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75,539,895 | Veronica Nicacio | Veronica Nicacio (born June 9, 1997 in Allentown, Pennsylvania) is an American rower. She won a gold medal in Women's quadruple sculls , and Women's double sculls, at the 2023 Pan American Games.
She competed for the University of Portland. She rows with the ARION team. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Veronica Nicacio (born June 9, 1997 in Allentown, Pennsylvania) is an American rower. She won a gold medal in Women's quadruple sculls , and Women's double sculls, at the 2023 Pan American Games.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She competed for the University of Portland. She rows with the ARION team.",
"title": ""
}
] | Veronica Nicacio is an American rower. She won a gold medal in Women's quadruple sculls, and Women's double sculls, at the 2023 Pan American Games. She competed for the University of Portland. She rows with the ARION team. | 2023-12-11T19:40:19Z | 2023-12-27T08:51:43Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:US-rowing-bio-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Nicacio |
75,539,909 | Santa Maria del Soccorso | Santa Maria del Soccorso may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Santa Maria del Soccorso may refer to:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "Stations"
}
] | Santa Maria del Soccorso may refer to: | 2023-12-11T19:41:42Z | 2023-12-11T19:41:42Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Soccorso |
75,539,919 | Harry Selker | Harry Selker is an American physician and medical researcher at Tufts Medical Center, where he serves as Dean of the Clinical and Translational Science Institute and Executive Director of the Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies. He is known for creating a class of "predictive instruments" built into electrocardiograph machines that help hospitals triage cardiac patients, and assist physician decision-making.
Raised in Seattle, Washington, Selker attended Reed College, followed by medical school at Brown University. He later earned a Masters of Science in Public Health at the University of California Los Angeles, where he was a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholar.
Starting in the 1990s, Selker devised a series of mathematical models for medical decision-making called "predictive instruments". These software tools can be loaded onto electrocardiograph machines or other medical devices. Using patient demographic information and analysis of the data from the medical device itself, the predictive instrument generates a probability in real-time of whether the patient was having a heart attack, or would likely need a particular treatment. This software was subsequently included a number of common medical devices.
Selker has led a number of studies relating to the glucose-insulin-potassium treatment cocktail known as GIK. In 2012, his IMMEDIATE Trial showed that early administration of GIK made cardiac arrest or death after a heart attack less likely, and reduced the amount of damage to the heart itself by 80%.
Selker is the author of two books: The Affordable Care Act as a National Experiment: Health Policy Innovations and Lessons, and Emergency Diagnostic Tests for Cardiac Ischemia. | [
{
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"text": "Harry Selker is an American physician and medical researcher at Tufts Medical Center, where he serves as Dean of the Clinical and Translational Science Institute and Executive Director of the Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies. He is known for creating a class of \"predictive instruments\" built into electrocardiograph machines that help hospitals triage cardiac patients, and assist physician decision-making.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Raised in Seattle, Washington, Selker attended Reed College, followed by medical school at Brown University. He later earned a Masters of Science in Public Health at the University of California Los Angeles, where he was a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholar.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Starting in the 1990s, Selker devised a series of mathematical models for medical decision-making called \"predictive instruments\". These software tools can be loaded onto electrocardiograph machines or other medical devices. Using patient demographic information and analysis of the data from the medical device itself, the predictive instrument generates a probability in real-time of whether the patient was having a heart attack, or would likely need a particular treatment. This software was subsequently included a number of common medical devices.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Selker has led a number of studies relating to the glucose-insulin-potassium treatment cocktail known as GIK. In 2012, his IMMEDIATE Trial showed that early administration of GIK made cardiac arrest or death after a heart attack less likely, and reduced the amount of damage to the heart itself by 80%.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Selker is the author of two books: The Affordable Care Act as a National Experiment: Health Policy Innovations and Lessons, and Emergency Diagnostic Tests for Cardiac Ischemia.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Harry Selker is an American physician and medical researcher at Tufts Medical Center, where he serves as Dean of the Clinical and Translational Science Institute and Executive Director of the Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies. He is known for creating a class of "predictive instruments" built into electrocardiograph machines that help hospitals triage cardiac patients, and assist physician decision-making. | 2023-12-11T19:42:30Z | 2023-12-29T08:15:58Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Selker |
75,539,925 | Ephraim L. Van Winkle | Ephraim L. Van Winkle (July 20, 1827 – May 23, 1866) was an American politician who served as Secretary of State of Kentucky from 1863 until his death in 1866. He was most likely a member of the Whig Party.
Ephraim L. Van Winkle was born on July 20, 1827, in Wayne County, Kentucky, to Micajah Van Winkle and Mary Phillips. He attended Monticello University and graduated from the University of Louisville's law department in 1850.
After graduating, Van Winkle began practicing law in Wayne County. In 1855, he was elected to the Kentucky General Assembly, Which he served on for at least a year until he was elected Commonwealth attorney for the 6th district in 1856. In 1860, Van Winkle was a Presidential elector for the John Bell and Edward Everett slate.
In 1863, Van Winkle was appointed Secretary of State of Kentucky by governor Thomas E. Bramlette. He had emancipationist beliefs.
Van Winkle died on May 23, 1866, at the age of 38. He was interred in Frankfort, Kentucky. His position as Secretary of State of Kentucky was filled by his brother John S. Van Winkle. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ephraim L. Van Winkle (July 20, 1827 – May 23, 1866) was an American politician who served as Secretary of State of Kentucky from 1863 until his death in 1866. He was most likely a member of the Whig Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ephraim L. Van Winkle was born on July 20, 1827, in Wayne County, Kentucky, to Micajah Van Winkle and Mary Phillips. He attended Monticello University and graduated from the University of Louisville's law department in 1850.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After graduating, Van Winkle began practicing law in Wayne County. In 1855, he was elected to the Kentucky General Assembly, Which he served on for at least a year until he was elected Commonwealth attorney for the 6th district in 1856. In 1860, Van Winkle was a Presidential elector for the John Bell and Edward Everett slate.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1863, Van Winkle was appointed Secretary of State of Kentucky by governor Thomas E. Bramlette. He had emancipationist beliefs.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Van Winkle died on May 23, 1866, at the age of 38. He was interred in Frankfort, Kentucky. His position as Secretary of State of Kentucky was filled by his brother John S. Van Winkle.",
"title": "Death"
}
] | Ephraim L. Van Winkle was an American politician who served as Secretary of State of Kentucky from 1863 until his death in 1866. He was most likely a member of the Whig Party. | 2023-12-11T19:42:45Z | 2023-12-14T17:45:49Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_L._Van_Winkle |
75,539,962 | The Canterville Ghost (2023 film) | The Canterville Ghost is a 2023 British animated comedy film directed by Kim Burdon and Robert Chandler. It is based off the short story of the same name by Oscar Wilde. The film stars the voices of Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie, Freddie Highmore, Emily Carey, Imelda Staunton, Toby Jones, Miranda Hart, David Harewood, and Meera Syal.
Sir Simon de Canterville has been haunting the grounds of his country estate for more than 300 years, but he soon meets his match when he tries to scare off a modern-day American family that just moved in. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Canterville Ghost is a 2023 British animated comedy film directed by Kim Burdon and Robert Chandler. It is based off the short story of the same name by Oscar Wilde. The film stars the voices of Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie, Freddie Highmore, Emily Carey, Imelda Staunton, Toby Jones, Miranda Hart, David Harewood, and Meera Syal.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Sir Simon de Canterville has been haunting the grounds of his country estate for more than 300 years, but he soon meets his match when he tries to scare off a modern-day American family that just moved in.",
"title": "Plot"
}
] | The Canterville Ghost is a 2023 British animated comedy film directed by Kim Burdon and Robert Chandler. It is based off the short story of the same name by Oscar Wilde. The film stars the voices of Stephen Fry, Hugh Laurie, Freddie Highmore, Emily Carey, Imelda Staunton, Toby Jones, Miranda Hart, David Harewood, and Meera Syal. | 2023-12-11T19:47:19Z | 2023-12-11T23:57:33Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canterville_Ghost_(2023_film) |
75,539,965 | List of Billboard Latin Rhythm Albums number ones of 2012 | The Latin Rhythm Albums chart is a music chart published in Billboard magazine. The data is compiled by Nielsen SoundScan from a sample that includes music stores, music departments at electronics and department stores, internet sales (both physical and digital) and verifiable sales from concert venues in the United States. The chart is composed of studio, live, and compilation releases by Latin artists performing in the Latin hip hop, urban, dance and reggaeton, the most popular Latin Rhythm music genres. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Latin Rhythm Albums chart is a music chart published in Billboard magazine. The data is compiled by Nielsen SoundScan from a sample that includes music stores, music departments at electronics and department stores, internet sales (both physical and digital) and verifiable sales from concert venues in the United States. The chart is composed of studio, live, and compilation releases by Latin artists performing in the Latin hip hop, urban, dance and reggaeton, the most popular Latin Rhythm music genres.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Latin Rhythm Albums chart is a music chart published in Billboard magazine. The data is compiled by Nielsen SoundScan from a sample that includes music stores, music departments at electronics and department stores, internet sales and verifiable sales from concert venues in the United States. The chart is composed of studio, live, and compilation releases by Latin artists performing in the Latin hip hop, urban, dance and reggaeton, the most popular Latin Rhythm music genres. | 2023-12-11T19:47:40Z | 2023-12-11T19:47:40Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Latin_Rhythm_Albums_number_ones_of_2012 |
75,539,977 | A. Benjamin Spencer | A. Benjamin Spencer, a nationally recognized scholar of civil procedure and federal jurisdiction, became dean of William & Mary Law School in Williamsburg, Virginia, on July 1, 2020, and was awarded the Marshall-Wythe School of Law Trustee Professorship the following year. He is the first Black dean of any school at William & Mary.
Spencer is the author of multiple volumes of the renowned Wright & Miller Federal Practice & Procedure treatise, in addition to numerous articles published in journals including the Michigan Law Review, the Chicago Law Review and the UCLA Law Review. He is one of the nation’s most-cited civil procedure scholars, with a widely used civil procedure casebook.
At the age of 40, Spencer became a member of the U.S. Army Reserve Judge Advocate General’s Corps, serving in its Government Appellate Division as a captain. In 2017, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts appointed him to the U.S. Judicial Conference Advisory Committee on Civil Rules.
Prior to becoming Dean of William & Mary Law School, Spencer served on the faculty at the University of Virginia School of Law, first as the Earle K. Shawe Professor of Law (2014–2017), as a Professor of Law (2017-2018) and as the Justice Thurgood Marshall Distinguished Professor of Law (2018–2020). During the 2019-2020 academic year, he was the Bennett Boskey Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School.
Spencer previously served as professor, associate dean for research and director of the Frances Lewis Law Center at Washington and Lee University School of Law. He is a member of the American Law Institute, a member of the West Academic Law School Advisory Board, and a member of the British Ambassador’s Advisory Council. He formerly served on the Virginia State Bar Council and has served as a special assistant U.S. attorney for the Western District of Virginia, occasionally handling appellate cases in the Fourth Circuit on behalf of the government on a pro bono basis.
Prior to joining the Washington and Lee faculty, Spencer was an associate professor of law at the University of Richmond School of Law. He also formerly worked as an associate in the law firm Shearman & Sterling and as a law clerk to Judge Judith W. Rogers of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. He visited Virginia Law during the 2011-2012 school year.
Spencer holds a B.A. from Morehouse College, a J.D. from Harvard Law School and a master of science from the London School of Economics, where he was a Marshall Scholar.
In 2007, Spencer was awarded the Virginia State Council of Higher Education “Rising Star” award, given to the most promising junior faculty member among all academic fields at all colleges and universities in Virginia. He was the first law professor to receive this award.
In June, 2022, Spencer was honored with the William R. Rakes Leadership in Education Award from the Virginia State Bar (VSB) Section on the Education of Lawyers in Virginia. The award recognizes an individual who has demonstrated exceptional leadership and vision in developing and implementing innovative concepts to improve and enhance the state of legal education, and in advancing relationships and professionalism among members of the academy, the bench and the bar in Virginia.
Spencer comes from a long line of trailblazers. His father, James R. Spencer, was the first African American federal judge in Virginia and the first African American chief judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. His mother, Alicia Spencer, is a retired elementary school principal in Newport News. His grandfather, Dr. Adam S. Arnold, was the first African American professor at Notre Dame University. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A. Benjamin Spencer, a nationally recognized scholar of civil procedure and federal jurisdiction, became dean of William & Mary Law School in Williamsburg, Virginia, on July 1, 2020, and was awarded the Marshall-Wythe School of Law Trustee Professorship the following year. He is the first Black dean of any school at William & Mary.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Spencer is the author of multiple volumes of the renowned Wright & Miller Federal Practice & Procedure treatise, in addition to numerous articles published in journals including the Michigan Law Review, the Chicago Law Review and the UCLA Law Review. He is one of the nation’s most-cited civil procedure scholars, with a widely used civil procedure casebook.",
"title": "Publications"
},
{
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"text": "At the age of 40, Spencer became a member of the U.S. Army Reserve Judge Advocate General’s Corps, serving in its Government Appellate Division as a captain. In 2017, U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts appointed him to the U.S. Judicial Conference Advisory Committee on Civil Rules.",
"title": "Military Service"
},
{
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"text": "Prior to becoming Dean of William & Mary Law School, Spencer served on the faculty at the University of Virginia School of Law, first as the Earle K. Shawe Professor of Law (2014–2017), as a Professor of Law (2017-2018) and as the Justice Thurgood Marshall Distinguished Professor of Law (2018–2020). During the 2019-2020 academic year, he was the Bennett Boskey Visiting Professor of Law at Harvard Law School.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Spencer previously served as professor, associate dean for research and director of the Frances Lewis Law Center at Washington and Lee University School of Law. He is a member of the American Law Institute, a member of the West Academic Law School Advisory Board, and a member of the British Ambassador’s Advisory Council. He formerly served on the Virginia State Bar Council and has served as a special assistant U.S. attorney for the Western District of Virginia, occasionally handling appellate cases in the Fourth Circuit on behalf of the government on a pro bono basis.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Prior to joining the Washington and Lee faculty, Spencer was an associate professor of law at the University of Richmond School of Law. He also formerly worked as an associate in the law firm Shearman & Sterling and as a law clerk to Judge Judith W. Rogers of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. He visited Virginia Law during the 2011-2012 school year.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Spencer holds a B.A. from Morehouse College, a J.D. from Harvard Law School and a master of science from the London School of Economics, where he was a Marshall Scholar.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2007, Spencer was awarded the Virginia State Council of Higher Education “Rising Star” award, given to the most promising junior faculty member among all academic fields at all colleges and universities in Virginia. He was the first law professor to receive this award.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In June, 2022, Spencer was honored with the William R. Rakes Leadership in Education Award from the Virginia State Bar (VSB) Section on the Education of Lawyers in Virginia. The award recognizes an individual who has demonstrated exceptional leadership and vision in developing and implementing innovative concepts to improve and enhance the state of legal education, and in advancing relationships and professionalism among members of the academy, the bench and the bar in Virginia.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Spencer comes from a long line of trailblazers. His father, James R. Spencer, was the first African American federal judge in Virginia and the first African American chief judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. His mother, Alicia Spencer, is a retired elementary school principal in Newport News. His grandfather, Dr. Adam S. Arnold, was the first African American professor at Notre Dame University.",
"title": "Family history"
}
] | A. Benjamin Spencer, a nationally recognized scholar of civil procedure and federal jurisdiction, became dean of William & Mary Law School in Williamsburg, Virginia, on July 1, 2020, and was awarded the Marshall-Wythe School of Law Trustee Professorship the following year. He is the first Black dean of any school at William & Mary. | 2023-12-11T19:48:59Z | 2023-12-31T01:34:12Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Benjamin_Spencer |
75,539,999 | Santa Maria della Pace (disambiguation) | Santa Maria della Pace is a church in Rome.
Santa Maria della Pace may also refer to the following Italian churches: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Santa Maria della Pace is a church in Rome.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Santa Maria della Pace may also refer to the following Italian churches:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "See also"
}
] | Santa Maria della Pace is a church in Rome. Santa Maria della Pace may also refer to the following Italian churches: Santa Maria della Pace, Brescia, Lombardy
Santa Maria della Pace, Castelbolognese, Emilia Romagna
Santa Maria della Pace, Massa Martana, Perugia, Umbria
Santa Maria della Pace, Milan, Lombardy
Santa Maria della Pace, Naples, Campania | 2023-12-11T19:53:16Z | 2023-12-11T19:53:16Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_della_Pace_(disambiguation) |
75,540,011 | Megapterygius | Megapterygius (meaning "large wing") is an extinct genus of mosasaurine mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous Toyajo Formation (Hasegawa Muddy Sandstone Member) of Japan. The genus contains a single species, M. wakayamaensis, known from an almost complete skeleton.
The Megapterygius holotype specimen, WMNH-Ge-1140240002, was discovered in sediments of the Hasegawa Muddy Sandstone Member of the Toyajo Formation near the peak of Mt. Toyajo in Wakayama Prefecture of Japan. The specimen consists of a partial skull, a complete cervical and dorsal vertebral series with more than 40 vertebrae, ribs, both front flippers, and the left hind flipper.
In 2023, Konishi et al. described Megapterygius wakayamaensis as a new genus and species of mosasaurine based on these fossil remains. The generic name, "Megapterygius", is derived from the Ancient Greek mégas, meaning large, and pterygion, meaning wing, referencing the unusually large wing-shaped flippers seen in Megapterygius. The specific name "wakayamaensis" honors Wakayama Prefecture, where the holotype was found and is currently kept.
The Japanese name for Megapterygius is "Wakayama Soryu" (和歌山滄竜), which translates to "Wakayama blue dragon". The word "Soryu" (滄竜) itself is used to refer to mosasaurs.
Megapterygius is a medium-sized mosasaur with an estimated skull length of 0.8 metres (2.6 ft) and a body length of approximately 6 metres (20 ft). Both the front and hind flippers are longer than the skull. This feature is not seen in any other mosasauroid with paddle-like limbs. Furthermore, the hind flippers are even larger than the front flippers, which is otherwise only seen in Tylosaurus.
The neural spines of the Megapterygius holotype posterior dorsal vertebrae exhibit an abrupt change in orientation, with at least five neural spines projecting anterodorsally. This is also seen in some delphinoid whales, where it corresponds to the base of a dorsal fin. Also like cetaceans, the change in orientation occurs posterior to the center of gravity of the animal, where in Megapterygius, the affected vertebrae are located after the main rib cage. If present, a dorsal fin in a mosasaur could provide stability while moving underwater. Megapterygius represents the first published evidence for such a structure.
The humeral head of Megapterygius is saddle-shaped and mediolaterally thick. This likely indicates a high range of motion for both adduction/abduction and protraction/retraction of the front flippers, allowing for quick maneuvering. The femoral head is well-rounded and almost circular in proximal view, which suggests that Megapterygius was capable of rapid pitch control (rotation) and braking. Skull part around eye socket is slightly wide horizontally, which suggests that had binocular vision that helped it to hunt prey. After Phosphorosaurus, this is the second case of mosasaur with binocular vision. Although the tail is not well preserved in the Megapterygius holotype, based on related taxa, it likely had a crescent-shaped tail fin that could have aided in propulsion and fast turning. Based on the combination of all of these features and the large size of the flippers, Konishi et al. speculate that Megapterygius would have been a capable hunter of large groups of small prey items that were hard to capture, like schools of fish.
Fossils of ammonites (Pachydiscus awajiensis), bivalves (Nanonavis sp., Apiotrigonia sp. and Inoceramus sp.), and gastropods (Globularia izumiensis, Gigantocapulus problematicus) have also been found near the Megapterygius holotype site. In addition, more than one hundred squaliform shark teeth were found around the Megapterygius holotype, suggesting it was scavenged by these sharks after it died.
Konishi (2023) recovered Megapterygius as a mosasaurine member of the squamate clade Mosasauridae, as the sister taxon to a clade containing Moanasaurus, Rikisaurus, Mosasaurus spp., and Plotosaurus. The 50% majority-rule consensus results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Megapterygius (meaning \"large wing\") is an extinct genus of mosasaurine mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous Toyajo Formation (Hasegawa Muddy Sandstone Member) of Japan. The genus contains a single species, M. wakayamaensis, known from an almost complete skeleton.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Megapterygius holotype specimen, WMNH-Ge-1140240002, was discovered in sediments of the Hasegawa Muddy Sandstone Member of the Toyajo Formation near the peak of Mt. Toyajo in Wakayama Prefecture of Japan. The specimen consists of a partial skull, a complete cervical and dorsal vertebral series with more than 40 vertebrae, ribs, both front flippers, and the left hind flipper.",
"title": "Discovery and naming"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2023, Konishi et al. described Megapterygius wakayamaensis as a new genus and species of mosasaurine based on these fossil remains. The generic name, \"Megapterygius\", is derived from the Ancient Greek mégas, meaning large, and pterygion, meaning wing, referencing the unusually large wing-shaped flippers seen in Megapterygius. The specific name \"wakayamaensis\" honors Wakayama Prefecture, where the holotype was found and is currently kept.",
"title": "Discovery and naming"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Japanese name for Megapterygius is \"Wakayama Soryu\" (和歌山滄竜), which translates to \"Wakayama blue dragon\". The word \"Soryu\" (滄竜) itself is used to refer to mosasaurs.",
"title": "Discovery and naming"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Megapterygius is a medium-sized mosasaur with an estimated skull length of 0.8 metres (2.6 ft) and a body length of approximately 6 metres (20 ft). Both the front and hind flippers are longer than the skull. This feature is not seen in any other mosasauroid with paddle-like limbs. Furthermore, the hind flippers are even larger than the front flippers, which is otherwise only seen in Tylosaurus.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The neural spines of the Megapterygius holotype posterior dorsal vertebrae exhibit an abrupt change in orientation, with at least five neural spines projecting anterodorsally. This is also seen in some delphinoid whales, where it corresponds to the base of a dorsal fin. Also like cetaceans, the change in orientation occurs posterior to the center of gravity of the animal, where in Megapterygius, the affected vertebrae are located after the main rib cage. If present, a dorsal fin in a mosasaur could provide stability while moving underwater. Megapterygius represents the first published evidence for such a structure.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The humeral head of Megapterygius is saddle-shaped and mediolaterally thick. This likely indicates a high range of motion for both adduction/abduction and protraction/retraction of the front flippers, allowing for quick maneuvering. The femoral head is well-rounded and almost circular in proximal view, which suggests that Megapterygius was capable of rapid pitch control (rotation) and braking. Skull part around eye socket is slightly wide horizontally, which suggests that had binocular vision that helped it to hunt prey. After Phosphorosaurus, this is the second case of mosasaur with binocular vision. Although the tail is not well preserved in the Megapterygius holotype, based on related taxa, it likely had a crescent-shaped tail fin that could have aided in propulsion and fast turning. Based on the combination of all of these features and the large size of the flippers, Konishi et al. speculate that Megapterygius would have been a capable hunter of large groups of small prey items that were hard to capture, like schools of fish.",
"title": "Paleoecology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Fossils of ammonites (Pachydiscus awajiensis), bivalves (Nanonavis sp., Apiotrigonia sp. and Inoceramus sp.), and gastropods (Globularia izumiensis, Gigantocapulus problematicus) have also been found near the Megapterygius holotype site. In addition, more than one hundred squaliform shark teeth were found around the Megapterygius holotype, suggesting it was scavenged by these sharks after it died.",
"title": "Paleoecology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Konishi (2023) recovered Megapterygius as a mosasaurine member of the squamate clade Mosasauridae, as the sister taxon to a clade containing Moanasaurus, Rikisaurus, Mosasaurus spp., and Plotosaurus. The 50% majority-rule consensus results of their phylogenetic analyses are shown in the cladogram below:",
"title": "Classification"
}
] | Megapterygius is an extinct genus of mosasaurine mosasaur from the Late Cretaceous Toyajo Formation of Japan. The genus contains a single species, M. wakayamaensis, known from an almost complete skeleton. | 2023-12-11T19:55:58Z | 2023-12-29T05:54:31Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megapterygius |
75,540,019 | Grendavė Eldership | Grendavė Eldership (Lithuanian: Grendavės seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the southern part of Trakai District Municipality.
Following settlements are located in the Senieji Trakai Eldership (as for the 2021 census) | [
{
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"text": "Grendavė Eldership (Lithuanian: Grendavės seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the southern part of Trakai District Municipality.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following settlements are located in the Senieji Trakai Eldership (as for the 2021 census)",
"title": "Populated places"
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] | Grendavė Eldership is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the southern part of Trakai District Municipality. | 2023-12-11T19:57:18Z | 2023-12-11T19:57:56Z | [
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75,540,020 | Gabriel Calloet-Kerbrat | Gabriel Calloet de Querbrat (or Calloet-Kerbrat, according to the Breton spelling he sometimes used), was born at an unknown date between 1616 and 1620 in Kerbrat-en-Servel (now in the commune of Lannion, Côtes-d'Armor), and died in Lannion on June 30, 1697 aged around 80. He was a Breton Catholic agriculturist and writer. Considered to have introduced the idea of zootechnical improvement through cross-breeding to France, he played an important role in the establishment of hôpitaux généraux (lit. French for general hospitals) in the seventeenth century.
Gabriel Calloet-Kerbrat, a member of the minor nobility of Trégor, was educated at the Jesuit college in La Flèche, before studying law in Paris. On July 21, 1642, he became general counsel at the Chambre des Comptes de Bretagne in Nantes, a position he held as a successor, most probably from his relative Antoine Calloet. On July 10, 1646, he was appointed general counsel for the September session, an office newly created by Louis XIV, which he held until 1664. Finally, in 1647, he became State Counselor. His parliamentary career has never been studied, and for this period he can only be credited with writing a eulogy in Latin for Cardinal de La Rochefoucauld, around 1645.
During the 1650s, he devoted himself to agricultural experimentation on his property. He was also passionate about honey production, owning a large orchard and over 800 beehives. In order to better understand their way of life, he developed the first known glass beehive, and took great pride in having "learned how to manage and heal them in a way that Virgil and all the others who have written about them never did". But he was also involved in sheep, goat, horse and cattle breeding, and cultivated using his methods, his land yielded, according to his estimates, a third more than his neighbors. He successfully experimented with the use of winter sainfoin, i.e. gorse, for fodder, which he would later propagate, and for which he invented a harrow specially designed to loosen the soil so that it could be planted in winter, on a field that had been used for barley. His later writings bear witness to his direct knowledge of agricultural matters, as he sometimes used Breton vocabulary to designate certain plants and practices. He was visibly familiar with horse breeding, as the Breton bishoprics of Tréguier and Léon were major horse exporters at the time.
Calloet-Kerbrat also invented a machine for crushing gorse to extract fodder for livestock, often cited in agronomic literature. He particularly recommended using this plant for newborn foals, as well as cows and sheep. This practice, along with the use of this machine, seems to have spread to Brittany during the eighteenth century, and his feeding advice still appears in nineteenth-century veterinary literature. Among his inventions, it is also worth mentioning his "loge", used to store turnips during the winter, and his turnip chopper for feeding cattle, which are among the first agricultural machines described by their inventor. His drawing plates were regularly reproduced in the 18th century, notably in the Maison rustique, which ensured their wide distribution.
This desire for practical experimentation is explicit in Calloet-Kerbrat's work, even if it coexisted with other forms of establishing proof: he consulted ancient authorities, mainly Aristotle and Hippocrates, and modern ones, although he was wary of doctors, (with the exception of Juan Huarte), he consulted archives and listened to the opinions of competent people. After listening to the advice of the women of his village on the effect of different wind directions on the birth of roosters, Calloet-Kerbrat conducted experiments on the influence of salt crystals on humidity, and made observations on hair curling, in the process indicting the cost and unhealthiness of wigs. He concluded, in line with his theory, that males from warm, dry semen were favored by north and east winds. On the other hand, when he hadn't experimented with a procedure he reported, he pointed out that it could be used to select the coat of an unborn foal: a carpet of the desired color was painted, and the mare was covered with it from mating to birth. This procedure, applied to sheep, was already used by the prophet Joshua. In all seriousness, then, his approach was that of seventeenth-century science, where experimentation took precedence over the citation of authorities.
Ruined by a lawsuit, Calloet-Kerbrat moved to Paris. Here, from 1666 to 1680, he published a series of pamphlets on the zootechnical improvement of goats, sheep, cows and horses, although he was happy to deal with related subjects such as the choice of sex for children, criticism of the wearing of wigs, advertising for his universal remedy and criticism of legal wrangling (one of the Company of the Blessed Sacrament's favorite themes). These were all short texts, written in a direct, Olivier de Serres-like style, with a touch of humor and numerous references to personal experience and classical culture. Audren de Kerdrel, his first biographer, noted the familiar tone with which Calloet-Kerbrat addressed great people, including the king, attributing this trait to his Breton origins. It could also be attributed to the Company's practices, where precedence based on rank was ruled out.
Calloet-Kerbrat sought to meet Colbert. Several historians considered Calloet-Kerbrat to be the inspiration behind the Controller-General of Finances's policy of improving livestock breeding, and agronomy historian André Jean Bourde himself wrote: "One cannot discuss Colbert's activity in the field of agriculture without saying something about a remarkable agronomic personality, Calloet-Querbrat or Calloet de Kerbrat". Traces of their meeting are nonetheless lacking, but it is indeed probable, since the Bibliothèque nationale preserves a letter, dated February 6, 1666, in which the latter requested an appointment with Colbert, on the recommendation of the Duke of Mazarin, Lieutenant General of Brittany: "Poür ces chevaux, brebis, et vaches, M. le Duc Mazarin, m'a demandé des mémoires, qu'il m'a dit avoir donné vous, et que vous désiriez me parler" ("For these horses, sheep and cows, M. le Duc Mazarin, asked me for some memoirs, which he told me he had given you, and that you wished to speak to me"). He referred to his first pamphlets, which had just been published. One of them was dedicated to the Minister, who received a specially printed copy on vellum - now kept at the Bibliothèque nationale - in which Calloet-Kerbrat reminded him that he had written the memoirs at his request.
Calloet-Kerbrat's proposed solutions were inspired by Colbertian ideas. He suggested, for example, sending a flandrin bull to each parish, to crossbreed with local cows to create a larger, more fertile breed, and granting their guardians tax privileges, as was done for stallions in Poitou. Colbert's interest in horses began in 1659, followed by cattle in 1662. He believed in the possibility of improvement through crossbreeding with imported breeding stock, since he was concerned with bringing stallions, rams and bulls to France. On this point, he agreed with the ideas of Calloet-Kerbrat, against the prevailing idea that the animal is a simple reflection of the soil, and that crossbreeding led to rapid degeneration. In other respects, however, he was at the opposite end of the spectrum from the Breton agronomist: while Calloet-Kerbrat proposed doubling the amount of grazed land in the kingdom, Colbert passed the Edict of Triage (1667), which allocated one-third of uncultivated land to the seigneurs - and if there were no seigneurs, to the King - who would generally transform it into cultivated land rather than pasture. Calloet-Kerbrat's influence on Colbertian practice is therefore probable, but limited.
Disdaining local breeds, Calloet-Kerbrat was well informed about breeding methods abroad. He praised the Flandrines cows, imported to Poitou by Bradley's Flemings working to drain the Marais Poitevin; he offered the first French-language description of English sheep, and their successful crossbreeding with Spanish animals and he also mentioned Dutch sheep. His association with the ambassador of Denmark, a country where agricultural science was more advanced than in France, may have played a role in introducing him to the practices of that country, which he often cited as a reference.
Calloet-Kerbrat was thus the first theorist of cross-breeding in France. Renaissance agriculturalists, such as Estienne's Praedium Rusticum (1554), Jean Liébault's Maison rustique (Rustic house)(1564), or Olivier de Serres' Théâtre d'agriculture (Theater of Agriculture) (1600), did not consider this possibility. In keeping with the century's medical thinking, Calloet-Kerbrat placed his thoughts within the Aristotelian framework of hot and cold, dry and wet. At the time, it was widely accepted that animals imported from cold countries degenerated when transported to warm countries. The Breton agronomist, on the other hand, postulated that the initial warmth of each species, linked to its original origin, was invariable - and he took pains to demonstrate that the animals he proposed importing, such as Danish horses, originally came from warm countries. In so doing, he rejected the aforementioned idea of the animal as a mere reflection of the soil. Some authors, notably Solleysel, had already admitted this possibility for horses, but Calloet-Kerbrat seems to be the first to have extended it to non-noble animals, such as cows, goats and sheep. It's possible that the reluctance of seventeenth-century French thinkers to imagine this possibility was linked to social structures: asserting that non-noble animals could be improved by cross-breeding suggested that this could also apply to humans, something difficult to admit even when the aristocratic ideology of the time tended to regard the nobility as a race.
Calloet-Kerbrat's pamphlets were far shorter than the standard agronomic works of the time, in an explicit bid for wide distribution:
When the rich do not have these establishments made, they must at least send this book to their farmers, to teach them how to make more profit than they do from their common cattle, sparing their pastures in summer, & increasing their fodder in winter, by this healthy winter hay & other means marked above.
Calloet-Kerbrat developed a complete agricultural system (distribution of land use, choice of crops and relationships between them). He set himself apart by proposing that livestock farming should be seen not as a necessary evil - as the expression was commonly used - but as a source of profit in its own right. Better still, he suggested that agriculture should be organized around livestock farming, rather than the other way around.
This desire to transform the agricultural system was dominated by Calloet-Kerbrat's central idea: the fight against poverty. He saw his proposals as likely to enrich the peasants, and consequently reduce the burden of taxation on them: "the people are no better off, however fertile the land, if it is exhausted by the Taille and other subsidies without giving them the means to make some extraordinary profit, which is what neighboring states are working on", he wrote, not without lending credence to confidences allegedly made to him by the Maréchal de la Meilleraye - a close associate of the Company of the Blessed Sacrament.
In the eighteenth century, Calloet-Kerbrat's ideas were widely used in agronomic literature, sometimes reproduced in full in works without his name always appearing. In particular, he was featured in Noël Chomel's Dictionnaire œconomique (1708) and in the Nouvelle maison rustique (1772), while Henri Grégoire praised him in the introduction to his edition of Olivier de Serres' works.
In Paris, Calloet-Kerbrat was in contact with Antoine Barrillon, Marquis de Morangis, who had been an influential member of the Company of the Blessed Sacrament. He became secretary of the charitable assembly of the parish of Saint-Sulpice, which continued the work of this company after it was banned by Louis XIV in 1666. From 1670 onwards, he and two other former members, the Reverend Fathers André Guevarre and Honoré Chaurand - a well-known preacher - launched a campaign for the creation of general hospitals and charity offices for the poor, based on the model proposed in the royal edict of 1662. They quickly won the support of the governors of the Paris hospices, notably Loyseau, who wanted to promote the expansion of a hospital network to avoid taking in the poor from the provinces, and thus lighten their own financial burdens. This campaign, promoted by the Jesuits, was coordinated by Calloet-Kerbrat.
The campaign to develop general hospitals met with some success, with promoters attributing to it almost one hundred and twenty creations - some of them short-lived - including those in Quimper, Roanne, Saint-Étienne and Bourg-en-Bresse. The method devised by Guévarre and Calloet-Kerbrat was fairly rushed: the missionaries spent three days in the town, made numerous approaches to wealthy people and collected funds to create the new hospital "à la capucine", i.e. with very limited means, as the 17th century put it. In practice, this led to the large-scale confinement of beggars, as studied by Michel Foucault in his Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique (Madness and civilization).
Calloet-Kerbrat also distributed a drug he considered a panacea for all illnesses. He was quite successful: on November 17, 1670, Dominique de Ligny, bishop of Meaux, proposed to the Assemblée du Clergé that his pamphlets and medicines be distributed to all parishes in France; François Faure, bishop of Amiens, relayed the information to his diocese; and Balthasar Grangier de Liverdis, bishop of Tréguier, instructed his parish priests to make them available to parishioners. Charles Démia and Noël Chomel took charge of distributing it in Lyon.
In 1675, Calloet-Kerbrat published the Mémoires de feu M. de Morangis (Memoirs of the late M. de Morangis), which proposed the establishment of general hospitals throughout the kingdom, based on the model of the Charité de Lyon, and proposed that the king set up a general directorate to carry out this mission. Paul Pellisson, Father Chaurand and Calloet-Kerbrat himself, intervened at court to obtain its creation.
In May 1679, the general agents of the clergy wrote a circular letter to parish priests in support of Callot-Kerbrat, Chaurand and Guevarre. Several bishops encouraged him: Balthasar Grangier de Liverdis, in the diocese of Tréguier, Jean-Jacques Séguier de La Verrière, in Nîmes and even Camille de Neufville de Villeroy in Lyon, under pressure from the Company of the Blessed Sacrament. Calloet-Kerbrat had written to Charles Démia, suggesting he enlist the support of Bédien Morange, vicar general of the diocese and himself a member of the Society. This letter, published by Yves Poutet, revealed the close collaboration between Calloët and the founder of Lyon's elementary school, as well as the Breton gentleman's networks: he enjoyed the support of Bossuet, then bishop of Condom and tutor to the Dauphin, Cardinal de Bouillon, Claude Manis, canon of Saint-Paul de Lyon, and Pellisson.
Calloet-Kerbrat received support from academician Paul Pellisson, a Protestant who had converted to Catholicism in 1670 and was administrator of the caisse des conversions (conversion fund). The closeness between the two men was confirmed by shared concerns: Pelisson published a Remède universel pour les pauvres gens et leurs bestiaux (Universal Remedy for the Poor and their Livestock); for his part, Calloet-Kerbrat was passionate about supporting new converts, as evidenced by his correspondence with Nicolas de La Mare, commissaire au Châtelet de Paris, reporting cases of former Protestants persecuted by their co-religionists. He was particularly concerned by the case of a young girl from Lyon who had fled her family because her father, now a Protestant, had beaten her into marrying a Reformed man. After taking refuge at Port-Royal-des-Champs, she went mad and wandered naked through the streets of Paris, singing religious hymns.
In his advis de l'advocat général des pauvres (1683) (Advisor to the Advocate General of the Poor), Calloet-Kerbrat wrote that, in the kingdom of France, millions of needy poor "lead an abominable life, which damns them and those who could remedy it and do not", and considered that their conversion should take precedence over that of "Indians and savages". This concept, which linked the fight against pauperism to the salvation of the soul, was one of the conceptual foundations of the Company of the Blessed Sacrament.
Calloet-Kerbrat signed his pamphlets with the title "avocat général des pauvres" ("general advocate for the poor"), which could be likened to one of the attributes of Saint Yves, with whom he identified throughout his career, or "procureur et protecteur général des affaires concernant les pauvres dans toute la France" ("prosecutor and general protector of matters concerning the poor throughout France"). However, it's not clear whether this title should be taken to mean an official position. Calloet-Kerbrat acted within the framework of the Company's networks, in a private capacity. In fact, he devoted most of his wealth to this activity, which he complained bitterly about to his friend Démia: "I am responsible for a wife and seven children, and yet for the past 25 years, I have been single-handedly paying for all the prints for the establishment of general hospitals, etc., and the postage of letters, which are immense. They come to me from the four corners of the kingdom and beyond. To provide them, I have cut my expenses. I deprive myself of all the conveniences and part of the necessities. We'll be rewarded with heavenly coin". It's true that the cost of franking letters, which was quite high, was then borne by the addressee.
In 1688, Calloet-Kerbrat was expelled from Paris by order of Louis XIV, for printing "several ridiculous memoirs on the state of the kingdom's poor, and holding public assemblies where he exaggerated this poverty". Intervention on his behalf by Gabriel Nicolas de La Reynie, Lieutenant General of the Paris police force, failed to save him. The date and place of his death are unknown. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gabriel Calloet de Querbrat (or Calloet-Kerbrat, according to the Breton spelling he sometimes used), was born at an unknown date between 1616 and 1620 in Kerbrat-en-Servel (now in the commune of Lannion, Côtes-d'Armor), and died in Lannion on June 30, 1697 aged around 80. He was a Breton Catholic agriculturist and writer. Considered to have introduced the idea of zootechnical improvement through cross-breeding to France, he played an important role in the establishment of hôpitaux généraux (lit. French for general hospitals) in the seventeenth century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Gabriel Calloet-Kerbrat, a member of the minor nobility of Trégor, was educated at the Jesuit college in La Flèche, before studying law in Paris. On July 21, 1642, he became general counsel at the Chambre des Comptes de Bretagne in Nantes, a position he held as a successor, most probably from his relative Antoine Calloet. On July 10, 1646, he was appointed general counsel for the September session, an office newly created by Louis XIV, which he held until 1664. Finally, in 1647, he became State Counselor. His parliamentary career has never been studied, and for this period he can only be credited with writing a eulogy in Latin for Cardinal de La Rochefoucauld, around 1645.",
"title": "Agricultural experiments"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "During the 1650s, he devoted himself to agricultural experimentation on his property. He was also passionate about honey production, owning a large orchard and over 800 beehives. In order to better understand their way of life, he developed the first known glass beehive, and took great pride in having \"learned how to manage and heal them in a way that Virgil and all the others who have written about them never did\". But he was also involved in sheep, goat, horse and cattle breeding, and cultivated using his methods, his land yielded, according to his estimates, a third more than his neighbors. He successfully experimented with the use of winter sainfoin, i.e. gorse, for fodder, which he would later propagate, and for which he invented a harrow specially designed to loosen the soil so that it could be planted in winter, on a field that had been used for barley. His later writings bear witness to his direct knowledge of agricultural matters, as he sometimes used Breton vocabulary to designate certain plants and practices. He was visibly familiar with horse breeding, as the Breton bishoprics of Tréguier and Léon were major horse exporters at the time.",
"title": "Agricultural experiments"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Calloet-Kerbrat also invented a machine for crushing gorse to extract fodder for livestock, often cited in agronomic literature. He particularly recommended using this plant for newborn foals, as well as cows and sheep. This practice, along with the use of this machine, seems to have spread to Brittany during the eighteenth century, and his feeding advice still appears in nineteenth-century veterinary literature. Among his inventions, it is also worth mentioning his \"loge\", used to store turnips during the winter, and his turnip chopper for feeding cattle, which are among the first agricultural machines described by their inventor. His drawing plates were regularly reproduced in the 18th century, notably in the Maison rustique, which ensured their wide distribution.",
"title": "Agricultural experiments"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "This desire for practical experimentation is explicit in Calloet-Kerbrat's work, even if it coexisted with other forms of establishing proof: he consulted ancient authorities, mainly Aristotle and Hippocrates, and modern ones, although he was wary of doctors, (with the exception of Juan Huarte), he consulted archives and listened to the opinions of competent people. After listening to the advice of the women of his village on the effect of different wind directions on the birth of roosters, Calloet-Kerbrat conducted experiments on the influence of salt crystals on humidity, and made observations on hair curling, in the process indicting the cost and unhealthiness of wigs. He concluded, in line with his theory, that males from warm, dry semen were favored by north and east winds. On the other hand, when he hadn't experimented with a procedure he reported, he pointed out that it could be used to select the coat of an unborn foal: a carpet of the desired color was painted, and the mare was covered with it from mating to birth. This procedure, applied to sheep, was already used by the prophet Joshua. In all seriousness, then, his approach was that of seventeenth-century science, where experimentation took precedence over the citation of authorities.",
"title": "Agricultural experiments"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Ruined by a lawsuit, Calloet-Kerbrat moved to Paris. Here, from 1666 to 1680, he published a series of pamphlets on the zootechnical improvement of goats, sheep, cows and horses, although he was happy to deal with related subjects such as the choice of sex for children, criticism of the wearing of wigs, advertising for his universal remedy and criticism of legal wrangling (one of the Company of the Blessed Sacrament's favorite themes). These were all short texts, written in a direct, Olivier de Serres-like style, with a touch of humor and numerous references to personal experience and classical culture. Audren de Kerdrel, his first biographer, noted the familiar tone with which Calloet-Kerbrat addressed great people, including the king, attributing this trait to his Breton origins. It could also be attributed to the Company's practices, where precedence based on rank was ruled out.",
"title": "Agricultural publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Calloet-Kerbrat sought to meet Colbert. Several historians considered Calloet-Kerbrat to be the inspiration behind the Controller-General of Finances's policy of improving livestock breeding, and agronomy historian André Jean Bourde himself wrote: \"One cannot discuss Colbert's activity in the field of agriculture without saying something about a remarkable agronomic personality, Calloet-Querbrat or Calloet de Kerbrat\". Traces of their meeting are nonetheless lacking, but it is indeed probable, since the Bibliothèque nationale preserves a letter, dated February 6, 1666, in which the latter requested an appointment with Colbert, on the recommendation of the Duke of Mazarin, Lieutenant General of Brittany: \"Poür ces chevaux, brebis, et vaches, M. le Duc Mazarin, m'a demandé des mémoires, qu'il m'a dit avoir donné vous, et que vous désiriez me parler\" (\"For these horses, sheep and cows, M. le Duc Mazarin, asked me for some memoirs, which he told me he had given you, and that you wished to speak to me\"). He referred to his first pamphlets, which had just been published. One of them was dedicated to the Minister, who received a specially printed copy on vellum - now kept at the Bibliothèque nationale - in which Calloet-Kerbrat reminded him that he had written the memoirs at his request.",
"title": "Agricultural publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Calloet-Kerbrat's proposed solutions were inspired by Colbertian ideas. He suggested, for example, sending a flandrin bull to each parish, to crossbreed with local cows to create a larger, more fertile breed, and granting their guardians tax privileges, as was done for stallions in Poitou. Colbert's interest in horses began in 1659, followed by cattle in 1662. He believed in the possibility of improvement through crossbreeding with imported breeding stock, since he was concerned with bringing stallions, rams and bulls to France. On this point, he agreed with the ideas of Calloet-Kerbrat, against the prevailing idea that the animal is a simple reflection of the soil, and that crossbreeding led to rapid degeneration. In other respects, however, he was at the opposite end of the spectrum from the Breton agronomist: while Calloet-Kerbrat proposed doubling the amount of grazed land in the kingdom, Colbert passed the Edict of Triage (1667), which allocated one-third of uncultivated land to the seigneurs - and if there were no seigneurs, to the King - who would generally transform it into cultivated land rather than pasture. Calloet-Kerbrat's influence on Colbertian practice is therefore probable, but limited.",
"title": "Agricultural publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Disdaining local breeds, Calloet-Kerbrat was well informed about breeding methods abroad. He praised the Flandrines cows, imported to Poitou by Bradley's Flemings working to drain the Marais Poitevin; he offered the first French-language description of English sheep, and their successful crossbreeding with Spanish animals and he also mentioned Dutch sheep. His association with the ambassador of Denmark, a country where agricultural science was more advanced than in France, may have played a role in introducing him to the practices of that country, which he often cited as a reference.",
"title": "Agricultural publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Calloet-Kerbrat was thus the first theorist of cross-breeding in France. Renaissance agriculturalists, such as Estienne's Praedium Rusticum (1554), Jean Liébault's Maison rustique (Rustic house)(1564), or Olivier de Serres' Théâtre d'agriculture (Theater of Agriculture) (1600), did not consider this possibility. In keeping with the century's medical thinking, Calloet-Kerbrat placed his thoughts within the Aristotelian framework of hot and cold, dry and wet. At the time, it was widely accepted that animals imported from cold countries degenerated when transported to warm countries. The Breton agronomist, on the other hand, postulated that the initial warmth of each species, linked to its original origin, was invariable - and he took pains to demonstrate that the animals he proposed importing, such as Danish horses, originally came from warm countries. In so doing, he rejected the aforementioned idea of the animal as a mere reflection of the soil. Some authors, notably Solleysel, had already admitted this possibility for horses, but Calloet-Kerbrat seems to be the first to have extended it to non-noble animals, such as cows, goats and sheep. It's possible that the reluctance of seventeenth-century French thinkers to imagine this possibility was linked to social structures: asserting that non-noble animals could be improved by cross-breeding suggested that this could also apply to humans, something difficult to admit even when the aristocratic ideology of the time tended to regard the nobility as a race.",
"title": "Agricultural publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Calloet-Kerbrat's pamphlets were far shorter than the standard agronomic works of the time, in an explicit bid for wide distribution:",
"title": "Agricultural publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "When the rich do not have these establishments made, they must at least send this book to their farmers, to teach them how to make more profit than they do from their common cattle, sparing their pastures in summer, & increasing their fodder in winter, by this healthy winter hay & other means marked above.",
"title": "Agricultural publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Calloet-Kerbrat developed a complete agricultural system (distribution of land use, choice of crops and relationships between them). He set himself apart by proposing that livestock farming should be seen not as a necessary evil - as the expression was commonly used - but as a source of profit in its own right. Better still, he suggested that agriculture should be organized around livestock farming, rather than the other way around.",
"title": "Agricultural publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "This desire to transform the agricultural system was dominated by Calloet-Kerbrat's central idea: the fight against poverty. He saw his proposals as likely to enrich the peasants, and consequently reduce the burden of taxation on them: \"the people are no better off, however fertile the land, if it is exhausted by the Taille and other subsidies without giving them the means to make some extraordinary profit, which is what neighboring states are working on\", he wrote, not without lending credence to confidences allegedly made to him by the Maréchal de la Meilleraye - a close associate of the Company of the Blessed Sacrament.",
"title": "Agricultural publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In the eighteenth century, Calloet-Kerbrat's ideas were widely used in agronomic literature, sometimes reproduced in full in works without his name always appearing. In particular, he was featured in Noël Chomel's Dictionnaire œconomique (1708) and in the Nouvelle maison rustique (1772), while Henri Grégoire praised him in the introduction to his edition of Olivier de Serres' works.",
"title": "Agricultural publications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In Paris, Calloet-Kerbrat was in contact with Antoine Barrillon, Marquis de Morangis, who had been an influential member of the Company of the Blessed Sacrament. He became secretary of the charitable assembly of the parish of Saint-Sulpice, which continued the work of this company after it was banned by Louis XIV in 1666. From 1670 onwards, he and two other former members, the Reverend Fathers André Guevarre and Honoré Chaurand - a well-known preacher - launched a campaign for the creation of general hospitals and charity offices for the poor, based on the model proposed in the royal edict of 1662. They quickly won the support of the governors of the Paris hospices, notably Loyseau, who wanted to promote the expansion of a hospital network to avoid taking in the poor from the provinces, and thus lighten their own financial burdens. This campaign, promoted by the Jesuits, was coordinated by Calloet-Kerbrat.",
"title": "Company of the Blessed Sacrament"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "The campaign to develop general hospitals met with some success, with promoters attributing to it almost one hundred and twenty creations - some of them short-lived - including those in Quimper, Roanne, Saint-Étienne and Bourg-en-Bresse. The method devised by Guévarre and Calloet-Kerbrat was fairly rushed: the missionaries spent three days in the town, made numerous approaches to wealthy people and collected funds to create the new hospital \"à la capucine\", i.e. with very limited means, as the 17th century put it. In practice, this led to the large-scale confinement of beggars, as studied by Michel Foucault in his Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique (Madness and civilization).",
"title": "Company of the Blessed Sacrament"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Calloet-Kerbrat also distributed a drug he considered a panacea for all illnesses. He was quite successful: on November 17, 1670, Dominique de Ligny, bishop of Meaux, proposed to the Assemblée du Clergé that his pamphlets and medicines be distributed to all parishes in France; François Faure, bishop of Amiens, relayed the information to his diocese; and Balthasar Grangier de Liverdis, bishop of Tréguier, instructed his parish priests to make them available to parishioners. Charles Démia and Noël Chomel took charge of distributing it in Lyon.",
"title": "Company of the Blessed Sacrament"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "In 1675, Calloet-Kerbrat published the Mémoires de feu M. de Morangis (Memoirs of the late M. de Morangis), which proposed the establishment of general hospitals throughout the kingdom, based on the model of the Charité de Lyon, and proposed that the king set up a general directorate to carry out this mission. Paul Pellisson, Father Chaurand and Calloet-Kerbrat himself, intervened at court to obtain its creation.",
"title": "Company of the Blessed Sacrament"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "In May 1679, the general agents of the clergy wrote a circular letter to parish priests in support of Callot-Kerbrat, Chaurand and Guevarre. Several bishops encouraged him: Balthasar Grangier de Liverdis, in the diocese of Tréguier, Jean-Jacques Séguier de La Verrière, in Nîmes and even Camille de Neufville de Villeroy in Lyon, under pressure from the Company of the Blessed Sacrament. Calloet-Kerbrat had written to Charles Démia, suggesting he enlist the support of Bédien Morange, vicar general of the diocese and himself a member of the Society. This letter, published by Yves Poutet, revealed the close collaboration between Calloët and the founder of Lyon's elementary school, as well as the Breton gentleman's networks: he enjoyed the support of Bossuet, then bishop of Condom and tutor to the Dauphin, Cardinal de Bouillon, Claude Manis, canon of Saint-Paul de Lyon, and Pellisson.",
"title": "Company of the Blessed Sacrament"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Calloet-Kerbrat received support from academician Paul Pellisson, a Protestant who had converted to Catholicism in 1670 and was administrator of the caisse des conversions (conversion fund). The closeness between the two men was confirmed by shared concerns: Pelisson published a Remède universel pour les pauvres gens et leurs bestiaux (Universal Remedy for the Poor and their Livestock); for his part, Calloet-Kerbrat was passionate about supporting new converts, as evidenced by his correspondence with Nicolas de La Mare, commissaire au Châtelet de Paris, reporting cases of former Protestants persecuted by their co-religionists. He was particularly concerned by the case of a young girl from Lyon who had fled her family because her father, now a Protestant, had beaten her into marrying a Reformed man. After taking refuge at Port-Royal-des-Champs, she went mad and wandered naked through the streets of Paris, singing religious hymns.",
"title": "Company of the Blessed Sacrament"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "In his advis de l'advocat général des pauvres (1683) (Advisor to the Advocate General of the Poor), Calloet-Kerbrat wrote that, in the kingdom of France, millions of needy poor \"lead an abominable life, which damns them and those who could remedy it and do not\", and considered that their conversion should take precedence over that of \"Indians and savages\". This concept, which linked the fight against pauperism to the salvation of the soul, was one of the conceptual foundations of the Company of the Blessed Sacrament.",
"title": "Company of the Blessed Sacrament"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Calloet-Kerbrat signed his pamphlets with the title \"avocat général des pauvres\" (\"general advocate for the poor\"), which could be likened to one of the attributes of Saint Yves, with whom he identified throughout his career, or \"procureur et protecteur général des affaires concernant les pauvres dans toute la France\" (\"prosecutor and general protector of matters concerning the poor throughout France\"). However, it's not clear whether this title should be taken to mean an official position. Calloet-Kerbrat acted within the framework of the Company's networks, in a private capacity. In fact, he devoted most of his wealth to this activity, which he complained bitterly about to his friend Démia: \"I am responsible for a wife and seven children, and yet for the past 25 years, I have been single-handedly paying for all the prints for the establishment of general hospitals, etc., and the postage of letters, which are immense. They come to me from the four corners of the kingdom and beyond. To provide them, I have cut my expenses. I deprive myself of all the conveniences and part of the necessities. We'll be rewarded with heavenly coin\". It's true that the cost of franking letters, which was quite high, was then borne by the addressee.",
"title": "Company of the Blessed Sacrament"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "In 1688, Calloet-Kerbrat was expelled from Paris by order of Louis XIV, for printing \"several ridiculous memoirs on the state of the kingdom's poor, and holding public assemblies where he exaggerated this poverty\". Intervention on his behalf by Gabriel Nicolas de La Reynie, Lieutenant General of the Paris police force, failed to save him. The date and place of his death are unknown.",
"title": "Company of the Blessed Sacrament"
}
] | Gabriel Calloet de Querbrat, was born at an unknown date between 1616 and 1620 in Kerbrat-en-Servel, and died in Lannion on June 30, 1697 aged around 80. He was a Breton Catholic agriculturist and writer. Considered to have introduced the idea of zootechnical improvement through cross-breeding to France, he played an important role in the establishment of hôpitaux généraux in the seventeenth century. | 2023-12-11T19:57:38Z | 2023-12-25T00:28:29Z | [
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75,540,026 | Santa Maria di Gesù | Santa Maria di Gesù may refer to the following Italian churches: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Santa Maria di Gesù may refer to the following Italian churches:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "See also"
}
] | Santa Maria di Gesù may refer to the following Italian churches: Santa Maria di Gesù, Alcamo, Trapani, Sicily
Santa Maria di Gesù, Caltagirone, Sicily
Santa Maria di Gesù, Catania, Sicily
Santa Maria di Gesù, Vizzini, Sicily | 2023-12-11T19:58:10Z | 2023-12-11T20:08:46Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Ges%C3%B9 |
75,540,077 | Rūdiškės Eldership | Rūdiškės Eldership (Lithuanian: Rūdiškių seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the southern part of Trakai District Municipality.
Following settlements are located in the Rūdiškės Eldership (as for the 2021 census) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Rūdiškės Eldership (Lithuanian: Rūdiškių seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the southern part of Trakai District Municipality.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following settlements are located in the Rūdiškės Eldership (as for the 2021 census)",
"title": "Populated places"
}
] | Rūdiškės Eldership is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the southern part of Trakai District Municipality. | 2023-12-11T20:08:13Z | 2023-12-11T20:10:24Z | [
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75,540,113 | Tartarus murdochensis | Tartarus murdochensis is a cave spider from Western Australia, in the family Stiphiidiidae. The spider was first described in 1992 by Mike Gray.
The species epithet refers to the Murdoch Sink, a submerged cave system in the Nullarbor Plain of Western and Southern Australia. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tartarus murdochensis is a cave spider from Western Australia, in the family Stiphiidiidae. The spider was first described in 1992 by Mike Gray.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The species epithet refers to the Murdoch Sink, a submerged cave system in the Nullarbor Plain of Western and Southern Australia.",
"title": "Name"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Tartarus murdochensis is a cave spider from Western Australia, in the family Stiphiidiidae. The spider was first described in 1992 by Mike Gray. | 2023-12-11T20:12:33Z | 2023-12-11T20:54:31Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarus_murdochensis |
75,540,142 | Paluknys Eldership | Paluknys Eldership (Lithuanian: Paluknio seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the southern part of Trakai District Municipality.
Following settlements are located in the Paluknys Eldership (as for the 2021 census) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Paluknys Eldership (Lithuanian: Paluknio seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the southern part of Trakai District Municipality.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following settlements are located in the Paluknys Eldership (as for the 2021 census)",
"title": "Populated places"
}
] | Paluknys Eldership is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the southern part of Trakai District Municipality. | 2023-12-11T20:19:00Z | 2023-12-11T20:19:00Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paluknys_Eldership |
75,540,144 | UNICEF club | A UNICEF club is a student-led grassroots club present at high school and college levels of education, formed for the purpose of promoting the values of the parent organization the United Nations Children's Fund or UNICEF. The stated goal of the club is to "to empower youth [...] with the resources and skills to be effective global citizens" and "to support the world's most vulnerable children" through advocacy, education, community building, and fundraising.
These can be created as their own independent club or as a group within a larger club, as long as separate leaders are appointed for it. Once created, board members are expected to host activities which help advocate or fundraise for UNICEF-related causes, such as "Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF," the "UNICEF Tap Project," or other humanitarian work.
Since the clubs first began to be made in 1952, they have received mostly positive reception from the press for their work, with some exceptions. Clubs today can be found at major universities in the United States, including Yale and Duke University, but are also present internationally in other countries such as Canada and Hong Kong.
The first UNICEF clubs would be created in 1952, shortly after the founding of the United Nations in 1946. Little guidelines were implemented for clubs in the beginning: allowing for their creation in middle schools among other things. Early causes, such as funding UNICEF-assisted feeding programs, were accomplished through more modest fundraising methods: including running errands, raking leaves, selling comic books, etc. More effective advocacy and fundraising methods would be developed later through time.
As more clubs would begin to be established, multiple notable events would garner both positive and negative coverage from the press. In 2015, Illinois senator Mark Kirk would help create the UNICEF club at New Trier High School, in which he was an alma mater, to increase awareness of current social issues and to "help and give back," according to Kirk.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, UNICEF clubs would either work virtually or be forced to suspended their operations during the pandemic lockdowns. For the clubs that decided to work virtually, online fundraising events would be used to help support UNICEF COVID-19 relief efforts.
In response to the 2023 Israel–Hamas War, some UNICEF clubs in the Scottsdale Unified School District in Arizona were accused by the state superintendent Tom Horne of being overly pro-Palestinian, to the point of promoting "one-sided propaganda in favor of Hamas terrorists," according the parents of some students.
To create a UNICEF club, four leaders and one advisor are required as minimum leadership. Advisors must be adults aged 25 years or older, and not a staff member for UNICEF. Advisors must also perform a background check if not a teacher or high-school employee. Once gathered, the club's registration application must be approved by UNICEF to become official. Official clubs are expected to hold registered and approved events by UNICEF focused on advocacy, education, community building, and fundraising for children's rights. Clubs are required to re-register and submit yearly funds at the start of each consecutive school year. UNICEF clubs can also be made as a sub-group within a larger, like-minded club, as long as additional leaders are chosen specifically to work on UNICEF-related tasks.
There are six board member or leadership positions within the club, listed in the table below. Leaders of the club are required to commit to at least five hours per week, host board meetings at least once a week, and host member meetings at most biweekly. Leadership terms are one school-year long before being reassigned.
In recent history, two annually-held activities present in many UNICEF clubs are the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF and UNICEF Tap Project donation collections. Serving as the largest fundraising event for some clubs, Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF takes place on Halloween on 31 October, and is often executed by trick-or-treating for donations instead of candy. The UNICEF Tap Project takes place during World Water Day on 22 March, and has been executed recently via UNICEF's Tap Project app: where 'for every 10 minutes you don't use your phone, a child is provided 1 day of clean water'.
Hosting bingo and open mic nights, elementary and middle school assemblies, "Advocacy Day" events, and golf tournaments, as well as selling support T-shirts bracelets, and buttons, making tie blankets, and other means of advocacy and fundraising have been performed by UNICEF clubs for causes such as supporting Syrian and Ukrainian refugees from war, affected families of the War in Darfur and the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes, and bringing awareness to malnutrition, the Zika virus, and child trafficking.
UNICEF clubs are present, or have been present, at a number of US high schools and universities: including Case Western Reserve University, Duke University Georgia State University, Lehigh University, North Carolina State University, the University of California, San Diego. the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire, and Yale University.
Clubs are also present internationally, including in Canada and Hong Kong since 2007. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A UNICEF club is a student-led grassroots club present at high school and college levels of education, formed for the purpose of promoting the values of the parent organization the United Nations Children's Fund or UNICEF. The stated goal of the club is to \"to empower youth [...] with the resources and skills to be effective global citizens\" and \"to support the world's most vulnerable children\" through advocacy, education, community building, and fundraising.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "These can be created as their own independent club or as a group within a larger club, as long as separate leaders are appointed for it. Once created, board members are expected to host activities which help advocate or fundraise for UNICEF-related causes, such as \"Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF,\" the \"UNICEF Tap Project,\" or other humanitarian work.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Since the clubs first began to be made in 1952, they have received mostly positive reception from the press for their work, with some exceptions. Clubs today can be found at major universities in the United States, including Yale and Duke University, but are also present internationally in other countries such as Canada and Hong Kong.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The first UNICEF clubs would be created in 1952, shortly after the founding of the United Nations in 1946. Little guidelines were implemented for clubs in the beginning: allowing for their creation in middle schools among other things. Early causes, such as funding UNICEF-assisted feeding programs, were accomplished through more modest fundraising methods: including running errands, raking leaves, selling comic books, etc. More effective advocacy and fundraising methods would be developed later through time.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "As more clubs would begin to be established, multiple notable events would garner both positive and negative coverage from the press. In 2015, Illinois senator Mark Kirk would help create the UNICEF club at New Trier High School, in which he was an alma mater, to increase awareness of current social issues and to \"help and give back,\" according to Kirk.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, UNICEF clubs would either work virtually or be forced to suspended their operations during the pandemic lockdowns. For the clubs that decided to work virtually, online fundraising events would be used to help support UNICEF COVID-19 relief efforts.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In response to the 2023 Israel–Hamas War, some UNICEF clubs in the Scottsdale Unified School District in Arizona were accused by the state superintendent Tom Horne of being overly pro-Palestinian, to the point of promoting \"one-sided propaganda in favor of Hamas terrorists,\" according the parents of some students.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "To create a UNICEF club, four leaders and one advisor are required as minimum leadership. Advisors must be adults aged 25 years or older, and not a staff member for UNICEF. Advisors must also perform a background check if not a teacher or high-school employee. Once gathered, the club's registration application must be approved by UNICEF to become official. Official clubs are expected to hold registered and approved events by UNICEF focused on advocacy, education, community building, and fundraising for children's rights. Clubs are required to re-register and submit yearly funds at the start of each consecutive school year. UNICEF clubs can also be made as a sub-group within a larger, like-minded club, as long as additional leaders are chosen specifically to work on UNICEF-related tasks.",
"title": "Club creation and management"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "There are six board member or leadership positions within the club, listed in the table below. Leaders of the club are required to commit to at least five hours per week, host board meetings at least once a week, and host member meetings at most biweekly. Leadership terms are one school-year long before being reassigned.",
"title": "Club creation and management"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In recent history, two annually-held activities present in many UNICEF clubs are the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF and UNICEF Tap Project donation collections. Serving as the largest fundraising event for some clubs, Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF takes place on Halloween on 31 October, and is often executed by trick-or-treating for donations instead of candy. The UNICEF Tap Project takes place during World Water Day on 22 March, and has been executed recently via UNICEF's Tap Project app: where 'for every 10 minutes you don't use your phone, a child is provided 1 day of clean water'.",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Hosting bingo and open mic nights, elementary and middle school assemblies, \"Advocacy Day\" events, and golf tournaments, as well as selling support T-shirts bracelets, and buttons, making tie blankets, and other means of advocacy and fundraising have been performed by UNICEF clubs for causes such as supporting Syrian and Ukrainian refugees from war, affected families of the War in Darfur and the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes, and bringing awareness to malnutrition, the Zika virus, and child trafficking.",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "UNICEF clubs are present, or have been present, at a number of US high schools and universities: including Case Western Reserve University, Duke University Georgia State University, Lehigh University, North Carolina State University, the University of California, San Diego. the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire, and Yale University.",
"title": "Notable locations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Clubs are also present internationally, including in Canada and Hong Kong since 2007.",
"title": "Notable locations"
}
] | A UNICEF club is a student-led grassroots club present at high school and college levels of education, formed for the purpose of promoting the values of the parent organization the United Nations Children's Fund or UNICEF. The stated goal of the club is to "to empower youth [...] with the resources and skills to be effective global citizens" and "to support the world's most vulnerable children" through advocacy, education, community building, and fundraising. These can be created as their own independent club or as a group within a larger club, as long as separate leaders are appointed for it. Once created, board members are expected to host activities which help advocate or fundraise for UNICEF-related causes, such as "Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF," the "UNICEF Tap Project," or other humanitarian work. Since the clubs first began to be made in 1952, they have received mostly positive reception from the press for their work, with some exceptions. Clubs today can be found at major universities in the United States, including Yale and Duke University, but are also present internationally in other countries such as Canada and Hong Kong. | 2023-12-11T20:19:10Z | 2023-12-21T22:10:22Z | [
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75,540,154 | Frederik von Lowzow | Fredrik von Lowzow (27 August 1788 — 7 August 1869) was a Danish civil sercant and judge. He served as prefect of Zealand from 1921 to 1931 and President of the Supreme Court of Denmark from 1843 to 1856.
Lowzow was born on 27 August 1788 in Copenhagen, the son of Geheimekonferensraad Adam Gottlieb von Lowzow and Dorothea Sofie Krog. He matriculated from Christiani Institut [da] in 1805 and earned a law degree from the University of Copenhagen in 1809.
Lowzow was after his graduation appointed as hofjunker. On 21 March 1811, he was appointed amtmann of Larvig County in Norway. He was the same year awarded the title of kammerjunker. In 1815, he left Norway as the result of the dissolution of the Union between Denmark and Norway9. On 20 June 1815, he was appointed a Supreme Court justice.
On 28 October 1918, he was awarded the title of chamberlain (kammerherre). On 2 October 1819, he was made a member of Kommissionen til Undersøgelse af Kommuneafgifter. On 26 November 1818, he was apponted acting district governor of Zealand. On 24 March 1821, he was appointed as permanent district governor of Zealand and Copenhagen County. On 2 March 1831, he was apponted director of Generaltoldkammeret og Kommercekollcgict. In 1843, Lowzow was appointed as President (Chief Justice) of the Supreme Court. Ge retired in 1856.
Æpwzpw was married three times. His first wife was Juliane Marie Bech (1788—1813), daughter of mayor Peder Bech and Susanne Theodora Gottlieb. The wedding was held on 14 May 1813 bit she died less than three months later. In June 1817, Lowzow was then married to Elisabeth Mariane Brockenhuus (1797—1827). She was the daughter of Overhofmester Johan Ludvig Brockenhuus and Anna Ernestine Schack. She bore him four children children of whom three survived to adulthood:
On 5 December 1829, he married (Charlotte= Sophie Blücher (1804—1894), She was the daughter of chief of the Royal Horse Guards Frederik v. Blücherand and Helene de Thygesen. She bore him the following children:
Lowzow died on 7 August 1869.
Lowzow was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1828. He was awarded the Grand Cross in 1836. In 1845, he was awarded the title of Geheimekonferensraad. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Fredrik von Lowzow (27 August 1788 — 7 August 1869) was a Danish civil sercant and judge. He served as prefect of Zealand from 1921 to 1931 and President of the Supreme Court of Denmark from 1843 to 1856.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Lowzow was born on 27 August 1788 in Copenhagen, the son of Geheimekonferensraad Adam Gottlieb von Lowzow and Dorothea Sofie Krog. He matriculated from Christiani Institut [da] in 1805 and earned a law degree from the University of Copenhagen in 1809.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Lowzow was after his graduation appointed as hofjunker. On 21 March 1811, he was appointed amtmann of Larvig County in Norway. He was the same year awarded the title of kammerjunker. In 1815, he left Norway as the result of the dissolution of the Union between Denmark and Norway9. On 20 June 1815, he was appointed a Supreme Court justice.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On 28 October 1918, he was awarded the title of chamberlain (kammerherre). On 2 October 1819, he was made a member of Kommissionen til Undersøgelse af Kommuneafgifter. On 26 November 1818, he was apponted acting district governor of Zealand. On 24 March 1821, he was appointed as permanent district governor of Zealand and Copenhagen County. On 2 March 1831, he was apponted director of Generaltoldkammeret og Kommercekollcgict. In 1843, Lowzow was appointed as President (Chief Justice) of the Supreme Court. Ge retired in 1856.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Æpwzpw was married three times. His first wife was Juliane Marie Bech (1788—1813), daughter of mayor Peder Bech and Susanne Theodora Gottlieb. The wedding was held on 14 May 1813 bit she died less than three months later. In June 1817, Lowzow was then married to Elisabeth Mariane Brockenhuus (1797—1827). She was the daughter of Overhofmester Johan Ludvig Brockenhuus and Anna Ernestine Schack. She bore him four children children of whom three survived to adulthood:",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 5 December 1829, he married (Charlotte= Sophie Blücher (1804—1894), She was the daughter of chief of the Royal Horse Guards Frederik v. Blücherand and Helene de Thygesen. She bore him the following children:",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Lowzow died on 7 August 1869.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Lowzow was created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog in 1828. He was awarded the Grand Cross in 1836. In 1845, he was awarded the title of Geheimekonferensraad.",
"title": "Awards"
}
] | Fredrik von Lowzow was a Danish civil sercant and judge. He served as prefect of Zealand from 1921 to 1931 and President of the Supreme Court of Denmark from 1843 to 1856. | 2023-12-11T20:22:08Z | 2023-12-27T17:44:40Z | [
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75,540,161 | 2018 Taini Jamison Trophy Series | The 2018 Taini Jamison Trophy Series was the tenth Taini Jamison Trophy series. New Zealand hosted Fiji, Jamaica and Malawi in a full tournament, played in March 2018, at the North Shore Events Centre. It was effectively a warm-up tournament, ahead of the 2018 Commonwealth Games. The series was broadcast live on Sky Sport in New Zealand and on Kwesé Sports in Sub-Saharan Africa. It was also streamed live via Facebook. With a team featuring Jhaniele Fowler Reid, Romelda Aiken and Shamera Sterling, Jamaica won their first Taini Jamison Trophy. During the tournament, they twice defeated New Zealand, once in the prelimary rounds and again in the final. Despite winning the series, Netball New Zealand refused to allow Jamaica to take the actual trophy home, stating that "for insurance purposes... we can't really have it go offshore".
Source:
Sources:
Sources:
Sources:
Sources:
Source:
Sources:
Qualified for the Final Qualified for the Third place play-off
Sources:
Sources:
Sources: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2018 Taini Jamison Trophy Series was the tenth Taini Jamison Trophy series. New Zealand hosted Fiji, Jamaica and Malawi in a full tournament, played in March 2018, at the North Shore Events Centre. It was effectively a warm-up tournament, ahead of the 2018 Commonwealth Games. The series was broadcast live on Sky Sport in New Zealand and on Kwesé Sports in Sub-Saharan Africa. It was also streamed live via Facebook. With a team featuring Jhaniele Fowler Reid, Romelda Aiken and Shamera Sterling, Jamaica won their first Taini Jamison Trophy. During the tournament, they twice defeated New Zealand, once in the prelimary rounds and again in the final. Despite winning the series, Netball New Zealand refused to allow Jamaica to take the actual trophy home, stating that \"for insurance purposes... we can't really have it go offshore\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Source:",
"title": "Head coaches and captains"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Preliminary Rounds"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Preliminary Rounds"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Preliminary Rounds"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Preliminary Rounds"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Source:",
"title": "Preliminary Rounds"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Preliminary Rounds"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Qualified for the Final Qualified for the Third place play-off",
"title": "Preliminary Rounds"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "1st/4th Play offs"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "1st/4th Play offs"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Final standings"
}
] | The 2018 Taini Jamison Trophy Series was the tenth Taini Jamison Trophy series. New Zealand hosted Fiji, Jamaica and Malawi in a full tournament, played in March 2018, at the North Shore Events Centre. It was effectively a warm-up tournament, ahead of the 2018 Commonwealth Games. The series was broadcast live on Sky Sport in New Zealand and on Kwesé Sports in Sub-Saharan Africa. It was also streamed live via Facebook. With a team featuring Jhaniele Fowler Reid, Romelda Aiken and Shamera Sterling, Jamaica won their first Taini Jamison Trophy. During the tournament, they twice defeated New Zealand, once in the prelimary rounds and again in the final. Despite winning the series, Netball New Zealand refused to allow Jamaica to take the actual trophy home, stating that "for insurance purposes... we can't really have it go offshore". | 2023-12-11T20:23:29Z | 2023-12-13T16:11:45Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Taini_Jamison_Trophy_Series |
75,540,164 | Gertrude Battles Lane | Gertrude Battles Lane(December 21, 1874—September 25, 1941) was an American editor who had been editor-in-chief of the Women's Home Companion from 1912 until 1941. According to the N. Y. Times obituary, she was known as "the dean of magazine editors in this country" . During World War I, Lane was a member of Herbert Hoover's food administration .
Lane was born on December 21, 1874 in Saco, Maine. Her parents were Eustace Lane and Ella Battles Lane . Lane had contracted scarlet fever at 8 years old . She went to school at Thornton Academy and graduated there in 1892. In her youth, she had moved to Boston, and was employed as a stenographer while she was also assisting with editing at The Boston Beacon, which was a small magazine.
In 1903, Women's Home Companion editor-in-chief Arthur T. Vance (1872-1930) had offered Lane a job as household editor at the magazine . She had accepted even though it meant she'd make $2 less a week in salary . At the time of her employment, according to the New York Times, the magazine only had an eight person staff, and in her own words as quoted by the Times, she was "a regular maid of all work" at the magazine . In 1909, she was promoted to managing editor, and in 1912, she became editor-in-chief of the magazine .
When Lane had become editor-in-chief, the magazine's circulation was around 738,000 monthly . In 1913, Women's Home Companion created the Better Babies Bureau and started to sponser and organize better babies contests throughout the United States. The Bureau had offered advice to mothers on how to better their child's health. Lane was supportive of this movement, being concerned both for the health of children and also for eugenics reasons. . The movement for better babies contests also had background in the eugenics movements of the time . The N.Y Times obituary notes that Better Babies Bureau was one of the most successful features that she had a hand in .
The New York Times obituary noted that Lane "headed up a staff of personally selected and trained sub-editors supplemented by 20,000 reader-editors."In 1920, after the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, Lane started the first magazine campaign to fully educate women on the benefits and usage of voting. In 1929, Lane was elected as vice president of Crowell Publishing Company, becoming the first woman to be vice president of a publishing company . In 1929, Lane was making an annual salary of $52,000
In 1932, the Women's Home Companion published an editorial in favor of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Lane had felt the change to public opinion was obvious to take that step.
In 1939, Lane's salary was revealed to have been $52,000 a year, which few women at the time would have made.
In 1941, Lane had fallen ill and died on September 25, 1941 at her home. . At the time of her death, the Women's Home Companion had more than 3,500,000 monthly subscribers.
In 1996, The Thornton Academy Alumni Association granted Lane a posthumous award, which was accepted by her grand-niece. . Per the Biddeford Journal Tribune article, Lane is buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Saco.
In 1929, Lane was awarded an honorary doctorate in letters by Colby College. Lane had never married .
Lane served in Hoover's U.S. Food Administration during the first World War, and this was the beginning of their political association. Lane was the involved with Hoover's 1920 campaign to become President. Lane was a member of the Women's Republican Club in New York City in 1928 and had pledged to register one woman voter for his Presidential election. During the Hoover Administration, Lane was a member of the White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, and a member of the White House Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gertrude Battles Lane(December 21, 1874—September 25, 1941) was an American editor who had been editor-in-chief of the Women's Home Companion from 1912 until 1941. According to the N. Y. Times obituary, she was known as \"the dean of magazine editors in this country\" . During World War I, Lane was a member of Herbert Hoover's food administration .",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Lane was born on December 21, 1874 in Saco, Maine. Her parents were Eustace Lane and Ella Battles Lane . Lane had contracted scarlet fever at 8 years old . She went to school at Thornton Academy and graduated there in 1892. In her youth, she had moved to Boston, and was employed as a stenographer while she was also assisting with editing at The Boston Beacon, which was a small magazine.",
"title": "Early Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1903, Women's Home Companion editor-in-chief Arthur T. Vance (1872-1930) had offered Lane a job as household editor at the magazine . She had accepted even though it meant she'd make $2 less a week in salary . At the time of her employment, according to the New York Times, the magazine only had an eight person staff, and in her own words as quoted by the Times, she was \"a regular maid of all work\" at the magazine . In 1909, she was promoted to managing editor, and in 1912, she became editor-in-chief of the magazine .",
"title": "Early Career at the Women's Home Companion (1903-1912)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "When Lane had become editor-in-chief, the magazine's circulation was around 738,000 monthly . In 1913, Women's Home Companion created the Better Babies Bureau and started to sponser and organize better babies contests throughout the United States. The Bureau had offered advice to mothers on how to better their child's health. Lane was supportive of this movement, being concerned both for the health of children and also for eugenics reasons. . The movement for better babies contests also had background in the eugenics movements of the time . The N.Y Times obituary notes that Better Babies Bureau was one of the most successful features that she had a hand in .",
"title": "As Editor-in-Chief at the Women's Home Companion (1912-1941)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The New York Times obituary noted that Lane \"headed up a staff of personally selected and trained sub-editors supplemented by 20,000 reader-editors.\"In 1920, after the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, Lane started the first magazine campaign to fully educate women on the benefits and usage of voting. In 1929, Lane was elected as vice president of Crowell Publishing Company, becoming the first woman to be vice president of a publishing company . In 1929, Lane was making an annual salary of $52,000",
"title": "As Editor-in-Chief at the Women's Home Companion (1912-1941)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1932, the Women's Home Companion published an editorial in favor of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Lane had felt the change to public opinion was obvious to take that step.",
"title": "As Editor-in-Chief at the Women's Home Companion (1912-1941)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 1939, Lane's salary was revealed to have been $52,000 a year, which few women at the time would have made.",
"title": "As Editor-in-Chief at the Women's Home Companion (1912-1941)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 1941, Lane had fallen ill and died on September 25, 1941 at her home. . At the time of her death, the Women's Home Companion had more than 3,500,000 monthly subscribers.",
"title": "Death, and Legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1996, The Thornton Academy Alumni Association granted Lane a posthumous award, which was accepted by her grand-niece. . Per the Biddeford Journal Tribune article, Lane is buried at Laurel Hill Cemetery in Saco.",
"title": "Death, and Legacy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 1929, Lane was awarded an honorary doctorate in letters by Colby College. Lane had never married .",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Lane served in Hoover's U.S. Food Administration during the first World War, and this was the beginning of their political association. Lane was the involved with Hoover's 1920 campaign to become President. Lane was a member of the Women's Republican Club in New York City in 1928 and had pledged to register one woman voter for his Presidential election. During the Hoover Administration, Lane was a member of the White House Conference on Child Health and Protection, and a member of the White House Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership.",
"title": "Political activities"
}
] | Gertrude Battles Lane(December 21, 1874—September 25, 1941) was an American editor who had been editor-in-chief of the Women's Home Companion from 1912 until 1941. According to the N. Y. Times obituary, she was known as "the dean of magazine editors in this country". During World War I, Lane was a member of Herbert Hoover's food administration . | 2023-12-11T20:24:20Z | 2023-12-12T10:19:39Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Battles_Lane |
75,540,167 | Tremella roseolutescens | Tremella roseolutescens is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces rose-pink to salmon, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and is parasitic on other fungi on dead attached branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Costa Rica.
Tremella roseolutescens was first published in 1996 by American mycologist Robert Bandoni and Costa Rican mycologist Julieta Carranza based on collections made in Costa Rica. The species is considered to be close to Tremella mesenterica, the type species of the genus, and hence belongs in Tremella sensu stricto.
Fruit bodies are gelatinous, rose-pink to salmon, up to 10 mm across, and pustular to cerebriform (brain-like). Microscopically, the basidia are tremelloid (globose to ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 4-celled, 20 to 27 by 18 to 27 μm. The basidiospores are globose to subglobose, smooth, 11 to 15 by 9 to 11.5 μm.
Tremella salmonea is similarly coloured, but was described from China and has larger basidia and basidiospores. Tremella rosea is also pink, but was described from Austria and has smaller basidia and basidiospores.
Tremella roseolutescens is a parasite on lignicolous fungi, but its host is unknown. It was originally described from dead, attached branches of an Inga species.
The species is currently known from Costa Rica and Belize. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tremella roseolutescens is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces rose-pink to salmon, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and is parasitic on other fungi on dead attached branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Costa Rica.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Tremella roseolutescens was first published in 1996 by American mycologist Robert Bandoni and Costa Rican mycologist Julieta Carranza based on collections made in Costa Rica. The species is considered to be close to Tremella mesenterica, the type species of the genus, and hence belongs in Tremella sensu stricto.",
"title": "Taxonomy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Fruit bodies are gelatinous, rose-pink to salmon, up to 10 mm across, and pustular to cerebriform (brain-like). Microscopically, the basidia are tremelloid (globose to ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 4-celled, 20 to 27 by 18 to 27 μm. The basidiospores are globose to subglobose, smooth, 11 to 15 by 9 to 11.5 μm.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Tremella salmonea is similarly coloured, but was described from China and has larger basidia and basidiospores. Tremella rosea is also pink, but was described from Austria and has smaller basidia and basidiospores.",
"title": "Similar species"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Tremella roseolutescens is a parasite on lignicolous fungi, but its host is unknown. It was originally described from dead, attached branches of an Inga species.",
"title": "Habitat and distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The species is currently known from Costa Rica and Belize.",
"title": "Habitat and distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Tremella roseolutescens is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces rose-pink to salmon, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead attached branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Costa Rica. | 2023-12-11T20:25:04Z | 2023-12-11T20:25:04Z | [
"Template:Taxonbar",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Speciesbox",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremella_roseolutescens |
75,540,172 | Alice Toen | Alice Edmonde Nelly Toen (born 25 July 1924) is a Belgian actress and singer.
She has been active since the 1950s, also as a dramaturge and author of youth theater, an author of children's and youth theatre. Alice Toen was one of the founders of the Mechels Miniatuur Teater, where she became director. Together with Dries Wieme she founded the group Jeugd en Teater, which played an important role in the youth theater of the 1970s.
She appeared in numerous films and TV Shows like: Albertine Solie in Familie, Jeanne in Lili & Marleen, Madeleine in Thuis, Dora in Amigo's and Ma in De Kotmadan. Toen was known for herself as an author and dramaturg for children's and youth theater in the 1950s. In April 2012, Toen received a supporting role in Nickelodeon 's daily soap Hotel 13, where she starred as Amalia Hennings from 2012 to 2013. Alice wrote Belgium songs in Eurovision Song Contest alongside Jo Leemans. She married to Dries Wieme until his death in 1993. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Alice Edmonde Nelly Toen (born 25 July 1924) is a Belgian actress and singer.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She has been active since the 1950s, also as a dramaturge and author of youth theater, an author of children's and youth theatre. Alice Toen was one of the founders of the Mechels Miniatuur Teater, where she became director. Together with Dries Wieme she founded the group Jeugd en Teater, which played an important role in the youth theater of the 1970s.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She appeared in numerous films and TV Shows like: Albertine Solie in Familie, Jeanne in Lili & Marleen, Madeleine in Thuis, Dora in Amigo's and Ma in De Kotmadan. Toen was known for herself as an author and dramaturg for children's and youth theater in the 1950s. In April 2012, Toen received a supporting role in Nickelodeon 's daily soap Hotel 13, where she starred as Amalia Hennings from 2012 to 2013. Alice wrote Belgium songs in Eurovision Song Contest alongside Jo Leemans. She married to Dries Wieme until his death in 1993.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Alice Edmonde Nelly Toen is a Belgian actress and singer. | 2023-12-11T20:26:39Z | 2023-12-12T23:22:54Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox person",
"Template:Authority control",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Toen |
75,540,190 | De Reformatie | De Reformatie ('The Reformation') was a Dutch Christian weekly magazine published between 1920 and 2015.
Valentine Hepp was the inaugural editor-in chief. The first issue opened with the words "Through gradual transitions and catastrophic events we have ended up in a totally different world." Klaas Schilder became an editor in 1924, and sole editor in 1935. De Reformatie had "policy of giving equal coverage to all of the different branches in the Reformed community", but when Schilder was deposed as minister in 1944 and formed the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated), the magazine became the organ of that denomination.
De Reformatie merged with Opbouw in 2015 to form OnderWeg. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "De Reformatie ('The Reformation') was a Dutch Christian weekly magazine published between 1920 and 2015.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Valentine Hepp was the inaugural editor-in chief. The first issue opened with the words \"Through gradual transitions and catastrophic events we have ended up in a totally different world.\" Klaas Schilder became an editor in 1924, and sole editor in 1935. De Reformatie had \"policy of giving equal coverage to all of the different branches in the Reformed community\", but when Schilder was deposed as minister in 1944 and formed the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated), the magazine became the organ of that denomination.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "De Reformatie merged with Opbouw in 2015 to form OnderWeg.",
"title": ""
}
] | De Reformatie was a Dutch Christian weekly magazine published between 1920 and 2015. Valentine Hepp was the inaugural editor-in chief. The first issue opened with the words "Through gradual transitions and catastrophic events we have ended up in a totally different world." Klaas Schilder became an editor in 1924, and sole editor in 1935. De Reformatie had "policy of giving equal coverage to all of the different branches in the Reformed community", but when Schilder was deposed as minister in 1944 and formed the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated), the magazine became the organ of that denomination. De Reformatie merged with Opbouw in 2015 to form OnderWeg. | 2023-12-11T20:31:33Z | 2023-12-12T00:34:09Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Reformatie |
75,540,199 | Global Biodata Coalition | The Global Biodata Coalition is an organization promoting biocuration and fostering support of research funders for the sustainability of biological data resources.
The organization maintains a list of resources, representing "critical components for ensuring the reproducibility and integrity of life sciences research."\
As of 2023, the list includes the following organizations: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Global Biodata Coalition is an organization promoting biocuration and fostering support of research funders for the sustainability of biological data resources.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The organization maintains a list of resources, representing \"critical components for ensuring the reproducibility and integrity of life sciences research.\"\\",
"title": "Global Core Biodata Resources (GCBRs)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As of 2023, the list includes the following organizations:",
"title": "Global Core Biodata Resources (GCBRs)"
}
] | The Global Biodata Coalition is an organization promoting biocuration and fostering support of research funders for the sustainability of biological data resources. | 2023-12-11T20:32:50Z | 2023-12-12T03:16:48Z | [
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodata_Coalition |
75,540,200 | 2023–24 Bryant Bulldogs women's basketball team | The 2023–24 Bryant Bulldogs women's basketball team represents Bryant University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Bulldogs, led by first-year head coach Lynne-Ann Kokoski, play their home games at the Chace Athletic Center in Smithfield, Rhode Island, as members of the America East Conference.
The Bulldogs finished the 2022–23 season 9–21, 3–13 in America East play to finish in eighth place. They were defeated by top-seeded and eventual tournament champions Vermont in the quarterfinals of the America East tournament.
On March 6, 2023, head coach Mary Burke announced that she would be stepping down, after 32 years as head coach. On April 13, it was announced that UMass assistant coach and Bryant alum Lynne-Ann Kokoski would be named the Bulldogs' next head coach.
Sources: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023–24 Bryant Bulldogs women's basketball team represents Bryant University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Bulldogs, led by first-year head coach Lynne-Ann Kokoski, play their home games at the Chace Athletic Center in Smithfield, Rhode Island, as members of the America East Conference.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The Bulldogs finished the 2022–23 season 9–21, 3–13 in America East play to finish in eighth place. They were defeated by top-seeded and eventual tournament champions Vermont in the quarterfinals of the America East tournament.",
"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On March 6, 2023, head coach Mary Burke announced that she would be stepping down, after 32 years as head coach. On April 13, it was announced that UMass assistant coach and Bryant alum Lynne-Ann Kokoski would be named the Bulldogs' next head coach.",
"title": "Previous season"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Sources:",
"title": "Schedule and results"
}
] | The 2023–24 Bryant Bulldogs women's basketball team represents Bryant University during the 2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Bulldogs, led by first-year head coach Lynne-Ann Kokoski, play their home games at the Chace Athletic Center in Smithfield, Rhode Island, as members of the America East Conference. | 2023-12-11T20:32:52Z | 2023-12-13T18:43:59Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Bryant_Bulldogs_women%27s_basketball_team |
75,540,205 | Will Stodart | Will Stodart (born 3 October 2003) is a New Zealand rugby union player, who plays for the Highlanders and Otago. His preferred position is lock or flanker.
Stodart attended St Andrew's College, Christchurch where he captained the First XV rugby team. He moved to Otago after school, joining the Highlanders academy who he represented at U20 level, and was named in the New Zealand U20 in 2023. He has cited Liam Squire as his favourite player.
Stodart has represented Otago in the National Provincial Championship since 2023, being named in their full squad for the 2023 Bunnings NPC. He originally wasn't named in the Highlanders squad for the 2024 Super Rugby Pacific season, however was named as a replacement player in December 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Will Stodart (born 3 October 2003) is a New Zealand rugby union player, who plays for the Highlanders and Otago. His preferred position is lock or flanker.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Stodart attended St Andrew's College, Christchurch where he captained the First XV rugby team. He moved to Otago after school, joining the Highlanders academy who he represented at U20 level, and was named in the New Zealand U20 in 2023. He has cited Liam Squire as his favourite player.",
"title": "Early career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Stodart has represented Otago in the National Provincial Championship since 2023, being named in their full squad for the 2023 Bunnings NPC. He originally wasn't named in the Highlanders squad for the 2024 Super Rugby Pacific season, however was named as a replacement player in December 2023.",
"title": "Professional career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Will Stodart is a New Zealand rugby union player, who plays for the Highlanders and Otago. His preferred position is lock or flanker. | 2023-12-11T20:33:44Z | 2023-12-11T20:33:44Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Stodart |
75,540,219 | List of Billboard Latin Rhythm Albums number ones of 2013 | The Latin Rhythm Albums chart is a music chart published in Billboard magazine. The data is compiled by Nielsen SoundScan from a sample that includes music stores, music departments at electronics and department stores, internet sales (both physical and digital) and verifiable sales from concert venues in the United States. The chart is composed of studio, live, and compilation releases by Latin artists performing in the Latin hip hop, urban, dance and reggaeton, the most popular Latin Rhythm music genres. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Latin Rhythm Albums chart is a music chart published in Billboard magazine. The data is compiled by Nielsen SoundScan from a sample that includes music stores, music departments at electronics and department stores, internet sales (both physical and digital) and verifiable sales from concert venues in the United States. The chart is composed of studio, live, and compilation releases by Latin artists performing in the Latin hip hop, urban, dance and reggaeton, the most popular Latin Rhythm music genres.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Latin Rhythm Albums chart is a music chart published in Billboard magazine. The data is compiled by Nielsen SoundScan from a sample that includes music stores, music departments at electronics and department stores, internet sales and verifiable sales from concert venues in the United States. The chart is composed of studio, live, and compilation releases by Latin artists performing in the Latin hip hop, urban, dance and reggaeton, the most popular Latin Rhythm music genres. | 2023-12-11T20:35:44Z | 2023-12-12T00:30:43Z | [
"Template:Cite magazine",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Billboard Latin charts",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Italic title",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Latin_Rhythm_Albums_number_ones_of_2013 |
75,540,235 | Trakai Eldership | Trakai Eldership (Lithuanian: Trakų seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the northern part of Trakai District Municipality.
Following settlements are located in the Trakai Eldership (as for the 2021 census) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Trakai Eldership (Lithuanian: Trakų seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the northern part of Trakai District Municipality.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following settlements are located in the Trakai Eldership (as for the 2021 census)",
"title": "Populated places"
}
] | Trakai Eldership is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the northern part of Trakai District Municipality. | 2023-12-11T20:37:48Z | 2023-12-11T23:13:47Z | [
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75,540,237 | Steve Superick | Stephen Wayne Superick (born August 9, 1963) is a former American football punter who played two games for the Houston Oilers in 1987. He played college football at the West Virginia University. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Stephen Wayne Superick (born August 9, 1963) is a former American football punter who played two games for the Houston Oilers in 1987. He played college football at the West Virginia University.",
"title": ""
}
] | Stephen Wayne Superick is a former American football punter who played two games for the Houston Oilers in 1987. He played college football at the West Virginia University. | 2023-12-11T20:38:52Z | 2023-12-14T12:30:15Z | [
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75,540,247 | Jean Garnault | Jean Garnault (1 July 1925 – 5 December 2023) was a French sporting director and politician of the Rally for the Republic (RPR).
Garnault served as Mayor of Auxerre from 1998 to 2001.
Born in Paris on 1 July 1925, Garnault's family originally came from Noyers-sur-Serein before his father came to Paris for work. His family then moved to Auxerre, where he joined AJ Auxerre. There, he played football, basketball, and athletics. He succeeded Georges Heissat as head of the club's football department in 1958 and served as president from 1961 to 1963. He was then president of the Ligue de Bourgogne de football from 1967 to 1992. He also had a career with the French Football Federation, becoming treasurer in 1984. He was head of the French delegation at the 1986 FIFA World Cup and at the UEFA Euro 1992.
Alongside his career as a sporting director, Garnault was involved in politics. He was elected to the Municipal Council of Auxerre in 1965 along with Jean Moreau. In 1998, Jean-Pierre Soisson resigned as mayor to avoid serving a dual mandate. Garnault took over this position after being elected, and his term ended on 1 March 2003.
Jean Garnault died on 5 December 2023, at the age of 98. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jean Garnault (1 July 1925 – 5 December 2023) was a French sporting director and politician of the Rally for the Republic (RPR).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Garnault served as Mayor of Auxerre from 1998 to 2001.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Born in Paris on 1 July 1925, Garnault's family originally came from Noyers-sur-Serein before his father came to Paris for work. His family then moved to Auxerre, where he joined AJ Auxerre. There, he played football, basketball, and athletics. He succeeded Georges Heissat as head of the club's football department in 1958 and served as president from 1961 to 1963. He was then president of the Ligue de Bourgogne de football from 1967 to 1992. He also had a career with the French Football Federation, becoming treasurer in 1984. He was head of the French delegation at the 1986 FIFA World Cup and at the UEFA Euro 1992.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Alongside his career as a sporting director, Garnault was involved in politics. He was elected to the Municipal Council of Auxerre in 1965 along with Jean Moreau. In 1998, Jean-Pierre Soisson resigned as mayor to avoid serving a dual mandate. Garnault took over this position after being elected, and his term ended on 1 March 2003.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Jean Garnault died on 5 December 2023, at the age of 98.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Jean Garnault was a French sporting director and politician of the Rally for the Republic (RPR). Garnault served as Mayor of Auxerre from 1998 to 2001. | 2023-12-11T20:41:23Z | 2023-12-15T19:08:49Z | [
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75,540,258 | Mykola Shchors monument | The Mykola Shchors monument was an equestrian statue to Red Army commander (and member of the Russian Communist Party) Mykola Shchors erected in 1954, and located at an intersection of Symona Petliury Street [wikidata] and Taras Shevchenko Boulevard [wikidata], Kyiv, Ukraine, that was dismantled on 9 December 2023.
Mykola Shchors was a participant in the Russian Civil War serving as Red Army commander, member of the Russian Communist Party. In 1918–1919 he fought against the newly established Ukrainian government of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Later he commanded the Bohunsky regiment, brigade, 1st Soviet Ukrainian division and 44th rifle division against the head of the Ukrainian People's Republic and their Polish allies. Shchors was killed in battle with soldiers of the Ukrainian Galician Army near the Biloshytsi village (near Korosten) in Zhytomyr Oblast on 30 August 1919. Shchors died after receiving a bullet in the back of his head. After being ignored for more then a decade Shchors became a glorified character in the Soviet Union following the mid-1930s.
The initiator of the monument had been Joseph Stalin in 1936. In the 1930s (and 1940s and 1950s) the Soviet authorities issued numerous orders to erect monuments to Shchors in many cities in the Soviet Union. Work on this monument had began in 1940, but World War II held back the unveiling of the monument to 1954. The monument was unveiled in 1954 specifically for the anniversary of the 300th anniversary of the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654.
The monument was an equestrian statue with a total height of 13.8 meter. The statue was made of bronze and placed on a granite pedestal 6.5 meter high. This pedestal was decorated with a cornice and a frieze with bas-reliefs depicting episodes of the Ukrainian–Soviet War. The monument weighted a reportered 7-ton.
Following the February 2014 Revolution of Dignity the authorities planned to dismantle the monument in accordance with the law prohibiting names of Communist origin and Ukrainian nationalists had desecrated the monument (multiple times). During the Russian aerial attacks of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the monuments of Kyiv were sandbagged and protected, the only exception being the monument to Shchors. The monuments was dismantled on 9 December 2023. It was moved to the Ukraine State Aviation Museum. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Mykola Shchors monument was an equestrian statue to Red Army commander (and member of the Russian Communist Party) Mykola Shchors erected in 1954, and located at an intersection of Symona Petliury Street [wikidata] and Taras Shevchenko Boulevard [wikidata], Kyiv, Ukraine, that was dismantled on 9 December 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Mykola Shchors was a participant in the Russian Civil War serving as Red Army commander, member of the Russian Communist Party. In 1918–1919 he fought against the newly established Ukrainian government of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Later he commanded the Bohunsky regiment, brigade, 1st Soviet Ukrainian division and 44th rifle division against the head of the Ukrainian People's Republic and their Polish allies. Shchors was killed in battle with soldiers of the Ukrainian Galician Army near the Biloshytsi village (near Korosten) in Zhytomyr Oblast on 30 August 1919. Shchors died after receiving a bullet in the back of his head. After being ignored for more then a decade Shchors became a glorified character in the Soviet Union following the mid-1930s.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The initiator of the monument had been Joseph Stalin in 1936. In the 1930s (and 1940s and 1950s) the Soviet authorities issued numerous orders to erect monuments to Shchors in many cities in the Soviet Union. Work on this monument had began in 1940, but World War II held back the unveiling of the monument to 1954. The monument was unveiled in 1954 specifically for the anniversary of the 300th anniversary of the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The monument was an equestrian statue with a total height of 13.8 meter. The statue was made of bronze and placed on a granite pedestal 6.5 meter high. This pedestal was decorated with a cornice and a frieze with bas-reliefs depicting episodes of the Ukrainian–Soviet War. The monument weighted a reportered 7-ton.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Following the February 2014 Revolution of Dignity the authorities planned to dismantle the monument in accordance with the law prohibiting names of Communist origin and Ukrainian nationalists had desecrated the monument (multiple times). During the Russian aerial attacks of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine the monuments of Kyiv were sandbagged and protected, the only exception being the monument to Shchors. The monuments was dismantled on 9 December 2023. It was moved to the Ukraine State Aviation Museum.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Mykola Shchors monument was an equestrian statue to Red Army commander Mykola Shchors erected in 1954, and located at an intersection of Symona Petliury Street and Taras Shevchenko Boulevard, Kyiv, Ukraine, that was dismantled on 9 December 2023. | 2023-12-11T20:43:09Z | 2023-12-25T19:49:35Z | [
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75,540,268 | Andrew Teverson | Andrew Simon Teverson (born 1 May 1971) is a British academic. Since 2022 he has been Head of the London College of Fashion and a Pro-Vice Chancellor of University of the Arts London. | [
{
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"text": "Andrew Simon Teverson (born 1 May 1971) is a British academic. Since 2022 he has been Head of the London College of Fashion and a Pro-Vice Chancellor of University of the Arts London.",
"title": ""
}
] | Andrew Simon Teverson is a British academic. Since 2022 he has been Head of the London College of Fashion and a Pro-Vice Chancellor of University of the Arts London. | 2023-12-11T20:44:20Z | 2023-12-31T15:56:08Z | [
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75,540,285 | J. M. Smith | [] | Redirect P. J. Proby | 2023-12-11T20:47:11Z | 2023-12-12T00:30:51Z | [
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|
75,540,298 | Swainsona elegans | Swainsona elegans is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a prostrate or ascending annual with imparipinnate leaves, usually with 7 to 15 egg-shaped or elliptic leaflets, and racemes of up to 15 blue or reddish-purple flowers.
Swainsona elegans is a prostrate or ascending annual plant that typically grows to a height of up to 25 cm (9.8 in) with stems about 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter. Its leaves are imparipinnate, up to about 100 mm (3.9 in) long with 7 to 15 egg-shaped or elliptic leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, the lower leaflets 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long and 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) wide. There are variably-shaped stipules more than 10 mm (0.39 in) long at the base of the petiole. The flowers are arranged in racemes mostly 100–200 mm (3.9–7.9 in) of up to 15 on a peduncle 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long, each flower 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) long. The sepals are joined at the base, forming a tube about 2 mm (0.079 in) long, the sepal lobes about the same length as the tube. The petals are pale blue, dark blue or reddish-purple, the standard petal 10–13 mm (0.39–0.51 in) long and 9–12 mm (0.35–0.47 in) wide, the wings 8–9 mm (0.31–0.35 in) long, and the keel about 10 mm (0.39 in) long and 3 mm (0.12 in) wide. Flowering occurs from July to October, and the fruit is pod 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with the remains of the style about 5 mm (0.20 in) long.
Swainsona elegans was first formally described in 1948 by Alma Theodora Lee in Contributions from the New South Wales National Herbarium, from specimens collected east of Carnarvon in 1937. The specific epithet (elegans) means "fine" or "elegant".
This species of pea grows in damp, often salty and on stony, hilly places in the Avon Wheatbelt, Carnarvon, Gascoyne, Murchison and Yalgoo bioregions of Western Australia. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Swainsona elegans is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a prostrate or ascending annual with imparipinnate leaves, usually with 7 to 15 egg-shaped or elliptic leaflets, and racemes of up to 15 blue or reddish-purple flowers.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Swainsona elegans is a prostrate or ascending annual plant that typically grows to a height of up to 25 cm (9.8 in) with stems about 2 mm (0.079 in) in diameter. Its leaves are imparipinnate, up to about 100 mm (3.9 in) long with 7 to 15 egg-shaped or elliptic leaflets with the narrower end towards the base, the lower leaflets 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long and 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) wide. There are variably-shaped stipules more than 10 mm (0.39 in) long at the base of the petiole. The flowers are arranged in racemes mostly 100–200 mm (3.9–7.9 in) of up to 15 on a peduncle 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) long, each flower 8–10 mm (0.31–0.39 in) long. The sepals are joined at the base, forming a tube about 2 mm (0.079 in) long, the sepal lobes about the same length as the tube. The petals are pale blue, dark blue or reddish-purple, the standard petal 10–13 mm (0.39–0.51 in) long and 9–12 mm (0.35–0.47 in) wide, the wings 8–9 mm (0.31–0.35 in) long, and the keel about 10 mm (0.39 in) long and 3 mm (0.12 in) wide. Flowering occurs from July to October, and the fruit is pod 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with the remains of the style about 5 mm (0.20 in) long.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Swainsona elegans was first formally described in 1948 by Alma Theodora Lee in Contributions from the New South Wales National Herbarium, from specimens collected east of Carnarvon in 1937. The specific epithet (elegans) means \"fine\" or \"elegant\".",
"title": "Taxonomy and naming"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "This species of pea grows in damp, often salty and on stony, hilly places in the Avon Wheatbelt, Carnarvon, Gascoyne, Murchison and Yalgoo bioregions of Western Australia.",
"title": "Distribution and habitat"
}
] | Swainsona elegans is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a prostrate or ascending annual with imparipinnate leaves, usually with 7 to 15 egg-shaped or elliptic leaflets, and racemes of up to 15 blue or reddish-purple flowers. | 2023-12-11T20:48:13Z | 2023-12-25T05:00:11Z | [
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75,540,312 | Anton Charles Pegis | Anton Charles Pegis (24 August 1905 – 13 May 1978) was an American philosopher and historian of philosophy in the tradition of Thomas Aquinas. Pegis was the earliest of what would become a prominent group of historians of medieval philosophy, including Joseph Owens and Armand Maurer, who studied under Étienne Gilson and spent the majority of their careers teaching at the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. Pegis served as president of the Institute from 1946 to 1952.
Pegis was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to parents of Greek descent. His parents gave him instruction in Greek language, which would later prove valuable in his academic career. Pegis received a B.A. from Marquette University in 1928. In the fall of 1928, while a scholarship student at University of Chicago, Pegis took inspiration from the lectures of Carl Darling Buck and Paul Shorey. In 1929, he completed his M.A. at Marquette University.
In 1929, Pegis entered the recently founded Institute of Mediaeval Studies at St. Michael's College of the University of Toronto, where he studied under Étienne Gilson and Gerald Phelan. He earned the Ph.D. in philosophy for his dissertation entitled The Problem of the Soul in the Thirteenth Century in 1931.
Pegis began teaching on the philosophy faculty of his alma mater, the University of Marquette, in 1931. In 1937 he left Marquette to take a teaching position at Fordham University, but he returned to the University of Toronto in 1944, where he took posts as a professor of philosophy in the Graduate Department of Philosophy, and as a professor of the history of philosophy in the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. Pegis, who had been elected the first fellow of the institute, served as its president from 1946 to 1952. In 1946, Pegis was elected president of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, and in 1950 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
Pegis left the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies in 1952 to assume the editorial directorship of the Doubleday's Catholic textbook division. In 1961 he returned to Toronto and resumed full time teaching, both at the Institute and at the University of Toronoto. Despite becoming emeritus in 1971, he was asked, on account of his popularity, to continue his graduate lectures, which he did until his retirement in 1974. During his retirement he worked to develop the Center of Thomistic Studies at the University of St. Thomas in Houston, where he lectured on the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger. He continued to give lectures on philosophy until just a few days before his death. He died on 13 May 1978, in Wellesley Hospital, Toronto.
Pegis, along with Gilson, was a firm advocate of Pope Leo XIII's Aeterni Patris and its exhortation to a revival of Thomism. In his book Christian Philosophy and Intellectual Freedom, he wrote that "the light of divine truth helps the human intellect to philosophize in a better way, and does this without in the least coloring or compromising the specific nature of philosophy."
His colleague Armand Maurer described Pegis's philosophy as follows:
Pegis’ main concern was to be himself a philosopher, using as tools the history of philosophy and contemporary philosophical ideas. He read deeply in the modern philosophers, especially Husserl, and in later life some of his most memorable and popular lectures were devoted to the problem of intentionality against the background of Husserl’s phenomenology and the philosophies of Aristotle and St. Thomas. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Anton Charles Pegis (24 August 1905 – 13 May 1978) was an American philosopher and historian of philosophy in the tradition of Thomas Aquinas. Pegis was the earliest of what would become a prominent group of historians of medieval philosophy, including Joseph Owens and Armand Maurer, who studied under Étienne Gilson and spent the majority of their careers teaching at the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. Pegis served as president of the Institute from 1946 to 1952.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Pegis was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to parents of Greek descent. His parents gave him instruction in Greek language, which would later prove valuable in his academic career. Pegis received a B.A. from Marquette University in 1928. In the fall of 1928, while a scholarship student at University of Chicago, Pegis took inspiration from the lectures of Carl Darling Buck and Paul Shorey. In 1929, he completed his M.A. at Marquette University.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1929, Pegis entered the recently founded Institute of Mediaeval Studies at St. Michael's College of the University of Toronto, where he studied under Étienne Gilson and Gerald Phelan. He earned the Ph.D. in philosophy for his dissertation entitled The Problem of the Soul in the Thirteenth Century in 1931.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Pegis began teaching on the philosophy faculty of his alma mater, the University of Marquette, in 1931. In 1937 he left Marquette to take a teaching position at Fordham University, but he returned to the University of Toronto in 1944, where he took posts as a professor of philosophy in the Graduate Department of Philosophy, and as a professor of the history of philosophy in the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. Pegis, who had been elected the first fellow of the institute, served as its president from 1946 to 1952. In 1946, Pegis was elected president of the American Catholic Philosophical Association, and in 1950 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Pegis left the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies in 1952 to assume the editorial directorship of the Doubleday's Catholic textbook division. In 1961 he returned to Toronto and resumed full time teaching, both at the Institute and at the University of Toronoto. Despite becoming emeritus in 1971, he was asked, on account of his popularity, to continue his graduate lectures, which he did until his retirement in 1974. During his retirement he worked to develop the Center of Thomistic Studies at the University of St. Thomas in Houston, where he lectured on the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger. He continued to give lectures on philosophy until just a few days before his death. He died on 13 May 1978, in Wellesley Hospital, Toronto.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Pegis, along with Gilson, was a firm advocate of Pope Leo XIII's Aeterni Patris and its exhortation to a revival of Thomism. In his book Christian Philosophy and Intellectual Freedom, he wrote that \"the light of divine truth helps the human intellect to philosophize in a better way, and does this without in the least coloring or compromising the specific nature of philosophy.\"",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "His colleague Armand Maurer described Pegis's philosophy as follows:",
"title": "Philosophy"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Pegis’ main concern was to be himself a philosopher, using as tools the history of philosophy and contemporary philosophical ideas. He read deeply in the modern philosophers, especially Husserl, and in later life some of his most memorable and popular lectures were devoted to the problem of intentionality against the background of Husserl’s phenomenology and the philosophies of Aristotle and St. Thomas.",
"title": "Philosophy"
}
] | Anton Charles Pegis was an American philosopher and historian of philosophy in the tradition of Thomas Aquinas. Pegis was the earliest of what would become a prominent group of historians of medieval philosophy, including Joseph Owens and Armand Maurer, who studied under Étienne Gilson and spent the majority of their careers teaching at the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. Pegis served as president of the Institute from 1946 to 1952. | 2023-12-11T20:50:29Z | 2023-12-15T11:01:33Z | [
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75,540,318 | Onuškis Eldership | Onuškis Eldership (Lithuanian: Onuškio seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the western part of Trakai District Municipality.
Following settlements are located in the Onuškis Eldership (as for the 2021 census) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Onuškis Eldership (Lithuanian: Onuškio seniūnija) is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the western part of Trakai District Municipality.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following settlements are located in the Onuškis Eldership (as for the 2021 census)",
"title": "Populated places"
}
] | Onuškis Eldership is a Lithuanian eldership, located in the western part of Trakai District Municipality. | 2023-12-11T20:52:12Z | 2023-12-11T23:15:17Z | [
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75,540,321 | College of Our Lady of Guadalupe | The College of Our Lady of Guadalupe is a secular public education school in Lima, Peru. Originally founded on Chacarilla Street in the Guadalupe neighbourhood on November 14, 1840, it moved in 1909 to its current location on Alfonso Ugarte Avenue, built during the government of Augusto B. Leguía.
The college has played an important function in the doctrinal, intellectual and political life of Peru. Many of its alumni have stood out in different professional fields.
The main facilities of the school, located in the Historic Centre of Lima, are considered part of the Cultural heritage of Peru, therefore its physical administration depends on the coordination between the corresponding departments of the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Education. Inside its facilities, it has the chapel, the gymnasium, four patios each with classrooms around it, a central patio around which the library, the computer room, and the administrative offices are located. Each of these spaces has a second floor that was once used as a boarding school. In its classrooms, secondary education is provided to more than 1,400 students.
A stadium, known as the Estadio Guadalupano, is located in the district of San Martín de Porres, also in Lima, it is intended for physical culture and the practice of sports. It has two regulation size soccer fields, one of which has bleachers on the western side and an athletic track. In addition, it has a swimming pool and three sports slabs, dressing rooms, among other services.
The Asociación Guadalupana is the official institution for the school's graduates.
In 1940, commemorating the first centennial of the school's foundation, the various classes met in the Campus Assembly Hall and under the presidency of Melitón Porras Osores [es], the various commissions that would shape the new institution were named. It was up to Francisco Tudela y Varela, a figure in Peruvian diplomacy, to preside over the organising commission of the association.
An office was provisionally rented as headquarters, located in the Hidalgo Building No. 138 in the Plaza San Martín. The Association later moved to its new headquarters located at Calle Belén No. 1074, in the centre of the city of Lima. This mansion witnessed great civic-cultural and patriotic events attended by ministers of states, as well as presidents of the Republic, such as Dr. Manuel Prado y Ugarteche and the architect Fernando Belaúnde Terry.
The alumni association has its main headquarters on Alfonso Ugarte Avenue in Lima, just two blocks from the school. This new location was achieved thanks to the work of engineer Alejandro Bertello Bollati, class "G21" of 1921, who donated the aforementioned location, and who was lifelong president of the association. The premises were inaugurated in 1960 with the assistance of the President of the Republic, Manuel Prado Ugarteche. The association also officially has its Alumni branch in the United States of America, founded under the presidency of Dr. Pedro Ruiz. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The College of Our Lady of Guadalupe is a secular public education school in Lima, Peru. Originally founded on Chacarilla Street in the Guadalupe neighbourhood on November 14, 1840, it moved in 1909 to its current location on Alfonso Ugarte Avenue, built during the government of Augusto B. Leguía.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The college has played an important function in the doctrinal, intellectual and political life of Peru. Many of its alumni have stood out in different professional fields.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The main facilities of the school, located in the Historic Centre of Lima, are considered part of the Cultural heritage of Peru, therefore its physical administration depends on the coordination between the corresponding departments of the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Education. Inside its facilities, it has the chapel, the gymnasium, four patios each with classrooms around it, a central patio around which the library, the computer room, and the administrative offices are located. Each of these spaces has a second floor that was once used as a boarding school. In its classrooms, secondary education is provided to more than 1,400 students.",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "A stadium, known as the Estadio Guadalupano, is located in the district of San Martín de Porres, also in Lima, it is intended for physical culture and the practice of sports. It has two regulation size soccer fields, one of which has bleachers on the western side and an athletic track. In addition, it has a swimming pool and three sports slabs, dressing rooms, among other services.",
"title": "Administration"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Asociación Guadalupana is the official institution for the school's graduates.",
"title": "Asociación Guadalupana"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1940, commemorating the first centennial of the school's foundation, the various classes met in the Campus Assembly Hall and under the presidency of Melitón Porras Osores [es], the various commissions that would shape the new institution were named. It was up to Francisco Tudela y Varela, a figure in Peruvian diplomacy, to preside over the organising commission of the association.",
"title": "Asociación Guadalupana"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "An office was provisionally rented as headquarters, located in the Hidalgo Building No. 138 in the Plaza San Martín. The Association later moved to its new headquarters located at Calle Belén No. 1074, in the centre of the city of Lima. This mansion witnessed great civic-cultural and patriotic events attended by ministers of states, as well as presidents of the Republic, such as Dr. Manuel Prado y Ugarteche and the architect Fernando Belaúnde Terry.",
"title": "Asociación Guadalupana"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The alumni association has its main headquarters on Alfonso Ugarte Avenue in Lima, just two blocks from the school. This new location was achieved thanks to the work of engineer Alejandro Bertello Bollati, class \"G21\" of 1921, who donated the aforementioned location, and who was lifelong president of the association. The premises were inaugurated in 1960 with the assistance of the President of the Republic, Manuel Prado Ugarteche. The association also officially has its Alumni branch in the United States of America, founded under the presidency of Dr. Pedro Ruiz.",
"title": "Asociación Guadalupana"
}
] | The College of Our Lady of Guadalupe is a secular public education school in Lima, Peru. Originally founded on Chacarilla Street in the Guadalupe neighbourhood on November 14, 1840, it moved in 1909 to its current location on Alfonso Ugarte Avenue, built during the government of Augusto B. Leguía. The college has played an important function in the doctrinal, intellectual and political life of Peru. Many of its alumni have stood out in different professional fields. | 2023-12-11T20:52:21Z | 2023-12-24T03:10:34Z | [
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75,540,335 | Santissimo Salvatore | Santissimo Salvatore may refer to the following churches in Italy: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Santissimo Salvatore may refer to the following churches in Italy:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "See also"
}
] | Santissimo Salvatore may refer to the following churches in Italy: Basilica of Santissimo Salvatore, Pavia, Lombardy
Chapel of Santissimo Salvatore, Alcamo, Trapani, Sicily
Santissimo Salvatore, Alcamo, Trapani, Sicily
Santissimo Salvatore, Bologna, Emilia-Romagna
Santissimo Salvatore, Borgomasino, Turin
Santissimo Salvatore, Naples, in Piscinola
Santissimo Salvatore, Nicosia, Enna, Sicily
Santissimo Salvatore, Noto, Sicily
Santissimo Salvatore, Palermo, Sicily | 2023-12-11T20:54:49Z | 2023-12-11T21:05:53Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santissimo_Salvatore |
75,540,345 | John R. Thornton (Arkansas politician) | J. R. Thornton and John Randolph Thornton ahould link here
John R. Thornton (February 14, 1840-December 2, 1910) was a lawyer, judge and state senator in Arkansas.
He was born in Chambers County, Alabama and moved with his family to Arkansas in 1845. He served in the Arkansas Senate for eight years He was a Democrat. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "J. R. Thornton and John Randolph Thornton ahould link here",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "John R. Thornton (February 14, 1840-December 2, 1910) was a lawyer, judge and state senator in Arkansas.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He was born in Chambers County, Alabama and moved with his family to Arkansas in 1845. He served in the Arkansas Senate for eight years He was a Democrat.",
"title": ""
}
] | J. R. Thornton and John Randolph Thornton ahould link here John R. Thornton was a lawyer, judge and state senator in Arkansas. He was born in Chambers County, Alabama and moved with his family to Arkansas in 1845. He served in the Arkansas Senate for eight years He was a Democrat. | 2023-12-11T20:57:02Z | 2023-12-12T00:37:28Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_R._Thornton_(Arkansas_politician) |
75,540,349 | List of coolest exoplanets | This is a list of the coolest exoplanets known, specifically those with temperatures lower than −75 °C (198 K). Planets from the Solar System were also included for comparison purposes.
These exoplanets have not been confirmed. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "This is a list of the coolest exoplanets known, specifically those with temperatures lower than −75 °C (198 K). Planets from the Solar System were also included for comparison purposes.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "These exoplanets have not been confirmed.",
"title": "Unconfirmed candidates"
}
] | This is a list of the coolest exoplanets known, specifically those with temperatures lower than −75 °C (198 K). Planets from the Solar System were also included for comparison purposes. | 2023-12-11T20:57:06Z | 2023-12-27T05:54:43Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coolest_exoplanets |
75,540,358 | Mercimekkale, Muş | Mercimekkale is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. Within the boundaries of the village, there is the Mercimekkale Mound, one of the twenty-eight mounds in Muş.
There is a primary school in the village. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mercimekkale is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. Within the boundaries of the village, there is the Mercimekkale Mound, one of the twenty-eight mounds in Muş.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "There is a primary school in the village.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Mercimekkale is a village in the Muş District, Muş Province, in east Turkey. Within the boundaries of the village, there is the Mercimekkale Mound, one of the twenty-eight mounds in Muş. | 2023-12-11T20:58:22Z | 2023-12-12T03:31:49Z | [
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"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Muş-geo-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercimekkale,_Mu%C5%9F |
75,540,414 | 2011–12 in Ukrainian football | The 2011–12 season was the 21st season of competitive association football in Ukraine since dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Note: For all scratched clubs, see section Clubs removed for more details
The promotion/relegation playoff stage consisted of two matches. At match one both second placed teams of the Second League groups played each other to determine the winner. At match two the match was played between the 16th place team of the First League and the winner of another playoff game between the second placed clubs from each group of the Second League.
A championship game will be played between the top teams of each group competition.
Note: For all scratched clubs, see section Clubs removed for more details
2012 Vyshcha Liha (women) | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2011–12 season was the 21st season of competitive association football in Ukraine since dissolution of the Soviet Union.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
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"title": "National teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "National teams"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Note: For all scratched clubs, see section Clubs removed for more details",
"title": "Men's club football"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The promotion/relegation playoff stage consisted of two matches. At match one both second placed teams of the Second League groups played each other to determine the winner. At match two the match was played between the 16th place team of the First League and the winner of another playoff game between the second placed clubs from each group of the Second League.",
"title": "Men's club football"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "A championship game will be played between the top teams of each group competition.",
"title": "Men's club football"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "Men's club football"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Note: For all scratched clubs, see section Clubs removed for more details",
"title": "Women's club football"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "2012 Vyshcha Liha (women)",
"title": "Women's club football"
}
] | The 2011–12 season was the 21st season of competitive association football in Ukraine since dissolution of the Soviet Union. | 2023-12-11T21:07:31Z | 2023-12-29T20:40:41Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_in_Ukrainian_football |
75,540,428 | Gothic revolt of Theodoric I | Gothic revolt of Theodoric I was an uprising of the Gothic Fouderati in Aquitaine (Western Roman Empire) during the regime of Emperor Valentinian III (425-455). That rebellion was led by Theodoric I, King of the Visigoths and took place in the South of France. The uprising took place between 425 and 426, in the period shortly after the death of usurpator John and was terminated by a military procedure under the command of Aëtius.
The cause of the uprising must be sought on the one hand in the settlement of the Goths in Gallia Aquitania close to the Gallic capital Arles by Constantius III and was intended to keep an eye on the senatorial nobility. On the other hand, the political situation of the empire underpined the insurrection.
After the Goths campaigned in Spain for the Romans in the period 416-418 (Gothic war in Spain), they were assigned a settlement area by Emperor Honorius in 418 in the province of Gallia Aquitania with Toulouse as their capital. Main reason for the settlement was that Constantius III, the architect of the settlement treaty, considered the Gallic senatorial class a greater danger to imperial power in Ravenna than the Gothic presence. In the previous period he should have campaigned against a series of usurpers (including. Constantine and Jovinus) who received much support from the Gallic elite. With the settlement of the Goths as potential forces close to the center of Gaul, he hoped to better control the senators. Nevertheless, with the establishment of the Goths, Constantius had created a new power group that sought more influence within late Roman Gaul. They were part of the Roman state system, acted within that state system and tried to exert pressure and control as much as possible from within.
With the death of Constantius III in 421 and of Honorius in 423, the Western Roman Empire ended up in a new crisis that would have major consequences for the relationship between imperial power and the army. Because the emperor was still a child, the western part of the empire was governed by mother Galla Placidia who was strongly under the influence of her generals. The Eastern Emperor Theodosius II (her cousin) also exerted great influence on her policies. There were several candidates who went to the position of commander-in-chief, which initiated a development that is described as the 'semi-privatization' of the Roman army. That situation made it possible for Theodoric I, the leader of the Gothic foederati, to realize his plans for more power. He emerged as an ambitious prince who acted in the same line as his infamous predecessors. The first signs of this ambition could already be seen during the Spanish campaign of 422 in which the Goths participated.
History is extremely sparsely narrated about the course of Gothic-Roman relations in the period between 418 and 439. There are a number of events in which the Goths were involved, but cause and effect are missing. The little that has been written down is by Prosper and Hydatius. From 422, the Goths turn out to be disappointing allies, but their presence proved sufficient to keep the Gallic nobility calm. The Goths, on the other hand, needed a series of imperial expeditions to be restrained. In 425 they marched to Arles, but were stopped by Aetius.
The first years of Theoderics' semi-autonomous reign went smoothly. In 418 he succeeded his father as king of the Visigoths in Aquitaine, who had died shortly before. After years of leading a wandering existence, the Goths were finally able to settle down. Under Roman rule they enjoyed many advantages, in return the Goths had to provide military assistance. These peaceful years came to an end with the death of the Western Roman fellow emperors Constantius III in 421.
The policies of the Western Roman Emperor Honorius had always relied heavily on the work of his brother-in-law Constantius, who had been appointed co-emperor seven months earlier. The disappearance of this mainstay mainly caused unrest within the army, with which Theoderic could take advantage. Two important generals Castinus and Bonefatius went to the army's supreme command, thus providing difficulties. Theoderic accompanied them in 422 during a campaign against the Vandals in Baetica in southern Spain. According to chronicler Hydatius, he worked militarily against the Romans and is said to have caused defeat for the Romans. Theoderic withheld Castinus from the support of the Visigothic auxiliary troops, as a result of which he suffered a heavy defeat in the battle of Tarraco in Baetica against Gunderic, the king of the Vandals who thus became the undisputed masters of Hispania. According to all probably Theodoric worked together with Boniface.
With the death of Emperor Honorius in 423, a power struggle broke out in the Western Roman Empire that weakened the empire internally. The bulk of the army was in Italy and in Gaul the provincial prefect in Arles was killed during a revolt of his soldiers. In Italy, after Honortius' death, a new emperor emerged, John who had the support of the generals Castinus and Aetius. Now that most of the Roman army was staying elsewhere, Theodoric pushed aside Constantius' peace agreement and rebelled. Without encountering significant opposition, he took possession of all of Aquitaine and provided himself with access to the Mediterranean Sea. He then went up to the Arles to put pressure on the Romans.
In the summer of 425, John was overthrown by an Eastern Roman army, after which Valentinian III was installed as the new emperor. Three days after John was beheaded, Aetius arrived in Italy with a large army of Huns. Unaware of his execution, and after a brief skirmish with Aspar's army, Aëtius made peace. He accepted Valentinian III as emperor and was given the high position of praefectus praetorio per Gallia, entrusting him with the rule of Gaul and Spain. ↵Aetius' appointment as chief executive in Gaul is seen as a maneuver by the new regime to keep a potential troublemakers away from the central government. The newly appointed prefect left with the army he already had reinforced with large numbers of Huns as mercenaries, which made it possible to put an end to the revolt of the Gothic foederati.
Aëtius arrived in the spring of 426 with the army at Arles besieged by Theodoric. In a battle near the city, the Goths suffered great losses and were forced to retreat to Aquitaine.
With the defeat against Aetius, the uprising came to an end. This was followed by peace talks in which the previously concluded treaty with the Romans was renewed, exchanging hostages back and forth. The later emperor Avitus was one of those hostages who stayed at the court of Theodoric. Here he met his sons and taught them.
With Aetius as Gallic prefect and from 429 as magister militum per Gallias, peace seems to have returned to southern France. The period after this until 435 went without too many incidents between the Visigoths and Romans. Nevertheless, Theodrik had not given up his quest for more power, because in 430 a Gothic army still marched to Arles to enforce more favorable conditions. This Gothic army was also defeated by Aetius, again not far from Arles. As far as is known, the Visigoths have not already performed military duties in the Spanish provinces during this period.
Nevertheless, in 436 a large-scale conflict (the Gothic War of 436–439) arose between the Goths and Romans that was recorded as a bloody war g. Because explanations for these hostilities are lacking, historians place these events in the great context of history.
Primary sources:
Secondary sources:
References: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gothic revolt of Theodoric I was an uprising of the Gothic Fouderati in Aquitaine (Western Roman Empire) during the regime of Emperor Valentinian III (425-455). That rebellion was led by Theodoric I, King of the Visigoths and took place in the South of France. The uprising took place between 425 and 426, in the period shortly after the death of usurpator John and was terminated by a military procedure under the command of Aëtius.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The cause of the uprising must be sought on the one hand in the settlement of the Goths in Gallia Aquitania close to the Gallic capital Arles by Constantius III and was intended to keep an eye on the senatorial nobility. On the other hand, the political situation of the empire underpined the insurrection.",
"title": "Cause"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After the Goths campaigned in Spain for the Romans in the period 416-418 (Gothic war in Spain), they were assigned a settlement area by Emperor Honorius in 418 in the province of Gallia Aquitania with Toulouse as their capital. Main reason for the settlement was that Constantius III, the architect of the settlement treaty, considered the Gallic senatorial class a greater danger to imperial power in Ravenna than the Gothic presence. In the previous period he should have campaigned against a series of usurpers (including. Constantine and Jovinus) who received much support from the Gallic elite. With the settlement of the Goths as potential forces close to the center of Gaul, he hoped to better control the senators. Nevertheless, with the establishment of the Goths, Constantius had created a new power group that sought more influence within late Roman Gaul. They were part of the Roman state system, acted within that state system and tried to exert pressure and control as much as possible from within.",
"title": "Cause"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "With the death of Constantius III in 421 and of Honorius in 423, the Western Roman Empire ended up in a new crisis that would have major consequences for the relationship between imperial power and the army. Because the emperor was still a child, the western part of the empire was governed by mother Galla Placidia who was strongly under the influence of her generals. The Eastern Emperor Theodosius II (her cousin) also exerted great influence on her policies. There were several candidates who went to the position of commander-in-chief, which initiated a development that is described as the 'semi-privatization' of the Roman army. That situation made it possible for Theodoric I, the leader of the Gothic foederati, to realize his plans for more power. He emerged as an ambitious prince who acted in the same line as his infamous predecessors. The first signs of this ambition could already be seen during the Spanish campaign of 422 in which the Goths participated.",
"title": "Cause"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "History is extremely sparsely narrated about the course of Gothic-Roman relations in the period between 418 and 439. There are a number of events in which the Goths were involved, but cause and effect are missing. The little that has been written down is by Prosper and Hydatius. From 422, the Goths turn out to be disappointing allies, but their presence proved sufficient to keep the Gallic nobility calm. The Goths, on the other hand, needed a series of imperial expeditions to be restrained. In 425 they marched to Arles, but were stopped by Aetius.",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The first years of Theoderics' semi-autonomous reign went smoothly. In 418 he succeeded his father as king of the Visigoths in Aquitaine, who had died shortly before. After years of leading a wandering existence, the Goths were finally able to settle down. Under Roman rule they enjoyed many advantages, in return the Goths had to provide military assistance. These peaceful years came to an end with the death of the Western Roman fellow emperors Constantius III in 421.",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The policies of the Western Roman Emperor Honorius had always relied heavily on the work of his brother-in-law Constantius, who had been appointed co-emperor seven months earlier. The disappearance of this mainstay mainly caused unrest within the army, with which Theoderic could take advantage. Two important generals Castinus and Bonefatius went to the army's supreme command, thus providing difficulties. Theoderic accompanied them in 422 during a campaign against the Vandals in Baetica in southern Spain. According to chronicler Hydatius, he worked militarily against the Romans and is said to have caused defeat for the Romans. Theoderic withheld Castinus from the support of the Visigothic auxiliary troops, as a result of which he suffered a heavy defeat in the battle of Tarraco in Baetica against Gunderic, the king of the Vandals who thus became the undisputed masters of Hispania. According to all probably Theodoric worked together with Boniface.",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "With the death of Emperor Honorius in 423, a power struggle broke out in the Western Roman Empire that weakened the empire internally. The bulk of the army was in Italy and in Gaul the provincial prefect in Arles was killed during a revolt of his soldiers. In Italy, after Honortius' death, a new emperor emerged, John who had the support of the generals Castinus and Aetius. Now that most of the Roman army was staying elsewhere, Theodoric pushed aside Constantius' peace agreement and rebelled. Without encountering significant opposition, he took possession of all of Aquitaine and provided himself with access to the Mediterranean Sea. He then went up to the Arles to put pressure on the Romans.",
"title": "The uprising"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In the summer of 425, John was overthrown by an Eastern Roman army, after which Valentinian III was installed as the new emperor. Three days after John was beheaded, Aetius arrived in Italy with a large army of Huns. Unaware of his execution, and after a brief skirmish with Aspar's army, Aëtius made peace. He accepted Valentinian III as emperor and was given the high position of praefectus praetorio per Gallia, entrusting him with the rule of Gaul and Spain. ↵Aetius' appointment as chief executive in Gaul is seen as a maneuver by the new regime to keep a potential troublemakers away from the central government. The newly appointed prefect left with the army he already had reinforced with large numbers of Huns as mercenaries, which made it possible to put an end to the revolt of the Gothic foederati.",
"title": "The uprising"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Aëtius arrived in the spring of 426 with the army at Arles besieged by Theodoric. In a battle near the city, the Goths suffered great losses and were forced to retreat to Aquitaine.",
"title": "The uprising"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "With the defeat against Aetius, the uprising came to an end. This was followed by peace talks in which the previously concluded treaty with the Romans was renewed, exchanging hostages back and forth. The later emperor Avitus was one of those hostages who stayed at the court of Theodoric. Here he met his sons and taught them.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "With Aetius as Gallic prefect and from 429 as magister militum per Gallias, peace seems to have returned to southern France. The period after this until 435 went without too many incidents between the Visigoths and Romans. Nevertheless, Theodrik had not given up his quest for more power, because in 430 a Gothic army still marched to Arles to enforce more favorable conditions. This Gothic army was also defeated by Aetius, again not far from Arles. As far as is known, the Visigoths have not already performed military duties in the Spanish provinces during this period.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Nevertheless, in 436 a large-scale conflict (the Gothic War of 436–439) arose between the Goths and Romans that was recorded as a bloody war g. Because explanations for these hostilities are lacking, historians place these events in the great context of history.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Primary sources:",
"title": "Appendix"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Secondary sources:",
"title": "Appendix"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "References:",
"title": "Appendix"
}
] | Gothic revolt of Theodoric I was an uprising of the Gothic Fouderati in Aquitaine during the regime of Emperor Valentinian III (425-455). That rebellion was led by Theodoric I, King of the Visigoths and took place in the South of France. The uprising took place between 425 and 426, in the period shortly after the death of usurpator John and was terminated by a military procedure under the command of Aëtius. | 2023-12-11T21:08:43Z | 2023-12-25T08:35:39Z | [
"Template:Infobox military conflict",
"Template:Aut",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revolt_of_Theodoric_I |
75,540,431 | Nasukh (book) | Nasukh is a story that combines the literary school of surreal modernism from Iran in the 14th century by Mohammad Rasouli, an Iranian writer. Nasukh is influenced by a kind of historical philosophy and is written with a mysterious look at the myths of Iran, and at the same time, it deals with the issues of the time and the present day. The short film Nasukh is taken from this book.
Iranian cinematographer Asghar Abbasi has made Nasukh the basis of his cinematic works.
Nasukh's short film was nominated in the "Book and Cinema" category at the 40th Tehran International Short Film Festival. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Nasukh is a story that combines the literary school of surreal modernism from Iran in the 14th century by Mohammad Rasouli, an Iranian writer. Nasukh is influenced by a kind of historical philosophy and is written with a mysterious look at the myths of Iran, and at the same time, it deals with the issues of the time and the present day. The short film Nasukh is taken from this book.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Iranian cinematographer Asghar Abbasi has made Nasukh the basis of his cinematic works.",
"title": "Nasukh's influence in cinema"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Nasukh's short film was nominated in the \"Book and Cinema\" category at the 40th Tehran International Short Film Festival.",
"title": "Award"
}
] | Nasukh is a story that combines the literary school of surreal modernism from Iran in the 14th century by Mohammad Rasouli, an Iranian writer. Nasukh is influenced by a kind of historical philosophy and is written with a mysterious look at the myths of Iran, and at the same time, it deals with the issues of the time and the present day. The short film Nasukh is taken from this book. | 2023-12-11T21:09:03Z | 2023-12-13T18:52:02Z | [
"Template:Infobox book",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasukh_(book) |
75,540,437 | Desert Warrior (upcoming film) | Desert Warrior is an upcoming Saudi Arabian historical action drama film written by Rupert Wyatt, Erica Beeney, David Self and Gary Ross, directed by Wyatt and starring Anthony Mackie and Aiysha Hart.
In November 2021, it was announced that Mackie, Kingsley and several other actors were cast in the film and that filming began in Saudi Arabia.
As of December 2023, the film is in post-production. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Desert Warrior is an upcoming Saudi Arabian historical action drama film written by Rupert Wyatt, Erica Beeney, David Self and Gary Ross, directed by Wyatt and starring Anthony Mackie and Aiysha Hart.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In November 2021, it was announced that Mackie, Kingsley and several other actors were cast in the film and that filming began in Saudi Arabia.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As of December 2023, the film is in post-production.",
"title": "Production"
}
] | Desert Warrior is an upcoming Saudi Arabian historical action drama film written by Rupert Wyatt, Erica Beeney, David Self and Gary Ross, directed by Wyatt and starring Anthony Mackie and Aiysha Hart. | 2023-12-11T21:09:52Z | 2023-12-29T14:39:43Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Warrior_(upcoming_film) |
75,540,471 | Sylia Koui | Sylia Koui (Arabic: سيليا كوي; born 27 July 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for French Division 2 Féminine club Nantes, which she also captains. Born in France, she plays for the Algeria national team.
Koui was born in Saint-Denis a subprefecture of the department of Seine-Saint-Denis. Her parents are originally from Tigzirt in Algeria. She started playing football at the age of eight in the Courtilières FC club. At the age of eleven, she joined the women's team of Blanc-Mesnil SF, where she made her first appearance in the Division 2 Féminine at the age of fourteen.
In 2009, at the age of seventeen, she joined Le Mans FC for four seasons. During her time there, she contributed to the promotion to Division 1 Féminine in the 2009–2010 season, finishing as D2 champion. However, the following year, at the end of the 2010–2011 season, the club was relegated back to D2. Following her signing with FF Yzeure Allier Auvergne in 2013, she played in the 2013–14 Division 1 Féminine. 2014 also saw her return to the Parisian suburbs where she played two seasons with Tremblay FC in D2. after two seasons in the club she moved to Division 2 side FC Rouen for three seasons.
In 2019, Le Harve AC announced the signing of Koui for the 2019–20 season. where the contract was later renewed till 2022. Afterward, she joined Division 2's club FC Nantes.
In March 2020, Koui was called up for the first time to the Algerian national team to participate in a training camp in preparation for the first qualifying round of the 2020 Women's Africa Cup of Nations qualification. The competition was later canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
She was selected again in October 2021 by coach Radia Fertoul to participate in a double-legged qualifier match against Sudan as a part of the 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations qualification. On 20 October 2021, Sylia earned her first cap after she made her first appearance as a starter and scored a brace in the historic 14–0 victory against Sudan.
Le Mans FC | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sylia Koui (Arabic: سيليا كوي; born 27 July 1992) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for French Division 2 Féminine club Nantes, which she also captains. Born in France, she plays for the Algeria national team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Koui was born in Saint-Denis a subprefecture of the department of Seine-Saint-Denis. Her parents are originally from Tigzirt in Algeria. She started playing football at the age of eight in the Courtilières FC club. At the age of eleven, she joined the women's team of Blanc-Mesnil SF, where she made her first appearance in the Division 2 Féminine at the age of fourteen.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2009, at the age of seventeen, she joined Le Mans FC for four seasons. During her time there, she contributed to the promotion to Division 1 Féminine in the 2009–2010 season, finishing as D2 champion. However, the following year, at the end of the 2010–2011 season, the club was relegated back to D2. Following her signing with FF Yzeure Allier Auvergne in 2013, she played in the 2013–14 Division 1 Féminine. 2014 also saw her return to the Parisian suburbs where she played two seasons with Tremblay FC in D2. after two seasons in the club she moved to Division 2 side FC Rouen for three seasons.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2019, Le Harve AC announced the signing of Koui for the 2019–20 season. where the contract was later renewed till 2022. Afterward, she joined Division 2's club FC Nantes.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In March 2020, Koui was called up for the first time to the Algerian national team to participate in a training camp in preparation for the first qualifying round of the 2020 Women's Africa Cup of Nations qualification. The competition was later canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "She was selected again in October 2021 by coach Radia Fertoul to participate in a double-legged qualifier match against Sudan as a part of the 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations qualification. On 20 October 2021, Sylia earned her first cap after she made her first appearance as a starter and scored a brace in the historic 14–0 victory against Sudan.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Le Mans FC",
"title": "Honours"
}
] | Sylia Koui is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for French Division 2 Féminine club Nantes, which she also captains. Born in France, she plays for the Algeria national team. | 2023-12-11T21:14:10Z | 2023-12-13T14:05:56Z | [
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75,540,485 | Samuel Shalit House | The Samuel Shalit House is a historic house in the North Valley area of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The house is a well executed example of the English Cottage style, which is not commonly found in New Mexico, and has distinctive features such as patterned brick and a faux thatched roof. It was built in 1936 by Samuel Shalit (1893–1962), a Russian Jewish immigrant who accumulated substantial real estate holdings in the North Valley. The property was listed on the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1983 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. In the mid-1980s, the house was converted from a private residence into a restaurant, Mr. Powdrell's Barbeque House, preserving much of the interior. Powdrell's is still operating as of 2023.
The house is one story high and constructed from uniquely patterned red brick. The roofline is complex, consisting of a hip roof with two clipped gables, a diagonal Dutch gable, and a half-hipped dormer. The edges of the roof are rounded off to emulate thatching. The building also features tall chimneys, casement windows, some with semicircular fanlights, and a wrap-around porch with wrought-iron balustrades. | [
{
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"text": "The Samuel Shalit House is a historic house in the North Valley area of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The house is a well executed example of the English Cottage style, which is not commonly found in New Mexico, and has distinctive features such as patterned brick and a faux thatched roof. It was built in 1936 by Samuel Shalit (1893–1962), a Russian Jewish immigrant who accumulated substantial real estate holdings in the North Valley. The property was listed on the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1983 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. In the mid-1980s, the house was converted from a private residence into a restaurant, Mr. Powdrell's Barbeque House, preserving much of the interior. Powdrell's is still operating as of 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The house is one story high and constructed from uniquely patterned red brick. The roofline is complex, consisting of a hip roof with two clipped gables, a diagonal Dutch gable, and a half-hipped dormer. The edges of the roof are rounded off to emulate thatching. The building also features tall chimneys, casement windows, some with semicircular fanlights, and a wrap-around porch with wrought-iron balustrades.",
"title": ""
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{
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"text": "",
"title": "References"
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] | The Samuel Shalit House is a historic house in the North Valley area of Albuquerque, New Mexico. The house is a well executed example of the English Cottage style, which is not commonly found in New Mexico, and has distinctive features such as patterned brick and a faux thatched roof. It was built in 1936 by Samuel Shalit (1893–1962), a Russian Jewish immigrant who accumulated substantial real estate holdings in the North Valley. The property was listed on the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1983 and the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. In the mid-1980s, the house was converted from a private residence into a restaurant, Mr. Powdrell's Barbeque House, preserving much of the interior. Powdrell's is still operating as of 2023. The house is one story high and constructed from uniquely patterned red brick. The roofline is complex, consisting of a hip roof with two clipped gables, a diagonal Dutch gable, and a half-hipped dormer. The edges of the roof are rounded off to emulate thatching. The building also features tall chimneys, casement windows, some with semicircular fanlights, and a wrap-around porch with wrought-iron balustrades. | 2023-12-11T21:16:31Z | 2023-12-19T12:05:01Z | [
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75,540,489 | Mirror to the Sky (song) | "Mirror to the Sky" is a song by the British progressive rock band Yes, the track was first released on the bands 23rd studio album Mirror to the Sky, released in May 2023. It is a near-14-minute recording, described as "sweeping and cinematic". It is the band's longest studio track since "Fly from Here", released in 2011.
The tracks considerable length has been described as a representation of Yes' return to their trademark progressive rock format. It has also been identified as the centerpiece to the Mirror to the Sky album. The song's arpeggios and multilayered vocals have been likened to material from the band's Tales from Topographic Oceans record.
It was described as a "prog epic" by music writer Howard Whitman. Writer David Pearson described the song as "atmospheric and sonically superb". Wesley Derbyshire noted that guitarist Steve Howe's use of delays and reverb was "extremely evident", and potentially designed for the Dolby Atmos and 5.1 Surround Sound release. Hugh Fielder of Classic Rock enjoyed the track, stating how guitarist Steve Howe has "clearly been energised and has grown in confidence", allowing the track to spread over 14 minutes after some "fine introductory guitar" and "skedaddling bass runs by Sherwood".
Yes
Additional musicians
Production | [
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"text": "\"Mirror to the Sky\" is a song by the British progressive rock band Yes, the track was first released on the bands 23rd studio album Mirror to the Sky, released in May 2023. It is a near-14-minute recording, described as \"sweeping and cinematic\". It is the band's longest studio track since \"Fly from Here\", released in 2011.",
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},
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"text": "The tracks considerable length has been described as a representation of Yes' return to their trademark progressive rock format. It has also been identified as the centerpiece to the Mirror to the Sky album. The song's arpeggios and multilayered vocals have been likened to material from the band's Tales from Topographic Oceans record.",
"title": "Composition"
},
{
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"text": "It was described as a \"prog epic\" by music writer Howard Whitman. Writer David Pearson described the song as \"atmospheric and sonically superb\". Wesley Derbyshire noted that guitarist Steve Howe's use of delays and reverb was \"extremely evident\", and potentially designed for the Dolby Atmos and 5.1 Surround Sound release. Hugh Fielder of Classic Rock enjoyed the track, stating how guitarist Steve Howe has \"clearly been energised and has grown in confidence\", allowing the track to spread over 14 minutes after some \"fine introductory guitar\" and \"skedaddling bass runs by Sherwood\".",
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] | "Mirror to the Sky" is a song by the British progressive rock band Yes, the track was first released on the bands 23rd studio album Mirror to the Sky, released in May 2023. It is a near-14-minute recording, described as "sweeping and cinematic". It is the band's longest studio track since "Fly from Here", released in 2011. | 2023-12-11T21:16:50Z | 2023-12-19T12:39:46Z | [
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75,540,490 | Action of 31 July 1811 (Indramayo River) | The action of 31 July 1811 was a minor naval engagement fought between the Royal Navy and the French Imperial Navy during the British invasion of Java in 1811.
On 31 July 1811, Commander Maunsell of the sloop the Procris discovered a convoy of 40 or 50 proas, escorted by six French gun-boats in the mouth of the Indramayo river. Launching boats they were able to board and capture five of the French gun-boats in quick succession; the sixth blew up. Meanwhile, however, the convoy escaped up the shallow muddy river.
On 31 July, at daybreak, the 18-gun brig-sloop Procris, Commander Robert Maunsell, being off the mouth of the Indramayo river, Java, came in sight of six French gun-boats with a convoy of proas. The Procris stood after the enemy until prevented by the shoal water from getting nearer; when Maunsell proceeded to attack them in the boats of his brig, accompanied by two flat boats, each containing twenty soldiers of the 14th and 29th regiments.
Commander Maunsell was accompanied by Lieutenant George Marjoribanks, and Lieutenants H. J. Heyland, of the 14th, and Oliver Brush, of the 89th regiments; also George Cunningham, William Eandall, and Charles Davies, masters' mates.
On nearing the gun-boats, a heavy fire was opened on the British boats, but five out of the six gun-boats were boarded and carried, and the other blown up. The vessels each mounted two brass guns: 32-pounder carronades forward, and long eighteens aft; and had crews of sixty men.
The wounded in the British boats were: one man dangerously, two severely, and eight, including Eandall, slightly. Maunsell honourably mentioned the officers present with him on the occasion. | [
{
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"text": "The action of 31 July 1811 was a minor naval engagement fought between the Royal Navy and the French Imperial Navy during the British invasion of Java in 1811.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "On 31 July 1811, Commander Maunsell of the sloop the Procris discovered a convoy of 40 or 50 proas, escorted by six French gun-boats in the mouth of the Indramayo river. Launching boats they were able to board and capture five of the French gun-boats in quick succession; the sixth blew up. Meanwhile, however, the convoy escaped up the shallow muddy river.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 31 July, at daybreak, the 18-gun brig-sloop Procris, Commander Robert Maunsell, being off the mouth of the Indramayo river, Java, came in sight of six French gun-boats with a convoy of proas. The Procris stood after the enemy until prevented by the shoal water from getting nearer; when Maunsell proceeded to attack them in the boats of his brig, accompanied by two flat boats, each containing twenty soldiers of the 14th and 29th regiments.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Commander Maunsell was accompanied by Lieutenant George Marjoribanks, and Lieutenants H. J. Heyland, of the 14th, and Oliver Brush, of the 89th regiments; also George Cunningham, William Eandall, and Charles Davies, masters' mates.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On nearing the gun-boats, a heavy fire was opened on the British boats, but five out of the six gun-boats were boarded and carried, and the other blown up. The vessels each mounted two brass guns: 32-pounder carronades forward, and long eighteens aft; and had crews of sixty men.",
"title": "Events"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The wounded in the British boats were: one man dangerously, two severely, and eight, including Eandall, slightly. Maunsell honourably mentioned the officers present with him on the occasion.",
"title": "Events"
}
] | The action of 31 July 1811 was a minor naval engagement fought between the Royal Navy and the French Imperial Navy during the British invasion of Java in 1811. On 31 July 1811, Commander Maunsell of the sloop the Procris discovered a convoy of 40 or 50 proas, escorted by six French gun-boats in the mouth of the Indramayo river. Launching boats they were able to board and capture five of the French gun-boats in quick succession; the sixth blew up. Meanwhile, however, the convoy escaped up the shallow muddy river. | 2023-12-11T21:17:01Z | 2023-12-25T03:30:16Z | [
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75,540,550 | Sword of the Vagrant | Sword of the Vagrant (originally titled The Vagrant) is a hack and slash side-scrolling role-playing video game. It was developed by O.T.K Games and published by SakuraGame and Rainy Frog LLC. The game was released on June 9, 2017, for Windows, and was later released on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on December 1, 2022. The game follows a female sellsword named Vivian who travels to the island of Mythrilla in search of her missing father. There, she is cursed and forced to serve an evil witch. The game is notable for its heavy graphical inspiration from Vanillaware titles such as Muramasa and Dragon's Crown. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its graphics, but called its gameplay simplistic, albeit worth the low price of the PC version.
The most positive review of the game was given by Hiroaki Mabuchi of IGN Japan for its PC version. He called its low price impressive for such a polished game, and said that it was a respectful homage to Vanillaware, calling the artwork worthy of praise and "flawless". He praised the work put into the game's Japanese localization, although he criticized the use of too many lines at once as making it difficult to read characters' emotions. He also called aspects of the gameplay monotonous, saying that the overall game lacked uniqueness.
Gameplay magazine called some bosses frustratingly hard, and said the game needed to be better balanced, but still recommended it given its extremely low price.
Scott McCrae of Nintendo Life described the Switch version of Sword of the Vagrant as "solid, but unremarkable". He called the hand-drawn art "wonderful", and also praised the story, although he criticized the relatively large amount of exposition. He also criticized the early parts of the game for being overly "barebones" until Vivian unlocked her full moveset. He noted the lack of autosave as an annoying aspect of the game, albeit one that did not hinder him until the final boss, which had a "long, tedious structure". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sword of the Vagrant (originally titled The Vagrant) is a hack and slash side-scrolling role-playing video game. It was developed by O.T.K Games and published by SakuraGame and Rainy Frog LLC. The game was released on June 9, 2017, for Windows, and was later released on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on December 1, 2022. The game follows a female sellsword named Vivian who travels to the island of Mythrilla in search of her missing father. There, she is cursed and forced to serve an evil witch. The game is notable for its heavy graphical inspiration from Vanillaware titles such as Muramasa and Dragon's Crown. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its graphics, but called its gameplay simplistic, albeit worth the low price of the PC version.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The most positive review of the game was given by Hiroaki Mabuchi of IGN Japan for its PC version. He called its low price impressive for such a polished game, and said that it was a respectful homage to Vanillaware, calling the artwork worthy of praise and \"flawless\". He praised the work put into the game's Japanese localization, although he criticized the use of too many lines at once as making it difficult to read characters' emotions. He also called aspects of the gameplay monotonous, saying that the overall game lacked uniqueness.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Gameplay magazine called some bosses frustratingly hard, and said the game needed to be better balanced, but still recommended it given its extremely low price.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Scott McCrae of Nintendo Life described the Switch version of Sword of the Vagrant as \"solid, but unremarkable\". He called the hand-drawn art \"wonderful\", and also praised the story, although he criticized the relatively large amount of exposition. He also criticized the early parts of the game for being overly \"barebones\" until Vivian unlocked her full moveset. He noted the lack of autosave as an annoying aspect of the game, albeit one that did not hinder him until the final boss, which had a \"long, tedious structure\".",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Sword of the Vagrant is a hack and slash side-scrolling role-playing video game. It was developed by O.T.K Games and published by SakuraGame and Rainy Frog LLC. The game was released on June 9, 2017, for Windows, and was later released on Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on December 1, 2022. The game follows a female sellsword named Vivian who travels to the island of Mythrilla in search of her missing father. There, she is cursed and forced to serve an evil witch. The game is notable for its heavy graphical inspiration from Vanillaware titles such as Muramasa and Dragon's Crown. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its graphics, but called its gameplay simplistic, albeit worth the low price of the PC version. | 2023-12-11T21:35:08Z | 2023-12-18T21:27:45Z | [
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75,540,577 | The Kremlin Ball | The Kremlin Ball (Italian: Il ballo al Kremlino) is an unfinished novel by the Italian writer Curzio Malaparte, published posthumously in 1971.
Inspired by Malaparte's visit to Moscow in 1929, the novel consists of scenes and interactions with high-level Communist Party officials. The novel's protagonist describes and analyses this "communist nobility" as a continuation of the decadent ruling elite it replaced, only more vulgar. He also interacts with leading Russian writers of the time, including Mikhail Bulgakov and Vladimir Mayakovsky.
The novel was left unfinished, but the material was published posthumously in 1971 in the last volume of Vallecchi [it]'s edition of Malaparte's complete works. Adelphi Edizioni published a version edited by Raffaella Rodondi in 2012, and New York Review Books put out an English translation of this version in 2018. It has the subitle Material for a Novel (Italian: materiale per un romanzo).
Mario Andrea Rigoni of Corriere della Sera wrote that The Kremlin Ball, if finished, could have been the third part in a triptych about Europe's decadence, after Malaparte's novels Kaputt (1944) and The Skin (1949). Rigoni wrote that the state of the work means it contains repetitions and inconsistencies, but that this does not make Malaparte's writing obscure. He described the book as an unusual combination of literary portrait and anecdote.
Alessandro Gnocchi [it] of Il Giornale wrote that the ideological snobbery and sense of moral superiority Malaparte attributes to the Soviet leaders make them reminiscent of later radical chic trends, and that "Malaparte's pen, extremely attentive to detail, is ruthless".
Publishers Weekly called the book "strange, aimless, and impassioned" in its descriptions and "halfway successful" in its ambition to portray the vanity and tragedy of the Soviet Union before the Great Purge. | [
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"text": "The Kremlin Ball (Italian: Il ballo al Kremlino) is an unfinished novel by the Italian writer Curzio Malaparte, published posthumously in 1971.",
"title": ""
},
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"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Inspired by Malaparte's visit to Moscow in 1929, the novel consists of scenes and interactions with high-level Communist Party officials. The novel's protagonist describes and analyses this \"communist nobility\" as a continuation of the decadent ruling elite it replaced, only more vulgar. He also interacts with leading Russian writers of the time, including Mikhail Bulgakov and Vladimir Mayakovsky.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The novel was left unfinished, but the material was published posthumously in 1971 in the last volume of Vallecchi [it]'s edition of Malaparte's complete works. Adelphi Edizioni published a version edited by Raffaella Rodondi in 2012, and New York Review Books put out an English translation of this version in 2018. It has the subitle Material for a Novel (Italian: materiale per un romanzo).",
"title": "Publication"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Mario Andrea Rigoni of Corriere della Sera wrote that The Kremlin Ball, if finished, could have been the third part in a triptych about Europe's decadence, after Malaparte's novels Kaputt (1944) and The Skin (1949). Rigoni wrote that the state of the work means it contains repetitions and inconsistencies, but that this does not make Malaparte's writing obscure. He described the book as an unusual combination of literary portrait and anecdote.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Alessandro Gnocchi [it] of Il Giornale wrote that the ideological snobbery and sense of moral superiority Malaparte attributes to the Soviet leaders make them reminiscent of later radical chic trends, and that \"Malaparte's pen, extremely attentive to detail, is ruthless\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Publishers Weekly called the book \"strange, aimless, and impassioned\" in its descriptions and \"halfway successful\" in its ambition to portray the vanity and tragedy of the Soviet Union before the Great Purge.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | The Kremlin Ball is an unfinished novel by the Italian writer Curzio Malaparte, published posthumously in 1971. | 2023-12-11T21:38:27Z | 2023-12-11T22:47:54Z | [
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75,540,586 | Who Got Our Love | "Who Got Our Love" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer John Anderson. It was released in September 1991, as the first single from Anderson's album Seminole Wind. It reached number 67 on the country charts in the United States and didn't chart in Canada.
The song is a fast-tempo number about a man asking his partner who she's been seeing behind his back.
A review on Billboard called the song "A keening, hard-driving interrogation by one of the great country voices." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "\"Who Got Our Love\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer John Anderson. It was released in September 1991, as the first single from Anderson's album Seminole Wind. It reached number 67 on the country charts in the United States and didn't chart in Canada.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The song is a fast-tempo number about a man asking his partner who she's been seeing behind his back.",
"title": "Content"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "A review on Billboard called the song \"A keening, hard-driving interrogation by one of the great country voices.\"",
"title": "Critical reception"
}
] | "Who Got Our Love" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer John Anderson. It was released in September 1991, as the first single from Anderson's album Seminole Wind. It reached number 67 on the country charts in the United States and didn't chart in Canada. | 2023-12-11T21:39:02Z | 2023-12-13T20:23:31Z | [
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75,540,659 | Leslie Collins | Leslie M. Collins is an American electrical engineer specializing in signal processing, and known for her research on topics including the use of ground-penetrating radar to detect land mines, and the performance of cochlear implants. She is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke University, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, and directs the Applied Machine Learning Lab.
Collins studied electrical engineering at the University of Kentucky, earning a bachelor's degree in 1985, and went on for a master's degree at the University of Michigan in 1986. After working for five years as an engineer for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, she returned to the University of Michigan for a Ph.D., completed in 1995.
She has been a faculty member at Duke University since 1995, initially as an assistant professor. She was tenured as an associate professor in 2002 and promoted to full professor in 2007.
Collins was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, "for contributions to signal processing algorithms for auditory applications and to buried threat detection". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Leslie M. Collins is an American electrical engineer specializing in signal processing, and known for her research on topics including the use of ground-penetrating radar to detect land mines, and the performance of cochlear implants. She is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke University, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, and directs the Applied Machine Learning Lab.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Collins studied electrical engineering at the University of Kentucky, earning a bachelor's degree in 1985, and went on for a master's degree at the University of Michigan in 1986. After working for five years as an engineer for the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, she returned to the University of Michigan for a Ph.D., completed in 1995.",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
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"text": "She has been a faculty member at Duke University since 1995, initially as an assistant professor. She was tenured as an associate professor in 2002 and promoted to full professor in 2007.",
"title": "Education and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Collins was named an IEEE Fellow, in the 2024 class of fellows, \"for contributions to signal processing algorithms for auditory applications and to buried threat detection\".",
"title": "Recognition"
}
] | Leslie M. Collins is an American electrical engineer specializing in signal processing, and known for her research on topics including the use of ground-penetrating radar to detect land mines, and the performance of cochlear implants. She is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Duke University, where she also holds an appointment in the Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, and directs the Applied Machine Learning Lab. | 2023-12-11T21:49:06Z | 2023-12-11T21:51:12Z | [
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75,540,668 | Claudia Sanders Dinner House | Claudia Sanders Dinner House is a restaurant in Shelbyville, Kentucky, United States, opened by KFC founder Colonel Sanders and his wife, Claudia, in 1968. Colonel Sanders opened the restaurant after he had grown unhappy with recipe changes at KFC after selling the company. The restaurant was subject to a lawsuit by the owners of KFC as it was promoted by Sanders, who was also the face of KFC.
The Dinner House is next to the house which the Sanders family lived in between 1959 and 1984, and became the first headquarters of Kentucky Fried Chicken.
In 1964, Sanders sold Kentucky Fried Chicken, and he later grew unhappy with the recipes that the franchise was changing to. In 1968 Colonel Sanders and his wife, Claudia, started the restaurant, originally named "Claudia Sanders, The Colonel's Lady Dinner House". After Kentucky Fried Chicken was bought by Heublein in 1971, Heublein was unhappy that Sanders was using his image for the competing restaurant (Sanders was a large face of Kentucky Fried Chicken). Heublein sued Sanders for this, and Sanders countersued the company for $122 million in 1974, claiming that Heublein was unlawfully using the Sanders face for products that he did not develop. The lawsuit was later settled for $1 million. The restaurant later changed its name to Claudia Sanders Dinner House. After Colonel Sanders died in 1980, Claudia Sanders sold the restaurant.
In 1999, the restaurant burned down in four hours. It was later rebuilt. The restaurant was listed for sale in 2022 with an initial asking price of $9 million, which was later reduced to $4.9 million the following year.
Claudia Sanders Dinner House serves over 100,000 customers per year.
38°12′58″N 85°16′43″W / 38.2160°N 85.2786°W / 38.2160; -85.2786 (Claudia Sanders Dinner House) | [
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{
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"text": "In 1964, Sanders sold Kentucky Fried Chicken, and he later grew unhappy with the recipes that the franchise was changing to. In 1968 Colonel Sanders and his wife, Claudia, started the restaurant, originally named \"Claudia Sanders, The Colonel's Lady Dinner House\". After Kentucky Fried Chicken was bought by Heublein in 1971, Heublein was unhappy that Sanders was using his image for the competing restaurant (Sanders was a large face of Kentucky Fried Chicken). Heublein sued Sanders for this, and Sanders countersued the company for $122 million in 1974, claiming that Heublein was unlawfully using the Sanders face for products that he did not develop. The lawsuit was later settled for $1 million. The restaurant later changed its name to Claudia Sanders Dinner House. After Colonel Sanders died in 1980, Claudia Sanders sold the restaurant.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1999, the restaurant burned down in four hours. It was later rebuilt. The restaurant was listed for sale in 2022 with an initial asking price of $9 million, which was later reduced to $4.9 million the following year.",
"title": "History"
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"text": "Claudia Sanders Dinner House serves over 100,000 customers per year.",
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] | Claudia Sanders Dinner House is a restaurant in Shelbyville, Kentucky, United States, opened by KFC founder Colonel Sanders and his wife, Claudia, in 1968. Colonel Sanders opened the restaurant after he had grown unhappy with recipe changes at KFC after selling the company. The restaurant was subject to a lawsuit by the owners of KFC as it was promoted by Sanders, who was also the face of KFC. | 2023-12-11T21:50:29Z | 2023-12-30T15:45:48Z | [
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75,540,692 | 2016 in reptile paleontology | This list of fossil reptiles described in 2016 is a list of new taxa of fossil reptiles that were described during the year 2016, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to reptile paleontology that occurred in 2016. | [
{
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"text": "This list of fossil reptiles described in 2016 is a list of new taxa of fossil reptiles that were described during the year 2016, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to reptile paleontology that occurred in 2016.",
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}
] | This list of fossil reptiles described in 2016 is a list of new taxa of fossil reptiles that were described during the year 2016, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to reptile paleontology that occurred in 2016. | 2023-12-11T21:54:35Z | 2023-12-14T17:25:03Z | [
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75,540,702 | Damián Bobadilla | Damián Josué Bobadilla Benítez (born 11 July 2001) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Série A club São Paulo.
Trained in the youth sectors of Cerro Porteño, he made his professional debut on 5 May 2021, against Atlético Mineiro in the 2021 Copa Libertadores.
Bobadilla was elected with the “Futbolista de la Gente” award for the 2023 edition of the Paraguayan Championship.
On 20 December 2023, Bobadilla moved to Brazil, signing a four-year contract with Série A club São Paulo, for a reported fee of around $3 million for 60% of the player's economic rights.
Damián is son of the former goalkeeper Aldo Bobadilla. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Damián Josué Bobadilla Benítez (born 11 July 2001) is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Série A club São Paulo.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Trained in the youth sectors of Cerro Porteño, he made his professional debut on 5 May 2021, against Atlético Mineiro in the 2021 Copa Libertadores.",
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"text": "Bobadilla was elected with the “Futbolista de la Gente” award for the 2023 edition of the Paraguayan Championship.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On 20 December 2023, Bobadilla moved to Brazil, signing a four-year contract with Série A club São Paulo, for a reported fee of around $3 million for 60% of the player's economic rights.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Damián is son of the former goalkeeper Aldo Bobadilla.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Damián Josué Bobadilla Benítez is a Paraguayan professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Série A club São Paulo. | 2023-12-11T21:56:27Z | 2023-12-29T16:31:52Z | [
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75,540,708 | Nasukh (short film) | Nasukh is a surreal short film written and directed by Asghar Abbasi. This film deals with the conditions of Iran in the 14th century from the perspective of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Nasukh is taken from the story of Nasukh book written by Mohammad Rasouli, Shahnameh scholar and Iranian writer. Nominated for the "Book and Cinema" special section of the 40th Tehran International Short Film Festival. | [
{
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"text": "Nasukh is a surreal short film written and directed by Asghar Abbasi. This film deals with the conditions of Iran in the 14th century from the perspective of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Nasukh is taken from the story of Nasukh book written by Mohammad Rasouli, Shahnameh scholar and Iranian writer. Nominated for the \"Book and Cinema\" special section of the 40th Tehran International Short Film Festival.",
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] | Nasukh is a surreal short film written and directed by Asghar Abbasi. This film deals with the conditions of Iran in the 14th century from the perspective of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Nasukh is taken from the story of Nasukh book written by Mohammad Rasouli, Shahnameh scholar and Iranian writer. Nominated for the "Book and Cinema" special section of the 40th Tehran International Short Film Festival. | 2023-12-11T21:57:44Z | 2023-12-13T03:10:52Z | [
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75,540,724 | University of Johannesburg women's football | The University of Johannesburg women's football, also knowns as UJ Ladies F.C., is the football club representing the University of Johannesburg based in Johannesburg, Gauteng. The senior team competes in the SAFA Women's League, the top tier women's football league in South Africa
In 2018, they won their first University Sport South Africa (USSA) title and defended the title in 2019.
In 2022, they won the 2022 FNB Varsity women’s football edition 5-3 on penalties following a 0-0 final match against defending champions the University of the Western Cape on Sunday, 16 October 2022.
The team won their third University Sport South Africa (USSA) title in 2022 winning 1-0 against the University of Pretoria.
They were runners up for the 2023 FNB Varsity women's football edition following a 2-0 loss against the University of Western Cape.
The junior team were runner's up at the inaugural U21 women’s 2023 Pirates Cup following a 2-1 defeat to the Tshwane University of Technology's side in March 2023. They successfully defended their Gauteng Engen Knockout Challenge title in July 2023.
UJ's home ground is the UJ Stadium located on the university's Soweto campus.
U/20 side titles
Gauteng Engen Knockout Challenge
Winners: 2022, 2023
U21 women’s Pirates Cup
Runner's up: 2023
Senior women's record
Varsity Football record
Winners: 2013, 2022
Runners-up: 2023
USSA Football National Club Championships record
Winners: 2018, 2019, 2022
Third place: 2023
SAFA Women's League record
2021 season: 9th
2022 season: 5th
2023 season: 9th | [
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"text": "They were runners up for the 2023 FNB Varsity women's football edition following a 2-0 loss against the University of Western Cape.",
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"text": "The junior team were runner's up at the inaugural U21 women’s 2023 Pirates Cup following a 2-1 defeat to the Tshwane University of Technology's side in March 2023. They successfully defended their Gauteng Engen Knockout Challenge title in July 2023.",
"title": "U/20 squad"
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"text": "U/20 side titles",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
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"text": "Gauteng Engen Knockout Challenge",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
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"text": "Winners: 2022, 2023",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
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"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "U21 women’s Pirates Cup",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
},
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"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Runner's up: 2023",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
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"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Senior women's record",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Varsity Football record",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
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"text": "Winners: 2013, 2022",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
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"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Runners-up: 2023",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "USSA Football National Club Championships record",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Winners: 2018, 2019, 2022",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
},
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"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Third place: 2023",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "SAFA Women's League record",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "2021 season: 9th",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "2022 season: 5th",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "2023 season: 9th",
"title": "Honours and Tournament history"
}
] | The University of Johannesburg women's football, also knowns as UJ Ladies F.C., is the football club representing the University of Johannesburg based in Johannesburg, Gauteng. The senior team competes in the SAFA Women's League, the top tier women's football league in South Africa | 2023-12-11T22:00:22Z | 2023-12-20T13:47:55Z | [
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75,540,744 | Athletics at the 2023 Parapan American Games – Men's 100 metres T13 | The men's T13 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 23 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:
All times shown are in seconds.
The results were as follows:Wind: -0.7 m/s | [
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},
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"text": "Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:",
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"text": "All times shown are in seconds.",
"title": "Results"
},
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"text": "The results were as follows:Wind: -0.7 m/s",
"title": "Results"
}
] | The men's T13 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 23 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile. | 2023-12-11T22:05:52Z | 2023-12-14T11:42:35Z | [
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75,540,751 | Asian Art Biennial | Asian Art Biennial is a contemporary art biennial organized by the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts in Taichung, Taiwan. It was first launched in 2007 with the mission to "explore the multiplicity of perspectives that inform contemporary reality" in Asia, to "facilitate intercultural dialogues through art" and to "enhance understanding of cultural perspectives of Asia" and its dynamic artistic creativity. The Biennial's first two editions, in 2007 and 2009, were curated by the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts chief curator TSAI Chao-Yi. In the following years, curator of exhibitions Iris Shu-Ping Huang took on this role. The Biennial first invited guest curators for its 6th edition in 2017 and has been organized by curatorial teams of two or more curators from different countries and regions in Asia in its subsequent editions. | [
{
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"text": "Asian Art Biennial is a contemporary art biennial organized by the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts in Taichung, Taiwan. It was first launched in 2007 with the mission to \"explore the multiplicity of perspectives that inform contemporary reality\" in Asia, to \"facilitate intercultural dialogues through art\" and to \"enhance understanding of cultural perspectives of Asia\" and its dynamic artistic creativity. The Biennial's first two editions, in 2007 and 2009, were curated by the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts chief curator TSAI Chao-Yi. In the following years, curator of exhibitions Iris Shu-Ping Huang took on this role. The Biennial first invited guest curators for its 6th edition in 2017 and has been organized by curatorial teams of two or more curators from different countries and regions in Asia in its subsequent editions.",
"title": ""
}
] | Asian Art Biennial is a contemporary art biennial organized by the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts in Taichung, Taiwan. It was first launched in 2007 with the mission to "explore the multiplicity of perspectives that inform contemporary reality" in Asia, to "facilitate intercultural dialogues through art" and to "enhance understanding of cultural perspectives of Asia" and its dynamic artistic creativity. The Biennial's first two editions, in 2007 and 2009, were curated by the National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts chief curator TSAI Chao-Yi. In the following years, curator of exhibitions Iris Shu-Ping Huang took on this role. The Biennial first invited guest curators for its 6th edition in 2017 and has been organized by curatorial teams of two or more curators from different countries and regions in Asia in its subsequent editions. | 2023-12-11T22:07:47Z | 2023-12-14T17:16:35Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Art_Biennial |
75,540,755 | Bandar Imam Petrochemical Company | Bandar Imam Petrochemical Company (BIPC) (Persian: شرکت پتروشیمی بندر امام) is an Iranian petrochemical company that produces chemicals, aromatics, polymers, and LPG. The main petrochemical products - ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene and xylenes - are manufactured at this complex. They are mostly converted into intermediate products and final goods like light polyethylene, heavy polyethylene, synthetic rubber, polyvinyl chloride, paraxylene and MTBE.
This company was formed in 1973 through a joint venture between the National Petrochemical Company of Iran and Japanese Mitsui under the name “Iran-Japan Petrochemical Company”. However, in 1986, after Mitsui withdrew from the project to build the complex, all of its shares were purchased by the National Petrochemical Company of Iran and the name was changed to Bandar Imam Petrochemical Company.
Bandar Imam Petrochemical Company was acquired by the Persian Gulf Petrochemical Industries in 2010.
The head office and plants of this company are located near the city of Bandar-e Mahshahr in Khuzestan province. The company is situated on a land area of approximately 270 hectares on the northwestern coast of the Persian Gulf in Khuzestan Province, 160 km southeast of Ahvaz and 84 km east of Abadan in the Imam Khomeini Port Special Economic Zone. | [
{
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"text": "Bandar Imam Petrochemical Company (BIPC) (Persian: شرکت پتروشیمی بندر امام) is an Iranian petrochemical company that produces chemicals, aromatics, polymers, and LPG. The main petrochemical products - ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene and xylenes - are manufactured at this complex. They are mostly converted into intermediate products and final goods like light polyethylene, heavy polyethylene, synthetic rubber, polyvinyl chloride, paraxylene and MTBE.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "This company was formed in 1973 through a joint venture between the National Petrochemical Company of Iran and Japanese Mitsui under the name “Iran-Japan Petrochemical Company”. However, in 1986, after Mitsui withdrew from the project to build the complex, all of its shares were purchased by the National Petrochemical Company of Iran and the name was changed to Bandar Imam Petrochemical Company.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Bandar Imam Petrochemical Company was acquired by the Persian Gulf Petrochemical Industries in 2010.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The head office and plants of this company are located near the city of Bandar-e Mahshahr in Khuzestan province. The company is situated on a land area of approximately 270 hectares on the northwestern coast of the Persian Gulf in Khuzestan Province, 160 km southeast of Ahvaz and 84 km east of Abadan in the Imam Khomeini Port Special Economic Zone.",
"title": ""
}
] | Bandar Imam Petrochemical Company (BIPC) is an Iranian petrochemical company that produces chemicals, aromatics, polymers, and LPG. The main petrochemical products - ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene and xylenes - are manufactured at this complex. They are mostly converted into intermediate products and final goods like light polyethylene, heavy polyethylene, synthetic rubber, polyvinyl chloride, paraxylene and MTBE. This company was formed in 1973 through a joint venture between the National Petrochemical Company of Iran and Japanese Mitsui under the name “Iran-Japan Petrochemical Company”. However, in 1986, after Mitsui withdrew from the project to build the complex, all of its shares were purchased by the National Petrochemical Company of Iran and the name was changed to Bandar Imam Petrochemical Company. Bandar Imam Petrochemical Company was acquired by the Persian Gulf Petrochemical Industries in 2010. The head office and plants of this company are located near the city of Bandar-e Mahshahr in Khuzestan province. The company is situated on a land area of approximately 270 hectares on the northwestern coast of the Persian Gulf in Khuzestan Province, 160 km southeast of Ahvaz and 84 km east of Abadan in the Imam Khomeini Port Special Economic Zone. | 2023-12-11T22:08:42Z | 2023-12-31T23:16:15Z | [
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75,540,763 | Kidnapping of Yarden Roman-Gat | The kidnapping of Yarden Roman-Gat occurred during the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel and the subsequent Gaza Strip hostage crisis. Yarden Roman-Gat, a 36-year-old woman who is a dual national of Germany and Israel, along with her husband Alon and their 3-year-old daughter Gefen, were abducted by Hamas militants from their home in Kibbutz Be'eri on October 7, 2023, during the Be'eri massacre, and taken towards the Gaza Strip border. Yarden's act of self-sacrifice in saving her daughter during their escape attempt, and her subsequent two-month-long captivity in Gaza, garnered significant attention and an international campaign to release her and other hostages held in Gaza.
The family had returned to Israel from a vacation just a day before the incident and had recently moved out of Be’eri to Givatayim due to the stress of missile attacks. Yarden, who holds dual nationality in Germany and Israel, is an avid rock climber, a passion shared by a close-knit community of Israeli rock-climbing adventurers. During her captivity, this community rallied together in support.
On October 7, 2023, the Roman-Gat family visited the kibbutz for a family event during the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah. On that morning, Hamas militants who infiltrated the border from Gaza forcibly took the family from their house. During the event, Alon's mother, Kinneret, was murdered, and his sister Carmel was also taken. The four armed kidnappers used a pickup truck stolen from the kibbutz to transport their captives.
Near the Gaza border, Yarden and Alon seized an opportunity to escape from the vehicle with Gefen when their captors were distracted by the approach of an IDF tank and left the vehicle. Alon and Yarden, with Gefen in tow, fled the vehicle and ran towards the fields. However, realizing that a nearby IDF outpost was abandoned, they decided not to approach it. At this point, the militants spotted them and began chasing and shooting at them. In a desperate attempt to ensure her daughter's safety, Yarden handed Gefen to Alon, knowing he could run faster, and then she ran in a different direction to distract the militants. Alon and Gefen managed to evade capture and hid in the bushes for 12 hours.
After Alon provided them with the location where they had separated, Yarden's brother, Gili Roman, alongside volunteers and Bedouin trackers, searched the area where Yarden was last seen but found no trace of her. This led to the conclusion that she had been recaptured and taken to Gaza.
For nearly two months, Yarden remained a hostage in Gaza, sparking widespread concern and an international campaign to secure her release, along with other Hamas hostages. During her captivity, Yarden was unaware of the status of her three-year-old daughter, Gefen, and her husband. This uncertainty changed when she inadvertently heard her cousin Gil on the radio. Gil dedicated a song titled 'Kinneret' in memory of Alon's mother, Kinneret, who was murdered in the massacre. In his message, he also noted that Carmel, Alon's sister, and Yarden herself had been kidnapped. Yarden inferred from Gil's omission of Alon and Gefen in his announcement that they were still alive.
Yarden was released on November 29, 2023, as part of a temporary ceasefire and prisoner exchange between Hamas and Israel brokered by Qatar and the United States. Yarden's emotional embrace when reunited with her daughter Gefen, captured in a widely circulated video. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The kidnapping of Yarden Roman-Gat occurred during the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel and the subsequent Gaza Strip hostage crisis. Yarden Roman-Gat, a 36-year-old woman who is a dual national of Germany and Israel, along with her husband Alon and their 3-year-old daughter Gefen, were abducted by Hamas militants from their home in Kibbutz Be'eri on October 7, 2023, during the Be'eri massacre, and taken towards the Gaza Strip border. Yarden's act of self-sacrifice in saving her daughter during their escape attempt, and her subsequent two-month-long captivity in Gaza, garnered significant attention and an international campaign to release her and other hostages held in Gaza.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "The family had returned to Israel from a vacation just a day before the incident and had recently moved out of Be’eri to Givatayim due to the stress of missile attacks. Yarden, who holds dual nationality in Germany and Israel, is an avid rock climber, a passion shared by a close-knit community of Israeli rock-climbing adventurers. During her captivity, this community rallied together in support.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
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"text": "On October 7, 2023, the Roman-Gat family visited the kibbutz for a family event during the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah. On that morning, Hamas militants who infiltrated the border from Gaza forcibly took the family from their house. During the event, Alon's mother, Kinneret, was murdered, and his sister Carmel was also taken. The four armed kidnappers used a pickup truck stolen from the kibbutz to transport their captives.",
"title": "Kidnapping"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Near the Gaza border, Yarden and Alon seized an opportunity to escape from the vehicle with Gefen when their captors were distracted by the approach of an IDF tank and left the vehicle. Alon and Yarden, with Gefen in tow, fled the vehicle and ran towards the fields. However, realizing that a nearby IDF outpost was abandoned, they decided not to approach it. At this point, the militants spotted them and began chasing and shooting at them. In a desperate attempt to ensure her daughter's safety, Yarden handed Gefen to Alon, knowing he could run faster, and then she ran in a different direction to distract the militants. Alon and Gefen managed to evade capture and hid in the bushes for 12 hours.",
"title": "Kidnapping"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After Alon provided them with the location where they had separated, Yarden's brother, Gili Roman, alongside volunteers and Bedouin trackers, searched the area where Yarden was last seen but found no trace of her. This led to the conclusion that she had been recaptured and taken to Gaza.",
"title": "Search efforts and captivity"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "For nearly two months, Yarden remained a hostage in Gaza, sparking widespread concern and an international campaign to secure her release, along with other Hamas hostages. During her captivity, Yarden was unaware of the status of her three-year-old daughter, Gefen, and her husband. This uncertainty changed when she inadvertently heard her cousin Gil on the radio. Gil dedicated a song titled 'Kinneret' in memory of Alon's mother, Kinneret, who was murdered in the massacre. In his message, he also noted that Carmel, Alon's sister, and Yarden herself had been kidnapped. Yarden inferred from Gil's omission of Alon and Gefen in his announcement that they were still alive.",
"title": "Search efforts and captivity"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Yarden was released on November 29, 2023, as part of a temporary ceasefire and prisoner exchange between Hamas and Israel brokered by Qatar and the United States. Yarden's emotional embrace when reunited with her daughter Gefen, captured in a widely circulated video.",
"title": "Search efforts and captivity"
}
] | The kidnapping of Yarden Roman-Gat occurred during the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel and the subsequent Gaza Strip hostage crisis. Yarden Roman-Gat, a 36-year-old woman who is a dual national of Germany and Israel, along with her husband Alon and their 3-year-old daughter Gefen, were abducted by Hamas militants from their home in Kibbutz Be'eri on October 7, 2023, during the Be'eri massacre, and taken towards the Gaza Strip border. Yarden's act of self-sacrifice in saving her daughter during their escape attempt, and her subsequent two-month-long captivity in Gaza, garnered significant attention and an international campaign to release her and other hostages held in Gaza. | 2023-12-11T22:10:54Z | 2023-12-29T21:47:25Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Yarden_Roman-Gat |
75,540,789 | Reborn (comics) | Reborn is a British fantasy comic book limited series written by Mark Millar and illustrated by Greg Capullo. Published by Image Comics, the series is primarily set in the afterlife of the Millarworld, following Bonnie Black, an 80-year-old woman who after her death is reborn in Adystria with a sword in her hand, searching for her husband while facing off against the evils of the neighboring Dark Lands. The series, originally published between October 12, 2016 and June 7, 2017, was collected as a trade paperback on August 2, 2017 and a hardback graphic novel on May 2, 2018, and will be republished as an omnibus by Dark Horse Comics in 2024. Characters from the series would later return in the miniseries Big Game in 2023. Receiving a generally positive critical reception, both a sequel and feature film adaptation of the series have been in development hell since its initial publication.
"The old world was just a dry run for this one. If you were good there, you're strong here. If you were kind to everyone, you're reborn unbeatable."
Where do we go when we die? Not Heaven or Hell, but Adystria or the Dark Lands, where one has to fight to survive, and the people of the past are waiting, good and bad alike. On dying of old age in her hospital bed, 80-year-old Bonnie Black finds herself reborn in the afterlife of Adystria, a realm ten times the size of Earth, as its physically 25-years-old "savior", with a sword in her hand and gun of her hip, forced to protect the realm from the evils of the Dark Lands, while searching for her husband Harry.
Ahead of its initial publication, Mark Millar stated in June 2016 that the series had been produced with an adaptation in mind, having already begun negotiations to see one be made. By January 2019, Chris McKay was attached to direct a Reborn feature film for Netflix, with Sandra Bullock and Vertigo Entertainment producing, and Bullock being considered to possibly also star. By August 2020, Bek Smith came onboard as the film's screenwriter, along with Bullock's Fortis Films banner and additional producers Roy Lee and Miri Moon, and co-producer Samantha Nisenboim, with Bullock confirmed to co-star in the film by September, being produced for Netflix. Following this, the film entered development hell. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Reborn is a British fantasy comic book limited series written by Mark Millar and illustrated by Greg Capullo. Published by Image Comics, the series is primarily set in the afterlife of the Millarworld, following Bonnie Black, an 80-year-old woman who after her death is reborn in Adystria with a sword in her hand, searching for her husband while facing off against the evils of the neighboring Dark Lands. The series, originally published between October 12, 2016 and June 7, 2017, was collected as a trade paperback on August 2, 2017 and a hardback graphic novel on May 2, 2018, and will be republished as an omnibus by Dark Horse Comics in 2024. Characters from the series would later return in the miniseries Big Game in 2023. Receiving a generally positive critical reception, both a sequel and feature film adaptation of the series have been in development hell since its initial publication.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "\"The old world was just a dry run for this one. If you were good there, you're strong here. If you were kind to everyone, you're reborn unbeatable.\"",
"title": "Premise"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Where do we go when we die? Not Heaven or Hell, but Adystria or the Dark Lands, where one has to fight to survive, and the people of the past are waiting, good and bad alike. On dying of old age in her hospital bed, 80-year-old Bonnie Black finds herself reborn in the afterlife of Adystria, a realm ten times the size of Earth, as its physically 25-years-old \"savior\", with a sword in her hand and gun of her hip, forced to protect the realm from the evils of the Dark Lands, while searching for her husband Harry.",
"title": "Premise"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Ahead of its initial publication, Mark Millar stated in June 2016 that the series had been produced with an adaptation in mind, having already begun negotiations to see one be made. By January 2019, Chris McKay was attached to direct a Reborn feature film for Netflix, with Sandra Bullock and Vertigo Entertainment producing, and Bullock being considered to possibly also star. By August 2020, Bek Smith came onboard as the film's screenwriter, along with Bullock's Fortis Films banner and additional producers Roy Lee and Miri Moon, and co-producer Samantha Nisenboim, with Bullock confirmed to co-star in the film by September, being produced for Netflix. Following this, the film entered development hell.",
"title": "Adaptation"
}
] | Reborn is a British fantasy comic book limited series written by Mark Millar and illustrated by Greg Capullo. Published by Image Comics, the series is primarily set in the afterlife of the Millarworld, following Bonnie Black, an 80-year-old woman who after her death is reborn in Adystria with a sword in her hand, searching for her husband while facing off against the evils of the neighboring Dark Lands. The series, originally published between October 12, 2016 and June 7, 2017, was collected as a trade paperback on August 2, 2017 and a hardback graphic novel on May 2, 2018, and will be republished as an omnibus by Dark Horse Comics in 2024. Characters from the series would later return in the miniseries Big Game in 2023. Receiving a generally positive critical reception, both a sequel and feature film adaptation of the series have been in development hell since its initial publication. | 2023-12-11T22:15:41Z | 2023-12-30T15:09:29Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reborn_(comics) |
75,540,796 | Daniel Ansari | Daniel Ansari (born December 26, 1975) is a German-Canadian cognitive neuroscientist and distinguished professor specializing in children's cognitive and neural development, with emphasis on numerical and mathematical skills and understanding. He is a Canada Research Chair (Tier 1) in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning at Western University, Canada. He is a member of the college of the Royal Society of Canada. He is also a Fellow in the Child and Brain Development Program of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Ansari received the Boyd McCandless Early Career Award from the American Psychological Association. He was a fellow in Klaus J. Jacobs Foundation Advanced Research.
Ansari has authored or co-authored over 140 journal articles and has over 20k citations on Google Scholar with a h-index of 78.
In 1999 Ansari completed his B.A. (Hons) in Psychology from the School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences at the University of Sussex.
He earned a Ph.D. from the Neurocognitive Development Unit at the Institute of Child Health, University College London, completed between 1999 and 2003.
During his doctoral studies, he became increasingly interested in neuroscience. He interrupted his PhD for a year to study for an MSc in neuroscience at the University of Oxford.
In 2003, Ansari became an assistant professor of education at Dartmouth College in the education department.
From July 2010 to July 2014, he served as an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology Institute at Western University. From July 2014 to July 2018, he served as a professor.
Since July 2018, he has been serving as a Professor jointly appointed in the Department of Psychology and the Faculty of Education.
For the past 20 years, Ansari has directed The Numerical Cognition Laboratory, a research group focused on understanding numerical processing, mathematical abilities, and the challenges some children face in early numeracy and math. The lab employs behavioral and brain imaging methods to investigate the cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in numerical cognition.
In 2011, Ansari was honored with the Boyd McCandless Early Career Award by the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 7: Developmental Psychology.
In 2012, he was the recipient of the Transforming Education through Neuroscience Award from IMBES and L&B.
In 2018, Ansari received the Marion Welchman International Award from the British Dyslexia Association.
In 2019, Ansari was appointed as a Fellow in the Child and Brain Development Program by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. From 2018 to 2020 Ansari was a Tier II Canada Research Chair in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience.
In 2020, his contributions to developmental cognitive neuroscience were further recognized with A Tier I Canada Research Chair. He earned the Jacobs Foundation Advanced Research Fellowship, spanning from 2018 to 2020.
In 2015, Ansari also received the NSERC E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship.
In 2022, Ansari was designated as a LEAP Fellow by MIT Solve. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Daniel Ansari (born December 26, 1975) is a German-Canadian cognitive neuroscientist and distinguished professor specializing in children's cognitive and neural development, with emphasis on numerical and mathematical skills and understanding. He is a Canada Research Chair (Tier 1) in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning at Western University, Canada. He is a member of the college of the Royal Society of Canada. He is also a Fellow in the Child and Brain Development Program of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Ansari received the Boyd McCandless Early Career Award from the American Psychological Association. He was a fellow in Klaus J. Jacobs Foundation Advanced Research.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ansari has authored or co-authored over 140 journal articles and has over 20k citations on Google Scholar with a h-index of 78.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1999 Ansari completed his B.A. (Hons) in Psychology from the School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences at the University of Sussex.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He earned a Ph.D. from the Neurocognitive Development Unit at the Institute of Child Health, University College London, completed between 1999 and 2003.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "During his doctoral studies, he became increasingly interested in neuroscience. He interrupted his PhD for a year to study for an MSc in neuroscience at the University of Oxford.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2003, Ansari became an assistant professor of education at Dartmouth College in the education department.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "From July 2010 to July 2014, he served as an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology Institute at Western University. From July 2014 to July 2018, he served as a professor.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Since July 2018, he has been serving as a Professor jointly appointed in the Department of Psychology and the Faculty of Education.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "For the past 20 years, Ansari has directed The Numerical Cognition Laboratory, a research group focused on understanding numerical processing, mathematical abilities, and the challenges some children face in early numeracy and math. The lab employs behavioral and brain imaging methods to investigate the cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in numerical cognition.",
"title": "Numerical Cognition Laboratory"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 2011, Ansari was honored with the Boyd McCandless Early Career Award by the American Psychological Association (APA) Division 7: Developmental Psychology.",
"title": "Awards and fellowships"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In 2012, he was the recipient of the Transforming Education through Neuroscience Award from IMBES and L&B.",
"title": "Awards and fellowships"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In 2018, Ansari received the Marion Welchman International Award from the British Dyslexia Association.",
"title": "Awards and fellowships"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 2019, Ansari was appointed as a Fellow in the Child and Brain Development Program by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. From 2018 to 2020 Ansari was a Tier II Canada Research Chair in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience.",
"title": "Awards and fellowships"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In 2020, his contributions to developmental cognitive neuroscience were further recognized with A Tier I Canada Research Chair. He earned the Jacobs Foundation Advanced Research Fellowship, spanning from 2018 to 2020.",
"title": "Awards and fellowships"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "In 2015, Ansari also received the NSERC E.W.R. Steacie Memorial Fellowship.",
"title": "Awards and fellowships"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "In 2022, Ansari was designated as a LEAP Fellow by MIT Solve.",
"title": "Awards and fellowships"
}
] | Daniel Ansari is a German-Canadian cognitive neuroscientist and distinguished professor specializing in children's cognitive and neural development, with emphasis on numerical and mathematical skills and understanding. He is a Canada Research Chair in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning at Western University, Canada.
He is a member of the college of the Royal Society of Canada. He is also a Fellow in the Child and Brain Development Program of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Ansari received the Boyd McCandless Early Career Award from the American Psychological Association. He was a fellow in Klaus J. Jacobs Foundation Advanced Research. Ansari has authored or co-authored over 140 journal articles and has over 20k citations on Google Scholar with a h-index of 78. | 2023-12-11T22:17:43Z | 2023-12-22T13:32:14Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ansari |
75,540,802 | Tamina (Dessert) | Tamina ( in Arabic: الطمينة, ) or “semolina cake,” is an ancient Algerian sweet consisting of toasted ground semolina, golden but not brown, butter, and melted honey. It is typically decorated with cinnamon, Pistachio or sugared almonds.
It's also called Tamena, Taqnata or Takneta is a delicious pastry, traditionally served in Algeria and Morocco on the occasion of a birth or Mawlid Ennabawi echarif (a religious holiday commemorating the birth of the Prophet of Islam Muhammad.) or it is served when celebrating the birth of a child but it can be prepared any day of the year.
There is another Algerian pastry called tamina (Rfiss Tousni), but this one is made with grilled semolina, butter and date paste (gharss). A delicious sweetness to accompany with a good Algerian mint tea or a latte at snack time. Tamina garnished with pine nuts for more delicacy.
Tamina is usually shared between a few people, as it is served in small plates and consumed with small spoons.
Tamina is prepared in different ways depending on the region, including : | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tamina ( in Arabic: الطمينة, ) or “semolina cake,” is an ancient Algerian sweet consisting of toasted ground semolina, golden but not brown, butter, and melted honey. It is typically decorated with cinnamon, Pistachio or sugared almonds.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It's also called Tamena, Taqnata or Takneta is a delicious pastry, traditionally served in Algeria and Morocco on the occasion of a birth or Mawlid Ennabawi echarif (a religious holiday commemorating the birth of the Prophet of Islam Muhammad.) or it is served when celebrating the birth of a child but it can be prepared any day of the year.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "There is another Algerian pastry called tamina (Rfiss Tousni), but this one is made with grilled semolina, butter and date paste (gharss). A delicious sweetness to accompany with a good Algerian mint tea or a latte at snack time. Tamina garnished with pine nuts for more delicacy.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Tamina is usually shared between a few people, as it is served in small plates and consumed with small spoons.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Tamina is prepared in different ways depending on the region, including :",
"title": "Variates"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "",
"title": "Variates"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "",
"title": "Variates"
}
] | Tamina or “semolina cake,” is an ancient Algerian sweet consisting of toasted ground semolina, golden but not brown, butter, and melted honey. It is typically decorated with cinnamon, Pistachio or sugared almonds. It's also called Tamena, Taqnata or Takneta is a delicious pastry, traditionally served in Algeria and Morocco on the occasion of a birth or Mawlid Ennabawi echarif or it is served when celebrating the birth of a child but it can be prepared any day of the year. There is another Algerian pastry called tamina, but this one is made with grilled semolina, butter and date paste (gharss). A delicious sweetness to accompany with a good Algerian mint tea or a latte at snack time. Tamina garnished with pine nuts for more delicacy. Tamina is usually shared between a few people, as it is served in small plates and consumed with small spoons. | 2023-12-11T22:18:59Z | 2023-12-13T17:30:08Z | [
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamina_(Dessert) |
75,540,829 | Statue of Odin in Oslo | The Statue of Odin in Oslo is an archaeological discovery in Bjerke in Oslo, Norway. Dating back to the Viking era, the statue was built around 825 and is the largest sculpture of the Norse god Odin ever discovered. It is estimated to have measured around 10 meters in height, but some estimates place it as being up to 15 meters in height. Only the head and left leg of the statue remain intact.
The statue was built around 825, during the Viking era. The statue was destroyed in 1204.
The remains of the statue were first unearthed in 2015 by a group of archaeologists in Bjerke, Oslo, Norway. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Statue of Odin in Oslo is an archaeological discovery in Bjerke in Oslo, Norway. Dating back to the Viking era, the statue was built around 825 and is the largest sculpture of the Norse god Odin ever discovered. It is estimated to have measured around 10 meters in height, but some estimates place it as being up to 15 meters in height. Only the head and left leg of the statue remain intact.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The statue was built around 825, during the Viking era. The statue was destroyed in 1204.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The remains of the statue were first unearthed in 2015 by a group of archaeologists in Bjerke, Oslo, Norway.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The Statue of Odin in Oslo is an archaeological discovery in Bjerke in Oslo, Norway. Dating back to the Viking era, the statue was built around 825 and is the largest sculpture of the Norse god Odin ever discovered. It is estimated to have measured around 10 meters in height, but some estimates place it as being up to 15 meters in height. Only the head and left leg of the statue remain intact. | 2023-12-11T22:26:11Z | 2023-12-13T07:01:48Z | [
"Template:Europe-archaeology-stub",
"Template:Sculpture-stub",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Odin_in_Oslo |
75,540,830 | 2023 World Aesthetic Group Gymnastics Championships | The 2023 World Aesthetic Group Gymnastics Championships, the 23rd edition of the Aesthetic group gymnastics competition, was held in Almaty, Kazakhstan from November 24 to 26, at the Baluan Sholak Sports Palace. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2023 World Aesthetic Group Gymnastics Championships, the 23rd edition of the Aesthetic group gymnastics competition, was held in Almaty, Kazakhstan from November 24 to 26, at the Baluan Sholak Sports Palace.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | The 2023 World Aesthetic Group Gymnastics Championships, the 23rd edition of the Aesthetic group gymnastics competition, was held in Almaty, Kazakhstan from November 24 to 26, at the Baluan Sholak Sports Palace. | 2023-12-11T22:26:13Z | 2023-12-13T04:01:24Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_World_Aesthetic_Group_Gymnastics_Championships |
75,540,831 | Harness the Wind | Harness the Wind is a Canadian animated short film, directed by Sidney Goldsmith and released in 1978. The film is an educational documentary depicting the history of wind power.
The film premiered at the Ottawa International Animation Festival in August 1978, where it won the award for Best Instructional Film.
It received a Canadian Film Award nomination for Best Animated Short at the 29th Canadian Film Awards. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Harness the Wind is a Canadian animated short film, directed by Sidney Goldsmith and released in 1978. The film is an educational documentary depicting the history of wind power.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The film premiered at the Ottawa International Animation Festival in August 1978, where it won the award for Best Instructional Film.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "It received a Canadian Film Award nomination for Best Animated Short at the 29th Canadian Film Awards.",
"title": ""
}
] | Harness the Wind is a Canadian animated short film, directed by Sidney Goldsmith and released in 1978. The film is an educational documentary depicting the history of wind power. The film premiered at the Ottawa International Animation Festival in August 1978, where it won the award for Best Instructional Film. It received a Canadian Film Award nomination for Best Animated Short at the 29th Canadian Film Awards. | 2023-12-11T22:26:16Z | 2023-12-12T02:19:30Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harness_the_Wind |
75,540,847 | Mi fai stare bene | Mi fai stare bene is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 25 May 1998 on Mercury Records.
It has sold 700,000 copies in Italy. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mi fai stare bene is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 25 May 1998 on Mercury Records.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It has sold 700,000 copies in Italy.",
"title": ""
}
] | Mi fai stare bene is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 25 May 1998 on Mercury Records. It has sold 700,000 copies in Italy. | 2023-12-11T22:30:39Z | 2023-12-30T01:21:32Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi_fai_stare_bene |
75,540,863 | Diez de Octubre School | The Diez de Octubre School (Chinese: 中華三民聯校; pinyin: zhōnghuá sānmín lián xiào; lit. 'Chung Wa-San Min United Colleges'; CDO), is a Peruvian private college headquartered in Lima—in the districts of Breña and San Miguel— and Chiclayo. It was founded in 1924 by a group of women from the Catholic Ladies' Association of the Chinese Colony. The college offers early, primary and secondary education studies.
The school, originally funded by the government of the Republic of China, is the first Chinese school in the Americas.
In 1924, a group of ladies from the Catholic Ladies' Association of the Chinese Colony, in their usual social welfare meetings, considered the urgent need to create an educational center for the benefit of the children of the Chinese residents, this being the first Chinese school in the Americas.
The "Chung Wa" school (Chinese: 中華; pinyin: Zhōnghuá), created in 1924, and the "San Min" school (Chinese: 三民; pinyin: Sānmín), created in 1936, served as the basis for the creation of the "Diez de Octubre" school in Breña in 1962. The student population was always increasing and as a result of this, the promoters created the "Confucio" annex in the San Miguel district in 1982, and the "Sun Yat Sen" school in the city of Chiclayo in 2006.
Apart from the educational centers, the school also has a Leisure and Recreation Center, located in the Cieneguilla district, which the classes attend annually. The educator Juan León Lara was the manager and conductor of these works.
The school's three representative colours represent the following: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Diez de Octubre School (Chinese: 中華三民聯校; pinyin: zhōnghuá sānmín lián xiào; lit. 'Chung Wa-San Min United Colleges'; CDO), is a Peruvian private college headquartered in Lima—in the districts of Breña and San Miguel— and Chiclayo. It was founded in 1924 by a group of women from the Catholic Ladies' Association of the Chinese Colony. The college offers early, primary and secondary education studies.",
"title": ""
},
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"text": "The school, originally funded by the government of the Republic of China, is the first Chinese school in the Americas.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "In 1924, a group of ladies from the Catholic Ladies' Association of the Chinese Colony, in their usual social welfare meetings, considered the urgent need to create an educational center for the benefit of the children of the Chinese residents, this being the first Chinese school in the Americas.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The \"Chung Wa\" school (Chinese: 中華; pinyin: Zhōnghuá), created in 1924, and the \"San Min\" school (Chinese: 三民; pinyin: Sānmín), created in 1936, served as the basis for the creation of the \"Diez de Octubre\" school in Breña in 1962. The student population was always increasing and as a result of this, the promoters created the \"Confucio\" annex in the San Miguel district in 1982, and the \"Sun Yat Sen\" school in the city of Chiclayo in 2006.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Apart from the educational centers, the school also has a Leisure and Recreation Center, located in the Cieneguilla district, which the classes attend annually. The educator Juan León Lara was the manager and conductor of these works.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The school's three representative colours represent the following:",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Diez de Octubre School, is a Peruvian private college headquartered in Lima—in the districts of Breña and San Miguel— and Chiclayo. It was founded in 1924 by a group of women from the Catholic Ladies' Association of the Chinese Colony. The college offers early, primary and secondary education studies. The school, originally funded by the government of the Republic of China, is the first Chinese school in the Americas. | 2023-12-11T22:33:02Z | 2023-12-12T19:38:25Z | [
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75,540,881 | Athletics at the 2023 Parapan American Games – Men's 100 metres T35 | The men's T35 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 23 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:
All times shown are in seconds.
The fastest two athletes of each semifinal advance to the final. The results were as follows:
The results were as follows: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The men's T35 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 23 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:",
"title": "Records"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "All times shown are in seconds.",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The fastest two athletes of each semifinal advance to the final. The results were as follows:",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The results were as follows:",
"title": "Results"
}
] | The men's T35 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 23 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile. | 2023-12-11T22:37:32Z | 2023-12-13T17:57:48Z | [
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75,540,891 | The Volga Rises in Europe | The Volga Rises in Europe (Italian: Il Volga nasce in Europa) is a book of World War II journalism by the Italian writer Curzio Malaparte.
The book is a collection of newspaper articles about the Eastern Front during World War II that Malaparte wrote for the Corriere della Sera.
The book was printed twice in 1943. The first edition was destroyed in Allied bombing and the second repressed by German authorities. It was republished and reached readers in Italy in 1951, and in English translation in 1957.
The Times Literary Supplement wrote in its review: "If The Voga Rises in Europe does not quite come up to the level of [Malaparte's 1944 novel] Kaputt, and one has very much the feeling that it has already been stripped of many of its plums for earlier and other use, yet it convincingly confirms Malaparte's right, whatever his faults, to be rated one of the most brilliant reporters of out time." International Affairs wrote that The Volga Rises in Europe and Kaputt share the same "virtues and faults", but that Kaputt covers some of the same events in a more substantial way. The critic called Malaparte an "epic scene-painter of extraordinary power" and wrote that his sociological reflections about World War II are striking, although ultimately unconvincing. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Volga Rises in Europe (Italian: Il Volga nasce in Europa) is a book of World War II journalism by the Italian writer Curzio Malaparte.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The book is a collection of newspaper articles about the Eastern Front during World War II that Malaparte wrote for the Corriere della Sera.",
"title": "Summary"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The book was printed twice in 1943. The first edition was destroyed in Allied bombing and the second repressed by German authorities. It was republished and reached readers in Italy in 1951, and in English translation in 1957.",
"title": "Publication"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Times Literary Supplement wrote in its review: \"If The Voga Rises in Europe does not quite come up to the level of [Malaparte's 1944 novel] Kaputt, and one has very much the feeling that it has already been stripped of many of its plums for earlier and other use, yet it convincingly confirms Malaparte's right, whatever his faults, to be rated one of the most brilliant reporters of out time.\" International Affairs wrote that The Volga Rises in Europe and Kaputt share the same \"virtues and faults\", but that Kaputt covers some of the same events in a more substantial way. The critic called Malaparte an \"epic scene-painter of extraordinary power\" and wrote that his sociological reflections about World War II are striking, although ultimately unconvincing.",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | The Volga Rises in Europe is a book of World War II journalism by the Italian writer Curzio Malaparte. | 2023-12-11T22:38:51Z | 2023-12-11T22:46:22Z | [
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75,540,892 | Protastacus | Protastacus is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived in what is now Germany during the early Cretaceous period. The type species is P. politus, and a second species, P. antiquus, is also assigned to the genus. Protastacus grew to around 10 cm (3.9 in) long and had a mostly crayfish-like appearance, with enlarged pincer-bearing appendages and a segmented abdomen. Though formerly assigned to the Astacidae or Nephropoidea, it is currently placed as the only genus in the family Protastacidae, which in turn is the only family in the superfamily Protastacoidea.
Both known species are believed to be brackish water animals, inhabiting a large upland-surrounded lake where the Bückeberg Formation was deposited during the earliest Cretaceous. This lake was originally freshwater and connected to the Boreal Sea, but became brackish due to marine transgression. Protastacus would have lived alongside various fish, invertebrates and aquatic reptiles in this lake, while terrestrial animals such as dinosaurs inhabited the surrounding shores.
Fossils of Protastacus have been described 115 years before the genus was established. In 1868, Schlüter erected the species Astacus politus based on remains found near Ochtrup, Germany, believing it represented an extinct species of the extant crayfish genus Astacus. Later in 1905, Erich Harbort studies fossilized remains in clay ironstone geodes found north of Bückeberg, Germany and erects the species Astacus antiquus based on them. Harbort notes the similarity between A. politus and A. antiquus, and that the two species differ in the shape of the carapace and uropods. The specific name antiquus is Latin meaning "ancient".
Albrecht (1983) is the first to recognize that the two aforementioned species do not actually belong to Astacus. He erects the genus Protastacus with A. politus as its type species and A. antiquus as an additional species. The two are thus renamed as Protastacus politus and Protastacus antiquus respectively.
A crustacean of moderate size, Harbort (1905) noted that larger specimens of Protastacus are around 10 cm (3.9 in) long. The carapace is smooth and subcylindrical in shape, with a deep cervical groove stretching across its surface. This groove first bends down the carapace sides, then bends forwards, down and forwards again to reach the front of the carapace. There are no postcervical or branchiocardiac grooves. Two keel-like projections are present lower on the sides, as well as a thorn-like structure at the front of either side at the "cheek" area. Though the ends of the antennae are not preserved, their bases were enlarged.
The first three pair of pereiopods end with pincers, with the frontmost pair being most greatly enlarged. The first segment of the abdomen is small, whereas the second to sixth segments are larger and around the same size. The exoskeletal parts of these segments are laterally rounded and enlarged, giving the appearance that these segments are bulging at the bottom. Like the carapace, the covering of the abdomen is smooth. The telson has a subrectangular shape and the uropods are large, with the exopods being divided by a distinct suture known as the diaeresis.
Although both Protastacus species were initially described as species of Astacus, Albrecht (1983) recognized that they form a distinct genus belonging in a separate family from Astacus. He named this family Protastacidae, assigning the two genera Protastacus and Pseudastacus into it, the former being the type genus of the family. In 1997, Tshudy and Babcock reassigned Pseudastacus to the family Chilenophoberidae, leaving Protastacidae as a monotypic family with Protastacus as its only genus.
The phylogenetic placement of Protastacidae has been a subject of controversy. Shen et al. (2001) and Schram (2001) questioned the family's placement in Astacida. In 2003, Rode and Babcock found that Protastacus belonged to the family Astacidae, making Protastacidae an invalid grouping. From 2009 to 2012, Protastacidae was commonly placed in the superfamily Nephropoidea as relatives to the lobster family Nephropidae. Analysis by Karasawa et al. (2013) found that Protastacidae contained only the genus Protastacus and belonged in a monotypic superfamily (Protastacoidea), which is a sister taxon to the clade containing Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. The following cladogram shows the placement of Protastacus within Astacidea according to the study:
Both of the known Protastacus species were collected from early Cretaceous deposits in Germany. Although Schlüter (1868) does not specify the horizon from which the fossils of P. politus were collected, Harbort (1905) states they most likely originate from the "upper Wealden", which is also where P. antiquus fossils were discovered. The "upper Wealden" here likely refers to the Bückeberg Formation, sometimes called the "German Wealden" due to its similarity to the British Wealden Group. Protastacus is believed to be a brackish water animal, as analysis of hydrogen, carbon and sulphur ratios as well as the presence of Botryococcus algae in the Bückeberg Formation prove the depositional environment was brackish-freshwater.
The Bückeberg Formation likely represented a large lake receiving fluvial drainage from the surrounding uplands and connected to the Boreal Sea to the west by narrow passage. Though originally freshwater, this lake gradually became brackish due to marine transgression caused by episodic transgressive phases and tectonic activity. Fossil remains of various aquatic animals have been found here which would have lived alongside Protastacus, such as molluscs, crustaceans, fish (hybodonts, Indaginilepis and Scheenstia), turtles (including Hylaeochelys, Pleurosternon and Dorsetochelys (=Ballerstedtia)), the plesiosaur Brancasaurus, and crocodyliforms (Goniopholis and Pholidosaurus). Terrestrial animals that would have lived on the lake shores are also represented, including body fossils of the dinosaurs Stenopelix and Hylaeosaurus, as well as footprints of various dinosaurs and pterosaurs. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Protastacus is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived in what is now Germany during the early Cretaceous period. The type species is P. politus, and a second species, P. antiquus, is also assigned to the genus. Protastacus grew to around 10 cm (3.9 in) long and had a mostly crayfish-like appearance, with enlarged pincer-bearing appendages and a segmented abdomen. Though formerly assigned to the Astacidae or Nephropoidea, it is currently placed as the only genus in the family Protastacidae, which in turn is the only family in the superfamily Protastacoidea.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Both known species are believed to be brackish water animals, inhabiting a large upland-surrounded lake where the Bückeberg Formation was deposited during the earliest Cretaceous. This lake was originally freshwater and connected to the Boreal Sea, but became brackish due to marine transgression. Protastacus would have lived alongside various fish, invertebrates and aquatic reptiles in this lake, while terrestrial animals such as dinosaurs inhabited the surrounding shores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Fossils of Protastacus have been described 115 years before the genus was established. In 1868, Schlüter erected the species Astacus politus based on remains found near Ochtrup, Germany, believing it represented an extinct species of the extant crayfish genus Astacus. Later in 1905, Erich Harbort studies fossilized remains in clay ironstone geodes found north of Bückeberg, Germany and erects the species Astacus antiquus based on them. Harbort notes the similarity between A. politus and A. antiquus, and that the two species differ in the shape of the carapace and uropods. The specific name antiquus is Latin meaning \"ancient\".",
"title": "Discovery and naming"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Albrecht (1983) is the first to recognize that the two aforementioned species do not actually belong to Astacus. He erects the genus Protastacus with A. politus as its type species and A. antiquus as an additional species. The two are thus renamed as Protastacus politus and Protastacus antiquus respectively.",
"title": "Discovery and naming"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "A crustacean of moderate size, Harbort (1905) noted that larger specimens of Protastacus are around 10 cm (3.9 in) long. The carapace is smooth and subcylindrical in shape, with a deep cervical groove stretching across its surface. This groove first bends down the carapace sides, then bends forwards, down and forwards again to reach the front of the carapace. There are no postcervical or branchiocardiac grooves. Two keel-like projections are present lower on the sides, as well as a thorn-like structure at the front of either side at the \"cheek\" area. Though the ends of the antennae are not preserved, their bases were enlarged.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The first three pair of pereiopods end with pincers, with the frontmost pair being most greatly enlarged. The first segment of the abdomen is small, whereas the second to sixth segments are larger and around the same size. The exoskeletal parts of these segments are laterally rounded and enlarged, giving the appearance that these segments are bulging at the bottom. Like the carapace, the covering of the abdomen is smooth. The telson has a subrectangular shape and the uropods are large, with the exopods being divided by a distinct suture known as the diaeresis.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Although both Protastacus species were initially described as species of Astacus, Albrecht (1983) recognized that they form a distinct genus belonging in a separate family from Astacus. He named this family Protastacidae, assigning the two genera Protastacus and Pseudastacus into it, the former being the type genus of the family. In 1997, Tshudy and Babcock reassigned Pseudastacus to the family Chilenophoberidae, leaving Protastacidae as a monotypic family with Protastacus as its only genus.",
"title": "Classification"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The phylogenetic placement of Protastacidae has been a subject of controversy. Shen et al. (2001) and Schram (2001) questioned the family's placement in Astacida. In 2003, Rode and Babcock found that Protastacus belonged to the family Astacidae, making Protastacidae an invalid grouping. From 2009 to 2012, Protastacidae was commonly placed in the superfamily Nephropoidea as relatives to the lobster family Nephropidae. Analysis by Karasawa et al. (2013) found that Protastacidae contained only the genus Protastacus and belonged in a monotypic superfamily (Protastacoidea), which is a sister taxon to the clade containing Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. The following cladogram shows the placement of Protastacus within Astacidea according to the study:",
"title": "Classification"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Both of the known Protastacus species were collected from early Cretaceous deposits in Germany. Although Schlüter (1868) does not specify the horizon from which the fossils of P. politus were collected, Harbort (1905) states they most likely originate from the \"upper Wealden\", which is also where P. antiquus fossils were discovered. The \"upper Wealden\" here likely refers to the Bückeberg Formation, sometimes called the \"German Wealden\" due to its similarity to the British Wealden Group. Protastacus is believed to be a brackish water animal, as analysis of hydrogen, carbon and sulphur ratios as well as the presence of Botryococcus algae in the Bückeberg Formation prove the depositional environment was brackish-freshwater.",
"title": "Paleoenvironment"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The Bückeberg Formation likely represented a large lake receiving fluvial drainage from the surrounding uplands and connected to the Boreal Sea to the west by narrow passage. Though originally freshwater, this lake gradually became brackish due to marine transgression caused by episodic transgressive phases and tectonic activity. Fossil remains of various aquatic animals have been found here which would have lived alongside Protastacus, such as molluscs, crustaceans, fish (hybodonts, Indaginilepis and Scheenstia), turtles (including Hylaeochelys, Pleurosternon and Dorsetochelys (=Ballerstedtia)), the plesiosaur Brancasaurus, and crocodyliforms (Goniopholis and Pholidosaurus). Terrestrial animals that would have lived on the lake shores are also represented, including body fossils of the dinosaurs Stenopelix and Hylaeosaurus, as well as footprints of various dinosaurs and pterosaurs.",
"title": "Paleoenvironment"
}
] | Protastacus is an extinct genus of decapod crustaceans that lived in what is now Germany during the early Cretaceous period. The type species is P. politus, and a second species, P. antiquus, is also assigned to the genus. Protastacus grew to around 10 cm (3.9 in) long and had a mostly crayfish-like appearance, with enlarged pincer-bearing appendages and a segmented abdomen. Though formerly assigned to the Astacidae or Nephropoidea, it is currently placed as the only genus in the family Protastacidae, which in turn is the only family in the superfamily Protastacoidea. Both known species are believed to be brackish water animals, inhabiting a large upland-surrounded lake where the Bückeberg Formation was deposited during the earliest Cretaceous. This lake was originally freshwater and connected to the Boreal Sea, but became brackish due to marine transgression. Protastacus would have lived alongside various fish, invertebrates and aquatic reptiles in this lake, while terrestrial animals such as dinosaurs inhabited the surrounding shores. | 2023-12-11T22:38:54Z | 2023-12-27T04:33:20Z | [
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75,540,902 | Everardo Dias | Everardo Dias (Pontevedra, 1883 - São Paulo, 1966) was a journalist and important activist in the Brazilian workers' movement in the early decades of the 20th century. He participated in the 1917 Brazil strike and the 1918 anarchist insurrection.
Everardo Dias was born in Pontevedra, Spain, in 1883. In 1887, at the age of two, he came to Brazil with his father, professor and Freemason Antônio Dias, who was involved in a failed republican uprising. With the help of other Freemasons, he embarked for São Paulo carrying correspondence for Martinico Prado, one of Brazil's Republican leaders. At 13, Everardo learned the printer's trade and went to work for the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo, where he stayed until he completed his studies at the Normal School.
After graduating, he got a teaching job in Aparecida do Monte Alto. There, Vicente Picarelli, an old Freemason, created the Filhos do Universo Lodge, of the Grande Oriente de São Paulo, where Everardo was initiated in June 1904, at the age of 21. After a year in Aparecida, he returned to São Paulo and, failing to get a transfer, abandoned teaching and became a journalist. He tried to study at the Faculty of Law in São Paulo but, due to financial difficulties, he decided to drop out of the program. Years later, he graduated from the Free Faculty of Law in Rio de Janeiro. In São Paulo, he joined the União Espanhola Lodge, where he received the degree of Knight Rose-Cross in March 1906.
He stood out as a leader during the anti-clerical movement in São Paulo, participated in the Associação de Livres Pensadores and directed the fortnightly O Livre Pensador, published for the first time in 1902. In it, he extolled Lamarck, Darwin, Haeckel and Spencer while attacking the Catholic Church, smoking and alcohol. There was also a lot of criticism of priests who attacked Protestants, Freemasons, Spiritists, freethinkers and socialists. In 1905, Everardo was the press representative at the Russian martyrs' rally in São Paulo. In 1906, he attended the May 1st celebrations in Campinas.
On May 3, 1908, he joined the Ordem e Progresso Lodge, in São Paulo, where he held the position of 2nd Vigilante in 1910. When Republican leader Pedro de Toledo became Grand Master of the Grande Oriente de São Paulo, a program of lectures about civics, freedom of conscience and the defence of the law was organized in the state. Everardo lectured about the need for education, schools for the people and women's emancipation at the Amizade, Ordem e Progresso, União Espanhola, Fidelidade Firmeza and other lodges, as well as in the interior of the state and in Rio de Janeiro. He translated Victor Margueritte's book, La Garçonne, which caused great scandal in France.
During the General Strike of June 10, 1917 in São Paulo, he wrote the bulletin distributed to the population defending better wages and rights for workers. He was part of the Paulista Republican Party (PRP), alongside Pedro de Toledo, fighting against the reform of the 1891 Constitution. When the PRP took over the government, he was offered a position in the administration, but refused because he was against this type of endorsement and joined the Workers' Party. Between 1912 and 1919, he was a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Grande Oriente de São Paulo representing lodges Perseveranças III, from Sorocaba, União Espanhola, from São Paulo, and Deus, Justiça e Caridade, from Perderneiras. From 1916 to 1918, he was a member of the Tribunal Maçônico de Justiça Estadual. In 1918, he was elected Grand Secretary of the Grande Oriente de São Paulo.
On October 27, 1919, after the General Strike in São Paulo, Everardo was arrested along with José Righetti and João da Costa Pimenta, general secretary of the União dos Trabalhadores Gráficos de São Paulo, taken to Santos and put in an infected cubicle completely naked. Two days later, he was taken to the courtyard where he was whipped 25 times on his back. That same day, he was taken to São Paulo and then, along with 10 other prisoners and guarded by 25 soldiers, transferred to Rio de Janeiro, where they would be expelled from Brazil. At the Central Police Station in Rio de Janeiro, Everardo, weakened, told the delegate that "he hadn't eaten, drunk or slept for four days and nights".
On the afternoon of October 30, Everardo and 22 other prisoners were taken to the docks to board the Lloyd Brasileiro's Benevente. When they arrived in Bahia, Manuel Gama sent a letter in which he spoke of Everardo, "who, sad and pensive, is dragging his cross to Calvary!". Everardo writes: "I'm more dead than alive... I'm weak and I think I have tuberculosis! Oh, it's horrible!". While a habeas corpus petition was being filed in Everardo's favor, claiming that he had lived in the country for 33 years, was a naturalized Brazilian citizen, had six Brazilian daughters and worked as a bookkeeper, the deputy and Freemason Mauricio de Lacerda, Carlos Lacerda's father, read his dramatic letter in the Federal Chamber. Astrogildo Pereira, through the pages of Spartacus, recalled that Everardo had published Livre Pensador for 15 years and had been editor-in-chief of O Estado de S. Paulo. Loja América also stood out in his defense. On November 8, the Supreme Court denied the petition for habeas corpus.
When they arrived in Recife, they spent three days in three cells that could only fit three people. On November 24, after a stopover on the Madeira Island, they docked in Lisbon. The police picked up the Portuguese prisoners, but left the Spaniards, including Everardo, on the ship. On November 29, in Vigo, Spain, all the deportees disembarked, except Everardo Dias, Manuel Perdigão and Francisco Ferreira, because they were recognized as Brazilian. Sick, haggard, taciturn, without money or adequate clothing, fearful of spending the winter on the Benevente, they begged to disembark too, but were forbidden.
In December, in Le Havre, France, suffering in the harsh winter, they asked the Brazilian consul for warm clothes, but received no reply. After passing through Rotterdam, the Benevente returned to Vigo, where Perdigão and Ferreira disembarked. In the meantime, the newly sworn in Grand Master, José Adriano Marrey Júnior, accompanied by Senator and Freemason Luís de Toledo Piza, from the América Lodge, in an audience with Altino Arantes, the state governor, managed to get the police's attitude condemned and his expulsion revoked. Everardo could finally return to Brazil.
Everardo arrived in Recife on January 25, 1920, and was received with great homage. There, he participated in a session at the União dos Operários da Construção Civil, where he attributed the cause of his trials to his articles against the government published in A Plebe, blamed Ibraim Nobre for the beating he suffered in Santos and denounced the treatment he received from Manuel Perdigão, a native Brazilian. During his three days in Recife, he received many tributes and was greeted by Antônio Canellas, Professor Joaquim Pimenta and Cristiano Cordeiro, whose house he stayed in overnight.
The same year he returned, he helped found the Clarté Group, composed of members who would later organize the Brazilian Socialist Party. In 1921, Everardo was involved in founding the Perfeição Segredo Lodge, in Rio de Janeiro, which aimed to spread knowledge and indoctrinate Freemasons; the initiative failed after the crisis in 1921. At the time, he ran the Freemasonry printing house in Méier and his workshops published Octávio Brandão's book Rússia Proletária and the magazine Movimento Comunista. In 1923, the police raided the printing house and confiscated it.
In 1922, when the 18 of the Fort Revolt occurred, Everardo had organized a committee in favor of Nilo Peçanha, the former Grand Master of the Grande Oriente de São Paulo, an opponent of Artur Bernardes who was arrested and sent to the Cobras Island and then to the Santa Cruz Fortress. In 1923, together with Canellas and other comrades, he was arrested accused of preparing an uprising against the government of Artur Bernardes, but was soon released. Later, he took part in the meeting of the Brazilian Communist Party, at which Canellas was suspended. When the São Paulo Revolt of 1924 broke out, Everardo, who was in Rio de Janeiro, was arrested again and sent to the concentration camps on the islands off the Brazilian coast, where he was imprisoned for three years.
Released, with his health shaken, he returned to his family in a difficult financial situation because his assets had been confiscated during the state of siege. Later, he returned to work as a journalist at the Diário Nacional, organized by the Democratic Party and led by Marrey Júnior, where he remained until its closure after the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932. At the end of 1927, he was launched by O Internacional as a candidate for the São Paulo City Council by the Bloco Operário Camponês. During this period, he was monitored and his house was constantly raided by the police. He supported the 1930 revolution and had to flee São Paulo to avoid being arrested again. In 1932, unemployed and persecuted by the police, he lived in a tenement in Rio de Janeiro where he raised chickens to survive.
During the Communist Uprising of 1935, he was arrested without any proof of his involvement for almost two years, until he was acquitted by the National Security Court. In the National Congress, he was defended by then deputy Café Filho, the son of a Freemason. When he was released, he returned to Masonic work at the Ordem e Progresso Lodge. He wrote the Masonic works Semeando, À Sombra da Acácia and, in collaboration with Octaviano Bastos and Optato Carajuru, the Livro Maçônico do Centenário. He was editor and director of the Boletim Oficial do Grande Oriente de São Paulo and the newspapers Folha de Acácia and Mensageiro Romano.
He died in 1966, five years after publishing História das Lutas Sociais no Brasil. On April 4 of that same year, the Everardo Dias Lodge was founded in his honor. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Everardo Dias (Pontevedra, 1883 - São Paulo, 1966) was a journalist and important activist in the Brazilian workers' movement in the early decades of the 20th century. He participated in the 1917 Brazil strike and the 1918 anarchist insurrection.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Everardo Dias was born in Pontevedra, Spain, in 1883. In 1887, at the age of two, he came to Brazil with his father, professor and Freemason Antônio Dias, who was involved in a failed republican uprising. With the help of other Freemasons, he embarked for São Paulo carrying correspondence for Martinico Prado, one of Brazil's Republican leaders. At 13, Everardo learned the printer's trade and went to work for the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo, where he stayed until he completed his studies at the Normal School.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After graduating, he got a teaching job in Aparecida do Monte Alto. There, Vicente Picarelli, an old Freemason, created the Filhos do Universo Lodge, of the Grande Oriente de São Paulo, where Everardo was initiated in June 1904, at the age of 21. After a year in Aparecida, he returned to São Paulo and, failing to get a transfer, abandoned teaching and became a journalist. He tried to study at the Faculty of Law in São Paulo but, due to financial difficulties, he decided to drop out of the program. Years later, he graduated from the Free Faculty of Law in Rio de Janeiro. In São Paulo, he joined the União Espanhola Lodge, where he received the degree of Knight Rose-Cross in March 1906.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He stood out as a leader during the anti-clerical movement in São Paulo, participated in the Associação de Livres Pensadores and directed the fortnightly O Livre Pensador, published for the first time in 1902. In it, he extolled Lamarck, Darwin, Haeckel and Spencer while attacking the Catholic Church, smoking and alcohol. There was also a lot of criticism of priests who attacked Protestants, Freemasons, Spiritists, freethinkers and socialists. In 1905, Everardo was the press representative at the Russian martyrs' rally in São Paulo. In 1906, he attended the May 1st celebrations in Campinas.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On May 3, 1908, he joined the Ordem e Progresso Lodge, in São Paulo, where he held the position of 2nd Vigilante in 1910. When Republican leader Pedro de Toledo became Grand Master of the Grande Oriente de São Paulo, a program of lectures about civics, freedom of conscience and the defence of the law was organized in the state. Everardo lectured about the need for education, schools for the people and women's emancipation at the Amizade, Ordem e Progresso, União Espanhola, Fidelidade Firmeza and other lodges, as well as in the interior of the state and in Rio de Janeiro. He translated Victor Margueritte's book, La Garçonne, which caused great scandal in France.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "During the General Strike of June 10, 1917 in São Paulo, he wrote the bulletin distributed to the population defending better wages and rights for workers. He was part of the Paulista Republican Party (PRP), alongside Pedro de Toledo, fighting against the reform of the 1891 Constitution. When the PRP took over the government, he was offered a position in the administration, but refused because he was against this type of endorsement and joined the Workers' Party. Between 1912 and 1919, he was a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Grande Oriente de São Paulo representing lodges Perseveranças III, from Sorocaba, União Espanhola, from São Paulo, and Deus, Justiça e Caridade, from Perderneiras. From 1916 to 1918, he was a member of the Tribunal Maçônico de Justiça Estadual. In 1918, he was elected Grand Secretary of the Grande Oriente de São Paulo.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On October 27, 1919, after the General Strike in São Paulo, Everardo was arrested along with José Righetti and João da Costa Pimenta, general secretary of the União dos Trabalhadores Gráficos de São Paulo, taken to Santos and put in an infected cubicle completely naked. Two days later, he was taken to the courtyard where he was whipped 25 times on his back. That same day, he was taken to São Paulo and then, along with 10 other prisoners and guarded by 25 soldiers, transferred to Rio de Janeiro, where they would be expelled from Brazil. At the Central Police Station in Rio de Janeiro, Everardo, weakened, told the delegate that \"he hadn't eaten, drunk or slept for four days and nights\".",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "On the afternoon of October 30, Everardo and 22 other prisoners were taken to the docks to board the Lloyd Brasileiro's Benevente. When they arrived in Bahia, Manuel Gama sent a letter in which he spoke of Everardo, \"who, sad and pensive, is dragging his cross to Calvary!\". Everardo writes: \"I'm more dead than alive... I'm weak and I think I have tuberculosis! Oh, it's horrible!\". While a habeas corpus petition was being filed in Everardo's favor, claiming that he had lived in the country for 33 years, was a naturalized Brazilian citizen, had six Brazilian daughters and worked as a bookkeeper, the deputy and Freemason Mauricio de Lacerda, Carlos Lacerda's father, read his dramatic letter in the Federal Chamber. Astrogildo Pereira, through the pages of Spartacus, recalled that Everardo had published Livre Pensador for 15 years and had been editor-in-chief of O Estado de S. Paulo. Loja América also stood out in his defense. On November 8, the Supreme Court denied the petition for habeas corpus.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "When they arrived in Recife, they spent three days in three cells that could only fit three people. On November 24, after a stopover on the Madeira Island, they docked in Lisbon. The police picked up the Portuguese prisoners, but left the Spaniards, including Everardo, on the ship. On November 29, in Vigo, Spain, all the deportees disembarked, except Everardo Dias, Manuel Perdigão and Francisco Ferreira, because they were recognized as Brazilian. Sick, haggard, taciturn, without money or adequate clothing, fearful of spending the winter on the Benevente, they begged to disembark too, but were forbidden.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In December, in Le Havre, France, suffering in the harsh winter, they asked the Brazilian consul for warm clothes, but received no reply. After passing through Rotterdam, the Benevente returned to Vigo, where Perdigão and Ferreira disembarked. In the meantime, the newly sworn in Grand Master, José Adriano Marrey Júnior, accompanied by Senator and Freemason Luís de Toledo Piza, from the América Lodge, in an audience with Altino Arantes, the state governor, managed to get the police's attitude condemned and his expulsion revoked. Everardo could finally return to Brazil.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Everardo arrived in Recife on January 25, 1920, and was received with great homage. There, he participated in a session at the União dos Operários da Construção Civil, where he attributed the cause of his trials to his articles against the government published in A Plebe, blamed Ibraim Nobre for the beating he suffered in Santos and denounced the treatment he received from Manuel Perdigão, a native Brazilian. During his three days in Recife, he received many tributes and was greeted by Antônio Canellas, Professor Joaquim Pimenta and Cristiano Cordeiro, whose house he stayed in overnight.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The same year he returned, he helped found the Clarté Group, composed of members who would later organize the Brazilian Socialist Party. In 1921, Everardo was involved in founding the Perfeição Segredo Lodge, in Rio de Janeiro, which aimed to spread knowledge and indoctrinate Freemasons; the initiative failed after the crisis in 1921. At the time, he ran the Freemasonry printing house in Méier and his workshops published Octávio Brandão's book Rússia Proletária and the magazine Movimento Comunista. In 1923, the police raided the printing house and confiscated it.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "In 1922, when the 18 of the Fort Revolt occurred, Everardo had organized a committee in favor of Nilo Peçanha, the former Grand Master of the Grande Oriente de São Paulo, an opponent of Artur Bernardes who was arrested and sent to the Cobras Island and then to the Santa Cruz Fortress. In 1923, together with Canellas and other comrades, he was arrested accused of preparing an uprising against the government of Artur Bernardes, but was soon released. Later, he took part in the meeting of the Brazilian Communist Party, at which Canellas was suspended. When the São Paulo Revolt of 1924 broke out, Everardo, who was in Rio de Janeiro, was arrested again and sent to the concentration camps on the islands off the Brazilian coast, where he was imprisoned for three years.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Released, with his health shaken, he returned to his family in a difficult financial situation because his assets had been confiscated during the state of siege. Later, he returned to work as a journalist at the Diário Nacional, organized by the Democratic Party and led by Marrey Júnior, where he remained until its closure after the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932. At the end of 1927, he was launched by O Internacional as a candidate for the São Paulo City Council by the Bloco Operário Camponês. During this period, he was monitored and his house was constantly raided by the police. He supported the 1930 revolution and had to flee São Paulo to avoid being arrested again. In 1932, unemployed and persecuted by the police, he lived in a tenement in Rio de Janeiro where he raised chickens to survive.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "During the Communist Uprising of 1935, he was arrested without any proof of his involvement for almost two years, until he was acquitted by the National Security Court. In the National Congress, he was defended by then deputy Café Filho, the son of a Freemason. When he was released, he returned to Masonic work at the Ordem e Progresso Lodge. He wrote the Masonic works Semeando, À Sombra da Acácia and, in collaboration with Octaviano Bastos and Optato Carajuru, the Livro Maçônico do Centenário. He was editor and director of the Boletim Oficial do Grande Oriente de São Paulo and the newspapers Folha de Acácia and Mensageiro Romano.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "He died in 1966, five years after publishing História das Lutas Sociais no Brasil. On April 4 of that same year, the Everardo Dias Lodge was founded in his honor.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Everardo Dias was a journalist and important activist in the Brazilian workers' movement in the early decades of the 20th century. He participated in the 1917 Brazil strike and the 1918 anarchist insurrection. | 2023-12-11T22:40:51Z | 2023-12-13T05:23:29Z | [
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75,540,909 | In the Time of Harmony | In the Time of Harmony is a painting by the French artist Paul Signac, completed in 1895 in Saint-Tropez. This pointillist oil painting on canvas represents the sea shore where numerous people perform different activities such as foraging, pétanque, reading, dancing, and painting. Shown at the Salon des indépendants in 1895, it has since been in the grand staircase of the Montreuil city hall in Seine-Saint-Denis.
The title of the work was originally In the Time of Anarchy. It was changed by self-censorship. But the painting maintains a utopian subtitle without being overtly anarchist: "The golden age is not in the past; it is in the future." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In the Time of Harmony is a painting by the French artist Paul Signac, completed in 1895 in Saint-Tropez. This pointillist oil painting on canvas represents the sea shore where numerous people perform different activities such as foraging, pétanque, reading, dancing, and painting. Shown at the Salon des indépendants in 1895, it has since been in the grand staircase of the Montreuil city hall in Seine-Saint-Denis.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The title of the work was originally In the Time of Anarchy. It was changed by self-censorship. But the painting maintains a utopian subtitle without being overtly anarchist: \"The golden age is not in the past; it is in the future.\"",
"title": ""
}
] | In the Time of Harmony is a painting by the French artist Paul Signac, completed in 1895 in Saint-Tropez. This pointillist oil painting on canvas represents the sea shore where numerous people perform different activities such as foraging, pétanque, reading, dancing, and painting. Shown at the Salon des indépendants in 1895, it has since been in the grand staircase of the Montreuil city hall in Seine-Saint-Denis. The title of the work was originally In the Time of Anarchy. It was changed by self-censorship. But the painting maintains a utopian subtitle without being overtly anarchist: "The golden age is not in the past; it is in the future." | 2023-12-11T22:42:05Z | 2023-12-31T21:38:59Z | [
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"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox artwork",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Time_of_Harmony |
75,540,913 | Sung-Yoon Lee bibliography | Sung-Yoon Lee is a scholar, policy advisor, and author specialized on North Korea and East Asia. His written opus has focussed on exposing the wrongdoings of the North Korean regime and advancing policies to curb it. He has contributed to media outlets, published academic papers and a book, and written statements as part of his expert witness advice to the U.S. Congress. His writing style has been described as exuberant, vivid, and sharp, with a meticulous and insightful analysis.
Lee has profiled Kim Yo Jong, the sister and closest aid to North Korea's supreme leader Kim Jong Un. Reviewers of Lee's work noted that despite the at-times gentle demeanor, she is at least as ruthless as his brother, is ready to succeed him if necessary, and she would maintain the nature of the regime. Reviewers both critical and positive coincided in noting the unusual nature of the work, which given the closed nature of the regime had to contend with a dearth of normal biographical sources and lacked direct access to the subject. The author aimed to remedy these limitations by delving deeper into on the broader context of the regime and Kim family history, as well as by conducting a detailed analysis of the subject's public appearances and written public statements. Some critics were unsatisfied with this approach while others were positive.
Lee has notably warned the international community, especially the U.S. and South Korea not to cave-in to the brinksmanship maneuvers by North Korea, nor to fall for false overtures to reconciliation, which in fact only seeks to extract gains for the regime. In his published works Lee has noted that the North has been repeatedly successful at manipulating the South and its allies with these cycles of threats and then diplomacy, which he named the Pyongyang playbook.
Lee has published written statements as part of his testimony as an expert witness in U.S. Congress hearings. In those hearings he notably argued for the strengthening of sanctions against North Korea, warned about North Korea's history of brinksmanship, and pointed to the key role of China is facilitating or impeding international pressure on North Korea.
Lee has actively advanced his geopolitical analysis and policy and recommendations through engagement with mass media, especially by publishing articles in newspapers and other media outlets.
Lee has often collaborated with Joshua Stanton, a North Korean human rights advocate and a lawyer based in Washington D.C., together co-authoring multiple articles to advance legislation of tougher sanctions.
Given the despotic nature of the North Korean regime, its oppression of its own population and the nuclear threats to international security, Lee has proposed a strategy of stern treatment of the North Korean government, while engaging the North Korean people.
The first is primarily to be pursued with sanctions that create economic pressure aimed at the elite; reducing the available resources to the regime, and diminishing the loyalty of the ruling. Lee sees this as the only non-military way to force the regime into a real negotiation on denuclearization and human rights. Lee has repeatedly further asserted that strong sanctions must not be undermined by false peace overtures by the regime to trick the international community into concessionary diplomacy. The second is to be pursued as humanitarian aid for the population, increasing efforts to disseminate more information from the outside world into North Korea, facilitating defections, and pressing for a global campaign of human rights.
Judicial expert witness work
Book chapter | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sung-Yoon Lee is a scholar, policy advisor, and author specialized on North Korea and East Asia. His written opus has focussed on exposing the wrongdoings of the North Korean regime and advancing policies to curb it. He has contributed to media outlets, published academic papers and a book, and written statements as part of his expert witness advice to the U.S. Congress. His writing style has been described as exuberant, vivid, and sharp, with a meticulous and insightful analysis.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Lee has profiled Kim Yo Jong, the sister and closest aid to North Korea's supreme leader Kim Jong Un. Reviewers of Lee's work noted that despite the at-times gentle demeanor, she is at least as ruthless as his brother, is ready to succeed him if necessary, and she would maintain the nature of the regime. Reviewers both critical and positive coincided in noting the unusual nature of the work, which given the closed nature of the regime had to contend with a dearth of normal biographical sources and lacked direct access to the subject. The author aimed to remedy these limitations by delving deeper into on the broader context of the regime and Kim family history, as well as by conducting a detailed analysis of the subject's public appearances and written public statements. Some critics were unsatisfied with this approach while others were positive.",
"title": "Books"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Lee has notably warned the international community, especially the U.S. and South Korea not to cave-in to the brinksmanship maneuvers by North Korea, nor to fall for false overtures to reconciliation, which in fact only seeks to extract gains for the regime. In his published works Lee has noted that the North has been repeatedly successful at manipulating the South and its allies with these cycles of threats and then diplomacy, which he named the Pyongyang playbook.",
"title": "Academic articles"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Lee has published written statements as part of his testimony as an expert witness in U.S. Congress hearings. In those hearings he notably argued for the strengthening of sanctions against North Korea, warned about North Korea's history of brinksmanship, and pointed to the key role of China is facilitating or impeding international pressure on North Korea.",
"title": "Congressional testimony"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Lee has actively advanced his geopolitical analysis and policy and recommendations through engagement with mass media, especially by publishing articles in newspapers and other media outlets.",
"title": "Short essays"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Lee has often collaborated with Joshua Stanton, a North Korean human rights advocate and a lawyer based in Washington D.C., together co-authoring multiple articles to advance legislation of tougher sanctions.",
"title": "Short essays"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Given the despotic nature of the North Korean regime, its oppression of its own population and the nuclear threats to international security, Lee has proposed a strategy of stern treatment of the North Korean government, while engaging the North Korean people.",
"title": "Short essays"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The first is primarily to be pursued with sanctions that create economic pressure aimed at the elite; reducing the available resources to the regime, and diminishing the loyalty of the ruling. Lee sees this as the only non-military way to force the regime into a real negotiation on denuclearization and human rights. Lee has repeatedly further asserted that strong sanctions must not be undermined by false peace overtures by the regime to trick the international community into concessionary diplomacy. The second is to be pursued as humanitarian aid for the population, increasing efforts to disseminate more information from the outside world into North Korea, facilitating defections, and pressing for a global campaign of human rights.",
"title": "Short essays"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Judicial expert witness work",
"title": "Other"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Book chapter",
"title": "Other"
}
] | Sung-Yoon Lee is a scholar, policy advisor, and author specialized on North Korea and East Asia. His written opus has focussed on exposing the wrongdoings of the North Korean regime and advancing policies to curb it. He has contributed to media outlets, published academic papers and a book, and written statements as part of his expert witness advice to the U.S. Congress. His writing style has been described as exuberant, vivid, and sharp, with a meticulous and insightful analysis. | 2023-12-11T22:42:52Z | 2023-12-26T17:56:50Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung-Yoon_Lee_bibliography |
75,540,936 | 2028 European Men's Handball Championship bidding process | The 2028 European Men's Handball Championship bidding process entails the bids for the 2028 European Men's Handball Championship. The winners were Spain, Portugal and Switzerland.
The bidding timeline was as follows:
On 11 May 2021 it was announced that the following nations sent in an official expression of interest:
On 20 October the final bids were presented. The Scandinavian bid was withdrawn and the two others were joined.
Spain and Portugal originally submitted a joint bid together and was named as one of the three bids vying for the championships. On 20 October 2021, Switzerland merged their solo bid with Spain and Portugal to become a triple bid.
The following 11 venues have been proposed for Spain, Portugal and Switzerland's bid:
Spain
Portugal
Switzerland
The Scandinavians decided to all bid for an EHF Euro together for the first time ever, under the slogan Scandinavia Connect. Their bids' aim is to use innovation and modern-day technologies to help Handball have a bright future.
The Swedish Handball Federation president, Frederik Rapp, stated “the commitment to finding sustainable solutions across all industries and areas of life is very clear in all of Scandinavia. To connect the Scandinavian approach and experience in sustainability with European handball is so valuable. Finding more sustainable solutions for future events could be a real game-changer for the future of our sport”.
While the Danish counterpart, Per Bertelsen said “We believe we can build on the positive momentum we see in our sport. Together, we can deliver a world-class event that will be a true celebration for European handball”.
The main round would be held in Malmö and either Copenhagen or Herning. The final weekend would have been in the Jyske Bank Boxen in Herning. Every other venue will host preliminary round matches.
However, they withdrew their 2028 bid to focus on their 2026 application, and ended up winning the hosting rights for 2026 unopposed.
These are the following 9 venues included in the Scandinavian bid:
Denmark
Norway
Sweden
Venue that is no longer part of the bid:
The news of the bid started on 30 October 2020, when both federations signed an organisation deal. On November 11, 2020, the Spanish and Portuguese Handball federations confirmed that they would team up to try and co-host EHF Euro 2028. with matches in Lisbon, Madrid, Malaga, Ourense and Valencia. The Main Round groups would've been in Lisbon and Madrid, with the latter hosting the final weekend. Their slogan is We play under one anthem. Their bid as a duo ended since Switzerland joined their bid.
These were the proposed venues for Spain and Portugal's bid:
Spain
Portugal
Before joining up with Spain and Portugal, Switzerland submitted a solo bid, under the slogan New heights For Handball. The preliminary round would be in Basel, Lausanne and Zurich, while the main round groups would be in Lausanne and Zurich. The final weekend would be held in Geneva. The Swiss' solo bid ended since Switzerland joined the Spain and Portugal bid.
The 5 venues that were proposed for Switzerland's bid are the following:
In August 2020, France and Switzerland first stated an interest to applied to be the hosts of the 2026 and 2028 European Men's Handball Championship. While later, in October 2020, the French Handball Federation officially announced their intent to submit a joint bid with Switzerland. However, the bid quietly failed to materialise and Switzerland applied as a solo bid.
Other countries
The following countries stated an interest to the EHF, but they never made a formal bid and very few details were shared about their application:
As only the Spain/Portugal/Switzerland bid was remaining it was unanimously selected at the 14th EHF Extraordinary Congress on 20 November 2021. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 2028 European Men's Handball Championship bidding process entails the bids for the 2028 European Men's Handball Championship. The winners were Spain, Portugal and Switzerland.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The bidding timeline was as follows:",
"title": "Bidding timeline"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 11 May 2021 it was announced that the following nations sent in an official expression of interest:",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "On 20 October the final bids were presented. The Scandinavian bid was withdrawn and the two others were joined.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Spain and Portugal originally submitted a joint bid together and was named as one of the three bids vying for the championships. On 20 October 2021, Switzerland merged their solo bid with Spain and Portugal to become a triple bid.",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The following 11 venues have been proposed for Spain, Portugal and Switzerland's bid:",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Spain",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Portugal",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Switzerland",
"title": "Bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The Scandinavians decided to all bid for an EHF Euro together for the first time ever, under the slogan Scandinavia Connect. Their bids' aim is to use innovation and modern-day technologies to help Handball have a bright future.",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The Swedish Handball Federation president, Frederik Rapp, stated “the commitment to finding sustainable solutions across all industries and areas of life is very clear in all of Scandinavia. To connect the Scandinavian approach and experience in sustainability with European handball is so valuable. Finding more sustainable solutions for future events could be a real game-changer for the future of our sport”.",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "While the Danish counterpart, Per Bertelsen said “We believe we can build on the positive momentum we see in our sport. Together, we can deliver a world-class event that will be a true celebration for European handball”.",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The main round would be held in Malmö and either Copenhagen or Herning. The final weekend would have been in the Jyske Bank Boxen in Herning. Every other venue will host preliminary round matches.",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "However, they withdrew their 2028 bid to focus on their 2026 application, and ended up winning the hosting rights for 2026 unopposed.",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "These are the following 9 venues included in the Scandinavian bid:",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Denmark",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Norway",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Sweden",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Venue that is no longer part of the bid:",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "The news of the bid started on 30 October 2020, when both federations signed an organisation deal. On November 11, 2020, the Spanish and Portuguese Handball federations confirmed that they would team up to try and co-host EHF Euro 2028. with matches in Lisbon, Madrid, Malaga, Ourense and Valencia. The Main Round groups would've been in Lisbon and Madrid, with the latter hosting the final weekend. Their slogan is We play under one anthem. Their bid as a duo ended since Switzerland joined their bid.",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "These were the proposed venues for Spain and Portugal's bid:",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Spain",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Portugal",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "Before joining up with Spain and Portugal, Switzerland submitted a solo bid, under the slogan New heights For Handball. The preliminary round would be in Basel, Lausanne and Zurich, while the main round groups would be in Lausanne and Zurich. The final weekend would be held in Geneva. The Swiss' solo bid ended since Switzerland joined the Spain and Portugal bid.",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "The 5 venues that were proposed for Switzerland's bid are the following:",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "In August 2020, France and Switzerland first stated an interest to applied to be the hosts of the 2026 and 2028 European Men's Handball Championship. While later, in October 2020, the French Handball Federation officially announced their intent to submit a joint bid with Switzerland. However, the bid quietly failed to materialise and Switzerland applied as a solo bid.",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "Other countries",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "The following countries stated an interest to the EHF, but they never made a formal bid and very few details were shared about their application:",
"title": "Withdrawn bids"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "As only the Spain/Portugal/Switzerland bid was remaining it was unanimously selected at the 14th EHF Extraordinary Congress on 20 November 2021.",
"title": "Host selection"
}
] | The 2028 European Men's Handball Championship bidding process entails the bids for the 2028 European Men's Handball Championship. The winners were Spain, Portugal and Switzerland. | 2023-12-11T22:48:23Z | 2023-12-27T20:50:57Z | [
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75,540,959 | Thubelihle Shamase | Thubelihle Shamase (born 16 January 2002) is a South African soccer player who plays as a midfielder for SAFA Women's League club University of Johannesburg and the South Africa women's national team.
She has an identical twin sister, Sphumelele Shamase, who is also a soccer player.
Shamase currently plays for the University of Johannesburg.
In 2023, she was nominated for the CAF Young Player of the Year (Women) award.
In 2017, she was selected in the Bantwana squad for the FIFA U/17 Women's World Cup Qualifiers.Shamase competed for Bantwana at the 2018 FIFA U/17 Women's World Cup.
She was part of the South African women's national team at the 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations where they won their first continental title in 2022.
In 2023, she competed for the South African women's national team at the 2023 Cosafa Women's Championship where she won the silver boot scoring 5 goals.Later in the year, she was added to the national team for the 2024 Women's Africa Cup of nations qualifier and was nominated for the CAF Young Player of the Year (Women).
South Africa | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Thubelihle Shamase (born 16 January 2002) is a South African soccer player who plays as a midfielder for SAFA Women's League club University of Johannesburg and the South Africa women's national team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She has an identical twin sister, Sphumelele Shamase, who is also a soccer player.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Shamase currently plays for the University of Johannesburg.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2023, she was nominated for the CAF Young Player of the Year (Women) award.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2017, she was selected in the Bantwana squad for the FIFA U/17 Women's World Cup Qualifiers.Shamase competed for Bantwana at the 2018 FIFA U/17 Women's World Cup.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "She was part of the South African women's national team at the 2022 Women's Africa Cup of Nations where they won their first continental title in 2022.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 2023, she competed for the South African women's national team at the 2023 Cosafa Women's Championship where she won the silver boot scoring 5 goals.Later in the year, she was added to the national team for the 2024 Women's Africa Cup of nations qualifier and was nominated for the CAF Young Player of the Year (Women).",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "South Africa",
"title": "Honours"
}
] | Thubelihle Shamase is a South African soccer player who plays as a midfielder for SAFA Women's League club University of Johannesburg and the South Africa women's national team. She has an identical twin sister, Sphumelele Shamase, who is also a soccer player. | 2023-12-11T22:53:30Z | 2023-12-30T19:46:48Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thubelihle_Shamase |
75,540,990 | Athletics at the 2023 Parapan American Games – Men's 100 metres T36 | The men's T36 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 24 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile.
Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:
All times shown are in seconds.
The results were as follows:Wind: +1.1 m/s | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The men's T36 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 24 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:",
"title": "Records"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "All times shown are in seconds.",
"title": "Results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The results were as follows:Wind: +1.1 m/s",
"title": "Results"
}
] | The men's T36 100 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 24 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile. | 2023-12-11T23:00:47Z | 2023-12-14T11:42:45Z | [
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75,540,997 | Lady Jane Wellesley | Lady Caroline Jane Wellesley (born 6 July 1951) is a British television producer and writer. She is the daughter of Valerian, 8th Duke of Wellington.
Wellesley was born on 6 July 1951, she is the third child and only daughter of Valerian, Marquess of Douro, later 8th Duke of Wellington, and Diana McConnel. Through her father, she is a direct descendant of the 1st Duke of Wellington. She was raised in London and at Stratfield Saye House, the family's seat in Hampshire.
In her youth, she dated the Prince of Wales (later King Charles III) in the early 1970s.
Wellesley began her career working for Apollo magazine and P. & D. Colnaghi & Co. In 1975, her television production career began with a position at Radio Times and subsequently the BBC and Granada Studios. She became in independent producer in the 1980s, running Antelope Films and Warner Sisters Film and TV. In 1987, she produced the documentary The Riddle of Midnight with novelist Salman Rushdie. Her other production credits include A Village Affair (1995) and Lady Audley's Secret (2000).
Wellesley was a close friend of American journalist Marie Colvin who was killed in an attack by Syrian government forces while she was covering the siege of Homs for The Sunday Times. In Colvin's honour, she was a co-founder of the Marie Colvin Journalists’ Network.
In 2008, Wellesley published her first work on her family history, Wellington: A Journey Through My Family. She updated and released the book in 2015 for the bicentennial of the Battle of Waterloo. In 2023, she published Blue Eyes and a Wild Spirit: A Life of Dorothy Wellesley, a biography of her paternal grandmother, Dorothy, Duchess of Wellington. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lady Caroline Jane Wellesley (born 6 July 1951) is a British television producer and writer. She is the daughter of Valerian, 8th Duke of Wellington.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Wellesley was born on 6 July 1951, she is the third child and only daughter of Valerian, Marquess of Douro, later 8th Duke of Wellington, and Diana McConnel. Through her father, she is a direct descendant of the 1st Duke of Wellington. She was raised in London and at Stratfield Saye House, the family's seat in Hampshire.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In her youth, she dated the Prince of Wales (later King Charles III) in the early 1970s.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Wellesley began her career working for Apollo magazine and P. & D. Colnaghi & Co. In 1975, her television production career began with a position at Radio Times and subsequently the BBC and Granada Studios. She became in independent producer in the 1980s, running Antelope Films and Warner Sisters Film and TV. In 1987, she produced the documentary The Riddle of Midnight with novelist Salman Rushdie. Her other production credits include A Village Affair (1995) and Lady Audley's Secret (2000).",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Wellesley was a close friend of American journalist Marie Colvin who was killed in an attack by Syrian government forces while she was covering the siege of Homs for The Sunday Times. In Colvin's honour, she was a co-founder of the Marie Colvin Journalists’ Network.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2008, Wellesley published her first work on her family history, Wellington: A Journey Through My Family. She updated and released the book in 2015 for the bicentennial of the Battle of Waterloo. In 2023, she published Blue Eyes and a Wild Spirit: A Life of Dorothy Wellesley, a biography of her paternal grandmother, Dorothy, Duchess of Wellington.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Lady Caroline Jane Wellesley is a British television producer and writer. She is the daughter of Valerian, 8th Duke of Wellington. | 2023-12-11T23:01:42Z | 2023-12-26T15:35:23Z | [
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75,541,000 | Gran Hermano (Argentine season 11) | The eleventh season of the Argentine version of the television reality show Gran Hermano was announced on 26 March 2023, by Telefe. It is the second continuous season to air on Telefe after previously airing on América TV in 2016, as the show made its return to the original network Telefe in 2022.
Santiago del Moro continues as the show's host. The show follows a group of contestants (known as HouseGuests), who live in a house together while being constantly filmed and having no communication with the outside world as they compete to win a grand prize . Each week, the HouseGuests compete in a Head of Household (HoH) competition which gives them immunity from nominations and the power to save one of the nominees up for eviction. On eviction night, the audience votes to evict one of the nominees.
The season premiered on 11 December 2023.
The show follows a group of contestants, known as HouseGuests, who live inside a custom-built house outfitted with cameras and microphones recording their every move 24 hours a day. The HouseGuests are sequestered with no contact with the outside world. During their stay, the HouseGuests share their thoughts on their day-to-day lives inside the house in a private room known as the Diary Room. Each week, the HouseGuests compete in competitions to win power and safety inside the house. At the start of each week, the HouseGuests compete in a Head of Household (abbreviated as "HOH") competition. The winner of the HoH competition is immune from eviction and selects another HouseGuest to be saved for eviction. On eviction night, the audience vote to evict one of the nominees, and the nominee with the most votes is evicted from the house.
A total of 20 HouseGuests moved into the house on Day 1 (11 December 2023), while the last two moved into on Day 2 (12 December 2023).
HouseGuests nominate for two and one points, shown in descending order in the nomination box. The four or more HouseGuests with the most nomination points face the public vote.
HouseGuests can also use the Diary Room's Special Nomination, which gives three and two points instead. HouseGuests that use the Special Nomination are marked in orange. From week 2 onwards, the Final Vote (voto final in Spanish) was enabled by Gran Hermano, which gives the last evicted HouseGuest the power to nominate another HouseGuest with two points. HouseGuests who received the Final Vote are marked in purple.
Gran Hermano 2023 is co-produced by production companies Kuarzo Entertainment Argentina and Banijay. The season was first confirmed on 26 March 2023. Host Santiago del Moro was also confirmed to return for the season. Casting for the season started on the same day of the announcement with open-call auditions held for people from up 18 years old. Applicants had to upload a presentation video and show their social networks.
The house is located in Martínez, Buenos Aires. As with previous seasons, the house is outfitted with 65 cameras and 87 microphones. With over 2,500 square metres, it would become the biggest house ever of Gran Hermano Argentina, including 1,200 m indoors, 400 m outdoors, a supermarket, and the "arena" in which the HouseGuests are expected to compete for games and challenges.
The premiere of the eleventh season of Gran Hermano was broadcast on Telefe on 11 December 2023. The telecast received a 20.50/63.3 rating/share.
The season airs from Sundays through Thursdays on Telefe, and a special edition called Night with the Exes (La Noche de los Ex in Spanish) with former HouseGuests from previous seasons on Fridays. The debates are joined by panelists Julieta Poggio, Sol Pérez, Gastón Trezeguet, Laura Ubfal, Ceferino Reato, Eliana Guercio, Marisa Brel, Costa and Pilar Smith.
Internationally, the season airs in simulcast in Chile on Chilevisión and in Uruguay on Canal 10.
DirecTV's video streaming service DGO was chosen to offer a 24-hour live feed of the house. Telefe airs in simulcast the season via YouTube and Twitch, hosted by Diego Poggi, Juan Ignacio Castañares, Lucila Villar and Daniela Celis, and the galas will become available to watch on the day after their premiere on Paramount's video streaming service Pluto TV. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The eleventh season of the Argentine version of the television reality show Gran Hermano was announced on 26 March 2023, by Telefe. It is the second continuous season to air on Telefe after previously airing on América TV in 2016, as the show made its return to the original network Telefe in 2022.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Santiago del Moro continues as the show's host. The show follows a group of contestants (known as HouseGuests), who live in a house together while being constantly filmed and having no communication with the outside world as they compete to win a grand prize . Each week, the HouseGuests compete in a Head of Household (HoH) competition which gives them immunity from nominations and the power to save one of the nominees up for eviction. On eviction night, the audience votes to evict one of the nominees.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The season premiered on 11 December 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The show follows a group of contestants, known as HouseGuests, who live inside a custom-built house outfitted with cameras and microphones recording their every move 24 hours a day. The HouseGuests are sequestered with no contact with the outside world. During their stay, the HouseGuests share their thoughts on their day-to-day lives inside the house in a private room known as the Diary Room. Each week, the HouseGuests compete in competitions to win power and safety inside the house. At the start of each week, the HouseGuests compete in a Head of Household (abbreviated as \"HOH\") competition. The winner of the HoH competition is immune from eviction and selects another HouseGuest to be saved for eviction. On eviction night, the audience vote to evict one of the nominees, and the nominee with the most votes is evicted from the house.",
"title": "Format"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "A total of 20 HouseGuests moved into the house on Day 1 (11 December 2023), while the last two moved into on Day 2 (12 December 2023).",
"title": "HouseGuests"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "HouseGuests nominate for two and one points, shown in descending order in the nomination box. The four or more HouseGuests with the most nomination points face the public vote.",
"title": "Voting history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "HouseGuests can also use the Diary Room's Special Nomination, which gives three and two points instead. HouseGuests that use the Special Nomination are marked in orange. From week 2 onwards, the Final Vote (voto final in Spanish) was enabled by Gran Hermano, which gives the last evicted HouseGuest the power to nominate another HouseGuest with two points. HouseGuests who received the Final Vote are marked in purple.",
"title": "Voting history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Gran Hermano 2023 is co-produced by production companies Kuarzo Entertainment Argentina and Banijay. The season was first confirmed on 26 March 2023. Host Santiago del Moro was also confirmed to return for the season. Casting for the season started on the same day of the announcement with open-call auditions held for people from up 18 years old. Applicants had to upload a presentation video and show their social networks.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The house is located in Martínez, Buenos Aires. As with previous seasons, the house is outfitted with 65 cameras and 87 microphones. With over 2,500 square metres, it would become the biggest house ever of Gran Hermano Argentina, including 1,200 m indoors, 400 m outdoors, a supermarket, and the \"arena\" in which the HouseGuests are expected to compete for games and challenges.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The premiere of the eleventh season of Gran Hermano was broadcast on Telefe on 11 December 2023. The telecast received a 20.50/63.3 rating/share.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The season airs from Sundays through Thursdays on Telefe, and a special edition called Night with the Exes (La Noche de los Ex in Spanish) with former HouseGuests from previous seasons on Fridays. The debates are joined by panelists Julieta Poggio, Sol Pérez, Gastón Trezeguet, Laura Ubfal, Ceferino Reato, Eliana Guercio, Marisa Brel, Costa and Pilar Smith.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Internationally, the season airs in simulcast in Chile on Chilevisión and in Uruguay on Canal 10.",
"title": "Release"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "DirecTV's video streaming service DGO was chosen to offer a 24-hour live feed of the house. Telefe airs in simulcast the season via YouTube and Twitch, hosted by Diego Poggi, Juan Ignacio Castañares, Lucila Villar and Daniela Celis, and the galas will become available to watch on the day after their premiere on Paramount's video streaming service Pluto TV.",
"title": "Release"
}
] | The eleventh season of the Argentine version of the television reality show Gran Hermano was announced on 26 March 2023, by Telefe. It is the second continuous season to air on Telefe after previously airing on América TV in 2016, as the show made its return to the original network Telefe in 2022. Santiago del Moro continues as the show's host. The show follows a group of contestants, who live in a house together while being constantly filmed and having no communication with the outside world as they compete to win a grand prize . Each week, the HouseGuests compete in a Head of Household (HoH) competition which gives them immunity from nominations and the power to save one of the nominees up for eviction. On eviction night, the audience votes to evict one of the nominees. The season premiered on 11 December 2023. | 2023-12-11T23:02:17Z | 2023-12-30T05:17:37Z | [
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75,541,004 | Breakers (restaurant) | Breakers is a New Zealand restaurant franchise chain. As of 2010, there are 13 Breakers restaurants.
Breakers was founded by Mark and Penny Burt in 1997.
In 2010 Breakers had 13 restaurants, and said that they were looking to open restaurants in the South Island.
In September 2020 a car crashed through the window of Breakers Hastings. Breakers Hastings shut down in January 2022, citing the COVID-19 traffic light system. Breakers Napier shut down in May 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Breakers is a New Zealand restaurant franchise chain. As of 2010, there are 13 Breakers restaurants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Breakers was founded by Mark and Penny Burt in 1997.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2010 Breakers had 13 restaurants, and said that they were looking to open restaurants in the South Island.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In September 2020 a car crashed through the window of Breakers Hastings. Breakers Hastings shut down in January 2022, citing the COVID-19 traffic light system. Breakers Napier shut down in May 2023.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Breakers is a New Zealand restaurant franchise chain. As of 2010, there are 13 Breakers restaurants. | 2023-12-11T23:02:51Z | 2023-12-27T14:25:13Z | [
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75,541,008 | Hiiro Komori | Hiiro Komori (小森飛絢, Komori Hiiro, born 6 August 2000) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a forward for club JEF United Chiba.
Komori started out at FC Higashi. They trained on the same pitch as one of the strongest high school teams in Toyama Prefecture, Toyama Daiichi High School. Through this connection, he would make his way up to the school's first team. In 2017 and 2018, Komori represented Toyama Daiichi High School in the Inter High School Championship and the Prince Takamado Trophy JFA U-18 Football League. In August 2018 in the Inter High School Championship, Komori scored seven goals in the space of three games, including two hat-tricks. Toyama Daiichi were knocked out by the eventual tournament winners Toko Gakuen High School in the quarter-finals. He finished as the tournament's top scorer.
In 2019, Komori began his University football career at Niigata University of Health and Welfare. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Fukuoka University in August 2019 and scored his first goal for in a 4–3 victory over the National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya. In his first three years, Komori scored five goals in ten appearances.
In June 2022, Komori scored his highest profile goal for the University in a 2–1 defeat to J1 League team Kashima Antlers in the Emperor's Cup.
In July 2022, it was announced that Komori would be joining J2 League team JEF United Chiba for the 2023 season. Furthermore, in the following month, Komori was approved to be a designated special player for the remainder of the season, meaning he could represent both his university and JEF United Chiba. He made his debut in a 1–0 league defeat to V-Varen Nagasaki, one of two appearances he made as a designated special player.
In 2023, Komori scored on his professional debut in a 1–0 league victory over V-Varen Nagasaki. His scoring form continued early in the season, as he scored a goal in each of his first three games of the season. In his debut season, Komori scored 14 goals in 35 games across all competitions and was JEF United Chiba's top scorer and was fourth-highest scorer in the league with 13. At the end of season J2 awards ceremony, he was inducted into the 2023 J2 Best XI.
In September 2022, Komori was selected as part of an All-Japan University Selection to tour Korea and Cambodia.
Individual | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Hiiro Komori (小森飛絢, Komori Hiiro, born 6 August 2000) is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a forward for club JEF United Chiba.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Komori started out at FC Higashi. They trained on the same pitch as one of the strongest high school teams in Toyama Prefecture, Toyama Daiichi High School. Through this connection, he would make his way up to the school's first team. In 2017 and 2018, Komori represented Toyama Daiichi High School in the Inter High School Championship and the Prince Takamado Trophy JFA U-18 Football League. In August 2018 in the Inter High School Championship, Komori scored seven goals in the space of three games, including two hat-tricks. Toyama Daiichi were knocked out by the eventual tournament winners Toko Gakuen High School in the quarter-finals. He finished as the tournament's top scorer.",
"title": "Youth career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2019, Komori began his University football career at Niigata University of Health and Welfare. He made his debut in a 1–1 draw with Fukuoka University in August 2019 and scored his first goal for in a 4–3 victory over the National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya. In his first three years, Komori scored five goals in ten appearances.",
"title": "Youth career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In June 2022, Komori scored his highest profile goal for the University in a 2–1 defeat to J1 League team Kashima Antlers in the Emperor's Cup.",
"title": "Youth career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In July 2022, it was announced that Komori would be joining J2 League team JEF United Chiba for the 2023 season. Furthermore, in the following month, Komori was approved to be a designated special player for the remainder of the season, meaning he could represent both his university and JEF United Chiba. He made his debut in a 1–0 league defeat to V-Varen Nagasaki, one of two appearances he made as a designated special player.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 2023, Komori scored on his professional debut in a 1–0 league victory over V-Varen Nagasaki. His scoring form continued early in the season, as he scored a goal in each of his first three games of the season. In his debut season, Komori scored 14 goals in 35 games across all competitions and was JEF United Chiba's top scorer and was fourth-highest scorer in the league with 13. At the end of season J2 awards ceremony, he was inducted into the 2023 J2 Best XI.",
"title": "Club career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In September 2022, Komori was selected as part of an All-Japan University Selection to tour Korea and Cambodia.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Individual",
"title": "Honours"
}
] | Hiiro Komori is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a forward for club JEF United Chiba. | 2023-12-11T23:03:40Z | 2023-12-12T10:02:59Z | [
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75,541,030 | Sarnıç | [] | 2023-12-11T23:11:07Z | 2023-12-11T23:16:46Z | [
"Template:Redirect category shell"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarn%C4%B1%C3%A7 |
||
75,541,035 | 1998 Vepr incident | [] | REDIRECT Russian submarine Vepr#1998 incident | 2023-12-11T23:12:02Z | 2023-12-11T23:12:02Z | [
"Template:Redirect category shell"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Vepr_incident |
|
75,541,039 | Chrononauts: Futureshock | [] | 2023-12-11T23:13:06Z | 2023-12-20T06:07:06Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrononauts:_Futureshock |
||
75,541,041 | IWGP Global Heavyweight Championship | The IWGP Global Heavyweight Championship (IWGP GLOBALヘビー級王座, IWGP GLOBAL hebī-kyū ōza) is a professional wrestling championship owned and promoted by the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) promotion. "IWGP" are the initials of NJPW's governing body, the International Wrestling Grand Prix (インターナショナル・レスリング・グラン・プリ, intānashonaru resuringu guran puri).
At a press conference on November 6, 2023, NJPW chairman Naoki Sugabayashi announced that a new championship would replace the IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship. On December 11, at another press conference, he announced the name of the new championship replacing the United States Heavyweight Championship, the IWGP Global Heavyweight Championship. Accordingly, it has been announced that the 3-way match between Will Ospreay, Jon Moxley, and David Finlay at Wrestle Kingdom 18 on January 4, 2024, would be changed from a United States Heavyweight Championship match to the first championship match for the Global title. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The IWGP Global Heavyweight Championship (IWGP GLOBALヘビー級王座, IWGP GLOBAL hebī-kyū ōza) is a professional wrestling championship owned and promoted by the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) promotion. \"IWGP\" are the initials of NJPW's governing body, the International Wrestling Grand Prix (インターナショナル・レスリング・グラン・プリ, intānashonaru resuringu guran puri).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "At a press conference on November 6, 2023, NJPW chairman Naoki Sugabayashi announced that a new championship would replace the IWGP United States Heavyweight Championship. On December 11, at another press conference, he announced the name of the new championship replacing the United States Heavyweight Championship, the IWGP Global Heavyweight Championship. Accordingly, it has been announced that the 3-way match between Will Ospreay, Jon Moxley, and David Finlay at Wrestle Kingdom 18 on January 4, 2024, would be changed from a United States Heavyweight Championship match to the first championship match for the Global title.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The IWGP Global Heavyweight Championship is a professional wrestling championship owned and promoted by the New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) promotion. "IWGP" are the initials of NJPW's governing body, the International Wrestling Grand Prix. | 2023-12-11T23:14:00Z | 2023-12-26T03:22:02Z | [
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75,541,050 | Tra le mie canzoni | Tra le mie canzoni is a compilation album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 10 July 2000 on Mercury Records. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Tra le mie canzoni is a compilation album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 10 July 2000 on Mercury Records.",
"title": ""
}
] | Tra le mie canzoni is a compilation album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 10 July 2000 on Mercury Records. | 2023-12-11T23:17:54Z | 2023-12-30T01:28:08Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tra_le_mie_canzoni |
75,541,079 | Verandah Hotel | The Verandah Hotel was a notable antebellum hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States that operated from 1839 to 1855 when it was gutted by a building fire. It was located kitty corner from the St. Charles Hotel. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Verandah Hotel was a notable antebellum hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States that operated from 1839 to 1855 when it was gutted by a building fire. It was located kitty corner from the St. Charles Hotel.",
"title": ""
}
] | The Verandah Hotel was a notable antebellum hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States that operated from 1839 to 1855 when it was gutted by a building fire. It was located kitty corner from the St. Charles Hotel. | 2023-12-11T23:23:26Z | 2023-12-12T00:38:13Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verandah_Hotel |
75,541,088 | The Wolf in Underpants | The Wolf in Underpants (French: Le Loup en slip) is a French children's book written by Wilfrid Lupano [fr] with drawings by Mayana Itoïz [fr] and Paul Cauuet [fr], published in 2016 by Dargaud. Nathan Sacks translated the book into English, and that version was published by Graphic Universe in 2019.
The book is about a village of animals who wrongly believe that a wolf is set to attack them, but the wolf turns out to be innocent and the others realize their fears were false.
Publishers Weekly described it as a parody of The Big Bad Wolf. Henrietta Verma of Credo Reference stated that the illustration work resembled that of Richard Scarry, and that the storyline refers to "fake news".
In France the book is found in comics sections and children's sections of bookstores.
It is a spin-off of The Old Geezers, which featured "The Theater of the Wolf in Underpants" (French: Le théâtre du loup en slip). Itoïz had previously made paintings of wolves in underwear in a forest to calm her son, who had a fear of wolves, and the authors of The Old Geezers (Lupano and Cauuet) had inserted the character. Itoïz later proposed having a children's book series about the wolf.
Verma stated that overall the book is "A winner" with a "fast-moving, amusing narrative", though she stated the end portion is "pedantic".
Kirkus Reviews praised the book for having "a timely, smart message".
Publishers Weekly praised the English version for being "sly" and that the images are "gems of comic timing and choreography".
Deborah Stevenson, a reviewer of the Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books, stated that the work was "humorous" and held interest of children who did not know of the political dimension behind the work.
In 2020 it was nominated to receive an Eisner Award.
Published in English:
Not published in English: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Wolf in Underpants (French: Le Loup en slip) is a French children's book written by Wilfrid Lupano [fr] with drawings by Mayana Itoïz [fr] and Paul Cauuet [fr], published in 2016 by Dargaud. Nathan Sacks translated the book into English, and that version was published by Graphic Universe in 2019.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The book is about a village of animals who wrongly believe that a wolf is set to attack them, but the wolf turns out to be innocent and the others realize their fears were false.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Publishers Weekly described it as a parody of The Big Bad Wolf. Henrietta Verma of Credo Reference stated that the illustration work resembled that of Richard Scarry, and that the storyline refers to \"fake news\".",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In France the book is found in comics sections and children's sections of bookstores.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "It is a spin-off of The Old Geezers, which featured \"The Theater of the Wolf in Underpants\" (French: Le théâtre du loup en slip). Itoïz had previously made paintings of wolves in underwear in a forest to calm her son, who had a fear of wolves, and the authors of The Old Geezers (Lupano and Cauuet) had inserted the character. Itoïz later proposed having a children's book series about the wolf.",
"title": "Creation and conception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Verma stated that overall the book is \"A winner\" with a \"fast-moving, amusing narrative\", though she stated the end portion is \"pedantic\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Kirkus Reviews praised the book for having \"a timely, smart message\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Publishers Weekly praised the English version for being \"sly\" and that the images are \"gems of comic timing and choreography\".",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Deborah Stevenson, a reviewer of the Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books, stated that the work was \"humorous\" and held interest of children who did not know of the political dimension behind the work.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 2020 it was nominated to receive an Eisner Award.",
"title": "Reception"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Published in English:",
"title": "Sequels"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Not published in English:",
"title": "Sequels"
}
] | The Wolf in Underpants is a French children's book written by Wilfrid Lupano with drawings by Mayana Itoïz and Paul Cauuet, published in 2016 by Dargaud. Nathan Sacks translated the book into English, and that version was published by Graphic Universe in 2019. The book is about a village of animals who wrongly believe that a wolf is set to attack them, but the wolf turns out to be innocent and the others realize their fears were false. Publishers Weekly described it as a parody of The Big Bad Wolf. Henrietta Verma of Credo Reference stated that the illustration work resembled that of Richard Scarry, and that the storyline refers to "fake news". In France the book is found in comics sections and children's sections of bookstores. | 2023-12-11T23:25:08Z | 2023-12-23T23:59:47Z | [
"Template:Lang-fr",
"Template:Ill",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
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"Template:Italictitle"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_in_Underpants |
75,541,092 | Epicurus' paradox | The Epicurus paradox is a logical dilemma about the problem of evil attributed to the Greek philosopher Epicurus who argues against the existence of a god who is at the same time omniscient, omnipotent and benevolent.
The logic of the paradox proposed by Epicurus takes three characteristics of the Jewish god, omnipotence, omniscience and omnibenevolence as, if true in pairs, excluding a third. That is, if two of them are true, they automatically exclude the other. It is, therefore, a trilemma. This is relevant because, if it is illogical for one of these characteristics to be true, then it cannot be the case that a god with all three exists.
Epicurus was not an atheist, he just rejected the idea of a god concerned with human affairs. Both the master and the followers of Epicureanism denied the idea that there was no god. While the conception of the supreme, happy and blessed god was the most popular, Epicurus rejected such a notion as he considered it too heavy a burden to have to worry about all the problems in the world. For this reason, the gods would not have any special affection for human beings, they would not even know of their existence, serving only as moral ideals that humanity could try to get closer to. It was precisely through observing the problem of evil, that is, the presence of suffering on earth that Epicurus came to the conclusion that the gods could not be concerned with the well-being of humanity.
There is no text by Epicurus that confirms his authorship of the argument.Therefore, although it was popular with the skeptical school of Greek philosophy, it is possible that Epicurus' paradox was wrongly attributed to him by Lactantius who, from his Christian perspective, while attacking the problem proposed by the Greek, would have considered him an atheist. There is a suggestion that it was in fact the work of a skeptical philosopher who preceded Epicurus, possibly Carneades. According to German scholar Reinhold F. Glei, it is clear that the theodicy argument is from a non-Epicurean, but perhaps even anti-Epicurean, academic source. The oldest preserved version of this trilemma appears in the writings of the skeptic Sextus Empiricus.
Charles Bray, in his book The Philosophy of Necessity of 1863, quotes Epicurus without mentioning his source as the author of the following excerpt:
Would God be willing to prevent evil but unable? Therefore he is not omnipotent. Would he be capable, but without desire? So he is malevolent. Would he be both capable and willing? So why is there evil?
N. A. Nicholson, in his Philosophical Papers of 1864, attributes "the famous inquiries" to Epicurus, using words previously phrased by Hume. Hume's phrase occurs in the tenth book of his acclaimed Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, published posthumously in 1779. The character Philo begins his speech by saying "Epicurus' ancient questions remain unanswered". Hume's quote comes from Pierre Bayle's influential Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, which quotes Lactantius attributing the questions to Epicurus. This attribution occurs in chapter 13 of Lactantius's "De Ira Dei", which provides no sources.
Hume postulates:
[God's] power is infinite: whatever he desires is executed. But neither man nor any other animal is happy. Therefore he does not want your happiness. His wisdom is infinite: he never errs in choosing the means to any end: but the course of nature tends to be contrary to any human or animal happiness: therefore it is not established for such a purpose. Throughout the entire history of human knowledge, there are no more certain and infallible inferences than these. In what point, therefore, do your benevolence and mercy remind you of the benevolence and mercy of men? | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Epicurus paradox is a logical dilemma about the problem of evil attributed to the Greek philosopher Epicurus who argues against the existence of a god who is at the same time omniscient, omnipotent and benevolent.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The logic of the paradox proposed by Epicurus takes three characteristics of the Jewish god, omnipotence, omniscience and omnibenevolence as, if true in pairs, excluding a third. That is, if two of them are true, they automatically exclude the other. It is, therefore, a trilemma. This is relevant because, if it is illogical for one of these characteristics to be true, then it cannot be the case that a god with all three exists.",
"title": "The Paradox"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Epicurus was not an atheist, he just rejected the idea of a god concerned with human affairs. Both the master and the followers of Epicureanism denied the idea that there was no god. While the conception of the supreme, happy and blessed god was the most popular, Epicurus rejected such a notion as he considered it too heavy a burden to have to worry about all the problems in the world. For this reason, the gods would not have any special affection for human beings, they would not even know of their existence, serving only as moral ideals that humanity could try to get closer to. It was precisely through observing the problem of evil, that is, the presence of suffering on earth that Epicurus came to the conclusion that the gods could not be concerned with the well-being of humanity.",
"title": "God in Epicureanism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "There is no text by Epicurus that confirms his authorship of the argument.Therefore, although it was popular with the skeptical school of Greek philosophy, it is possible that Epicurus' paradox was wrongly attributed to him by Lactantius who, from his Christian perspective, while attacking the problem proposed by the Greek, would have considered him an atheist. There is a suggestion that it was in fact the work of a skeptical philosopher who preceded Epicurus, possibly Carneades. According to German scholar Reinhold F. Glei, it is clear that the theodicy argument is from a non-Epicurean, but perhaps even anti-Epicurean, academic source. The oldest preserved version of this trilemma appears in the writings of the skeptic Sextus Empiricus.",
"title": "Attribution and variations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Charles Bray, in his book The Philosophy of Necessity of 1863, quotes Epicurus without mentioning his source as the author of the following excerpt:",
"title": "Attribution and variations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Would God be willing to prevent evil but unable? Therefore he is not omnipotent. Would he be capable, but without desire? So he is malevolent. Would he be both capable and willing? So why is there evil?",
"title": "Attribution and variations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "N. A. Nicholson, in his Philosophical Papers of 1864, attributes \"the famous inquiries\" to Epicurus, using words previously phrased by Hume. Hume's phrase occurs in the tenth book of his acclaimed Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, published posthumously in 1779. The character Philo begins his speech by saying \"Epicurus' ancient questions remain unanswered\". Hume's quote comes from Pierre Bayle's influential Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, which quotes Lactantius attributing the questions to Epicurus. This attribution occurs in chapter 13 of Lactantius's \"De Ira Dei\", which provides no sources.",
"title": "Attribution and variations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Hume postulates:",
"title": "Attribution and variations"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "[God's] power is infinite: whatever he desires is executed. But neither man nor any other animal is happy. Therefore he does not want your happiness. His wisdom is infinite: he never errs in choosing the means to any end: but the course of nature tends to be contrary to any human or animal happiness: therefore it is not established for such a purpose. Throughout the entire history of human knowledge, there are no more certain and infallible inferences than these. In what point, therefore, do your benevolence and mercy remind you of the benevolence and mercy of men?",
"title": "Attribution and variations"
}
] | The Epicurus paradox is a logical dilemma about the problem of evil attributed to the Greek philosopher Epicurus who argues against the existence of a god who is at the same time omniscient, omnipotent and benevolent. | 2023-12-11T23:26:03Z | 2023-12-23T16:18:38Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Epicureanism",
"Template:Quote",
"Template:Citation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicurus%27_paradox |
75,541,132 | Unsung Hero (film) | Unsung Hero is an upcoming American Christian drama film directed by Richard Ramsey and Joel Smallbone. The film follows the Smallbone family, of which Rebecca (stage name Rebecca St. James) and Joel and Luke Smallbone of For King & Country become Christian recording artists.
In 1991, the Smallbone family moves from Australia to Nashville, Tennessee.
On 30 November 2022, the Joel and Luke Smallbone announced via social media that they had made a film with their brother Ben, which is about their mother, although they didn't announce a release date. The film is scheduled to release on 26 April 2024 by Lionsgate and produced by Kingdom Story Company.
The film is directed by Joel Smallbone, who makes his directorial debut. The script for "Unsung Hero" is co-authored by Joel Smallbone and Richard Ramsey, weaving a narrative around the real-life experiences of the Smallbone family. The movie features Smallbone stepping into the role of his father, David Smallbone, and Daisy Betts portraying Helen Smallbone, the family matriarch. The cast also includes Jonathan Jackson, Candace Cameron Bure, Kirrilee Berger, Lucas Black, Terry O’Quinn, and Hillary Scott. The production team comprises producers Justin Tolley, Josh Walsh, and Luke Smallbone.
The trailer was released on 13 November 2023. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Unsung Hero is an upcoming American Christian drama film directed by Richard Ramsey and Joel Smallbone. The film follows the Smallbone family, of which Rebecca (stage name Rebecca St. James) and Joel and Luke Smallbone of For King & Country become Christian recording artists.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1991, the Smallbone family moves from Australia to Nashville, Tennessee.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 30 November 2022, the Joel and Luke Smallbone announced via social media that they had made a film with their brother Ben, which is about their mother, although they didn't announce a release date. The film is scheduled to release on 26 April 2024 by Lionsgate and produced by Kingdom Story Company.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The film is directed by Joel Smallbone, who makes his directorial debut. The script for \"Unsung Hero\" is co-authored by Joel Smallbone and Richard Ramsey, weaving a narrative around the real-life experiences of the Smallbone family. The movie features Smallbone stepping into the role of his father, David Smallbone, and Daisy Betts portraying Helen Smallbone, the family matriarch. The cast also includes Jonathan Jackson, Candace Cameron Bure, Kirrilee Berger, Lucas Black, Terry O’Quinn, and Hillary Scott. The production team comprises producers Justin Tolley, Josh Walsh, and Luke Smallbone.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The trailer was released on 13 November 2023.",
"title": "Production"
}
] | Unsung Hero is an upcoming American Christian drama film directed by Richard Ramsey and Joel Smallbone. The film follows the Smallbone family, of which Rebecca and Joel and Luke Smallbone of For King & Country become Christian recording artists. | 2023-12-11T23:34:00Z | 2023-12-19T20:57:12Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsung_Hero_(film) |
75,541,142 | Seminary (disambiguation) | A seminary is a school of theology.
Seminary may also refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "A seminary is a school of theology.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Seminary may also refer to:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "Other uses"
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] | A seminary is a school of theology. Seminary may also refer to: | 2023-12-11T23:35:03Z | 2023-12-12T11:21:49Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary_(disambiguation) |
75,541,159 | Jeanet Nijhof-Leeuw | Jeanet Nijhof-Leeuw (born 10 November 1962 in Enschede) is a Dutch business entrepreneur and politician for the Party for Freedom (PVV). She has been a member of the Provincial Council of Overijssel since 2011 and has been a member of the House of Representatives since 6 December 2023.
Nijhof-Leeuw was born in Enschede in 1962 before moving to Hengelo. She trained and worked as a nurse before completing vocational studies in public administration. She also runs an online pet store with her family and owns a Labrador breeding and training business.
She was elected as a municipal councilor for the PVV in Hengelo and later became the party's group leader on the council. She has also been a member of the Provincial Council of Overijssel since 2011 where she has focused on matters related to animal welfare and the environment. In the 2023 Dutch general election she was elected to the House of Representatives on the PVV's list. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jeanet Nijhof-Leeuw (born 10 November 1962 in Enschede) is a Dutch business entrepreneur and politician for the Party for Freedom (PVV). She has been a member of the Provincial Council of Overijssel since 2011 and has been a member of the House of Representatives since 6 December 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Nijhof-Leeuw was born in Enschede in 1962 before moving to Hengelo. She trained and worked as a nurse before completing vocational studies in public administration. She also runs an online pet store with her family and owns a Labrador breeding and training business.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She was elected as a municipal councilor for the PVV in Hengelo and later became the party's group leader on the council. She has also been a member of the Provincial Council of Overijssel since 2011 where she has focused on matters related to animal welfare and the environment. In the 2023 Dutch general election she was elected to the House of Representatives on the PVV's list.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Jeanet Nijhof-Leeuw is a Dutch business entrepreneur and politician for the Party for Freedom (PVV). She has been a member of the Provincial Council of Overijssel since 2011 and has been a member of the House of Representatives since 6 December 2023. | 2023-12-11T23:38:32Z | 2023-12-24T13:46:02Z | [
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"Template:Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2023–present",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanet_Nijhof-Leeuw |
75,541,168 | Asim Abu Shakra | Asim Abu Shakra, or Asem Abu Shaqra, (1961–1990) was a Palestinian artist. Among his works are paintings of potted cacti inspired by his state of exile as a Palestinian living in Israel.
Asim Abu Shakra was born in 1961 in the village of Umm el-Fahm in the Jenin district. He was the seventh of ten children in a Muslim family.
From 1982 to 1986, Abu Shakra studied at the Kalisher Art School in Tel Aviv. Afterwards, he continued to live and work in the city, and although he was able to access an international art scene, Abu Shakra felt a perpetual sense of alienation as a Palestinian living in exile that was echoed in his paintings. His friend, Ron Gang, reflected in a 2003 interview, “Asim identified completely with the Palestinian cause."
Abu Shakra passed away in 1990 due to cancer. Since his passing, Israeli institutions like the Tel Aviv Museum of Art have portrayed his cactus series as Israeli symbols despite his refusal of such interpretations during his lifetime.
To Palestinians, the cactus series symbolizes the plight of Palestinians in exile as well as Abu Shakra's personal experiences. The depiction of cacti as potted plants further reflects resistance to uprooting. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Asim Abu Shakra, or Asem Abu Shaqra, (1961–1990) was a Palestinian artist. Among his works are paintings of potted cacti inspired by his state of exile as a Palestinian living in Israel.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Asim Abu Shakra was born in 1961 in the village of Umm el-Fahm in the Jenin district. He was the seventh of ten children in a Muslim family.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "From 1982 to 1986, Abu Shakra studied at the Kalisher Art School in Tel Aviv. Afterwards, he continued to live and work in the city, and although he was able to access an international art scene, Abu Shakra felt a perpetual sense of alienation as a Palestinian living in exile that was echoed in his paintings. His friend, Ron Gang, reflected in a 2003 interview, “Asim identified completely with the Palestinian cause.\"",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Abu Shakra passed away in 1990 due to cancer. Since his passing, Israeli institutions like the Tel Aviv Museum of Art have portrayed his cactus series as Israeli symbols despite his refusal of such interpretations during his lifetime.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "To Palestinians, the cactus series symbolizes the plight of Palestinians in exile as well as Abu Shakra's personal experiences. The depiction of cacti as potted plants further reflects resistance to uprooting.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | Asim Abu Shakra, or Asem Abu Shaqra, (1961–1990) was a Palestinian artist. Among his works are paintings of potted cacti inspired by his state of exile as a Palestinian living in Israel. | 2023-12-11T23:40:18Z | 2023-12-27T14:53:22Z | [
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"Template:Rp",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asim_Abu_Shakra |
75,541,187 | Michael Kane (actor) | Michael Kane (March 21, 1922 - December 14, 2007) was a Canadian film and television actor, who worked in both Canadian and American film and television. He was most noted as a two-time ACTRA Award nominee for Best Television Performance, receiving nods at the 2nd ACTRA Awards in 1973 for the television film The Disposable Man, and at the 4th ACTRA Awards in 1975 for the drama series The Collaborators.
A native of Montreal, Quebec, he served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II, and decided to pursue acting after participating in variety shows.
He was the uncle of actor Art Hindle.
He began his acting career in New York City, appearing in dramatic anthology television series such as Lights Out, The Web, Omnibus and Camera Three. He also played Angus in the 1954 television production of Macbeth, and had a role for several months in the soap opera Guiding Light.
In 1957 he won an award for his performance in an Off-Broadway production of James Joyce's play Exiles. In the same year he was cast as Laertes in the Stratford Festival production of Hamlet, but was dropped from the production and subsequently sued for wrongful dismissal. The following year he staged his own one-man show in Stratford, without festival participation, receiving acclaim for his selection of monologues by various playwrights.
In 1959 he starred as Jamie in a production of Long Day's Journey into Night for Montreal's Théâtre du Nouveau Monde, alongside Ian Keith as James, Mildred Dunnock as Mary, Eileen Clifford as Cathleen and Roland Hewgill as Edmund.
In the early 1960s he moved to England, where he had some success in stage roles until his career was disrupted by the rise to fame of the similarly-named Michael Caine.
In 1965 he appeared in the film The Bedford Incident.
In 1967, he returned to Montreal to perform the one-man show Michael Kane on Stage. He returned to living in Canada permanently soon afterward, and was again regularly featured in Canadian television and stage productions, including a 1968 guest appearance in Quentin Durgens, M.P., the theatrical film Love in a Four Letter World, and the television films Fringe Benefits, The Day They Killed the Snowman, The Disposable Man and The Sloane Affair.
Beginning in 1973 he starred as Jim Brewer in the first season of the police drama series The Collaborators. After shooting three episodes of the show's second season he left the series, with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation stating that he left for health reasons, but Kane disputed that, claiming that he had been fired for demanding a pay increase due to excessive overtime work.
Throughout his career, he was also a frequent narrator of documentary films for the National Film Board of Canada and other documentary producers. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Michael Kane (March 21, 1922 - December 14, 2007) was a Canadian film and television actor, who worked in both Canadian and American film and television. He was most noted as a two-time ACTRA Award nominee for Best Television Performance, receiving nods at the 2nd ACTRA Awards in 1973 for the television film The Disposable Man, and at the 4th ACTRA Awards in 1975 for the drama series The Collaborators.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "A native of Montreal, Quebec, he served in the Royal Canadian Air Force during World War II, and decided to pursue acting after participating in variety shows.",
"title": "Background and family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He was the uncle of actor Art Hindle.",
"title": "Background and family"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "He began his acting career in New York City, appearing in dramatic anthology television series such as Lights Out, The Web, Omnibus and Camera Three. He also played Angus in the 1954 television production of Macbeth, and had a role for several months in the soap opera Guiding Light.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1957 he won an award for his performance in an Off-Broadway production of James Joyce's play Exiles. In the same year he was cast as Laertes in the Stratford Festival production of Hamlet, but was dropped from the production and subsequently sued for wrongful dismissal. The following year he staged his own one-man show in Stratford, without festival participation, receiving acclaim for his selection of monologues by various playwrights.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1959 he starred as Jamie in a production of Long Day's Journey into Night for Montreal's Théâtre du Nouveau Monde, alongside Ian Keith as James, Mildred Dunnock as Mary, Eileen Clifford as Cathleen and Roland Hewgill as Edmund.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In the early 1960s he moved to England, where he had some success in stage roles until his career was disrupted by the rise to fame of the similarly-named Michael Caine.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 1965 he appeared in the film The Bedford Incident.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1967, he returned to Montreal to perform the one-man show Michael Kane on Stage. He returned to living in Canada permanently soon afterward, and was again regularly featured in Canadian television and stage productions, including a 1968 guest appearance in Quentin Durgens, M.P., the theatrical film Love in a Four Letter World, and the television films Fringe Benefits, The Day They Killed the Snowman, The Disposable Man and The Sloane Affair.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Beginning in 1973 he starred as Jim Brewer in the first season of the police drama series The Collaborators. After shooting three episodes of the show's second season he left the series, with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation stating that he left for health reasons, but Kane disputed that, claiming that he had been fired for demanding a pay increase due to excessive overtime work.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Throughout his career, he was also a frequent narrator of documentary films for the National Film Board of Canada and other documentary producers.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Michael Kane was a Canadian film and television actor, who worked in both Canadian and American film and television. He was most noted as a two-time ACTRA Award nominee for Best Television Performance, receiving nods at the 2nd ACTRA Awards in 1973 for the television film The Disposable Man, and at the 4th ACTRA Awards in 1975 for the drama series The Collaborators. | 2023-12-11T23:45:16Z | 2023-12-12T02:18:11Z | [
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75,541,197 | Trapezium (novel) | Trapezium (トラペジウム, Torapejiumu) is a Japanese novel written by former Nogizaka46 member Kazumi Takayama. It was initially serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Da Vinci book and manga news magazine from April 2016 to August 2018. Kadokawa Shoten later published the novel in print with cover art by Tae in November 2018. An anime film adaptation produced by CloverWorks is scheduled to premiere in Japan in May 2024.
An anime film adaptation was announced on December 12, 2023. The film is produced by CloverWorks, directed by Masahiro Shinohara, and supervised by Koji Masunari, with scripts written by Yūko Kakihara, character designs by Rio, and music composed by Masaru Yokoyama. It is set to be released in Japan on May 10, 2024. The film's theme song is performed by MAISONdes. | [
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"title": "Media"
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] | Trapezium is a Japanese novel written by former Nogizaka46 member Kazumi Takayama. It was initially serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Da Vinci book and manga news magazine from April 2016 to August 2018. Kadokawa Shoten later published the novel in print with cover art by Tae in November 2018. An anime film adaptation produced by CloverWorks is scheduled to premiere in Japan in May 2024. | 2023-12-11T23:47:37Z | 2023-12-31T11:34:12Z | [
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75,541,225 | Lane Allen Baker | Lane Allen Baker is an American electrochemist who is presently the Carl D. McAfee '90 Chair of Analytical Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at Texas A&M University.
Lane Baker studied Chemistry as an undergraduate at Missouri State University, Springfield, MO and as a graduate student at Texas A&M University. Baker has served as Chair for the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society and as president and a board member for the Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry (SEAC). | [
{
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"text": "Lane Allen Baker is an American electrochemist who is presently the Carl D. McAfee '90 Chair of Analytical Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at Texas A&M University.",
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"text": "Lane Baker studied Chemistry as an undergraduate at Missouri State University, Springfield, MO and as a graduate student at Texas A&M University. Baker has served as Chair for the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society and as president and a board member for the Society for Electroanalytical Chemistry (SEAC).",
"title": "Biography"
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] | Lane Allen Baker is an American electrochemist who is presently the Carl D. McAfee '90 Chair of Analytical Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at Texas A&M University. | 2023-12-11T23:53:01Z | 2023-12-31T06:24:55Z | [
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75,541,232 | Edifício João Brícola | The João Brícola Building (Portuguese: Edifício João Brícola), better known as the Mappin Building (Portuguese: Prédio do Mappin), is a large building in the city of São Paulo, designed by the architect Elisário Bahiana [pt] (1891-1980), the same person responsible for the Viaduto do Chá and the São Paulo Jockey Club. The name of the building comes from the banker João Brícola [pt], who donated half of his fortune to the Santa Casa de Misericórdia.
The building was originally designed to be the headquarters of the Banco Banespa, but management considered it to be far from São Paulo's financial center, at the time located on Rua Direita and 15 de Novembro, just over 1 km from Praça Ramos. Santa Casa de Misericórdia had a building in that area, more precisely on Rua João Brícola, and in this way the property exchange was carried out with Banespa, and Santa Casa became the owner of the building. The building became notorious for housing the Mappin department store.
The building remained empty between 2003 and 2004, when Extra had given up on the location because it deemed the rent, then set at R$600,000, too high. In 2019, the building was sold to São Carlos Empreendimentos e Participações (SCEP), a company headed by billionaires Jorge Paulo Lemann, Marcel Telles and Beto Sicupira. Casas Bahia became tenants, but in 2023 left the building.
In April 2023, the building was sold for R$71.5 million. SCEP did not reveal who the buyer was, but the building will house the Serviço Social do Comércio's new headquarters. SESC began renovating the building, with the aim of transforming it into an organization museum. The building is expected to be ready in 2027. In October 2023, it was announced that the building would be partially reopened to the public, with exhibition space about the history of SESC. | [
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"title": ""
},
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"text": "The building was originally designed to be the headquarters of the Banco Banespa, but management considered it to be far from São Paulo's financial center, at the time located on Rua Direita and 15 de Novembro, just over 1 km from Praça Ramos. Santa Casa de Misericórdia had a building in that area, more precisely on Rua João Brícola, and in this way the property exchange was carried out with Banespa, and Santa Casa became the owner of the building. The building became notorious for housing the Mappin department store.",
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"text": "The building remained empty between 2003 and 2004, when Extra had given up on the location because it deemed the rent, then set at R$600,000, too high. In 2019, the building was sold to São Carlos Empreendimentos e Participações (SCEP), a company headed by billionaires Jorge Paulo Lemann, Marcel Telles and Beto Sicupira. Casas Bahia became tenants, but in 2023 left the building.",
"title": "History"
},
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"text": "In April 2023, the building was sold for R$71.5 million. SCEP did not reveal who the buyer was, but the building will house the Serviço Social do Comércio's new headquarters. SESC began renovating the building, with the aim of transforming it into an organization museum. The building is expected to be ready in 2027. In October 2023, it was announced that the building would be partially reopened to the public, with exhibition space about the history of SESC.",
"title": "History"
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] | The João Brícola Building, better known as the Mappin Building, is a large building in the city of São Paulo, designed by the architect Elisário Bahiana (1891-1980), the same person responsible for the Viaduto do Chá and the São Paulo Jockey Club. The name of the building comes from the banker João Brícola, who donated half of his fortune to the Santa Casa de Misericórdia. | 2023-12-11T23:53:56Z | 2023-12-11T23:53:56Z | [
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75,541,237 | Arlet Junior Zé | Arlet Junior Zé (born 22 March 2006) is a Swiss-Cameroonian professional footballer who plays for FC Basel. He plays mainly in the position as left winger, but also as midfielder. He has been Swiss youth international at various levels.
Junior Zé played his youth football with Grasshopper Club Zürich and during the winter break of 2020–21 season he moved to youth department of FC Basel. He was a member of the FCB U-18 team that celebrated winning the Swiss championship at the end of June 2023. On 21 July the club announced that he would join Basel's first team for their 2023–24 FC Basel season under head coach Timo Schultz.
After appearing in three test games Junior Zé played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game in the St. Jakob-Park on 30 July, as he was substituted in during the match that Basel won 5–2 against Winterthur. He scored his first goal for his new team in the Swiss Cup away game on 20 August. It was the last goal of the game as Basel won 8–1 against amateur club FC Saint-Blaise.
At the same time Junior Zé remained part of the U-19 team that was playing in the UEFA Youth League. On 25 October during the first round match between Basel and Gent he scored the goal to the final score in the 2–0 win.
In the Swiss Super League match against St. Gallen on 26 November Junior Zé suffered a broken toe and had to undergo an opperation. He was not able to play football again until the New Year. | [
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"title": ""
},
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"text": "Junior Zé played his youth football with Grasshopper Club Zürich and during the winter break of 2020–21 season he moved to youth department of FC Basel. He was a member of the FCB U-18 team that celebrated winning the Swiss championship at the end of June 2023. On 21 July the club announced that he would join Basel's first team for their 2023–24 FC Basel season under head coach Timo Schultz.",
"title": "Football career"
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"text": "After appearing in three test games Junior Zé played his domestic league debut for the club in the home game in the St. Jakob-Park on 30 July, as he was substituted in during the match that Basel won 5–2 against Winterthur. He scored his first goal for his new team in the Swiss Cup away game on 20 August. It was the last goal of the game as Basel won 8–1 against amateur club FC Saint-Blaise.",
"title": "Football career"
},
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"text": "At the same time Junior Zé remained part of the U-19 team that was playing in the UEFA Youth League. On 25 October during the first round match between Basel and Gent he scored the goal to the final score in the 2–0 win.",
"title": "Football career"
},
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"text": "In the Swiss Super League match against St. Gallen on 26 November Junior Zé suffered a broken toe and had to undergo an opperation. He was not able to play football again until the New Year.",
"title": "Football career"
}
] | Arlet Junior Zé is a Swiss-Cameroonian professional footballer who plays for FC Basel. He plays mainly in the position as left winger, but also as midfielder. He has been Swiss youth international at various levels. | 2023-12-11T23:54:16Z | 2023-12-12T18:20:55Z | [
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75,541,249 | Opposition to Francoism | Opposition to Francoism, anti-Francoism and at that time simply opposition, is the denomination given to the group of political and social movements that opposed Franco's regime or dictatorship from the end of the Spanish Civil War (1939) until the first democratic elections (1977), a year and a half after his death (1975).
Before the end of the Spanish Civil War, it can be observed that there were signs of opposition in the Francoist zone, controlled by the nascent Franco regime: in December 1936 the attempt by Manuel Fal Conde, leader of Traditionalist Communion, to create a Royal Military Academy of Requetés that was not under the control of the Army resulted in his immediate departure from the country amidst accusations of treason. On April 16, 1937 violent incidents took place in Salamanca between members of different factions within the Falange Española y de las JONS (the faction of the triumvirate between Agustín Aznar, José Moreno and Sancho Dávila against the faction of Manuel Hedilla), as a result there were two fatalities and on April 25 of the same year Manuel Hedilla, leader until that moment of the FE y de las JONS, was accused of having conspired against Franco and was condemned to two death sentences. These first frictions within the ranks of the rebels would be stopped by the Unification Decree of 1937, which led to the creation of the FET y de las JONS, conceived as the political branch of the so-called Movimiento Nacional.
In the interior of Spain the first two organizations of the defeated side to reorganize were the CNT and the PCE, even though the conditions in which they did so were harsh: "an environment marked by hunger and disease, with thousands of people in prison or awaiting execution, while others made the traces of their Republican past disappear to avoid arrest and where the majority of the population depended for their subsistence on the straperlo, thus increasing their vulnerability towards the pressures of the state". Therefore, in both cases the clandestine activity was focused on helping their imprisoned militants and their families, providing them with money and seeking ways to free them or reduce their sentences, and giving shelter to those persecuted by the police.
However, the first unitary organization of the opposition to Francoism, the Spanish Democratic Alliance (ADE), was promoted by a group of exiled Republicans and its board of directors, constituted in the summer of 1940, was based in London. However, "the ADE was little more than a front for the activities of the British secret information services and their Spanish collaborators in the interior". It had a short life because the Francoist police managed to infiltrate the organization and arrested some 200 people in Valencia, Madrid and other cities —ten were sentenced to death of which three were shot in Paterna in November—. After the invasion of France, the network of ADE agents, which operated from the Midi, was dismantled, and the British government ceased to support it so it disappeared at the end of 1940.
As for the anarchists, the first interior committee was formed by Esteban Pallarols, who had managed to escape from the Albatera camp, and who was in charge of creating a clandestine network to move to France the prisoners he managed to get out of the concentration camps by means of false documents. Pallarols was arrested by the police and condemned to death, being shot on July 18, 1943. He was replaced by Manuel López López, but he resigned soon after due to tuberculosis he had contracted during his stay in the Albatera camp, and was replaced by Celedonio Pérez Bernardo. He was also arrested, tried in September 1942 and sentenced to thirty years in prison. He was replaced by Manuel Amil Barcia, but he, stalked by the police, had to leave Madrid to take refuge in Andalusia, so the functions of the national committee were taken over by the Madrid organization headed by Eusebio Azañedo, who contacted the CNT of Valencia, which had been reorganized, and the CNT of Catalonia, whose situation was rather unclear due to the existence of two regional committees. As a result of the denunciation of a confidant, Acebedo was arrested in Madrid in the summer of 1943, so Amil returned to the capital to take charge again of the general secretariat of the national committee.
As for the communists, the first organization of the party that was formed in hiding was in Madrid, where just after the end of the war a provincial committee was formed, headed by Matilde Landa and made up of several militants, some of them young members of the JSU. Some of its members were arrested by the police, who had obtained the files of the communist youth organization, being accused without any proof of having been preparing an attack against General Franco for the Victory Parade to be held on May 19, so a military court sentenced them to death and they were shot. Others were accused of being involved in the attack against Major Isaac Gabaldón, when he was traveling in his car near Talavera de la Reina. On August 4 a first summary court-martial was held in Madrid in which 65 of the 67 accused were condemned to death, being shot the following day; 63, among them thirteen young women, some of them minors, who would be known as "Las trece rosas". Matilde Landa was also arrested, as well as Enrique Sánchez and José Cazorla, leaders of the JSU, who had formed the first "delegation of the central committee" —the term used to refer to the clandestine communist leadership of the interior of Spain—, Sánchez and Cazorla were while Landa saw the sentence commuted to 30 years in prison, but in mid-1942 she could no longer withstand the psychological pressure to which she was subjected by the prison guards and the management of the Palma de Mallorca prison and committed suicide. The next attempt of the PCE to provide itself with an underground leadership was the work of Heriberto Quiñones, who escaped from the Albatera camp. Quiñones formed the Interior Committee in May 1941, which also included Luis Sendín and Julio Vázquez —the latter was arrested by the police on July 16, being replaced by Realino Fernández López Realinos, of the Communist Party of Euskadi—. Around the same time, mid-May, several communist cadres sent by the PCE leadership in Mexico arrived in Lisbon to take charge of the organization of the interior. But four months later the Portuguese police arrested the "Lisbon group" and the Spanish police arrested Quiñones' committee along with two hundred more communist militants. Quiñones himself was arrested on December 30, 1941 in Madrid's Alcalá Street along with Ángel Garvín, who had taken the place of Realinos —detained earlier— in the interior leadership. All the captured interior leaders were condemned to death and shot, as well as the members of the "Lisbon group", who had been extradited to Spain, except for one of them who would die in prison in 1947. The reaction of the PCE leadership in exile to this incident was to accuse Quiñones of being a traitor who had denounced his comrades of the "Lisbon group" to the police. To this very serious accusation was added that of "Trotskyist" —the worst label a communist could receive in the times of Stalinist orthodoxy—.
After the defeat of Quiñones, Jesús Bayón, a former collaborator of his, took over the communist leadership in the interior, which also included other former "quiñonistas" who had managed to evade arrest, such as Calixto Pérez Doñoro. In June 1942, Bayón was replaced by Jesús Carreras, sent by the PCE leadership in France, whose influence was increasingly felt in the organization in the interior through the work of Jesús Monzón and his deputy Gabriel León Trilla who had rebuilt the PCE in the French Midi, then under the collaborationist regime of Vichy, and whose press organ, published clandestinely from August 1941, carried the title of La Reconquista de España (The Reconquest of Spain). Nevertheless, in February 1943, Carreras, betrayed by a police informer, was arrested in Madrid and tortured, and after him the rest of the national leadership in Madrid, including Bayón and Pérez Doñoro, and an important number of active communist militants, as well as the top brass of the JSU. For the second time in less than two years the PCE saw its internal organization dismantled.
The socialists took much longer to reorganize than the anarchists and communists. The first nucleus to be reconstituted was that of the Basque Country as a result of the clandestine work of Nicolás Redondo Blanco and Ramón Rubial. In Asturias, where repression was stronger due to the greater presence of the Guardia Civil and the Army fighting the maquis, the first provincial committee was not formed until 1944. In Madrid a third socialist nucleus was formed under the impulse of Sócrates Gómez.
Diego Martínez Barrio managed to gather a good part of the left-wing republicans in exile —Unión Republicana, Izquierda Republicana, and Partido Republicano Federal— with the creation in Mexico of the Acción Republicana Española, whose first manifesto was made public on April 14, 1941, the tenth anniversary of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, in which he ended by calling on the Western democracies to help overthrow Franco because "without a free Spain a free Europe will not be possible". The fundamental point on which the proposal of the ARE diverged from that of the socialist Indalecio Prieto, who had displaced the "Negrinista" sector from the leadership of the PSOE and the UGT, was that it advocated the reconstruction of a republican government that would present itself to the allies as an alternative to Franco, while the latter advocated the holding of a referendum on the form of government to attract the support of the monarchists.
The anarchists also carried out their own unification process initiated before the end of the war with the creation in France on February 26, 1939 of the Libertarian Movement, made up of the CNT, the FAI and the FIJL. But in the spring of 1942 the Libertarian Movement in exile experienced a serious crisis with the outbreak of latent tensions since the end of the war between the "collaborationists" led by Juan García Oliver and Aurelio Fernández, and the "apolitical" who supported the Paris-based national council presided over by Germinal Esgleas and Federica Montseny. At a meeting held in Mexico the former presented a document for discussion entitled "Ponencia" but were defeated, so they decided to form their own organization, a new CNT, which had as its press organ the CNT newspaper, while the spokesman of the "anti-collaborationists" was Solidaridad Obrera.
The Communists since the signature of the German-Soviet pact in August 1939 remained isolated from the rest of the Republican opposition forces by defending a policy based on the consideration of World War II as an "imperialist war" in which the Spanish people should not intervene. Only after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 they began to break their isolation by defending now that the world war was a war of aggression by the Nazis to "liquidate, one by one, all the free countries", among which the communists included the Soviet Union, "to achieve their yearning for hegemony in the world", as was explained in an article published in Nuestra Bandera with the significant title of "Let us make of all Spain a great front against Franco and against Hitler". Consequently, on August 1, 1941, the PCE proposed the formation of a "National Union of all Spaniards against Franco, the Italo-German invaders and the traitors" which would unite all Spaniards without distinction, so that the call was also addressed to the monarchist military and to all conservative elements who wanted to distance themselves from Franco's policies.
The first outcome of this new doctrine was the Spanish Democratic Union (UDE), formed in Mexico in February 1942 and made up of the PCE and the "negrinista" sectors of the PSOE and the UGT, the Republican Left (IR), the Republican Union (UR), the Federal Republican Party (PRF) and the Unió de Rabassaires —on the other hand, the Catalan communists of the PSUC formed in May their own UDE under the name of Aliança Nacional de Catalunya (ANC)—. Yet in September 1942 the PCE took a new turn in its policy by making public a manifesto in which neither the government of Juan Negrín nor the 1931 Constitution was mentioned and instead it proposed the holding of "democratic elections" to constitute a "constituent assembly to draft the constitutional charter that would guarantee the freedom, independence and prosperity of Spain". According to Hartmut Heine, this new turn was a response to Stalin's policy of considering the Iberian Peninsula "as an indisputable part of the sphere of influence of the West or, rather, of England". Juan Negrin responded by parting with the communists, as did the republican refugees in Great Britain. Thus in February 1943 the UDE was dissolved. However, the Socialists and the "negrinista" Republicans, unlike Negrin himself, did not completely sever their ties with the PCE.
On the initiative of Diego Martínez Barrio, on November 20, 1943, the Junta Española de Liberación was presented in Mexico, made up of the "prietista" socialists and the republicans of the ARE, which constituted "the first relatively broad alliance of the republican forces in exile" since the end of the civil war. However, the JEL did not bring together all the anti-Francoist forces in exile, since the PCE and the "Negrinista" socialists and republicans had been left out of it.
For its part, the PCE promoted the Unión Nacional Española, which sought to bring together all anti-Francoist forces, both republican and monarchist. The liberation of France in the summer of 1944 led the UNE to consider that the time had come to launch the invasion of Spain once the Germans had abandoned the border posts and had been replaced by members of the Gendarmerie Nationale. The operation devised by Jesús Monzón and his political and military advisors consisted of a frontal attack on the border defenses of the Pyrenees to establish several bridgeheads of "liberated Spain", which was to provoke a popular insurrection throughout the country. It was codenamed Operation Reconquista de España and was to involve some 9,000 Spanish members of the French maquis, integrated since May 1944 in the Spanish Guerrilla Grouping (AGE).
The operation began between October 3 and 7 with the invasion of the Roncal valley, followed a week later by the incursion into the sector between Hendaye and Saint Jean-Pied-de-Port, in the Basque Country, but in both cases the guerrillas encountered strong resistance and ended up retreating a few days later. On October 17 the main attack began in the Aran Valley by a force of 3,000 to 4,000 guerrillas under the command of Vicente Lopez Tovar, but they also had to retreat, and only a small number managed to save the siege and integrate into the maquis groups operating in the interior of Spain.
The political bureau of the PCE held Jesús Monzón responsible for the disaster and ordered the end of the UNE, although it was not officially dissolved until June 25, 1945. Monzon, fearing for his life, disobeyed the peremptory order to return to France and wandered around the interior of Spain until he was arrested and sentenced to thirty years in prison. His closest collaborator, Gabriel León Trilla, was assassinated in Madrid on September 6, 1945 by communist agents carrying out orders from the PCE leadership. The same fate befell two other "Monzonist" cadres: Alberto Pérez Ayala was assassinated in Madrid on October 15, 1945; Pere Canals as soon as he crossed the French border.
That same month of October 1944 the agreement reached between libertarians, anarchists and republicans of the interior was made public, which created the National Alliance of Democratic Forces (ANFD) whose objective was the formation of a provisional government that would reestablish democratic liberties and call general elections, for which it was willing to make a pact with the monarchist forces without putting as a condition the restoration of the Republic. Thus, during the last months of 1944, the three members of the ANFD national committee maintained contacts with the monarchist generals Aranda, Kindelán, Saliquet and Alfonso de Orleáns y Borbón, all of them convinced that Franco's regime would not survive the defeat of the Axis powers. However, the discussions soon reached a dead end as the generals wanted the forces represented in the ANFD to accept the restoration of the monarchy without forming a provisional government and without a referendum on the form of government. The final failure of these attempts was due above all to the wave of arrests carried out by Franco's police at the end of 1944 and the beginning of 1945, which led to the imprisonment of the leaders of the ANFD, the national committee of the Libertarian Movement and the executive of the PSOE, as well as prominent monarchist politicians who had maintained contacts with them.
The month after the founding of the ANFD, Martinez Barrio announced in Mexico the convocation of a meeting of the Republican Courts, the first since the end of the civil war, for January 10, 1945, with the objective of creating a National Council of the Spanish Republic. Seventy-two of the 205 living in exile attended (104 resided in Spain, and 88 had died in the war, 60 executed by the rebel side and 28 by the Republican side). The "prietista" socialists argued that there was not enough quorum to validate the meeting —they refused to count the 49 deputies who had not been able to attend but who had joined in writing— so the creation of the National Council of the Spanish Republic could not be approved and the next scheduled meeting was postponed sine die.
Thus, when the Yalta Conference was held, between February 4 and 11, 1945, there was no such thing as a provisional republican government. There, the big three (Soviet Union, United States and Great Britain) agreed "that all liberated countries and those which acted in the orbit of Nazism should freely elect their governments by means of free elections", which was a direct threat to the Franco regime. After learning of the agreement, the Spanish Liberation Junta made public on February 14 a manifesto in which it requested that the Allies "remove the obstacle of Franco's dictatorship ", so that Spain could join the United Nations. In fact, on March 10, 1945, President Roosevelt informed his ambassador in Madrid Norman Armour that "our victory over Germany will entail the extermination of Nazism and related ideologies" and therefore "there is no place in the United Nations for a government founded on the principles of fascism". Armour immediately informed the Spanish Foreign Minister of the contents of Roosevelt's letter.
Thus the Franco regime was excluded from the San Francisco conference that would lead to the creation of the UN, and to which Republicans in exile were invited as political observers. On June 19, the Conference approved a resolution proposed by the Mexican delegate, and with the support of the French and American delegates, which condemned all regimes that had arisen with the support of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, a direct reference to the Franco dictatorship.
After overcoming the crisis of May 1941, the monarchist military began to pressure Franco to give way to the monarchy. In July of that same year they formed a junta made up of five generals presided over by General Luis Orgaz, Spanish High Commissioner in Morocco, although the mastermind was General Aranda. However, among the conspirators, who had been joined by prominent monarchist politicians such as Pedro Sainz Rodríguez, there were numerous discrepancies both on the composition of the hypothetical provisional government that would be formed after Franco's abandonment of power —with a predominance of military men, as General Aranda defended, or of civilians as Sainz Rodríguez advocated— and on its objectives —Aranda was content with dissolving the Falange and Sainz Rodríguez defended the immediate restoration of the monarchy—.
In the meeting held on November 22, several of the conspirators abandoned the idea of forming a provisional government or junta to support instead the constitution of a regency council to ensure the restoration of the monarchy. As this meant overthrowing Franco, several generals withdrew and, on the other hand, the British government, on whose support they had counted until then, did not want to commit itself either. Thus the conspiracy lost strength.
In December 1941, after the German failure in the capture of Moscow and the entry of the United States into the war due to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor —which was congratulated by the Spanish government through a telegram to Tokyo—, the royalist generals again put pressure on Generalissimo Franco at the meeting of the Army Council held on the 15th. And on January 26, 1942, General Kindelán delivered a speech at the Captaincy General of Barcelona in which he asked the Caudillo for the restoration of the monarchy as the only means to achieve the necessary "conciliation and solidarity among the Spanish people". Franco, who was furious, did not react immediately and preferred to wait. In June 1942 he began to move and forced Sainz Rodriguez and Eugenio Vegas Latapié, the two civilian ringleaders of the conspiracy, to leave the country.
On November 11, 1942, only two days after the beginning of the Allied landings in Morocco and Algeria, Juan de Borbón, legitimate heir to the Spanish Crown after the abdication and death of his father King Alfonso XIII, expressed for the first time publicly his aspiration to occupy the throne and began to distance himself from the Franco regime, which until then he had supported. He made a statement to the Swiss newspaper Journal de Genève, which became known as the Geneva Manifesto. "The ideological affinities with Acción Española were left behind and he presented himself as a man who longed to be the king of all Spaniards and not just of one side, and who considered his main mission to achieve the reconciliation of the nation, eliminating the causes that kept it divided".
The same day that the "Geneva manifesto" appeared, General Kindelán met with Franco in Madrid to ask him in his name and in the name of the rest of the monarchist generals (Gómez Jordana, Dávila, Aranda, Orgaz, Vigón and Varela) to proclaim the monarchy and declare himself regent. "Franco gritted his teeth and responded in a conciliatory and sly tone. He denied any formal commitment to the Axis, stated that he did not wish to remain any longer than necessary in a position that he found more unpleasant every day and confessed that he wanted Don Juan to be his successor". Two months later, he removed General Kindelán from his post as head of the Captaincy General of Catalonia, appointing him director of the Army College, which had no direct command over troops. He was replaced by the Falangist General Moscardó.
The spring of 1943 saw the first sign of the semi-clandestine campaign that was developed in favor of Don Juan. Leaflets appeared in Madrid, imitating postcards, in which a photo and the biography of the pretender appeared, together with a fragment of one of his speeches. Around the same time a monarchist committee was formed, made up of Alfonso García Valdecasas, Germiniano Carrascal, Joan Ventosa i Calvell, Manuel González Hontoria and José María Oriol, representing the sector of the Traditionalist Communion headed by the Count of Rodezno.
On June 15, 1943, 27 procurators of the pro-Franco Cortes addressed a letter to Franco in which, in a flattering —"almost servile"— tone, they encouraged him to "crown his mission" by restoring the Monarchy. The Caudillo's response was to remove them all from their official posts and to order the arrest of the promoter of the letter, the Marquis of Eliseda. Another of the promoters —also considered as the material author of the letter— Francisco Moreno Zulueta, Count of the Andes, was banished to the island of La Palma.
The fall of Mussolini on July 25, 1943 and the armistice between Italy and the allied armed forces on September 3 gave a new impulse to the royalist cause. On August 2, Don Juan sent a telegram to General Franco urging him to abandon power and to give way to the Monarchy "because there is no time to lose", the events in Italy "can serve as a warning". General Franco immediately replied with another telegram that ended with a veiled threat:
The seriousness of your telegram advises, in the service of the Fatherland, maximum discretion in the prince, avoiding any act or manifestation that could tend to undermine the prestige and authority of the Spanish Regime before the exterior, and the unity of the Spaniards in the interior, which would result in serious damage to the Monarchy and especially to your highness.
The most critical moment for General Franco occurred on September 8, 1943 when he received a letter signed by eight of the twelve lieutenant generals —Luis Orgaz, Fidel Dávila, José Enrique Varela, José Solchaga, Alfredo Kindelán, Andrés Saliquet, Miguel Ponte, José Monasterio— in which they asked him in an attentive tone —the letter was signed by "some old comrades in arms and respectful subordinates"— to consider the restoration of the monarchy —it would be the only time in 39 years that the majority of the generals asked Franco to resign—. It was delivered by General Asensio although the initial idea had been that the request would be presented in person by General Luis Orgaz the previous month during a visit to the pazo de Meirás. But Franco did not make the slightest concession and limited himself to wait and to place in key positions military men loyal to him. When he spoke with the lieutenant generals one by one, only Kindelán, Orgaz and Ponte remained firm in their position, while the others hesitated, and General Saliquet even told him that he had been pressured to sign. "By mid-October 1943 the storm had passed."
In March 1944, a large group of university professors and lecturers wrote to the "king" Juan de Borbón: "In the Monarchy and in the person of Your Majesty is our hope for a stable Regime". Franco's response was to order the exile of four of the signatories, professors at the University of Madrid: Julio Palacios, Alfonso García Valdecasas, Jesús Pabón and Juan José López Ibor.
Finally, after almost a year without having made any declaration, on March 19, 1945, Don Juan made public the Manifesto of Lausanne in which he broke with Francoism. In it he stated that the Francoist regime "is fundamentally incompatible with the present circumstances being created in the world", that is to say, with the Allied victory, for which reason he asked Franco to make way for the "traditional Monarchy" since only it "can be an instrument of peace and harmony to reconcile the Spanish people".
The manifesto was silenced by the Spanish press and radio, although it was broadcast by the BBC. On March 25, Don Juan asked his supporters to resign from their posts, but only two of them did so: the Duke of Alba, who resigned from the embassy in London and who commented that Franco "only wants to support himself in perpetuity; he is infatuated and arrogant. He knows everything and trusts the international game recklessly"; and General Alfonso de Orleáns y Borbón, Duke of Seville, who resigned from his post as inspector of the air forces. General Franco's reaction was immediate. He banished General de Orleáns to the estate he owned in Cádiz and sent two emissaries, the Catholics Alberto Martín Artajo and Joaquín Ruiz Giménez, to communicate to Don Juan the total support of the Army, the Church, the single party FET y de las JONS and the majority of the monarchists for the Franco regime. On March 20 he summoned the Superior Council of the Army which met for three days and there he rejected Kindelán's request for the restoration of the monarchy — "As long as I live I will never be a queen mother", he told him—.
The declarations of condemnation of the Franco regime by the Allies —at the Potsdam Conference the big three (Stalin, Truman and Churchill —substituted by Attlee—) agreed not to support "any application for membership in the UN of the present Spanish Government, which, having been established with the support of the Axis powers, does not possess, by reason of its origins, its nature, its record and its close association with the aggressor countries, the qualities necessary to justify such membership"— aroused enormous expectations among the Republican opposition in exile and in the interior, which resulted among other things in an increase in the activity of the "maquis".
To deal with guerrilla activity, the regime established controls over the movements of the population and in April 1947 the Law of Banditry and Terrorism was promulgated, the preamble of which stated that it intended to use "special measures of repression" to combat "the most serious criminal species of any post-war situation, a consequence of the relaxation of moral ties and the exaltation of the impulses of cruelty and the aggressiveness of criminal and maladjusted people". The articles established the assumptions in which the death penalty would be applied to "evildoers" —or "bandits"—, which not only included having killed someone, but also having wielded "a weapon of war" or having detained "travelers in unpopulated areas".
Both the guerrillas and the Army and Civil Guard units that fought them resorted to reprisals, "often reaching a terrified civilian population". "A captured guerrilla had little chance of staying alive" but neither did "a village mayor, or a notorious Francoist imprisoned in a guerrilla raid". On the other hand, the Franco regime used guerrilla activity as "proof" that the civil war was continuing. Thus, in a report of October 1946 Luis Carrero Blanco, the Generalissimo's right-hand man, recommended to Franco the use of "all the levers that the Government and the Movement have in their hands on the basis that it is moral and lawful to impose terror when it is based on justice and cuts off a greater evil (...) The direct action of punishment, without reaching serious outpourings of blood, is advisable against naive agitators who, without being agents of communism, play into its hands".
While the activity of the maquis was increasing, in August 1945 a special session of the Republican Courts was held in Mexico in which Diego Martínez Barrio was elected president of the Second Spanish Republic in exile and a government presided by José Giral was appointed, from which in principle the negrinists and the communists were excluded. However, the Republican government was not recognized by any of the victorious powers or by the UN —only by the Eastern European countries under the Soviet orbit and by Mexico, Venezuela, Panama and Guatemala—, so José Giral would end up presenting his resignation in February 1947 —two months after the declaration condemning Francoism by the UN in December 1946 made no mention of the Republican government in exile—. Another reason for his resignation was that Giral was opposed to the talks that the Socialist Indalecio Prieto was holding with José María Gil Robles on behalf of the monarchists.
For this last reason the republican opposition was divided between those in favor of allying with the monarchists and accepting a referendum on the form of state, and those who continued to defend republican legitimacy. Another reason for confrontation was the strategy to be followed: whether to continue with the guerrilla struggle as a preliminary phase to the popular insurrection (as the CNT, the PSOE and the PCE were practicing), or, on the contrary, to give priority to the diplomatic struggle to force international action by the great powers and the UN (as the Basque and Catalan nationalists and the Republican parties were advocating).
The monarchists also intensified their offensive after the Manifesto of Lausanne made public by Don Juan de Borbón on March 19, 1945. However, the break with the Franco regime was not total, since in August Eugenio Vegas Latapié, representing Don Juan, traveled incognito to Madrid where he met with Luis Carrero Blanco, the Caudillo's right-hand man, although no agreement was reached. The problem for Don Juan was that he did not have an organized and united monarchist opposition within Spain and that the Army firmly supported Franco as did the "collaborationist" monarchists. Nevertheless, monarchist pressure increased when in February 1946 Don Juan moved his official residence from Lausanne to Estoril (near Lisbon) and received a letter of welcome signed by 458 members of the Spanish elite, including two former ministers, which caused Franco deep concern and he said: "it is a declaration of war". After that, he ended up breaking off relations with Don Juan. On the other hand, the small sector of Carlism headed by the Count of Rodezno recognized Don Juan as its sovereign.
In March 1947 the Law of Succession to the Headship of the State (the fifth "fundamental law" of Franco's regime) was published, whose second article granted the "Head of State" for life to the "Caudillo of Spain and of the Crusade, Generalissimo of the Armies" and Article 6 conferred on Franco the right to designate a successor "as King or Regent" "at any time" and with full capacity to revoke his decision, so that the Monarchy would not be restored but installed in the person of the royalty that General Franco would decide, thus turning his successor "into a puppet of the dictator and his political heirs".
The content of the Law of Succession was known to Don Juan de Borbón before the project was made public through the interview he had with Franco's envoy, Luis Carrero Blanco. As no mention was made of any dynastic right of succession, Don Juan's response was not long in coming in the form of a new declaration —the Estoril Manifesto of April 7, 1947— in which he rejected the Law and defended the hereditary rights of succession to the throne, which were vested in his person. This message was not made public in Spain, where the press launched a campaign against "the pretender". The Estoril Manifesto denounced that the law tried to "convert a "personal dictatorship" into a "lifetime" and to disguise "with the glorious mantle of the Monarchy a regime of pure governmental arbitrariness", and affirmed the "supreme principle of legitimacy" that fell on Don Juan and "the imprescriptible rights of sovereignty that the providence of God has willed to come to converge" in him. Don Juan then declared himself "to be ready to facilitate everything that would allow to assure the normal and unconditional transmission of powers".
In order to seek the "democratic" legitimacy of the regime, the law was first approved by the Parliament on June 7, and then submitted to referendum on July 6, 1947, producing a very high participation and the affirmative vote of 93% of the voters as a result of the official propaganda —the only one allowed— and other pressure measures —for example, the presentation and stamping of the ration stamp as a form of electoral identification—.
The outbreak of the "cold war" ended up favoring General Franco, as Spain had a new strategic value for the "free world" bloc in the face of a possible Soviet attack on Western Europe. In November 1947 the United States successfully opposed in the UN a new condemnation of the Franco regime and the imposition of new sanctions. Four months later, France reopened the border with Spain, and between May and June 1948 trade and financial agreements were signed with France and Great Britain. At the beginning of 1949, Franco's regime received the first credit granted by an American bank with the approval of his government for a value of 25 million dollars. Shortly before, the chairman of the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee had visited Spain.
The process of "rehabilitating" Franco's dictatorship was formally completed in 1950, after the Korean War, the first major confrontation of the "cold war", broke out in June of that year. On November 4, the UN General Assembly revoked by a large majority —with American support and French and British abstention— the resolution condemning Franco's regime of December 1946. Thus, in the following months the Western ambassadors returned to Madrid and Spain's entry into the UN's specialized international organizations was approved.
The international rehabilitation of Franco's regime and the approval by referendum of the Law of Succession weakened the monarchist option to such an extent that Don Juan de Borbón changed his strategy with respect to Franco and on August 25, 1948, he met with the Generalissimo on his Azor anchored in the Bay of Biscay, Don Juan attending the meeting aboard the Saltillo ship. As a result, it was agreed that Don Juan's son, Juan Carlos de Borbón, would be educated in Spain under the tutelage of General Franco. On November 7, the 10-year-old prince arrived in Spain. The interview had been promoted by collaborationist monarchists, such as the Duke of Sotomayor and Julio Danvila, and the general was accompanied by the Infante Jaime de Borbón, Don Juan's older brother, "perhaps as a reminder that there were changes in the struggle for the restoration of the Monarchy".
The agreement reached between Franco and Don Juan, which implicitly recognized the legitimacy of the Franco regime, left without effect the pact formalized in Saint-Jean-de-Luz three days later between José María Gil Robles, representing the non-collaborationist Juanistas monarchists of the Confederation of Monarchist Forces, and Indalecio Prieto, in representation of the monarchists, and Indalecio Prieto, representing part of the Republican opposition, in which they had agreed to fight jointly to overthrow Franco's dictatorship, after a provisional government would be formed which would call a plebiscite to decide the "definitive political regime", republican or monarchist. The discussions had begun under the auspices of the British Labor government, specifically Ernest Bevin, Foreign Office Secretary, who had brought together Gil Robles and Prieto in London on October 17, 1946, to promote the transition to democracy in Spain. Shortly after the fiasco of the Saint-Jean-de-Luz agreement, Indalecio Prieto resigned as president of the PSOE. He stated: "My failure is complete", and was replaced by Rodolfo Llopis. In July 1951, Don Juan wrote a letter to Franco in which he rejected the collaboration of the monarchists with the socialists and in which he said: "Let us reach an agreement to prepare a stable regime". Franco ignored the proposal.
For its part, the Republican opposition, faced with the international recognition of Franco's regime, ran out of arguments, and guerrilla activity declined. The communists abandoned the guerrillas completely in 1952, while the anarchists would still carry out sporadic actions until 1963.
From the end of 1948, Franco knew that no essential danger would question his "command", once the monarchist opposition had been "tamed" (with Prince Juan Carlos already in Spain), the guerrillas had been defeated, the Republican opposition in exile had been evicted and decapitated at home, and the international isolation of his regime had been broken. A symptom that the Franco regime already felt reassured was that on April 7, 1948, the state of war that had existed since the beginning of the civil war was ended, although the military courts would continue to deal with political crimes under the Banditry and Terrorism Law passed the previous year.
During the 1950s the internal and exile anti-Francoist opposition lived its "desert crossing". Attempts to rebuild the parties and workers' organizations in the underground were interrupted by the police, as happened to the CNT in 1953 when its National Committee in the interior, headed by Manuel Vallejo, was arrested; to the PSOE when that same year Tomás Centeno, president of the executive committee of the interior, was arrested and died during police interrogations; or to the PSUC, when its leader Joan Comorera was arrested in 1954 and sentenced by a court martial to thirty years in prison, dying in prison in 1958. That year the socialist Antonio Amat Guridi, Tomás Centeno's successor at the head of the PSOE's interior executive committee, was arrested and imprisoned.
However, in 1951 there was an important workers' protest as a result of the poor working conditions and the increase in prices. The epicenter was Barcelona and the trigger was the significant increase in the price of streetcar fares, which was responded on March 1 with a boycott by the population that lasted several days and that would end up achieving the annulment of the measure. The success of the boycott (a safe form of protest that did not involve personal risk) was followed by a fairly widespread strike in the industrial area of Barcelona against the rising cost of living. At first the reaction of the police was weak (the civil governor would be replaced as a result) and the captain general of Catalonia, the royalist Juan Bautista Sánchez refused to take the troops out on the streets, although during the following days measures of force were applied and the workers returned to their occupations. Protests and strikes also took place in other cities, such as Zaragoza, Bilbao, Pamplona and Madrid.
For his part, Don Juan de Borbón continued his rapprochement with Franco, meeting secretly with General Franco at an estate in Extremadura owned by the Count of Ruiseñada at the end of 1954.
On February 9, 1956, violent incidents took place at the University of Madrid as a result of a confrontation between students who were demonstrating in favor of free elections to the SEU and a group of Falangists who had just come from celebrating the annual ceremony of the "Day of the Fallen Student". In the brawl a Falangist student was seriously wounded by a bullet in the neck. The climate of crisis spread rapidly —there was rumour that the Falangists were preparing a night of the long knives— and the police proceeded to arrest those responsible for calling the students' assembly who, to their surprise, turned out to be some of them former Falangists and sons of people of the regime.
The seriousness of the crisis —the first major internal crisis the Regime had to face since 1942— was made clear by two measures immediately taken by General Franco. On February 11 he decreed for the first time since its promulgation the suspension of Articles 14 and 18 of the Fuero de los Españoles, and the University of Madrid was closed. On February 16 he dismissed the two ministers who were "responsibles" for the events: Joaquín Ruiz Giménez, Minister of Education, and Fernández Cuesta, Minister-Secretary General of the Movement on whom the SEU depended.
The events of February 1956 showed that, after 15 years, the Francoist regime was losing control of the youth in the most important universities, where it had previously had limited support or, at least, no resistance, and constituted the first glimmer of a rebirth of internal opposition, which came not from the Republic, but from a new generation which had grown up under the Regime in the 1950s, and began to organize itself as opposition to the Francoist dictatorship regardless of the camp in which they themselves or their parents had militated during the civil war. Thus, "the events of 1956 marked a turning point in the development of anti-Francoism".
The communists were the first to grasp this new fact and before any other party they consecrated it as an official strategy. Thus, in the plenary session of the Central Committee of the PCE held in Prague in August 1956, which also supported the Soviet invasion of Hungary, the new policy of National Reconciliation was approved, which sought understanding with all the anti-Franco forces regardless of which side they had fought on in the Civil War. However, the task was not going to be easy, and both the "Day of National Reconciliation" of May 5, 1958, and the "National Peaceful Strike" of June 18, 1959, called by the PCE were a complete failure.
From 1958 onwards, strikes —which continued to be a crime— reappeared, especially in Asturias and Catalonia, centered on wage claims since inflation was causing the fall of real wages. In particular, the coal mining industry in Asturias was the scene of recurrent strikes which provided a new mechanism of workers' representation that was to be singularly successful in the future: the workers' commission elected from among the strikers, apart from the "union liaisons" and the "sworn company spokesmen" of the Francoist trade union organization, to present their claims directly to the management of their company or to the bosses. The intensity of the Asturian strike movement was such that it led Franco to decree on March 14, 1958, the second suspension of the Fuero de los Españoles and the state of emergency in the region for four months.
The social changes brought about by the accelerated economic growth of the "prodigious decade" revived old conflicts and opened new ones, which progressively overflowed the channels established by the Franco regime, incapable of adapting to the new realities. In this context there was a resurgence of the opposition, which grew "both in number of militants and in mobilization capacity" although "it never represented a challenge, or rather an alternative, supported by the citizens as a whole, to the dictatorship".
The first and most important challenge that the Francoist governments had to face was the return of the workers' conflict that started with the Asturias mining strike of 1962, producing from then on a progressive politicization due to the continuous police repression against their actions and the refusal of the authorities to legalize the rights to strike, demonstration and free trade union association, since the Francoist Trade Union Organization remained the only "union" allowed, with compulsory membership for all workers.
This new workers' movement was formed around the "workers' commissions" that arose spontaneously to negotiate directly with the employers the collective agreements outside the official Trade Union Organization, and that later came to form a whole political-union movement, which would take advantage of the official trade union elections of 1966 for "liaisons" and "sworn members" to spread and consolidate. The Franco regime ended up banning it the following year, considering it "a subsidiary of the Communist Party of Spain". The historical unions (UGT, CNT, ELA-STV) were only slowly reorganized throughout the decade.
A second front that the regime had to deal with were the student protests at the University that spread throughout the decade, and were proof of the cultural and ideological failure of Francoism. "The regime's response to this ideological and cultural dissidence was a growing repression (sanctions, expulsions, arrests, torture, closures of faculties and universities...) that further alienated the university population with respect to Francoism." The university mobilizations of 1965 —which gained the support of some professors, such as José Luis López Aranguren, Enrique Tierno Galván and Agustín García Calvo, who were expelled from the University of Madrid for this reason— forced the dissolution of the SEU —that had already been affected since the events of 1956— and originated new free and openly anti-Francoist student groups —the most widespread in Madrid and Barcelona was the Sindicato Democrático de Estudiantes Universitarios (Democratic Union of University Students)—. The student events of 1969 would provoke the proclamation of a state of emergency throughout Spain for two months.
The area that caused the most discomfort in the regime and in Franco himself was the appearance of Catholic sectors that opposed Francoism, a phenomenon that was due both to the generational change in the clergy and in the Spanish followers and to the new pastoral and democratizing course of the Second Vatican Council. The first two conflicts, however, took place before its beginning in the autumn of 1962. The first took place in the Basque Country in 1961, when 339 priests censured their bishops for collaborating with a regime that repressed Basque "ethnic, linguistic and social characteristics". The following year the Archbishop of Milan —the future Paul VI— sent a telegram to Franco asking for clemency for a Catalan anarchist student, Jordi Conill, accused of bombing official buildings and whom the prosecutor was asking for the death penalty —he would finally be sentenced to thirty years in prison—, which motivated the protests of the Falangist students of the SEU to the cry of "Sofia Loren, YES; Montini, NO".
In November 1963 the abbot of the Monastery of Montserrat, Aureli Maria Escarré, denounced in an interview to the French newspaper Le Monde the lack of liberties in Spain —in reference to the campaign XXV Years of Peace he said: "We do not have behind us 25 years of peace, but only 25 years of victory. The victors, including the Church, which was forced to fight alongside the latter, have done nothing to end this division between victors and vanquished. This represents one of the most regrettable failures of a regime that claims to be Catholic, but in which the State does not obey the basic principles of Christianity"—, which forced his exile out of the country. From then on, many progressive Catholics —and also priests— participated in workers' and students' protests, in addition to using the churches as meeting places, taking advantage of the immunity they enjoyed due to the Concordat of 1953. As a result of these opposition activities, some one hundred priests and friars were imprisoned in the Concordat prison in Zamora between 1968 and 1975. In 1967, in a survey sent by letter by the ecclesiastical hierarchy to more than twenty thousand priests, 80% of them answered that they supported a clear separation between Church and State in accordance with the new guidelines of the Second Vatican Council.
There was also a resurgence of cultural and political demands in Catalonia and the Basque Country. The act of protest that is usually pointed out as the beginning of the revival of Catalan nationalism was the events at the Palau de la Música that took place in May 1960 during a concert attended by several ministers and during which a large part of the audience sang a Catalan patriotic hymn that was forbidden —as a consequence of this event, the young university student Jordi Pujol, leader of the group Cristians Catalans, was arrested and sentenced to seven years in prison—. The following year the first Catalanist cultural organization, Omnium Cultural, was founded. From that moment on, support for political and cultural Catalanism grew and in 1964 the first call since the civil war to celebrate the (illegal) "national day" of September 11 took place.
As for Basque nationalism, its rebirth was also the result of the activity of the new generations that emerged after the war. These were mainly young Catholic university students, who rejected the supposed conformism and passivity of their elders —specifically the PNV and the Basque government in exile—-. Thus, in July 1959, a new nationalist party called ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, in English: Basque Homeland and Freedom) emerged, and in 1962 it defined itself as a "revolutionary movement of national liberation", under the influence of the movements that were emerging in Asia and Africa to achieve the independence of their peoples from colonial domination (and of the Latin American guerrillas in their struggle against "North American imperialism"). This is how ETA ended up opting for the "armed struggle" to put an end to the "oppression of the Basque people" carried out by Franco's dictatorship.
Some sources indicate that its first fatality was a twenty-two month old girl who died in June 1960 as a result of the explosion of the bomb that had been placed in a railroad station in Amara, in San Sebastian. At the time, the attacks were attributed to the anti-fascist group DRIL, which claimed responsibility for them. However, forty years later, the former minister Ernest Lluch attributed the attack to ETA, in what would have been the band's first assassination. This hypothesis is criticized as unfounded by Francisco Letamendia and other authors, who maintain that according to Soutomayor's memoirs, he himself would have recognized and regretted the attack.
In any case, the following year ETA tried unsuccessfully to derail a train in which former Francoist combatants from the Civil War were traveling and in 1965 they perpetrated the first robbery to provide funds. In June 1968 a civil guard stopped a car carrying two ETA members at a traffic control near Villabona (Guipuzkoa). The event led to the murder of José Pardines and, later, to the persecution of the perpetrators and the death of the ETA member Txabi Etxebarrieta. In August 1968, ETA committed in Irun the first premeditated murder in the person of a police commissioner accused of torture. From then on, ETA's terrorist activity —another fatality in 1968, other in 1969, one kidnapped in 1970— would become the first political and public order problem of the Franco regime, which would respond to the challenge with a general and indiscriminate repression in the Basque Country. At the end of 1969 some two thousand Basque nationalists were in prison, accused of having some relationship with ETA.
In this context of growing labor, student, ecclesiastical and regional conflicts, the "desert crossing" of the anti-Francoist opposition came to an end. The workers' parties and organizations (PSOE, UGT, CNT, PCE) were rebuilt in the interior —but not the Republican parties, which only existed nominally in exile—. Among them, the most successful was the Communist Party of Spain (PCE), which became the most active, best organized and most militant group of all the anti-Francoist opposition —and this despite suffering several splits that originated various groups of the extreme communist left—.
It was precisely these left-wing workers' organizations that were the target of Franco's repression, and it was the case of the communist leader Julián Grimau, executed in April 1963 for alleged crimes committed during the civil war, that raised the largest wave of protests throughout Europe. As a result, "political crimes" passed from military to civilian jurisdiction with the creation of the Court of Public Order (in Spanish: Tribunal de Orden Público, TOP). In the first four years of its activity, the TOP initiated more than 4,500 indictments for crimes of "illegal propaganda", "illegal association", "illegal assembly", "illegal demonstration", "defamation of the Head of State", etc. However, as a result of the growing activity of ETA, the government reestablished the full force of the Law of Banditry and Terrorism, so that "political crimes" involving any armed activity returned to military jurisdiction.
Outside the sphere of the working-class left, some groups also emerged, headed by prominent personalities, such as the Christian Democrats of José María Gil Robles —the former leader of the CEDA—, of Manuel Giménez Fernández —also a former member of the CEDA— or of the former minister Joaquín Ruiz Giménez —who in 1964 founded the magazine Cuadernos para el Diálogo, which would become the main organ of "tolerated" expression of the anti-Francoist opposition—, the social democrats of the former Falangist Dionisio Ridruejo, or the monarchists of Joaquín Satrústegui (who remained loyal to Don Juan de Borbón).
The act of major repercussion of these groups took place in June 1962 on the occasion of the celebration in Munich of the IV Congress of the European Movement, to which opposition politicians from both the interior and exile were invited, and in which they agreed on a common document in favor of "the establishment of authentically representative and democratic institutions that guarantee that the Government is based on the consent of the governed", thus avoiding reference to republic or monarchy. Franco's response was to denounce the "Munich contubernium", which meant the exile or temporary confinement of several of the participants. All this frustrated the official request, presented in February of that same year, for the opening of negotiations for the "full integration" of Spain into the European Economic Community, something about which the EEC had already declared that "states whose governments lack democratic legitimacy and whose peoples do not participate in governmental decisions either directly or through freely elected representatives, cannot claim to be admitted to the circle of peoples that form the European Communities".
In 1969 the "monocolor government" was formed, headed by Admiral Carrero Blanco, who declared that intransigence "is an indeclinable duty when what is at stake are fundamental issues". Thus, faced with the upsurge of labor and student unrest, the government could only respond with the use of the forces of public order. Between 1969 and 1973 eight workers were killed by the police and in June 1972 the leaders of the illegal "workers' commissions" were arrested. For their part, students and interim university professors (PNNs) continued to endure the scourge of police interventions, administrative sanctions, government arrests and assaults by the new extreme right-wing groups tolerated by the authorities (Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey, Fuerza Nueva,...). The repression applied in the Basque Country and Navarre was tougher in order to deal with the growing terrorist activity of ETA. In 1969, for example, 1,953 people were arrested, of whom 890 were ill-treated, 510 tortured, 93 tried by the Court of Public Order and 53 in courts martial.
At the end of 1970, the government decided that a military tribunal would jointly try 16 people accused of being members of ETA (among them two priests) as an exemplary measure. But the effect achieved was exactly the opposite of what was intended, since the announcement of the summary trial that would finally be held in December in Burgos raised a wave of solidarity in the Basque Country and Navarre that was a crucial revulsive for Basque nationalism to recover its social implantation —the government in response decreed a state of emergency for six months—. In addition, during the process ETA kidnapped the German consul in San Sebastian, Eugen Beihl, releasing him on December 25. The next day the court handed down the sentence, condemning 9 of the accused to the death penalty and the rest to very long prison sentences.
What became known as the "Burgos trial" also sparked an international campaign of solidarity with the Basque people and for the reestablishment of democratic freedoms in Spain. In response, the Movement organized a large demonstration in support of Franco in Madrid's Plaza de Oriente. Likewise, the "Burgos trial" was a new milestone in the estrangement between the Catholic Church and Francoism, since it led to a joint pastoral by the bishops of San Sebastian and Bilbao criticizing the death penalty and the fact that the accused were tried by military jurisdiction, and a pronouncement by the Spanish Episcopal Conference in favor of clemency and due process of law. In the end, in view of the echo awakened and the numerous requests for clemency from all sides, General Franco commuted on December 30 the nine death sentences that had been handed down by the military tribunal.
After the "Burgos trial", tensions between the Franco regime and the Catholic Church continued to rise, especially after Cardinal Tarancón, who later became president of the Spanish Episcopal Conference, was appointed archbishop of Madrid in May 1971, since Tarancón was in favor of ending "national Catholicism" and "collaboration" with the regime. "Franco received the defection of the Church and its hierarchy with genuine bewilderment and deep bitterness, considering it privately as a real stab in the back. Carrero Blanco went even further and complained in public, in December 1972, of the ecclesiastical ingratitude towards a regime that, since 1939, "has spent some 300,000 million pesetas in the construction of temples, seminaries, charity and teaching centers, support of worship, etc.". Tension reached a peak in early May 1973 on the occasion of the funeral of a policeman who had been stabbed on May 1 by a new anti-Franco terrorist organization called FRAP. During the ceremony, right-wing extremist groups chanted death threats against the "red priests" and Cardinal Tarancón, shouting "Tarancón to the wall", an expletive that would be repeated during the following years.
On the morning of December 20, 1973, ETA detonated a bomb placed under the asphalt in a central street of Madrid when Admiral Carrero Blanco's official car was passing by, causing his death. The rapid assumption of power by Vice-President Torcuato Fernández Miranda, in the face of Franco's stunned reaction to the news, prevented extreme measures from being taken by the "ultra" sectors of the regime and the Army was not mobilized —at the end of the funeral there was an attempt of aggression against Cardinal Tarancón who had officiated the ceremony—. Thus opened the most critical political crisis of the entire Franco regime, since the person who had been designated by Franco to ensure the survival of his regime after his death had been assassinated.
The "open-minded" mood of the new government presided over by Carlos Arias Navarro, known as the "spirit of February 12", did not last long. At the end of February 1974, the Archbishop of Bilbao, Monsignor Antonio Añoveros Ataún, was ordered to leave Spain for having signed a pastoral letter in favor of the "fair freedom" of the Basque people. And only a few days later, on March 2, the Catalan anarchist Salvador Puig Antich, accused of the death of a policeman, was executed by garrotte (together with el polaco Heinz Chez), in spite of protest demonstrations harshly repressed by the police and requests for clemency from all over the world.
The anachronism and loneliness of Francoism became clear when on April 25 a military coup triumphed in Portugal, putting an end to the Salazarist dictatorship, the oldest in Europe. And the feeling that we were witnessing the agonizing and final crisis of Francoism was accentuated in July when General Franco was hospitalized due to thrombophlebitis, which forced him to temporarily cede his powers to Prince Juan Carlos. But once minimally recovered, he resumed them at the beginning of September.
A few days later, on September 13, a brutal attack by ETA killed 12 people —and wounded more than 80— due to a bomb placed in the Rolando cafeteria in Calle del Correo in Madrid, next to Puerta del Sol, which was frequented by police officers from the nearby General Directorate of Security.
As the death of General Franco drew nearer, there was a gradual strengthening of the anti-Franco opposition, which at the same time converged towards the unification of its various proposals to put an end to the dictatorship. The model that was followed was that of the Assemblea de Catalunya, a unitary platform created in Barcelona in November 1971 that brought together all the parties and organizations of the Catalan anti-Francoist opposition without excluding the communists (PSUC in Catalonia). In addition, its slogan "Freedom, Amnesty and Statute of Autonomy" would be adopted by all the opposition.
Thus, on July 30, 1974, Santiago Carrillo, secretary general of the Communist Party of Spain, and Professor Rafael Calvo Serer presented in Paris the Democratic Junta —the first result of the process of convergence of the state-wide opposition— in which, in addition to the PCE, the Socialist Party of the Interior of Enrique Tierno Galván —which would soon begin to be called the Popular Socialist Party— were integrated, the Carlist Party —which had drifted towards the "self-managing socialism" advocated by Carlos Hugo de Borbón Parma— and two prominent independents, the lawyer Antonio García Trevijano and the aforementioned monarchist intellectual Rafael Calvo Serer —who apparently were the promoters of the idea— as well as some groups of the extreme communist left, such as the Partido del Trabajo de España, and the trade union organization Comisiones Obreras, increasingly under the orbit of the PCE. The program of the Junta Democrática was based on the "democratic rupture" with Francoism through citizen mobilization. In the interior of Spain the Junta Democrática was presented clandestinely in a Madrid hotel in January 1975. Its purpose was the formation of a provisional government that would reestablish liberties and call a referendum on the form of state, monarchy or republic.
However, the PCE did not manage to integrate into its "unitary body" the opposition forces which were not willing to accept the communist hegemony —with the PSOE at its head— and which also disagreed with the members of the Democratic Junta on a fundamental issue: that they were willing to accept the monarchy of Juan Carlos if it led the country towards a fully representative political system —as opposed to the rejection of "Franco's successor" by the Democratic Junta—. These groups ended up constituting their own unitary body in June 1975, called the Democratic Convergence Platform, made up of the PSOE —which had just renewed its program and leadership at the Congress held in October 1974 in Suresnes, from which a young labor lawyer from Seville, Felipe González, had been elected as the new Secretary General, replacing the veteran Rodolfo Llopis— and the opposition Christian Democrats led by José María Gil Robles and Joaquín Ruiz Giménez, as well as the PNV, the group of social democrats led by the ex-Falangist Dionisio Ridruejo, and several far-left communist groups, such as the Communist Movement of Spain (MCE) and the Revolutionary Organization of Workers (ORT).
The beginning of the economic crisis in 1974, which worsened in 1975 with the consequent increase in inflation (17%) and unemployment (700,000 unemployed, 5% of the active population), and which coincided with two financial scandals (Reace and SOFICO), fed the most important wave of strikes and workers' mobilizations in the history of Francoism, which were accompanied by the mobilizations of university students —and that of the "new social movements" such as the neighborhood and feminist movements—.
On the other hand, the Army intelligence services arrested 11 officers accused of being the leaders of the Military Democratic Union (UMD), a clandestine military clandestine organization founded in August 1974 in Barcelona which, following the Portuguese model, tried to get the younger officers of the Army to support a democratic change in Spain —but its scope was very reduced and it only achieved the support of about 250 lieutenants, captains and commanders—.
Terrorist activity increased, both by ETA —18 fatalities in 1974 and 14 in 1975— and by the FRAP —three attacks in 1975 resulting in death—, which in turn intensified the repression, leading to the approval in August 1975 of a decree-law "for the prevention and prosecution of the crimes of terrorism and subversion against social peace and personal security" which revalidated the military jurisdiction as in the early Franco regime. This repressive spiral was especially severe in the Basque Country.
In application of the anti-terrorist legislation, between August 29 and September 17, 1975, three ETA and eight FRAP militants were court-martialed and sentenced to death, which provoked an important popular response and rejection abroad, as well as requests for clemency from the main European political leaders —including Pope Paul VI—-. Despite this, Franco did not commute the death sentences of two of the three ETA militants (Angel Otaegui and Juan Paredes Manot) and three of the eight FRAP members (Jose Luis Sanchez Bravo, Ramon Garcia Sanz and Jose Humberto-Francisco Baena), and all five were shot on September 27, 1975. This event, described as "brutal" by most of the European press, only accentuated the international rejection of Francoism and led to numerous anti-Franco demonstrations in the main European cities. Likewise, the ambassadors of the main European countries left Madrid, with the result that the Franco regime once again experienced an isolation and reprobation very similar to those it had suffered in the immediate post-war period. Pope Paul VI expressed "his vibrant condemnation of a repression so harsh that it has ignored the appeals that have been raised from all sides against those executions". "Unfortunately we have not been heard," he concluded. For its part, the Permanent Commission of the Episcopal Conference made public a document in which, after condemning terrorism, it stated that "repressive measures are not enough" and that "the loyal position of political opposition or criticism of the government... cannot be legitimately considered as a criminal act".
In response, on October 1, 1975, the Movement organized a rally in support of Franco in Madrid's Plaza de Oriente. That same day a communist group of unknown origin made its appearance and assassinated four policemen in Madrid, for which it would end up calling itself GRAPO, Grupo de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre (in English: First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Group). The "Junta Democrática" and the "Plataforma" issued their first joint communiqué in which they pledged to "make a united effort to make possible the urgent formation of a broad, democratically organized coalition, without exclusions, capable of guaranteeing the exercise, without restrictions, of political freedoms".
Twelve days after the great rally in the Plaza de Oriente, General Franco fell ill. On October 30, aware of his seriousness —he had already suffered two heart attacks—, he transferred his powers to Prince Juan Carlos. On November 3, he underwent a life-or-death operation in an improvised operating room in the palace of El Pardo, and was then transferred to the "La Paz" hospital in Madrid, where he underwent a new surgical intervention. Early in the morning of November 20, 1975, the president of the government Carlos Arias Navarro announced on television the death of the "Caudillo". | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Opposition to Francoism, anti-Francoism and at that time simply opposition, is the denomination given to the group of political and social movements that opposed Franco's regime or dictatorship from the end of the Spanish Civil War (1939) until the first democratic elections (1977), a year and a half after his death (1975).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Before the end of the Spanish Civil War, it can be observed that there were signs of opposition in the Francoist zone, controlled by the nascent Franco regime: in December 1936 the attempt by Manuel Fal Conde, leader of Traditionalist Communion, to create a Royal Military Academy of Requetés that was not under the control of the Army resulted in his immediate departure from the country amidst accusations of treason. On April 16, 1937 violent incidents took place in Salamanca between members of different factions within the Falange Española y de las JONS (the faction of the triumvirate between Agustín Aznar, José Moreno and Sancho Dávila against the faction of Manuel Hedilla), as a result there were two fatalities and on April 25 of the same year Manuel Hedilla, leader until that moment of the FE y de las JONS, was accused of having conspired against Franco and was condemned to two death sentences. These first frictions within the ranks of the rebels would be stopped by the Unification Decree of 1937, which led to the creation of the FET y de las JONS, conceived as the political branch of the so-called Movimiento Nacional.",
"title": "Resistance in the insurgent region (1936-1939)"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the interior of Spain the first two organizations of the defeated side to reorganize were the CNT and the PCE, even though the conditions in which they did so were harsh: \"an environment marked by hunger and disease, with thousands of people in prison or awaiting execution, while others made the traces of their Republican past disappear to avoid arrest and where the majority of the population depended for their subsistence on the straperlo, thus increasing their vulnerability towards the pressures of the state\". Therefore, in both cases the clandestine activity was focused on helping their imprisoned militants and their families, providing them with money and seeking ways to free them or reduce their sentences, and giving shelter to those persecuted by the police.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "However, the first unitary organization of the opposition to Francoism, the Spanish Democratic Alliance (ADE), was promoted by a group of exiled Republicans and its board of directors, constituted in the summer of 1940, was based in London. However, \"the ADE was little more than a front for the activities of the British secret information services and their Spanish collaborators in the interior\". It had a short life because the Francoist police managed to infiltrate the organization and arrested some 200 people in Valencia, Madrid and other cities —ten were sentenced to death of which three were shot in Paterna in November—. After the invasion of France, the network of ADE agents, which operated from the Midi, was dismantled, and the British government ceased to support it so it disappeared at the end of 1940.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "As for the anarchists, the first interior committee was formed by Esteban Pallarols, who had managed to escape from the Albatera camp, and who was in charge of creating a clandestine network to move to France the prisoners he managed to get out of the concentration camps by means of false documents. Pallarols was arrested by the police and condemned to death, being shot on July 18, 1943. He was replaced by Manuel López López, but he resigned soon after due to tuberculosis he had contracted during his stay in the Albatera camp, and was replaced by Celedonio Pérez Bernardo. He was also arrested, tried in September 1942 and sentenced to thirty years in prison. He was replaced by Manuel Amil Barcia, but he, stalked by the police, had to leave Madrid to take refuge in Andalusia, so the functions of the national committee were taken over by the Madrid organization headed by Eusebio Azañedo, who contacted the CNT of Valencia, which had been reorganized, and the CNT of Catalonia, whose situation was rather unclear due to the existence of two regional committees. As a result of the denunciation of a confidant, Acebedo was arrested in Madrid in the summer of 1943, so Amil returned to the capital to take charge again of the general secretariat of the national committee.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "As for the communists, the first organization of the party that was formed in hiding was in Madrid, where just after the end of the war a provincial committee was formed, headed by Matilde Landa and made up of several militants, some of them young members of the JSU. Some of its members were arrested by the police, who had obtained the files of the communist youth organization, being accused without any proof of having been preparing an attack against General Franco for the Victory Parade to be held on May 19, so a military court sentenced them to death and they were shot. Others were accused of being involved in the attack against Major Isaac Gabaldón, when he was traveling in his car near Talavera de la Reina. On August 4 a first summary court-martial was held in Madrid in which 65 of the 67 accused were condemned to death, being shot the following day; 63, among them thirteen young women, some of them minors, who would be known as \"Las trece rosas\". Matilde Landa was also arrested, as well as Enrique Sánchez and José Cazorla, leaders of the JSU, who had formed the first \"delegation of the central committee\" —the term used to refer to the clandestine communist leadership of the interior of Spain—, Sánchez and Cazorla were while Landa saw the sentence commuted to 30 years in prison, but in mid-1942 she could no longer withstand the psychological pressure to which she was subjected by the prison guards and the management of the Palma de Mallorca prison and committed suicide. The next attempt of the PCE to provide itself with an underground leadership was the work of Heriberto Quiñones, who escaped from the Albatera camp. Quiñones formed the Interior Committee in May 1941, which also included Luis Sendín and Julio Vázquez —the latter was arrested by the police on July 16, being replaced by Realino Fernández López Realinos, of the Communist Party of Euskadi—. Around the same time, mid-May, several communist cadres sent by the PCE leadership in Mexico arrived in Lisbon to take charge of the organization of the interior. But four months later the Portuguese police arrested the \"Lisbon group\" and the Spanish police arrested Quiñones' committee along with two hundred more communist militants. Quiñones himself was arrested on December 30, 1941 in Madrid's Alcalá Street along with Ángel Garvín, who had taken the place of Realinos —detained earlier— in the interior leadership. All the captured interior leaders were condemned to death and shot, as well as the members of the \"Lisbon group\", who had been extradited to Spain, except for one of them who would die in prison in 1947. The reaction of the PCE leadership in exile to this incident was to accuse Quiñones of being a traitor who had denounced his comrades of the \"Lisbon group\" to the police. To this very serious accusation was added that of \"Trotskyist\" —the worst label a communist could receive in the times of Stalinist orthodoxy—.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "After the defeat of Quiñones, Jesús Bayón, a former collaborator of his, took over the communist leadership in the interior, which also included other former \"quiñonistas\" who had managed to evade arrest, such as Calixto Pérez Doñoro. In June 1942, Bayón was replaced by Jesús Carreras, sent by the PCE leadership in France, whose influence was increasingly felt in the organization in the interior through the work of Jesús Monzón and his deputy Gabriel León Trilla who had rebuilt the PCE in the French Midi, then under the collaborationist regime of Vichy, and whose press organ, published clandestinely from August 1941, carried the title of La Reconquista de España (The Reconquest of Spain). Nevertheless, in February 1943, Carreras, betrayed by a police informer, was arrested in Madrid and tortured, and after him the rest of the national leadership in Madrid, including Bayón and Pérez Doñoro, and an important number of active communist militants, as well as the top brass of the JSU. For the second time in less than two years the PCE saw its internal organization dismantled.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The socialists took much longer to reorganize than the anarchists and communists. The first nucleus to be reconstituted was that of the Basque Country as a result of the clandestine work of Nicolás Redondo Blanco and Ramón Rubial. In Asturias, where repression was stronger due to the greater presence of the Guardia Civil and the Army fighting the maquis, the first provincial committee was not formed until 1944. In Madrid a third socialist nucleus was formed under the impulse of Sócrates Gómez.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Diego Martínez Barrio managed to gather a good part of the left-wing republicans in exile —Unión Republicana, Izquierda Republicana, and Partido Republicano Federal— with the creation in Mexico of the Acción Republicana Española, whose first manifesto was made public on April 14, 1941, the tenth anniversary of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, in which he ended by calling on the Western democracies to help overthrow Franco because \"without a free Spain a free Europe will not be possible\". The fundamental point on which the proposal of the ARE diverged from that of the socialist Indalecio Prieto, who had displaced the \"Negrinista\" sector from the leadership of the PSOE and the UGT, was that it advocated the reconstruction of a republican government that would present itself to the allies as an alternative to Franco, while the latter advocated the holding of a referendum on the form of government to attract the support of the monarchists.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The anarchists also carried out their own unification process initiated before the end of the war with the creation in France on February 26, 1939 of the Libertarian Movement, made up of the CNT, the FAI and the FIJL. But in the spring of 1942 the Libertarian Movement in exile experienced a serious crisis with the outbreak of latent tensions since the end of the war between the \"collaborationists\" led by Juan García Oliver and Aurelio Fernández, and the \"apolitical\" who supported the Paris-based national council presided over by Germinal Esgleas and Federica Montseny. At a meeting held in Mexico the former presented a document for discussion entitled \"Ponencia\" but were defeated, so they decided to form their own organization, a new CNT, which had as its press organ the CNT newspaper, while the spokesman of the \"anti-collaborationists\" was Solidaridad Obrera.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The Communists since the signature of the German-Soviet pact in August 1939 remained isolated from the rest of the Republican opposition forces by defending a policy based on the consideration of World War II as an \"imperialist war\" in which the Spanish people should not intervene. Only after the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 they began to break their isolation by defending now that the world war was a war of aggression by the Nazis to \"liquidate, one by one, all the free countries\", among which the communists included the Soviet Union, \"to achieve their yearning for hegemony in the world\", as was explained in an article published in Nuestra Bandera with the significant title of \"Let us make of all Spain a great front against Franco and against Hitler\". Consequently, on August 1, 1941, the PCE proposed the formation of a \"National Union of all Spaniards against Franco, the Italo-German invaders and the traitors\" which would unite all Spaniards without distinction, so that the call was also addressed to the monarchist military and to all conservative elements who wanted to distance themselves from Franco's policies.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The first outcome of this new doctrine was the Spanish Democratic Union (UDE), formed in Mexico in February 1942 and made up of the PCE and the \"negrinista\" sectors of the PSOE and the UGT, the Republican Left (IR), the Republican Union (UR), the Federal Republican Party (PRF) and the Unió de Rabassaires —on the other hand, the Catalan communists of the PSUC formed in May their own UDE under the name of Aliança Nacional de Catalunya (ANC)—. Yet in September 1942 the PCE took a new turn in its policy by making public a manifesto in which neither the government of Juan Negrín nor the 1931 Constitution was mentioned and instead it proposed the holding of \"democratic elections\" to constitute a \"constituent assembly to draft the constitutional charter that would guarantee the freedom, independence and prosperity of Spain\". According to Hartmut Heine, this new turn was a response to Stalin's policy of considering the Iberian Peninsula \"as an indisputable part of the sphere of influence of the West or, rather, of England\". Juan Negrin responded by parting with the communists, as did the republican refugees in Great Britain. Thus in February 1943 the UDE was dissolved. However, the Socialists and the \"negrinista\" Republicans, unlike Negrin himself, did not completely sever their ties with the PCE.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "On the initiative of Diego Martínez Barrio, on November 20, 1943, the Junta Española de Liberación was presented in Mexico, made up of the \"prietista\" socialists and the republicans of the ARE, which constituted \"the first relatively broad alliance of the republican forces in exile\" since the end of the civil war. However, the JEL did not bring together all the anti-Francoist forces in exile, since the PCE and the \"Negrinista\" socialists and republicans had been left out of it.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "For its part, the PCE promoted the Unión Nacional Española, which sought to bring together all anti-Francoist forces, both republican and monarchist. The liberation of France in the summer of 1944 led the UNE to consider that the time had come to launch the invasion of Spain once the Germans had abandoned the border posts and had been replaced by members of the Gendarmerie Nationale. The operation devised by Jesús Monzón and his political and military advisors consisted of a frontal attack on the border defenses of the Pyrenees to establish several bridgeheads of \"liberated Spain\", which was to provoke a popular insurrection throughout the country. It was codenamed Operation Reconquista de España and was to involve some 9,000 Spanish members of the French maquis, integrated since May 1944 in the Spanish Guerrilla Grouping (AGE).",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The operation began between October 3 and 7 with the invasion of the Roncal valley, followed a week later by the incursion into the sector between Hendaye and Saint Jean-Pied-de-Port, in the Basque Country, but in both cases the guerrillas encountered strong resistance and ended up retreating a few days later. On October 17 the main attack began in the Aran Valley by a force of 3,000 to 4,000 guerrillas under the command of Vicente Lopez Tovar, but they also had to retreat, and only a small number managed to save the siege and integrate into the maquis groups operating in the interior of Spain.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The political bureau of the PCE held Jesús Monzón responsible for the disaster and ordered the end of the UNE, although it was not officially dissolved until June 25, 1945. Monzon, fearing for his life, disobeyed the peremptory order to return to France and wandered around the interior of Spain until he was arrested and sentenced to thirty years in prison. His closest collaborator, Gabriel León Trilla, was assassinated in Madrid on September 6, 1945 by communist agents carrying out orders from the PCE leadership. The same fate befell two other \"Monzonist\" cadres: Alberto Pérez Ayala was assassinated in Madrid on October 15, 1945; Pere Canals as soon as he crossed the French border.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "That same month of October 1944 the agreement reached between libertarians, anarchists and republicans of the interior was made public, which created the National Alliance of Democratic Forces (ANFD) whose objective was the formation of a provisional government that would reestablish democratic liberties and call general elections, for which it was willing to make a pact with the monarchist forces without putting as a condition the restoration of the Republic. Thus, during the last months of 1944, the three members of the ANFD national committee maintained contacts with the monarchist generals Aranda, Kindelán, Saliquet and Alfonso de Orleáns y Borbón, all of them convinced that Franco's regime would not survive the defeat of the Axis powers. However, the discussions soon reached a dead end as the generals wanted the forces represented in the ANFD to accept the restoration of the monarchy without forming a provisional government and without a referendum on the form of government. The final failure of these attempts was due above all to the wave of arrests carried out by Franco's police at the end of 1944 and the beginning of 1945, which led to the imprisonment of the leaders of the ANFD, the national committee of the Libertarian Movement and the executive of the PSOE, as well as prominent monarchist politicians who had maintained contacts with them.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "The month after the founding of the ANFD, Martinez Barrio announced in Mexico the convocation of a meeting of the Republican Courts, the first since the end of the civil war, for January 10, 1945, with the objective of creating a National Council of the Spanish Republic. Seventy-two of the 205 living in exile attended (104 resided in Spain, and 88 had died in the war, 60 executed by the rebel side and 28 by the Republican side). The \"prietista\" socialists argued that there was not enough quorum to validate the meeting —they refused to count the 49 deputies who had not been able to attend but who had joined in writing— so the creation of the National Council of the Spanish Republic could not be approved and the next scheduled meeting was postponed sine die.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Thus, when the Yalta Conference was held, between February 4 and 11, 1945, there was no such thing as a provisional republican government. There, the big three (Soviet Union, United States and Great Britain) agreed \"that all liberated countries and those which acted in the orbit of Nazism should freely elect their governments by means of free elections\", which was a direct threat to the Franco regime. After learning of the agreement, the Spanish Liberation Junta made public on February 14 a manifesto in which it requested that the Allies \"remove the obstacle of Franco's dictatorship \", so that Spain could join the United Nations. In fact, on March 10, 1945, President Roosevelt informed his ambassador in Madrid Norman Armour that \"our victory over Germany will entail the extermination of Nazism and related ideologies\" and therefore \"there is no place in the United Nations for a government founded on the principles of fascism\". Armour immediately informed the Spanish Foreign Minister of the contents of Roosevelt's letter.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Thus the Franco regime was excluded from the San Francisco conference that would lead to the creation of the UN, and to which Republicans in exile were invited as political observers. On June 19, the Conference approved a resolution proposed by the Mexican delegate, and with the support of the French and American delegates, which condemned all regimes that had arisen with the support of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, a direct reference to the Franco dictatorship.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "After overcoming the crisis of May 1941, the monarchist military began to pressure Franco to give way to the monarchy. In July of that same year they formed a junta made up of five generals presided over by General Luis Orgaz, Spanish High Commissioner in Morocco, although the mastermind was General Aranda. However, among the conspirators, who had been joined by prominent monarchist politicians such as Pedro Sainz Rodríguez, there were numerous discrepancies both on the composition of the hypothetical provisional government that would be formed after Franco's abandonment of power —with a predominance of military men, as General Aranda defended, or of civilians as Sainz Rodríguez advocated— and on its objectives —Aranda was content with dissolving the Falange and Sainz Rodríguez defended the immediate restoration of the monarchy—.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "In the meeting held on November 22, several of the conspirators abandoned the idea of forming a provisional government or junta to support instead the constitution of a regency council to ensure the restoration of the monarchy. As this meant overthrowing Franco, several generals withdrew and, on the other hand, the British government, on whose support they had counted until then, did not want to commit itself either. Thus the conspiracy lost strength.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "In December 1941, after the German failure in the capture of Moscow and the entry of the United States into the war due to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor —which was congratulated by the Spanish government through a telegram to Tokyo—, the royalist generals again put pressure on Generalissimo Franco at the meeting of the Army Council held on the 15th. And on January 26, 1942, General Kindelán delivered a speech at the Captaincy General of Barcelona in which he asked the Caudillo for the restoration of the monarchy as the only means to achieve the necessary \"conciliation and solidarity among the Spanish people\". Franco, who was furious, did not react immediately and preferred to wait. In June 1942 he began to move and forced Sainz Rodriguez and Eugenio Vegas Latapié, the two civilian ringleaders of the conspiracy, to leave the country.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "On November 11, 1942, only two days after the beginning of the Allied landings in Morocco and Algeria, Juan de Borbón, legitimate heir to the Spanish Crown after the abdication and death of his father King Alfonso XIII, expressed for the first time publicly his aspiration to occupy the throne and began to distance himself from the Franco regime, which until then he had supported. He made a statement to the Swiss newspaper Journal de Genève, which became known as the Geneva Manifesto. \"The ideological affinities with Acción Española were left behind and he presented himself as a man who longed to be the king of all Spaniards and not just of one side, and who considered his main mission to achieve the reconciliation of the nation, eliminating the causes that kept it divided\".",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "The same day that the \"Geneva manifesto\" appeared, General Kindelán met with Franco in Madrid to ask him in his name and in the name of the rest of the monarchist generals (Gómez Jordana, Dávila, Aranda, Orgaz, Vigón and Varela) to proclaim the monarchy and declare himself regent. \"Franco gritted his teeth and responded in a conciliatory and sly tone. He denied any formal commitment to the Axis, stated that he did not wish to remain any longer than necessary in a position that he found more unpleasant every day and confessed that he wanted Don Juan to be his successor\". Two months later, he removed General Kindelán from his post as head of the Captaincy General of Catalonia, appointing him director of the Army College, which had no direct command over troops. He was replaced by the Falangist General Moscardó.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "The spring of 1943 saw the first sign of the semi-clandestine campaign that was developed in favor of Don Juan. Leaflets appeared in Madrid, imitating postcards, in which a photo and the biography of the pretender appeared, together with a fragment of one of his speeches. Around the same time a monarchist committee was formed, made up of Alfonso García Valdecasas, Germiniano Carrascal, Joan Ventosa i Calvell, Manuel González Hontoria and José María Oriol, representing the sector of the Traditionalist Communion headed by the Count of Rodezno.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "On June 15, 1943, 27 procurators of the pro-Franco Cortes addressed a letter to Franco in which, in a flattering —\"almost servile\"— tone, they encouraged him to \"crown his mission\" by restoring the Monarchy. The Caudillo's response was to remove them all from their official posts and to order the arrest of the promoter of the letter, the Marquis of Eliseda. Another of the promoters —also considered as the material author of the letter— Francisco Moreno Zulueta, Count of the Andes, was banished to the island of La Palma.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "The fall of Mussolini on July 25, 1943 and the armistice between Italy and the allied armed forces on September 3 gave a new impulse to the royalist cause. On August 2, Don Juan sent a telegram to General Franco urging him to abandon power and to give way to the Monarchy \"because there is no time to lose\", the events in Italy \"can serve as a warning\". General Franco immediately replied with another telegram that ended with a veiled threat:",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "The seriousness of your telegram advises, in the service of the Fatherland, maximum discretion in the prince, avoiding any act or manifestation that could tend to undermine the prestige and authority of the Spanish Regime before the exterior, and the unity of the Spaniards in the interior, which would result in serious damage to the Monarchy and especially to your highness.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "The most critical moment for General Franco occurred on September 8, 1943 when he received a letter signed by eight of the twelve lieutenant generals —Luis Orgaz, Fidel Dávila, José Enrique Varela, José Solchaga, Alfredo Kindelán, Andrés Saliquet, Miguel Ponte, José Monasterio— in which they asked him in an attentive tone —the letter was signed by \"some old comrades in arms and respectful subordinates\"— to consider the restoration of the monarchy —it would be the only time in 39 years that the majority of the generals asked Franco to resign—. It was delivered by General Asensio although the initial idea had been that the request would be presented in person by General Luis Orgaz the previous month during a visit to the pazo de Meirás. But Franco did not make the slightest concession and limited himself to wait and to place in key positions military men loyal to him. When he spoke with the lieutenant generals one by one, only Kindelán, Orgaz and Ponte remained firm in their position, while the others hesitated, and General Saliquet even told him that he had been pressured to sign. \"By mid-October 1943 the storm had passed.\"",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "In March 1944, a large group of university professors and lecturers wrote to the \"king\" Juan de Borbón: \"In the Monarchy and in the person of Your Majesty is our hope for a stable Regime\". Franco's response was to order the exile of four of the signatories, professors at the University of Madrid: Julio Palacios, Alfonso García Valdecasas, Jesús Pabón and Juan José López Ibor.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "Finally, after almost a year without having made any declaration, on March 19, 1945, Don Juan made public the Manifesto of Lausanne in which he broke with Francoism. In it he stated that the Francoist regime \"is fundamentally incompatible with the present circumstances being created in the world\", that is to say, with the Allied victory, for which reason he asked Franco to make way for the \"traditional Monarchy\" since only it \"can be an instrument of peace and harmony to reconcile the Spanish people\".",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "The manifesto was silenced by the Spanish press and radio, although it was broadcast by the BBC. On March 25, Don Juan asked his supporters to resign from their posts, but only two of them did so: the Duke of Alba, who resigned from the embassy in London and who commented that Franco \"only wants to support himself in perpetuity; he is infatuated and arrogant. He knows everything and trusts the international game recklessly\"; and General Alfonso de Orleáns y Borbón, Duke of Seville, who resigned from his post as inspector of the air forces. General Franco's reaction was immediate. He banished General de Orleáns to the estate he owned in Cádiz and sent two emissaries, the Catholics Alberto Martín Artajo and Joaquín Ruiz Giménez, to communicate to Don Juan the total support of the Army, the Church, the single party FET y de las JONS and the majority of the monarchists for the Franco regime. On March 20 he summoned the Superior Council of the Army which met for three days and there he rejected Kindelán's request for the restoration of the monarchy — \"As long as I live I will never be a queen mother\", he told him—.",
"title": "Opposition to Francoism in 1939 and 1945"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "The declarations of condemnation of the Franco regime by the Allies —at the Potsdam Conference the big three (Stalin, Truman and Churchill —substituted by Attlee—) agreed not to support \"any application for membership in the UN of the present Spanish Government, which, having been established with the support of the Axis powers, does not possess, by reason of its origins, its nature, its record and its close association with the aggressor countries, the qualities necessary to justify such membership\"— aroused enormous expectations among the Republican opposition in exile and in the interior, which resulted among other things in an increase in the activity of the \"maquis\".",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "To deal with guerrilla activity, the regime established controls over the movements of the population and in April 1947 the Law of Banditry and Terrorism was promulgated, the preamble of which stated that it intended to use \"special measures of repression\" to combat \"the most serious criminal species of any post-war situation, a consequence of the relaxation of moral ties and the exaltation of the impulses of cruelty and the aggressiveness of criminal and maladjusted people\". The articles established the assumptions in which the death penalty would be applied to \"evildoers\" —or \"bandits\"—, which not only included having killed someone, but also having wielded \"a weapon of war\" or having detained \"travelers in unpopulated areas\".",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "Both the guerrillas and the Army and Civil Guard units that fought them resorted to reprisals, \"often reaching a terrified civilian population\". \"A captured guerrilla had little chance of staying alive\" but neither did \"a village mayor, or a notorious Francoist imprisoned in a guerrilla raid\". On the other hand, the Franco regime used guerrilla activity as \"proof\" that the civil war was continuing. Thus, in a report of October 1946 Luis Carrero Blanco, the Generalissimo's right-hand man, recommended to Franco the use of \"all the levers that the Government and the Movement have in their hands on the basis that it is moral and lawful to impose terror when it is based on justice and cuts off a greater evil (...) The direct action of punishment, without reaching serious outpourings of blood, is advisable against naive agitators who, without being agents of communism, play into its hands\".",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "While the activity of the maquis was increasing, in August 1945 a special session of the Republican Courts was held in Mexico in which Diego Martínez Barrio was elected president of the Second Spanish Republic in exile and a government presided by José Giral was appointed, from which in principle the negrinists and the communists were excluded. However, the Republican government was not recognized by any of the victorious powers or by the UN —only by the Eastern European countries under the Soviet orbit and by Mexico, Venezuela, Panama and Guatemala—, so José Giral would end up presenting his resignation in February 1947 —two months after the declaration condemning Francoism by the UN in December 1946 made no mention of the Republican government in exile—. Another reason for his resignation was that Giral was opposed to the talks that the Socialist Indalecio Prieto was holding with José María Gil Robles on behalf of the monarchists.",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "For this last reason the republican opposition was divided between those in favor of allying with the monarchists and accepting a referendum on the form of state, and those who continued to defend republican legitimacy. Another reason for confrontation was the strategy to be followed: whether to continue with the guerrilla struggle as a preliminary phase to the popular insurrection (as the CNT, the PSOE and the PCE were practicing), or, on the contrary, to give priority to the diplomatic struggle to force international action by the great powers and the UN (as the Basque and Catalan nationalists and the Republican parties were advocating).",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "The monarchists also intensified their offensive after the Manifesto of Lausanne made public by Don Juan de Borbón on March 19, 1945. However, the break with the Franco regime was not total, since in August Eugenio Vegas Latapié, representing Don Juan, traveled incognito to Madrid where he met with Luis Carrero Blanco, the Caudillo's right-hand man, although no agreement was reached. The problem for Don Juan was that he did not have an organized and united monarchist opposition within Spain and that the Army firmly supported Franco as did the \"collaborationist\" monarchists. Nevertheless, monarchist pressure increased when in February 1946 Don Juan moved his official residence from Lausanne to Estoril (near Lisbon) and received a letter of welcome signed by 458 members of the Spanish elite, including two former ministers, which caused Franco deep concern and he said: \"it is a declaration of war\". After that, he ended up breaking off relations with Don Juan. On the other hand, the small sector of Carlism headed by the Count of Rodezno recognized Don Juan as its sovereign.",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "In March 1947 the Law of Succession to the Headship of the State (the fifth \"fundamental law\" of Franco's regime) was published, whose second article granted the \"Head of State\" for life to the \"Caudillo of Spain and of the Crusade, Generalissimo of the Armies\" and Article 6 conferred on Franco the right to designate a successor \"as King or Regent\" \"at any time\" and with full capacity to revoke his decision, so that the Monarchy would not be restored but installed in the person of the royalty that General Franco would decide, thus turning his successor \"into a puppet of the dictator and his political heirs\".",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "The content of the Law of Succession was known to Don Juan de Borbón before the project was made public through the interview he had with Franco's envoy, Luis Carrero Blanco. As no mention was made of any dynastic right of succession, Don Juan's response was not long in coming in the form of a new declaration —the Estoril Manifesto of April 7, 1947— in which he rejected the Law and defended the hereditary rights of succession to the throne, which were vested in his person. This message was not made public in Spain, where the press launched a campaign against \"the pretender\". The Estoril Manifesto denounced that the law tried to \"convert a \"personal dictatorship\" into a \"lifetime\" and to disguise \"with the glorious mantle of the Monarchy a regime of pure governmental arbitrariness\", and affirmed the \"supreme principle of legitimacy\" that fell on Don Juan and \"the imprescriptible rights of sovereignty that the providence of God has willed to come to converge\" in him. Don Juan then declared himself \"to be ready to facilitate everything that would allow to assure the normal and unconditional transmission of powers\".",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "In order to seek the \"democratic\" legitimacy of the regime, the law was first approved by the Parliament on June 7, and then submitted to referendum on July 6, 1947, producing a very high participation and the affirmative vote of 93% of the voters as a result of the official propaganda —the only one allowed— and other pressure measures —for example, the presentation and stamping of the ration stamp as a form of electoral identification—.",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 42,
"text": "The outbreak of the \"cold war\" ended up favoring General Franco, as Spain had a new strategic value for the \"free world\" bloc in the face of a possible Soviet attack on Western Europe. In November 1947 the United States successfully opposed in the UN a new condemnation of the Franco regime and the imposition of new sanctions. Four months later, France reopened the border with Spain, and between May and June 1948 trade and financial agreements were signed with France and Great Britain. At the beginning of 1949, Franco's regime received the first credit granted by an American bank with the approval of his government for a value of 25 million dollars. Shortly before, the chairman of the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee had visited Spain.",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 43,
"text": "The process of \"rehabilitating\" Franco's dictatorship was formally completed in 1950, after the Korean War, the first major confrontation of the \"cold war\", broke out in June of that year. On November 4, the UN General Assembly revoked by a large majority —with American support and French and British abstention— the resolution condemning Franco's regime of December 1946. Thus, in the following months the Western ambassadors returned to Madrid and Spain's entry into the UN's specialized international organizations was approved.",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 44,
"text": "The international rehabilitation of Franco's regime and the approval by referendum of the Law of Succession weakened the monarchist option to such an extent that Don Juan de Borbón changed his strategy with respect to Franco and on August 25, 1948, he met with the Generalissimo on his Azor anchored in the Bay of Biscay, Don Juan attending the meeting aboard the Saltillo ship. As a result, it was agreed that Don Juan's son, Juan Carlos de Borbón, would be educated in Spain under the tutelage of General Franco. On November 7, the 10-year-old prince arrived in Spain. The interview had been promoted by collaborationist monarchists, such as the Duke of Sotomayor and Julio Danvila, and the general was accompanied by the Infante Jaime de Borbón, Don Juan's older brother, \"perhaps as a reminder that there were changes in the struggle for the restoration of the Monarchy\".",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 45,
"text": "The agreement reached between Franco and Don Juan, which implicitly recognized the legitimacy of the Franco regime, left without effect the pact formalized in Saint-Jean-de-Luz three days later between José María Gil Robles, representing the non-collaborationist Juanistas monarchists of the Confederation of Monarchist Forces, and Indalecio Prieto, in representation of the monarchists, and Indalecio Prieto, representing part of the Republican opposition, in which they had agreed to fight jointly to overthrow Franco's dictatorship, after a provisional government would be formed which would call a plebiscite to decide the \"definitive political regime\", republican or monarchist. The discussions had begun under the auspices of the British Labor government, specifically Ernest Bevin, Foreign Office Secretary, who had brought together Gil Robles and Prieto in London on October 17, 1946, to promote the transition to democracy in Spain. Shortly after the fiasco of the Saint-Jean-de-Luz agreement, Indalecio Prieto resigned as president of the PSOE. He stated: \"My failure is complete\", and was replaced by Rodolfo Llopis. In July 1951, Don Juan wrote a letter to Franco in which he rejected the collaboration of the monarchists with the socialists and in which he said: \"Let us reach an agreement to prepare a stable regime\". Franco ignored the proposal.",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 46,
"text": "For its part, the Republican opposition, faced with the international recognition of Franco's regime, ran out of arguments, and guerrilla activity declined. The communists abandoned the guerrillas completely in 1952, while the anarchists would still carry out sporadic actions until 1963.",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 47,
"text": "From the end of 1948, Franco knew that no essential danger would question his \"command\", once the monarchist opposition had been \"tamed\" (with Prince Juan Carlos already in Spain), the guerrillas had been defeated, the Republican opposition in exile had been evicted and decapitated at home, and the international isolation of his regime had been broken. A symptom that the Franco regime already felt reassured was that on April 7, 1948, the state of war that had existed since the beginning of the civil war was ended, although the military courts would continue to deal with political crimes under the Banditry and Terrorism Law passed the previous year.",
"title": "Opposition to Franco's regime from 1945 to 1950"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 48,
"text": "During the 1950s the internal and exile anti-Francoist opposition lived its \"desert crossing\". Attempts to rebuild the parties and workers' organizations in the underground were interrupted by the police, as happened to the CNT in 1953 when its National Committee in the interior, headed by Manuel Vallejo, was arrested; to the PSOE when that same year Tomás Centeno, president of the executive committee of the interior, was arrested and died during police interrogations; or to the PSUC, when its leader Joan Comorera was arrested in 1954 and sentenced by a court martial to thirty years in prison, dying in prison in 1958. That year the socialist Antonio Amat Guridi, Tomás Centeno's successor at the head of the PSOE's interior executive committee, was arrested and imprisoned.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 49,
"text": "However, in 1951 there was an important workers' protest as a result of the poor working conditions and the increase in prices. The epicenter was Barcelona and the trigger was the significant increase in the price of streetcar fares, which was responded on March 1 with a boycott by the population that lasted several days and that would end up achieving the annulment of the measure. The success of the boycott (a safe form of protest that did not involve personal risk) was followed by a fairly widespread strike in the industrial area of Barcelona against the rising cost of living. At first the reaction of the police was weak (the civil governor would be replaced as a result) and the captain general of Catalonia, the royalist Juan Bautista Sánchez refused to take the troops out on the streets, although during the following days measures of force were applied and the workers returned to their occupations. Protests and strikes also took place in other cities, such as Zaragoza, Bilbao, Pamplona and Madrid.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 50,
"text": "For his part, Don Juan de Borbón continued his rapprochement with Franco, meeting secretly with General Franco at an estate in Extremadura owned by the Count of Ruiseñada at the end of 1954.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 51,
"text": "On February 9, 1956, violent incidents took place at the University of Madrid as a result of a confrontation between students who were demonstrating in favor of free elections to the SEU and a group of Falangists who had just come from celebrating the annual ceremony of the \"Day of the Fallen Student\". In the brawl a Falangist student was seriously wounded by a bullet in the neck. The climate of crisis spread rapidly —there was rumour that the Falangists were preparing a night of the long knives— and the police proceeded to arrest those responsible for calling the students' assembly who, to their surprise, turned out to be some of them former Falangists and sons of people of the regime.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 52,
"text": "The seriousness of the crisis —the first major internal crisis the Regime had to face since 1942— was made clear by two measures immediately taken by General Franco. On February 11 he decreed for the first time since its promulgation the suspension of Articles 14 and 18 of the Fuero de los Españoles, and the University of Madrid was closed. On February 16 he dismissed the two ministers who were \"responsibles\" for the events: Joaquín Ruiz Giménez, Minister of Education, and Fernández Cuesta, Minister-Secretary General of the Movement on whom the SEU depended.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 53,
"text": "The events of February 1956 showed that, after 15 years, the Francoist regime was losing control of the youth in the most important universities, where it had previously had limited support or, at least, no resistance, and constituted the first glimmer of a rebirth of internal opposition, which came not from the Republic, but from a new generation which had grown up under the Regime in the 1950s, and began to organize itself as opposition to the Francoist dictatorship regardless of the camp in which they themselves or their parents had militated during the civil war. Thus, \"the events of 1956 marked a turning point in the development of anti-Francoism\".",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 54,
"text": "The communists were the first to grasp this new fact and before any other party they consecrated it as an official strategy. Thus, in the plenary session of the Central Committee of the PCE held in Prague in August 1956, which also supported the Soviet invasion of Hungary, the new policy of National Reconciliation was approved, which sought understanding with all the anti-Franco forces regardless of which side they had fought on in the Civil War. However, the task was not going to be easy, and both the \"Day of National Reconciliation\" of May 5, 1958, and the \"National Peaceful Strike\" of June 18, 1959, called by the PCE were a complete failure.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 55,
"text": "From 1958 onwards, strikes —which continued to be a crime— reappeared, especially in Asturias and Catalonia, centered on wage claims since inflation was causing the fall of real wages. In particular, the coal mining industry in Asturias was the scene of recurrent strikes which provided a new mechanism of workers' representation that was to be singularly successful in the future: the workers' commission elected from among the strikers, apart from the \"union liaisons\" and the \"sworn company spokesmen\" of the Francoist trade union organization, to present their claims directly to the management of their company or to the bosses. The intensity of the Asturian strike movement was such that it led Franco to decree on March 14, 1958, the second suspension of the Fuero de los Españoles and the state of emergency in the region for four months.",
"title": "1950s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 56,
"text": "The social changes brought about by the accelerated economic growth of the \"prodigious decade\" revived old conflicts and opened new ones, which progressively overflowed the channels established by the Franco regime, incapable of adapting to the new realities. In this context there was a resurgence of the opposition, which grew \"both in number of militants and in mobilization capacity\" although \"it never represented a challenge, or rather an alternative, supported by the citizens as a whole, to the dictatorship\".",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 57,
"text": "The first and most important challenge that the Francoist governments had to face was the return of the workers' conflict that started with the Asturias mining strike of 1962, producing from then on a progressive politicization due to the continuous police repression against their actions and the refusal of the authorities to legalize the rights to strike, demonstration and free trade union association, since the Francoist Trade Union Organization remained the only \"union\" allowed, with compulsory membership for all workers.",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 58,
"text": "This new workers' movement was formed around the \"workers' commissions\" that arose spontaneously to negotiate directly with the employers the collective agreements outside the official Trade Union Organization, and that later came to form a whole political-union movement, which would take advantage of the official trade union elections of 1966 for \"liaisons\" and \"sworn members\" to spread and consolidate. The Franco regime ended up banning it the following year, considering it \"a subsidiary of the Communist Party of Spain\". The historical unions (UGT, CNT, ELA-STV) were only slowly reorganized throughout the decade.",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 59,
"text": "A second front that the regime had to deal with were the student protests at the University that spread throughout the decade, and were proof of the cultural and ideological failure of Francoism. \"The regime's response to this ideological and cultural dissidence was a growing repression (sanctions, expulsions, arrests, torture, closures of faculties and universities...) that further alienated the university population with respect to Francoism.\" The university mobilizations of 1965 —which gained the support of some professors, such as José Luis López Aranguren, Enrique Tierno Galván and Agustín García Calvo, who were expelled from the University of Madrid for this reason— forced the dissolution of the SEU —that had already been affected since the events of 1956— and originated new free and openly anti-Francoist student groups —the most widespread in Madrid and Barcelona was the Sindicato Democrático de Estudiantes Universitarios (Democratic Union of University Students)—. The student events of 1969 would provoke the proclamation of a state of emergency throughout Spain for two months.",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 60,
"text": "The area that caused the most discomfort in the regime and in Franco himself was the appearance of Catholic sectors that opposed Francoism, a phenomenon that was due both to the generational change in the clergy and in the Spanish followers and to the new pastoral and democratizing course of the Second Vatican Council. The first two conflicts, however, took place before its beginning in the autumn of 1962. The first took place in the Basque Country in 1961, when 339 priests censured their bishops for collaborating with a regime that repressed Basque \"ethnic, linguistic and social characteristics\". The following year the Archbishop of Milan —the future Paul VI— sent a telegram to Franco asking for clemency for a Catalan anarchist student, Jordi Conill, accused of bombing official buildings and whom the prosecutor was asking for the death penalty —he would finally be sentenced to thirty years in prison—, which motivated the protests of the Falangist students of the SEU to the cry of \"Sofia Loren, YES; Montini, NO\".",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 61,
"text": "In November 1963 the abbot of the Monastery of Montserrat, Aureli Maria Escarré, denounced in an interview to the French newspaper Le Monde the lack of liberties in Spain —in reference to the campaign XXV Years of Peace he said: \"We do not have behind us 25 years of peace, but only 25 years of victory. The victors, including the Church, which was forced to fight alongside the latter, have done nothing to end this division between victors and vanquished. This represents one of the most regrettable failures of a regime that claims to be Catholic, but in which the State does not obey the basic principles of Christianity\"—, which forced his exile out of the country. From then on, many progressive Catholics —and also priests— participated in workers' and students' protests, in addition to using the churches as meeting places, taking advantage of the immunity they enjoyed due to the Concordat of 1953. As a result of these opposition activities, some one hundred priests and friars were imprisoned in the Concordat prison in Zamora between 1968 and 1975. In 1967, in a survey sent by letter by the ecclesiastical hierarchy to more than twenty thousand priests, 80% of them answered that they supported a clear separation between Church and State in accordance with the new guidelines of the Second Vatican Council.",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 62,
"text": "There was also a resurgence of cultural and political demands in Catalonia and the Basque Country. The act of protest that is usually pointed out as the beginning of the revival of Catalan nationalism was the events at the Palau de la Música that took place in May 1960 during a concert attended by several ministers and during which a large part of the audience sang a Catalan patriotic hymn that was forbidden —as a consequence of this event, the young university student Jordi Pujol, leader of the group Cristians Catalans, was arrested and sentenced to seven years in prison—. The following year the first Catalanist cultural organization, Omnium Cultural, was founded. From that moment on, support for political and cultural Catalanism grew and in 1964 the first call since the civil war to celebrate the (illegal) \"national day\" of September 11 took place.",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 63,
"text": "As for Basque nationalism, its rebirth was also the result of the activity of the new generations that emerged after the war. These were mainly young Catholic university students, who rejected the supposed conformism and passivity of their elders —specifically the PNV and the Basque government in exile—-. Thus, in July 1959, a new nationalist party called ETA (Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, in English: Basque Homeland and Freedom) emerged, and in 1962 it defined itself as a \"revolutionary movement of national liberation\", under the influence of the movements that were emerging in Asia and Africa to achieve the independence of their peoples from colonial domination (and of the Latin American guerrillas in their struggle against \"North American imperialism\"). This is how ETA ended up opting for the \"armed struggle\" to put an end to the \"oppression of the Basque people\" carried out by Franco's dictatorship.",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 64,
"text": "Some sources indicate that its first fatality was a twenty-two month old girl who died in June 1960 as a result of the explosion of the bomb that had been placed in a railroad station in Amara, in San Sebastian. At the time, the attacks were attributed to the anti-fascist group DRIL, which claimed responsibility for them. However, forty years later, the former minister Ernest Lluch attributed the attack to ETA, in what would have been the band's first assassination. This hypothesis is criticized as unfounded by Francisco Letamendia and other authors, who maintain that according to Soutomayor's memoirs, he himself would have recognized and regretted the attack.",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 65,
"text": "In any case, the following year ETA tried unsuccessfully to derail a train in which former Francoist combatants from the Civil War were traveling and in 1965 they perpetrated the first robbery to provide funds. In June 1968 a civil guard stopped a car carrying two ETA members at a traffic control near Villabona (Guipuzkoa). The event led to the murder of José Pardines and, later, to the persecution of the perpetrators and the death of the ETA member Txabi Etxebarrieta. In August 1968, ETA committed in Irun the first premeditated murder in the person of a police commissioner accused of torture. From then on, ETA's terrorist activity —another fatality in 1968, other in 1969, one kidnapped in 1970— would become the first political and public order problem of the Franco regime, which would respond to the challenge with a general and indiscriminate repression in the Basque Country. At the end of 1969 some two thousand Basque nationalists were in prison, accused of having some relationship with ETA.",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 66,
"text": "In this context of growing labor, student, ecclesiastical and regional conflicts, the \"desert crossing\" of the anti-Francoist opposition came to an end. The workers' parties and organizations (PSOE, UGT, CNT, PCE) were rebuilt in the interior —but not the Republican parties, which only existed nominally in exile—. Among them, the most successful was the Communist Party of Spain (PCE), which became the most active, best organized and most militant group of all the anti-Francoist opposition —and this despite suffering several splits that originated various groups of the extreme communist left—.",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 67,
"text": "It was precisely these left-wing workers' organizations that were the target of Franco's repression, and it was the case of the communist leader Julián Grimau, executed in April 1963 for alleged crimes committed during the civil war, that raised the largest wave of protests throughout Europe. As a result, \"political crimes\" passed from military to civilian jurisdiction with the creation of the Court of Public Order (in Spanish: Tribunal de Orden Público, TOP). In the first four years of its activity, the TOP initiated more than 4,500 indictments for crimes of \"illegal propaganda\", \"illegal association\", \"illegal assembly\", \"illegal demonstration\", \"defamation of the Head of State\", etc. However, as a result of the growing activity of ETA, the government reestablished the full force of the Law of Banditry and Terrorism, so that \"political crimes\" involving any armed activity returned to military jurisdiction.",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 68,
"text": "Outside the sphere of the working-class left, some groups also emerged, headed by prominent personalities, such as the Christian Democrats of José María Gil Robles —the former leader of the CEDA—, of Manuel Giménez Fernández —also a former member of the CEDA— or of the former minister Joaquín Ruiz Giménez —who in 1964 founded the magazine Cuadernos para el Diálogo, which would become the main organ of \"tolerated\" expression of the anti-Francoist opposition—, the social democrats of the former Falangist Dionisio Ridruejo, or the monarchists of Joaquín Satrústegui (who remained loyal to Don Juan de Borbón).",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 69,
"text": "The act of major repercussion of these groups took place in June 1962 on the occasion of the celebration in Munich of the IV Congress of the European Movement, to which opposition politicians from both the interior and exile were invited, and in which they agreed on a common document in favor of \"the establishment of authentically representative and democratic institutions that guarantee that the Government is based on the consent of the governed\", thus avoiding reference to republic or monarchy. Franco's response was to denounce the \"Munich contubernium\", which meant the exile or temporary confinement of several of the participants. All this frustrated the official request, presented in February of that same year, for the opening of negotiations for the \"full integration\" of Spain into the European Economic Community, something about which the EEC had already declared that \"states whose governments lack democratic legitimacy and whose peoples do not participate in governmental decisions either directly or through freely elected representatives, cannot claim to be admitted to the circle of peoples that form the European Communities\".",
"title": "1960s"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 70,
"text": "In 1969 the \"monocolor government\" was formed, headed by Admiral Carrero Blanco, who declared that intransigence \"is an indeclinable duty when what is at stake are fundamental issues\". Thus, faced with the upsurge of labor and student unrest, the government could only respond with the use of the forces of public order. Between 1969 and 1973 eight workers were killed by the police and in June 1972 the leaders of the illegal \"workers' commissions\" were arrested. For their part, students and interim university professors (PNNs) continued to endure the scourge of police interventions, administrative sanctions, government arrests and assaults by the new extreme right-wing groups tolerated by the authorities (Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey, Fuerza Nueva,...). The repression applied in the Basque Country and Navarre was tougher in order to deal with the growing terrorist activity of ETA. In 1969, for example, 1,953 people were arrested, of whom 890 were ill-treated, 510 tortured, 93 tried by the Court of Public Order and 53 in courts martial.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 71,
"text": "At the end of 1970, the government decided that a military tribunal would jointly try 16 people accused of being members of ETA (among them two priests) as an exemplary measure. But the effect achieved was exactly the opposite of what was intended, since the announcement of the summary trial that would finally be held in December in Burgos raised a wave of solidarity in the Basque Country and Navarre that was a crucial revulsive for Basque nationalism to recover its social implantation —the government in response decreed a state of emergency for six months—. In addition, during the process ETA kidnapped the German consul in San Sebastian, Eugen Beihl, releasing him on December 25. The next day the court handed down the sentence, condemning 9 of the accused to the death penalty and the rest to very long prison sentences.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 72,
"text": "What became known as the \"Burgos trial\" also sparked an international campaign of solidarity with the Basque people and for the reestablishment of democratic freedoms in Spain. In response, the Movement organized a large demonstration in support of Franco in Madrid's Plaza de Oriente. Likewise, the \"Burgos trial\" was a new milestone in the estrangement between the Catholic Church and Francoism, since it led to a joint pastoral by the bishops of San Sebastian and Bilbao criticizing the death penalty and the fact that the accused were tried by military jurisdiction, and a pronouncement by the Spanish Episcopal Conference in favor of clemency and due process of law. In the end, in view of the echo awakened and the numerous requests for clemency from all sides, General Franco commuted on December 30 the nine death sentences that had been handed down by the military tribunal.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 73,
"text": "After the \"Burgos trial\", tensions between the Franco regime and the Catholic Church continued to rise, especially after Cardinal Tarancón, who later became president of the Spanish Episcopal Conference, was appointed archbishop of Madrid in May 1971, since Tarancón was in favor of ending \"national Catholicism\" and \"collaboration\" with the regime. \"Franco received the defection of the Church and its hierarchy with genuine bewilderment and deep bitterness, considering it privately as a real stab in the back. Carrero Blanco went even further and complained in public, in December 1972, of the ecclesiastical ingratitude towards a regime that, since 1939, \"has spent some 300,000 million pesetas in the construction of temples, seminaries, charity and teaching centers, support of worship, etc.\". Tension reached a peak in early May 1973 on the occasion of the funeral of a policeman who had been stabbed on May 1 by a new anti-Franco terrorist organization called FRAP. During the ceremony, right-wing extremist groups chanted death threats against the \"red priests\" and Cardinal Tarancón, shouting \"Tarancón to the wall\", an expletive that would be repeated during the following years.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 74,
"text": "On the morning of December 20, 1973, ETA detonated a bomb placed under the asphalt in a central street of Madrid when Admiral Carrero Blanco's official car was passing by, causing his death. The rapid assumption of power by Vice-President Torcuato Fernández Miranda, in the face of Franco's stunned reaction to the news, prevented extreme measures from being taken by the \"ultra\" sectors of the regime and the Army was not mobilized —at the end of the funeral there was an attempt of aggression against Cardinal Tarancón who had officiated the ceremony—. Thus opened the most critical political crisis of the entire Franco regime, since the person who had been designated by Franco to ensure the survival of his regime after his death had been assassinated.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 75,
"text": "The \"open-minded\" mood of the new government presided over by Carlos Arias Navarro, known as the \"spirit of February 12\", did not last long. At the end of February 1974, the Archbishop of Bilbao, Monsignor Antonio Añoveros Ataún, was ordered to leave Spain for having signed a pastoral letter in favor of the \"fair freedom\" of the Basque people. And only a few days later, on March 2, the Catalan anarchist Salvador Puig Antich, accused of the death of a policeman, was executed by garrotte (together with el polaco Heinz Chez), in spite of protest demonstrations harshly repressed by the police and requests for clemency from all over the world.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 76,
"text": "The anachronism and loneliness of Francoism became clear when on April 25 a military coup triumphed in Portugal, putting an end to the Salazarist dictatorship, the oldest in Europe. And the feeling that we were witnessing the agonizing and final crisis of Francoism was accentuated in July when General Franco was hospitalized due to thrombophlebitis, which forced him to temporarily cede his powers to Prince Juan Carlos. But once minimally recovered, he resumed them at the beginning of September.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 77,
"text": "A few days later, on September 13, a brutal attack by ETA killed 12 people —and wounded more than 80— due to a bomb placed in the Rolando cafeteria in Calle del Correo in Madrid, next to Puerta del Sol, which was frequented by police officers from the nearby General Directorate of Security.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 78,
"text": "As the death of General Franco drew nearer, there was a gradual strengthening of the anti-Franco opposition, which at the same time converged towards the unification of its various proposals to put an end to the dictatorship. The model that was followed was that of the Assemblea de Catalunya, a unitary platform created in Barcelona in November 1971 that brought together all the parties and organizations of the Catalan anti-Francoist opposition without excluding the communists (PSUC in Catalonia). In addition, its slogan \"Freedom, Amnesty and Statute of Autonomy\" would be adopted by all the opposition.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 79,
"text": "Thus, on July 30, 1974, Santiago Carrillo, secretary general of the Communist Party of Spain, and Professor Rafael Calvo Serer presented in Paris the Democratic Junta —the first result of the process of convergence of the state-wide opposition— in which, in addition to the PCE, the Socialist Party of the Interior of Enrique Tierno Galván —which would soon begin to be called the Popular Socialist Party— were integrated, the Carlist Party —which had drifted towards the \"self-managing socialism\" advocated by Carlos Hugo de Borbón Parma— and two prominent independents, the lawyer Antonio García Trevijano and the aforementioned monarchist intellectual Rafael Calvo Serer —who apparently were the promoters of the idea— as well as some groups of the extreme communist left, such as the Partido del Trabajo de España, and the trade union organization Comisiones Obreras, increasingly under the orbit of the PCE. The program of the Junta Democrática was based on the \"democratic rupture\" with Francoism through citizen mobilization. In the interior of Spain the Junta Democrática was presented clandestinely in a Madrid hotel in January 1975. Its purpose was the formation of a provisional government that would reestablish liberties and call a referendum on the form of state, monarchy or republic.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 80,
"text": "However, the PCE did not manage to integrate into its \"unitary body\" the opposition forces which were not willing to accept the communist hegemony —with the PSOE at its head— and which also disagreed with the members of the Democratic Junta on a fundamental issue: that they were willing to accept the monarchy of Juan Carlos if it led the country towards a fully representative political system —as opposed to the rejection of \"Franco's successor\" by the Democratic Junta—. These groups ended up constituting their own unitary body in June 1975, called the Democratic Convergence Platform, made up of the PSOE —which had just renewed its program and leadership at the Congress held in October 1974 in Suresnes, from which a young labor lawyer from Seville, Felipe González, had been elected as the new Secretary General, replacing the veteran Rodolfo Llopis— and the opposition Christian Democrats led by José María Gil Robles and Joaquín Ruiz Giménez, as well as the PNV, the group of social democrats led by the ex-Falangist Dionisio Ridruejo, and several far-left communist groups, such as the Communist Movement of Spain (MCE) and the Revolutionary Organization of Workers (ORT).",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 81,
"text": "The beginning of the economic crisis in 1974, which worsened in 1975 with the consequent increase in inflation (17%) and unemployment (700,000 unemployed, 5% of the active population), and which coincided with two financial scandals (Reace and SOFICO), fed the most important wave of strikes and workers' mobilizations in the history of Francoism, which were accompanied by the mobilizations of university students —and that of the \"new social movements\" such as the neighborhood and feminist movements—.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 82,
"text": "On the other hand, the Army intelligence services arrested 11 officers accused of being the leaders of the Military Democratic Union (UMD), a clandestine military clandestine organization founded in August 1974 in Barcelona which, following the Portuguese model, tried to get the younger officers of the Army to support a democratic change in Spain —but its scope was very reduced and it only achieved the support of about 250 lieutenants, captains and commanders—.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 83,
"text": "Terrorist activity increased, both by ETA —18 fatalities in 1974 and 14 in 1975— and by the FRAP —three attacks in 1975 resulting in death—, which in turn intensified the repression, leading to the approval in August 1975 of a decree-law \"for the prevention and prosecution of the crimes of terrorism and subversion against social peace and personal security\" which revalidated the military jurisdiction as in the early Franco regime. This repressive spiral was especially severe in the Basque Country.",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 84,
"text": "In application of the anti-terrorist legislation, between August 29 and September 17, 1975, three ETA and eight FRAP militants were court-martialed and sentenced to death, which provoked an important popular response and rejection abroad, as well as requests for clemency from the main European political leaders —including Pope Paul VI—-. Despite this, Franco did not commute the death sentences of two of the three ETA militants (Angel Otaegui and Juan Paredes Manot) and three of the eight FRAP members (Jose Luis Sanchez Bravo, Ramon Garcia Sanz and Jose Humberto-Francisco Baena), and all five were shot on September 27, 1975. This event, described as \"brutal\" by most of the European press, only accentuated the international rejection of Francoism and led to numerous anti-Franco demonstrations in the main European cities. Likewise, the ambassadors of the main European countries left Madrid, with the result that the Franco regime once again experienced an isolation and reprobation very similar to those it had suffered in the immediate post-war period. Pope Paul VI expressed \"his vibrant condemnation of a repression so harsh that it has ignored the appeals that have been raised from all sides against those executions\". \"Unfortunately we have not been heard,\" he concluded. For its part, the Permanent Commission of the Episcopal Conference made public a document in which, after condemning terrorism, it stated that \"repressive measures are not enough\" and that \"the loyal position of political opposition or criticism of the government... cannot be legitimately considered as a criminal act\".",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 85,
"text": "In response, on October 1, 1975, the Movement organized a rally in support of Franco in Madrid's Plaza de Oriente. That same day a communist group of unknown origin made its appearance and assassinated four policemen in Madrid, for which it would end up calling itself GRAPO, Grupo de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre (in English: First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Group). The \"Junta Democrática\" and the \"Plataforma\" issued their first joint communiqué in which they pledged to \"make a united effort to make possible the urgent formation of a broad, democratically organized coalition, without exclusions, capable of guaranteeing the exercise, without restrictions, of political freedoms\".",
"title": "Late Francoism"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 86,
"text": "Twelve days after the great rally in the Plaza de Oriente, General Franco fell ill. On October 30, aware of his seriousness —he had already suffered two heart attacks—, he transferred his powers to Prince Juan Carlos. On November 3, he underwent a life-or-death operation in an improvised operating room in the palace of El Pardo, and was then transferred to the \"La Paz\" hospital in Madrid, where he underwent a new surgical intervention. Early in the morning of November 20, 1975, the president of the government Carlos Arias Navarro announced on television the death of the \"Caudillo\".",
"title": "Late Francoism"
}
] | Opposition to Francoism, anti-Francoism and at that time simply opposition, is the denomination given to the group of political and social movements that opposed Franco's regime or dictatorship from the end of the Spanish Civil War (1939) until the first democratic elections (1977), a year and a half after his death (1975). | 2023-12-11T23:56:20Z | 2023-12-12T10:05:22Z | [
"Template:See also",
"Template:Ship",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:ISBN",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Short description"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_Francoism |
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