chairman of the Madras Chamber of Commerce. It was for his services to business that he was Knighted in the 1942 Birthday Honours. During the Second World War, he was a Ministry of War Transport deputy-representative in Madras. Throughout the 1930s and during the war, he remained active within the cricket community of the Madras Presidency. In 1944, he was given the honour of bowling the first ball to Sir Arthur Hope at the opening of new cricket nets in Madras. At Denniston's suggestion, schoolboys were admitted free of charge to the Madras Cricket Club Ground after 4pm on the last day of Ranji Trophy matches. He commentated on both cricket and field hockey matches, being known for his slow speech and narrative, which drew critics. Denniston left India in 1946, vowing to return, stating \"I was born an Englishman, but I was brought up a Madarassi\". However, he died following a short illness soon after his return to England, passing away at his residence in Hythe, Kent in November 1946.",
"title": ""
}
] | Sir Robert Dale Denniston was an English first-class cricketer and businessman. Denniston was born in January 1890 at Croydon. He was educated at both Bedford County School and Elstow School, before going to British India in 1911 to work as a junior assistant at the Madras-based firm Best & Co. There, he was heavily involved in cricket in the city, playing club cricket for the Madras Cricket Club, the Eccentrics Cricket Club, and for the lesser known Emmanuel Club. Four years after his arrival in India, Denniston made his debut in first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team against the Indians in the 1915–16 Madras Presidency Match. He played first-class cricket for the Europeans until 1926, making seven appearances for the team, all against the Indians in the Madras Presidency Match. Playing as a batsman, he scored 261 runs at an average of 20.07; he made two half centuries, with a highest score of 84. During the First World War, Denniston was commissioned into the British Indian Army as a second lieutenant with the Indian Defence Force in June 1917. His military service ended in March 1919. After his military service, Denniston resumed his business career with Best and Co., and by the Second World War he was its chairman and managing director. He also served as the chairman of the Madras Chamber of Commerce. It was for his services to business that he was Knighted in the 1942 Birthday Honours. During the Second World War, he was a Ministry of War Transport deputy-representative in Madras. Throughout the 1930s and during the war, he remained active within the cricket community of the Madras Presidency. In 1944, he was given the honour of bowling the first ball to Sir Arthur Hope at the opening of new cricket nets in Madras. At Denniston's suggestion, schoolboys were admitted free of charge to the Madras Cricket Club Ground after 4pm on the last day of Ranji Trophy matches. He commentated on both cricket and field hockey matches, being known for his slow speech and narrative, which drew critics. Denniston left India in 1946, vowing to return, stating "I was born an Englishman, but I was brought up a Madarassi". However, he died following a short illness soon after his return to England, passing away at his residence in Hythe, Kent in November 1946. | 2023-12-12T22:35:10Z | 2023-12-19T13:30:43Z | [
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75,548,182 | Keila Strong | Keila Strong is an American painter and multimedia artist from Chicago, Illinois, known for her vibrant portrait paintings and mosaics addressing African-American culture. In particular, her colorful mosaics of various Black hairstyles utilize beads, barrettes, hair rollers, combs, and Lego bricks. Strong has exhibited work across the United States, including at the Cincinnati Art Museum and as part of the Museum of Broken Windows.
An active artist since childhood, Strong became a full-time artist in June 2022. Strong's influences include Cubism and Impressionism. Her paintings and mosaics use abstraction and color blocking to portray their subjects. For her multimedia mosaics, Strong starts with a sketch and underpainting as guides before affixing the various objects in place. | [
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"title": ""
},
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"text": "An active artist since childhood, Strong became a full-time artist in June 2022. Strong's influences include Cubism and Impressionism. Her paintings and mosaics use abstraction and color blocking to portray their subjects. For her multimedia mosaics, Strong starts with a sketch and underpainting as guides before affixing the various objects in place.",
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] | Keila Strong is an American painter and multimedia artist from Chicago, Illinois, known for her vibrant portrait paintings and mosaics addressing African-American culture. In particular, her colorful mosaics of various Black hairstyles utilize beads, barrettes, hair rollers, combs, and Lego bricks. Strong has exhibited work across the United States, including at the Cincinnati Art Museum and as part of the Museum of Broken Windows. An active artist since childhood, Strong became a full-time artist in June 2022. Strong's influences include Cubism and Impressionism. Her paintings and mosaics use abstraction and color blocking to portray their subjects. For her multimedia mosaics, Strong starts with a sketch and underpainting as guides before affixing the various objects in place. | 2023-12-12T22:36:45Z | 2023-12-12T22:51:50Z | [
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75,548,185 | Patricia Lamanna | Patricia Mary Lamanna (born 14 November 1997) is a Canadian professional football player who plays for Stomilanki Olsztyn. She previously played for Birkirkara F.C. and FC Minsk.
Lamanna attended Senator O'Connor College School for her secondary education and then studied criminology in Wilfrid Laurier University, where she was part of the university female soccer team from 2017.
Lamanna began her professional career playing for Spanish side CF Intercity Femenino. She scored a hat trick in the match against Bonavista CF, in which CF Intercity won 8-0. In the 2022 winter transfer window, she signed for Maltese side Birkirkara F.C., making her debut on 19 January 2022, and scoring a hat trick on her debut versus Kirkop United FC. In 2023, Lamanna signed a 1 year contract with Belarusian side FC Minsk. She left after three months over underpaid wages, and poor accommodation and feeding arrangements. | [
{
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"text": "Patricia Mary Lamanna (born 14 November 1997) is a Canadian professional football player who plays for Stomilanki Olsztyn. She previously played for Birkirkara F.C. and FC Minsk.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Lamanna attended Senator O'Connor College School for her secondary education and then studied criminology in Wilfrid Laurier University, where she was part of the university female soccer team from 2017.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Lamanna began her professional career playing for Spanish side CF Intercity Femenino. She scored a hat trick in the match against Bonavista CF, in which CF Intercity won 8-0. In the 2022 winter transfer window, she signed for Maltese side Birkirkara F.C., making her debut on 19 January 2022, and scoring a hat trick on her debut versus Kirkop United FC. In 2023, Lamanna signed a 1 year contract with Belarusian side FC Minsk. She left after three months over underpaid wages, and poor accommodation and feeding arrangements.",
"title": "Club career"
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"title": "References"
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] | Patricia Mary Lamanna is a Canadian professional football player who plays for Stomilanki Olsztyn. She previously played for Birkirkara F.C. and FC Minsk. | 2023-12-12T22:37:29Z | 2023-12-17T20:15:09Z | [
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75,548,190 | Mathilda Högberg | Mathilda Högberg (born 1994) is a Swedish social media influencer. She publicly came out as a transgender woman in 2020.
Högberg was born in 1994 and grew up in a small town outside of Gothenburg. She came out as a transgender woman to her parents when she was fifteen years old. Her family contacted the Swedish Health Services to begin her gender transition and, over a three-year period, saw seven psychologists, two sociologists, and three doctors before she was approved for receiving gender affirming care, including gender-affirming surgery. She also legally transitioned from male to female.
Högberg is a social media influencer. She amassed a following of hundreds of thousands of people on Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, Snapchat, and X. She began her career by making travel blogs. She also gives reviews for beauty products.
In 2020, she come out publicly as a transgender woman in a YouTube video for her followers.
Högberg has a boyfriend, Christian, whom she posts in some of her social media content. In 2023, she moved to the United Kingdom to live with another social media influencer, AJ Clementine. | [
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"text": "Mathilda Högberg (born 1994) is a Swedish social media influencer. She publicly came out as a transgender woman in 2020.",
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"text": "Högberg was born in 1994 and grew up in a small town outside of Gothenburg. She came out as a transgender woman to her parents when she was fifteen years old. Her family contacted the Swedish Health Services to begin her gender transition and, over a three-year period, saw seven psychologists, two sociologists, and three doctors before she was approved for receiving gender affirming care, including gender-affirming surgery. She also legally transitioned from male to female.",
"title": "Early life"
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"text": "Högberg is a social media influencer. She amassed a following of hundreds of thousands of people on Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, Snapchat, and X. She began her career by making travel blogs. She also gives reviews for beauty products.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2020, she come out publicly as a transgender woman in a YouTube video for her followers.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"text": "Högberg has a boyfriend, Christian, whom she posts in some of her social media content. In 2023, she moved to the United Kingdom to live with another social media influencer, AJ Clementine.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Mathilda Högberg is a Swedish social media influencer. She publicly came out as a transgender woman in 2020. | 2023-12-12T22:38:03Z | 2023-12-25T13:20:59Z | [
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75,548,240 | Ellen Lima Wassu | Ellen Lima Wassu is a Brazilian indigenous writer and thinker from the Wassu Cocal people [pt] in Alagoas.
Lima Wassu was born in Rio de Janeiro. Having a master's degree in art history, in 2021 she published Ixé ygara voltando pra 'y'kûá through the Urutau [gl] publishing house. The book, written in Portuguese and Old Tupi, addresses issues she had faced throughout her life. Lima Wassu also contributed to Volta para tua terra, an anthology of anti-fascist and anti-racist poets in Portugal. As of 2023, she was pursuing a doctoral degree in Postcolonial Studies at the University of Minho. | [
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"text": "Ellen Lima Wassu is a Brazilian indigenous writer and thinker from the Wassu Cocal people [pt] in Alagoas.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Lima Wassu was born in Rio de Janeiro. Having a master's degree in art history, in 2021 she published Ixé ygara voltando pra 'y'kûá through the Urutau [gl] publishing house. The book, written in Portuguese and Old Tupi, addresses issues she had faced throughout her life. Lima Wassu also contributed to Volta para tua terra, an anthology of anti-fascist and anti-racist poets in Portugal. As of 2023, she was pursuing a doctoral degree in Postcolonial Studies at the University of Minho.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Ellen Lima Wassu is a Brazilian indigenous writer and thinker from the Wassu Cocal people in Alagoas. | 2023-12-12T22:45:07Z | 2023-12-12T23:26:13Z | [
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75,548,276 | St. Ignatius of Loyola College | St. Ignatius of Loyola College may refer to the following schools: | [
{
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] | St. Ignatius of Loyola College may refer to the following schools: St. Ignatius of Loyola College, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain
St. Ignatius of Loyola College, Caracas, Venezuela
St. Ignatius of Loyola College, East Timor,
St. Ignatius of Loyola College, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
St Ignatius of Loyola Catholic College, Auckland, New Zealand
St. Ignatius Loyola College, Medellín, Colombia
St. Ignatius of Loyola Catholic Secondary School, Oakville, Ontario, Canada | 2023-12-12T22:49:41Z | 2023-12-12T22:49:41Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ignatius_of_Loyola_College |
75,548,291 | Retake (2016 film) | Retake is a 2016 American LGBT drama directed by Nick Corporon and starring Tuc Watkins and Devon Graye. It premiered at San Francisco's Frameline Festival in 2016 at the historic Castro theatre. The film went on to screen at multiple film festivals and was picked up for distribution by Breaking Glass Pictures, playing in Los Angeles in January, 2017. It was released on VOD and DVD later that month.
The mysterious Jonathan (Tuc Watkins) travels to San Francisco and looks to hire a male escort. He initially hires Scotty (Kit Williamson) and it does not go well. He returns to the streets and finds an unnamed hustler (Devon Graye). After a night of sex and polaroids, Jonathan offers to pay the escort to accompany him on a road trip to the Grand Canyon, no questions asked. Eager to leave his own life behind, the escort accepts and the two start out on a road trip through the American Southwest. Jonathan asks the hustler to go by the name “Brandon.” The two have an immediate connection and Jonathan starts to have the escort wear specific clothes and put on specific attitudes. The escort investigates and finds a photo of someone named of “Brandon” in Jonathan's shaving kit. Instead of leaving, he cuts his hair to match the photo. Their connection grows as they continue on their trip. “Brandon” pushes Jonathan to open up and have fun while Jonathan pushes him to continue to play the role. One night, Brandon is able to get Jonathan out of his shell by getting him to skinny dip in a hotel pool, where they are caught by an adventurous straight couple, James (Derek Phillips) and Iris (Sydelle Noel). Jonathan sneaks out of the hotel and listens to a mysterious tape of someone singing to him.
They continue their road trip and run into Iris and James again at a local bar. Brandon incorporates them into the evening and is able to get Jonathan to loosen up even more, even dancing with Iris. On a drunken ride back to their motel, Brandon gets Jonathan to pull over and open up a bit. Instead of talking, they share a dance in front of headlights, where Jonathan talks about how he was always looking to the future, never in the present. Brandon feels for him and they return to the motel.
The next morning, Jonathan is mugged outside of the hotel room and returns nursing a bruise. Brandon calms his down but feels something's off. He goes outside to check a packet of old polaroids and finds out most of the trip - including the mugging - are all fake, a set up to relive a road trip with the real Brandon (Andrew Asper). The hustler confronts Jonathan about the whole thing being fake - even their natural chemistry. Jonathan reveals that Brandon died of an overdose on their road trip and he's merely trying to relive it. Angered, he pays off the hustler who leaves.
Jonathan sadly goes through his old polaroids of the original Brandon, his lover, and we see their original road trip from years prior. The hustler hitches a ride from a local woman, Debbie (Jody Jaress), who gives him a lift. In the motel room, Jonathan finishes listening to the old tape recorder - Brandon singing to him before he died. The hustler and Jonathan meet at a bar where Brandon tells his story and reveals he was kicked out of his house as a teen and started hustling because he didn't know what else to do. He laments that he doesn't know who he is or what he wants, but Jonathan does. They both agree to start over and the hustler reveals his name, Adam from Dayton, Ohio. They reconnect emotionally at he motel, staying up all night talking.
The next morning, Adam finds Jonathan gone with an envelope of money for a bus ride home. He goes to the bus station to buy a ticket back to Dayton as Jonathan finishes his drive to the Grand Canyon, alone, but strengthened by his connection with Adam. He stares at the emptiness of the Grant Canyon and an uncertain future.
The script is written by Nick Corporon from a story by Corporon, Collin Brazie, Gareth Dutton and Justin Oberts. The film was produced by Sean Mandell.
Luke Pasqualino was originally cast as Adam before being replaced by Devon Graye. The film was shot in 16 days around Los Angeles, Pasadena, Joshua Tree, and the Grand Canyon.
Composer Mike Meehan composed the score in three weeks.
The film premiered at the Frameline Film Festival in 2016.
Gary Goldstein of the LA Times wrote, “‘Retake’ intriguingly captures gay romance...” and “ A potentially precious and maudlin content gets an absorbing and intriguing treatment.” Keith Uhlich of The Hollywood Reporter wrote “it carves out distinctive new territory in the well-trod world of queer cinema.” Gary M Kramer of the SF Bay Times found the film “Palpable and heartbreaking." “Beautifully acted and directed with great sensitivity to the tortured souls trapped inside many gay men,” wrote George Heymont of the Huffington Post. | [
{
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"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The mysterious Jonathan (Tuc Watkins) travels to San Francisco and looks to hire a male escort. He initially hires Scotty (Kit Williamson) and it does not go well. He returns to the streets and finds an unnamed hustler (Devon Graye). After a night of sex and polaroids, Jonathan offers to pay the escort to accompany him on a road trip to the Grand Canyon, no questions asked. Eager to leave his own life behind, the escort accepts and the two start out on a road trip through the American Southwest. Jonathan asks the hustler to go by the name “Brandon.” The two have an immediate connection and Jonathan starts to have the escort wear specific clothes and put on specific attitudes. The escort investigates and finds a photo of someone named of “Brandon” in Jonathan's shaving kit. Instead of leaving, he cuts his hair to match the photo. Their connection grows as they continue on their trip. “Brandon” pushes Jonathan to open up and have fun while Jonathan pushes him to continue to play the role. One night, Brandon is able to get Jonathan out of his shell by getting him to skinny dip in a hotel pool, where they are caught by an adventurous straight couple, James (Derek Phillips) and Iris (Sydelle Noel). Jonathan sneaks out of the hotel and listens to a mysterious tape of someone singing to him.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
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"text": "They continue their road trip and run into Iris and James again at a local bar. Brandon incorporates them into the evening and is able to get Jonathan to loosen up even more, even dancing with Iris. On a drunken ride back to their motel, Brandon gets Jonathan to pull over and open up a bit. Instead of talking, they share a dance in front of headlights, where Jonathan talks about how he was always looking to the future, never in the present. Brandon feels for him and they return to the motel.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
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"text": "The next morning, Jonathan is mugged outside of the hotel room and returns nursing a bruise. Brandon calms his down but feels something's off. He goes outside to check a packet of old polaroids and finds out most of the trip - including the mugging - are all fake, a set up to relive a road trip with the real Brandon (Andrew Asper). The hustler confronts Jonathan about the whole thing being fake - even their natural chemistry. Jonathan reveals that Brandon died of an overdose on their road trip and he's merely trying to relive it. Angered, he pays off the hustler who leaves.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Jonathan sadly goes through his old polaroids of the original Brandon, his lover, and we see their original road trip from years prior. The hustler hitches a ride from a local woman, Debbie (Jody Jaress), who gives him a lift. In the motel room, Jonathan finishes listening to the old tape recorder - Brandon singing to him before he died. The hustler and Jonathan meet at a bar where Brandon tells his story and reveals he was kicked out of his house as a teen and started hustling because he didn't know what else to do. He laments that he doesn't know who he is or what he wants, but Jonathan does. They both agree to start over and the hustler reveals his name, Adam from Dayton, Ohio. They reconnect emotionally at he motel, staying up all night talking.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The next morning, Adam finds Jonathan gone with an envelope of money for a bus ride home. He goes to the bus station to buy a ticket back to Dayton as Jonathan finishes his drive to the Grand Canyon, alone, but strengthened by his connection with Adam. He stares at the emptiness of the Grant Canyon and an uncertain future.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The script is written by Nick Corporon from a story by Corporon, Collin Brazie, Gareth Dutton and Justin Oberts. The film was produced by Sean Mandell.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Luke Pasqualino was originally cast as Adam before being replaced by Devon Graye. The film was shot in 16 days around Los Angeles, Pasadena, Joshua Tree, and the Grand Canyon.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Composer Mike Meehan composed the score in three weeks.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The film premiered at the Frameline Film Festival in 2016.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Gary Goldstein of the LA Times wrote, “‘Retake’ intriguingly captures gay romance...” and “ A potentially precious and maudlin content gets an absorbing and intriguing treatment.” Keith Uhlich of The Hollywood Reporter wrote “it carves out distinctive new territory in the well-trod world of queer cinema.” Gary M Kramer of the SF Bay Times found the film “Palpable and heartbreaking.\" “Beautifully acted and directed with great sensitivity to the tortured souls trapped inside many gay men,” wrote George Heymont of the Huffington Post.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Retake is a 2016 American LGBT drama directed by Nick Corporon and starring Tuc Watkins and Devon Graye. It premiered at San Francisco's Frameline Festival in 2016 at the historic Castro theatre. The film went on to screen at multiple film festivals and was picked up for distribution by Breaking Glass Pictures, playing in Los Angeles in January, 2017. It was released on VOD and DVD later that month. | 2023-12-12T22:52:03Z | 2023-12-14T23:13:40Z | [
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75,548,307 | Margaret Jones (military sponsor) | Margaret Jones, MBE (September 13, 1926 – December 15, 2016) was a British socialite and civic volunteer who achieved distinction as a chief military sponsor at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst for international cadets. For six decades she mentored hundreds of overseas cadets at Sandhurst, many of whom went on to leaders in their countries. Leaders whom she supported included King Hussein of Jordan, President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates, and General Sher Mohammad Karimi, Chief of the Army of Afghanistan. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, recognizing her unique contributions to British foreign policy, lobbied for her appointment to the MBE which she received in 1967.
In 1952, already a volunteer with Sandhurst for years, Jones was placed in charge of overseas cadet welfare. While never officially on Sandhurst's payroll, funds were appropriated by the academy to pay for Jones's accommodation and cover all expenses for her duties. Contemporaries of Jones at Sandhurst called her an "institution within an institution.
In the 1970s, Sandhurst's funding was partially cut which led to less resources for overseas cadets. In the face of this, Jones took a more active role in aiding cadets. Jones partnered with the Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship and the Middle East Association to ensure that overseas cadets were fed and housed when Sandhurst was closed for Christmas leave. Jones's efforts for overseas cadets were often profiled in Sandhurst's alumni magazine and national publications. Jones continued her support for overseas cadets well into the 2000s.
Many former overseas cadets have stated that interacting with Jones was a formative part of their Sandhurst experience, including General Karimi of Afghanistan, former head of the Malaysian Armed Forces General Yaacob Mohd Zain, and President Zayed Al Nahyan of the UAE.
Jones was born the youngest of four siblings to Ella (née Bayley), a homemaker, and James Kirkpatrick Jones, a Royal Navy Chaplin. Jones's mother the daughter of Sir Charles Bayley, a military officer and colonial administrator. She would volunteer with her mother in the 1950s to arrange the flowers for and decorate the Royal Memorial Chapel. She remained unmarried for her entire life and had no children.
Official representatives from the governments of Afghanistan, Bahrain, Jordan, and Qatar attended Jones's funeral. | [
{
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"text": "Margaret Jones, MBE (September 13, 1926 – December 15, 2016) was a British socialite and civic volunteer who achieved distinction as a chief military sponsor at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst for international cadets. For six decades she mentored hundreds of overseas cadets at Sandhurst, many of whom went on to leaders in their countries. Leaders whom she supported included King Hussein of Jordan, President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates, and General Sher Mohammad Karimi, Chief of the Army of Afghanistan. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, recognizing her unique contributions to British foreign policy, lobbied for her appointment to the MBE which she received in 1967.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1952, already a volunteer with Sandhurst for years, Jones was placed in charge of overseas cadet welfare. While never officially on Sandhurst's payroll, funds were appropriated by the academy to pay for Jones's accommodation and cover all expenses for her duties. Contemporaries of Jones at Sandhurst called her an \"institution within an institution.",
"title": "Service at Sandhurst"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the 1970s, Sandhurst's funding was partially cut which led to less resources for overseas cadets. In the face of this, Jones took a more active role in aiding cadets. Jones partnered with the Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship and the Middle East Association to ensure that overseas cadets were fed and housed when Sandhurst was closed for Christmas leave. Jones's efforts for overseas cadets were often profiled in Sandhurst's alumni magazine and national publications. Jones continued her support for overseas cadets well into the 2000s.",
"title": "Service at Sandhurst"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Many former overseas cadets have stated that interacting with Jones was a formative part of their Sandhurst experience, including General Karimi of Afghanistan, former head of the Malaysian Armed Forces General Yaacob Mohd Zain, and President Zayed Al Nahyan of the UAE.",
"title": "Service at Sandhurst"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Jones was born the youngest of four siblings to Ella (née Bayley), a homemaker, and James Kirkpatrick Jones, a Royal Navy Chaplin. Jones's mother the daughter of Sir Charles Bayley, a military officer and colonial administrator. She would volunteer with her mother in the 1950s to arrange the flowers for and decorate the Royal Memorial Chapel. She remained unmarried for her entire life and had no children.",
"title": "Personal life and family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Official representatives from the governments of Afghanistan, Bahrain, Jordan, and Qatar attended Jones's funeral.",
"title": "Personal life and family"
}
] | Margaret Jones, was a British socialite and civic volunteer who achieved distinction as a chief military sponsor at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst for international cadets. For six decades she mentored hundreds of overseas cadets at Sandhurst, many of whom went on to leaders in their countries. Leaders whom she supported included King Hussein of Jordan, President Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan of the United Arab Emirates, and General Sher Mohammad Karimi, Chief of the Army of Afghanistan. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, recognizing her unique contributions to British foreign policy, lobbied for her appointment to the MBE which she received in 1967. | 2023-12-12T22:54:40Z | 2023-12-14T11:12:41Z | [
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75,548,314 | John Cronin (boccia) | John Cronin is an Irish boccia player. He won a gold medal alongside Margaret Grant at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in the mixed pairs BC3 boccia event.
Cronin began playing boccia in 1996 and won a bronze medal two years later in the 1998 Boccia World Championships. He also earned two silver medals at the 1999 Boccia World Cup. In the 2000 Summer Paralympics, his first Paralympic Games, Cronin won a gold medal with Margaret Grant in the mixed pairs BC3 boccia event. In the 2002 World Championships in Portugal, Cronin won two bronze medals. He later competed in the mixed pairs BC3 boccia event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics but failed to qualify for a medal. After winning another silver medal at the 2008 Boccia World Cup, Cronin and his partner Steven Valentine won a silver medal at the 2009 Boccia European Championships in Porto, Portugal. | [
{
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"text": "John Cronin is an Irish boccia player. He won a gold medal alongside Margaret Grant at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in the mixed pairs BC3 boccia event.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Cronin began playing boccia in 1996 and won a bronze medal two years later in the 1998 Boccia World Championships. He also earned two silver medals at the 1999 Boccia World Cup. In the 2000 Summer Paralympics, his first Paralympic Games, Cronin won a gold medal with Margaret Grant in the mixed pairs BC3 boccia event. In the 2002 World Championships in Portugal, Cronin won two bronze medals. He later competed in the mixed pairs BC3 boccia event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics but failed to qualify for a medal. After winning another silver medal at the 2008 Boccia World Cup, Cronin and his partner Steven Valentine won a silver medal at the 2009 Boccia European Championships in Porto, Portugal.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | John Cronin is an Irish boccia player. He won a gold medal alongside Margaret Grant at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in the mixed pairs BC3 boccia event. | 2023-12-12T22:55:23Z | 2023-12-12T22:55:23Z | [
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75,548,323 | Brothers (1929 American film) | Brothers is a 1929 American drama film directed by Scott Pembrokee and featuring Cornelius Keefe and Barbara Bedford. The film is one of the last produced in the sound-on-film process known as Phonofilm. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects using both the sound-on-disc and sound-on-film process.
The plot centers around the story of two orphaned brothers, Tom and Bob, who are separated after their parents' death. Bob is sent to an orphanage, while Tom runs away and eventually ends up living a life of crime. However, despite his criminal activities, Tom uses his ill-gotten gains to contribute financially to Bob's education and well-being.
Years later, the brothers meet again completely unaware of their true relationship. Tom, still involved in criminal activities, attempts to recruit Bob for a con game. The situation becomes increasingly complicated as secrets are revealed and the brothers learn the truth about their past and their connection to each other.
The film explores themes of brotherhood, family, and redemption. It also delves into the social issues of the time, such as poverty and the plight of orphans.
A theme song entitled "I'm Dreaming" with words and music by Dan Dougherty was featured on the film soundtrack. | [
{
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"text": "Brothers is a 1929 American drama film directed by Scott Pembrokee and featuring Cornelius Keefe and Barbara Bedford. The film is one of the last produced in the sound-on-film process known as Phonofilm. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects using both the sound-on-disc and sound-on-film process.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The plot centers around the story of two orphaned brothers, Tom and Bob, who are separated after their parents' death. Bob is sent to an orphanage, while Tom runs away and eventually ends up living a life of crime. However, despite his criminal activities, Tom uses his ill-gotten gains to contribute financially to Bob's education and well-being.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Years later, the brothers meet again completely unaware of their true relationship. Tom, still involved in criminal activities, attempts to recruit Bob for a con game. The situation becomes increasingly complicated as secrets are revealed and the brothers learn the truth about their past and their connection to each other.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The film explores themes of brotherhood, family, and redemption. It also delves into the social issues of the time, such as poverty and the plight of orphans.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "A theme song entitled \"I'm Dreaming\" with words and music by Dan Dougherty was featured on the film soundtrack.",
"title": "Music"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Brothers is a 1929 American drama film directed by Scott Pembrokee and featuring Cornelius Keefe and Barbara Bedford. The film is one of the last produced in the sound-on-film process known as Phonofilm. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects using both the sound-on-disc and sound-on-film process. | 2023-12-12T22:56:43Z | 2023-12-13T08:52:52Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_(1929_American_film) |
75,548,356 | Amira Ould Braham | Amira Ould Braham (Arabic: أميرة ولد براهم; born 17 February 1998) is an Algerian professional footballer who plays as a Midfielder for Division 2 Féminine club Nantes and the Algeria national team.
Born in Aïn El Hammam, Tizi Ouzou Province, Algeria.
Ould Braham started playing football for her local youth team Villeneuve-le-Roi FC before joining FCF Juvisy youth academy in 2011. She made her senior debut for Juvisy in the Division 1 Féminine in the 2016–17 season. In July 2017, one season later she got signed by VGA Saint-Maur for the 2017–18 season.
in 2018, US Orléans announced the signing of Ould Braham. In September 2019, while she became the captain of the team, she suffered a complete anterior cruciate ligament rupture, which kept her away from the field for several months. after four seasons with the club, she joined Stade brestois 29 in 2022 for the 2022–23 season of Division 2 Féminine.
In 2023, Amira signed with Nantes. in the Division 2 Féminine.
Born in Algeria, Ould Braham represented France's youth teams namely U17, U19, and U20. and was a part of France's 2015 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship squad.
In Ocotber 2021, Ould Braham got its first call-up to the Algerian national team to face Sudan as a part of the 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations qualification. On 20 October 2021, she debuted for the national team as a starter and scored a brace in the 14–0 historic win. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Amira Ould Braham (Arabic: أميرة ولد براهم; born 17 February 1998) is an Algerian professional footballer who plays as a Midfielder for Division 2 Féminine club Nantes and the Algeria national team.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "Ould Braham started playing football for her local youth team Villeneuve-le-Roi FC before joining FCF Juvisy youth academy in 2011. She made her senior debut for Juvisy in the Division 1 Féminine in the 2016–17 season. In July 2017, one season later she got signed by VGA Saint-Maur for the 2017–18 season.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "in 2018, US Orléans announced the signing of Ould Braham. In September 2019, while she became the captain of the team, she suffered a complete anterior cruciate ligament rupture, which kept her away from the field for several months. after four seasons with the club, she joined Stade brestois 29 in 2022 for the 2022–23 season of Division 2 Féminine.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2023, Amira signed with Nantes. in the Division 2 Féminine.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Born in Algeria, Ould Braham represented France's youth teams namely U17, U19, and U20. and was a part of France's 2015 UEFA Women's Under-17 Championship squad.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In Ocotber 2021, Ould Braham got its first call-up to the Algerian national team to face Sudan as a part of the 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations qualification. On 20 October 2021, she debuted for the national team as a starter and scored a brace in the 14–0 historic win.",
"title": "International career"
}
] | Amira Ould Braham is an Algerian professional footballer who plays as a Midfielder for Division 2 Féminine club Nantes and the Algeria national team. | 2023-12-12T23:01:19Z | 2023-12-21T08:11:05Z | [
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75,548,361 | Nick Corporon | Nick Corporon is an American filmmaker who directed the feature film Retake (2016) and the short films Barbie Boy and Last Call.
Corporon was born in Parsons, Kansas and raised in Lexington, Missouri.Film Festival Celebrates Its Kansas City Roots - OutVoices He attended Missouri State University and received his Master of Fine Arts from Chapman University.
Corporon wrote and directed the short film Last Call (2009) as his graduate thesis at Chapman University. It played at the Frameline Film Festival, CineGear Film Festival, and Palm Springs International Shortfest. It was distributed by Peccadillo Pictures in the UK. His short film Barbie Boy (2012) played at The Austin Film Festival. It won the prestigious Alfred C. Kinsey prize for "Continuing the Discussion on Gender" and the audience award for Best Short at Dances with Films.
His feature directional debut Retake premiered at the 2016 Frameline Film Festival and went on to play Outfest, Newfest, Cinema Diverse, Out on Film and many more. The film starred Tuc Watkins, Devon Graye, Sydelle Noel, Derek Phillips, and Kit Williamson. The film was partially financed by a Kickstarter campaign.Film Festival Celebrates Its Kansas City Roots - OutVoices
Retake is distributed by Breaking Glass Pictures and premiered in Los Angeles on January 6, 2017, with a VOD/DVD release later that year. | [
{
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"text": "Nick Corporon is an American filmmaker who directed the feature film Retake (2016) and the short films Barbie Boy and Last Call.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Corporon was born in Parsons, Kansas and raised in Lexington, Missouri.Film Festival Celebrates Its Kansas City Roots - OutVoices He attended Missouri State University and received his Master of Fine Arts from Chapman University.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Corporon wrote and directed the short film Last Call (2009) as his graduate thesis at Chapman University. It played at the Frameline Film Festival, CineGear Film Festival, and Palm Springs International Shortfest. It was distributed by Peccadillo Pictures in the UK. His short film Barbie Boy (2012) played at The Austin Film Festival. It won the prestigious Alfred C. Kinsey prize for \"Continuing the Discussion on Gender\" and the audience award for Best Short at Dances with Films.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "His feature directional debut Retake premiered at the 2016 Frameline Film Festival and went on to play Outfest, Newfest, Cinema Diverse, Out on Film and many more. The film starred Tuc Watkins, Devon Graye, Sydelle Noel, Derek Phillips, and Kit Williamson. The film was partially financed by a Kickstarter campaign.Film Festival Celebrates Its Kansas City Roots - OutVoices",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Retake is distributed by Breaking Glass Pictures and premiered in Los Angeles on January 6, 2017, with a VOD/DVD release later that year.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Nick Corporon is an American filmmaker who directed the feature film Retake (2016) and the short films Barbie Boy and Last Call. | 2023-12-12T23:02:02Z | 2023-12-16T09:52:24Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Corporon |
75,548,400 | First Battle of Bull Run order of battle | The order of battle for the First Battle of Bull Run includes: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The order of battle for the First Battle of Bull Run includes:",
"title": ""
}
] | The order of battle for the First Battle of Bull Run includes: First Battle of Bull Run order of battle: Confederate
First Battle of Bull Run order of battle: Union | 2023-12-12T23:08:01Z | 2023-12-16T07:28:54Z | [
"Template:List of lists"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run_order_of_battle |
75,548,419 | Yuriko Fujii | Yuriko Fujii is a Japanese boccia player. He won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in the mixed pairs BC1-2 boccia event and a bronze medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in the mixed team BC1-2 boccia event.
Fujii and his teammates Takayuki Hirose, Takayuki Kitani, and Hidetaka Sugimura helped secure Japan's first ever silver medal in Boccia at the 2016 Summer Paralympics. The following Paralympic Games, Fujii, Hirose, and Takumi Nakamura won a bronze medal in the mixed team BC1-2 boccia event. Fujii won another bronze medal the following year at the 2022 Boccia World Championships. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Yuriko Fujii is a Japanese boccia player. He won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in the mixed pairs BC1-2 boccia event and a bronze medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in the mixed team BC1-2 boccia event.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Fujii and his teammates Takayuki Hirose, Takayuki Kitani, and Hidetaka Sugimura helped secure Japan's first ever silver medal in Boccia at the 2016 Summer Paralympics. The following Paralympic Games, Fujii, Hirose, and Takumi Nakamura won a bronze medal in the mixed team BC1-2 boccia event. Fujii won another bronze medal the following year at the 2022 Boccia World Championships.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Yuriko Fujii is a Japanese boccia player. He won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in the mixed pairs BC1-2 boccia event and a bronze medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics in the mixed team BC1-2 boccia event. | 2023-12-12T23:10:34Z | 2023-12-12T23:12:48Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuriko_Fujii |
75,548,450 | Town Lake (disambiguation) | Town Lake is a colloquial name for Lady Bird Lake, a reservoir in Austin, Texas.
Town Lake or Towne Lake may also refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Town Lake is a colloquial name for Lady Bird Lake, a reservoir in Austin, Texas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Town Lake or Towne Lake may also refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Town Lake is a colloquial name for Lady Bird Lake, a reservoir in Austin, Texas. Town Lake or Towne Lake may also refer to: Town Lake, Alberta, Canada
Towne Lake, Georgia, US | 2023-12-12T23:16:22Z | 2023-12-12T23:17:57Z | [
"Template:Geodis",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_Lake_(disambiguation) |
75,548,464 | 1944 All-Southern Conference football team | The 1944 All-Southern Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by coaches and sports writers on behalf of the Associated Press (AP) as the best at each position from the Southern Conference during the 1944 college football season. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1944 All-Southern Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by coaches and sports writers on behalf of the Associated Press (AP) as the best at each position from the Southern Conference during the 1944 college football season.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 1944 All-Southern Conference football team consists of American football players chosen by coaches and sports writers on behalf of the Associated Press (AP) as the best at each position from the Southern Conference during the 1944 college football season. | 2023-12-12T23:19:15Z | 2023-12-12T23:19:15Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_All-Southern_Conference_football_team |
75,548,479 | J. Larry Jameson | J. Larry Jameson is an American physician-scientist and academic administrator serving as the interim president of the University of Pennsylvania since December 2023. He has served as the dean of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania since 2011. He is the Robert G. Dunlop professor of medicine and an executive vice president of the University of Pennsylvania Health System.
Jameson earned a M.D. with honors and a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1981. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "J. Larry Jameson is an American physician-scientist and academic administrator serving as the interim president of the University of Pennsylvania since December 2023. He has served as the dean of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania since 2011. He is the Robert G. Dunlop professor of medicine and an executive vice president of the University of Pennsylvania Health System.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Jameson earned a M.D. with honors and a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1981.",
"title": ""
}
] | J. Larry Jameson is an American physician-scientist and academic administrator serving as the interim president of the University of Pennsylvania since December 2023. He has served as the dean of the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania since 2011. He is the Robert G. Dunlop professor of medicine and an executive vice president of the University of Pennsylvania Health System. Jameson earned a M.D. with honors and a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1981. | 2023-12-12T23:21:21Z | 2023-12-19T10:24:42Z | [
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75,548,486 | Bertha Little Coyote | Bertha Blackbeard Little Coyote (February 3, 1912 – February 2, 2003) was a Cheyenne author, artist, and singer from Oklahoma, United States. She was known for her book, Leaving Everything Behind, which described her history at an Indian boarding school, as well as her participation in music, lyricism and moccasin art.
Bertha Blackbeard Little Coyote was born on February 3, 1912, in Canton, Oklahoma, at the Cantonment. Her Indian name was E-no-ze, which means "sunset".
She attended Cantonment Boarding School from 1919 to 1925.
Her recordings of traditional Southern Cheyenne songs have been influential in understanding elements of Cheyenne culture and preserving the historical record. Her vocal and lyrical interpretations of Cheyenne and Christian songs are significant contributions to ethnomusicology.
Additionally, her artistry in beadwork and moccasins has been recognized. She attended the 1970 Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington, D.C., and spoke on a panel about Native American crafting traditions.
Little Coyote was selected as the Outstanding Cheyenne Indian Lady by the Federation of Oklahoma Indian Women.
She served as Community Health Representative for Seiling, Canton and Longdale, Oklahoma. She was the chairperson of the Fellowship Committee for the Western District of Oklahoma Mennonite Indian Churches.
She was a strong advocate of education for Native children. She believed that teachers needed to establish trust with Native students to help them feel like they belong, and to listen closely to what the students have to say.
Bertha Little Coyote and Virginia Giglio published Leaving Everything Behind: The Songs and Memories of a Cheyenne Woman in November 1997. The book was dictated by Little Coyote about her life and memories, as well as songs and music, to Giglio who was a student of hers.
Bertha Little Coyote died on February 2, 2003. She lived in Seiling, Oklahoma. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Bertha Blackbeard Little Coyote (February 3, 1912 – February 2, 2003) was a Cheyenne author, artist, and singer from Oklahoma, United States. She was known for her book, Leaving Everything Behind, which described her history at an Indian boarding school, as well as her participation in music, lyricism and moccasin art.",
"title": ""
},
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{
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"text": "She attended Cantonment Boarding School from 1919 to 1925.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
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"text": "Her recordings of traditional Southern Cheyenne songs have been influential in understanding elements of Cheyenne culture and preserving the historical record. Her vocal and lyrical interpretations of Cheyenne and Christian songs are significant contributions to ethnomusicology.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Additionally, her artistry in beadwork and moccasins has been recognized. She attended the 1970 Smithsonian Folklife Festival in Washington, D.C., and spoke on a panel about Native American crafting traditions.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Little Coyote was selected as the Outstanding Cheyenne Indian Lady by the Federation of Oklahoma Indian Women.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "She served as Community Health Representative for Seiling, Canton and Longdale, Oklahoma. She was the chairperson of the Fellowship Committee for the Western District of Oklahoma Mennonite Indian Churches.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "She was a strong advocate of education for Native children. She believed that teachers needed to establish trust with Native students to help them feel like they belong, and to listen closely to what the students have to say.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Bertha Little Coyote and Virginia Giglio published Leaving Everything Behind: The Songs and Memories of a Cheyenne Woman in November 1997. The book was dictated by Little Coyote about her life and memories, as well as songs and music, to Giglio who was a student of hers.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Bertha Little Coyote died on February 2, 2003. She lived in Seiling, Oklahoma.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Bertha Blackbeard Little Coyote was a Cheyenne author, artist, and singer from Oklahoma, United States. She was known for her book, Leaving Everything Behind, which described her history at an Indian boarding school, as well as her participation in music, lyricism and moccasin art. | 2023-12-12T23:22:37Z | 2023-12-29T00:29:12Z | [
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75,548,504 | St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards 2023 | 20th StLFCA Awards
December 17, 2023
Best Film:Oppenheimer
The nominees for the 20th St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards were announced on December 10, 2023.
Oppenheimer led the nominations with fourteen, followed by Killers of the Flower Moon with twelve and Barbie with eleven; the category "Best Stunts" was introduced. In addition, the regional critics group recognized two groups for special merits involving the industry's labor strikes this year.
The winners were announced on December 17, 2023. | [
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},
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"text": "Best Film:Oppenheimer",
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},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The nominees for the 20th St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards were announced on December 10, 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Oppenheimer led the nominations with fourteen, followed by Killers of the Flower Moon with twelve and Barbie with eleven; the category \"Best Stunts\" was introduced. In addition, the regional critics group recognized two groups for special merits involving the industry's labor strikes this year.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The winners were announced on December 17, 2023.",
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}
] | The nominees for the 20th St. Louis Film Critics Association Awards were announced on December 10, 2023. Oppenheimer led the nominations with fourteen, followed by Killers of the Flower Moon with twelve and Barbie with eleven; the category "Best Stunts" was introduced. In addition, the regional critics group recognized two groups for special merits involving the industry's labor strikes this year. The winners were announced on December 17, 2023. | 2023-12-12T23:29:38Z | 2023-12-20T13:31:10Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Gateway_Film_Critics_Association_Awards_2023 |
75,548,519 | Municipality of Bosansko Grahovo | Municipality of Bosansko Grahovo (Serbian Cyrillic: Општина Босанско Грахово; Croatian: Općina Bosansko Grahovo) is a municipality in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its seat is in Bosansko Grahovo. According to the 2013 census, it had a population of 2,449.
During the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the present-day territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided into counties (Serbo-Croatian: okrug) and kotars (districts). The territory of the Municipality of Bosansko Grahovo belonged to Travnik Okrug and to the Kotar of Livno.
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia retained the local organisation inherited from Austria-Hungary, with the country being divided into oblasts instead of okrugs since 1922. The territory of the Municipality of Bosansko Grahovo belonged to Travnik Oblast and the Srez of Livno.
From 1929, the country was divided into banovinas. The territory of the Municipality of Bosansko Grahovo became a srez on its own and belonged to Vrbas Banovina.
During World War II, from 1941 to 1945, the municipality was a part of the Axis puppet state Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Administratively, it belonged to the Grand Parish of Krbava and Psat, established on 16 June 1941. The seat of the Parish was in Bihać. The Kotar of Bosansko Grahovo included the town of Bosansko Grahovo, Crni Lug, Drvar and Trubar. On 1 January 1942, the Kotar of Bosansko Grahovo was transferred to the Grand Prish of Bribir and Sidraga.
In the Drvar uprising Grahovo was captured by the Serb rebels commanded by Branko Bogunović. Bogunović joined Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland and in September 1941 he was appointed as commander of the Chetnik Regiment "Gavrilo Princip" from Grahovo. One hundred Croat civilians were murdered by the Chetniks during the Bosansko Grahovo massacre.
Nationalities
According to the 2013 census, the population of Kupres was 3,860. | [
{
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"text": "Municipality of Bosansko Grahovo (Serbian Cyrillic: Општина Босанско Грахово; Croatian: Općina Bosansko Grahovo) is a municipality in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its seat is in Bosansko Grahovo. According to the 2013 census, it had a population of 2,449.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "During the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the present-day territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided into counties (Serbo-Croatian: okrug) and kotars (districts). The territory of the Municipality of Bosansko Grahovo belonged to Travnik Okrug and to the Kotar of Livno.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The Kingdom of Yugoslavia retained the local organisation inherited from Austria-Hungary, with the country being divided into oblasts instead of okrugs since 1922. The territory of the Municipality of Bosansko Grahovo belonged to Travnik Oblast and the Srez of Livno.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "From 1929, the country was divided into banovinas. The territory of the Municipality of Bosansko Grahovo became a srez on its own and belonged to Vrbas Banovina.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During World War II, from 1941 to 1945, the municipality was a part of the Axis puppet state Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Administratively, it belonged to the Grand Parish of Krbava and Psat, established on 16 June 1941. The seat of the Parish was in Bihać. The Kotar of Bosansko Grahovo included the town of Bosansko Grahovo, Crni Lug, Drvar and Trubar. On 1 January 1942, the Kotar of Bosansko Grahovo was transferred to the Grand Prish of Bribir and Sidraga.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In the Drvar uprising Grahovo was captured by the Serb rebels commanded by Branko Bogunović. Bogunović joined Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland and in September 1941 he was appointed as commander of the Chetnik Regiment \"Gavrilo Princip\" from Grahovo. One hundred Croat civilians were murdered by the Chetniks during the Bosansko Grahovo massacre.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Nationalities",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "According to the 2013 census, the population of Kupres was 3,860.",
"title": "Demographics"
}
] | Municipality of Bosansko Grahovo is a municipality in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its seat is in Bosansko Grahovo. According to the 2013 census, it had a population of 2,449. | 2023-12-12T23:31:46Z | 2023-12-20T14:02:14Z | [
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75,548,523 | Violence against Indigenous peoples in Colombia | The Indigenous peoples of Colombia have been subjected to incredible violence in recent decades, ranging from massacres by armed groups to the targeted killings of Indigenous activists and politicians. Driving factors of the violence are commonly agreed to be native land and natural resources.
Indigenous peoples in Colombia have long been exploited by settlers since the beginning of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Mines, land and labor remain key issues today in the conflict between Indigenous peoples, armed groups, and the Colombian government.
According to a report by the National Commission of Indigenous Territories (CNTI) in October 2022, a member of Colombia's Indigenous population was killed every four days in 2021. The report was released in the wake of mass violence against Indigenous activists in Columbia. The Institute of Development and Peace Studies (INDEPAZ) registered 154 activists killed in 2022, 20 of which having died in October. Since the FARC's peace deal with the Colombian government in 2016, assassinations of Indigenous political leaders have changed; instead of highly visible national politicians, rural activists are now the primary victims of these killings. Most of these killings are conducted by unknown armed forces, FARC dissident groups and state armed forces.
The Indigenous Guard (Kiwe Thegnas in the Páez or Nasa Yuwe language) are a group of Indigenous men, women and children in Colombia who volunteer to defend their ancestral lands. The group originated in the violence-ridden Cauca Department and became an organized force in 2001, during a surge in armed conflict. Unarmed, they have confronted various militarized groups in Colombia, such as the FARC, right-wing paramilitaries, and the Colombian army. The Indigenous Guard have stated that their biggest threat comes from the numerous militarized groups of break-off FARC rebels who opposed the 2016 peace deal with the Colombian government. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Indigenous peoples of Colombia have been subjected to incredible violence in recent decades, ranging from massacres by armed groups to the targeted killings of Indigenous activists and politicians. Driving factors of the violence are commonly agreed to be native land and natural resources.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Indigenous peoples in Colombia have long been exploited by settlers since the beginning of the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Mines, land and labor remain key issues today in the conflict between Indigenous peoples, armed groups, and the Colombian government.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "According to a report by the National Commission of Indigenous Territories (CNTI) in October 2022, a member of Colombia's Indigenous population was killed every four days in 2021. The report was released in the wake of mass violence against Indigenous activists in Columbia. The Institute of Development and Peace Studies (INDEPAZ) registered 154 activists killed in 2022, 20 of which having died in October. Since the FARC's peace deal with the Colombian government in 2016, assassinations of Indigenous political leaders have changed; instead of highly visible national politicians, rural activists are now the primary victims of these killings. Most of these killings are conducted by unknown armed forces, FARC dissident groups and state armed forces.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Indigenous Guard (Kiwe Thegnas in the Páez or Nasa Yuwe language) are a group of Indigenous men, women and children in Colombia who volunteer to defend their ancestral lands. The group originated in the violence-ridden Cauca Department and became an organized force in 2001, during a surge in armed conflict. Unarmed, they have confronted various militarized groups in Colombia, such as the FARC, right-wing paramilitaries, and the Colombian army. The Indigenous Guard have stated that their biggest threat comes from the numerous militarized groups of break-off FARC rebels who opposed the 2016 peace deal with the Colombian government.",
"title": "Groups"
}
] | The Indigenous peoples of Colombia have been subjected to incredible violence in recent decades, ranging from massacres by armed groups to the targeted killings of Indigenous activists and politicians. Driving factors of the violence are commonly agreed to be native land and natural resources. | 2023-12-12T23:32:29Z | 2023-12-13T22:27:12Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_against_Indigenous_peoples_in_Colombia |
75,548,526 | Chittum | Chittum is a surname. Notable people with this surname include: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Chittum is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:",
"title": ""
}
] | Chittum is a surname. Notable people with this surname include: Nelson Chittum, an American retired baseball pitcher
Thomas W. Chittum, an American soldier, programmer, and writer | 2023-12-12T23:33:47Z | 2023-12-13T21:43:58Z | [
"Template:Surname"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittum |
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