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75,542,729 | VF 9 | VF 9 maybe: | [
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] | VF 9 maybe: VinFast VF 9
Space Griffon VF-9 | 2023-12-12T04:58:04Z | 2023-12-12T05:10:12Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VF_9 |
75,542,742 | Bledsoe Independent School District | Bledsoe Independent School District was a public school district based in western Cochran County, Texas, 75 miles east of Lubbock, at the border with New Mexico.
In 1996, the district was rated as "Exemplary" by the TEA.
Alenreed ISD was established in 1917 by an act of the 35th Texas Legislature.
In 1956, it voted to consolidate with the Sligo Independent School District.
Bledsoe ISD was the sole proprietor of Bledsoe Natural Gas, which was indirectly supplied by El Paso Natural Gas and served 66 customers in Cochran County in 1976.
It had an enrollment of 65 in 1985, decreasing to 32 by 1993.
The 1993 state-implemented Robin Hood plan forced school districts to distribute wealth. Like other property-rich West Texas districts, it found itself with a low enrollment and high tax valuation, with Bledsoe ISD's sitting at $38 million. That same year, it approved the Robin Hood plan and voted to send approximately $30,000 to the state. It was the least hardest-hit that year with a neighboring district sending upwards of $650,000 to the state.
State senator Teel Bivins pointed out lawmakers underestimated the impact of the Robin Hood plan legislation on smaller Texas school districts, though decreasing enrollment was also a factor.
Its enrollment totaled 38 by the end of the 1995-1996 school year, it served 21 students from kindergarten to the sixth grade while 17 students grades 7 to 12 were bused to Whiteface ISD schools beginning in 1989.
The consolidation meant that the newly expanded Whiteface would be considered less a wealthy school district. Enrollment at Bledsoe ISD peaked before World War 2, at 220 students with 20 classroom teachers. This was at a time when railroads and cattle transportation through them were active.
In 1995, two families with a combined 16 children left, severely impacting enrollment at the local Bledoes school.
In August 1995, Bledsoe voters voted to consolidate with Whiteface. Voters in Whiteface approved the merger.
By the time of its closing, the district was sending approximately 40% of its tax revenue to the state.
The consolidation of the Bledsoe and Whiteface school districts occurred on July 1, 1996. | [
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"title": ""
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"text": "In 1996, the district was rated as \"Exemplary\" by the TEA.",
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"text": "Alenreed ISD was established in 1917 by an act of the 35th Texas Legislature.",
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"text": "In 1956, it voted to consolidate with the Sligo Independent School District.",
"title": "History"
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"text": "Bledsoe ISD was the sole proprietor of Bledsoe Natural Gas, which was indirectly supplied by El Paso Natural Gas and served 66 customers in Cochran County in 1976.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "It had an enrollment of 65 in 1985, decreasing to 32 by 1993.",
"title": "History"
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"text": "The 1993 state-implemented Robin Hood plan forced school districts to distribute wealth. Like other property-rich West Texas districts, it found itself with a low enrollment and high tax valuation, with Bledsoe ISD's sitting at $38 million. That same year, it approved the Robin Hood plan and voted to send approximately $30,000 to the state. It was the least hardest-hit that year with a neighboring district sending upwards of $650,000 to the state.",
"title": "History"
},
{
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"text": "State senator Teel Bivins pointed out lawmakers underestimated the impact of the Robin Hood plan legislation on smaller Texas school districts, though decreasing enrollment was also a factor.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Its enrollment totaled 38 by the end of the 1995-1996 school year, it served 21 students from kindergarten to the sixth grade while 17 students grades 7 to 12 were bused to Whiteface ISD schools beginning in 1989.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The consolidation meant that the newly expanded Whiteface would be considered less a wealthy school district. Enrollment at Bledsoe ISD peaked before World War 2, at 220 students with 20 classroom teachers. This was at a time when railroads and cattle transportation through them were active.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In 1995, two families with a combined 16 children left, severely impacting enrollment at the local Bledoes school.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "In August 1995, Bledsoe voters voted to consolidate with Whiteface. Voters in Whiteface approved the merger.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "By the time of its closing, the district was sending approximately 40% of its tax revenue to the state.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The consolidation of the Bledsoe and Whiteface school districts occurred on July 1, 1996.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Bledsoe Independent School District was a public school district based in western Cochran County, Texas, 75 miles east of Lubbock, at the border with New Mexico. In 1996, the district was rated as "Exemplary" by the TEA. | 2023-12-12T05:02:23Z | 2023-12-12T12:31:49Z | [
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75,542,743 | Tikishla Peak | Tikishla Peak is a 5,229-foot (1,594 m) mountain summit in the U.S. state of Alaska.
Tikishla Peak is located 11 miles (18 km) east of Anchorage in the western Chugach Mountains, on land belonging to Fort Richardson Military Reservation. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains west to Cook Inlet via Ship Creek and Campbell Creek. Although modest in elevation, relief is significant as the summit rises approximately 2,300 feet (700 m) above Campbell Creek Canyon in one mile (1.6 km). An ascent of the summit involves hiking 15 miles (round-trip) with 5,200 feet of elevation gain. The months of May through September offer best conditions for climbing the peak. The peak's toponym Tikishla, meaning "black bear", is derived from the Denaʼina language and was proposed in 1965 by the Mountaineering Club of Alaska.
Based on the Köppen climate classification, Tikishla Peak is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Weather systems coming off the Gulf of Alaska are forced upwards by the Chugach Mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop below −10 °F with wind chill factors below −20 °F. | [
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"text": "Tikishla Peak is located 11 miles (18 km) east of Anchorage in the western Chugach Mountains, on land belonging to Fort Richardson Military Reservation. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains west to Cook Inlet via Ship Creek and Campbell Creek. Although modest in elevation, relief is significant as the summit rises approximately 2,300 feet (700 m) above Campbell Creek Canyon in one mile (1.6 km). An ascent of the summit involves hiking 15 miles (round-trip) with 5,200 feet of elevation gain. The months of May through September offer best conditions for climbing the peak. The peak's toponym Tikishla, meaning \"black bear\", is derived from the Denaʼina language and was proposed in 1965 by the Mountaineering Club of Alaska.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Based on the Köppen climate classification, Tikishla Peak is located in a subarctic climate zone with long, cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Weather systems coming off the Gulf of Alaska are forced upwards by the Chugach Mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall. Winter temperatures can drop below −10 °F with wind chill factors below −20 °F.",
"title": "Climate"
}
] | Tikishla Peak is a 5,229-foot (1,594 m) mountain summit in the U.S. state of Alaska. | 2023-12-12T05:02:24Z | 2023-12-23T11:37:02Z | [
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75,542,746 | 16p11.2 duplication syndrome | 16p11.2 duplication syndrome is a genetic condition caused by duplication of region on chromosome 16. The odds of developing autism spectrum disorder are elevated and comparable to the rate with 16p11.2 deletion. The rate of having ADHD is higher than in people with deletion.
Researchers at Northwestern University created a mouse model of the syndrome. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "16p11.2 duplication syndrome is a genetic condition caused by duplication of region on chromosome 16. The odds of developing autism spectrum disorder are elevated and comparable to the rate with 16p11.2 deletion. The rate of having ADHD is higher than in people with deletion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Researchers at Northwestern University created a mouse model of the syndrome.",
"title": "Research"
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] | 16p11.2 duplication syndrome is a genetic condition caused by duplication of region on chromosome 16. The odds of developing autism spectrum disorder are elevated and comparable to the rate with 16p11.2 deletion. The rate of having ADHD is higher than in people with deletion. | 2023-12-12T05:04:28Z | 2023-12-14T17:29:02Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16p11.2_duplication_syndrome |
75,542,759 | Waco Indians (baseball) | The Waco Indians were a minor league baseball team based in Waco, Texas. The "Indians" played in the 1923 and 1924 seasons as members of the Class D level Texas Association. Waco hosted home minor league games at Katy Park, known today as "Katy Ballpark at the Silos."
Minor league baseball began in Waco, Texas in 1899, when the Waco "Babies" played the season as members of the Texas League, beginning a tenure of Waco teams in the league. The Waco Indians were immediately preceded in minor league play by the 1919 Waco Navigators, who ended the tenure of Waco Texas League teams.
After a three-season hiatus, minor league baseball returned to Waco in 1923, as the Waco Indians became charter members of the six-team Class D level Texas Association. The Austin Rangers, Corsicana Oilers, Marlin Bathers, Mexia Gushers and Sherman-Denison Twins teams joined with Waco as charter members in beginning league play.
In their first season of Texas Association league play, the Indians finished in last place. Waco ended the season a record of 59–80, placing sixth in the Texas Association standings. Playing under managers Ray Falk, H. House, Bill Reynolds and Warwick Comstock, Waco finished 20.5 games behind the first place Mexia Gushers in the final standings. Don Flinn, who played for both Waco and Austin, led the Texas Association with 22 home runs.
Waco continued play in the six–team 1924 Texas Association and ended the season in third place in the league. The Waco Indians completed the season with a 65–64 record, playing under managers Otto McIvor and Tom Carson. Waco finished 18.0 games behind the first place Corsicana Oilers in the final standings as the league held no playoffs. After departing Waco during the season, Otto McIvor became manager of the Austin Rangers.
Joining another league, Waco did not return to the Texas Association and were replaced by the Terrell Terrors franchise in the six-team league.
Waco, Texas continued minor league play in 1925 in a new league, as the Waco Cubs began another tenure of Waco teams in rejoining the Class A level Texas League. The Class A level was the highest level of minor leagues in the era
The Waco Indians teams hosted home games at Katy Park. The ballpark began hosting minor league teams in 1905 with the Waco Tigers and continued as a minor league ballpark through 1956, with the Waco Pirates of the Big State League as the final team. The ballpark was located adjacent to Cotton Place Fairgrounds. It was of the Baylor Stadium in the era and was located at Jackson Avenue & South 7th Street at Webster Avenue & South 8th Street in Waco, Texas.
When Katy Park opened for baseball on April 6, 1905, President Teddy Roosevelt was on hand and gave a speech at the ballpark.
In 1929, Babe Ruth and the New York Yankees played an exhibition game at the ballpark against the Waco Cubs.
On May 5, 1930, the first night baseball game in Texas took place at Katy Park in a contest between the Negro leagues' Kansas City Monarchs and the local Waco Black Cardinals, utilizing the Monarchs' portable light system. The Monarchs won the game by the score 8–0.
The original ballpark was razed in the 1960s and became a parking lot. In 2020, the former ballpark site became a part of the "Magnolia Market at the Silos" and was returned to a ballpark. The new ballpark at the site is called "Katy Ballpark at the Silos." | [
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},
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"title": "History"
},
{
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"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In their first season of Texas Association league play, the Indians finished in last place. Waco ended the season a record of 59–80, placing sixth in the Texas Association standings. Playing under managers Ray Falk, H. House, Bill Reynolds and Warwick Comstock, Waco finished 20.5 games behind the first place Mexia Gushers in the final standings. Don Flinn, who played for both Waco and Austin, led the Texas Association with 22 home runs.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Waco continued play in the six–team 1924 Texas Association and ended the season in third place in the league. The Waco Indians completed the season with a 65–64 record, playing under managers Otto McIvor and Tom Carson. Waco finished 18.0 games behind the first place Corsicana Oilers in the final standings as the league held no playoffs. After departing Waco during the season, Otto McIvor became manager of the Austin Rangers.",
"title": "History"
},
{
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"text": "Joining another league, Waco did not return to the Texas Association and were replaced by the Terrell Terrors franchise in the six-team league.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Waco, Texas continued minor league play in 1925 in a new league, as the Waco Cubs began another tenure of Waco teams in rejoining the Class A level Texas League. The Class A level was the highest level of minor leagues in the era",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The Waco Indians teams hosted home games at Katy Park. The ballpark began hosting minor league teams in 1905 with the Waco Tigers and continued as a minor league ballpark through 1956, with the Waco Pirates of the Big State League as the final team. The ballpark was located adjacent to Cotton Place Fairgrounds. It was of the Baylor Stadium in the era and was located at Jackson Avenue & South 7th Street at Webster Avenue & South 8th Street in Waco, Texas.",
"title": "The ballpark"
},
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"text": "When Katy Park opened for baseball on April 6, 1905, President Teddy Roosevelt was on hand and gave a speech at the ballpark.",
"title": "The ballpark"
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"text": "In 1929, Babe Ruth and the New York Yankees played an exhibition game at the ballpark against the Waco Cubs.",
"title": "The ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "On May 5, 1930, the first night baseball game in Texas took place at Katy Park in a contest between the Negro leagues' Kansas City Monarchs and the local Waco Black Cardinals, utilizing the Monarchs' portable light system. The Monarchs won the game by the score 8–0.",
"title": "The ballpark"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The original ballpark was razed in the 1960s and became a parking lot. In 2020, the former ballpark site became a part of the \"Magnolia Market at the Silos\" and was returned to a ballpark. The new ballpark at the site is called \"Katy Ballpark at the Silos.\"",
"title": "The ballpark"
}
] | The Waco Indians were a minor league baseball team based in Waco, Texas. The "Indians" played in the 1923 and 1924 seasons as members of the Class D level Texas Association. Waco hosted home minor league games at Katy Park, known today as "Katy Ballpark at the Silos." | 2023-12-12T05:08:06Z | 2023-12-22T22:28:14Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_Indians_(baseball) |
75,542,778 | Viru Folk | [] | REDIRECT List of music festivals in Estonia | 2023-12-12T05:13:18Z | 2023-12-27T14:13:57Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viru_Folk |
|
75,542,801 | Twice Upon a Time... | Twice Upon a Time... (French: Il était deux fois...) is a Canadian satirical short film, directed by Giles Walker and released in 1979.
A satire of the cultural separation and lack of understanding between English Canada and French Canada, the film is set in Stereoville, a community in which unilingual anglophones and unilingual francophones are permanently tied to each other back to back, and deal with encounters with speakers of the other language by simply turning around so that their backmates can handle the conversation. One day, however, their rules for life are confounded when a tourist (Michel Choquette) arrives who does not have another person strapped to his back, and is in fact capable of speaking both languages himself.
The cast includes Jeannette Casenave and Évelyn Regimbald as the hotel manager, Wayne Robson and Jean Archambault as the desk clerk, Basil Fitzgibbon and Camille Ducharme as the governor, Graham Batchelor and Jacques Lavallée as the secretary, Kevin Fenlon and Michel Forgues as the choreographer, and Valda Dalton and Madeleine Sicotte as a customer.
The film received a Genie Award nomination for Best Theatrical Short Film at the 1st Genie Awards in 1980. | [
{
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"text": "Twice Upon a Time... (French: Il était deux fois...) is a Canadian satirical short film, directed by Giles Walker and released in 1979.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "A satire of the cultural separation and lack of understanding between English Canada and French Canada, the film is set in Stereoville, a community in which unilingual anglophones and unilingual francophones are permanently tied to each other back to back, and deal with encounters with speakers of the other language by simply turning around so that their backmates can handle the conversation. One day, however, their rules for life are confounded when a tourist (Michel Choquette) arrives who does not have another person strapped to his back, and is in fact capable of speaking both languages himself.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The cast includes Jeannette Casenave and Évelyn Regimbald as the hotel manager, Wayne Robson and Jean Archambault as the desk clerk, Basil Fitzgibbon and Camille Ducharme as the governor, Graham Batchelor and Jacques Lavallée as the secretary, Kevin Fenlon and Michel Forgues as the choreographer, and Valda Dalton and Madeleine Sicotte as a customer.",
"title": "Cast"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The film received a Genie Award nomination for Best Theatrical Short Film at the 1st Genie Awards in 1980.",
"title": "Award nomination"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Twice Upon a Time... is a Canadian satirical short film, directed by Giles Walker and released in 1979. | 2023-12-12T05:19:05Z | 2023-12-14T15:37:10Z | [
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75,542,803 | List of Melbourne City FC (A-League Women) managers | Melbourne City Football Club (A-League Women) is an Australian professional women's association football club based in Cranbourne East, Melbourne. The club was formed in Bundoora in 2015.
There have been four permanent and one caretaker managers of Melbourne City (A-League Women) since 2015; Joe Montemurro was the first to manage the club. The most successful people to manage Melbourne City (A-League Women) is Joe Montemurro and Rado Vidošić, who both won two A-League Women premierships and two A-League Women championships, between 2016 and 2020. Rado Vidošić is the club's longest-serving manager.
This chronological list comprises all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of Melbourne City (A-League Women) since their foundation in 2015. Each manager's entry includes his/her dates of tenure and the club's overall competitive record (in terms of matches won, drawn and lost), honours won and significant achievements while under his/her care. Caretaker managers are included, where known, as well as those who have been in permanent charge.
Within the foundation of the club in the W-League (now A-League Women) in 2015, Joe Montemurro was confirmed the first head coach following the conclusion of the NPL season, with five months to spare in immediate plans for squad assembling before their inaugural season. He led the club to a double by full winning regular season and a Grand Final win against Sydney FC. During the 2016–17 season, Montemurro left to be the interim assistant coach for the men's team hence Welsh international player-coach Jess Fishlock replacing the women's head coach role in January 2017, leading her side to the championship of the 2016–17 W-League against the Perth Glory. Patrick Kisnorbo took the role around the start of the 2017–18 season in which he would lead the club to another championship in 2018. Kisnorbo who then moved to the men's assistant coach (and eventually men's head coach), had his women's head coach role swapped by Rado Vidošić in June 2018, where the next three full seasons he would be in charge and leading the club to another double in the 2019–20 season. In November 2022, Rado Vidošić's head coach role was swapped by his son Dario, due to Rado heading for caretaker role for the men's team in replacement of Kisnorbo.
Key | [
{
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"text": "Melbourne City Football Club (A-League Women) is an Australian professional women's association football club based in Cranbourne East, Melbourne. The club was formed in Bundoora in 2015.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "There have been four permanent and one caretaker managers of Melbourne City (A-League Women) since 2015; Joe Montemurro was the first to manage the club. The most successful people to manage Melbourne City (A-League Women) is Joe Montemurro and Rado Vidošić, who both won two A-League Women premierships and two A-League Women championships, between 2016 and 2020. Rado Vidošić is the club's longest-serving manager.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "This chronological list comprises all those who have held the position of manager of the first team of Melbourne City (A-League Women) since their foundation in 2015. Each manager's entry includes his/her dates of tenure and the club's overall competitive record (in terms of matches won, drawn and lost), honours won and significant achievements while under his/her care. Caretaker managers are included, where known, as well as those who have been in permanent charge.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
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"text": "Within the foundation of the club in the W-League (now A-League Women) in 2015, Joe Montemurro was confirmed the first head coach following the conclusion of the NPL season, with five months to spare in immediate plans for squad assembling before their inaugural season. He led the club to a double by full winning regular season and a Grand Final win against Sydney FC. During the 2016–17 season, Montemurro left to be the interim assistant coach for the men's team hence Welsh international player-coach Jess Fishlock replacing the women's head coach role in January 2017, leading her side to the championship of the 2016–17 W-League against the Perth Glory. Patrick Kisnorbo took the role around the start of the 2017–18 season in which he would lead the club to another championship in 2018. Kisnorbo who then moved to the men's assistant coach (and eventually men's head coach), had his women's head coach role swapped by Rado Vidošić in June 2018, where the next three full seasons he would be in charge and leading the club to another double in the 2019–20 season. In November 2022, Rado Vidošić's head coach role was swapped by his son Dario, due to Rado heading for caretaker role for the men's team in replacement of Kisnorbo.",
"title": "Managerial history"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Key",
"title": "Managers"
}
] | Melbourne City Football Club is an Australian professional women's association football club based in Cranbourne East, Melbourne. The club was formed in Bundoora in 2015. | 2023-12-12T05:19:38Z | 2023-12-29T08:29:22Z | [
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75,542,811 | Boarders (TV series) | Boarders is an upcoming British comedy television series created by Daniel Lawrence Taylor. The six-part series is developed by Studio Lambert in association with All3Media International for BBC Three.
In August 2022, it was announced BBC Three had commissioned a six-part series titled Boarders from Daniel Lawrence Taylor and Studio Lambert. In addition to Lawrence Taylor, the series would be executive produced by Susan Hogg and Maddie Sinclair for Studio Lambert, and Ayela Butt and Gaynor Holmes for the BBC. Joining him in the writers room were Emma Dennis-Edwards, Yemi Oyefuwa, and Ryan Calais Cameron.
In July 2023, it was announced Josh Tedeku, Jodie Campbell, and Myles Kamwendo would star in the series alongside Sekou Diaby and Aruna Jalloh. Creator Daniel Lawrence Taylor would appear in the series as a mentor. Also joining the cast were Derek Riddell, Niky Wardley, Harry Gilby, Tallulah Greive, Rosie Graham, Georgina Sadler, and Assa Kanoute. | [
{
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"text": "Boarders is an upcoming British comedy television series created by Daniel Lawrence Taylor. The six-part series is developed by Studio Lambert in association with All3Media International for BBC Three.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "In August 2022, it was announced BBC Three had commissioned a six-part series titled Boarders from Daniel Lawrence Taylor and Studio Lambert. In addition to Lawrence Taylor, the series would be executive produced by Susan Hogg and Maddie Sinclair for Studio Lambert, and Ayela Butt and Gaynor Holmes for the BBC. Joining him in the writers room were Emma Dennis-Edwards, Yemi Oyefuwa, and Ryan Calais Cameron.",
"title": "Production"
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"text": "In July 2023, it was announced Josh Tedeku, Jodie Campbell, and Myles Kamwendo would star in the series alongside Sekou Diaby and Aruna Jalloh. Creator Daniel Lawrence Taylor would appear in the series as a mentor. Also joining the cast were Derek Riddell, Niky Wardley, Harry Gilby, Tallulah Greive, Rosie Graham, Georgina Sadler, and Assa Kanoute.",
"title": "Production"
}
] | Boarders is an upcoming British comedy television series created by Daniel Lawrence Taylor. The six-part series is developed by Studio Lambert in association with All3Media International for BBC Three. | 2023-12-12T05:21:02Z | 2024-01-01T00:20:17Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarders_(TV_series) |
75,542,854 | Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Seattle | Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Seattle (TECO-Seattle, Chinese: 駐西雅圖臺北經濟文化辦事處; pinyin: Zhù Xīyǎtú Táiběi jīngjì wénhuà bànshì chǔ) represents the interests of Taiwan in the Northwestern United States and Alaska, functioning as a de facto consulate. The mission is located at the One Union Square building in 600 University Street in Seattle, Washington. It also oversees Cultural Center in Bellevue, Washington. The mission serves Washington state, Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Wyoming.
Following the signing of the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China which resulted in the United States terminating diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, the consulate of the Republic of China in Seattle was closed on 28 February 1979. On 1 March 1979, the Coordination Council for North American Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China established the Seattle Office of the Coordination Council for North American Affairs. On 10 October 1992, it was renamed the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Seattle.
Since August 2020, the office is headed by a director-general, currently Daniel K.C. Chen, who previously served as deputy secretary-general of the Taiwan Council for U.S. Affairs within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Seattle (TECO-Seattle, Chinese: 駐西雅圖臺北經濟文化辦事處; pinyin: Zhù Xīyǎtú Táiběi jīngjì wénhuà bànshì chǔ) represents the interests of Taiwan in the Northwestern United States and Alaska, functioning as a de facto consulate. The mission is located at the One Union Square building in 600 University Street in Seattle, Washington. It also oversees Cultural Center in Bellevue, Washington. The mission serves Washington state, Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Wyoming.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following the signing of the Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China which resulted in the United States terminating diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, the consulate of the Republic of China in Seattle was closed on 28 February 1979. On 1 March 1979, the Coordination Council for North American Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China established the Seattle Office of the Coordination Council for North American Affairs. On 10 October 1992, it was renamed the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Seattle.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Since August 2020, the office is headed by a director-general, currently Daniel K.C. Chen, who previously served as deputy secretary-general of the Taiwan Council for U.S. Affairs within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Seattle represents the interests of Taiwan in the Northwestern United States and Alaska, functioning as a de facto consulate. The mission is located at the One Union Square building in 600 University Street in Seattle, Washington. It also oversees Cultural Center in Bellevue, Washington. The mission serves Washington state, Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Wyoming. | 2023-12-12T05:29:49Z | 2023-12-13T00:50:07Z | [
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75,542,859 | Come, Follow Me (LDS church) | Come, Follow Me—For Home and Church is the name given to the official teaching manual of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
In June 2018, President of the Church Russell M. Nelson and his counselors announced the creation of Come, Follow Me. This announcement came soon after the change from 3-house meetings to 2-hour meetings on Sundays. Come, Follow Me - For Individuals and Families was released with the intention of families using the additional hour for home study using the manual. Additionally, versions were created to replace other training manuals currently in use. Gospel Principles and Gospel Doctrine Teacher’s Manual were replaced with Come, Follow Me - For Sunday School. Primary 1 through Primary 7 were replaced by Come, Follow Me - For Primary. Come, Follow Me - For Young Women and Aaronic Priesthood Quorum replaced the various manuals for Young Women and Young Men's groups.
In April 2023, the Church announced that all of the manuals would be combined into one, Come, Follow Me—For Home and Church, starting in January 2024. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Come, Follow Me—For Home and Church is the name given to the official teaching manual of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In June 2018, President of the Church Russell M. Nelson and his counselors announced the creation of Come, Follow Me. This announcement came soon after the change from 3-house meetings to 2-hour meetings on Sundays. Come, Follow Me - For Individuals and Families was released with the intention of families using the additional hour for home study using the manual. Additionally, versions were created to replace other training manuals currently in use. Gospel Principles and Gospel Doctrine Teacher’s Manual were replaced with Come, Follow Me - For Sunday School. Primary 1 through Primary 7 were replaced by Come, Follow Me - For Primary. Come, Follow Me - For Young Women and Aaronic Priesthood Quorum replaced the various manuals for Young Women and Young Men's groups.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In April 2023, the Church announced that all of the manuals would be combined into one, Come, Follow Me—For Home and Church, starting in January 2024.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Come, Follow Me—For Home and Church is the name given to the official teaching manual of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. | 2023-12-12T05:30:35Z | 2023-12-12T05:30:35Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come,_Follow_Me_(LDS_church) |
75,542,882 | Port Alto, Texas | Port Alto is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 45 in 2000. It is part of the Victoria, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Before its subdivision in 1939, Port Alto was referred to as Persimmon Point. In the community's early records, there was one store and roughly 10 permanent people. In 1961, the summer population grew to 205 due to retirees and vacationers, but Hurricane Carla destroyed the village in September of that year. By 1966, the town had been rebuilt, and 185 people were living there during the summer. There were 170 listings on the Port Alto phone exchange in 1970, suggesting a likely growth in the overall population, both year-round and seasonal. There was a row of homes along the shore in Port Alto in the 1970s. In 1990, Port Alto was still recognized as a community. The population was 45 in 2000.
Port Alto is located at the intersection of Farm to Market Road 159 and Farm to Market Road 307 on the western shore of Carancahua Bay, 4 mi (6.4 km) east of Olivia, 22 mi (35 km) southwest of Palacios, and 21 mi (34 km) northwest of Port Lavaca in northeastern Calhoun County.
Port Alto is served by the Calhoun County Independent School District. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Port Alto is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 45 in 2000. It is part of the Victoria, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Before its subdivision in 1939, Port Alto was referred to as Persimmon Point. In the community's early records, there was one store and roughly 10 permanent people. In 1961, the summer population grew to 205 due to retirees and vacationers, but Hurricane Carla destroyed the village in September of that year. By 1966, the town had been rebuilt, and 185 people were living there during the summer. There were 170 listings on the Port Alto phone exchange in 1970, suggesting a likely growth in the overall population, both year-round and seasonal. There was a row of homes along the shore in Port Alto in the 1970s. In 1990, Port Alto was still recognized as a community. The population was 45 in 2000.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Port Alto is located at the intersection of Farm to Market Road 159 and Farm to Market Road 307 on the western shore of Carancahua Bay, 4 mi (6.4 km) east of Olivia, 22 mi (35 km) southwest of Palacios, and 21 mi (34 km) northwest of Port Lavaca in northeastern Calhoun County.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Port Alto is served by the Calhoun County Independent School District.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Port Alto is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 45 in 2000. It is part of the Victoria, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area. | 2023-12-12T05:35:14Z | 2023-12-13T00:51:42Z | [
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75,542,883 | Kewadin | Kewadin may refer to: | [
{
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"text": "Kewadin may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Kewadin may refer to: Kewadin, Michigan
Kewadin Casinos
Kewadin Casino, Hotel and Convention Center | 2023-12-12T05:35:22Z | 2023-12-12T23:00:02Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kewadin |
75,542,885 | Cystopteris tennesseensis | Cystopteris tennesseensis, commonly known as the Tennessee fragile fern or Tennessee bladderfern, is a species of fern in the family Cystopteridaceae.
Cystopteris tennesseensis is a lithophytic fern, growing on calcareous rock ledges, scree, and cliffs. It has creeping rhizomes, and occasionally has misshappen bulbets.
Cystopteris tennesseensis is a member of the Cystopteris hybrid complex. It originated as an allotetraploid hybrid between two diploid parents, C. bulbifera × C. protrusa.
The fern is native to the eastern United States. It occurs in the states of: Ala., Ark., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Md., Mo., N.C., Ohio., Okla., Pa., Tenn., Va., W.Va., Wis. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Cystopteris tennesseensis, commonly known as the Tennessee fragile fern or Tennessee bladderfern, is a species of fern in the family Cystopteridaceae.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Cystopteris tennesseensis is a lithophytic fern, growing on calcareous rock ledges, scree, and cliffs. It has creeping rhizomes, and occasionally has misshappen bulbets.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Cystopteris tennesseensis is a member of the Cystopteris hybrid complex. It originated as an allotetraploid hybrid between two diploid parents, C. bulbifera × C. protrusa.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The fern is native to the eastern United States. It occurs in the states of: Ala., Ark., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., Ky., Md., Mo., N.C., Ohio., Okla., Pa., Tenn., Va., W.Va., Wis.",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Cystopteris tennesseensis, commonly known as the Tennessee fragile fern or Tennessee bladderfern, is a species of fern in the family Cystopteridaceae. | 2023-12-12T05:35:37Z | 2023-12-21T15:33:15Z | [
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75,542,890 | Alameda de los Descalzos | The Alameda de los Descalzos is an alameda located in Rímac District, Lima, Peru. One of the best-known places in the district, around it stand—among other buildings—the churches of Santa Liberata, El Patrocinio and Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles. Nearby is also the place where Micaela Villegas's Mill House was located. It measures about 450 m.
It was initially called Alameda Grande. Ordered to be laid out by Viceroy Juan de Mendoza y Luna in 1611 in the likeness of the Alameda de Hércules in the Spanish city of Seville, a public garden created in 1574 and the oldest in Spain and Europe. The Sevillian model was followed by other creators of urban gardens in Spain such as that of Écija, province of Seville, or that of Alameda Central in Mexico City. The Alameda de los Descalzos de Lima was rebuilt in 1770 by Viceroy Manuel Amat y Juniet. It is located at the end of Alcázar Avenue, approximately 900 meters north of the Plaza de Armas of Lima.
Lima's oral tradition collects stories that furtive encounters between forbidden lovers took place in this place, where the girls of the time, accompanied on their walks by chaperones, brushed against their suitors without even looking at them. It is the cradle of well-known stories about secrets, mischievous smiles and the graceful walk of the coquetry of the famous tapadas limeñas in their eager and seductive walks of gentlemen in love. It is also a witness to romantic stories and memories, the most famous of which is the romance between Viceroy Amat and the Perricholi, who were the talk of the demure society ladies of the time.
It is also said that, at night, ghosts of widows, suicides, and people who died in the Spanish Inquisition or mysterious congregations of ghosts parade around the alameda.
According to the chroniclers of the Viceroyalty, its original design consisted of three streets: two lateral ones for carriages and a central one for pedestrians. There were three fountains, donated by citizen Agustín Hipólito de Landaburu [es], and eight rows of trees that offered walkers shade and coolness. The definitive remodeling that it underwent in the 19th century turned it into a romantic walk. In 1856, President Ramón Castilla gave it a new and definitive unitary outline by ordering the placement of a wrought iron fence imported from England, giving it the romanticist touch of the early 18th century.
It currently has side bars, one hundred lined marble benches, twelve Carrara marble statues that represent the signs of the zodiac and the months of the year, as well as 50 ornamental wrought iron vases by artisans of the time.
The Municipality of Lima carried out renovation works between 2014 and 2015.
The sculptures of the alameda have as their theme the zodiacal signs and some gods from Greek mythology. In 2018 these were declared Cultural Heritage of the Nation as part of the set of 91 monumental sculptures located in the Historic Centre of Lima. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Alameda de los Descalzos is an alameda located in Rímac District, Lima, Peru. One of the best-known places in the district, around it stand—among other buildings—the churches of Santa Liberata, El Patrocinio and Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles. Nearby is also the place where Micaela Villegas's Mill House was located. It measures about 450 m.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "It was initially called Alameda Grande. Ordered to be laid out by Viceroy Juan de Mendoza y Luna in 1611 in the likeness of the Alameda de Hércules in the Spanish city of Seville, a public garden created in 1574 and the oldest in Spain and Europe. The Sevillian model was followed by other creators of urban gardens in Spain such as that of Écija, province of Seville, or that of Alameda Central in Mexico City. The Alameda de los Descalzos de Lima was rebuilt in 1770 by Viceroy Manuel Amat y Juniet. It is located at the end of Alcázar Avenue, approximately 900 meters north of the Plaza de Armas of Lima.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Lima's oral tradition collects stories that furtive encounters between forbidden lovers took place in this place, where the girls of the time, accompanied on their walks by chaperones, brushed against their suitors without even looking at them. It is the cradle of well-known stories about secrets, mischievous smiles and the graceful walk of the coquetry of the famous tapadas limeñas in their eager and seductive walks of gentlemen in love. It is also a witness to romantic stories and memories, the most famous of which is the romance between Viceroy Amat and the Perricholi, who were the talk of the demure society ladies of the time.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "It is also said that, at night, ghosts of widows, suicides, and people who died in the Spanish Inquisition or mysterious congregations of ghosts parade around the alameda.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "According to the chroniclers of the Viceroyalty, its original design consisted of three streets: two lateral ones for carriages and a central one for pedestrians. There were three fountains, donated by citizen Agustín Hipólito de Landaburu [es], and eight rows of trees that offered walkers shade and coolness. The definitive remodeling that it underwent in the 19th century turned it into a romantic walk. In 1856, President Ramón Castilla gave it a new and definitive unitary outline by ordering the placement of a wrought iron fence imported from England, giving it the romanticist touch of the early 18th century.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "It currently has side bars, one hundred lined marble benches, twelve Carrara marble statues that represent the signs of the zodiac and the months of the year, as well as 50 ornamental wrought iron vases by artisans of the time.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The Municipality of Lima carried out renovation works between 2014 and 2015.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The sculptures of the alameda have as their theme the zodiacal signs and some gods from Greek mythology. In 2018 these were declared Cultural Heritage of the Nation as part of the set of 91 monumental sculptures located in the Historic Centre of Lima.",
"title": "Statues"
}
] | The Alameda de los Descalzos is an alameda located in Rímac District, Lima, Peru. One of the best-known places in the district, around it stand—among other buildings—the churches of Santa Liberata, El Patrocinio and Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles. Nearby is also the place where Micaela Villegas's Mill House was located. It measures about 450 m. | 2023-12-12T05:36:42Z | 2023-12-22T20:20:10Z | [
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75,542,900 | Middle Ceramic Period | The Middle Ceramic Period (1000 CE-1500 CE) is a period in history during which many technological advancements occurred throughout the Midwest in areas that are within the current states of Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In Kansas specifically however, there is indication that the Native American Population increased during the Middle Ceramic Period and the settlements became bigger and more permanent compared to the Early Ceramic Period. A lot of these settlements would've included a variety of domestic structures, cache pits, middens, and burials. All of these aspects indicate permanent settlement. Most of these aspects can be seen in northern Kansas in the area that is known as the Glen Elder Locality, and can also be seen in southern Kansas in areas known as the Odessa Phase, the Pratt Complex, and the Bluff Creek Complex. It should also be noted that rectangular earthlodges were more common in northern Kansas, while in southern Kansas, more commonly houses were thatched with bundles of prairie grass, and then plastered using clay. Most of the individuals living in the areas of Kansas during the Middle Ceramic Period would've relied on a dual economy based on the hunting of bison and on agricultural products such as corn, beans, and squash. Wild foods collected by hunting and gathering would've also been done during this period for subsistence as well. The bow and arrow for hunting was used during this period, and improvements in pottery-making, or ceramic-making, were present in this period as well. This can be seen in northern Kansas with evidence of ceramics, and in southern Kansas this can be seen with evidence of ceramics and a variety of other tools. The Middle Ceramic Period also takes place between the Early Ceramic Period (1 CE-1000 CE), and the Late Ceramic Period (1500 CE-1800 CE).
The only well known, extensively investigated site known in northern Kansas for the Middle Ceramic Period is the Glen Elder Locality. This site provides a variety of information on settlement aspects and on ceramics that were present during the Middle Ceramic Period.
In the Glen Elder Locality, there are a total of sixteen houses. Observation of these houses showed that there are six distinct styles among them, and for the most part are spatially segregated. The first style is square with four center posts and few wall posts, and two of the houses within the Glen Elder Locality show this style. The second style is also square, but unlike the first style, there is no evidence of a pattern of four center posts. Instead, this style has many small posts that might have supported the roofs of the houses in question. This style also lacks many internal caches but has large numbers of wall posts, and there are two houses within the Glen Elder Locality that show this style. The third style was present in five houses within the Glen Elder Locality and this style is rectangular with numerous wall posts and internal caches, fireplaces, and no clear pattern of central support posts. The fourth style there is only one of and it did not look like any of the others. The fifth style had a trapezoidal appearance and there was a few of these houses, and the six style was one large square house. Other styles of houses may be present, but not observed yet. Radiocarbon dating showed that none of the styles of houses significantly differed in age despite the variety of differences between them, and there was also no proof of regularity between the houses as there are almost no structural patterns present.
Within the settlements in the Glen Elder Locality, there are a wide variety of ceramics. The ceramics from this site have clear spatial patterning, but there are differences in the attributes of the ceramics in that for the most part these attributes are not shown in traditional ceramic classifications. There are a variety of differences in the ceramics, the differences being features such as rim height, angle of rim flare, and precise location of decorative elements. Radiocarbon dating showed no discernable differences in age to provide an explanation for the variety of differences in the ceramics, so another conclusion was made that the varietal differences in the ceramics were the result of separate dispersed communities.
There is a significantly larger database for southern Kansas than there is for northern Kansas. In southern Kansas there is currently three extensively investigated sites, and these sites are the Odessa Phase, the Pratt Complex, and the Bluff Creek Complex. Each of these sites provides a variety of information on settlement aspects, subsistence, and materials that were present during the Middle Ceramic Period. Although half of the Odessa Phase is located in northwest Oklahoma and the Texas panhandle, while the other half is located in southern Kansas, the settlement aspects, subsistence, and materials seem to be the same across the entire Odessa Phase.
In the Odessa Phase, the primary house forms present are oval-to-circular subterranean pit structure. One house that is probably typical across the phase contains to large central posts with smaller posts closely spaced around the perimeter, and there was a hearth along a pit wall. Also seen is that the houses would've had a sloped or stepped entry. A second type of house was also found that would've made up a large number of the houses across the phase. These houses are circular, have a hearth within them that is off center, a center post, and in some cases, posts along the perimeter. Following abandonment, the houses within the Odessa Phase were typically backfilled with trash. Large square surface structures outlined in stone were also found at a site within the Odessa Phase, and throughout the Odessa Phase a large number of subterranean storage facilities were also found in habitual sites. For burials, burial practices are not well understood, but there are burials sites that include both single and multiple internments. Sometimes the burials were capped by rock-covered cairns, and burial of the dead within house structures was not a common practice found in the Odessa Phase. There was evidence of it in a couple houses, but this appears to be the reuse of Middle Ceramic houses by later occupants. Overall, compared to the size of the entire Odessa Phase, burials are rare, leading to a theory that possibly excarnation was done. Several burials contained evidence of warfare, but this was poorly documented. Also found was a variety of grave goods throughout the burials, and these include mussel shells, elbow pipes of Kansas pipestone, caches of Alibates flakes, large bifaces, Olivella shell beads, celts produced from nonlocal materials, cord-marked ceramics, bone awls, tibia digging sticks, conch and abalone shell ornaments, and turquoise beads and pendants.
Evidence on a strong horticulture dependence in the Odessa Phase was present, as there is a large abundance of domestic plant evidence found within the Odessa Phase. These domestic plants include corn, beans, squash, marsh elder, and sunflower. Evidence of wild plant consumption and utilization was also shown, and these included sunflower, purslane, goosefoot, sand plums, knotweed, marsh elder, bulrush, and carpetweed. Presence of bison consumption is also shown, as well as other faunal species.
In the Odessa Phase, there is evidence of bone tools, which are all bison, and are scapula hoes, tibia digging sticks, and bone awls. For stone tools, there was beveled knives, triangular projectile points, endscrapers, drills, and abrading stones. For ceramics, they were typically globular and cord-marked, with vertical to flaring rims that were frequently decorated. The decorations usually covered more than fifty percent of the rim, and were decorated with a variety of techniques, but the most common were finger-pinching, impressing, and parallel impressed lines along the neck and rim. Present in a few of the ceramics was lip tabs and handles, smoothed cord marking, and corncob impressions. Tempers in all the ceramics are typically sand, but also consist of bone, crushed stone, grog, and grit.
There is currently little information on architecture and other features within the Pratt Complex. There is however, one complete structure and several partial surface structures. The complete house has slightly flattened sides and rounded, braced corners. There was also basin-shaped hearths that were in the center of the structures. There were also similarly shaped hearths present outside of the structures, as well as one shallow ovoid basin containing a post near the center, which indicates that subsurface structures could've also been present. Some trash-filled storage pits outside the structures were also found and excavated. For burials, there is very little information, as there is only one instance of a burial practice being shown. This one instance is of a child that was discovered in a flexed position on the floor of a pit that was exposed in the trench of a silo wall. There were ceramics collected near the child, as well as a Kansas pipestone pipe fragment and some faunal material. A skull and a portion of a femur were also present, however little information of how it got there is present, only that it was a recovered from an apparently disturbed context.
For subsistence in the Pratt Complex, remains of bison was the most common element found, however deer, avifauna, turtle, fish, and other small mammals were occasionally found. There was evidence of marrow extraction and bone grease reduction from the bison, and charred pits were also found. For horticulture, evidence of corn was present.
In the Pratt Complex, there is evidence of a large amount of bone tools, which are all bison, besides some awls formed from deer pronghorns. These bone tools are tibia digging stick tips, scapula hoes, awls formed from rib edges and long bone shaft fragments, and beads as well as finely pointed needles. For stone tools, there were arrowpoints, beveled knives, endscrapers, and flake drills. Groundstone inventory included arrow shaft abraders and hammerstones, and domestic processing equipment was also present which consisted of manos, metates, and mauls. For the ceramics, they were typically cord-marked and partially smoothed on the impressions. The typical ceramic consisted of globular jars of a moderate size, with slightly out-flaring rims, had no handles or lugs except for rare instances, and decorations were generally confined to the lip of the ceramic. Sand-tempered ceramics dominated the sites within the Pratt Complex, however there was also evidence of bone-tempered use and calcium-carbonated tempered use, as well as evidence of untempered ceramics and plain wares. Evidence of exotic materials were also present, these materials consisting of obsidian, turquoise beads and fragments, Olivella shell beads, and other marine shell ornaments. The evidence suggests that the materials only arrived occasionally, and that the Pratt Complex populations were not heavily involved in the regional exchange of exotic materials.
Typical features associated with the Bluff Creek Complex include surface structures of ovoid and subrectangular forms, and when found in prairie settings houses have been identified as low mounds. Pole frameworks with interior supports and possible partitions were also found within the houses, but hearths were not. Other pole structures were found near the houses may indicate domestic work areas such as drying racks and scaffolds. There were also shallow oval-shaped basins and cylindrical storage pits present. For burials, there is a medium amount of information present for burial practices. There was a largely complete burial of an individual found, a cranium found with three hundred beads, largely complete remains of a third individual while road construction was being done from a storage pit, and partial sets of remains found in storage pits also while road construction was being done. Also found was a child with twenty five marine shell beads, an individual with a piece of red ochre and ceramic sherds, and cranial fragments of at least two individuals in a trash-filled basin.
For subsistence in the Bluff Creek Complex, bison remains was the main element found, however deer, pronghorn, canid, raccoon, skunk, squirrel, cotton-tail, jackrabbit, prairie dog, and box and pond turtle were also found. Found as well were avifauna and fish, and for horticulture, charred maize was present.
In the Bluff Creek Complex, there is evidence of bone tools, which are bison scapula hoes and tibia digging stick tips. For stone tools, there was arrowpoints, small endscrapers, beveled knives, and flake drills. For ceramics, there is a variety of attributes and types, most likely representing the evidence of trade. The typical ceramic type was cord-marked ceramics with zigzag lines on the rim necks, punctates, finger-pinching, and oblique-incised lines on the lips. On ceramics without cord-marking, shell-tempered wares with nodes and strips are common and appear to represent something beyond what the locals traditionally did. Strap handles were also present with similar decoration applied. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Middle Ceramic Period (1000 CE-1500 CE) is a period in history during which many technological advancements occurred throughout the Midwest in areas that are within the current states of Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In Kansas specifically however, there is indication that the Native American Population increased during the Middle Ceramic Period and the settlements became bigger and more permanent compared to the Early Ceramic Period. A lot of these settlements would've included a variety of domestic structures, cache pits, middens, and burials. All of these aspects indicate permanent settlement. Most of these aspects can be seen in northern Kansas in the area that is known as the Glen Elder Locality, and can also be seen in southern Kansas in areas known as the Odessa Phase, the Pratt Complex, and the Bluff Creek Complex. It should also be noted that rectangular earthlodges were more common in northern Kansas, while in southern Kansas, more commonly houses were thatched with bundles of prairie grass, and then plastered using clay. Most of the individuals living in the areas of Kansas during the Middle Ceramic Period would've relied on a dual economy based on the hunting of bison and on agricultural products such as corn, beans, and squash. Wild foods collected by hunting and gathering would've also been done during this period for subsistence as well. The bow and arrow for hunting was used during this period, and improvements in pottery-making, or ceramic-making, were present in this period as well. This can be seen in northern Kansas with evidence of ceramics, and in southern Kansas this can be seen with evidence of ceramics and a variety of other tools. The Middle Ceramic Period also takes place between the Early Ceramic Period (1 CE-1000 CE), and the Late Ceramic Period (1500 CE-1800 CE).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The only well known, extensively investigated site known in northern Kansas for the Middle Ceramic Period is the Glen Elder Locality. This site provides a variety of information on settlement aspects and on ceramics that were present during the Middle Ceramic Period.",
"title": "North Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the Glen Elder Locality, there are a total of sixteen houses. Observation of these houses showed that there are six distinct styles among them, and for the most part are spatially segregated. The first style is square with four center posts and few wall posts, and two of the houses within the Glen Elder Locality show this style. The second style is also square, but unlike the first style, there is no evidence of a pattern of four center posts. Instead, this style has many small posts that might have supported the roofs of the houses in question. This style also lacks many internal caches but has large numbers of wall posts, and there are two houses within the Glen Elder Locality that show this style. The third style was present in five houses within the Glen Elder Locality and this style is rectangular with numerous wall posts and internal caches, fireplaces, and no clear pattern of central support posts. The fourth style there is only one of and it did not look like any of the others. The fifth style had a trapezoidal appearance and there was a few of these houses, and the six style was one large square house. Other styles of houses may be present, but not observed yet. Radiocarbon dating showed that none of the styles of houses significantly differed in age despite the variety of differences between them, and there was also no proof of regularity between the houses as there are almost no structural patterns present.",
"title": "North Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Within the settlements in the Glen Elder Locality, there are a wide variety of ceramics. The ceramics from this site have clear spatial patterning, but there are differences in the attributes of the ceramics in that for the most part these attributes are not shown in traditional ceramic classifications. There are a variety of differences in the ceramics, the differences being features such as rim height, angle of rim flare, and precise location of decorative elements. Radiocarbon dating showed no discernable differences in age to provide an explanation for the variety of differences in the ceramics, so another conclusion was made that the varietal differences in the ceramics were the result of separate dispersed communities.",
"title": "North Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "There is a significantly larger database for southern Kansas than there is for northern Kansas. In southern Kansas there is currently three extensively investigated sites, and these sites are the Odessa Phase, the Pratt Complex, and the Bluff Creek Complex. Each of these sites provides a variety of information on settlement aspects, subsistence, and materials that were present during the Middle Ceramic Period. Although half of the Odessa Phase is located in northwest Oklahoma and the Texas panhandle, while the other half is located in southern Kansas, the settlement aspects, subsistence, and materials seem to be the same across the entire Odessa Phase.",
"title": "South Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In the Odessa Phase, the primary house forms present are oval-to-circular subterranean pit structure. One house that is probably typical across the phase contains to large central posts with smaller posts closely spaced around the perimeter, and there was a hearth along a pit wall. Also seen is that the houses would've had a sloped or stepped entry. A second type of house was also found that would've made up a large number of the houses across the phase. These houses are circular, have a hearth within them that is off center, a center post, and in some cases, posts along the perimeter. Following abandonment, the houses within the Odessa Phase were typically backfilled with trash. Large square surface structures outlined in stone were also found at a site within the Odessa Phase, and throughout the Odessa Phase a large number of subterranean storage facilities were also found in habitual sites. For burials, burial practices are not well understood, but there are burials sites that include both single and multiple internments. Sometimes the burials were capped by rock-covered cairns, and burial of the dead within house structures was not a common practice found in the Odessa Phase. There was evidence of it in a couple houses, but this appears to be the reuse of Middle Ceramic houses by later occupants. Overall, compared to the size of the entire Odessa Phase, burials are rare, leading to a theory that possibly excarnation was done. Several burials contained evidence of warfare, but this was poorly documented. Also found was a variety of grave goods throughout the burials, and these include mussel shells, elbow pipes of Kansas pipestone, caches of Alibates flakes, large bifaces, Olivella shell beads, celts produced from nonlocal materials, cord-marked ceramics, bone awls, tibia digging sticks, conch and abalone shell ornaments, and turquoise beads and pendants.",
"title": "South Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Evidence on a strong horticulture dependence in the Odessa Phase was present, as there is a large abundance of domestic plant evidence found within the Odessa Phase. These domestic plants include corn, beans, squash, marsh elder, and sunflower. Evidence of wild plant consumption and utilization was also shown, and these included sunflower, purslane, goosefoot, sand plums, knotweed, marsh elder, bulrush, and carpetweed. Presence of bison consumption is also shown, as well as other faunal species.",
"title": "South Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In the Odessa Phase, there is evidence of bone tools, which are all bison, and are scapula hoes, tibia digging sticks, and bone awls. For stone tools, there was beveled knives, triangular projectile points, endscrapers, drills, and abrading stones. For ceramics, they were typically globular and cord-marked, with vertical to flaring rims that were frequently decorated. The decorations usually covered more than fifty percent of the rim, and were decorated with a variety of techniques, but the most common were finger-pinching, impressing, and parallel impressed lines along the neck and rim. Present in a few of the ceramics was lip tabs and handles, smoothed cord marking, and corncob impressions. Tempers in all the ceramics are typically sand, but also consist of bone, crushed stone, grog, and grit.",
"title": "South Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "There is currently little information on architecture and other features within the Pratt Complex. There is however, one complete structure and several partial surface structures. The complete house has slightly flattened sides and rounded, braced corners. There was also basin-shaped hearths that were in the center of the structures. There were also similarly shaped hearths present outside of the structures, as well as one shallow ovoid basin containing a post near the center, which indicates that subsurface structures could've also been present. Some trash-filled storage pits outside the structures were also found and excavated. For burials, there is very little information, as there is only one instance of a burial practice being shown. This one instance is of a child that was discovered in a flexed position on the floor of a pit that was exposed in the trench of a silo wall. There were ceramics collected near the child, as well as a Kansas pipestone pipe fragment and some faunal material. A skull and a portion of a femur were also present, however little information of how it got there is present, only that it was a recovered from an apparently disturbed context.",
"title": "South Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "For subsistence in the Pratt Complex, remains of bison was the most common element found, however deer, avifauna, turtle, fish, and other small mammals were occasionally found. There was evidence of marrow extraction and bone grease reduction from the bison, and charred pits were also found. For horticulture, evidence of corn was present.",
"title": "South Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In the Pratt Complex, there is evidence of a large amount of bone tools, which are all bison, besides some awls formed from deer pronghorns. These bone tools are tibia digging stick tips, scapula hoes, awls formed from rib edges and long bone shaft fragments, and beads as well as finely pointed needles. For stone tools, there were arrowpoints, beveled knives, endscrapers, and flake drills. Groundstone inventory included arrow shaft abraders and hammerstones, and domestic processing equipment was also present which consisted of manos, metates, and mauls. For the ceramics, they were typically cord-marked and partially smoothed on the impressions. The typical ceramic consisted of globular jars of a moderate size, with slightly out-flaring rims, had no handles or lugs except for rare instances, and decorations were generally confined to the lip of the ceramic. Sand-tempered ceramics dominated the sites within the Pratt Complex, however there was also evidence of bone-tempered use and calcium-carbonated tempered use, as well as evidence of untempered ceramics and plain wares. Evidence of exotic materials were also present, these materials consisting of obsidian, turquoise beads and fragments, Olivella shell beads, and other marine shell ornaments. The evidence suggests that the materials only arrived occasionally, and that the Pratt Complex populations were not heavily involved in the regional exchange of exotic materials.",
"title": "South Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Typical features associated with the Bluff Creek Complex include surface structures of ovoid and subrectangular forms, and when found in prairie settings houses have been identified as low mounds. Pole frameworks with interior supports and possible partitions were also found within the houses, but hearths were not. Other pole structures were found near the houses may indicate domestic work areas such as drying racks and scaffolds. There were also shallow oval-shaped basins and cylindrical storage pits present. For burials, there is a medium amount of information present for burial practices. There was a largely complete burial of an individual found, a cranium found with three hundred beads, largely complete remains of a third individual while road construction was being done from a storage pit, and partial sets of remains found in storage pits also while road construction was being done. Also found was a child with twenty five marine shell beads, an individual with a piece of red ochre and ceramic sherds, and cranial fragments of at least two individuals in a trash-filled basin.",
"title": "South Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "For subsistence in the Bluff Creek Complex, bison remains was the main element found, however deer, pronghorn, canid, raccoon, skunk, squirrel, cotton-tail, jackrabbit, prairie dog, and box and pond turtle were also found. Found as well were avifauna and fish, and for horticulture, charred maize was present.",
"title": "South Kansas"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In the Bluff Creek Complex, there is evidence of bone tools, which are bison scapula hoes and tibia digging stick tips. For stone tools, there was arrowpoints, small endscrapers, beveled knives, and flake drills. For ceramics, there is a variety of attributes and types, most likely representing the evidence of trade. The typical ceramic type was cord-marked ceramics with zigzag lines on the rim necks, punctates, finger-pinching, and oblique-incised lines on the lips. On ceramics without cord-marking, shell-tempered wares with nodes and strips are common and appear to represent something beyond what the locals traditionally did. Strap handles were also present with similar decoration applied.",
"title": "South Kansas"
}
] | The Middle Ceramic Period is a period in history during which many technological advancements occurred throughout the Midwest in areas that are within the current states of Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In Kansas specifically however, there is indication that the Native American Population increased during the Middle Ceramic Period and the settlements became bigger and more permanent compared to the Early Ceramic Period. A lot of these settlements would've included a variety of domestic structures, cache pits, middens, and burials. All of these aspects indicate permanent settlement. Most of these aspects can be seen in northern Kansas in the area that is known as the Glen Elder Locality, and can also be seen in southern Kansas in areas known as the Odessa Phase, the Pratt Complex, and the Bluff Creek Complex. It should also be noted that rectangular earthlodges were more common in northern Kansas, while in southern Kansas, more commonly houses were thatched with bundles of prairie grass, and then plastered using clay. Most of the individuals living in the areas of Kansas during the Middle Ceramic Period would've relied on a dual economy based on the hunting of bison and on agricultural products such as corn, beans, and squash. Wild foods collected by hunting and gathering would've also been done during this period for subsistence as well. The bow and arrow for hunting was used during this period, and improvements in pottery-making, or ceramic-making, were present in this period as well. This can be seen in northern Kansas with evidence of ceramics, and in southern Kansas this can be seen with evidence of ceramics and a variety of other tools. The Middle Ceramic Period also takes place between the Early Ceramic Period, and the Late Ceramic Period. | 2023-12-12T05:39:32Z | 2023-12-17T12:34:34Z | [
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Improve categories",
"Template:Orphan",
"Template:As of?",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ceramic_Period |
75,542,931 | Battle of Shire (1989) | The Battle of Shire was fought from February 8 to February 19, 1989, in and around the town of Shire, as part of the Ethiopian Civil War, and resulted in the destruction of the Ethiopian 604th Army Corps.
Following the Eritrean People's Liberation Front's (EPLF) victory at the Battle of Afabet, the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) quickly succeeded in overrunning many garrisons in Tigray, such as Shire Inda Selassie, Axum, Adwa, Adigrat, Wukro, and Maychew. In June 1988, the Ethiopian Third Revolutionary Army (TRA) led by General Mulatu Negash, launched an offensive titled "Operation Adwa" to clear the Tigray region of TPLF guerrillas. The Third Revolutionary Army's 604th Army Corps easily retook the towns of Wukro, Adigrat, Adwa and Axum and then attacked western Tigray, taking Selekleka and Shire Inda Selassie in early July and dispersed the rebels, killing 1,714 guerrillas and losing 1,071 men. The Third Revolutionary Army's 603rd Army Corps moved north from Gondar. However, the TPLF regrouped and finally engaged the Ethiopian army near Dansha in July, forcing them to retreat to Humera and resulting in around 1,612 government troops killed, the TPLF then moved the bulk of its forces to the Sheraro area to face the 604th Corps. On August 3, the 604th Army Corps attacked the TPLF in Adi Hageray, although they managed to initially disperse the guerrillas from their original positions, on August 6 a rainy foggy day hampered air support and allowed the TPLF to counterattack the 604th, forcing them to retreat to Shire by the 11th. During this offensive, the army lost 8,482 men compared to the TPLF's 5,812 men, despite this, Mulatu Negash declared Operation Adwa a massive success in his report to Mengistu Haile Mariam.
After Operation Adwa, the TPLF positioned itself along key junctions in along the routes to Shire and resumed its hit and run tactics of harassing military convoys. Supplies for the 28,000 men of the TRA 604th Corps had to be delivered by air. The TPLF was estimated to be around 56,000 men and women, mainly zonal peasants. After the conclusion of Operation Adwa, a phase of inactivity ensued until the TPLF seized control of Rama on September 29, 1988. This capture disrupted the supply route of the 604th Corps from Asmara. The government, in response to the fall of Rama to the TPLF, formulated a fresh operational strategy called Operation Aksum. Operation Aksum began with the 9th and 16th Divisions moved to Chella, north of Selekleka. Despite the plan for a joint operation after the divisions converged at Chella, a significant gap allowed insurgents to launch separate attacks. After defeating the 16th Division and concentrating on the 9th Division, heavy losses prompted both divisions to retreat to Shire and Selekleka. To reinforce the 4th Division at Shire, the TRA transferred the 103rd Commando Division from Mekelle, while the 17th Division from Gondar and the 6th and 13th Mechanized Brigades from Wollo Province were moved to Mekelle. The withdrawal of the 17th Division allowed the TPLF to capture Debarq and Dabat on January 3, 1989.
Despite the failure of Operation Aksum, Mulatu Negash still believed that there was a chance to reopen the Adwa-Asmara route. General Mulatu thus went ahead with the second phase of Operation Aksum. According to the plan of Operation Aksum II, the 16th Division would take control of Selekleka. Then, the 103rd Commando Division would sweep through the Selekleka-Aksum road to pave the way for the 9th Division, which could advance to Adwa. Operation Aksum II kicked off on February 8, 1989, under the direct command of General Mulatu, the 16th Division soon took control of Selekleka, the 103rd Commando Division commenced its journey from Selekleka towards Aksum. However, on February 10, 1989, insurgents launched an attack at Aqab Sa'at against the 22nd Brigade of the 16th Division and the 7th Brigade of the 9th Division. Rescue attempts for these two brigades proved unsuccessful, and the four brigades of the 103rd Commando Division were hastily ordered to return to Shire. One brigade from the 9th Division was tasked with safeguarding the road for the Commando Division's safe withdrawal. While advancing to Aksum, the 103rd Commando Brigade served as the vanguard unit. When the retreat order was issued, the 103rd Brigade became the last to return, lacking a rear guard. Isolated and attacked by insurgents, the brigade suffered heavy losses, with only about 450 out of approximately 1,200 troops returning to Shire. The division commander narrowly escaped a hand grenade attack, marking the ultimate failure of Operation Aksum II.
After the Aksum operations ended in failure, the 604th Corps gathered its four divisions around Shire and Selekleka. The 4th Division assumed the responsibility of defending Shire and the strategically important Mount Qoyasa. The 16th Division positioned itself at Selekleka. Meanwhile, the 103rd Commando Division was stationed at Af Gaga, and the 9th Division served as a reserve force for the 16th Division. The TPLF then attacked the 16th division at Selekleka, the rebels then captured Mount Qoyasa and the highway leading south of Selekleka, effectively surrounding the 16th and 9th Divisions. Of the 6,000-8,000 men trapped in Selekleka, less than half would manage to make it to Shire. At 0:200 hours on February 18, 1989, guerrillas initiated a close-in offensive against the 604th Corps, attacking from the south, north, and northeast. The primary assault originated from Addi Kokab, Enda Giorgis (north), and Mount Qoyaşa (northeast of Shire). The 4th Division managed to successfully defended its position. At this moment, General Mulatu, the head of the TRA's operations, and left for Mekelle, promising to send reinforcements. As the 4th Division withstood the TPLF offensive, the guerrillas turned against its reserve force, the 103rd Commando Division. The Commando Division was forced to retreat to the airport, exposing the Fourth Division's rear defenses. Soon, the troops of the 9th and 16th Divisions, who had sustained heavy losses earlier fled to the airport, leaving the 4th Division exposed. Even then, the division continued fighting, unshaken by the retreat of friendly units.
The battle was finally lost when the TPLF took control of the strategic hill of Enda Kantiba on the southern outskirts of the town. Then, the 4th Division finally retreated to the airport. The Battle of Shire was over by 18:00 February 19, 1989, this battle resulted in the deaths of 10,000 to 12,000 government soldiers and the capture of 14,309 men including Baratta Gamoraw, deputy commander of the TRA.
After the defeat in Shire, Mengistu ordered the Ethiopian army to withdraw from Tigray, allowing the TPLF to occupy all of Tigray, including the capital Mekelle, by the end of February. Mengistu Haile Mariam was said to have been "shocked and bewildered" after hearing about the disaster in Shire, in a speech to the National Shengo he declared:
"A huge army has fallen, scattered, surrendered, within days and hours in a manner that is beyond belief. Quantity of weapons and property that will profoundly impact the unity and survivability of the state have fallen into enemy hands. It is no exaggeration to say that this lamentable episode will occupy a disgraceful place not only in the history of Ethiopia's struggles but also in world military history. Far beyond the pitiful and shameful place that this defeat will occupy in the history of this country's army, it is impossible to foresee what the consequences may be." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Battle of Shire was fought from February 8 to February 19, 1989, in and around the town of Shire, as part of the Ethiopian Civil War, and resulted in the destruction of the Ethiopian 604th Army Corps.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Following the Eritrean People's Liberation Front's (EPLF) victory at the Battle of Afabet, the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) quickly succeeded in overrunning many garrisons in Tigray, such as Shire Inda Selassie, Axum, Adwa, Adigrat, Wukro, and Maychew. In June 1988, the Ethiopian Third Revolutionary Army (TRA) led by General Mulatu Negash, launched an offensive titled \"Operation Adwa\" to clear the Tigray region of TPLF guerrillas. The Third Revolutionary Army's 604th Army Corps easily retook the towns of Wukro, Adigrat, Adwa and Axum and then attacked western Tigray, taking Selekleka and Shire Inda Selassie in early July and dispersed the rebels, killing 1,714 guerrillas and losing 1,071 men. The Third Revolutionary Army's 603rd Army Corps moved north from Gondar. However, the TPLF regrouped and finally engaged the Ethiopian army near Dansha in July, forcing them to retreat to Humera and resulting in around 1,612 government troops killed, the TPLF then moved the bulk of its forces to the Sheraro area to face the 604th Corps. On August 3, the 604th Army Corps attacked the TPLF in Adi Hageray, although they managed to initially disperse the guerrillas from their original positions, on August 6 a rainy foggy day hampered air support and allowed the TPLF to counterattack the 604th, forcing them to retreat to Shire by the 11th. During this offensive, the army lost 8,482 men compared to the TPLF's 5,812 men, despite this, Mulatu Negash declared Operation Adwa a massive success in his report to Mengistu Haile Mariam.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After Operation Adwa, the TPLF positioned itself along key junctions in along the routes to Shire and resumed its hit and run tactics of harassing military convoys. Supplies for the 28,000 men of the TRA 604th Corps had to be delivered by air. The TPLF was estimated to be around 56,000 men and women, mainly zonal peasants. After the conclusion of Operation Adwa, a phase of inactivity ensued until the TPLF seized control of Rama on September 29, 1988. This capture disrupted the supply route of the 604th Corps from Asmara. The government, in response to the fall of Rama to the TPLF, formulated a fresh operational strategy called Operation Aksum. Operation Aksum began with the 9th and 16th Divisions moved to Chella, north of Selekleka. Despite the plan for a joint operation after the divisions converged at Chella, a significant gap allowed insurgents to launch separate attacks. After defeating the 16th Division and concentrating on the 9th Division, heavy losses prompted both divisions to retreat to Shire and Selekleka. To reinforce the 4th Division at Shire, the TRA transferred the 103rd Commando Division from Mekelle, while the 17th Division from Gondar and the 6th and 13th Mechanized Brigades from Wollo Province were moved to Mekelle. The withdrawal of the 17th Division allowed the TPLF to capture Debarq and Dabat on January 3, 1989.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Despite the failure of Operation Aksum, Mulatu Negash still believed that there was a chance to reopen the Adwa-Asmara route. General Mulatu thus went ahead with the second phase of Operation Aksum. According to the plan of Operation Aksum II, the 16th Division would take control of Selekleka. Then, the 103rd Commando Division would sweep through the Selekleka-Aksum road to pave the way for the 9th Division, which could advance to Adwa. Operation Aksum II kicked off on February 8, 1989, under the direct command of General Mulatu, the 16th Division soon took control of Selekleka, the 103rd Commando Division commenced its journey from Selekleka towards Aksum. However, on February 10, 1989, insurgents launched an attack at Aqab Sa'at against the 22nd Brigade of the 16th Division and the 7th Brigade of the 9th Division. Rescue attempts for these two brigades proved unsuccessful, and the four brigades of the 103rd Commando Division were hastily ordered to return to Shire. One brigade from the 9th Division was tasked with safeguarding the road for the Commando Division's safe withdrawal. While advancing to Aksum, the 103rd Commando Brigade served as the vanguard unit. When the retreat order was issued, the 103rd Brigade became the last to return, lacking a rear guard. Isolated and attacked by insurgents, the brigade suffered heavy losses, with only about 450 out of approximately 1,200 troops returning to Shire. The division commander narrowly escaped a hand grenade attack, marking the ultimate failure of Operation Aksum II.",
"title": "Battle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After the Aksum operations ended in failure, the 604th Corps gathered its four divisions around Shire and Selekleka. The 4th Division assumed the responsibility of defending Shire and the strategically important Mount Qoyasa. The 16th Division positioned itself at Selekleka. Meanwhile, the 103rd Commando Division was stationed at Af Gaga, and the 9th Division served as a reserve force for the 16th Division. The TPLF then attacked the 16th division at Selekleka, the rebels then captured Mount Qoyasa and the highway leading south of Selekleka, effectively surrounding the 16th and 9th Divisions. Of the 6,000-8,000 men trapped in Selekleka, less than half would manage to make it to Shire. At 0:200 hours on February 18, 1989, guerrillas initiated a close-in offensive against the 604th Corps, attacking from the south, north, and northeast. The primary assault originated from Addi Kokab, Enda Giorgis (north), and Mount Qoyaşa (northeast of Shire). The 4th Division managed to successfully defended its position. At this moment, General Mulatu, the head of the TRA's operations, and left for Mekelle, promising to send reinforcements. As the 4th Division withstood the TPLF offensive, the guerrillas turned against its reserve force, the 103rd Commando Division. The Commando Division was forced to retreat to the airport, exposing the Fourth Division's rear defenses. Soon, the troops of the 9th and 16th Divisions, who had sustained heavy losses earlier fled to the airport, leaving the 4th Division exposed. Even then, the division continued fighting, unshaken by the retreat of friendly units.",
"title": "Battle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The battle was finally lost when the TPLF took control of the strategic hill of Enda Kantiba on the southern outskirts of the town. Then, the 4th Division finally retreated to the airport. The Battle of Shire was over by 18:00 February 19, 1989, this battle resulted in the deaths of 10,000 to 12,000 government soldiers and the capture of 14,309 men including Baratta Gamoraw, deputy commander of the TRA.",
"title": "Battle"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "After the defeat in Shire, Mengistu ordered the Ethiopian army to withdraw from Tigray, allowing the TPLF to occupy all of Tigray, including the capital Mekelle, by the end of February. Mengistu Haile Mariam was said to have been \"shocked and bewildered\" after hearing about the disaster in Shire, in a speech to the National Shengo he declared:",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "\"A huge army has fallen, scattered, surrendered, within days and hours in a manner that is beyond belief. Quantity of weapons and property that will profoundly impact the unity and survivability of the state have fallen into enemy hands. It is no exaggeration to say that this lamentable episode will occupy a disgraceful place not only in the history of Ethiopia's struggles but also in world military history. Far beyond the pitiful and shameful place that this defeat will occupy in the history of this country's army, it is impossible to foresee what the consequences may be.\"",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | The Battle of Shire was fought from February 8 to February 19, 1989, in and around the town of Shire, as part of the Ethiopian Civil War, and resulted in the destruction of the Ethiopian 604th Army Corps. | 2023-12-12T05:46:53Z | 2023-12-26T03:40:02Z | [
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75,542,945 | Samuel B. Keppel | Samuel B. Keppel (December 10, 1846 – April 18, 1903) was an American politician from Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Berks County from 1891 to 1894.
Samuel B. Keppel was born on December 10, 1846, in Honey Brook Township, Pennsylvania. He attended Waynesburg Academy and Millersville State Normal School (later Millersville University of Pennsylvania).
Keppel worked as a teacher for six years in Berks and Lancaster counties. He was a telegrapher for Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company for two years. From 1872 to 1877, he was a telegrapher and clerk for Moselem Iron Company (or Moselem Furnace) in Moselem. On April 1, 1877, he moved to Sinking Spring and started working in the coal, lumber and grain business. On April 1, 1881, he began working in the same business in Robesonia. He operated the business with C. D. Reber as Keppel & Reber until 1886 when Reber retired. He then operated the business individually. He was director of Citizen's Bank in Reading starting with its organization in May 1888. He was also a contractor and builder. In April 1892, he formed the company Brooke Milling Company in Birdsboro. He leased the mill and served as the company's treasurer and secretary.
Keppel was a Democrat. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Berks County from 1891 to 1894. He was also school director.
Keppel was president of the Reading and Womelsdorf Electric Railway. He was director of the Colonial Trust Company and the Second National Bank of Reading. He was secretary and treasurer of Sinking Spring Water Company. He was president of Sinking Spring Foundry Company. He was owner and proprietor of Bello Alto Hotel, a summer resort on South Mountain. He was director of the Manatawny Mutual Fire and Storm Insurance Company and became an agent of the Mutual and Stock Fire Insurance Company in 1881.
Keppel married twice. He married Eva. His daughter was Mrs. William S. Delp. He was a member of the St. John Reformed Church in Sinking Spring.
Keppel died of heart failure on April 18, 1903, at his home in Sinking Spring. He was interred in Sinking Spring Cemetery. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Samuel B. Keppel (December 10, 1846 – April 18, 1903) was an American politician from Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Berks County from 1891 to 1894.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Samuel B. Keppel was born on December 10, 1846, in Honey Brook Township, Pennsylvania. He attended Waynesburg Academy and Millersville State Normal School (later Millersville University of Pennsylvania).",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Keppel worked as a teacher for six years in Berks and Lancaster counties. He was a telegrapher for Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company for two years. From 1872 to 1877, he was a telegrapher and clerk for Moselem Iron Company (or Moselem Furnace) in Moselem. On April 1, 1877, he moved to Sinking Spring and started working in the coal, lumber and grain business. On April 1, 1881, he began working in the same business in Robesonia. He operated the business with C. D. Reber as Keppel & Reber until 1886 when Reber retired. He then operated the business individually. He was director of Citizen's Bank in Reading starting with its organization in May 1888. He was also a contractor and builder. In April 1892, he formed the company Brooke Milling Company in Birdsboro. He leased the mill and served as the company's treasurer and secretary.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Keppel was a Democrat. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Berks County from 1891 to 1894. He was also school director.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Keppel was president of the Reading and Womelsdorf Electric Railway. He was director of the Colonial Trust Company and the Second National Bank of Reading. He was secretary and treasurer of Sinking Spring Water Company. He was president of Sinking Spring Foundry Company. He was owner and proprietor of Bello Alto Hotel, a summer resort on South Mountain. He was director of the Manatawny Mutual Fire and Storm Insurance Company and became an agent of the Mutual and Stock Fire Insurance Company in 1881.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Keppel married twice. He married Eva. His daughter was Mrs. William S. Delp. He was a member of the St. John Reformed Church in Sinking Spring.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Keppel died of heart failure on April 18, 1903, at his home in Sinking Spring. He was interred in Sinking Spring Cemetery.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Samuel B. Keppel was an American politician from Pennsylvania. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, representing Berks County from 1891 to 1894. | 2023-12-12T05:49:35Z | 2023-12-21T06:31:49Z | [
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75,542,958 | Schicke Point, Texas | Schicke Point is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 70 in 2000. It is part of the Victoria, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area.
There isn't much history of Schicke Point, but the community was shown on county highway maps in the 1960s. Its population was 70 in 2000.
Schicke Point is located off of County Road 473 on Carancahua Bay and Carancahua Pass in the eastern corner of Calhoun County. It is 9.5 mi (15.3 km) southwest of Palacios.
Schicke Point is served by the Calhoun County Independent School District. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Schicke Point is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 70 in 2000. It is part of the Victoria, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "There isn't much history of Schicke Point, but the community was shown on county highway maps in the 1960s. Its population was 70 in 2000.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Schicke Point is located off of County Road 473 on Carancahua Bay and Carancahua Pass in the eastern corner of Calhoun County. It is 9.5 mi (15.3 km) southwest of Palacios.",
"title": "Geography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Schicke Point is served by the Calhoun County Independent School District.",
"title": "Education"
}
] | Schicke Point is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 70 in 2000. It is part of the Victoria, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area. | 2023-12-12T05:53:00Z | 2023-12-13T00:50:20Z | [
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75,542,960 | Ben H. Radcliffe | Ben H. Radcliffe (December 21, 1915 – May 13, 2014) was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the South Dakota Senate.
Radcliffe was born in Wolsey, South Dakota. He was a farmer and stockman. Radcliffe served in the South Dakota Senate from 1955 to 1962. Radcliffe died in May 2014, at the age of 98. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ben H. Radcliffe (December 21, 1915 – May 13, 2014) was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the South Dakota Senate.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Radcliffe was born in Wolsey, South Dakota. He was a farmer and stockman. Radcliffe served in the South Dakota Senate from 1955 to 1962. Radcliffe died in May 2014, at the age of 98.",
"title": "Life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Ben H. Radcliffe was an American politician. He served as a Democratic member of the South Dakota Senate. | 2023-12-12T05:53:19Z | 2023-12-14T13:39:29Z | [
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75,542,976 | Thorning-Schmidt Cabinet | Thorning-Schmidt Cabinet may refer to: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Thorning-Schmidt Cabinet may refer to:",
"title": ""
}
] | Thorning-Schmidt Cabinet may refer to: Thorning-Schmidt I Cabinet
Thorning-Schmidt II Cabinet | 2023-12-12T05:59:01Z | 2023-12-12T05:59:01Z | [
"Template:Disambiguation"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorning-Schmidt_Cabinet |
75,542,978 | Wat Chantharam | Wat Chantharam (Thai: วัดจันทาราม) also colloquially known as Wat Tha Sung (วัดท่าซุง) is a renowed antique Buddhist temple in Uthai Thani province. It can be considered one of Uthai Thani's striking temples.
The temple built in the Ayutthaya period, coinciding with the Narai's reign. In those days, there were a lot of logs being transported in front of the temple on the Sakae Krang river. Hence, this temple is also familiarly known as Wat Tha Sung in which Tha (ท่า) means pier and Sung (ซุง) means log in Thai.
The temple has been getting old and dilapidated according to the period. Until the year 1968, when Luang Phor Lersi Lingdam became an abbot. Therefore, the temple has been developed continuously. Luang Phor Lersi Lingdam is a monk who is widely respected by Buddhists as an expert in Vipassana practice.
Wat Tha Sung is considered to be a beautiful temple with many places of interesting, such as the Golden Castle, the Crystal Mandapa, the Vihara of Luang Phor Saksit, Pavilion of the 12 Zodiac Buddha Footprint etc.
Inside the Crystal Mandapa is a 100 m (328.1 ft) long walkway decorated with white mosaic. On the ceiling decorated with crystal lamps. At the end of the walkway is housed the principle Buddha image, the replica of well-known Phra Phuttha Chinnarat.
In addition, the area next to the Sakae Krang river is also the Fish Sanctuary, the home to hundreds of thousands of fish, especially iridescent shark. It is considered a check-in and resting point. Visitors can feed them.
Wat Tha Sung is located in the area of Mueng Uthai Thani near the banks of the Sakae Krang river on the boundary of Uthai Thani and Chai Nat provinces. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Wat Chantharam (Thai: วัดจันทาราม) also colloquially known as Wat Tha Sung (วัดท่าซุง) is a renowed antique Buddhist temple in Uthai Thani province. It can be considered one of Uthai Thani's striking temples.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The temple built in the Ayutthaya period, coinciding with the Narai's reign. In those days, there were a lot of logs being transported in front of the temple on the Sakae Krang river. Hence, this temple is also familiarly known as Wat Tha Sung in which Tha (ท่า) means pier and Sung (ซุง) means log in Thai.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The temple has been getting old and dilapidated according to the period. Until the year 1968, when Luang Phor Lersi Lingdam became an abbot. Therefore, the temple has been developed continuously. Luang Phor Lersi Lingdam is a monk who is widely respected by Buddhists as an expert in Vipassana practice.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Wat Tha Sung is considered to be a beautiful temple with many places of interesting, such as the Golden Castle, the Crystal Mandapa, the Vihara of Luang Phor Saksit, Pavilion of the 12 Zodiac Buddha Footprint etc.",
"title": "Hightlights"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Inside the Crystal Mandapa is a 100 m (328.1 ft) long walkway decorated with white mosaic. On the ceiling decorated with crystal lamps. At the end of the walkway is housed the principle Buddha image, the replica of well-known Phra Phuttha Chinnarat.",
"title": "Hightlights"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In addition, the area next to the Sakae Krang river is also the Fish Sanctuary, the home to hundreds of thousands of fish, especially iridescent shark. It is considered a check-in and resting point. Visitors can feed them.",
"title": "Hightlights"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Wat Tha Sung is located in the area of Mueng Uthai Thani near the banks of the Sakae Krang river on the boundary of Uthai Thani and Chai Nat provinces.",
"title": "Location"
}
] | Wat Chantharam also colloquially known as Wat Tha Sung (วัดท่าซุง) is a renowed antique Buddhist temple in Uthai Thani province. It can be considered one of Uthai Thani's striking temples. | 2023-12-12T06:00:06Z | 2023-12-12T13:53:06Z | [
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75,542,985 | Sin So Sweet | "Sin So Sweet" is a song by American country music singer Warren Zeiders, released on November 17, 2023. It is his first new song released after his 2023 album, Pretty Little Poison. It is produced by Justin Ebach.
The song is a departure from Zeiders's usual country sound, instead opting for a rock sound. Lyrically, the song is about toxic love. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "\"Sin So Sweet\" is a song by American country music singer Warren Zeiders, released on November 17, 2023. It is his first new song released after his 2023 album, Pretty Little Poison. It is produced by Justin Ebach.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The song is a departure from Zeiders's usual country sound, instead opting for a rock sound. Lyrically, the song is about toxic love.",
"title": "Composition and lyrics"
}
] | "Sin So Sweet" is a song by American country music singer Warren Zeiders, released on November 17, 2023. It is his first new song released after his 2023 album, Pretty Little Poison. It is produced by Justin Ebach. | 2023-12-12T06:02:05Z | 2023-12-18T02:19:31Z | [
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75,543,054 | Barney A. Schlinger | Barnett "Barney" A. Schlinger is Professor of Integrative Biology & Physiology and of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Upon receipt of his Ph.D. in 1988, he began a post-doctoral fellowship in the Department of Psychology at UCLA, a position he held for 3 years before being appointed an Assistant Research Psychologist in 1991. In 1993 he was appointed as assistant professor in the Department of Physiological Science at UCLA. That department later changed its name to Integrative Biology and Physiology (IBP). Schlinger was promoted to Full Professor in 2002. He has been a member of the Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the UCLA Brain Research Institute since 1988.
Schlinger was appointed Chair of the IBP department in 2009, a position he held for 9 years. In 2022 he was appointed Associate Dean for Academic Personnel of the Life Sciences Division at UCLA.
Outside of UCLA, and upon receipt of an Alexander von Humboldt Research Award for Senior U.S. Scientist, Schlinger was a Visiting Scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany. He has been a Research Associate of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama. He served as President of the Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (as well as President-elect and Immediate Past President) from 2017 to 2023.
Schlinger has maintained a long interest in the actions of steroids on the central nervous system. Largely examining avian models, he has explored neuroestrogen synthesis with a focus on the enzyme aromatase that catalyzes the conversion of androgens into estrogens. Over the years, his work has demonstrated expression and activity of this enzyme in brain of diverse species and with diverse functions. He has documented a role for neuroestrogens in neuronal development and proliferation, neural repair and protection, sexual and aggressive behaviors, learning and memory, and auditory processing. His work demonstrates estrogen synthesis at the synapse with post-synaptic actions, or synaptocrinology.
Schlinger has found evidence, especially in the songbird brain, that hormonal steroids could be synthesized directly in the brain itself. Members of his lab have found expression and, in many cases, activity of enzymes and transporters required for steroid synthesis from cholesterol. His research over the years has not only added considerable evidence to support the concept of functional neurosteroidogenesis but also extended our appreciation of how neurosteroids control natural animal neural function and behavior.
Schlinger has developed an animal model, the golden-collared manakin (Manacus vitellinus) of Panama, for investigating the hormonal, neural and muscular control of complex vertebrate behavior. This work spans tropical field behavioral ecology with organ level physiology and molecular and cellular biology. The bird is an especially important model because the males perform a physically elaborate courtship display. As a suboscine songbird their behavior and its neurohormonal basis can be directly compared to the very well-studied group of oscine songbirds. His studies of the extraordinary and physically challenging courtship of male Manacus species has revealed unique specializations in skeletal and muscle anatomy as well as that of endocrine, neural and muscle physiology. Sequencing of this manakin genome together with efforts to promote genomic sequencing of other manakins, makes these birds now a key animal clade for using molecular genetic approaches to understand the evolution and development of complex social systems and behavior and the physiology underlying behavior. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Barnett \"Barney\" A. Schlinger is Professor of Integrative Biology & Physiology and of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Upon receipt of his Ph.D. in 1988, he began a post-doctoral fellowship in the Department of Psychology at UCLA, a position he held for 3 years before being appointed an Assistant Research Psychologist in 1991. In 1993 he was appointed as assistant professor in the Department of Physiological Science at UCLA. That department later changed its name to Integrative Biology and Physiology (IBP). Schlinger was promoted to Full Professor in 2002. He has been a member of the Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology of the UCLA Brain Research Institute since 1988.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Schlinger was appointed Chair of the IBP department in 2009, a position he held for 9 years. In 2022 he was appointed Associate Dean for Academic Personnel of the Life Sciences Division at UCLA.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Outside of UCLA, and upon receipt of an Alexander von Humboldt Research Award for Senior U.S. Scientist, Schlinger was a Visiting Scientist at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany. He has been a Research Associate of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama. He served as President of the Society for Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (as well as President-elect and Immediate Past President) from 2017 to 2023.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Schlinger has maintained a long interest in the actions of steroids on the central nervous system. Largely examining avian models, he has explored neuroestrogen synthesis with a focus on the enzyme aromatase that catalyzes the conversion of androgens into estrogens. Over the years, his work has demonstrated expression and activity of this enzyme in brain of diverse species and with diverse functions. He has documented a role for neuroestrogens in neuronal development and proliferation, neural repair and protection, sexual and aggressive behaviors, learning and memory, and auditory processing. His work demonstrates estrogen synthesis at the synapse with post-synaptic actions, or synaptocrinology.",
"title": "Research work"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Schlinger has found evidence, especially in the songbird brain, that hormonal steroids could be synthesized directly in the brain itself. Members of his lab have found expression and, in many cases, activity of enzymes and transporters required for steroid synthesis from cholesterol. His research over the years has not only added considerable evidence to support the concept of functional neurosteroidogenesis but also extended our appreciation of how neurosteroids control natural animal neural function and behavior.",
"title": "Research work"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Schlinger has developed an animal model, the golden-collared manakin (Manacus vitellinus) of Panama, for investigating the hormonal, neural and muscular control of complex vertebrate behavior. This work spans tropical field behavioral ecology with organ level physiology and molecular and cellular biology. The bird is an especially important model because the males perform a physically elaborate courtship display. As a suboscine songbird their behavior and its neurohormonal basis can be directly compared to the very well-studied group of oscine songbirds. His studies of the extraordinary and physically challenging courtship of male Manacus species has revealed unique specializations in skeletal and muscle anatomy as well as that of endocrine, neural and muscle physiology. Sequencing of this manakin genome together with efforts to promote genomic sequencing of other manakins, makes these birds now a key animal clade for using molecular genetic approaches to understand the evolution and development of complex social systems and behavior and the physiology underlying behavior.",
"title": "Research work"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "",
"title": "External links"
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] | Barnett "Barney" A. Schlinger is Professor of Integrative Biology & Physiology and of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). | 2023-12-12T06:27:45Z | 2024-01-01T00:22:20Z | [
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75,543,061 | Akshay Khanna (British actor) | Akshay Khanna is a British actor. His films include Red, White & Royal Blue and Polite Society (both 2023). On television, he is known for his roles in the BBC One series Chloe (2022) and the Paramount+ series The Doll Factory (2023).
Khanna graduated from the University of Bristol in 2018 with a Bachelor of Science in Economics and Management. He then completed a two-year Professional Acting Foundational course at Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.
Upon completing his drama school course, Khanna appeared in the Greenwich Theatre productions of The Wolves of Willoughby Chase and The Secret Love Life of Ophelia. Khanna made his television debut in 2021 with guest appearances in episodes of the ITV crime dramas Grace and Grantchester. He also began working with Big Finish Productions on a number of Doctor Who audio dramas.
In 2022, Khanna had his first major television role as Anish in the BBC One and Amazon Prime thriller miniseries Chloe. He starred alongside Harry Lloyd in The Narcissist at Chichester Festival Theatre. The following year, Khanna made his feature film debut in the action comedy Polite Society as Salim and the Netflix film adaptation of Red, White & Royal Blue. Also in 2023, Khanna portrayed a fictionalised version of Pre-Raphaelite painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti in the Paramount+ gothic period drama The Doll Factory. He has an upcoming role in the film Row with Sophie Skelton and Bella Dayne.
Category:Living people Category:21st-century British male actors Category:Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol Category:British male actors of Asian descent | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Akshay Khanna is a British actor. His films include Red, White & Royal Blue and Polite Society (both 2023). On television, he is known for his roles in the BBC One series Chloe (2022) and the Paramount+ series The Doll Factory (2023).",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Khanna graduated from the University of Bristol in 2018 with a Bachelor of Science in Economics and Management. He then completed a two-year Professional Acting Foundational course at Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.",
"title": "Early life"
},
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"text": "Upon completing his drama school course, Khanna appeared in the Greenwich Theatre productions of The Wolves of Willoughby Chase and The Secret Love Life of Ophelia. Khanna made his television debut in 2021 with guest appearances in episodes of the ITV crime dramas Grace and Grantchester. He also began working with Big Finish Productions on a number of Doctor Who audio dramas.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2022, Khanna had his first major television role as Anish in the BBC One and Amazon Prime thriller miniseries Chloe. He starred alongside Harry Lloyd in The Narcissist at Chichester Festival Theatre. The following year, Khanna made his feature film debut in the action comedy Polite Society as Salim and the Netflix film adaptation of Red, White & Royal Blue. Also in 2023, Khanna portrayed a fictionalised version of Pre-Raphaelite painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti in the Paramount+ gothic period drama The Doll Factory. He has an upcoming role in the film Row with Sophie Skelton and Bella Dayne.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"text": "Category:Living people Category:21st-century British male actors Category:Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School Category:Alumni of the University of Bristol Category:British male actors of Asian descent",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Akshay Khanna is a British actor. His films include Red, White & Royal Blue and Polite Society. On television, he is known for his roles in the BBC One series Chloe (2022) and the Paramount+ series The Doll Factory (2023). | 2023-12-12T06:30:53Z | 2023-12-12T19:54:24Z | [
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75,543,062 | Undertale Yellow | Undertale Yellow is a 2023 2D role-playing video game released on Game Jolt for Microsoft Windows on December 9, 2023. Developed by Team Undertale Yellow as a fan-made prequel to Undertale, the game follows Clover, who possesses the yellow soul from Undertale, as they journey on an unfamiliar path to return to the surface.
Undertale Yellow is a role-playing game that employs similar gameplay mechanics to Undertale. The player controls a child who falls into the Underground, a vast subterranean landscape filled with monsters. Much like in Undertale, they explore various locales, meet several characters, and solve puzzles on their way to King Asgore's castle. Alongside familiar locations and characters from its predecessor, the game introduces many original areas and monsters. Additionally, its story, dialogue, and difficulty are affected by the player's decisions to kill or spare the monsters they encounter.
One key difference between Undertale Yellow and its predecessor is the playable character, a young child named Clover, who embodies the trait of "justice." Unlike in Undertale, where the character can freely change their equipment, Clover permanently equips a cowboy hat and gun. As a result, the player must use various types of ammo and accessories to enhance both attack and defense. Additionally, Clover has the ability to run in the overworld using the "Shift"/"X" key, whereas the character in Undertale can only walk.
Throughout their journey, the player engages in turn-based battles with monsters. During the opponent's turn, they control a small heart representing Clover's soul to evade bullet hell attacks. Some boss battles introduce temporary modes that alter the soul's movement and abilities. If a player loses to a boss they can choose to retry immediately from the game over screen. On their turn, the player can choose from the options FIGHT, ACT, ITEM, and MERCY, each functioning similarly to Undertale. However, when FIGHT is selected a shooting target appears, and the player must time button presses to control damage output.
Undertale Yellow takes place in the world of Undertale, where monsters were sealed beneath Mount Ebott after losing a war against humans. Asgore, the king of the monsters, has gathered five out of the seven human souls required to break the barrier to the surface. The story begins as Clover, a human child, ascends the mountain to locate the five missing humans. Upon jumping into the Underground, the realm of the monsters, they encounter a compassionate monster named Toriel. Before the two can proceed together, a puzzle switch malfunctions, sending Clover into the Dark Ruins. Now alone, they meet Flowey, a sentient flower, who provides a tutorial on the game's mechanics and instructs them to embark on a journey to Asgore's castle. He then allows Clover to use his ability to save the game, preserving their progress along the way.
While traversing the Underground, Clover explores various locations and encounters numerous monsters. In the Dark Ruins, they meet a vampire-like monster named Dalv, whose house holds an exit to Snowdin Forest. After leaving the Ruins, they encounter Martlet, a bird-like member of the Royal Guard. Clover uses Martlet's raft to travel from Snowdin to Hotland, the area closest to Asgore's castle. However, a crash sends them into the desert-like Dunes instead. In a town called the Wild East, they meet Starlo, the town's star-headed sheriff, and Ceroba, a kitsune-like monster and Starlo's childhood friend. While there, they learn about Ceroba's late husband, Chujin, and their daughter, Kanako, the latter being absent. Clover defeats Starlo in a fight before entering an abandoned facility known as the Steamworks, home to a hostile robot named Axis, through which they must venture to reach Hotland. Along with many others that appear throughout their travels, each monster engages Clover in battle, giving them the choice to either kill or spare them.
The game's story diverges based on how players handle encounters with monsters. Choosing to kill some but not all of the monsters leads to the "Neutral" ending. After navigating the Steamworks and defeating Axis alone, Clover receives a letter from Martlet to meet on the roof of UG Apartments in Hotland. There, she proposes keeping them with her in the Underground, avoiding a confrontation with Asgore. When Clover almost agrees, Flowey kills them both, enraged that his plan to reach the king has failed. His true nature revealed, he admits to having witnessed Clover remain or die in the Underground in every previous timeline. To alter their story's course, he tampered with the switch in the Ruins before their arrival. A nightmarish boss sequence unfolds in his mind as he attempts to absorb their soul. However, Flowey eventually grows bored of the fight, citing Clover's refusal to surrender; he resets the timeline to the very beginning, hoping that Clover achieves a better ending in the next run, as the game abruptly ends.
Alternatively, opting not to kill any of the monsters leads to the "Pacifist" ending. Ceroba discloses that Kanako has "fallen down", a fatal condition rendering her comatose. Kanako's body is in the lab of the royal scientist, Alphys, located in Hotland. Claiming it to be the fastest route there, Ceroba accompanies Clover through the Steamworks; working together, the two progress through the area and peacefully subdue Axis. Starlo appears and questions Ceroba's motives, causing her to run away in a panic, unknowingly leaving Clover behind. When Clover and Martlet investigate her home, they uncover Chujin's attempt to create a soul-strengthening serum using the souls of a human and a "boss monster," revealing Ceroba's plan to perfect it using Clover and Kanako's souls. After meeting on the roof of UG Apartments, they proceed to New Home, where Ceroba and Starlo are found. Knocking the other two monsters unconscious, Ceroba attacks Clover in a final battle. Flashbacks mid-battle reveal that Kanako fell down after convincing Ceroba to test the serum on her. When defeated, Ceroba breaks down hopelessly and asks Clover to finish her off.
If players kill Ceroba, Starlo expresses his resentment for Clover before leaving, and Martlet escorts them to the castle's throne room; the game ends with Asgore claiming their soul in battle. On the other hand, sparing Ceroba leads her to express remorse for her actions before reconciling with the group; the game ends with Clover choosing to sacrifice their soul to aid in the freedom of monsters. In the latter ending, a mid-credits scene appears where Dalv, Martlet, Starlo, and Ceroba float Clover's hat and gun down a raft in Waterfall, which lands the items in the garbage dump.
Finally, killing every monster that can be fought, often through grinding, leads to the "Genocide" or "No Mercy" ending. With Clover growing increasingly cruel and aggressive, the game's story takes a dark turn. After eliminating every enemy up to her fight, Clover forces Martlet to flee, riding her raft alone. In the Dunes, they fatally shoot Starlo in a duel and kill Ceroba when she attempts to avenge him. In the Steamworks, they terrorize Axis before obliterating them with a powerful blast from their soul. On the roof of UG Apartments, Martlet transforms into a powerful being with a serum from Alphys's lab, attempting to stop Clover. After Martlet dies melting due to the serum's side effects, Flowey appears to scold Clover for their actions but accidentally reveals his desire to steal the human souls. With newfound power, they override Flowey's ability to save, preventing his escape, and kill him. Entering the castle's throne room, Clover instantly defeats Asgore with a massive beam fired from their soul. The game ends with them absorbing the king's soul, allowing them to pass through the barrier with the five human souls in tow. Given the severity of this ending's events, it is the only one that is wholly incompatible with the Undertale canon.
Undertale Yellow was developed over seven years, beginning after Toby Fox, the developer of Undertale, approved it upon contact from Team Undertale Yellow. Created with the GameMaker Studio engine, it was initially conceived by writer and composer MasterSwordRemix. The game's official announcement came in April 2016, accompanied by a trailer created by Figburn, with a planned release date of "soonish." Since then, the game's development team quickly expanded, with more animators, artists, composers, and writers joining over the course of development, ultimately forming a team of over twenty people. The Undertale Yellow Soundtrack contains 135 original tracks, some of which were based on those from Undertale. Although a winter 2022 release was originally planned, the game was eventually released for free on December 9, 2023.
The game was highly anticipated by YouTubers and received positive reviews upon its release. Will Nelson of PCGamesN recommended it to Undertale fans, noting how Toby Fox started out with a fan game of EarthBound and expressing that "seeing another group of developers bring it full circle ... is nothing short of astounding." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Undertale Yellow is a 2023 2D role-playing video game released on Game Jolt for Microsoft Windows on December 9, 2023. Developed by Team Undertale Yellow as a fan-made prequel to Undertale, the game follows Clover, who possesses the yellow soul from Undertale, as they journey on an unfamiliar path to return to the surface.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Undertale Yellow is a role-playing game that employs similar gameplay mechanics to Undertale. The player controls a child who falls into the Underground, a vast subterranean landscape filled with monsters. Much like in Undertale, they explore various locales, meet several characters, and solve puzzles on their way to King Asgore's castle. Alongside familiar locations and characters from its predecessor, the game introduces many original areas and monsters. Additionally, its story, dialogue, and difficulty are affected by the player's decisions to kill or spare the monsters they encounter.",
"title": "Gameplay"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "One key difference between Undertale Yellow and its predecessor is the playable character, a young child named Clover, who embodies the trait of \"justice.\" Unlike in Undertale, where the character can freely change their equipment, Clover permanently equips a cowboy hat and gun. As a result, the player must use various types of ammo and accessories to enhance both attack and defense. Additionally, Clover has the ability to run in the overworld using the \"Shift\"/\"X\" key, whereas the character in Undertale can only walk.",
"title": "Gameplay"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Throughout their journey, the player engages in turn-based battles with monsters. During the opponent's turn, they control a small heart representing Clover's soul to evade bullet hell attacks. Some boss battles introduce temporary modes that alter the soul's movement and abilities. If a player loses to a boss they can choose to retry immediately from the game over screen. On their turn, the player can choose from the options FIGHT, ACT, ITEM, and MERCY, each functioning similarly to Undertale. However, when FIGHT is selected a shooting target appears, and the player must time button presses to control damage output.",
"title": "Gameplay"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Undertale Yellow takes place in the world of Undertale, where monsters were sealed beneath Mount Ebott after losing a war against humans. Asgore, the king of the monsters, has gathered five out of the seven human souls required to break the barrier to the surface. The story begins as Clover, a human child, ascends the mountain to locate the five missing humans. Upon jumping into the Underground, the realm of the monsters, they encounter a compassionate monster named Toriel. Before the two can proceed together, a puzzle switch malfunctions, sending Clover into the Dark Ruins. Now alone, they meet Flowey, a sentient flower, who provides a tutorial on the game's mechanics and instructs them to embark on a journey to Asgore's castle. He then allows Clover to use his ability to save the game, preserving their progress along the way.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "While traversing the Underground, Clover explores various locations and encounters numerous monsters. In the Dark Ruins, they meet a vampire-like monster named Dalv, whose house holds an exit to Snowdin Forest. After leaving the Ruins, they encounter Martlet, a bird-like member of the Royal Guard. Clover uses Martlet's raft to travel from Snowdin to Hotland, the area closest to Asgore's castle. However, a crash sends them into the desert-like Dunes instead. In a town called the Wild East, they meet Starlo, the town's star-headed sheriff, and Ceroba, a kitsune-like monster and Starlo's childhood friend. While there, they learn about Ceroba's late husband, Chujin, and their daughter, Kanako, the latter being absent. Clover defeats Starlo in a fight before entering an abandoned facility known as the Steamworks, home to a hostile robot named Axis, through which they must venture to reach Hotland. Along with many others that appear throughout their travels, each monster engages Clover in battle, giving them the choice to either kill or spare them.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The game's story diverges based on how players handle encounters with monsters. Choosing to kill some but not all of the monsters leads to the \"Neutral\" ending. After navigating the Steamworks and defeating Axis alone, Clover receives a letter from Martlet to meet on the roof of UG Apartments in Hotland. There, she proposes keeping them with her in the Underground, avoiding a confrontation with Asgore. When Clover almost agrees, Flowey kills them both, enraged that his plan to reach the king has failed. His true nature revealed, he admits to having witnessed Clover remain or die in the Underground in every previous timeline. To alter their story's course, he tampered with the switch in the Ruins before their arrival. A nightmarish boss sequence unfolds in his mind as he attempts to absorb their soul. However, Flowey eventually grows bored of the fight, citing Clover's refusal to surrender; he resets the timeline to the very beginning, hoping that Clover achieves a better ending in the next run, as the game abruptly ends.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Alternatively, opting not to kill any of the monsters leads to the \"Pacifist\" ending. Ceroba discloses that Kanako has \"fallen down\", a fatal condition rendering her comatose. Kanako's body is in the lab of the royal scientist, Alphys, located in Hotland. Claiming it to be the fastest route there, Ceroba accompanies Clover through the Steamworks; working together, the two progress through the area and peacefully subdue Axis. Starlo appears and questions Ceroba's motives, causing her to run away in a panic, unknowingly leaving Clover behind. When Clover and Martlet investigate her home, they uncover Chujin's attempt to create a soul-strengthening serum using the souls of a human and a \"boss monster,\" revealing Ceroba's plan to perfect it using Clover and Kanako's souls. After meeting on the roof of UG Apartments, they proceed to New Home, where Ceroba and Starlo are found. Knocking the other two monsters unconscious, Ceroba attacks Clover in a final battle. Flashbacks mid-battle reveal that Kanako fell down after convincing Ceroba to test the serum on her. When defeated, Ceroba breaks down hopelessly and asks Clover to finish her off.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "If players kill Ceroba, Starlo expresses his resentment for Clover before leaving, and Martlet escorts them to the castle's throne room; the game ends with Asgore claiming their soul in battle. On the other hand, sparing Ceroba leads her to express remorse for her actions before reconciling with the group; the game ends with Clover choosing to sacrifice their soul to aid in the freedom of monsters. In the latter ending, a mid-credits scene appears where Dalv, Martlet, Starlo, and Ceroba float Clover's hat and gun down a raft in Waterfall, which lands the items in the garbage dump.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Finally, killing every monster that can be fought, often through grinding, leads to the \"Genocide\" or \"No Mercy\" ending. With Clover growing increasingly cruel and aggressive, the game's story takes a dark turn. After eliminating every enemy up to her fight, Clover forces Martlet to flee, riding her raft alone. In the Dunes, they fatally shoot Starlo in a duel and kill Ceroba when she attempts to avenge him. In the Steamworks, they terrorize Axis before obliterating them with a powerful blast from their soul. On the roof of UG Apartments, Martlet transforms into a powerful being with a serum from Alphys's lab, attempting to stop Clover. After Martlet dies melting due to the serum's side effects, Flowey appears to scold Clover for their actions but accidentally reveals his desire to steal the human souls. With newfound power, they override Flowey's ability to save, preventing his escape, and kill him. Entering the castle's throne room, Clover instantly defeats Asgore with a massive beam fired from their soul. The game ends with them absorbing the king's soul, allowing them to pass through the barrier with the five human souls in tow. Given the severity of this ending's events, it is the only one that is wholly incompatible with the Undertale canon.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Undertale Yellow was developed over seven years, beginning after Toby Fox, the developer of Undertale, approved it upon contact from Team Undertale Yellow. Created with the GameMaker Studio engine, it was initially conceived by writer and composer MasterSwordRemix. The game's official announcement came in April 2016, accompanied by a trailer created by Figburn, with a planned release date of \"soonish.\" Since then, the game's development team quickly expanded, with more animators, artists, composers, and writers joining over the course of development, ultimately forming a team of over twenty people. The Undertale Yellow Soundtrack contains 135 original tracks, some of which were based on those from Undertale. Although a winter 2022 release was originally planned, the game was eventually released for free on December 9, 2023.",
"title": "Development"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The game was highly anticipated by YouTubers and received positive reviews upon its release. Will Nelson of PCGamesN recommended it to Undertale fans, noting how Toby Fox started out with a fan game of EarthBound and expressing that \"seeing another group of developers bring it full circle ... is nothing short of astounding.\"",
"title": "Reception"
}
] | Undertale Yellow is a 2023 2D role-playing video game released on Game Jolt for Microsoft Windows on December 9, 2023. Developed by Team Undertale Yellow as a fan-made prequel to Undertale, the game follows Clover, who possesses the yellow soul from Undertale, as they journey on an unfamiliar path to return to the surface. | 2023-12-12T06:31:15Z | 2023-12-30T22:32:00Z | [
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75,543,076 | 2024 in Liberia | Events in the year 2024 in Liberia.
Source: | [
{
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"text": "Events in the year 2024 in Liberia.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Source:",
"title": "Holidays"
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] | Events in the year 2024 in Liberia. | 2023-12-12T06:35:15Z | 2023-12-12T07:06:00Z | [
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75,543,110 | Officers' School of the National Police of Peru | The Officers' School of the National Police of Peru (Spanish: Escuela de Oficiales de la Policía Nacional del Perú "Mariano Santos Mateo", EOPNP) is a police academy in charge of training law enforcement recruits in Peru. It is based in the Chorrillos District of Lima, and is considered the alma mater of the police officers of the country. Training at the school is carried out for 5 years, with the first year of education being carried out as an aspiring cadet and the remaining 4 years as a cadet.
The school's stated mission is to train cadres of police officers with the level of university higher education, recognized by law. It plans, organizes, directs; coordinates; permanently executes and evaluates educational activities, aimed at imparting humanistic knowledge and police science, as well as developing skills, abilities and attitudes necessary for the efficient performance of the police function within the legal and disciplinary framework; ethical; and institutional values.
Currently, by Legislative Decree № 1318 of January 3, 2017, the Officers' School is part of the National Police Professional Training School (Spanish: Escuela Nacional de Formación Profesional Policial).
A Civil Guard instruction school was first opened in 1922, under the tutelage of a Spanish mission. During its inauguration ceremony, the Peruvian cry of "Viva el Perú" (Spanish: Long live Peru) was replaced by "Viva el Perú y la madre España" (Spanish: Long live Peru and the Spanish motherland).
After the creation of the School due to the Supreme Decree of July 3, 1922, there were first and a very careful recruitment of qualified personnel for the installation of the campus, getting the nomination very honorable and excellent military history for the kind of Captains, Lieutenants and Ensigns to be commissioned. Class sections for security and investigation were met with great care to conduct background and education and to that extent that every cadet's qualifications were met.
The location chosen for the State Police Academy was the former Hospice of Mercy Hospital, 796 Sebastian Lorente Ibáñez Avenue (formerly known as the Avenue of the Incas) in the traditional Lima District, which was renovated days after the decree took effect. The academy officially opened its doors on November 1 the very same year. The opening was presided over by President Augusto B. Leguía, together with government officials, the diplomatic corps, and military officials and attaches attending. The Spanish community of Lima also graced the event and the Spanish mission chief, LTCOL Pedro Pueyo y España, SCG, entrusted the State War Color to the academy as its director after it was blessed officially by military chaplains and handed over to the President. It was followed by the oath-taking of the first cadets of the academy. A plaque was unveiled by the presiding officers to commemorate the occasion of its formal opening, and the first Corps of Cadets performed its first march past.
As part of the opening a giant sign was made in the school entrance with the words of the Civil Guard motto, El honor es su divisa como la madre patria (Honor is its emblem with the mother country), made by no less than President Leguía himself who adapted to Peru the Spanish Civil Guard motto. Classes commenced on November 4, 1922 and its first graduation and passing out parade was held on Sept. 3, 1923, for the first of what became 59 graduating classes of officers.
The strength of the first class of graduates from the Police Academy, addressed to the Commissioners for Lima, constituted the State Security Corps and the first Corps of Cadets were made up of:
In December 1965, during the closing ceremony of the academic year at the academy, its new premises were inaugurated on its current location. At the beginning of 1966, the progressive transfer of the C.I.G.C. facilities began, starting with the Guards School, to its new premises located in the La Campiña urbanization in Chorrillos. The total transfer of the C.I.G.C. It culminated in the first days of September 1973 with the complete installation of the C.I.G.C Officers School that began in 1972.
Like the Civil Guard, the Peruvian Investigative Police and the Republican Guard also had their own schools, also merged into the EOPNP in 1987.
From 1922 to 1986 the School has had 33 headmasters, officially known as directors: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Officers' School of the National Police of Peru (Spanish: Escuela de Oficiales de la Policía Nacional del Perú \"Mariano Santos Mateo\", EOPNP) is a police academy in charge of training law enforcement recruits in Peru. It is based in the Chorrillos District of Lima, and is considered the alma mater of the police officers of the country. Training at the school is carried out for 5 years, with the first year of education being carried out as an aspiring cadet and the remaining 4 years as a cadet.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The school's stated mission is to train cadres of police officers with the level of university higher education, recognized by law. It plans, organizes, directs; coordinates; permanently executes and evaluates educational activities, aimed at imparting humanistic knowledge and police science, as well as developing skills, abilities and attitudes necessary for the efficient performance of the police function within the legal and disciplinary framework; ethical; and institutional values.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Currently, by Legislative Decree № 1318 of January 3, 2017, the Officers' School is part of the National Police Professional Training School (Spanish: Escuela Nacional de Formación Profesional Policial).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "A Civil Guard instruction school was first opened in 1922, under the tutelage of a Spanish mission. During its inauguration ceremony, the Peruvian cry of \"Viva el Perú\" (Spanish: Long live Peru) was replaced by \"Viva el Perú y la madre España\" (Spanish: Long live Peru and the Spanish motherland).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "After the creation of the School due to the Supreme Decree of July 3, 1922, there were first and a very careful recruitment of qualified personnel for the installation of the campus, getting the nomination very honorable and excellent military history for the kind of Captains, Lieutenants and Ensigns to be commissioned. Class sections for security and investigation were met with great care to conduct background and education and to that extent that every cadet's qualifications were met.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The location chosen for the State Police Academy was the former Hospice of Mercy Hospital, 796 Sebastian Lorente Ibáñez Avenue (formerly known as the Avenue of the Incas) in the traditional Lima District, which was renovated days after the decree took effect. The academy officially opened its doors on November 1 the very same year. The opening was presided over by President Augusto B. Leguía, together with government officials, the diplomatic corps, and military officials and attaches attending. The Spanish community of Lima also graced the event and the Spanish mission chief, LTCOL Pedro Pueyo y España, SCG, entrusted the State War Color to the academy as its director after it was blessed officially by military chaplains and handed over to the President. It was followed by the oath-taking of the first cadets of the academy. A plaque was unveiled by the presiding officers to commemorate the occasion of its formal opening, and the first Corps of Cadets performed its first march past.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "As part of the opening a giant sign was made in the school entrance with the words of the Civil Guard motto, El honor es su divisa como la madre patria (Honor is its emblem with the mother country), made by no less than President Leguía himself who adapted to Peru the Spanish Civil Guard motto. Classes commenced on November 4, 1922 and its first graduation and passing out parade was held on Sept. 3, 1923, for the first of what became 59 graduating classes of officers.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The strength of the first class of graduates from the Police Academy, addressed to the Commissioners for Lima, constituted the State Security Corps and the first Corps of Cadets were made up of:",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In December 1965, during the closing ceremony of the academic year at the academy, its new premises were inaugurated on its current location. At the beginning of 1966, the progressive transfer of the C.I.G.C. facilities began, starting with the Guards School, to its new premises located in the La Campiña urbanization in Chorrillos. The total transfer of the C.I.G.C. It culminated in the first days of September 1973 with the complete installation of the C.I.G.C Officers School that began in 1972.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Like the Civil Guard, the Peruvian Investigative Police and the Republican Guard also had their own schools, also merged into the EOPNP in 1987.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "From 1922 to 1986 the School has had 33 headmasters, officially known as directors:",
"title": "List of headmasters"
}
] | The Officers' School of the National Police of Peru is a police academy in charge of training law enforcement recruits in Peru. It is based in the Chorrillos District of Lima, and is considered the alma mater of the police officers of the country. Training at the school is carried out for 5 years, with the first year of education being carried out as an aspiring cadet and the remaining 4 years as a cadet. The school's stated mission is to train cadres of police officers with the level of university higher education, recognized by law. It plans, organizes, directs; coordinates; permanently executes and evaluates educational activities, aimed at imparting humanistic knowledge and police science, as well as developing skills, abilities and attitudes necessary for the efficient performance of the police function within the legal and disciplinary framework; ethical; and institutional values. Currently, by Legislative Decree № 1318 of January 3, 2017, the Officers' School is part of the National Police Professional Training School. | 2023-12-12T06:49:59Z | 2023-12-12T19:44:16Z | [
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75,543,189 | Mukokuseki | Mukokuseki (Japanese: 無国籍, translated as "statelessness" or "nationlessness") is a Japanese term describing fictional characters depicted without a concrete ethnicity or nationality. It is commonly invoked in visual media, primarily anime or manga, such as when a character is depicted with stereotypically European or racially ambiguous features in a setting where they might otherwise be assumed to be ethnically Japanese. It is thought to be particularly significant in the context of foreign influences on Japanese entertainment properties as well as the subsequent marketing of such properties towards non-Japanese audiences.
Implications of the term in visual media can vary considerably between artstyles, either employing culturally "neutral" elements or hybridizing multiple disparate cultural influences; Features common across anime and manga notably described as mukokuseki include light-colored or brightly dyed hair, pale skin, and large eyes; One author nonetheless argued that "[o]n closer inspection [...] the communication of cultural markers and characteristics is far more intricate than the mere display of Japanese facial features." Notable examples of mukokuseki characters include Hello Kitty, Light Yagami from Death Note, and Asuka Soryu or Rei Ayanami from Neon Genesis Evangelion.
Mukokuseki has particularly received some criticism in the context of the soft power it does or does not afford Japanese culture in the Western World, with the lack of distinct Japanese values described as rendering the cultural capital of Japanese media "nothing but an illusion". A writer for Comic Book Resources also criticized Western film adaptations for taking mukokuseki characters as an opportunity to whitewash lead roles in works such as Death Note (2017) or The Last Airbender (2010).
In addition to the increased international appeal of culturally neutral properties, Brian Ruh paraphrased Napier in describing mukokuseki as "a way for contemporary Japanese to playfully escape their own concepts of Japan and their own feelings of Japaneseness... fantasized mukokuseki anime bodies can be free from the cultural and societal baggage of physical bodies." Other popular narratives have stated that, due to their fictionalized or aestheticized settings and "abstracted" representations of the human body, manga and anime are inherently divorced from real-life categories of ethnicities and that their characters are therefore all naturally mukokuseki. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mukokuseki (Japanese: 無国籍, translated as \"statelessness\" or \"nationlessness\") is a Japanese term describing fictional characters depicted without a concrete ethnicity or nationality. It is commonly invoked in visual media, primarily anime or manga, such as when a character is depicted with stereotypically European or racially ambiguous features in a setting where they might otherwise be assumed to be ethnically Japanese. It is thought to be particularly significant in the context of foreign influences on Japanese entertainment properties as well as the subsequent marketing of such properties towards non-Japanese audiences.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Implications of the term in visual media can vary considerably between artstyles, either employing culturally \"neutral\" elements or hybridizing multiple disparate cultural influences; Features common across anime and manga notably described as mukokuseki include light-colored or brightly dyed hair, pale skin, and large eyes; One author nonetheless argued that \"[o]n closer inspection [...] the communication of cultural markers and characteristics is far more intricate than the mere display of Japanese facial features.\" Notable examples of mukokuseki characters include Hello Kitty, Light Yagami from Death Note, and Asuka Soryu or Rei Ayanami from Neon Genesis Evangelion.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Mukokuseki has particularly received some criticism in the context of the soft power it does or does not afford Japanese culture in the Western World, with the lack of distinct Japanese values described as rendering the cultural capital of Japanese media \"nothing but an illusion\". A writer for Comic Book Resources also criticized Western film adaptations for taking mukokuseki characters as an opportunity to whitewash lead roles in works such as Death Note (2017) or The Last Airbender (2010).",
"title": "Analysis"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In addition to the increased international appeal of culturally neutral properties, Brian Ruh paraphrased Napier in describing mukokuseki as \"a way for contemporary Japanese to playfully escape their own concepts of Japan and their own feelings of Japaneseness... fantasized mukokuseki anime bodies can be free from the cultural and societal baggage of physical bodies.\" Other popular narratives have stated that, due to their fictionalized or aestheticized settings and \"abstracted\" representations of the human body, manga and anime are inherently divorced from real-life categories of ethnicities and that their characters are therefore all naturally mukokuseki.",
"title": "Analysis"
}
] | Mukokuseki is a Japanese term describing fictional characters depicted without a concrete ethnicity or nationality. It is commonly invoked in visual media, primarily anime or manga, such as when a character is depicted with stereotypically European or racially ambiguous features in a setting where they might otherwise be assumed to be ethnically Japanese. It is thought to be particularly significant in the context of foreign influences on Japanese entertainment properties as well as the subsequent marketing of such properties towards non-Japanese audiences. Implications of the term in visual media can vary considerably between artstyles, either employing culturally "neutral" elements or hybridizing multiple disparate cultural influences; Features common across anime and manga notably described as mukokuseki include light-colored or brightly dyed hair, pale skin, and large eyes; One author nonetheless argued that "[o]n closer inspection [...] the communication of cultural markers and characteristics is far more intricate than the mere display of Japanese facial features." Notable examples of mukokuseki characters include Hello Kitty, Light Yagami from Death Note, and Asuka Soryu or Rei Ayanami from Neon Genesis Evangelion. | 2023-12-12T07:04:22Z | 2023-12-26T01:14:34Z | [
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75,543,190 | 1970 Campeonato Profesional | The 1970 Campeonato Profesional was the 22nd season of Colombia's top-flight football league. 14 teams competed against one another. Deportivo Cali won the Torneo Apertura, while Santa Fe won the Torneo Clausura. Cali went on to win their third league title in the triangular final which was held in January 1970, while Deportivo Cali earned the right to enter the 1970 Copa Libertadores instead of Millonarios. José María Ferrero and Walter Sossa, playing for Cúcuta Deportivo and Santa Fe, was the topscorer with 27 goals. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 1970 Campeonato Profesional was the 22nd season of Colombia's top-flight football league. 14 teams competed against one another. Deportivo Cali won the Torneo Apertura, while Santa Fe won the Torneo Clausura. Cali went on to win their third league title in the triangular final which was held in January 1970, while Deportivo Cali earned the right to enter the 1970 Copa Libertadores instead of Millonarios. José María Ferrero and Walter Sossa, playing for Cúcuta Deportivo and Santa Fe, was the topscorer with 27 goals.",
"title": ""
}
] | The 1970 Campeonato Profesional was the 22nd season of Colombia's top-flight football league. 14 teams competed against one another. Deportivo Cali won the Torneo Apertura, while Santa Fe won the Torneo Clausura. Cali went on to win their third league title in the triangular final which was held in January 1970, while Deportivo Cali earned the right to enter the 1970 Copa Libertadores instead of Millonarios. José María Ferrero and Walter Sossa, playing for Cúcuta Deportivo and Santa Fe, was the topscorer with 27 goals. | 2023-12-12T07:04:24Z | 2023-12-12T14:23:21Z | [
"Template:Infobox football league season",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Campeonato_Profesional |
75,543,206 | Akshay Kumar (British actor) | Akshay Kumar (born 1994) is an English actor. On television, he is known for his roles in the ITV war drama The Halcyon (2017) and the CW series Pandora (2019–2020).
Kumar was born in the East London Borough of Redbridge. When he was 10, his mother enrolled him in a Saturday stage school. Kumar decided to pursue acting professionally when he performed Shakespeare for the first time at age 15 and subsequently joined the National Youth Theatre. He also took up dancing. He trained at the Drama Centre London, and took a pause from his studies when he was cast in Homeland.
In 2012, Kumar made both his television debut and his feature film debut in an episode of the BBC Two drama White Heat and the film adaptation of The Telemachy respectively.
Upon leaving drama school, Kumar joined the recurring cast of the Showtime thriller series Homeland for its fourth season as Rahim, a Pakistani medical student, which aired in 2014. He then appeared in the second season of the TNT crime drama Legends as Ifti Bulfati, as well as the films Legacy and One Crazy Thing.
In 2017, Kumar had a main television credit as barman Adil Joshi in the ITV World War II drama The Halcyon. He also had small roles in the CTV series The Indian Detective and the film Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Kumar played FBI agent Ansh Ramachandra in the 2019 crime thriller film Inside Man: Most Wanted with Aml Ameen, Rhea Seehorn, and Roxanne McKee.
After making a guest appearance in the first season of the CW science fiction series Pandora, also in 2019, Kumar joined the main cast as student Jett Annamali for its second season in 2020. He played Ray in the FX on Hulu miniseries Devs and starred in Syndrome at the Tristan Bates Theatre. For the latter, he and the rest of the cast were nominated for an Off West End Award. Kumar starred in the 2023 film Double Blind with Millie Brady. That same year, he appeared in the romantic drama film Beautiful Disaster and the ITVX sitcom Count Abdulla.
In 2021, Kumar wrote an article for Backstage on a two-year period of his career when he worked a day job. | [
{
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"text": "Kumar was born in the East London Borough of Redbridge. When he was 10, his mother enrolled him in a Saturday stage school. Kumar decided to pursue acting professionally when he performed Shakespeare for the first time at age 15 and subsequently joined the National Youth Theatre. He also took up dancing. He trained at the Drama Centre London, and took a pause from his studies when he was cast in Homeland.",
"title": "Early life"
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"text": "In 2012, Kumar made both his television debut and his feature film debut in an episode of the BBC Two drama White Heat and the film adaptation of The Telemachy respectively.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Upon leaving drama school, Kumar joined the recurring cast of the Showtime thriller series Homeland for its fourth season as Rahim, a Pakistani medical student, which aired in 2014. He then appeared in the second season of the TNT crime drama Legends as Ifti Bulfati, as well as the films Legacy and One Crazy Thing.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 2017, Kumar had a main television credit as barman Adil Joshi in the ITV World War II drama The Halcyon. He also had small roles in the CTV series The Indian Detective and the film Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Kumar played FBI agent Ansh Ramachandra in the 2019 crime thriller film Inside Man: Most Wanted with Aml Ameen, Rhea Seehorn, and Roxanne McKee.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "After making a guest appearance in the first season of the CW science fiction series Pandora, also in 2019, Kumar joined the main cast as student Jett Annamali for its second season in 2020. He played Ray in the FX on Hulu miniseries Devs and starred in Syndrome at the Tristan Bates Theatre. For the latter, he and the rest of the cast were nominated for an Off West End Award. Kumar starred in the 2023 film Double Blind with Millie Brady. That same year, he appeared in the romantic drama film Beautiful Disaster and the ITVX sitcom Count Abdulla.",
"title": "Career"
},
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"text": "In 2021, Kumar wrote an article for Backstage on a two-year period of his career when he worked a day job.",
"title": "Personal life"
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] | Akshay Kumar is an English actor. On television, he is known for his roles in the ITV war drama The Halcyon (2017) and the CW series Pandora (2019–2020). | 2023-12-12T07:06:09Z | 2023-12-21T19:50:25Z | [
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75,543,208 | John R. White | John Rucker White (c. 1799 – 1872) was an American slave trader who was primarily active in Missouri and Louisiana, but also trafficked in people from Kentucky and Virginia. He has been described as "by far the largest and most successful slave trader who operated in the mid-Missouri area." According to a 1914 history of slavery in Missouri, "John R. White of Howard County was a wealthy planter of good repute who dealt in slaves. He lived on a farm of 1053 acres and was taxed with 46 negroes in 1856." Howard County lies along the banks of the Missouri River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, in a section of Missouri known as Little Dixie, which had plantation slavery very much in the style of the Deep South. There is a "John R. White, Slave Record Book (1846–1860)" in the Chinn Collection of the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis, from which researchers of slavery garner, "For traders in the lower Mississippi River valley, the most significant development was the arrival of steamboats during the 1820s. Most large traders in that region, such as John White from Missouri, used these vessels to transport the hundreds of Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia slaves that they and their agents bought each year to Louisiana and other states in the Deep South."
John Rucker White was born in approximately 1799 in Kentucky. In 1830, White was a resident of Howard County, Missouri, as head of a household of 17 people, including five slaves. In 1840, White lived in Richmond Township, Howard County, in a household of 20, including 13 slaves. White's place may have been located near Salt Creek.
In 1847, a resident of Lafayette, Louisiana placed an ad in a New Orleans newspaper in hopes of finding a 20-year-old "quateroon girl" named Anna or Hanna Johnson, who was "purchased from Col. J. R. White of this city in December, 1845, who brought her to this city from St. Louis, in the state of Missouri." White may have been trading in New Orleans in partnership with a man named William S. Green sometime before 1848. Circa 1848, White may have been part of a firm called White & Tooly.
In 1849, Thomas Selby of Columbia, Missouri, placed a runaway slave ad describing a man named Bill, who had emancipated himself from White's farm (twice). The nature of Selby and White's professional or personal relationship is unclear, but year prior, according to the 20th-century history Bench and Bar of Boone County, "In 1848, 'Lewis, a free person of color', was prosecuted for 'aiding and assisting in decoying Caroline, a slave, the property of Thomas Selby...Selby was proprietor of Selby's Hotel in Columbia, and Caroline waited on the hotel table. Lewis, who had been liberated by his former master, visited Caroline and told her of the benefits of freedom. So Lewis had to go to jail." There was also a slave trader named William Selby working in the area.
J. R. White from Fayette (the county seat of Howard County) was on the guest register at the Verandah Hotel in New Orleans in May 1850, and "J. R. White, Mo." was at the Verandah again in April 1852. In between, he placed a runaway slave ad seeking to find a six-foot-tall man called Bob who "had a great impediment in his speech." White may have operated a slave depot in New Orleans in 1854 in partnership with Thomas Foster.
In 1855 the papers reported that there had been a cholera outbreak in the vicinity of Columbia, Missouri, and that there were "upwards of thirty cases on the farm of Mr. John R. White four miles east of New Franklin, Howard county — one death, a little negro boy. The disease was brought to the farm by a family from St. Louis in which city quite a number of cases have occurred." A month later a doctor visiting White's plantation claimed to have detected arsenic in the coffee and other food and concluded that there was a plot to poison the family, a crime laid to a missing slave.
A runaway slave ad in Louisiana in 1860 sought to recover Sam, who had been purchased from Henry A. Castle who had bought him from Col. John R. White of St. Louis, Mo. At the time of the 1860 U.S. census, White legally enslaved 76 people. In 1864, following the Emancipation Proclamation and the establishment of the U.S. Colored Troops, "Seven of John R. White's slaves—William, Adam, Alfred, Sam, Andy, Preston, and Jacob—all enlisted together at the Fayette [County, Missouri] provost marshal post in the first weeks of January. White was one of Missouri's largest slaveholders; the seven who joined represented a mere tenth of White's holdings, though it signified collective action on the part of a portion of his slaves."
At some point in his trading career, "John R. White sold a small child to William Quisenberry of Boone County, but sold the mother in Louisiana..."
White died in 1872.
There is a figure called Negro-Trader White (or Nigger-Trader White) who appears in the histories of slavery in Missouri and Louisiana. It is not entirely clear that the name refers to John R. White, although Frederic Bancroft seemed to think so. In reverse order of appearance in the histories:
From 1862 to the close of the war, slave property in the state of Missouri was almost a dead weight to the owner; he could not sell because there were no buyers. The business of the Negro trader was at an end, due to the want of a market. He could not get through the Union lines South with his property, that being his market. There was a man named White, usually called "Negro-trader White," who travelled over the state, buying Negroes like mules for the southern market, and when he had secured a hundred or more, he would take them, handcuffed together, to the South. He or his agents attended all sales where Negroes were to be sold without conditions. The sentiment against selling Negroes to traders was quite strong and there were many who would not sell at all, unless forced by circumstances over which they had no control, and would cry with the Negroes at parting. A Negro sold to a trader would bring from one to three hundred dollars more money.
I recall a case where a master was on a note as surety, and had the same, which was a large sum, to pay at maturity, and to do so he was forced to sell a young girl to raise the cash. He sent for Negro-trader White, and the sale was made in the city without his wife's knowledge, but when he attempted to deliver her, his wife and children clung to the girl and would not let her go. When White saw he could not get his Negro, he demanded a return of his money, which the seller had applied on the note and could not get back. The matter was finally settled in some way; at any rate the girl was not sold, and was in that county until 1864.
The Negro trader usually bought all Negroes who had committed murder or other crimes, for which public whipping was not considered sufficient punishment. Slaves usually got scared when it became known that Negro-trader White was in the community. The owners used White's name as a threat to scare the Negroes when they had violated some rule. "I'll sell you to the Negro trader, if you don't do better" was often as good or better punishment than the lash, for the slave dreaded being sold South, worse than the Russians do banishment to Siberia.
In 1937 the Missouri Historical Review, the journal of the Missouri Historical Society, reported, "Through the courtesy of Mr. R. B. Chinn of Rocheport, Missouri, the Society has been permitted to make photostatic copies of two rare volumes containing the records of John R. White, a slave dealer of central Missouri. The first of these volumes contains records from December 24, 1844, to June 12, 1846; the second seems to date from 1846 to 1860. Note is made of the name of the slave bought, often the vendor, the price paid, to whom sold, and the price received, as well as occasional other data on price of transportation, medical care, board and room, loss by death, and so forth. Twenty-one additional papers, consisting of 44 pages, bring this unusual acquisition to a total of 254 pages." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "John Rucker White (c. 1799 – 1872) was an American slave trader who was primarily active in Missouri and Louisiana, but also trafficked in people from Kentucky and Virginia. He has been described as \"by far the largest and most successful slave trader who operated in the mid-Missouri area.\" According to a 1914 history of slavery in Missouri, \"John R. White of Howard County was a wealthy planter of good repute who dealt in slaves. He lived on a farm of 1053 acres and was taxed with 46 negroes in 1856.\" Howard County lies along the banks of the Missouri River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, in a section of Missouri known as Little Dixie, which had plantation slavery very much in the style of the Deep South. There is a \"John R. White, Slave Record Book (1846–1860)\" in the Chinn Collection of the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis, from which researchers of slavery garner, \"For traders in the lower Mississippi River valley, the most significant development was the arrival of steamboats during the 1820s. Most large traders in that region, such as John White from Missouri, used these vessels to transport the hundreds of Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia slaves that they and their agents bought each year to Louisiana and other states in the Deep South.\"",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "John Rucker White was born in approximately 1799 in Kentucky. In 1830, White was a resident of Howard County, Missouri, as head of a household of 17 people, including five slaves. In 1840, White lived in Richmond Township, Howard County, in a household of 20, including 13 slaves. White's place may have been located near Salt Creek.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 1847, a resident of Lafayette, Louisiana placed an ad in a New Orleans newspaper in hopes of finding a 20-year-old \"quateroon girl\" named Anna or Hanna Johnson, who was \"purchased from Col. J. R. White of this city in December, 1845, who brought her to this city from St. Louis, in the state of Missouri.\" White may have been trading in New Orleans in partnership with a man named William S. Green sometime before 1848. Circa 1848, White may have been part of a firm called White & Tooly.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1849, Thomas Selby of Columbia, Missouri, placed a runaway slave ad describing a man named Bill, who had emancipated himself from White's farm (twice). The nature of Selby and White's professional or personal relationship is unclear, but year prior, according to the 20th-century history Bench and Bar of Boone County, \"In 1848, 'Lewis, a free person of color', was prosecuted for 'aiding and assisting in decoying Caroline, a slave, the property of Thomas Selby...Selby was proprietor of Selby's Hotel in Columbia, and Caroline waited on the hotel table. Lewis, who had been liberated by his former master, visited Caroline and told her of the benefits of freedom. So Lewis had to go to jail.\" There was also a slave trader named William Selby working in the area.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "J. R. White from Fayette (the county seat of Howard County) was on the guest register at the Verandah Hotel in New Orleans in May 1850, and \"J. R. White, Mo.\" was at the Verandah again in April 1852. In between, he placed a runaway slave ad seeking to find a six-foot-tall man called Bob who \"had a great impediment in his speech.\" White may have operated a slave depot in New Orleans in 1854 in partnership with Thomas Foster.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In 1855 the papers reported that there had been a cholera outbreak in the vicinity of Columbia, Missouri, and that there were \"upwards of thirty cases on the farm of Mr. John R. White four miles east of New Franklin, Howard county — one death, a little negro boy. The disease was brought to the farm by a family from St. Louis in which city quite a number of cases have occurred.\" A month later a doctor visiting White's plantation claimed to have detected arsenic in the coffee and other food and concluded that there was a plot to poison the family, a crime laid to a missing slave.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "A runaway slave ad in Louisiana in 1860 sought to recover Sam, who had been purchased from Henry A. Castle who had bought him from Col. John R. White of St. Louis, Mo. At the time of the 1860 U.S. census, White legally enslaved 76 people. In 1864, following the Emancipation Proclamation and the establishment of the U.S. Colored Troops, \"Seven of John R. White's slaves—William, Adam, Alfred, Sam, Andy, Preston, and Jacob—all enlisted together at the Fayette [County, Missouri] provost marshal post in the first weeks of January. White was one of Missouri's largest slaveholders; the seven who joined represented a mere tenth of White's holdings, though it signified collective action on the part of a portion of his slaves.\"",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "At some point in his trading career, \"John R. White sold a small child to William Quisenberry of Boone County, but sold the mother in Louisiana...\"",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "White died in 1872.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "There is a figure called Negro-Trader White (or Nigger-Trader White) who appears in the histories of slavery in Missouri and Louisiana. It is not entirely clear that the name refers to John R. White, although Frederic Bancroft seemed to think so. In reverse order of appearance in the histories:",
"title": "Negro-Trader White"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "From 1862 to the close of the war, slave property in the state of Missouri was almost a dead weight to the owner; he could not sell because there were no buyers. The business of the Negro trader was at an end, due to the want of a market. He could not get through the Union lines South with his property, that being his market. There was a man named White, usually called \"Negro-trader White,\" who travelled over the state, buying Negroes like mules for the southern market, and when he had secured a hundred or more, he would take them, handcuffed together, to the South. He or his agents attended all sales where Negroes were to be sold without conditions. The sentiment against selling Negroes to traders was quite strong and there were many who would not sell at all, unless forced by circumstances over which they had no control, and would cry with the Negroes at parting. A Negro sold to a trader would bring from one to three hundred dollars more money.",
"title": "Negro-Trader White"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "I recall a case where a master was on a note as surety, and had the same, which was a large sum, to pay at maturity, and to do so he was forced to sell a young girl to raise the cash. He sent for Negro-trader White, and the sale was made in the city without his wife's knowledge, but when he attempted to deliver her, his wife and children clung to the girl and would not let her go. When White saw he could not get his Negro, he demanded a return of his money, which the seller had applied on the note and could not get back. The matter was finally settled in some way; at any rate the girl was not sold, and was in that county until 1864.",
"title": "Negro-Trader White"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "The Negro trader usually bought all Negroes who had committed murder or other crimes, for which public whipping was not considered sufficient punishment. Slaves usually got scared when it became known that Negro-trader White was in the community. The owners used White's name as a threat to scare the Negroes when they had violated some rule. \"I'll sell you to the Negro trader, if you don't do better\" was often as good or better punishment than the lash, for the slave dreaded being sold South, worse than the Russians do banishment to Siberia.",
"title": "Negro-Trader White"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "In 1937 the Missouri Historical Review, the journal of the Missouri Historical Society, reported, \"Through the courtesy of Mr. R. B. Chinn of Rocheport, Missouri, the Society has been permitted to make photostatic copies of two rare volumes containing the records of John R. White, a slave dealer of central Missouri. The first of these volumes contains records from December 24, 1844, to June 12, 1846; the second seems to date from 1846 to 1860. Note is made of the name of the slave bought, often the vendor, the price paid, to whom sold, and the price received, as well as occasional other data on price of transportation, medical care, board and room, loss by death, and so forth. Twenty-one additional papers, consisting of 44 pages, bring this unusual acquisition to a total of 254 pages.\"",
"title": "Records"
}
] | John Rucker White was an American slave trader who was primarily active in Missouri and Louisiana, but also trafficked in people from Kentucky and Virginia. He has been described as "by far the largest and most successful slave trader who operated in the mid-Missouri area." According to a 1914 history of slavery in Missouri, "John R. White of Howard County was a wealthy planter of good repute who dealt in slaves. He lived on a farm of 1053 acres and was taxed with 46 negroes in 1856." Howard County lies along the banks of the Missouri River, a tributary of the Mississippi River, in a section of Missouri known as Little Dixie, which had plantation slavery very much in the style of the Deep South. There is a "John R. White, Slave Record Book (1846–1860)" in the Chinn Collection of the Missouri Historical Society in St. Louis, from which researchers of slavery garner, "For traders in the lower Mississippi River valley, the most significant development was the arrival of steamboats during the 1820s. Most large traders in that region, such as John White from Missouri, used these vessels to transport the hundreds of Missouri, Kentucky, and Virginia slaves that they and their agents bought each year to Louisiana and other states in the Deep South." | 2023-12-12T07:06:17Z | 2023-12-27T04:33:39Z | [
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75,543,251 | Women in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War | Most women in China were profoundly impacted by the Second Sino-Japanese War (also referred to in China as the War of Resistance), in which the Empire of Japan fought the Republic of China from 1937 to 1945.
Women's experiences during the war depended on a variety of factors, including class, place of origin, and social connections. While some groups of women in China were in a position to contribute to the resistance efforts, poor women in urban and rural areas fought every day to keep themselves and their families alive. The war's impact on women also varied by location, whether they stayed in regions controlled by the Nationalist Party, the Communist Party, or the Japanese.
While thousands of women in eastern China fled their homes for inland regions to escape Japanese occupation and the violence that came with it, women also stayed behind in occupied areas. The Nationalist government relocated several times throughout the war, from Nanjing to Wuhan, and after the fall of Wuhan, they established a wartime capital in Chongqing. Refugees who fled to Chongqing from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the east were referred to by locals as "downriver people" (Chinese: 下江人). Many women also migrated to Yan'an, the Communist Party's headquarters during the war, and other Communist bases in northern regions of China.
Women contributed to the Second Sino-Japanese war in various capacities, such as in medical work, education, women's organizations, and on the battlefield. Women's work during the war was vitally important and helped China make it through the war.
Women in China supported injured soldiers in Communist and Nationalist bases alike, working as nurses, doctors, and midwives during the war. While women had worked as caregivers before, women during the war provided medical care in public, which marked a shift in gender roles. Not only were women working outside of the home, but they were also making physical contact with male strangers. The war prompted the feminization of the nursing profession in China.
Soldiers in China needed medical care for battle wounds, as well as for lethal diseases such as cholera and malaria. Nurses were in high demand for the state, and the number of registered nurses increased dramatically throughout the war, as did the number of nursing schools. Nurses in Chongqing performed various medical tasks, such as administering vaccines, in hospitals and on the street.
Nursing schools in Chongqing recruited young, educated, and unmarried women to enroll during the war. While women attended nursing schools during the war, Chinese provincial governments integrated nursing classes into high school curriculums. In 1937, high school girls in Hubei started taking compulsory nursing classes. In 1940, female high school graduates in Hunan and Sichuan were required to work as nurses, either for the military or for rural public health.
Women such as Zhou Meiyu helped professionalize the nursing industry and raise its status. While some nurses were paid, other women helped soldiers on a volunteer basis. Many women felt fulfilled working as nurses and accepted to work for low pay.
Middle-class and upper-class women across China participated in various fundraising activities and led organizations to provide relief for soldiers, refugees, orphans, among other groups. Some of the services women in Chongqing organizations provided were clothing drives and soup kitchens. Volunteers in orphanages taught children a number of songs and plays with anti-Japanese sentiment alongside public health lessons.
Dozens of women's organizations registered with local governments across the country. Three important nationally recognized organizations during the war, which all relocated to Chongqing, were the "National Association of Chinese Women for the Cheering and Comforting of the Officers and Soldiers of the War of Self-Defense and Resistance against Japan", the "Wartime Child Welfare Protection Association", and the "Women’s Directorial Committee of New Life Movement Promotion Federation". Prominent women such as Song Meiling, Deng Yingchao, Shi Liang, and Li Dequan cooperated to lead these organizations.
The leaders of women's organizations in Chongqing created multiple job opportunities for hundreds of refugee women in the Songji experimental zone, located in Yongchuan. After this project was launched, refugee women worked at a textile factory, library, farm, and schools, among other places in Songji.
Many urban, educated women from the east fled to Chongqing and taught in schools. They often integrated the war into their lessons, explaining why Chinese people should care and participate in the war effort. Refugee teachers at an elementary school in Chongqing taught students patriotic war songs and gave students essay assignments about the war. They also prompted young students to give speeches about the war to public audiences at neighboring markets.
Women and girls continued to attend school and college if their families could afford it. Due to the war, many leading educational institutions and preeminent teachers relocated to Chongqing, which meant local students received a better education than they otherwise would have. In addition to giving speeches, students in Chongqing contributed to the war effort by teaching lessons to peasants about the war, writing articles for wall bulletins, producing shoes and other goods for soldiers, and putting on performances at markets to spread awareness about the war.
Many high school girls and women college students volunteered to write letters for illiterate soldiers. These volunteers provided emotional support for soldiers, formed friendships, and boosted their morale through entertainment.
Some women in the Communist front-line base areas joined armies to fight against Japanese soldiers, including the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army. Some women participated in fighting, but more often, women were told to support the bases in other ways.
The war impacted women across China in striking ways. The household, gender roles, and women's occupations changed during the war. While often victims of murder and horrific acts of violence, women in China used various survival strategies to cope with the war's impact and fight for survival.
Many women in wartime China migrated to different regions, either to escape Japanese soldiers and bombing or disasters such as floods and famine. However, leaving one's home was not a smooth process for many women. Refugee mothers were responsible for looking after their children, which made it harder to make ends meet along the way to their next destination. Additionally, it was dangerous for women to leave their homes as they were sexually vulnerable to soldiers and bandits. Some women got pregnant on the way to their next destination.
For poor women in Chongqing, the mass arrival of refugees in their hometowns drove up prices, making it even more difficult to cover basic needs. Women from peasant families in Chongqing could barely make ends meet before the war, so they took on more jobs that sometimes put their lives at risk.
Wealthy, well-connected women in Chongqing had the means to relocate during the war. Amid the Chongqing bombing, wealthy women moved out of Sichuan temporarily and returned home afterward.
Women in Henan who were displaced and affected by the 1938 Yellow River flood resorted to various survival strategies to stay alive during the war. Some women migrated to Nationalist-controlled regions of Henan, while others stayed behind in the flooded, occupied region. Women flood victims who stayed behind made a living by selling salt. Women who fled worked jobs in domestic service and textile arts, and many resorted to begging and prostitution. In some instances, families were forced to give their daughters away to another family or sell their daughters into prostitution.
Women were subject to sexual violence throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War. While many women in occupied areas decided to stay indoors to avoid contact with Japanese soldiers, some braved the threat of leaving their houses. In many instances, women did not have a choice.
Across China, various situations and places were dangerous for women to go during the war, because of increased chances of being raped or assaulted. For instance, it was dangerous for women in Chongqing to dump garbage outside of the city, yet some women from poor peasant families did so to make a living.
Refugee women who fled their homes risked sexual assault and violence on the way to their next destination. In one instance, a refugee woman was forced to satisfy a man's sexual desires to protect her family and gain connections in a new city.
On December 13, 1937, Japanese soldiers invaded Nanjing, the capital of China at the time. Women of all ages in Nanjing were sexually assaulted, raped, and murdered by Japanese soldiers in the Nanjing Massacre. Women fled their homes and sought refuge in public spaces such as colleges. One woman resorted to covering herself in excrement to reduce the chances of being raped. In the first month of Japanese soldiers occupying the capital, estimates suggest there were 20,000 instances of rape. Rape victims who survived were traumatized and did not want to speak about their experiences after the war ended.
Thousands of girls in China were forced to work in military brothels as sex slaves, also known as comfort women. While estimates vary, scholars agree that the number of women who worked in forced prostitution in occupied areas was over 200 thousand. Women resorted to various tactics to make themselves less attractive and protect themselves. Some women in occupied regions wore unflattering clothing or covered their faces in ash.
Due to a number of men leaving home to either work or fight, the structure of the household and gender roles shifted dramatically in various regions of China.
The war tore many women's families apart. Refugee women were often permanently separated from their extended families. While refugee women lost their support systems, they also gained certain freedoms living away from family, such as choosing one's own husband rather than having an arranged marriage.
Many women became widows during the war and often did not remarry. The likelihood of a woman remarrying depended on whether she had children and other family members to care for. The best outcome, if a woman was on her own, was marrying a poor man.
Women filed for divorce throughout the war, frequently because their husbands abandoned them. Women also ran away from their husbands during the war without facing legal repercussions. Other women stayed with their husbands despite being separated by the war. Some husbands sent their wives money when they were away, because they depended on his paycheck. However, the war disrupted the postal service in places like Chongqing, which meant that women struggled to meet basic needs and had to find alternate ways of getting money.
With fewer men at home during the war, women took on different kinds of work to provide for their families, such as farming. It became increasingly common for women, especially poor women, to work in the fields during the war. Young girls worked in the fields as well. However, agricultural work involved several risks for women, including the shame of working outside and the threat of being surrounded by bandits and soldiers.
Women's occupations often varied by region. Women in Japan-occupied Shanghai, for instance, worked in stores, cotton mills, as models, and opera singers among other jobs. In Communist base areas, such as Yan’an, women contributed to the self-sufficiency and independence of the bases by farming and making goods like shoes and clothing. The Communist bases relied heavily on women's labor for economic production. Women's participation in politics in Communist base areas varied. Some gained political experience at a village level, whereas in regions like Wuxiang, women did not participate in politics at all.
The war prompted the feminization of several industries, such as agriculture and nursing. By providing for their families by working out of the house, women disrupted gender norms and transformed gender roles. After the war, women in China continued working. They no longer had to rely solely on male family members to stay afloat.
In various mediums, such as cartoons, women in China during the war were depicted as victims of sexual violence and murder to inspire Chinese people to keep fighting. However, women were also depicted as strong and resilient. During the war, stories about famous heroines resurfaced in China. For instance, Hua Mulan became a central figure in plays, cartoons, poetry, and movies. In 1939, a movie called Mulan Joins the Army was released, in which the story of Mulan was rewritten to show her taking action against Japan in the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Song Meiling, the First Lady of the Republic of China and wife of Chiang Kai-shek, was the most prominent woman in China during the war. She traveled to the United States on multiple occasions and spoke in front of Congress to ask for increased aid. She frequently appeared in the press in China and overseas, demonstrating how women should support the war effort. She also took an active involvement in fundraising and caring for "warphans" or war orphans, to ensure China received donations overseas. Song Meiling was beloved by Americans, much more than her husband Chiang Kai-shek.
Barnes, Nicole Elizabeth. Intimate Communities: Wartime Healthcare and the Birth of Modern China,1937–1945. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2018.
Chen, Janet Y. Guilty of Indigence: The Urban Poor in China, 1900–1953. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.
Goodman, David S. G. "Revolutionary Women and Women in the Revolution: The Chinese Communist Party and Women in the War of Resistance to Japan, 1937–1945." The China Quarterly, no. 164 (2000): 915–42.
Hershatter, Gail. Women and China's Revolutions. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.
Lary, Diana. The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation, 1937–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Li, Danke. Echoes of Chongqing: Women in Wartime China. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2010.
Mitter, Rana. China's War with Japan, 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival. London: Allen Lane, 2013.
Muscolino, Micah. The Ecology of War in China: Henan Province, the Yellow River, and Beyond, 1938–1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Most women in China were profoundly impacted by the Second Sino-Japanese War (also referred to in China as the War of Resistance), in which the Empire of Japan fought the Republic of China from 1937 to 1945.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Women's experiences during the war depended on a variety of factors, including class, place of origin, and social connections. While some groups of women in China were in a position to contribute to the resistance efforts, poor women in urban and rural areas fought every day to keep themselves and their families alive. The war's impact on women also varied by location, whether they stayed in regions controlled by the Nationalist Party, the Communist Party, or the Japanese.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "While thousands of women in eastern China fled their homes for inland regions to escape Japanese occupation and the violence that came with it, women also stayed behind in occupied areas. The Nationalist government relocated several times throughout the war, from Nanjing to Wuhan, and after the fall of Wuhan, they established a wartime capital in Chongqing. Refugees who fled to Chongqing from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the east were referred to by locals as \"downriver people\" (Chinese: 下江人). Many women also migrated to Yan'an, the Communist Party's headquarters during the war, and other Communist bases in northern regions of China.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Women contributed to the Second Sino-Japanese war in various capacities, such as in medical work, education, women's organizations, and on the battlefield. Women's work during the war was vitally important and helped China make it through the war.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Women in China supported injured soldiers in Communist and Nationalist bases alike, working as nurses, doctors, and midwives during the war. While women had worked as caregivers before, women during the war provided medical care in public, which marked a shift in gender roles. Not only were women working outside of the home, but they were also making physical contact with male strangers. The war prompted the feminization of the nursing profession in China.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Soldiers in China needed medical care for battle wounds, as well as for lethal diseases such as cholera and malaria. Nurses were in high demand for the state, and the number of registered nurses increased dramatically throughout the war, as did the number of nursing schools. Nurses in Chongqing performed various medical tasks, such as administering vaccines, in hospitals and on the street.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Nursing schools in Chongqing recruited young, educated, and unmarried women to enroll during the war. While women attended nursing schools during the war, Chinese provincial governments integrated nursing classes into high school curriculums. In 1937, high school girls in Hubei started taking compulsory nursing classes. In 1940, female high school graduates in Hunan and Sichuan were required to work as nurses, either for the military or for rural public health.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Women such as Zhou Meiyu helped professionalize the nursing industry and raise its status. While some nurses were paid, other women helped soldiers on a volunteer basis. Many women felt fulfilled working as nurses and accepted to work for low pay.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Middle-class and upper-class women across China participated in various fundraising activities and led organizations to provide relief for soldiers, refugees, orphans, among other groups. Some of the services women in Chongqing organizations provided were clothing drives and soup kitchens. Volunteers in orphanages taught children a number of songs and plays with anti-Japanese sentiment alongside public health lessons.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Dozens of women's organizations registered with local governments across the country. Three important nationally recognized organizations during the war, which all relocated to Chongqing, were the \"National Association of Chinese Women for the Cheering and Comforting of the Officers and Soldiers of the War of Self-Defense and Resistance against Japan\", the \"Wartime Child Welfare Protection Association\", and the \"Women’s Directorial Committee of New Life Movement Promotion Federation\". Prominent women such as Song Meiling, Deng Yingchao, Shi Liang, and Li Dequan cooperated to lead these organizations.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "The leaders of women's organizations in Chongqing created multiple job opportunities for hundreds of refugee women in the Songji experimental zone, located in Yongchuan. After this project was launched, refugee women worked at a textile factory, library, farm, and schools, among other places in Songji.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "Many urban, educated women from the east fled to Chongqing and taught in schools. They often integrated the war into their lessons, explaining why Chinese people should care and participate in the war effort. Refugee teachers at an elementary school in Chongqing taught students patriotic war songs and gave students essay assignments about the war. They also prompted young students to give speeches about the war to public audiences at neighboring markets.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Women and girls continued to attend school and college if their families could afford it. Due to the war, many leading educational institutions and preeminent teachers relocated to Chongqing, which meant local students received a better education than they otherwise would have. In addition to giving speeches, students in Chongqing contributed to the war effort by teaching lessons to peasants about the war, writing articles for wall bulletins, producing shoes and other goods for soldiers, and putting on performances at markets to spread awareness about the war.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Many high school girls and women college students volunteered to write letters for illiterate soldiers. These volunteers provided emotional support for soldiers, formed friendships, and boosted their morale through entertainment.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Some women in the Communist front-line base areas joined armies to fight against Japanese soldiers, including the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army. Some women participated in fighting, but more often, women were told to support the bases in other ways.",
"title": "Women's contributions to the war effort"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The war impacted women across China in striking ways. The household, gender roles, and women's occupations changed during the war. While often victims of murder and horrific acts of violence, women in China used various survival strategies to cope with the war's impact and fight for survival.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Many women in wartime China migrated to different regions, either to escape Japanese soldiers and bombing or disasters such as floods and famine. However, leaving one's home was not a smooth process for many women. Refugee mothers were responsible for looking after their children, which made it harder to make ends meet along the way to their next destination. Additionally, it was dangerous for women to leave their homes as they were sexually vulnerable to soldiers and bandits. Some women got pregnant on the way to their next destination.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "For poor women in Chongqing, the mass arrival of refugees in their hometowns drove up prices, making it even more difficult to cover basic needs. Women from peasant families in Chongqing could barely make ends meet before the war, so they took on more jobs that sometimes put their lives at risk.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "Wealthy, well-connected women in Chongqing had the means to relocate during the war. Amid the Chongqing bombing, wealthy women moved out of Sichuan temporarily and returned home afterward.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "Women in Henan who were displaced and affected by the 1938 Yellow River flood resorted to various survival strategies to stay alive during the war. Some women migrated to Nationalist-controlled regions of Henan, while others stayed behind in the flooded, occupied region. Women flood victims who stayed behind made a living by selling salt. Women who fled worked jobs in domestic service and textile arts, and many resorted to begging and prostitution. In some instances, families were forced to give their daughters away to another family or sell their daughters into prostitution.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "Women were subject to sexual violence throughout the Second Sino-Japanese War. While many women in occupied areas decided to stay indoors to avoid contact with Japanese soldiers, some braved the threat of leaving their houses. In many instances, women did not have a choice.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "Across China, various situations and places were dangerous for women to go during the war, because of increased chances of being raped or assaulted. For instance, it was dangerous for women in Chongqing to dump garbage outside of the city, yet some women from poor peasant families did so to make a living.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "Refugee women who fled their homes risked sexual assault and violence on the way to their next destination. In one instance, a refugee woman was forced to satisfy a man's sexual desires to protect her family and gain connections in a new city.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "On December 13, 1937, Japanese soldiers invaded Nanjing, the capital of China at the time. Women of all ages in Nanjing were sexually assaulted, raped, and murdered by Japanese soldiers in the Nanjing Massacre. Women fled their homes and sought refuge in public spaces such as colleges. One woman resorted to covering herself in excrement to reduce the chances of being raped. In the first month of Japanese soldiers occupying the capital, estimates suggest there were 20,000 instances of rape. Rape victims who survived were traumatized and did not want to speak about their experiences after the war ended.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "Thousands of girls in China were forced to work in military brothels as sex slaves, also known as comfort women. While estimates vary, scholars agree that the number of women who worked in forced prostitution in occupied areas was over 200 thousand. Women resorted to various tactics to make themselves less attractive and protect themselves. Some women in occupied regions wore unflattering clothing or covered their faces in ash.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "Due to a number of men leaving home to either work or fight, the structure of the household and gender roles shifted dramatically in various regions of China.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "The war tore many women's families apart. Refugee women were often permanently separated from their extended families. While refugee women lost their support systems, they also gained certain freedoms living away from family, such as choosing one's own husband rather than having an arranged marriage.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "Many women became widows during the war and often did not remarry. The likelihood of a woman remarrying depended on whether she had children and other family members to care for. The best outcome, if a woman was on her own, was marrying a poor man.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "Women filed for divorce throughout the war, frequently because their husbands abandoned them. Women also ran away from their husbands during the war without facing legal repercussions. Other women stayed with their husbands despite being separated by the war. Some husbands sent their wives money when they were away, because they depended on his paycheck. However, the war disrupted the postal service in places like Chongqing, which meant that women struggled to meet basic needs and had to find alternate ways of getting money.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "With fewer men at home during the war, women took on different kinds of work to provide for their families, such as farming. It became increasingly common for women, especially poor women, to work in the fields during the war. Young girls worked in the fields as well. However, agricultural work involved several risks for women, including the shame of working outside and the threat of being surrounded by bandits and soldiers.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "Women's occupations often varied by region. Women in Japan-occupied Shanghai, for instance, worked in stores, cotton mills, as models, and opera singers among other jobs. In Communist base areas, such as Yan’an, women contributed to the self-sufficiency and independence of the bases by farming and making goods like shoes and clothing. The Communist bases relied heavily on women's labor for economic production. Women's participation in politics in Communist base areas varied. Some gained political experience at a village level, whereas in regions like Wuxiang, women did not participate in politics at all.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "The war prompted the feminization of several industries, such as agriculture and nursing. By providing for their families by working out of the house, women disrupted gender norms and transformed gender roles. After the war, women in China continued working. They no longer had to rely solely on male family members to stay afloat.",
"title": "War's impact on women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "In various mediums, such as cartoons, women in China during the war were depicted as victims of sexual violence and murder to inspire Chinese people to keep fighting. However, women were also depicted as strong and resilient. During the war, stories about famous heroines resurfaced in China. For instance, Hua Mulan became a central figure in plays, cartoons, poetry, and movies. In 1939, a movie called Mulan Joins the Army was released, in which the story of Mulan was rewritten to show her taking action against Japan in the context of the Second Sino-Japanese War.",
"title": "Media coverage and depictions of wartime women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "Song Meiling, the First Lady of the Republic of China and wife of Chiang Kai-shek, was the most prominent woman in China during the war. She traveled to the United States on multiple occasions and spoke in front of Congress to ask for increased aid. She frequently appeared in the press in China and overseas, demonstrating how women should support the war effort. She also took an active involvement in fundraising and caring for \"warphans\" or war orphans, to ensure China received donations overseas. Song Meiling was beloved by Americans, much more than her husband Chiang Kai-shek.",
"title": "Media coverage and depictions of wartime women"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "Barnes, Nicole Elizabeth. Intimate Communities: Wartime Healthcare and the Birth of Modern China,1937–1945. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2018.",
"title": "Selected Bibliography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "Chen, Janet Y. Guilty of Indigence: The Urban Poor in China, 1900–1953. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.",
"title": "Selected Bibliography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "Goodman, David S. G. \"Revolutionary Women and Women in the Revolution: The Chinese Communist Party and Women in the War of Resistance to Japan, 1937–1945.\" The China Quarterly, no. 164 (2000): 915–42.",
"title": "Selected Bibliography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 37,
"text": "Hershatter, Gail. Women and China's Revolutions. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019.",
"title": "Selected Bibliography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 38,
"text": "Lary, Diana. The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation, 1937–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.",
"title": "Selected Bibliography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 39,
"text": "Li, Danke. Echoes of Chongqing: Women in Wartime China. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2010.",
"title": "Selected Bibliography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 40,
"text": "Mitter, Rana. China's War with Japan, 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival. London: Allen Lane, 2013.",
"title": "Selected Bibliography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 41,
"text": "Muscolino, Micah. The Ecology of War in China: Henan Province, the Yellow River, and Beyond, 1938–1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.",
"title": "Selected Bibliography"
}
] | Most women in China were profoundly impacted by the Second Sino-Japanese War, in which the Empire of Japan fought the Republic of China from 1937 to 1945. Women's experiences during the war depended on a variety of factors, including class, place of origin, and social connections. While some groups of women in China were in a position to contribute to the resistance efforts, poor women in urban and rural areas fought every day to keep themselves and their families alive. The war's impact on women also varied by location, whether they stayed in regions controlled by the Nationalist Party, the Communist Party, or the Japanese. While thousands of women in eastern China fled their homes for inland regions to escape Japanese occupation and the violence that came with it, women also stayed behind in occupied areas. The Nationalist government relocated several times throughout the war, from Nanjing to Wuhan, and after the fall of Wuhan, they established a wartime capital in Chongqing. Refugees who fled to Chongqing from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the east were referred to by locals as "downriver people". Many women also migrated to Yan'an, the Communist Party's headquarters during the war, and other Communist bases in northern regions of China. | 2023-12-12T07:12:23Z | 2023-12-13T19:26:25Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_China_during_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War |
75,543,256 | The Boy's Word: Blood on the Asphalt | The Boy's Word: Blood on the Asphalt (Russian: Слово пацана. Кровь на асфальте, romanized: Slovo patsana. Krov na asfalte) is a 2023 Russian crime drama television series directed by Zhora Kryzhovnikov. It is based on the novel "The boy's Word: Criminal Tatarstan 1970—2010s" by Robert Garaev about the Kazan phenomenon. The series became very popular in Russia and Ukraine.
Patsan [in russian] - man, lad, dude, fella. Not a small boy as translated directly. In the series as well as in real life often means ‘respected boy/man’. As in saying in russian ‘patsan skazal, patsan sdelal’ - ‘the man promised, the man got it done’.
In the late 1980s, when “perestroika” was taking place in the USSR and the era of the Soviet Union was about to collapse, life became unstable and very different. Not only the 1980s brought freedom, but also waves of crime onto the city streets. While some young people began to ‘grew up’ on the streets, others found it difficult to find their place in this unpredictable reality.
The main character, fourteen-year-old Andrei, lives with his mother and five-year-old sister. He studies at a music school and often encounters street teenagers who harasses him. To protect himself, Andrei makes friends with one of these teenagers, Marat. Marat helps him to immerse in the world of street life, gang life. Youth groups fight for every piece of territory; they defend their right to live the life, even breaking laws and promises. The only thing that matters to them is the vows they make to their gang members-brothers, with whom they confront the violence and fears of the adult world.
At the same time, begins the story of the relationship between Andrei and a young employee of the juvenile affairs inspectorate, Irina.
In December 2023, the scriptwriter of the series, Andrey Zolotarev, announced that the second and third seasons are already completed.
Film critic Vasily Stepanov praised the series and called it:
The author's intensity and expression are captivating; everything that makes Kryzhovnikov's cinema worth loving is present: an uninhibited camera, well-conceived crowd scenes, passionate acting (the casting here is golden).
In turn, Zinaida Pronchenko responded negatively to the TV series:
The main problem of the series is not even the dominance of props too much melted snow, peeling panel houses (inside of which one finds five-room apartments worthy of academician Keldysh), rusty zaporozhets, muskrat hats, obsessive slang, Yura Shatunov, but a complete lack of any development. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Boy's Word: Blood on the Asphalt (Russian: Слово пацана. Кровь на асфальте, romanized: Slovo patsana. Krov na asfalte) is a 2023 Russian crime drama television series directed by Zhora Kryzhovnikov. It is based on the novel \"The boy's Word: Criminal Tatarstan 1970—2010s\" by Robert Garaev about the Kazan phenomenon. The series became very popular in Russia and Ukraine.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Patsan [in russian] - man, lad, dude, fella. Not a small boy as translated directly. In the series as well as in real life often means ‘respected boy/man’. As in saying in russian ‘patsan skazal, patsan sdelal’ - ‘the man promised, the man got it done’.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the late 1980s, when “perestroika” was taking place in the USSR and the era of the Soviet Union was about to collapse, life became unstable and very different. Not only the 1980s brought freedom, but also waves of crime onto the city streets. While some young people began to ‘grew up’ on the streets, others found it difficult to find their place in this unpredictable reality.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The main character, fourteen-year-old Andrei, lives with his mother and five-year-old sister. He studies at a music school and often encounters street teenagers who harasses him. To protect himself, Andrei makes friends with one of these teenagers, Marat. Marat helps him to immerse in the world of street life, gang life. Youth groups fight for every piece of territory; they defend their right to live the life, even breaking laws and promises. The only thing that matters to them is the vows they make to their gang members-brothers, with whom they confront the violence and fears of the adult world.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "At the same time, begins the story of the relationship between Andrei and a young employee of the juvenile affairs inspectorate, Irina.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "In December 2023, the scriptwriter of the series, Andrey Zolotarev, announced that the second and third seasons are already completed.",
"title": "Seasons"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Film critic Vasily Stepanov praised the series and called it:",
"title": "Critical response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The author's intensity and expression are captivating; everything that makes Kryzhovnikov's cinema worth loving is present: an uninhibited camera, well-conceived crowd scenes, passionate acting (the casting here is golden).",
"title": "Critical response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In turn, Zinaida Pronchenko responded negatively to the TV series:",
"title": "Critical response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The main problem of the series is not even the dominance of props too much melted snow, peeling panel houses (inside of which one finds five-room apartments worthy of academician Keldysh), rusty zaporozhets, muskrat hats, obsessive slang, Yura Shatunov, but a complete lack of any development.",
"title": "Critical response"
}
] | The Boy's Word: Blood on the Asphalt is a 2023 Russian crime drama television series directed by Zhora Kryzhovnikov. It is based on the novel "The boy's Word: Criminal Tatarstan 1970—2010s" by Robert Garaev about the Kazan phenomenon. The series became very popular in Russia and Ukraine. where “The boy’s word” means something like “Man’s word”. Patsan [in russian] - man, lad, dude, fella. Not a small boy as translated directly. In the series as well as in real life often means ‘respected boy/man’. As in saying in russian ‘patsan skazal, patsan sdelal’ - ‘the man promised, the man got it done’. | 2023-12-12T07:13:59Z | 2023-12-27T18:47:48Z | [
"Template:Infobox television",
"Template:Lang-ru",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:IMDb title",
"Template:Russia-tv-prog-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy%27s_Word:_Blood_on_the_Asphalt |
75,543,261 | G4515 Chifeng–Suizhong Expressway | The G4515 Chifeng–Suizhong Expressway (Chinese: 赤峰—绥中高速公路), also referred to as the Chisui Expressway (Chinese: 赤绥高速公路), is an under construction expressway in China that connects Chifeng, Inner Mongolia to Suizhong County, Liaoning.
The expressways starts in Hongshan District, Chifeng and travels through Lingyuan, Harqin Zuoyi Mongol Autonomous County and Jianchang County before terminating in Suizhong County, Huludao. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The G4515 Chifeng–Suizhong Expressway (Chinese: 赤峰—绥中高速公路), also referred to as the Chisui Expressway (Chinese: 赤绥高速公路), is an under construction expressway in China that connects Chifeng, Inner Mongolia to Suizhong County, Liaoning.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The expressways starts in Hongshan District, Chifeng and travels through Lingyuan, Harqin Zuoyi Mongol Autonomous County and Jianchang County before terminating in Suizhong County, Huludao.",
"title": "Route"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The G4515 Chifeng–Suizhong Expressway, also referred to as the Chisui Expressway, is an under construction expressway in China that connects Chifeng, Inner Mongolia to Suizhong County, Liaoning. | 2023-12-12T07:14:34Z | 2023-12-12T12:37:01Z | [
"Template:Infobox road",
"Template:Zh",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:NTHS Expressways",
"Template:PRChina-road-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G4515_Chifeng%E2%80%93Suizhong_Expressway |
75,543,263 | Lukas Meyer | Lukas H. Meyer is a German philosopher, academic and author. He is a university professor as well as speaker of the working section Moral and Political Philosophy (in German “Praktische Philosophie”) at the University of Graz.
Meyer is most known for his works on practical philosophy, primarily focusing on legal philosophy, political philosophy, ethics and social philosophy. Among his authored works are his publications in academic journals, including Politics, Philosophy & Economics, Global Environmental Change and Nature Climate Change as well as books such as Rights, Culture, and the Law: Themes from the Legal and Political Philosophy of Joseph Raz and Rectifying Historical Injustice Debating the Supersession Thesis.
Meyer co-founded the journal Moral Philosophy and Politics (de Gruyter) and serves as the associate editor of the journal Law, Ethics and Philosophy.
Following his graduation from Uhland-Gymnasium Tübingen, Meyer pursued studies in philosophy, political science, history, and international law at Tübingen and Yale. In 1987, he obtained a Master of Arts in Philosophy from Washington University in Saint Louis, followed by a diploma in political science from the Freie Universität Berlin in 1990. Moreover, in 1996, he received his doctorate from the University of Oxford. Furthermore, focusing on the topic of "Historical Justice", he completed his habilitation in 2003 at the University of Bremen.
Meyer began his academic journey in 1990 as a research assistant at Freie Universität Berlin, where he served until 1995. Subsequently, he assumed the role of a research assistant at the University of Bremen. In the period from 2000 to 2002, he held positions at the Australian National University, at Harvard University and at Columbia University. Between 2004 and 2005, he became a lecturer in practical philosophy and political theory at the University of Keele. Following this, he held an appointment as an assistant professor of practical philosophy at the University of Bern. Since 2009, he has served as the speaker of the working section Moral and Political Philosophy and has held the position of university professor of philosophy at the University of Graz.
Upon joining the University of Graz in 2009, Meyer held various positions, including serving as the head of the Department of Philosophy from 2009 to 2013 and 2017 to 2019, vice-head of the department since 2021, vice-dean of the Faculty of Humanities from 2011 to 2013, head of the Center for Cultural Studies from 2011 to 2013, and dean of the Faculty of Humanities from 2013 to 2017. since 2019 at the same institution.
Meyer serves as the vice chairman of the Climate Change Center Austria.
Meyer, in his research, has focused on intergenerational justice, historical justice and ethics of climate change. In a book chapter that he authored in the book Rights, Culture and the Law, he defended a liberal cosmopolitan stance, asserting equal moral status for all people across time, rejecting the relevance of unique connections to future generations, and prioritizing a forward-looking perspective on history with a focus on the well-being of present and future individuals. His 2006 study argued for a global cap on greenhouse gas emissions and proposed a distribution of emission rights based on prioritarian principles, contending that people in developing countries should be granted higher emission rights than those in industrialized countries, rejecting the justification of above-average current emissions based on above-average past emissions. In addition, his book titled Intergenerational Justice investigated the philosophical aspects of intergenerational relations, exploring questions about the status of deceased and future individuals, potential harm across time periods, and the duties of justice, with practical implications for policy areas like reparations for historical injustices and responses to climate change.
In his collaborative work with Karl Steininger and others, Meyer advocated transitioning from production-based to consumption-based climate policies for industrialized nations, asserting potential gains in global cost-effectiveness and justice through factors like clean technology transfer and redirecting import tax revenues to developing economies. Furthermore, he analyzed the interplay between expectations, emissions, and justice, emphasizing the importance of considering various legitimate expectations in addressing climate change. While contributing to the book titled Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, he examined climate change from a human perspective, addressing ethics and economics, investigating the notion of dangerous interference with the climate system, and delving into justice and value considerations to offer decision-makers a holistic grasp of societal responses. Additionally, in collaboration with Christian Lininiger and others, his 2015 study explored the challenges in allocating global greenhouse gas reductions within the UN framework, highlighting discrepancies in national carbon accounting systems and advocating for reliable global data to ensure consistent calculation of multiple carbon accounts for effective climate policies. Furthermore, his collaborative work with Keith Williges and others proposed an approach to the allocation of the global carbon budget among countries for mitigating climate change, emphasizing fairness considerations such as securing basic needs, attributing historical responsibility, accounting for past emission benefits, and incorporating a qualified version of the equal-per-capita approach with limited grandfathering. Moreover, in a book that he co-edited with Pranay Sanklecha, he explored the ethical dimensions of climate change, advocating for prioritized emission rights for the developing world based on historical injustice and proposing a shift in framing financial contributions for climate change adaptation as measures rooted in global distributive justice.
While contributing to the book Loss and Damage from Climate Change, Meyer authored a book chapter, wherein he explored climate change-induced Loss and Damage, highlighting key elements such as risk management efficacy, attribution science, adaptation limits, climate insurance, and the imperative of inclusive narratives in policy discussions. He led the Doctoral Programme Climate Change (DKCC), Uncertainties, Thresholds and Coping Strategies from 2014 to 2022. His edited work titled Rectifying Historical Injustice Debating the Supersession Thesis, examined and challenged Jeremy Waldron's "supersession thesis", exploring its conceptual foundations and applications in addressing historical injustices, with a focus on real-world cases such as indigenous rights, linguistic injustice, and climate change. Moreover, he also holds the distinction of being among the first philosophers to serve as lead author for an assessment status report issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. | [
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"text": "Meyer co-founded the journal Moral Philosophy and Politics (de Gruyter) and serves as the associate editor of the journal Law, Ethics and Philosophy.",
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"text": "Following his graduation from Uhland-Gymnasium Tübingen, Meyer pursued studies in philosophy, political science, history, and international law at Tübingen and Yale. In 1987, he obtained a Master of Arts in Philosophy from Washington University in Saint Louis, followed by a diploma in political science from the Freie Universität Berlin in 1990. Moreover, in 1996, he received his doctorate from the University of Oxford. Furthermore, focusing on the topic of \"Historical Justice\", he completed his habilitation in 2003 at the University of Bremen.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Meyer began his academic journey in 1990 as a research assistant at Freie Universität Berlin, where he served until 1995. Subsequently, he assumed the role of a research assistant at the University of Bremen. In the period from 2000 to 2002, he held positions at the Australian National University, at Harvard University and at Columbia University. Between 2004 and 2005, he became a lecturer in practical philosophy and political theory at the University of Keele. Following this, he held an appointment as an assistant professor of practical philosophy at the University of Bern. Since 2009, he has served as the speaker of the working section Moral and Political Philosophy and has held the position of university professor of philosophy at the University of Graz.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Upon joining the University of Graz in 2009, Meyer held various positions, including serving as the head of the Department of Philosophy from 2009 to 2013 and 2017 to 2019, vice-head of the department since 2021, vice-dean of the Faculty of Humanities from 2011 to 2013, head of the Center for Cultural Studies from 2011 to 2013, and dean of the Faculty of Humanities from 2013 to 2017. since 2019 at the same institution.",
"title": "Career"
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{
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"text": "Meyer serves as the vice chairman of the Climate Change Center Austria.",
"title": "Career"
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"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Meyer, in his research, has focused on intergenerational justice, historical justice and ethics of climate change. In a book chapter that he authored in the book Rights, Culture and the Law, he defended a liberal cosmopolitan stance, asserting equal moral status for all people across time, rejecting the relevance of unique connections to future generations, and prioritizing a forward-looking perspective on history with a focus on the well-being of present and future individuals. His 2006 study argued for a global cap on greenhouse gas emissions and proposed a distribution of emission rights based on prioritarian principles, contending that people in developing countries should be granted higher emission rights than those in industrialized countries, rejecting the justification of above-average current emissions based on above-average past emissions. In addition, his book titled Intergenerational Justice investigated the philosophical aspects of intergenerational relations, exploring questions about the status of deceased and future individuals, potential harm across time periods, and the duties of justice, with practical implications for policy areas like reparations for historical injustices and responses to climate change.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In his collaborative work with Karl Steininger and others, Meyer advocated transitioning from production-based to consumption-based climate policies for industrialized nations, asserting potential gains in global cost-effectiveness and justice through factors like clean technology transfer and redirecting import tax revenues to developing economies. Furthermore, he analyzed the interplay between expectations, emissions, and justice, emphasizing the importance of considering various legitimate expectations in addressing climate change. While contributing to the book titled Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, he examined climate change from a human perspective, addressing ethics and economics, investigating the notion of dangerous interference with the climate system, and delving into justice and value considerations to offer decision-makers a holistic grasp of societal responses. Additionally, in collaboration with Christian Lininiger and others, his 2015 study explored the challenges in allocating global greenhouse gas reductions within the UN framework, highlighting discrepancies in national carbon accounting systems and advocating for reliable global data to ensure consistent calculation of multiple carbon accounts for effective climate policies. Furthermore, his collaborative work with Keith Williges and others proposed an approach to the allocation of the global carbon budget among countries for mitigating climate change, emphasizing fairness considerations such as securing basic needs, attributing historical responsibility, accounting for past emission benefits, and incorporating a qualified version of the equal-per-capita approach with limited grandfathering. Moreover, in a book that he co-edited with Pranay Sanklecha, he explored the ethical dimensions of climate change, advocating for prioritized emission rights for the developing world based on historical injustice and proposing a shift in framing financial contributions for climate change adaptation as measures rooted in global distributive justice.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "While contributing to the book Loss and Damage from Climate Change, Meyer authored a book chapter, wherein he explored climate change-induced Loss and Damage, highlighting key elements such as risk management efficacy, attribution science, adaptation limits, climate insurance, and the imperative of inclusive narratives in policy discussions. He led the Doctoral Programme Climate Change (DKCC), Uncertainties, Thresholds and Coping Strategies from 2014 to 2022. His edited work titled Rectifying Historical Injustice Debating the Supersession Thesis, examined and challenged Jeremy Waldron's \"supersession thesis\", exploring its conceptual foundations and applications in addressing historical injustices, with a focus on real-world cases such as indigenous rights, linguistic injustice, and climate change. Moreover, he also holds the distinction of being among the first philosophers to serve as lead author for an assessment status report issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.",
"title": "Research"
}
] | Lukas H. Meyer is a German philosopher, academic and author. He is a university professor as well as speaker of the working section Moral and Political Philosophy at the University of Graz. Meyer is most known for his works on practical philosophy, primarily focusing on legal philosophy, political philosophy, ethics and social philosophy. Among his authored works are his publications in academic journals, including Politics, Philosophy & Economics, Global Environmental Change and Nature Climate Change as well as books such as Rights, Culture, and the Law: Themes from the Legal and Political Philosophy of Joseph Raz and Rectifying Historical Injustice Debating the Supersession Thesis. Meyer co-founded the journal Moral Philosophy and Politics and serves as the associate editor of the journal Law, Ethics and Philosophy. | 2023-12-12T07:14:56Z | 2023-12-22T20:13:39Z | [
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75,543,264 | Cow Hugging Therapy | Cow Hugging Therapy is a Therapy in which people Hug Cows for healing. it has a mental health benefits.
Cow Hugging Therapy was originate from india | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Cow Hugging Therapy is a Therapy in which people Hug Cows for healing. it has a mental health benefits.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Cow Hugging Therapy was originate from india",
"title": "Origins"
}
] | Cow Hugging Therapy is a Therapy in which people Hug Cows for healing. it has a mental health benefits. | 2023-12-12T07:15:08Z | 2023-12-12T19:19:15Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow_Hugging_Therapy |
75,543,271 | 2007 Northwestern State Demons football team | The 2007 Northwestern State Demons football team represented Northwestern State University as a member of the Southland Conference during the 2007 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by sixth-year head coach Scott Stoker, the Demons compiled an overall record of 4–7 with a mark of 3–4 in conference play, tying for fourth place in the Southland. Northwestern State played home games at Harry Turpin Stadium in Natchitoches, Louisiana. | [
{
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"text": "The 2007 Northwestern State Demons football team represented Northwestern State University as a member of the Southland Conference during the 2007 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by sixth-year head coach Scott Stoker, the Demons compiled an overall record of 4–7 with a mark of 3–4 in conference play, tying for fourth place in the Southland. Northwestern State played home games at Harry Turpin Stadium in Natchitoches, Louisiana.",
"title": ""
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] | The 2007 Northwestern State Demons football team represented Northwestern State University as a member of the Southland Conference during the 2007 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by sixth-year head coach Scott Stoker, the Demons compiled an overall record of 4–7 with a mark of 3–4 in conference play, tying for fourth place in the Southland. Northwestern State played home games at Harry Turpin Stadium in Natchitoches, Louisiana. | 2023-12-12T07:17:04Z | 2023-12-21T05:20:36Z | [
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75,543,280 | Al-Qaed Ibrahim Mosque | Al-Qaed Ibrahim Mosque (Arabic: مسجد القائد إبراهيم, romanized: Masjid ālqāed Ibrāhym) or the Commander Ibrahim Mosque in English, is one of the most famous mosques built in Alexandria in the Raml Station area, in Egypt. The mosque is famous for its tall, graceful minaret and also attracts worshipers from all neighborhoods of Alexandria, especially in the month of Ramadan, because the mosque is considered one of the most famous mosques, if not the most famous at all, for performing Tarawih and Tahajjud prayers in the month of Ramadan in the city. Worshipers come from many areas of the city, the number of worshipers in Ramadan, especially in the last ten days, reaches thousands, and worshipers gather around the mosque to pray as well. Traffic is disrupted in neighbouring steets and some streets are closed due to the large number of worshipers, especially in the last ten days of the month of Ramadan.
Its construction dates back to 1948, and it was designed by an Italian architect residing in Egypt named Mario Rossi.. The mosque was erected on the centenary of the death of Commander Ibrahim Pasha bin Muhammad Ali Pasha, the former Wali of Egypt and the founder of the modern Egyptian military.
The Commander Ibrahim mosque has selected decorations from different eras. It has a graceful, high minaret, which is also distinguished from other minarets by the presence of a clock in it. Next to the mosque is an event hall belonging to the mosque. The mosque blends the traditions of Mamluk architecture with some famous elements of Andalusian architecture.
The mosque overlooks the Alexandria Corniche and the headquarters of the Alexandria Regional Center for Women's Health and Development (formerly The Suzanne Mubarak Regional Centre for Women's Health and Development, in recognition of her work on behalf of women in Egypt.), which was previously the headquarters of the UNICEF Regional Center, and a garden called the Khaldeen Garden, in addition to the famous Raml Station Square and the Faculty of Medicine at Alexandria University. | [
{
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"text": "Al-Qaed Ibrahim Mosque (Arabic: مسجد القائد إبراهيم, romanized: Masjid ālqāed Ibrāhym) or the Commander Ibrahim Mosque in English, is one of the most famous mosques built in Alexandria in the Raml Station area, in Egypt. The mosque is famous for its tall, graceful minaret and also attracts worshipers from all neighborhoods of Alexandria, especially in the month of Ramadan, because the mosque is considered one of the most famous mosques, if not the most famous at all, for performing Tarawih and Tahajjud prayers in the month of Ramadan in the city. Worshipers come from many areas of the city, the number of worshipers in Ramadan, especially in the last ten days, reaches thousands, and worshipers gather around the mosque to pray as well. Traffic is disrupted in neighbouring steets and some streets are closed due to the large number of worshipers, especially in the last ten days of the month of Ramadan.",
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"text": "Its construction dates back to 1948, and it was designed by an Italian architect residing in Egypt named Mario Rossi.. The mosque was erected on the centenary of the death of Commander Ibrahim Pasha bin Muhammad Ali Pasha, the former Wali of Egypt and the founder of the modern Egyptian military.",
"title": "History"
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"text": "The Commander Ibrahim mosque has selected decorations from different eras. It has a graceful, high minaret, which is also distinguished from other minarets by the presence of a clock in it. Next to the mosque is an event hall belonging to the mosque. The mosque blends the traditions of Mamluk architecture with some famous elements of Andalusian architecture.",
"title": "Architecture"
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"text": "The mosque overlooks the Alexandria Corniche and the headquarters of the Alexandria Regional Center for Women's Health and Development (formerly The Suzanne Mubarak Regional Centre for Women's Health and Development, in recognition of her work on behalf of women in Egypt.), which was previously the headquarters of the UNICEF Regional Center, and a garden called the Khaldeen Garden, in addition to the famous Raml Station Square and the Faculty of Medicine at Alexandria University.",
"title": "Location"
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] | Al-Qaed Ibrahim Mosque or the Commander Ibrahim Mosque in English, is one of the most famous mosques built in Alexandria in the Raml Station area, in Egypt. The mosque is famous for its tall, graceful minaret and also attracts worshipers from all neighborhoods of Alexandria, especially in the month of Ramadan, because the mosque is considered one of the most famous mosques, if not the most famous at all, for performing Tarawih and Tahajjud prayers in the month of Ramadan in the city. Worshipers come from many areas of the city, the number of worshipers in Ramadan, especially in the last ten days, reaches thousands, and worshipers gather around the mosque to pray as well. Traffic is disrupted in neighbouring steets and some streets are closed due to the large number of worshipers, especially in the last ten days of the month of Ramadan. | 2023-12-12T07:19:48Z | 2023-12-28T02:56:03Z | [
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75,543,281 | Ghuduwala (disambiguation) | Ghuduwala may also refer to: | [
{
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] | Ghuduwala may also refer to: | 2023-12-12T07:20:06Z | 2023-12-12T09:45:14Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghuduwala_(disambiguation) |
75,543,293 | 2024 Israeli Labor Party leadership election | The 2024 Israeli Labor Party leadership election is scheduled to be held in April 2024 to elect a successor to Merav Michaeli as leader of the Israeli Labor Party.
Merav Michaeli was first elected leader of the Israeli Labor Party in the party's 2021 leadership election. Prior to her election as the party's leader, opinion polling for the 2021 Knesset election had the party falling below the electoral threshold. However, the party's support in polling recovered after her election as its leader, and the party won seven seats in the 2021 Knesset election. Michaeli was handily reelection as party leader in 2022, becoming the Israeli Labor Party leader in to win two consecutive leadership elections since 1984, and the only one to do it after the party first opened participation in leadership elections to all party members in 1992.
Labor won four seats in the 2022 Knesset election (the minimum number of Knesset seats than an individual electoral bloc could receive if they exceeded the electoral threshold). Michaeli faced heavy criticism for her decision not to partner Labor in the election with the left-wing Meretz party, especially after the election's results came-in. Meretz won no seats due to falling narrowly below the electoral threshold. Meretz' failure to win seats helped Likud and hard-right ally parties win enough seats to form a right-wing governing majority. The Israeli Labor Party soon fellow below the electoral threshold in opinion polling for the next Israeli legislative election.
On December 7, 2023, Michaeli announced her intentions to relinquish her position as party leader. She also declared her intention to retire from politics after the end of the current Knesset. As a result, the party will hold an early leadership election in April 2024.
Soon after Michaeli announced her plan to step down, Meretz chairman Tomer Reznik proposed that Labor hold its primaries jointly with Meretz. | [
{
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"text": "The 2024 Israeli Labor Party leadership election is scheduled to be held in April 2024 to elect a successor to Merav Michaeli as leader of the Israeli Labor Party.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Merav Michaeli was first elected leader of the Israeli Labor Party in the party's 2021 leadership election. Prior to her election as the party's leader, opinion polling for the 2021 Knesset election had the party falling below the electoral threshold. However, the party's support in polling recovered after her election as its leader, and the party won seven seats in the 2021 Knesset election. Michaeli was handily reelection as party leader in 2022, becoming the Israeli Labor Party leader in to win two consecutive leadership elections since 1984, and the only one to do it after the party first opened participation in leadership elections to all party members in 1992.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Labor won four seats in the 2022 Knesset election (the minimum number of Knesset seats than an individual electoral bloc could receive if they exceeded the electoral threshold). Michaeli faced heavy criticism for her decision not to partner Labor in the election with the left-wing Meretz party, especially after the election's results came-in. Meretz won no seats due to falling narrowly below the electoral threshold. Meretz' failure to win seats helped Likud and hard-right ally parties win enough seats to form a right-wing governing majority. The Israeli Labor Party soon fellow below the electoral threshold in opinion polling for the next Israeli legislative election.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
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"text": "On December 7, 2023, Michaeli announced her intentions to relinquish her position as party leader. She also declared her intention to retire from politics after the end of the current Knesset. As a result, the party will hold an early leadership election in April 2024.",
"title": "Background"
},
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"text": "Soon after Michaeli announced her plan to step down, Meretz chairman Tomer Reznik proposed that Labor hold its primaries jointly with Meretz.",
"title": "Background"
}
] | The 2024 Israeli Labor Party leadership election is scheduled to be held in April 2024 to elect a successor to Merav Michaeli as leader of the Israeli Labor Party. | 2023-12-12T07:22:20Z | 2023-12-15T20:35:37Z | [
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75,543,313 | Sophie Lefebvre | Sophie Lefebvre is a Canadian costume designer, most noted as a two-time Jutra/Iris winner for Best Costume Design. | [
{
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"text": "Sophie Lefebvre is a Canadian costume designer, most noted as a two-time Jutra/Iris winner for Best Costume Design.",
"title": ""
}
] | Sophie Lefebvre is a Canadian costume designer, most noted as a two-time Jutra/Iris winner for Best Costume Design. | 2023-12-12T07:27:59Z | 2023-12-12T07:56:17Z | [
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75,543,332 | De Negotie | De Negotie often shortly written as Negotie was a 1784 built ship of the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie; VOC).
Built in the Netherlands in 1784, it went to Asia were it served for several years for intra-Asia shipping. She went back to the Netherlands in 1789. In November 1790, three days after departing for her travel to Asia she wrecked near Texel, the Netherlands. 43 of the 59 crew members were killed; 16 were rescued. The ship had as cargo a lot of money. There was disagreement who was allowed to salvage the cargo. Only 57,500 guilders of the almost 246,000 guilders was salvaged. It is assumed a lot of money has been taken by illegal salvagers and beachcombers.
Negotie was a ship built for the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1784 in the Amsterdam shipyards of the Dutch East India Company. It was one of the eight ships that the VOC purchased to compensate for the shortage of ships that the company was experiencing.
Three months after purchase the ship left the Netherlands for its travel Asia. She stayed there for three years and was used for intra-Asian shipping. In 1789 she traveled back to the Netherlands where she arrived safely at Texel, the Netherlands on 26 June 1790.
In October 1790 it was decided to use the ship again for a voyage to Asia. The ship was loaded with a large amount of money: 23 barrels with bags of copper coins, fourteen chests of silver ducats and a chest with nine bars of gold, with a total value of 245,919 guilders.
0n 23 November 1790 she departed for her travel to Asia to Ceylon (one source stating Batavia) under the command of captain captain Herm. Driesman. The ship left with 59 people on board. Three days after departure, during the night of 26–27 between 00:00am and 02:00pm (local time) the ship wrecked near De Koog, Texel. Only 16 crew members were rescued, being boatswain P. van Daalen, “barrel man” (in Dutch: kuiper), corporal and thirteen sailors. The other 43 people drowned. The wounded were nursed by a surgeon. VOC commissioner Hendrik van der Merct and acting commander Arie Kikkert, took care of the rescued people and ensured that they were given shelter in De Koog.
On 4 and 5 December the sixteen rescued people returned to Amsterdam. They had lost all their personal belongings. Normally the ship was considered collateral for wages, but because the ship stranded they were no longer entitled to financial compensation. However, there was taken care of the men. The directors decided to pay the men three guilders per week for compensation, as long as they had no other job.
The ship was shattered and cargo washes ashore. The ship foundered on the beach. No bodies were found among the wreckage. Director Van der Goes assumed that they had ended up under the sand.
VOC made various contracts with salvagers and divers, in an attempt to recover most of the money. In the years 1790-1794, mainly goods were found. When the last salvage attempt by Mr Kikkert was abandoned in 1800, the total salvaged was around 57,500 guilders (of the almost 246,000 guilders). More money will most likely have been recovered by illegal salvagers and beachcombers.
The boatswain made notes of the goods that were washed ashore. However, he was removed from the beach by the bailiff of Texel, even though the boatswain was acting on behalf of the rightful owner of the cargo. The sheriff Jacobus Valk did not recognize Van Daalen's authority. In most cases the sheriff has the right to salvage a wrecked ship, but because people from the VOC were present (the rightful owner of the goods) this was not the case. On 29 November the issue was discussed at the Amsterdam Chamber. Various residents from Texel were heard, and the boatswain about the disaster and also the problems surrounding the responsibility of salvage. It was decided to leave the salvage of ship and cargo to the Committed Councils of the Noorderkwartier. In addition, director Frank van der Goes, had to look after the VOC interests on Texel.
VOC representatives Kikkert and Van der Merct appointed guards to protect the beach, as beachcombers would already captured some cargo. However, sheriff Valk sent the men away as he didn’t recognizes their authority. Van der Goes tried to talk to Valk, but he was always unavailable. On 2 December the directors of the VOC discussed the issue about the sheriff. It was decided to contact lawyer S.C. Nederburgh to write a letter that ended the dispute between Valk and the VOC representatives. They also instructed Van der Goes to sell all unusable goods immediately. | [
{
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"text": "De Negotie often shortly written as Negotie was a 1784 built ship of the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie; VOC).",
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},
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"text": "Built in the Netherlands in 1784, it went to Asia were it served for several years for intra-Asia shipping. She went back to the Netherlands in 1789. In November 1790, three days after departing for her travel to Asia she wrecked near Texel, the Netherlands. 43 of the 59 crew members were killed; 16 were rescued. The ship had as cargo a lot of money. There was disagreement who was allowed to salvage the cargo. Only 57,500 guilders of the almost 246,000 guilders was salvaged. It is assumed a lot of money has been taken by illegal salvagers and beachcombers.",
"title": ""
},
{
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"text": "Negotie was a ship built for the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1784 in the Amsterdam shipyards of the Dutch East India Company. It was one of the eight ships that the VOC purchased to compensate for the shortage of ships that the company was experiencing.",
"title": "Construction"
},
{
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"text": "Three months after purchase the ship left the Netherlands for its travel Asia. She stayed there for three years and was used for intra-Asian shipping. In 1789 she traveled back to the Netherlands where she arrived safely at Texel, the Netherlands on 26 June 1790.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In October 1790 it was decided to use the ship again for a voyage to Asia. The ship was loaded with a large amount of money: 23 barrels with bags of copper coins, fourteen chests of silver ducats and a chest with nine bars of gold, with a total value of 245,919 guilders.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "0n 23 November 1790 she departed for her travel to Asia to Ceylon (one source stating Batavia) under the command of captain captain Herm. Driesman. The ship left with 59 people on board. Three days after departure, during the night of 26–27 between 00:00am and 02:00pm (local time) the ship wrecked near De Koog, Texel. Only 16 crew members were rescued, being boatswain P. van Daalen, “barrel man” (in Dutch: kuiper), corporal and thirteen sailors. The other 43 people drowned. The wounded were nursed by a surgeon. VOC commissioner Hendrik van der Merct and acting commander Arie Kikkert, took care of the rescued people and ensured that they were given shelter in De Koog.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 4 and 5 December the sixteen rescued people returned to Amsterdam. They had lost all their personal belongings. Normally the ship was considered collateral for wages, but because the ship stranded they were no longer entitled to financial compensation. However, there was taken care of the men. The directors decided to pay the men three guilders per week for compensation, as long as they had no other job.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The ship was shattered and cargo washes ashore. The ship foundered on the beach. No bodies were found among the wreckage. Director Van der Goes assumed that they had ended up under the sand.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "VOC made various contracts with salvagers and divers, in an attempt to recover most of the money. In the years 1790-1794, mainly goods were found. When the last salvage attempt by Mr Kikkert was abandoned in 1800, the total salvaged was around 57,500 guilders (of the almost 246,000 guilders). More money will most likely have been recovered by illegal salvagers and beachcombers.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "The boatswain made notes of the goods that were washed ashore. However, he was removed from the beach by the bailiff of Texel, even though the boatswain was acting on behalf of the rightful owner of the cargo. The sheriff Jacobus Valk did not recognize Van Daalen's authority. In most cases the sheriff has the right to salvage a wrecked ship, but because people from the VOC were present (the rightful owner of the goods) this was not the case. On 29 November the issue was discussed at the Amsterdam Chamber. Various residents from Texel were heard, and the boatswain about the disaster and also the problems surrounding the responsibility of salvage. It was decided to leave the salvage of ship and cargo to the Committed Councils of the Noorderkwartier. In addition, director Frank van der Goes, had to look after the VOC interests on Texel.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "VOC representatives Kikkert and Van der Merct appointed guards to protect the beach, as beachcombers would already captured some cargo. However, sheriff Valk sent the men away as he didn’t recognizes their authority. Van der Goes tried to talk to Valk, but he was always unavailable. On 2 December the directors of the VOC discussed the issue about the sheriff. It was decided to contact lawyer S.C. Nederburgh to write a letter that ended the dispute between Valk and the VOC representatives. They also instructed Van der Goes to sell all unusable goods immediately.",
"title": "History"
}
] | De Negotie often shortly written as Negotie was a 1784 built ship of the Dutch East India Company. Built in the Netherlands in 1784, it went to Asia were it served for several years for intra-Asia shipping. She went back to the Netherlands in 1789. In November 1790, three days after departing for her travel to Asia she wrecked near Texel, the Netherlands. 43 of the 59 crew members were killed; 16 were rescued. The ship had as cargo a lot of money. There was disagreement who was allowed to salvage the cargo. Only 57,500 guilders of the almost 246,000 guilders was salvaged. It is assumed a lot of money has been taken by illegal salvagers and beachcombers. | 2023-12-12T07:33:14Z | 2023-12-24T08:57:46Z | [
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"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Use dmy dates",
"Template:Infobox ship begin"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Negotie |
75,543,365 | Joel Heinen | Joel Thomas Heinen is an American environmentalist, academic, and author. He is a professor in the Department of Earth and Environment at Florida International University (FIU).
Heinen's primary research areas center on biodiversity conservation policy and biological resources management strategies. He has served on the Interdisciplinary Committee of the World Cultural Council for many years.
Heinen was born in Buffalo NY on March 9, 1958. He received his BS from the University of Michigan in 1979, MS from Virginia Tech in 1982, MS from Ohio State in 1984, and PhD from Michigan's School of Natural Resources and Environment (now School of Environment and Sustainability) in 1992. As a graduate student at Michigan, he was awarded the 1990 Tropical Biology Fellowship to pursue an Organization for Tropical Studies course in Costa Rica and a Rackham Predoctoral Fellowship for the 1991 to 1992 academic year. His degrees have spanned studies in natural resources policy and management and remote sensing to vertebrate ecology, animal behavior, and evolution.
Heinen served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Nepal from 1984 to 1988 where he was a lecturer at the Institute of Forestry in Hetauda and Pokhara and Researcher with the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve where he conducted studies on Asian wild buffalo and wildlife-human conflicts. He is a long-time member of IUCN’s Species Survival Commission and previously served on the United States National Ramsar Committee. While he was a graduate student at Michigan, he developed research on human behavioral ecology applied to solving environmental conservation issues with his PhD advisor (Bobbi S. Low), and he has conducted many studies over the years on awareness and attitudes of local people toward wildlife and protected areas, as well as on conservation policy implementation at national and subnational levels.
Heinen was awarded two Fulbright Senior Scholarships: the first at the International University of Kyrgyzstan from 1999 to 2000 and the second to Makerere University, Uganda from 2021 to 2022. He was also conferred a Visiting Fellowship in Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation from the East-West Center, Honolulu in 2000. Since 1993, he has been on the faculty of Florida International University (FIU), where he was promoted to Professor in 2008.
Heinen's primary research areas center around biodiversity conservation policy and biological resources management strategies. His analysis revealed that Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, crucial for biodiversity, faces local resistance due to factors such as caste, literacy rate, and societal factors. He investigated the impact of conservation models in Nepal as well, revealing enhanced attitudes with social and economic interventions around protected areas. His study on Nepal's Community-based Conservation (CBC) impact showed positive changes in conservation attitudes, influenced by training, tourism, wildlife concerns, ethnicity, gender, and education, indicating the approach's potential to shape favorable attitudes. He also examined the progression of Nepal's conservation areas by delving into the 1996 Conservation Area Management Regulations, shedding light on concerns regarding power dynamics with proposed solutions including improved cross-sectoral coordination within the government.
Heinen conducted research in the Western Terai of Nepal, studying Shorea robusta forests and identifying factors influencing their distinct community types based on historical disturbances. Furthermore, he compared herpetofauna in three forest stands at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, highlighting how recent disturbed sites exhibit greater abundance and biomass but lower evenness, richness, and diversity compared to less recently disturbed sites.
Heinen wrote the 2018 satirical book Say What? Irreverent Essays of a Bemused Atheist, which explored the diverse and contradictory nature of religions, delving into beliefs, sects, and historical developments, drawing parallels between religion and global suffering. Manuel Gutierrez, in an article for AFV News, wrote that the author "indiscriminately tears apart theistic epistemologies to the point beyond resurrection and reduces them to the farce that they truly are." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Joel Thomas Heinen is an American environmentalist, academic, and author. He is a professor in the Department of Earth and Environment at Florida International University (FIU).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Heinen's primary research areas center on biodiversity conservation policy and biological resources management strategies. He has served on the Interdisciplinary Committee of the World Cultural Council for many years.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Heinen was born in Buffalo NY on March 9, 1958. He received his BS from the University of Michigan in 1979, MS from Virginia Tech in 1982, MS from Ohio State in 1984, and PhD from Michigan's School of Natural Resources and Environment (now School of Environment and Sustainability) in 1992. As a graduate student at Michigan, he was awarded the 1990 Tropical Biology Fellowship to pursue an Organization for Tropical Studies course in Costa Rica and a Rackham Predoctoral Fellowship for the 1991 to 1992 academic year. His degrees have spanned studies in natural resources policy and management and remote sensing to vertebrate ecology, animal behavior, and evolution.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Heinen served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in Nepal from 1984 to 1988 where he was a lecturer at the Institute of Forestry in Hetauda and Pokhara and Researcher with the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve where he conducted studies on Asian wild buffalo and wildlife-human conflicts. He is a long-time member of IUCN’s Species Survival Commission and previously served on the United States National Ramsar Committee. While he was a graduate student at Michigan, he developed research on human behavioral ecology applied to solving environmental conservation issues with his PhD advisor (Bobbi S. Low), and he has conducted many studies over the years on awareness and attitudes of local people toward wildlife and protected areas, as well as on conservation policy implementation at national and subnational levels.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Heinen was awarded two Fulbright Senior Scholarships: the first at the International University of Kyrgyzstan from 1999 to 2000 and the second to Makerere University, Uganda from 2021 to 2022. He was also conferred a Visiting Fellowship in Asia-Pacific Regional Cooperation from the East-West Center, Honolulu in 2000. Since 1993, he has been on the faculty of Florida International University (FIU), where he was promoted to Professor in 2008.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Heinen's primary research areas center around biodiversity conservation policy and biological resources management strategies. His analysis revealed that Kosi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, crucial for biodiversity, faces local resistance due to factors such as caste, literacy rate, and societal factors. He investigated the impact of conservation models in Nepal as well, revealing enhanced attitudes with social and economic interventions around protected areas. His study on Nepal's Community-based Conservation (CBC) impact showed positive changes in conservation attitudes, influenced by training, tourism, wildlife concerns, ethnicity, gender, and education, indicating the approach's potential to shape favorable attitudes. He also examined the progression of Nepal's conservation areas by delving into the 1996 Conservation Area Management Regulations, shedding light on concerns regarding power dynamics with proposed solutions including improved cross-sectoral coordination within the government.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Heinen conducted research in the Western Terai of Nepal, studying Shorea robusta forests and identifying factors influencing their distinct community types based on historical disturbances. Furthermore, he compared herpetofauna in three forest stands at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, highlighting how recent disturbed sites exhibit greater abundance and biomass but lower evenness, richness, and diversity compared to less recently disturbed sites.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Heinen wrote the 2018 satirical book Say What? Irreverent Essays of a Bemused Atheist, which explored the diverse and contradictory nature of religions, delving into beliefs, sects, and historical developments, drawing parallels between religion and global suffering. Manuel Gutierrez, in an article for AFV News, wrote that the author \"indiscriminately tears apart theistic epistemologies to the point beyond resurrection and reduces them to the farce that they truly are.\"",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Joel Thomas Heinen is an American environmentalist, academic, and author. He is a professor in the Department of Earth and Environment at Florida International University (FIU). Heinen's primary research areas center on biodiversity conservation policy and biological resources management strategies. He has served on the Interdisciplinary Committee of the World Cultural Council for many years. | 2023-12-12T07:38:19Z | 2023-12-13T09:42:01Z | [
"Template:Infobox academic",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Heinen |
75,543,391 | Skurup Solar PV Park | The Skurup Solar PV Park is a photovoltaic power station in Skurup, Skåne County, Sweden. It is the largest photovoltaic power station in Sweden.
The construction of the power station started in 2020 and completed in 2023.
The power station has an installed capacity of 18 MW and an annual generation of 19 GWh. It is currently the largest photovoltaic power station in Sweden. It consists of 35,000 PV modules. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Skurup Solar PV Park is a photovoltaic power station in Skurup, Skåne County, Sweden. It is the largest photovoltaic power station in Sweden.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The construction of the power station started in 2020 and completed in 2023.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The power station has an installed capacity of 18 MW and an annual generation of 19 GWh. It is currently the largest photovoltaic power station in Sweden. It consists of 35,000 PV modules.",
"title": "Technical specifications"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | The Skurup Solar PV Park is a photovoltaic power station in Skurup, Skåne County, Sweden. It is the largest photovoltaic power station in Sweden. | 2023-12-12T07:43:50Z | 2023-12-25T13:32:33Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skurup_Solar_PV_Park |
75,543,427 | Mama Vee | Mama Vee (born 1999) whose real name is Admire Mushambi is a Zimbabwean comedian and social media personality born in Marange, Mutare in Manicaland province. He is a Bocha (a Manyika subgroup). He is twenty-four years old at the time of writing. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mama Vee (born 1999) whose real name is Admire Mushambi is a Zimbabwean comedian and social media personality born in Marange, Mutare in Manicaland province. He is a Bocha (a Manyika subgroup). He is twenty-four years old at the time of writing.",
"title": ""
}
] | Mama Vee whose real name is Admire Mushambi is a Zimbabwean comedian and social media personality born in Marange, Mutare in Manicaland province. He is a Bocha. He is twenty-four years old at the time of writing. | 2023-12-12T07:50:06Z | 2023-12-12T14:41:22Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Vee |
75,543,482 | Aashisha Chakraborty | Aashisha Chakraborty is an Indian author and management professional. She received the PM-YUVA from the Ministry of Education and Write India awards, and is the author of a bestseller, Misadventures of a Salesgirl.
Aashisha Chakraborty was born to Shila and Utpal Chakraborty in New Delhi, India. She attended Summer Fields School, Kailash Colony, New Delhi. Aashisha obtained her bachelor's degree in computer engineering from Jamia Milia Islamia, and her master's degree in business administration from the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi.
Chakraborty debuted as an author with her bestselling novel called Mis(s)adventures of a Salesgirl, published by Rupa Publications. The book was loosely based on her experiences as a sales manager. Her second book is a work of historical fiction with the National Book Trust, titled The 13-year-old Queen and Her Inherited Destiny. The YUVA authors who had their books published by NBT were congratulated by Shashi Tharoor, and was launched at the World Book Fair by Nobel Laureate, Annie Ernaux and exhibited at the book fairs in Seoul, London, and Abu Dhabi. She has also contributed to anthologies by Readomania, Women's Web, and InsideIIM. She was also one of the winners of Kaafiya, the Delhi Poetry Festival.
Chakraborty was one of 75 recipients of the PM-YUVA Fellowship from the Ministry of Education, Government of India in 2021. She was the winner of The Times of India Write India Season 2, having been ranked first by Shobhaa De, and 6 each by Manu Joseph and Twinkle Khanna, in 2018. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Aashisha Chakraborty is an Indian author and management professional. She received the PM-YUVA from the Ministry of Education and Write India awards, and is the author of a bestseller, Misadventures of a Salesgirl.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Aashisha Chakraborty was born to Shila and Utpal Chakraborty in New Delhi, India. She attended Summer Fields School, Kailash Colony, New Delhi. Aashisha obtained her bachelor's degree in computer engineering from Jamia Milia Islamia, and her master's degree in business administration from the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, New Delhi.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Chakraborty debuted as an author with her bestselling novel called Mis(s)adventures of a Salesgirl, published by Rupa Publications. The book was loosely based on her experiences as a sales manager. Her second book is a work of historical fiction with the National Book Trust, titled The 13-year-old Queen and Her Inherited Destiny. The YUVA authors who had their books published by NBT were congratulated by Shashi Tharoor, and was launched at the World Book Fair by Nobel Laureate, Annie Ernaux and exhibited at the book fairs in Seoul, London, and Abu Dhabi. She has also contributed to anthologies by Readomania, Women's Web, and InsideIIM. She was also one of the winners of Kaafiya, the Delhi Poetry Festival.",
"title": "Author"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Chakraborty was one of 75 recipients of the PM-YUVA Fellowship from the Ministry of Education, Government of India in 2021. She was the winner of The Times of India Write India Season 2, having been ranked first by Shobhaa De, and 6 each by Manu Joseph and Twinkle Khanna, in 2018.",
"title": "Awards"
}
] | Aashisha Chakraborty is an Indian author and management professional. She received the PM-YUVA from the Ministry of Education and Write India awards, and is the author of a bestseller, Misadventures of a Salesgirl. | 2023-12-12T08:02:10Z | 2023-12-31T23:20:48Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aashisha_Chakraborty |
75,543,485 | Party whip (New Zealand) | In the New Zealand Parliament, political parties appoint party whips to ensure party discipline, attendance, help manage legislative business and carry out a variety of other functions on behalf of the party leadership. A whip is also an administrative role which prepares the lists of party members from their party to or speak in debates and ask oral questions of ministers in the house.
In New Zealand, the concept of a whip was inherited from British parliamentary politics. All political parties that have four or more members in Parliament have at least one party whip. Parties with 25 to 44 members are allowed two whips (one senior and one junior), and parties with 45 or more members are entitled to three whips (one senior and two junior). Only four parties (Liberal, Reform, Labour and National) have ever had a second whip.
Whips act in an administrative role, making sure members of their party are in the debating chamber when required and organising members of their party to speak during debates. Since the introduction of proportional representation in 1996, divisions that require all members in the chamber to vote by taking sides (termed a personal vote) are rarely used, except for conscience votes. Instead, one of the party's whips votes on behalf of all the members of their party, by declaring how many members are in favour and/or how many members are opposed. They also cast proxy votes for single-member parties whose member is not in the chamber at the time of the vote, and also cast proxy votes during personal votes for absent members of their parties and for absent members of associated single-member parties.
Some parties use an alternative title than whip, though the role is identical in all but name. The Alliance used the term "parliamentary coordinator" rather than whip. The Green Party uses the term 'musterer' rather than whip. Since 2020 Te Pāti Māori have referred to their whip as a Mataura.
The Labour Party is one of the parties that has qualified for second whip, known as a junior whip.
The National Party is one of the parties that has qualified for second whip, known as a junior whip.
The Liberal Party is one of the parties that has qualified for second whip, known as a junior whip.
The Reform Party is one of the parties that has qualified for second whip, known as a junior whip. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "In the New Zealand Parliament, political parties appoint party whips to ensure party discipline, attendance, help manage legislative business and carry out a variety of other functions on behalf of the party leadership. A whip is also an administrative role which prepares the lists of party members from their party to or speak in debates and ask oral questions of ministers in the house.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In New Zealand, the concept of a whip was inherited from British parliamentary politics. All political parties that have four or more members in Parliament have at least one party whip. Parties with 25 to 44 members are allowed two whips (one senior and one junior), and parties with 45 or more members are entitled to three whips (one senior and two junior). Only four parties (Liberal, Reform, Labour and National) have ever had a second whip.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Whips act in an administrative role, making sure members of their party are in the debating chamber when required and organising members of their party to speak during debates. Since the introduction of proportional representation in 1996, divisions that require all members in the chamber to vote by taking sides (termed a personal vote) are rarely used, except for conscience votes. Instead, one of the party's whips votes on behalf of all the members of their party, by declaring how many members are in favour and/or how many members are opposed. They also cast proxy votes for single-member parties whose member is not in the chamber at the time of the vote, and also cast proxy votes during personal votes for absent members of their parties and for absent members of associated single-member parties.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Some parties use an alternative title than whip, though the role is identical in all but name. The Alliance used the term \"parliamentary coordinator\" rather than whip. The Green Party uses the term 'musterer' rather than whip. Since 2020 Te Pāti Māori have referred to their whip as a Mataura.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Labour Party is one of the parties that has qualified for second whip, known as a junior whip.",
"title": "List of whips"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The National Party is one of the parties that has qualified for second whip, known as a junior whip.",
"title": "List of whips"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The Liberal Party is one of the parties that has qualified for second whip, known as a junior whip.",
"title": "List of whips"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The Reform Party is one of the parties that has qualified for second whip, known as a junior whip.",
"title": "List of whips"
}
] | In the New Zealand Parliament, political parties appoint party whips to ensure party discipline, attendance, help manage legislative business and carry out a variety of other functions on behalf of the party leadership. A whip is also an administrative role which prepares the lists of party members from their party to or speak in debates and ask oral questions of ministers in the house. | 2023-12-12T08:03:08Z | 2023-12-12T08:03:08Z | [
"Template:Cite book",
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"Template:Main",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_whip_(New_Zealand) |
75,543,496 | Richmond United | Richmond United F.C. is a women's professional soccer club based in De Aar, Northern Cape. The team competes in the SAFA Women's League, the top tier women's football league in South Africa.
They were founded in 2013 by Amichad Amsterdam.
In 2018, they won the Northern Cape Sasol league. They participated in the Sasol League National Championship were they finished last overall (9th place).
In 2020, they were granted entry to the inaugural SAFA Women's League. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Richmond United F.C. is a women's professional soccer club based in De Aar, Northern Cape. The team competes in the SAFA Women's League, the top tier women's football league in South Africa.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "They were founded in 2013 by Amichad Amsterdam.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In 2018, they won the Northern Cape Sasol league. They participated in the Sasol League National Championship were they finished last overall (9th place).",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2020, they were granted entry to the inaugural SAFA Women's League.",
"title": "History"
}
] | Richmond United F.C. is a women's professional soccer club based in De Aar, Northern Cape. The team competes in the SAFA Women's League, the top tier women's football league in South Africa. | 2023-12-12T08:04:56Z | 2023-12-28T10:52:17Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox football club",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Uncategorized"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_United |
75,543,510 | First Touch (football club) | First Touch F.C., also First Touch Academy, is a women's professional soccer club based in Polokwane, Limpopo. The team competes in the SAFA Women's League, the top tier women's football league in South Africa.
Founded in 2018 by Rulani Mathebula, they won the 2018 Limpopo Sasol League in their maiden season. They participated in the 2018 Sasol League National Championship were they finished fourth. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "First Touch F.C., also First Touch Academy, is a women's professional soccer club based in Polokwane, Limpopo. The team competes in the SAFA Women's League, the top tier women's football league in South Africa.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Founded in 2018 by Rulani Mathebula, they won the 2018 Limpopo Sasol League in their maiden season. They participated in the 2018 Sasol League National Championship were they finished fourth.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | First Touch F.C., also First Touch Academy, is a women's professional soccer club based in Polokwane, Limpopo. The team competes in the SAFA Women's League, the top tier women's football league in South Africa. | 2023-12-12T08:06:49Z | 2023-12-30T15:49:56Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Touch_(football_club) |
75,543,520 | Copperbelt Ladies | Copperbelt Ladies F.C. is a women's professional soccer club based in Polokwane, Limpopo. The team competes in the SAFA Women's League, the top tier women's football league in South Africa.
In 2022, they won the 2022 Sasol League National Championship by defeating the University of Pretoria 3-2 on penalties. The win granted them promotion to the 2023 Hollywoodbets Super League were they finished 12th in their maiden season.
Sasol League National Championship: 2022 | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Copperbelt Ladies F.C. is a women's professional soccer club based in Polokwane, Limpopo. The team competes in the SAFA Women's League, the top tier women's football league in South Africa.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 2022, they won the 2022 Sasol League National Championship by defeating the University of Pretoria 3-2 on penalties. The win granted them promotion to the 2023 Hollywoodbets Super League were they finished 12th in their maiden season.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sasol League National Championship: 2022",
"title": "Honours"
}
] | Copperbelt Ladies F.C. is a women's professional soccer club based in Polokwane, Limpopo. The team competes in the SAFA Women's League, the top tier women's football league in South Africa. | 2023-12-12T08:08:00Z | 2023-12-30T15:59:25Z | [
"Template:Infobox football club",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperbelt_Ladies |
75,543,532 | Daniel Heikkinen | Daniel Heikkinen (born 16 December 2002) is a Finnish professional football midfielder playing for Veikkausliiga side AC Oulu. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Daniel Heikkinen (born 16 December 2002) is a Finnish professional football midfielder playing for Veikkausliiga side AC Oulu.",
"title": ""
}
] | Daniel Heikkinen is a Finnish professional football midfielder playing for Veikkausliiga side AC Oulu. | 2023-12-12T08:09:24Z | 2023-12-12T08:09:24Z | [
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75,543,536 | 'Cause You Are Young | "Cause You Are Young" (in Spanish: Porque eres joven) is the second single from the debut album by C.C. Catch, released in February 1986. The song was composed, arranged, and produced by the German Dieter Bohlen. It was included in the album Catch the Catch, released in 1986.
12" Maxi single Hansa 602 144, 1986 | [
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"text": "\"Cause You Are Young\" (in Spanish: Porque eres joven) is the second single from the debut album by C.C. Catch, released in February 1986. The song was composed, arranged, and produced by the German Dieter Bohlen. It was included in the album Catch the Catch, released in 1986.",
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] | "Cause You Are Young" is the second single from the debut album by C.C. Catch, released in February 1986. The song was composed, arranged, and produced by the German Dieter Bohlen. It was included in the album Catch the Catch, released in 1986. | 2023-12-12T08:10:38Z | 2023-12-15T19:50:53Z | [
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75,543,551 | Shahbaz Khan's invasions of Mewar | Shahbaz Khan's invasions of Mewar were the ongoing expeditions into Mewar by the Mughal forces of Shahbaz Khan Kamboh.
The expansion of the Mughal Empire was initiated during the reign of Akbar the Great. This was notably evident in the Battle of Haldighati, where the Mewar forces suffered a futile defeat, compelling Rana Pratap to retreat to the hills. In the aftermath, multiple expeditions were dispatched to Mewar under the leadership of Shahbaz Khan Kamboh, ultimately leading to the permanent pacification of important territories like Mandalgarh, Kumbhalgarh, Gogunda, and Chittorgarh. These successful conquests culminated in the assimilation of Mewar into the Mughal Empire in 1615.
Following the defeat at the Battle of Haldighati, Maharana Pratap made several unsuccessful attempts to achieve independence for Mewar from Mughal rule. Despite a temporary re-invasion of Gogunda after Man Singh's recall to the emperor, Pratap Singh invaded Gogunda. But was ultimately unsuccessful as Man Singh, dispatched by the Emperor, achieved victory, prompting Rana's retreat to the hills. Upon learning of Rana's bold actions, the Emperor dispatched Bhagwant Das, Man Singh (who had returned to the Emperor), Mir Bahar, and others to reclaim the territories lost by Maharana Pratap.Subsequently, when the imperial army arrived, the Rana retreated to his mountainous hideouts, resulting in the recapture of these outposts by the Mughal officers around July of 1577 A.D.
Contemporary sources from Abul Fazl depict how Shahbaz Khan Kamboh recurrently compelled Pratap Singh to withdraw to his mountain stronghold of Chavand. Mewar, an integral part of Rajputana, faced multiple invasions from neighboring kingdoms. During Pratap Singh's reign, Mewar endured significant hardships under the rule of the Mughal Empire, leading to a depletion of resources. Mughal officer Man Singh Kachwaha spearheaded several invasions into Mewar, eventually incorporating Central Mewar into the Mughal empire. Consequently, Rana retreated to his mountain hideouts, resulting in the fall of these outposts into the hands of Mughal officers around July 1577 A.D.
Multiple invasions led by Shahbaz Khan Kamboh resulted in the decline of Pratap Singh's power and the economic resources of Mewar. These Mughal invasions weakened Mewar's foreign relations with neighboring kingdoms.
Some of the invasions conducted under the command of Shahbaz Khan Kamboh include:
In 1577 A.D., When the imperial army arrived, the Rana Pratap retreated to his mountain hideouts, resulting in the fall of these outposts into the hands of the Mughal officers around July 1577 A.D.
In 1578 A.D., the Mughals successfully gained control of Kumbhalgarh Fort after a fierce battle on April 3rd, 1578 A.D.
In 1578 A.D., the Mughal emperor appointed Shahbaz Khan Kamboh in December with the objective to punish the Rana for his daring activities. The Mughal commander successfully achieved his goal by forcing the Rana to retreat to his hilly fortress and then returned.
In 1579, once again in November, the Mughal forces came to Mewar with the aim of subduing Pratap. This time, they stayed in Mewar until around the middle of 1580 and oversaw Mughal operations against Pratap. As a result, the Rana's influence was eradicated from the central region of his territory, and he was compelled to retreat to his hilly strongholds.
In 1580, during the Battle of Sherpura, Abdur Rahim Khan Khanan was appointed as the governor of Ajmer and the commander responsible for leading the Mewar campaign. Khan Khanan conducted an expedition against the Maharana Pratap, leaving his family behind at Sherpura. The Maharana Pratap retreated to his hilly stronghold of Dholan as the Mughal forces advanced to capture him. Meanwhile, Kunwar Amar Singh made audacious efforts to invade Sherpura, diverting the attention of the Mughal general and successfully capturing the Mirza's family. Upon learning of the captivity of the ladies, the Rana Pratap instructed his son to return them with all due respect to the Mirza's location.
The Mughals achieved control over Central Mewar, integrating much of the region, both directly and indirectly, into their empire. The territories of Mewar that came under the rule of the Mughals included Kumbhalgarh, Mandalgarh, Chittorgarh, Gogunda, and Central Mewar, along with Udaipur. | [
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"text": "The expansion of the Mughal Empire was initiated during the reign of Akbar the Great. This was notably evident in the Battle of Haldighati, where the Mewar forces suffered a futile defeat, compelling Rana Pratap to retreat to the hills. In the aftermath, multiple expeditions were dispatched to Mewar under the leadership of Shahbaz Khan Kamboh, ultimately leading to the permanent pacification of important territories like Mandalgarh, Kumbhalgarh, Gogunda, and Chittorgarh. These successful conquests culminated in the assimilation of Mewar into the Mughal Empire in 1615.",
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},
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"text": "Following the defeat at the Battle of Haldighati, Maharana Pratap made several unsuccessful attempts to achieve independence for Mewar from Mughal rule. Despite a temporary re-invasion of Gogunda after Man Singh's recall to the emperor, Pratap Singh invaded Gogunda. But was ultimately unsuccessful as Man Singh, dispatched by the Emperor, achieved victory, prompting Rana's retreat to the hills. Upon learning of Rana's bold actions, the Emperor dispatched Bhagwant Das, Man Singh (who had returned to the Emperor), Mir Bahar, and others to reclaim the territories lost by Maharana Pratap.Subsequently, when the imperial army arrived, the Rana retreated to his mountainous hideouts, resulting in the recapture of these outposts by the Mughal officers around July of 1577 A.D.",
"title": "Background"
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"text": "Contemporary sources from Abul Fazl depict how Shahbaz Khan Kamboh recurrently compelled Pratap Singh to withdraw to his mountain stronghold of Chavand. Mewar, an integral part of Rajputana, faced multiple invasions from neighboring kingdoms. During Pratap Singh's reign, Mewar endured significant hardships under the rule of the Mughal Empire, leading to a depletion of resources. Mughal officer Man Singh Kachwaha spearheaded several invasions into Mewar, eventually incorporating Central Mewar into the Mughal empire. Consequently, Rana retreated to his mountain hideouts, resulting in the fall of these outposts into the hands of Mughal officers around July 1577 A.D.",
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"text": "Multiple invasions led by Shahbaz Khan Kamboh resulted in the decline of Pratap Singh's power and the economic resources of Mewar. These Mughal invasions weakened Mewar's foreign relations with neighboring kingdoms.",
"title": "Battles"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Some of the invasions conducted under the command of Shahbaz Khan Kamboh include:",
"title": "Battles"
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"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In 1577 A.D., When the imperial army arrived, the Rana Pratap retreated to his mountain hideouts, resulting in the fall of these outposts into the hands of the Mughal officers around July 1577 A.D.",
"title": "Battles"
},
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"text": "In 1578 A.D., the Mughals successfully gained control of Kumbhalgarh Fort after a fierce battle on April 3rd, 1578 A.D.",
"title": "Battles"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1578 A.D., the Mughal emperor appointed Shahbaz Khan Kamboh in December with the objective to punish the Rana for his daring activities. The Mughal commander successfully achieved his goal by forcing the Rana to retreat to his hilly fortress and then returned.",
"title": "Battles"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 1579, once again in November, the Mughal forces came to Mewar with the aim of subduing Pratap. This time, they stayed in Mewar until around the middle of 1580 and oversaw Mughal operations against Pratap. As a result, the Rana's influence was eradicated from the central region of his territory, and he was compelled to retreat to his hilly strongholds.",
"title": "Battles"
},
{
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"text": "In 1580, during the Battle of Sherpura, Abdur Rahim Khan Khanan was appointed as the governor of Ajmer and the commander responsible for leading the Mewar campaign. Khan Khanan conducted an expedition against the Maharana Pratap, leaving his family behind at Sherpura. The Maharana Pratap retreated to his hilly stronghold of Dholan as the Mughal forces advanced to capture him. Meanwhile, Kunwar Amar Singh made audacious efforts to invade Sherpura, diverting the attention of the Mughal general and successfully capturing the Mirza's family. Upon learning of the captivity of the ladies, the Rana Pratap instructed his son to return them with all due respect to the Mirza's location.",
"title": "Battles"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The Mughals achieved control over Central Mewar, integrating much of the region, both directly and indirectly, into their empire. The territories of Mewar that came under the rule of the Mughals included Kumbhalgarh, Mandalgarh, Chittorgarh, Gogunda, and Central Mewar, along with Udaipur.",
"title": "Aftermath"
}
] | Shahbaz Khan's invasions of Mewar were the ongoing expeditions into Mewar by the Mughal forces of Shahbaz Khan Kamboh. The expansion of the Mughal Empire was initiated during the reign of Akbar the Great. This was notably evident in the Battle of Haldighati, where the Mewar forces suffered a futile defeat, compelling Rana Pratap to retreat to the hills. In the aftermath, multiple expeditions were dispatched to Mewar under the leadership of Shahbaz Khan Kamboh, ultimately leading to the permanent pacification of important territories like Mandalgarh, Kumbhalgarh, Gogunda, and Chittorgarh. These successful conquests culminated in the assimilation of Mewar into the Mughal Empire in 1615. | 2023-12-12T08:13:30Z | 2023-12-28T03:31:16Z | [
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75,543,552 | 2015 Mid-Season International Wildcard Invitational | The 2015 Mid-Season International Wildcard Invitational is a tournament that was held in between the spring and summer splits (North Hemisphere) of all International Wildcard regions. The winner qualified to the 2015 Mid-Season Invitational. It was be held in the Volkswagen Arena in Istanbul, Turkey.
As of this edit, this article uses content from "Garena Premier League", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed. | [
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] | The 2015 Mid-Season International Wildcard Invitational is a tournament that was held in between the spring and summer splits of all International Wildcard regions. The winner qualified to the 2015 Mid-Season Invitational. It was be held in the Volkswagen Arena in Istanbul, Turkey. | 2023-12-12T08:13:31Z | 2023-12-20T10:06:21Z | [
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75,543,617 | Lussa Hydro-Electric Scheme | Lussa Hydro-Electric Scheme is a small-scale hydro-electric power station, built by the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board and commissioned in 1956. It is located near Peninver on the Kintyre peninsula, part of Argyll and Bute in Scotland. It was originally designed to supply power to Campbeltown, but is now connected to the National Grid.
The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board was created by the Hydro-electric Development (Scotland) Act 1943, a measure championed by the politician Tom Johnston while he was Secretary of State for Scotland. Johnston's vision was for a public body that could build hydro-electric stations throughout the Highlands. Profits made by selling bulk electricity to the Scottish lowlands would be used to fund "the economic development and social improvement of the North of Scotland." Private consumers would be offered a supply of cheap electricity, and their connection to that supply would not reflect the actual cost of its provision in remote and sparsely-populated areas.
The chairman of the new Board was to be Lord Airlie, who had initially been critical of the 1943 Act because its scope was too limited. The deputy chairman and chief executive was Edward MacColl, an engineer with wide experience of hydro-electric projects and electrical distribution networks. It soon became clear that MacColl intended to push ahead with the aspirations of the Act at breakneck speeds. He produced a list of 102 potential sites in just three months, and in June 1944, the first constructional scheme was published. This was for the Loch Sloy scheme, which had a ready market for bulk supplies to nearby Clydeside, but it included two smaller schemes, to demonstrate the Board's commitment to supplying remote areas.
Lussa was another small-scale scheme, and when it was commissioned in 1956, it supplied power to Campbeltown. The turbine house was designed by Ian Gordon Lindsay, one of several architects who formed the design panel for the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, and unlike most of the other stations built by the board, it included a pitched roof. Lindsay was particularly fond of Scottish history and Scottish baronial themes, and the resulting structure includes 17th and early 18th century design themes.
To provide a water supply, a dam was constructed across Strathduie Water. The central buttressed section is curved and includes a fixed spillway. Lussa Loch formed behind the dam, and as its level rose, two smaller lochs became one. A valve tower on the upstream side of the dam controls the flow of water into a tunnel. The tunnel terminates at a valve house a short distance below the dam, from where a surface pipeline carries the water to the turbine house, crossing over Glenlussa Water just before it enters the turbines. A branch pipeline joins the main pipeline about two-thirds of the way down. At its upper end is an intake, and there are five sluices on four tributaries of Glenlussa Water, which feed water into the branch pipeline. The tributaries include the Allt Easach, the Allt a'Choire and the Allt Righ. Below the junction is a surge tower, marked as a valve house on the Ordnance Survey map. After passing through the turbines, the water is discharged into Glenlussa Water.
Work on the project started in 1952, and the station can generate 2.4 MW from a head of 381 feet (116 m). The scheme was completed in 1956, and played an important role in demonstrating that the social agenda of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board brought benefit to remote communities. The arrival of electric power in Campbeltown stimulated the local economy. In early 1957, Lord Lucas of Chilworth asked questions in the House of Lords about the costs of Scottish hydro-electricity. Lord Strathclyde stated that for Lussa, the capital cost of the project was £533 per kW, the highest of the 27 schemes mentioned, and considerably higher than the average cost of £175 per kW. The scheme was the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board's Constructional Scheme No. 8 and No. 68.
The power station ran in its original form for around 60 years, but some improvements have been made since 2016. Compensation flow from Lussa Loch maintains the habitat on Glenlussa Water, and in 2016 Gilkes, a subsidiary of Gilbert Gilkes and Gordon of Kendal in Cumbria, supplied a Turgo turbine, a generator and control system which were installed at the dam. The turbine includes manual spear valves, which were adjusted during the commissioning phase so that the regulated compensation flow is supplied to the river at all levels of the reservoir. A deflector system ensures that the turbine is protected from damage if the load is removed, and the water continues to flow into the river.
In 2021/22, the turbines were replaced, following a two year consultation period. The Austrian company Andritz AG supplied two new Francis turbines rated at 1.1 MW each, together with two 11 kV synchronous generators. The inlet valves were also replaced, while a new control system and instrumentation were installed as part of the upgrade. The power station is connected to the National Grid by a substation at Campbeltown. For operational reasons, Scottish and Southern Electric (SSE) who own the scheme now class Lussa as part of their Sloy/Awe hydro power scheme.
The surface level of Lussa Loch is 430 feet (131 m) above Ordnance datum (AOD), it covers 0.46 square miles (1.2 km), and drains an area of 10.64 square miles (27.56 km). Strathduie Water flows into it from the north, and that collects water from many tributaries, fanning out to the north, east and west. Below the dam, Glenlussa Water flows to the south east and then to the east. It flows over a weir and is crossed by the B842 road before it enters Ardnacross Bay, opposite the Isle of Arran.
Although essentially artificial, Lussa Loch, together with three other lochs on the Kintyre peninsula, form the Kintyre Goose Lochs Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). They provide habitat for a large population of roosting Greenland white-fronted geese. With Tangy Loch SSSI, the five lochs are also listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention and a Special Protection Area. During the winter months, roosting geese numbers reach over 2,300, representing around eight per cent of the world population.
Media related to Lussa hydro-electric scheme at Wikimedia Commons | [
{
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"title": ""
},
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"text": "The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board was created by the Hydro-electric Development (Scotland) Act 1943, a measure championed by the politician Tom Johnston while he was Secretary of State for Scotland. Johnston's vision was for a public body that could build hydro-electric stations throughout the Highlands. Profits made by selling bulk electricity to the Scottish lowlands would be used to fund \"the economic development and social improvement of the North of Scotland.\" Private consumers would be offered a supply of cheap electricity, and their connection to that supply would not reflect the actual cost of its provision in remote and sparsely-populated areas.",
"title": "History"
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"text": "The chairman of the new Board was to be Lord Airlie, who had initially been critical of the 1943 Act because its scope was too limited. The deputy chairman and chief executive was Edward MacColl, an engineer with wide experience of hydro-electric projects and electrical distribution networks. It soon became clear that MacColl intended to push ahead with the aspirations of the Act at breakneck speeds. He produced a list of 102 potential sites in just three months, and in June 1944, the first constructional scheme was published. This was for the Loch Sloy scheme, which had a ready market for bulk supplies to nearby Clydeside, but it included two smaller schemes, to demonstrate the Board's commitment to supplying remote areas.",
"title": "History"
},
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"text": "Lussa was another small-scale scheme, and when it was commissioned in 1956, it supplied power to Campbeltown. The turbine house was designed by Ian Gordon Lindsay, one of several architects who formed the design panel for the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board, and unlike most of the other stations built by the board, it included a pitched roof. Lindsay was particularly fond of Scottish history and Scottish baronial themes, and the resulting structure includes 17th and early 18th century design themes.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "To provide a water supply, a dam was constructed across Strathduie Water. The central buttressed section is curved and includes a fixed spillway. Lussa Loch formed behind the dam, and as its level rose, two smaller lochs became one. A valve tower on the upstream side of the dam controls the flow of water into a tunnel. The tunnel terminates at a valve house a short distance below the dam, from where a surface pipeline carries the water to the turbine house, crossing over Glenlussa Water just before it enters the turbines. A branch pipeline joins the main pipeline about two-thirds of the way down. At its upper end is an intake, and there are five sluices on four tributaries of Glenlussa Water, which feed water into the branch pipeline. The tributaries include the Allt Easach, the Allt a'Choire and the Allt Righ. Below the junction is a surge tower, marked as a valve house on the Ordnance Survey map. After passing through the turbines, the water is discharged into Glenlussa Water.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Work on the project started in 1952, and the station can generate 2.4 MW from a head of 381 feet (116 m). The scheme was completed in 1956, and played an important role in demonstrating that the social agenda of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board brought benefit to remote communities. The arrival of electric power in Campbeltown stimulated the local economy. In early 1957, Lord Lucas of Chilworth asked questions in the House of Lords about the costs of Scottish hydro-electricity. Lord Strathclyde stated that for Lussa, the capital cost of the project was £533 per kW, the highest of the 27 schemes mentioned, and considerably higher than the average cost of £175 per kW. The scheme was the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board's Constructional Scheme No. 8 and No. 68.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The power station ran in its original form for around 60 years, but some improvements have been made since 2016. Compensation flow from Lussa Loch maintains the habitat on Glenlussa Water, and in 2016 Gilkes, a subsidiary of Gilbert Gilkes and Gordon of Kendal in Cumbria, supplied a Turgo turbine, a generator and control system which were installed at the dam. The turbine includes manual spear valves, which were adjusted during the commissioning phase so that the regulated compensation flow is supplied to the river at all levels of the reservoir. A deflector system ensures that the turbine is protected from damage if the load is removed, and the water continues to flow into the river.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In 2021/22, the turbines were replaced, following a two year consultation period. The Austrian company Andritz AG supplied two new Francis turbines rated at 1.1 MW each, together with two 11 kV synchronous generators. The inlet valves were also replaced, while a new control system and instrumentation were installed as part of the upgrade. The power station is connected to the National Grid by a substation at Campbeltown. For operational reasons, Scottish and Southern Electric (SSE) who own the scheme now class Lussa as part of their Sloy/Awe hydro power scheme.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The surface level of Lussa Loch is 430 feet (131 m) above Ordnance datum (AOD), it covers 0.46 square miles (1.2 km), and drains an area of 10.64 square miles (27.56 km). Strathduie Water flows into it from the north, and that collects water from many tributaries, fanning out to the north, east and west. Below the dam, Glenlussa Water flows to the south east and then to the east. It flows over a weir and is crossed by the B842 road before it enters Ardnacross Bay, opposite the Isle of Arran.",
"title": "Hydrology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Although essentially artificial, Lussa Loch, together with three other lochs on the Kintyre peninsula, form the Kintyre Goose Lochs Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). They provide habitat for a large population of roosting Greenland white-fronted geese. With Tangy Loch SSSI, the five lochs are also listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention and a Special Protection Area. During the winter months, roosting geese numbers reach over 2,300, representing around eight per cent of the world population.",
"title": "Ecology"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Media related to Lussa hydro-electric scheme at Wikimedia Commons",
"title": "External links"
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75,543,622 | Jimenez v. Cañizares | Jimenez v. Cañizares is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the Philippines which declares that the presumption of impotency is not valid for filling a annulment of marriage. The court further added that the ground for annulment is not based on mutual agreement of the parties but instead, it is based on legal grounds.
On June 3, 1950, Joel Jimenez married Remedios Cañizares through a civil wedding before a judge of municipal court of Zamboanga City. Jimenez left the conjugal home two nights after they married because Cañizares' genitals is too small for a penis to penatrate and to copulate the marriage; five years later, on June 7, 1955, Jimenez filed for annulment in Zamboanga Regional Trial Court. On June 14, 1955, Remedios was summoned and served a copy of the complaint but she did not file an answer, In pursuant to the provisions of the article 88 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, the court asked the City Attorney of Zamboanga on September 29, 1956, to find for evidence and to inquire Remedios whether there was a collusion, in order to determine that the evidence of the plaintiff is not a frame-up, concoted or fabricated. On December 17, 1956, the court ordered Remedios to submit to a physical examination by a competent female physician to determine her capacity to consumate the marriage, and submit the medical result within ten days from reciept of the court's order. On March 14, 1957, court granted Remedios additional five days from notice to comply to the order of December 17, 1956 with a warning that if she failed to undergo medical examination and to submit a medical report, would be deemed a lack of interest on her part in the case and the judgement in the case will be rendered. A hearing occured but Remedios was absent, so on April 11, 1957, the court decree the anullment of their marriage.
On April 26, 1957, the city attorney filed for a motion for reconsideration, the city attorney argues that in the case of Jimenez and Cañizares has no ground for annulment because the defendant's impotency has not been satisfactorily established as required by the law. The city attorney added that, instead of anulling the marriage, the court should contempt her in court because she's not been physically examined because she refused to be examined and the court should compelled her to undergo a physical examination and submit a medical cetificate; and that the decree sought to be reconsidered, the city attorney further added that, the reconsideration of the case will open the doors to the married couples; who want to end their marriage to collude each other by just alledging impotency of one on them. But on May 13, 1957 the motion for reconsideration was denied.
The Supreme Court dismissed the case, and the decree apealed the case into the lower courts for further proceedings, the Court rulled that "Impotency being an abnormal condition should not be presumed. The presumption is in favor of potency." The Supreme Court added that Remedios' impotency wasn't satisfactorily because she refused or abstained from taking part of proceedings, the court considered that woman in the country are by nature coy, bashful and shy and would not submit to a physical examination unless compelled by a competent authority, The court further replied and said, they may do without infringing on her constitutional right and she is not to be compelled to a witness against himself. And the Supreme Court also rulled that a lone testimony of a spouse against her/his spouse is physically incapable of consumating the marriage is insufficient to annul the marriage and it should be supported by a evidence.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under reative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 Philippine license. (license statement/permission). Text taken from G.R. No. L-12790, Supreme Court of the Philippines, The Lawphil Project. | [
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{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On June 3, 1950, Joel Jimenez married Remedios Cañizares through a civil wedding before a judge of municipal court of Zamboanga City. Jimenez left the conjugal home two nights after they married because Cañizares' genitals is too small for a penis to penatrate and to copulate the marriage; five years later, on June 7, 1955, Jimenez filed for annulment in Zamboanga Regional Trial Court. On June 14, 1955, Remedios was summoned and served a copy of the complaint but she did not file an answer, In pursuant to the provisions of the article 88 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, the court asked the City Attorney of Zamboanga on September 29, 1956, to find for evidence and to inquire Remedios whether there was a collusion, in order to determine that the evidence of the plaintiff is not a frame-up, concoted or fabricated. On December 17, 1956, the court ordered Remedios to submit to a physical examination by a competent female physician to determine her capacity to consumate the marriage, and submit the medical result within ten days from reciept of the court's order. On March 14, 1957, court granted Remedios additional five days from notice to comply to the order of December 17, 1956 with a warning that if she failed to undergo medical examination and to submit a medical report, would be deemed a lack of interest on her part in the case and the judgement in the case will be rendered. A hearing occured but Remedios was absent, so on April 11, 1957, the court decree the anullment of their marriage.",
"title": "Backround"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On April 26, 1957, the city attorney filed for a motion for reconsideration, the city attorney argues that in the case of Jimenez and Cañizares has no ground for annulment because the defendant's impotency has not been satisfactorily established as required by the law. The city attorney added that, instead of anulling the marriage, the court should contempt her in court because she's not been physically examined because she refused to be examined and the court should compelled her to undergo a physical examination and submit a medical cetificate; and that the decree sought to be reconsidered, the city attorney further added that, the reconsideration of the case will open the doors to the married couples; who want to end their marriage to collude each other by just alledging impotency of one on them. But on May 13, 1957 the motion for reconsideration was denied.",
"title": "Argument"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The Supreme Court dismissed the case, and the decree apealed the case into the lower courts for further proceedings, the Court rulled that \"Impotency being an abnormal condition should not be presumed. The presumption is in favor of potency.\" The Supreme Court added that Remedios' impotency wasn't satisfactorily because she refused or abstained from taking part of proceedings, the court considered that woman in the country are by nature coy, bashful and shy and would not submit to a physical examination unless compelled by a competent authority, The court further replied and said, they may do without infringing on her constitutional right and she is not to be compelled to a witness against himself. And the Supreme Court also rulled that a lone testimony of a spouse against her/his spouse is physically incapable of consumating the marriage is insufficient to annul the marriage and it should be supported by a evidence.",
"title": "Rulling"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under reative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 Philippine license. (license statement/permission). Text taken from G.R. No. L-12790, Supreme Court of the Philippines, The Lawphil Project.",
"title": "References"
}
] | Jimenez v. Cañizares is a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the Philippines which declares that the presumption of impotency is not valid for filling a annulment of marriage. The court further added that the ground for annulment is not based on mutual agreement of the parties but instead, it is based on legal grounds. | 2023-12-12T08:39:12Z | 2023-12-26T21:59:39Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimenez_v._Ca%C3%B1izares |
75,543,638 | 9/nov/2001 | 9/nov/2001 is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 9 November 2001 by Universal Music Italia. It has sold more than 500,000 copies in Italy. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "9/nov/2001 is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 9 November 2001 by Universal Music Italia. It has sold more than 500,000 copies in Italy.",
"title": ""
}
] | 9/nov/2001 is a studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Biagio Antonacci, released on 9 November 2001 by Universal Music Italia. It has sold more than 500,000 copies in Italy. | 2023-12-12T08:40:45Z | 2023-12-30T00:59:56Z | [
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"Template:2000s-album-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/nov/2001 |
75,543,650 | Cat Ferguson | Cat Ferguson (born 27 April 2006) is a British racing cyclist, competing across road, cyclo-cross and track racing disciplines. A British junior time trial champion, she won the silver medal in the junior road race at the 2023 UCI World Road Championships. In 2024, she will ride for Movistar Team as a Stagiaire before joining them full time in 2025.
From Skipton in Yorkshire, she attended South Craven High School. She started riding mountain bikes as a child with her father on local trails in Yorkshire. From there she graduated to attending the British National School of Racing. She was also a competitive skier, specialising in slalom skiing as a youth.
Ferguson won her first national title, becoming U16 National Female Road Circuit Champion, in Redbridge, London in July 2021. Later that month, Ferguson won her first national track cycling championship, clinching the U16 Madison title alongside her partner Carys Lloyd, in Glasgow.
In January 2022, Ferguson won the British U16s Cyclocross National Championships in Crawley, Sussex.
In August 2022, she and Carys Lloyd retained their U16 National Madison title in Newport.
Ferguson was a double gold medalist at the 2022 European Youth Olympics in Banská Bystrica in July 2022, winning both the road race and time trial. That month, riding for Team Storey, she also won the British National U16 Road Racing title in Scarborough.
Ferguson won a silver medal in the team relay at the 2023 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Hoogerheide in a team that included Anna Kay and Zoe Backstedt.
Ferguson rode as a junior for the UK-based team Shibden Hope Tech Apex. She won on her Nations Cup road racing debut for Great Britain at the Piccolo Trofeo Alfredo Binda aged 16 years-old. She then won the junior edition 2023 Tour of Flanders for Women, and the junior British Time Trial title, in 2023. She also finished sixth at the junior Cyclo-cross World Championships.
Ferguson won a silver medal in the junior women's road race at the 2023 UCI World Road Championships in Glasgow in August 2023.
In November 2023, Ferguson won a silver medal in the Mixed Team Relay at the European Cyclo-cross Championships, alongside Cameron Mason, Anna Kay, Dan Barnes, Oscar Amey, and Imogen Wolff. She later won a second silver medal at the championships, in the junior women's race.
In late 2023 it was announced that Ferguson will join Movistar Team in 2024 as a stagiaire before becoming a full-time professional on a three-year contract. She will continue to race for her British junior team Shibden Hopetech Apex during the 2023–24 winter but will also attend Movistar training camps while working with their performance team. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Cat Ferguson (born 27 April 2006) is a British racing cyclist, competing across road, cyclo-cross and track racing disciplines. A British junior time trial champion, she won the silver medal in the junior road race at the 2023 UCI World Road Championships. In 2024, she will ride for Movistar Team as a Stagiaire before joining them full time in 2025.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "From Skipton in Yorkshire, she attended South Craven High School. She started riding mountain bikes as a child with her father on local trails in Yorkshire. From there she graduated to attending the British National School of Racing. She was also a competitive skier, specialising in slalom skiing as a youth.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ferguson won her first national title, becoming U16 National Female Road Circuit Champion, in Redbridge, London in July 2021. Later that month, Ferguson won her first national track cycling championship, clinching the U16 Madison title alongside her partner Carys Lloyd, in Glasgow.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In January 2022, Ferguson won the British U16s Cyclocross National Championships in Crawley, Sussex.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In August 2022, she and Carys Lloyd retained their U16 National Madison title in Newport.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Ferguson was a double gold medalist at the 2022 European Youth Olympics in Banská Bystrica in July 2022, winning both the road race and time trial. That month, riding for Team Storey, she also won the British National U16 Road Racing title in Scarborough.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Ferguson won a silver medal in the team relay at the 2023 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships in Hoogerheide in a team that included Anna Kay and Zoe Backstedt.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Ferguson rode as a junior for the UK-based team Shibden Hope Tech Apex. She won on her Nations Cup road racing debut for Great Britain at the Piccolo Trofeo Alfredo Binda aged 16 years-old. She then won the junior edition 2023 Tour of Flanders for Women, and the junior British Time Trial title, in 2023. She also finished sixth at the junior Cyclo-cross World Championships.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Ferguson won a silver medal in the junior women's road race at the 2023 UCI World Road Championships in Glasgow in August 2023.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In November 2023, Ferguson won a silver medal in the Mixed Team Relay at the European Cyclo-cross Championships, alongside Cameron Mason, Anna Kay, Dan Barnes, Oscar Amey, and Imogen Wolff. She later won a second silver medal at the championships, in the junior women's race.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "In late 2023 it was announced that Ferguson will join Movistar Team in 2024 as a stagiaire before becoming a full-time professional on a three-year contract. She will continue to race for her British junior team Shibden Hopetech Apex during the 2023–24 winter but will also attend Movistar training camps while working with their performance team.",
"title": "Career"
}
] | Cat Ferguson is a British racing cyclist, competing across road, cyclo-cross and track racing disciplines. A British junior time trial champion, she won the silver medal in the junior road race at the 2023 UCI World Road Championships. In 2024, she will ride for Movistar Team as a Stagiaire before joining them full time in 2025. | 2023-12-12T08:44:44Z | 2023-12-23T17:12:27Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Ferguson |
75,543,654 | PS Wonua Bombana | Persatuan Sepakbola Wonua Bombana (simply known as PS Wonua Bombana) is an Indonesian football club based in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. This team competes in Liga 3 Southeast Sulawesi zone. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Persatuan Sepakbola Wonua Bombana (simply known as PS Wonua Bombana) is an Indonesian football club based in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. This team competes in Liga 3 Southeast Sulawesi zone.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Persatuan Sepakbola Wonua Bombana is an Indonesian football club based in Bombana Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. This team competes in Liga 3 Southeast Sulawesi zone. | 2023-12-12T08:45:11Z | 2023-12-29T09:59:09Z | [
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"Template:Infobox football club",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Indonesia-footyclub-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Wonua_Bombana |
75,543,658 | Friendship Monument | The Friendship Monument (Mongolian: Найрамдал Өндөрлөг) is a monument in Erdenet, Orkhon Province, Mongolia.
The monument was established in 1986 during a conference between the people of Mongolia and Soviet Union. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Friendship Monument (Mongolian: Найрамдал Өндөрлөг) is a monument in Erdenet, Orkhon Province, Mongolia.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The monument was established in 1986 during a conference between the people of Mongolia and Soviet Union.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Friendship Monument is a monument in Erdenet, Orkhon Province, Mongolia. | 2023-12-12T08:46:18Z | 2023-12-12T08:58:47Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friendship_Monument |
75,543,691 | Richard C. Richardson Jr. | Richard C. Richardson is an American policy researcher, academic and author. He is an emeritus professor at New York University as well as Arizona State University.
Richardson is most known for his contributions to the fields of higher education quality and diversity, minority access and achievement, and the examination of state and federal policies impacting performance in these and related areas. Among his authored works are publications in academic journals, including Journal of Educational Research and Policy Studies and American Behavioral Scientist, as well as books such as Policy and Performance in American Higher Education: An Examination of Cases across State Systems and Designing State Higher Education Systems For a New Century. He is the recipient of 1988 and 1993 Researcher of the Year Awards from the College of Education at Arizona State University.
Richardson obtained a BS in Education from Castleton State College in 1954. In 1958, he completed his MA in Guidance and Counseling from Michigan State University, followed by his PhD from the University of Texas in 1963. He also holds an honorary doctor of letters degree from Lafayette College.
Richardson joined Vermont College for Women in 1958 as an instructor. From 1964 to 1967, he served first as dean of students and then dean of instruction at the Forest Park Campus of the Junior College District of St Louis. Between 1967 and 1978, he was the founding president of Northampton Community College in Bethlehem. In 1977, he was appointed professor at Arizona State University and Director of the Center for Higher and Adult Education. 1999, he became professor emeritus of educational leadership and policy studies at Arizona State University.
In 1999, Richardson became a visiting professor of higher education at New York University. In 2002 he was granted tenure as professor and subsequently named chair of the Department of Administration, Leadership, and Technology (2003-2008). From 1999 – 2007, he also directed the Ford-funded Alliance for International Higher Education Policy Studies. He was named professor emeritus at NYU in 2011.
Richardson has conducted research across themes including higher education access, diversity and equity. His research has been published in 8 books, 30 chapters, and more than 70 published research reports and journal articles.
In his literacy study, the results of which were presented in his 1983 book titled Literacy in the Open-Access College, Richardson explored the influence of Hispanic students on community colleges and the reciprocal impact of the college on Hispanic students. The findings suggested a decline in critical literacy attributed to prevailing policies and practices in community colleges and other open access higher education institutions during that era, a trend adversely affecting Chicano students. In a study, discussed in his book titled Fostering Minority Access and Achievement in Higher Education: The Role of Urban Community Colleges and Universities, he examined the relationship between urban community colleges and urban universities, including the challenges faced by community colleges in transferring students to universities and the lack of well-defined strategies for equalizing higher education opportunities.
Later, Richardson partnered with fellow researchers to help establish a national research center under the U.S. Department of Education. His research focused on policies and practices leading both to quality and success for underrepresented students in earning baccalaureate degrees from higher achieving universities. The project spanned two phases, developing propositions in the first phase and testing and elaborating the model in the second phase across ten states, a graphic depiction of which is presented in the book Achieving Quality and Diversity: Universities in a Multicultural Society. The findings highlighted the importance of simultaneously pursuing diversity and quality in higher education institutions and provided recommendations for achieving fair outcomes.
In research, Richardson investigated faculty behaviors in community colleges through a three-phase study, revealing that institutions with higher levels of effective faculty behaviors emphasized student achievement, involved faculty in decision-making, and invested in professional development, while those with lower rankings exhibited conflicting values and efforts to maintain faculty-administrative boundaries.
In 1992, Richardson served as consultant and researcher with a South African team at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. The quality and diversity framework developed under his earlier studies in the U.S. was adapted to the South African setting. The intent was to identify outcomes during apartheid that could be traced to the efforts of U.S., Foundation support for improving opportunities for Black South Africans. Between 1994 and 1997, he consulted and conducted research with a team from the California Higher Education Policy Center that conducted case studies on seven state higher education systems, identifying governance structures and key work processes. The study revealed that system structure significantly influenced how higher education systems responded to public policy objectives, with federal and unified systems showing better responsiveness to state needs compared to segmented systems.
After joining NYU in 1999, Richardson directed the Ford Foundation funded Alliance for International Higher Education Policy Studies. Utilizing a grounded model and a conceptual framework, the study revealed converging strategies in the three nations influenced by globalization, and emphasizing themes like equal opportunity, accountability, market principles, labor force development, research, and globalization. The findings highlighted the importance of balancing federal, state, and institutional authority to effectively address evolving challenges in higher education systems. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Richard C. Richardson is an American policy researcher, academic and author. He is an emeritus professor at New York University as well as Arizona State University.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Richardson is most known for his contributions to the fields of higher education quality and diversity, minority access and achievement, and the examination of state and federal policies impacting performance in these and related areas. Among his authored works are publications in academic journals, including Journal of Educational Research and Policy Studies and American Behavioral Scientist, as well as books such as Policy and Performance in American Higher Education: An Examination of Cases across State Systems and Designing State Higher Education Systems For a New Century. He is the recipient of 1988 and 1993 Researcher of the Year Awards from the College of Education at Arizona State University.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Richardson obtained a BS in Education from Castleton State College in 1954. In 1958, he completed his MA in Guidance and Counseling from Michigan State University, followed by his PhD from the University of Texas in 1963. He also holds an honorary doctor of letters degree from Lafayette College.",
"title": "Education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Richardson joined Vermont College for Women in 1958 as an instructor. From 1964 to 1967, he served first as dean of students and then dean of instruction at the Forest Park Campus of the Junior College District of St Louis. Between 1967 and 1978, he was the founding president of Northampton Community College in Bethlehem. In 1977, he was appointed professor at Arizona State University and Director of the Center for Higher and Adult Education. 1999, he became professor emeritus of educational leadership and policy studies at Arizona State University.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In 1999, Richardson became a visiting professor of higher education at New York University. In 2002 he was granted tenure as professor and subsequently named chair of the Department of Administration, Leadership, and Technology (2003-2008). From 1999 – 2007, he also directed the Ford-funded Alliance for International Higher Education Policy Studies. He was named professor emeritus at NYU in 2011.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Richardson has conducted research across themes including higher education access, diversity and equity. His research has been published in 8 books, 30 chapters, and more than 70 published research reports and journal articles.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "In his literacy study, the results of which were presented in his 1983 book titled Literacy in the Open-Access College, Richardson explored the influence of Hispanic students on community colleges and the reciprocal impact of the college on Hispanic students. The findings suggested a decline in critical literacy attributed to prevailing policies and practices in community colleges and other open access higher education institutions during that era, a trend adversely affecting Chicano students. In a study, discussed in his book titled Fostering Minority Access and Achievement in Higher Education: The Role of Urban Community Colleges and Universities, he examined the relationship between urban community colleges and urban universities, including the challenges faced by community colleges in transferring students to universities and the lack of well-defined strategies for equalizing higher education opportunities.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Later, Richardson partnered with fellow researchers to help establish a national research center under the U.S. Department of Education. His research focused on policies and practices leading both to quality and success for underrepresented students in earning baccalaureate degrees from higher achieving universities. The project spanned two phases, developing propositions in the first phase and testing and elaborating the model in the second phase across ten states, a graphic depiction of which is presented in the book Achieving Quality and Diversity: Universities in a Multicultural Society. The findings highlighted the importance of simultaneously pursuing diversity and quality in higher education institutions and provided recommendations for achieving fair outcomes.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In research, Richardson investigated faculty behaviors in community colleges through a three-phase study, revealing that institutions with higher levels of effective faculty behaviors emphasized student achievement, involved faculty in decision-making, and invested in professional development, while those with lower rankings exhibited conflicting values and efforts to maintain faculty-administrative boundaries.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "In 1992, Richardson served as consultant and researcher with a South African team at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. The quality and diversity framework developed under his earlier studies in the U.S. was adapted to the South African setting. The intent was to identify outcomes during apartheid that could be traced to the efforts of U.S., Foundation support for improving opportunities for Black South Africans. Between 1994 and 1997, he consulted and conducted research with a team from the California Higher Education Policy Center that conducted case studies on seven state higher education systems, identifying governance structures and key work processes. The study revealed that system structure significantly influenced how higher education systems responded to public policy objectives, with federal and unified systems showing better responsiveness to state needs compared to segmented systems.",
"title": "Research"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "After joining NYU in 1999, Richardson directed the Ford Foundation funded Alliance for International Higher Education Policy Studies. Utilizing a grounded model and a conceptual framework, the study revealed converging strategies in the three nations influenced by globalization, and emphasizing themes like equal opportunity, accountability, market principles, labor force development, research, and globalization. The findings highlighted the importance of balancing federal, state, and institutional authority to effectively address evolving challenges in higher education systems.",
"title": "Research"
}
] | Richard C. Richardson is an American policy researcher, academic and author. He is an emeritus professor at New York University as well as Arizona State University. Richardson is most known for his contributions to the fields of higher education quality and diversity, minority access and achievement, and the examination of state and federal policies impacting performance in these and related areas. Among his authored works are publications in academic journals, including Journal of Educational Research and Policy Studies and American Behavioral Scientist, as well as books such as Policy and Performance in American Higher Education: An Examination of Cases across State Systems and Designing State Higher Education Systems For a New Century. He is the recipient of 1988 and 1993 Researcher of the Year Awards from the College of Education at Arizona State University. | 2023-12-12T08:53:53Z | 2023-12-14T08:47:51Z | [
"Template:Infobox academic",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C._Richardson_Jr. |
75,543,714 | Mishamo Refugee Camp | Mishamo Refugee Camp is a refugee camp situated in the Northwestern region of Kigoma, Tanzania. Initially established in an unofficial capacity during the early 1970s, it served as a haven for Burundian refugees escaping the first Burundian genocide. It is one of the biggest refugee camps in Africa spanning an expansive area, the camp fosters an agriculturally-driven way of life for many of its inhabitants.
Mishamo Refugee Camp was initially established during the early 1970s in response to the influx of Burundian refugees seeking asylum from the first Burundian genocide. Over the years, the camp has undergone significant transformation and is now recognized as an official refugee settlement.
Mishamo Refugee Camp served as a home for over 62,000 displaced individuals, predominantly originating from Burundi. A significant portion of these Burundian residents have embraced the Tanzanian government's offer of naturalization, subsequently considering their host nation as their newfound homeland. This mutual acceptance has fostered a sense of belonging and stability for the refugee population in Tanzania. As of 31 Oct 2023, the camp had a population of 3,199 refugees.
For a significant number of the so-called 1972 Burundian refugees, repatriating to their homeland following an extended period in the Katumba refugee camp or the two other Tanzanian "old settlements" proves to be a formidable challenge. These individuals often encounter difficulties in repossessing their land, leading UNHCR to offer temporary housing and facilitate peaceful mediation for resolving such disputes. Regarding returnees without any land, the government and related United Nations entities collaborate in assisting them to find placement in specially designated rural integrated villages six of which were established between 2008 and 2009.
In March 2008, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Tanzanian government initiated a groundbreaking program, where approximately 55,000 refugees residing in Katumba, Mishamo, and Ulyankulu settlements chose to repatriate to Burundi. Since then, around 50,000 individuals have returned to their country of origin. Additionally, as part of the program, a further 162,000 refugees opted for local integration within Tanzania and an opportunity for citizenship. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Mishamo Refugee Camp is a refugee camp situated in the Northwestern region of Kigoma, Tanzania. Initially established in an unofficial capacity during the early 1970s, it served as a haven for Burundian refugees escaping the first Burundian genocide. It is one of the biggest refugee camps in Africa spanning an expansive area, the camp fosters an agriculturally-driven way of life for many of its inhabitants.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Mishamo Refugee Camp was initially established during the early 1970s in response to the influx of Burundian refugees seeking asylum from the first Burundian genocide. Over the years, the camp has undergone significant transformation and is now recognized as an official refugee settlement.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Mishamo Refugee Camp served as a home for over 62,000 displaced individuals, predominantly originating from Burundi. A significant portion of these Burundian residents have embraced the Tanzanian government's offer of naturalization, subsequently considering their host nation as their newfound homeland. This mutual acceptance has fostered a sense of belonging and stability for the refugee population in Tanzania. As of 31 Oct 2023, the camp had a population of 3,199 refugees.",
"title": "Demographics"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "For a significant number of the so-called 1972 Burundian refugees, repatriating to their homeland following an extended period in the Katumba refugee camp or the two other Tanzanian \"old settlements\" proves to be a formidable challenge. These individuals often encounter difficulties in repossessing their land, leading UNHCR to offer temporary housing and facilitate peaceful mediation for resolving such disputes. Regarding returnees without any land, the government and related United Nations entities collaborate in assisting them to find placement in specially designated rural integrated villages six of which were established between 2008 and 2009.",
"title": "Repatriations Program"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In March 2008, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Tanzanian government initiated a groundbreaking program, where approximately 55,000 refugees residing in Katumba, Mishamo, and Ulyankulu settlements chose to repatriate to Burundi. Since then, around 50,000 individuals have returned to their country of origin. Additionally, as part of the program, a further 162,000 refugees opted for local integration within Tanzania and an opportunity for citizenship.",
"title": "Repatriations Program"
}
] | Mishamo Refugee Camp is a refugee camp situated in the Northwestern region of Kigoma, Tanzania. Initially established in an unofficial capacity during the early 1970s, it served as a haven for Burundian refugees escaping the first Burundian genocide. It is one of the biggest refugee camps in Africa spanning an expansive area, the camp fosters an agriculturally-driven way of life for many of its inhabitants. | 2023-12-12T09:04:40Z | 2023-12-17T17:37:07Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishamo_Refugee_Camp |
75,543,718 | UKCG | UKCG can stand for:] | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "UKCG can stand for:]",
"title": ""
}
] | UKCG can stand for:] United Kingdom Contractors Group | 2023-12-12T09:05:32Z | 2023-12-12T10:29:36Z | [
"Template:Disambig"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UKCG |
75,543,740 | 2024 in Macau | Events in the year 2024 in Macau, China.
Source: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events in the year 2024 in Macau, China.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Source:",
"title": "Holidays"
}
] | Events in the year 2024 in Macau, China. | 2023-12-12T09:12:08Z | 2023-12-12T09:36:26Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_in_Macau |
75,543,751 | Yusuf Ahmed | Yusuf Ahmed (born 26 April 1997) is a Somali semi-professional footballer who plays as a forward for National Premier Leagues Victoria club Avondale and the Somalia national team.
Ahmed received his first international call-up for the Somali national team ahead of the 2026 World Cup qualifiers scheduled in November 2023. The Somali Football Federation first took notice of Ahmed earlier that period after a family member notified a member.
Ahmed made his international debut on 16 November 2023 in a 3–1 defeat to Algeria at Nelson Mandela Stadium. He scored Somalia's only goal in the 65th-minute of the match, making it the country's fourth goal in their World Cup qualifying history. | [
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"text": "Yusuf Ahmed (born 26 April 1997) is a Somali semi-professional footballer who plays as a forward for National Premier Leagues Victoria club Avondale and the Somalia national team.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ahmed received his first international call-up for the Somali national team ahead of the 2026 World Cup qualifiers scheduled in November 2023. The Somali Football Federation first took notice of Ahmed earlier that period after a family member notified a member.",
"title": "International career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Ahmed made his international debut on 16 November 2023 in a 3–1 defeat to Algeria at Nelson Mandela Stadium. He scored Somalia's only goal in the 65th-minute of the match, making it the country's fourth goal in their World Cup qualifying history.",
"title": "International career"
}
] | Yusuf Ahmed is a Somali semi-professional footballer who plays as a forward for National Premier Leagues Victoria club Avondale and the Somalia national team. | 2023-12-12T09:14:35Z | 2023-12-31T01:48:00Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Ahmed |
75,543,780 | Combat Comic | Combat Comic (jap. コンバットコミック, Kombatto Komikku) was a Japanese manga magazine dedicated to stories about war and the military. It was published by Nippon Shuppansha from 1984 to 2001 and was the only pure war manga magazine for a long time. It cost around 600 yen and had 225 pages. The paid circulation in the 1990s was around 100,000 copies.
According to editor-in-chief Tetsuya Kurosawa, the readership consisted mainly of weapons (technology) enthusiasts, fans of firearms, survival games or mecha. Most of them were around 20 years old, but some were significantly older and many were members of the Japanese armed forces.
The issues contained around ten ongoing manga series as well as some short stories and articles on military topics. Some of the stories were always dedicated to a current or anniversary military event. They are mainly dedicated to the Pacific War and the Second World War in Europe. There are also stories about alternative histories, simulations or speculations and science fiction war stories set in the near future. Quite a few of these series revolve around the question of how Japan could have won the Second World War or what would have happened afterwards. The mangas are much more text-heavy than in other magazines, as a lot of information on technology and historical background has to be conveyed, especially as the content is usually extensively researched. Around half of the protagonists are Japanese soldiers. The chapters of successful stories appeared together in the Bomb Comics series. Among the best-selling of these collected stories are those about the Gulf War and the Vietnam War. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Combat Comic (jap. コンバットコミック, Kombatto Komikku) was a Japanese manga magazine dedicated to stories about war and the military. It was published by Nippon Shuppansha from 1984 to 2001 and was the only pure war manga magazine for a long time. It cost around 600 yen and had 225 pages. The paid circulation in the 1990s was around 100,000 copies.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "According to editor-in-chief Tetsuya Kurosawa, the readership consisted mainly of weapons (technology) enthusiasts, fans of firearms, survival games or mecha. Most of them were around 20 years old, but some were significantly older and many were members of the Japanese armed forces.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The issues contained around ten ongoing manga series as well as some short stories and articles on military topics. Some of the stories were always dedicated to a current or anniversary military event. They are mainly dedicated to the Pacific War and the Second World War in Europe. There are also stories about alternative histories, simulations or speculations and science fiction war stories set in the near future. Quite a few of these series revolve around the question of how Japan could have won the Second World War or what would have happened afterwards. The mangas are much more text-heavy than in other magazines, as a lot of information on technology and historical background has to be conveyed, especially as the content is usually extensively researched. Around half of the protagonists are Japanese soldiers. The chapters of successful stories appeared together in the Bomb Comics series. Among the best-selling of these collected stories are those about the Gulf War and the Vietnam War.",
"title": "Contents"
}
] | Combat Comic was a Japanese manga magazine dedicated to stories about war and the military. It was published by Nippon Shuppansha from 1984 to 2001 and was the only pure war manga magazine for a long time. It cost around 600 yen and had 225 pages. The paid circulation in the 1990s was around 100,000 copies. According to editor-in-chief Tetsuya Kurosawa, the readership consisted mainly of weapons (technology) enthusiasts, fans of firearms, survival games or mecha. Most of them were around 20 years old, but some were significantly older and many were members of the Japanese armed forces. | 2023-12-12T09:20:45Z | 2023-12-12T09:24:17Z | [] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Comic |
75,543,793 | Genesis in Juddsville | Genesis in Juddsville is a 1955 Australian radio serial by Morris West. It was one of West's final radio serials.
The survivors of a nuclear war attempt to rebuild their lives in the town of Juddsville. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Genesis in Juddsville is a 1955 Australian radio serial by Morris West. It was one of West's final radio serials.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The survivors of a nuclear war attempt to rebuild their lives in the town of Juddsville.",
"title": "Premise"
}
] | Genesis in Juddsville is a 1955 Australian radio serial by Morris West. It was one of West's final radio serials. | 2023-12-12T09:23:07Z | 2023-12-12T16:27:37Z | [
"Template:Infobox radio show",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Morris West"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_in_Juddsville |
75,543,798 | Sonia Kayitesi | Sonia Kayitesi, commonly known as Dj Sonia born (1998-11-09) November 9, 1998 (age 25) in Butare, Rwanda to Pio Nkubito and Mathlide Mukarutesi is a Rwandan female disc jockey, business woman, event planner, model and fashionista.
She joined deejaying Career since 2019. She is best known for her work in Music of Rwanda through, World Cup Qualifiers events. She contributed to a Rwandan ceremony of giving a name to a newborn baby gorilla, popular known as Kwita Izina.
Sonia has played in many different concerts, including Silent Disco, Decent Entertainment, Giants of Africa, the Hill Festival, and played in different hotels and most games, including the Women's Afrobasket Rwanda 2023, the FIBA World Cup, and many other places. DJ Sonia who is one of the most female DJs, in mixing music in Kigali, was invited to a concert where she met Darassa who is one of the biggest names in Tanzanian music and Masauti who is one of the popular artists in Nairobi. She is currently one of the music mixers for the Rwandan national media, Radio Rwanda, Rwanda TV, and its second branch, which is KC2.
She performed as Dj when Nigerian singers both Davido and Tiwa Savage went to Rwanda. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Sonia Kayitesi, commonly known as Dj Sonia born (1998-11-09) November 9, 1998 (age 25) in Butare, Rwanda to Pio Nkubito and Mathlide Mukarutesi is a Rwandan female disc jockey, business woman, event planner, model and fashionista.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She joined deejaying Career since 2019. She is best known for her work in Music of Rwanda through, World Cup Qualifiers events. She contributed to a Rwandan ceremony of giving a name to a newborn baby gorilla, popular known as Kwita Izina.",
"title": "Early life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Sonia has played in many different concerts, including Silent Disco, Decent Entertainment, Giants of Africa, the Hill Festival, and played in different hotels and most games, including the Women's Afrobasket Rwanda 2023, the FIBA World Cup, and many other places. DJ Sonia who is one of the most female DJs, in mixing music in Kigali, was invited to a concert where she met Darassa who is one of the biggest names in Tanzanian music and Masauti who is one of the popular artists in Nairobi. She is currently one of the music mixers for the Rwandan national media, Radio Rwanda, Rwanda TV, and its second branch, which is KC2.",
"title": "Early life and career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "She performed as Dj when Nigerian singers both Davido and Tiwa Savage went to Rwanda.",
"title": "Early life and career"
}
] | Sonia Kayitesi, commonly known as Dj Sonia born November 9, 1998 in Butare, Rwanda to Pio Nkubito and Mathlide Mukarutesi is a Rwandan female disc jockey, business woman, event planner, model and fashionista. | 2023-12-12T09:24:15Z | 2023-12-28T07:22:41Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Rwanda-bio-stub",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Birth date and age",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Kayitesi |
75,543,806 | War of Radagaisus | Vetgedrukte tekst
The War of Radagaisus was a military conflict in northern Italy in the period 405–406. This conflict was caused by the invasion of Radagaisus in 405. He invaded the Western Roman Empire with a huge population shortly after the empire had ended a war with the Visigoths. Due to the size of Radagaisus' army, it required a tremendous effort by the Romans to avert this danger. Commander-in-chief Stilicho was closely involved in the preparations that were made and personally directed the army's operations.
At the end of the fourth century, the Huns, a nomadic people from Central Asia, arrived in Europe. From 395, when they stayed north of the Black Sea, they attacked the Eastern Roman Empire in waves, where they caused enormous destruction. Their arrival disrupted the populations already established in the region. Out of fear, various peoples left their habitats and chased other peoples. This movement is probably the origin of the migration of the Goths, who had bad experiences with the Huns led by Uldin). Radagaisus was a Gothic monarch who led his people from the Great Hungarian Plain to Italy. Despite what Zosimus says about this, most other sources describe Radagaisus' followers as Goths, and specify that he was their king. A group of Alans and Vandals marched together with the Goths.
Another explanation for Radagaisus' arrival is that the Western government's neglect of the threat posed by the gathered peoples on its borders caused a crisis that led Radagaisus to invade the empire in the hope of gaining new land and concessions from the government. obtain.
When Radagaisus appeared at the border of the Western Roman Empire in 406, he had a huge crowd with him. According to Zosimus, Radagaisus' people consisted of 400,000 people, Orosius mentions a number of 200,000. Modern historians suggest that his force probably numbered about 20,000 warriors. These warriors were accompanied by their families, meaning the total size of Radagaisus' group may have approached 100,000. They crossed the Danube River and followed a route through western Pannonia to the northern Alpine provinces and descended to Italy via the Brenner Pass. This is supported by archaeological finds of coin jars, buried by residents who apparently knew of Radagaisus' arrival. Around this time, Flavia Solva was burned and largely abandoned and Aguntum was destroyed by fire. An unspecified number of refugees fled before his army as it marched across the Alps.
Remarkably, Radagaisus encountered no significant resistance from the Roman army along the way. The imperial court had recently moved to Ravenna, where Stilicho had stationed the bulk of his Palatini field armies nearby, not only to guarantee the court's protection but also to oversee the western Illyrian provinces where Alaric stayed after his withdrawal from the war of 402. Moreover, the passages through the Alps were not or hardly defended, because the Alpine garrisons had been stripped by previous wars, and the mountain range was never fully manned after 395.
The army of Radagaisus was of such a size that Stilicho did not dare to attack it with his field army. Radagaisus' army ravaged Italy from the Alps to Tuscany for more than half a year before Stilicho amassed a force large enough to deal with the barbarian invaders. The fact that some towns were taken by storm, although unspecified but most likely all walled, was ominous enough in itself.
Stilicho brought a total of thirty Numbers of the Roman army into position. Together with auxiliary troops from the Alans and Huns, he managed to create a force of between 15,000 and 20,000 men, but possibly even smaller. Given the magnitude of the danger, it is reasonable to assume that he also mobilized troops stationed in Gaul, as he had done earlier during Alaric's invasion of Italy. However, the deployment of this army was continually postponed, because in April 406, soldiers were still recruited and even slaves were recruited into the army on the promise of freedom and a reward of two solidi. Eventually, Uldin's Hunnish auxiliaries arrived in Italy, strengthening Stilicho's army.
During August, Stilicho finally dared to challenge Radagaisus in the field when an excellent opportunity presented itself. Radagaisus had divided his army into three, under different leaders. Unlike the Imperial Army, he did not have the logistics to feed such a huge following in enemy territory, the elements of his army had to forage for themselves.
Stilicho managed to make contact with one of those groups and persuade them to defect. That group was led by the Goot Sarus. In exchange for a ransom, he and his warriors defected to the Roman side. Heather suggests that behind Stilicho's acquisition of 12,000 of Radagaisus' best.
According to Heather, the third group consisted of the Alans and Vandals who had joined Radagaisus at the start of the raid. When Uldin's auxiliary troops arrive, their first task is to attack this group, with which Stilicho kept his Roman troops in reserve before allowing them to participate in the battle. About the groups of Alans and Vandals we are briefly informed by Orosius who mentions a massacre of the Alans by the Huns. Orosius' description is confirmed by Zosimus as well as by the Gallic Chronicler of 452. This event concerns a description of Stilicho's Huns slaughtering the third group of Radagaisus' army. Stilicho could not prioritize tracking down fleeing bands because he had to quickly march further south to subdue Sarus' host and defeat Radagaisus' main force.
The most plausible reconstruction is that the fleeing barbarians were actually a remnant of Radagaisus' third force, composed mainly of Vandals and Alans, who fled from northern Italy to Raetia across the Alps.
From Pavia, Stilicho's main force marches against Radagaisus, who is near the city of Florence, which is besieged by his Gothic army. In the hills of the Apennines near Fiesole, Stilicho's army meets Uldin's army and Sarus' Gothic army. Together they move on to Florence. Stilicho's army is now many times larger than Radagaisus's and manages to encircle the enemy army. The Romans avoid direct confrontation as much as possible and keep the encirclement closed. Famine soon breaks out among the besieged. The barbarians repeatedly make attempts to break out, always without success and when fighting takes place it is the Goths of Sarus' defected army who are deployed by Stilicho against Radagaisus' forces. According to Orosius, Sarus played a leading role in the battle. Ultimately, Radagaisus sees the hopelessness of his situation and surrenders. He capitulated on August 23. Although he has been promised fair terms, possibly concluding an alliance with the Romans, Stilicho immediately has him beheaded.
The victory over Radagaisus is welcomed with great joy in Rome. In Stilicho's honor, a triumphal arch and monument are erected in the Forum to celebrate the victory and "Stilicho's exceptional love for the Roman people".
The victory in Florence can be regarded as the counterexample to the Roman defeat at Adrianople (378). It shows what the late Roman army was still capable of. Through good logistics, strategy and deft diplomacy, it managed to defeat a numerically superior opponent composed of different ethnicities. Stilicho achieved the greatest victory of his career with his victory in the War of Radagaisus.
The victory also had a downside. In order to defeat Radagaisus, Stilico had to clear part of the Rhine borders of his troops. At the end of December 405 or 406 AD there was a very severe winter, which caused the water in the Rhine to freeze over and a large contingent of Vandals, Alans and Suevi to cross and invade the provinces of Gaul (Rhine crossing). This invasion led to the army in Britannia revolting and crossing over to the continent under usurper Constantine III, after which the provinces of Gaul and Spain fell out of Emperor Honorius' power. Stilicho was accused by several of his competitors at the imperial court of inciting the Vandals, Alans, and Suevi to invade Gaul in order to take advantage of the weakening of the empire and claim the throne for himself. These allegations ultimately lead to Stilicho's downfall in 408.
Primary sources:
Secondary sources | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Vetgedrukte tekst",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The War of Radagaisus was a military conflict in northern Italy in the period 405–406. This conflict was caused by the invasion of Radagaisus in 405. He invaded the Western Roman Empire with a huge population shortly after the empire had ended a war with the Visigoths. Due to the size of Radagaisus' army, it required a tremendous effort by the Romans to avert this danger. Commander-in-chief Stilicho was closely involved in the preparations that were made and personally directed the army's operations.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "At the end of the fourth century, the Huns, a nomadic people from Central Asia, arrived in Europe. From 395, when they stayed north of the Black Sea, they attacked the Eastern Roman Empire in waves, where they caused enormous destruction. Their arrival disrupted the populations already established in the region. Out of fear, various peoples left their habitats and chased other peoples. This movement is probably the origin of the migration of the Goths, who had bad experiences with the Huns led by Uldin). Radagaisus was a Gothic monarch who led his people from the Great Hungarian Plain to Italy. Despite what Zosimus says about this, most other sources describe Radagaisus' followers as Goths, and specify that he was their king. A group of Alans and Vandals marched together with the Goths.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Another explanation for Radagaisus' arrival is that the Western government's neglect of the threat posed by the gathered peoples on its borders caused a crisis that led Radagaisus to invade the empire in the hope of gaining new land and concessions from the government. obtain.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "When Radagaisus appeared at the border of the Western Roman Empire in 406, he had a huge crowd with him. According to Zosimus, Radagaisus' people consisted of 400,000 people, Orosius mentions a number of 200,000. Modern historians suggest that his force probably numbered about 20,000 warriors. These warriors were accompanied by their families, meaning the total size of Radagaisus' group may have approached 100,000. They crossed the Danube River and followed a route through western Pannonia to the northern Alpine provinces and descended to Italy via the Brenner Pass. This is supported by archaeological finds of coin jars, buried by residents who apparently knew of Radagaisus' arrival. Around this time, Flavia Solva was burned and largely abandoned and Aguntum was destroyed by fire. An unspecified number of refugees fled before his army as it marched across the Alps.",
"title": "The raid of Radagaisus"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Remarkably, Radagaisus encountered no significant resistance from the Roman army along the way. The imperial court had recently moved to Ravenna, where Stilicho had stationed the bulk of his Palatini field armies nearby, not only to guarantee the court's protection but also to oversee the western Illyrian provinces where Alaric stayed after his withdrawal from the war of 402. Moreover, the passages through the Alps were not or hardly defended, because the Alpine garrisons had been stripped by previous wars, and the mountain range was never fully manned after 395.",
"title": "The raid of Radagaisus"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "The army of Radagaisus was of such a size that Stilicho did not dare to attack it with his field army. Radagaisus' army ravaged Italy from the Alps to Tuscany for more than half a year before Stilicho amassed a force large enough to deal with the barbarian invaders. The fact that some towns were taken by storm, although unspecified but most likely all walled, was ominous enough in itself.",
"title": "Strength and army building of Stilicho"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Stilicho brought a total of thirty Numbers of the Roman army into position. Together with auxiliary troops from the Alans and Huns, he managed to create a force of between 15,000 and 20,000 men, but possibly even smaller. Given the magnitude of the danger, it is reasonable to assume that he also mobilized troops stationed in Gaul, as he had done earlier during Alaric's invasion of Italy. However, the deployment of this army was continually postponed, because in April 406, soldiers were still recruited and even slaves were recruited into the army on the promise of freedom and a reward of two solidi. Eventually, Uldin's Hunnish auxiliaries arrived in Italy, strengthening Stilicho's army.",
"title": "Strength and army building of Stilicho"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "During August, Stilicho finally dared to challenge Radagaisus in the field when an excellent opportunity presented itself. Radagaisus had divided his army into three, under different leaders. Unlike the Imperial Army, he did not have the logistics to feed such a huge following in enemy territory, the elements of his army had to forage for themselves.",
"title": "Stilicho's counterattack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Stilicho managed to make contact with one of those groups and persuade them to defect. That group was led by the Goot Sarus. In exchange for a ransom, he and his warriors defected to the Roman side. Heather suggests that behind Stilicho's acquisition of 12,000 of Radagaisus' best.",
"title": "Stilicho's counterattack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "According to Heather, the third group consisted of the Alans and Vandals who had joined Radagaisus at the start of the raid. When Uldin's auxiliary troops arrive, their first task is to attack this group, with which Stilicho kept his Roman troops in reserve before allowing them to participate in the battle. About the groups of Alans and Vandals we are briefly informed by Orosius who mentions a massacre of the Alans by the Huns. Orosius' description is confirmed by Zosimus as well as by the Gallic Chronicler of 452. This event concerns a description of Stilicho's Huns slaughtering the third group of Radagaisus' army. Stilicho could not prioritize tracking down fleeing bands because he had to quickly march further south to subdue Sarus' host and defeat Radagaisus' main force.",
"title": "Stilicho's counterattack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "The most plausible reconstruction is that the fleeing barbarians were actually a remnant of Radagaisus' third force, composed mainly of Vandals and Alans, who fled from northern Italy to Raetia across the Alps.",
"title": "Stilicho's counterattack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "From Pavia, Stilicho's main force marches against Radagaisus, who is near the city of Florence, which is besieged by his Gothic army. In the hills of the Apennines near Fiesole, Stilicho's army meets Uldin's army and Sarus' Gothic army. Together they move on to Florence. Stilicho's army is now many times larger than Radagaisus's and manages to encircle the enemy army. The Romans avoid direct confrontation as much as possible and keep the encirclement closed. Famine soon breaks out among the besieged. The barbarians repeatedly make attempts to break out, always without success and when fighting takes place it is the Goths of Sarus' defected army who are deployed by Stilicho against Radagaisus' forces. According to Orosius, Sarus played a leading role in the battle. Ultimately, Radagaisus sees the hopelessness of his situation and surrenders. He capitulated on August 23. Although he has been promised fair terms, possibly concluding an alliance with the Romans, Stilicho immediately has him beheaded.",
"title": "Stilicho's counterattack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "The victory over Radagaisus is welcomed with great joy in Rome. In Stilicho's honor, a triumphal arch and monument are erected in the Forum to celebrate the victory and \"Stilicho's exceptional love for the Roman people\".",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "The victory in Florence can be regarded as the counterexample to the Roman defeat at Adrianople (378). It shows what the late Roman army was still capable of. Through good logistics, strategy and deft diplomacy, it managed to defeat a numerically superior opponent composed of different ethnicities. Stilicho achieved the greatest victory of his career with his victory in the War of Radagaisus.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "The victory also had a downside. In order to defeat Radagaisus, Stilico had to clear part of the Rhine borders of his troops. At the end of December 405 or 406 AD there was a very severe winter, which caused the water in the Rhine to freeze over and a large contingent of Vandals, Alans and Suevi to cross and invade the provinces of Gaul (Rhine crossing). This invasion led to the army in Britannia revolting and crossing over to the continent under usurper Constantine III, after which the provinces of Gaul and Spain fell out of Emperor Honorius' power. Stilicho was accused by several of his competitors at the imperial court of inciting the Vandals, Alans, and Suevi to invade Gaul in order to take advantage of the weakening of the empire and claim the throne for himself. These allegations ultimately lead to Stilicho's downfall in 408.",
"title": "Aftermath"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "Primary sources:",
"title": "Sources"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "Secondary sources",
"title": "Sources"
}
] | Vetgedrukte tekst The War of Radagaisus was a military conflict in northern Italy in the period 405–406. This conflict was caused by the invasion of Radagaisus in 405. He invaded the Western Roman Empire with a huge population shortly after the empire had ended a war with the Visigoths. Due to the size of Radagaisus' army, it required a tremendous effort by the Romans to avert this danger. Commander-in-chief Stilicho was closely involved in the preparations that were made and personally directed the army's operations. | 2023-12-12T09:26:26Z | 2023-12-26T08:59:02Z | [
"Template:Infobox military conflict",
"Template:Aut",
"Template:ISBN",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Radagaisus |
75,543,812 | Raging Grace | Raging Grace is a 2023 British horror film directed and co-written by Paris Zarcilla. The film stars Max Eigenmann, Jaeden Paige Boadilla, Leanne Best, and David Hayman.
An undocumented immigrant from the Philippines named Joy is struggling to make a living to support her daughter in the United Kingdom. One day, Joy finds a well-paying job as a caretaker for a rich old man afflicted by a terminal disease. Soon, Joy finds out that the old man hides many dark secrets that can ruin everything she worked hard for.
Raging Grace at IMDb | [
{
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"text": "Raging Grace is a 2023 British horror film directed and co-written by Paris Zarcilla. The film stars Max Eigenmann, Jaeden Paige Boadilla, Leanne Best, and David Hayman.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "An undocumented immigrant from the Philippines named Joy is struggling to make a living to support her daughter in the United Kingdom. One day, Joy finds a well-paying job as a caretaker for a rich old man afflicted by a terminal disease. Soon, Joy finds out that the old man hides many dark secrets that can ruin everything she worked hard for.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Raging Grace at IMDb",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Raging Grace is a 2023 British horror film directed and co-written by Paris Zarcilla. The film stars Max Eigenmann, Jaeden Paige Boadilla, Leanne Best, and David Hayman. | 2023-12-12T09:27:09Z | 2023-12-17T09:26:26Z | [
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75,543,816 | Kayitesi | Kayitesi is an African surname. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Kayitesi is an African surname.",
"title": ""
}
] | Kayitesi is an African surname. Odette Kayitesi
Sonia Kayitesi | 2023-12-12T09:28:57Z | 2023-12-12T09:32:50Z | [
"Template:Surname"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayitesi |
75,543,824 | Jessie Margaret Langham | Jessie Margaret Langham OBE (26 March 1902 – 12 November 1988) was an Australian nurse who was promoted to Captain during World War II when she received the Associate Royal Red Cross. She served as hospital matron at Ballarat Base Hospital for twenty years and she was given an Order of the British Empire.
Langham was born in 1902 in Victoria State like her parents. She was born at Korumburra to Catherine (born Clark) and William Smith Langham. Her father was a pastoralist. She was in her late twenties when she began her training as a nurse at the (Royal) Melbourne Hospital in 1929. After she had won an award and completed her basis training in 1932 she went to Queen Victoria Hospital where she extended her skills to include midwifery. In 1935 she left her position as Melbourne Hospital's night superintendent to begin two years working for the Australian Inland Mission at the Victoria River Downs Station in the Northern Territory.
In July 1940 she was in England having just joined the Australian Army Nursing Service as part of the Australian Imperial Force. She was working for the 2/3rd Australian General Hospital which moved to Gaza by that November and it was redesigned as the 2/11th AGH. She was sister-in-charge at the 2/11th AGH's surgical ward in Alexandria in 1941. By that December, Japan had joined the war and she was a sister. She left the middle east and began work in Queensland where she was given the rank of Captain in 1943.
She was awarded an Associate Royal Red Cross in the 1945 King's Birthday Honours together with four others, Ellen Fenner, Kath Bonnin, Ethel Youman and Martha Hateley. Her award was for "great devotion to duty often in dangerous and difficult circumstances and for outstanding ability".
From 1947 to 1967 she was the matron at Ballarat Base Hospital and in 1969 she was awarded an OBE.
Her hospital named a nurses home for her in 1988 and Langham died in the suburb of Heidelberg, Victoria later in the same year. In the following year her OBE medal was given to the Ballarat Base Hospital. In 1997 all of her papers were given to the University of Melbourne as she had no surviving family. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Jessie Margaret Langham OBE (26 March 1902 – 12 November 1988) was an Australian nurse who was promoted to Captain during World War II when she received the Associate Royal Red Cross. She served as hospital matron at Ballarat Base Hospital for twenty years and she was given an Order of the British Empire.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Langham was born in 1902 in Victoria State like her parents. She was born at Korumburra to Catherine (born Clark) and William Smith Langham. Her father was a pastoralist. She was in her late twenties when she began her training as a nurse at the (Royal) Melbourne Hospital in 1929. After she had won an award and completed her basis training in 1932 she went to Queen Victoria Hospital where she extended her skills to include midwifery. In 1935 she left her position as Melbourne Hospital's night superintendent to begin two years working for the Australian Inland Mission at the Victoria River Downs Station in the Northern Territory.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In July 1940 she was in England having just joined the Australian Army Nursing Service as part of the Australian Imperial Force. She was working for the 2/3rd Australian General Hospital which moved to Gaza by that November and it was redesigned as the 2/11th AGH. She was sister-in-charge at the 2/11th AGH's surgical ward in Alexandria in 1941. By that December, Japan had joined the war and she was a sister. She left the middle east and began work in Queensland where she was given the rank of Captain in 1943.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "She was awarded an Associate Royal Red Cross in the 1945 King's Birthday Honours together with four others, Ellen Fenner, Kath Bonnin, Ethel Youman and Martha Hateley. Her award was for \"great devotion to duty often in dangerous and difficult circumstances and for outstanding ability\".",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "From 1947 to 1967 she was the matron at Ballarat Base Hospital and in 1969 she was awarded an OBE.",
"title": "Life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Her hospital named a nurses home for her in 1988 and Langham died in the suburb of Heidelberg, Victoria later in the same year. In the following year her OBE medal was given to the Ballarat Base Hospital. In 1997 all of her papers were given to the University of Melbourne as she had no surviving family.",
"title": "Death and legacy"
}
] | Jessie Margaret Langham OBE was an Australian nurse who was promoted to Captain during World War II when she received the Associate Royal Red Cross. She served as hospital matron at Ballarat Base Hospital for twenty years and she was given an Order of the British Empire. | 2023-12-12T09:30:41Z | 2023-12-17T20:50:27Z | [
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75,543,835 | Pegleg Bennett | Pegleg Bennett (born 1969) is a British lifeguard and professional big wave surfer. He also appeared on Survivor 2023.
Bennett was a strong swimmer as a child, learning to surf at age 17.
He found success in surfing so began competing internationally.
In 2018, Bennett represented England in the Adapted World Championships in La Jolla, placing 6th.
Pegleg Bennett competed in the 2021 AmpSurf ISA World Para Surfing Championships representing England, the highest-level contest for para/adaptive surfing. England went on to place 7th, Pegleg making it to the semi-finals of his division.
Bennett also works as a surfing instructor.
Born as Rick Bennett in 1969, Bennett was born without an ankle in his left leg, and as a result it was amputated when he was 13 months old. He went by the nickname Pegleg throughout his childhood, eventually making the decision to make it his legal name in 2016. Bennett resides in St Agnes in Cornwall, England. He is marrried and has children and grandchildren.
In October 2023, Bennett was announced as one of the 18 contestants chosen to compete on Survivor 2023, missing 3 competitions to compete.
In 2018, Pegleg appeared in an episode of George Clarke's Amazing Spaces, living in a van. Pegleg is an ambassador for Dryrobe. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pegleg Bennett (born 1969) is a British lifeguard and professional big wave surfer. He also appeared on Survivor 2023.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Bennett was a strong swimmer as a child, learning to surf at age 17.",
"title": "Surfing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He found success in surfing so began competing internationally.",
"title": "Surfing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 2018, Bennett represented England in the Adapted World Championships in La Jolla, placing 6th.",
"title": "Surfing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "Pegleg Bennett competed in the 2021 AmpSurf ISA World Para Surfing Championships representing England, the highest-level contest for para/adaptive surfing. England went on to place 7th, Pegleg making it to the semi-finals of his division.",
"title": "Surfing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Bennett also works as a surfing instructor.",
"title": "Surfing career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Born as Rick Bennett in 1969, Bennett was born without an ankle in his left leg, and as a result it was amputated when he was 13 months old. He went by the nickname Pegleg throughout his childhood, eventually making the decision to make it his legal name in 2016. Bennett resides in St Agnes in Cornwall, England. He is marrried and has children and grandchildren.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "In October 2023, Bennett was announced as one of the 18 contestants chosen to compete on Survivor 2023, missing 3 competitions to compete.",
"title": "Survivor"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 2018, Pegleg appeared in an episode of George Clarke's Amazing Spaces, living in a van. Pegleg is an ambassador for Dryrobe.",
"title": "Other appearances"
}
] | Pegleg Bennett is a British lifeguard and professional big wave surfer. He also appeared on Survivor 2023. | 2023-12-12T09:33:24Z | 2023-12-16T23:24:42Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegleg_Bennett |
75,543,853 | Duarte Pacheco | Duarte José Pacheco GCSE GCC (19 April 1900 — 16 November 1943) was a Portuguese engineer, minister of public works and mayor of Lisbon who made major improvements to the civil infrastructure of Portugal as a minister of the Estado Novo regime. He is considered to be one of the most notable Portuguese politicians of the 20th century.
Pacheco was born in Loulé in the Algarve region of Portugal. He was one of the youngest of four sons and seven daughters of José de Azevedo Pacheco, Police Commissioner of Loulé, and his wife Maria do Carmo Pontes Bota. His mother, from a rich family from Loulé, died in 1906, and the following year his father was transferred to Horta on Faial Island in the Azores, leaving the family in the Algarve, under the care of the eldest sister, Sofia. He would return to the Algarve but die in 1914. Duarte Pacheco was born on 19 April 1900 but, as a result of a bureaucratic error, his birth certificate recorded his year of birth as 1899. He never corrected this, joking that people already considered him too young for his job.
As there was no high school in Loulé, the family's children studied with private teachers. His brother Humberto also taught the rest of the family and under his tutelage Pacheco was able to gain admission to Faro Lyceum as a boarding student. While at this school he worked to pay the fees. He then entered the newly created Instituto Superior Técnico (IST: Higher Technical Institute – now part of the University of Lisbon) at the age of 17, living with Humberto. He graduated in electrical engineering in 1923. Considered to be a brilliant student, a year later he was hired as an assistant at IST and in 1925 he was already a full professor, teaching the subject of general mathematics. In 1926 he became interim director of IST and, in August 1927, was unanimously appointed as Director. One of his first acts was to present proposals for a new building.
Pacheco was appointed as minister of public instruction in April 1928, but resigned in November of the same year. However, in that period he carried out a mission that would prove important in the history of Portugal, visiting António de Oliveira Salazar, then a professor in the University of Coimbra, to persuade him to return to the Portuguese capital, Lisbon to become minister of finance, a position he had held in 1926 for just five days before resigning when the conditions he proposed to control rampant overspending were refused. Pacheco's mission proved successful and Salazar again became minister of finance, being appointed as prime minister in 1932 and effectively becoming the country's dictator.
In July 1932 Pacheco was asked by Salazar to become the first minister of public works and communications, a position he held until January 1936, before returning to IST for two years. In January 1938 he was appointed as president of Lisbon City Council and in May of 1938 he was reinstated as minister of public works and communications. In this capacity he initiated, planned, and executed numerous works related to the provision of social housing, the development of roads, and other civil engineering, such as Lisbon Airport, improvement to ports, hydro-electric plants, hospitals, schools, the national stadium and the National Statistics Institute. He did not forget his alma mater, building a new headquarters for the IST. He was also responsible for the organization of the 1940 Portuguese World Exhibition, held in Belém, Lisbon, which included construction of the Monument of the Discoveries of Portugal. In addition, he was responsible for the reforestation of the Monsanto Forest Park, now known as the "lungs of Lisbon", with the work mainly being done by prisoners. He also instigated a considerable improvement in post and telecommunications services and the water supply and developed an urbanization plan for the entire country. Although the 25 de Abril Bridge over the Tagus river was not completed until 1966, Pacheco organized the first commission to investigate its feasibility.
The social housing built while Pacheco was the minister is now considered by many to be an eyesore but at the time represented a major advancement in the conditions for poorer sections of the Portuguese population. The developments included those in Alvalade, Encarnação and Ajuda, all in Lisbon. Road developments supervised by Pacheco included roads between Lisbon and Vila Franca de Xira, Lisbon and the national stadium (the first motorway in Portugal), and the coast road between Lisbon and Cascais, known as the "Estrada Marginal". His ideas for motorway development stemmed from a visit in 1938 to Italy, while planning the Portuguese World Exhibition. Improvements to ports included not only Lisbon and Leixões, serving the second city of Porto, but also Viana do Castelo, Póvoa de Varzim, Aveiro, Figueira da Foz, Peniche, Setúbal, Vila Real de Santo António, Funchal in Madeira and Ponta Delgada in the Azores, This work was essential both to promote trade and fisheries and also to facilitate the development of the cement industry necessary to carry out all the other works he planned.
Pacheco was reportedly a workaholic, once telling a niece who asked him why he was not married that "I have no time". He slept little and often used journeys in his ministerial car to get some sleep. His imaginative and dynamic approach was assisted by Salazar, who gave him a free hand to cut through bureaucratic red tape. This gave him considerable powers to carry out compulsory purchases of rural land needed for urban development, making him very unpopular in some circles. He also centralised urban development: no urbanization work could be carried out that was not an integral part of the general urbanization plan. Opposition to these policies led to Salazar reluctantly sacking him in January 1936, but he was reinstated to the same ministerial post in May 1938 and from that time felt secure in his efforts to change the face of Portugal.
Pacheco not only promoted urbanization and new construction but also reconstruction and renovation. Under his direction such reconstruction included the São Bento Palace, São Jorge Castle, Lisbon Cathedral, the São Carlos National Theatre, and the Palace of the Dukes of Braganza in Guimarães. Among other innovations for which he has been credited are the Pousadas de Portugal, a chain of hotels in historic buildings, which was founded in 1942, and the establishment of the Road Transport Industry Association.
In 1933, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ. In 1940, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword.
On the morning of 15 November 1943, Pacheco went to Vila Viçosa in the Alentejo region to review the work underway on a statue of King João IV. He wanted to arrive back in Lisbon in time for a Council of Ministers meeting and urged his driver to speed up. Between Montemor-o-Novo and Vendas Novas, his vehicle collided with a cork tree. He was transported to hospital in Setúbal where he died from internal bleeding. The President of Loulé municipality requested that Pacheco's remains be transferred to Loulé for burial but Salazar refused on the grounds that Pacheco had spent his life of public service in Lisbon. He was buried in the "Mausoleum of the Benefactors of the City of Lisbon", at Alto de São João Cemetery in Lisbon.
Pacheco's name remains well known to the people of Lisbon as the viaduct that crosses the Alcântara Valley, connecting the A5 motorway to the centre of Lisbon, bears his name. There is a monument to him on the western edge of the viaduct and one in his home town of Loulé, inaugurated by Salazar on the 10th anniversary of Pacheco's death. The memorial contains 18 scenes sculpted in stone, which portray the areas of civil engineering on which Pacheco had an influence. In Loulé there is also a plaque on the house where he was born. A bridge over the Tâmega river is also named after him, as are several roads. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Duarte José Pacheco GCSE GCC (19 April 1900 — 16 November 1943) was a Portuguese engineer, minister of public works and mayor of Lisbon who made major improvements to the civil infrastructure of Portugal as a minister of the Estado Novo regime. He is considered to be one of the most notable Portuguese politicians of the 20th century.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Pacheco was born in Loulé in the Algarve region of Portugal. He was one of the youngest of four sons and seven daughters of José de Azevedo Pacheco, Police Commissioner of Loulé, and his wife Maria do Carmo Pontes Bota. His mother, from a rich family from Loulé, died in 1906, and the following year his father was transferred to Horta on Faial Island in the Azores, leaving the family in the Algarve, under the care of the eldest sister, Sofia. He would return to the Algarve but die in 1914. Duarte Pacheco was born on 19 April 1900 but, as a result of a bureaucratic error, his birth certificate recorded his year of birth as 1899. He never corrected this, joking that people already considered him too young for his job.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "As there was no high school in Loulé, the family's children studied with private teachers. His brother Humberto also taught the rest of the family and under his tutelage Pacheco was able to gain admission to Faro Lyceum as a boarding student. While at this school he worked to pay the fees. He then entered the newly created Instituto Superior Técnico (IST: Higher Technical Institute – now part of the University of Lisbon) at the age of 17, living with Humberto. He graduated in electrical engineering in 1923. Considered to be a brilliant student, a year later he was hired as an assistant at IST and in 1925 he was already a full professor, teaching the subject of general mathematics. In 1926 he became interim director of IST and, in August 1927, was unanimously appointed as Director. One of his first acts was to present proposals for a new building.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Pacheco was appointed as minister of public instruction in April 1928, but resigned in November of the same year. However, in that period he carried out a mission that would prove important in the history of Portugal, visiting António de Oliveira Salazar, then a professor in the University of Coimbra, to persuade him to return to the Portuguese capital, Lisbon to become minister of finance, a position he had held in 1926 for just five days before resigning when the conditions he proposed to control rampant overspending were refused. Pacheco's mission proved successful and Salazar again became minister of finance, being appointed as prime minister in 1932 and effectively becoming the country's dictator.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "In July 1932 Pacheco was asked by Salazar to become the first minister of public works and communications, a position he held until January 1936, before returning to IST for two years. In January 1938 he was appointed as president of Lisbon City Council and in May of 1938 he was reinstated as minister of public works and communications. In this capacity he initiated, planned, and executed numerous works related to the provision of social housing, the development of roads, and other civil engineering, such as Lisbon Airport, improvement to ports, hydro-electric plants, hospitals, schools, the national stadium and the National Statistics Institute. He did not forget his alma mater, building a new headquarters for the IST. He was also responsible for the organization of the 1940 Portuguese World Exhibition, held in Belém, Lisbon, which included construction of the Monument of the Discoveries of Portugal. In addition, he was responsible for the reforestation of the Monsanto Forest Park, now known as the \"lungs of Lisbon\", with the work mainly being done by prisoners. He also instigated a considerable improvement in post and telecommunications services and the water supply and developed an urbanization plan for the entire country. Although the 25 de Abril Bridge over the Tagus river was not completed until 1966, Pacheco organized the first commission to investigate its feasibility.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "The social housing built while Pacheco was the minister is now considered by many to be an eyesore but at the time represented a major advancement in the conditions for poorer sections of the Portuguese population. The developments included those in Alvalade, Encarnação and Ajuda, all in Lisbon. Road developments supervised by Pacheco included roads between Lisbon and Vila Franca de Xira, Lisbon and the national stadium (the first motorway in Portugal), and the coast road between Lisbon and Cascais, known as the \"Estrada Marginal\". His ideas for motorway development stemmed from a visit in 1938 to Italy, while planning the Portuguese World Exhibition. Improvements to ports included not only Lisbon and Leixões, serving the second city of Porto, but also Viana do Castelo, Póvoa de Varzim, Aveiro, Figueira da Foz, Peniche, Setúbal, Vila Real de Santo António, Funchal in Madeira and Ponta Delgada in the Azores, This work was essential both to promote trade and fisheries and also to facilitate the development of the cement industry necessary to carry out all the other works he planned.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Pacheco was reportedly a workaholic, once telling a niece who asked him why he was not married that \"I have no time\". He slept little and often used journeys in his ministerial car to get some sleep. His imaginative and dynamic approach was assisted by Salazar, who gave him a free hand to cut through bureaucratic red tape. This gave him considerable powers to carry out compulsory purchases of rural land needed for urban development, making him very unpopular in some circles. He also centralised urban development: no urbanization work could be carried out that was not an integral part of the general urbanization plan. Opposition to these policies led to Salazar reluctantly sacking him in January 1936, but he was reinstated to the same ministerial post in May 1938 and from that time felt secure in his efforts to change the face of Portugal.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Pacheco not only promoted urbanization and new construction but also reconstruction and renovation. Under his direction such reconstruction included the São Bento Palace, São Jorge Castle, Lisbon Cathedral, the São Carlos National Theatre, and the Palace of the Dukes of Braganza in Guimarães. Among other innovations for which he has been credited are the Pousadas de Portugal, a chain of hotels in historic buildings, which was founded in 1942, and the establishment of the Road Transport Industry Association.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "In 1933, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ. In 1940, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Military Order of Saint James of the Sword.",
"title": "Awards"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "On the morning of 15 November 1943, Pacheco went to Vila Viçosa in the Alentejo region to review the work underway on a statue of King João IV. He wanted to arrive back in Lisbon in time for a Council of Ministers meeting and urged his driver to speed up. Between Montemor-o-Novo and Vendas Novas, his vehicle collided with a cork tree. He was transported to hospital in Setúbal where he died from internal bleeding. The President of Loulé municipality requested that Pacheco's remains be transferred to Loulé for burial but Salazar refused on the grounds that Pacheco had spent his life of public service in Lisbon. He was buried in the \"Mausoleum of the Benefactors of the City of Lisbon\", at Alto de São João Cemetery in Lisbon.",
"title": "Death"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Pacheco's name remains well known to the people of Lisbon as the viaduct that crosses the Alcântara Valley, connecting the A5 motorway to the centre of Lisbon, bears his name. There is a monument to him on the western edge of the viaduct and one in his home town of Loulé, inaugurated by Salazar on the 10th anniversary of Pacheco's death. The memorial contains 18 scenes sculpted in stone, which portray the areas of civil engineering on which Pacheco had an influence. In Loulé there is also a plaque on the house where he was born. A bridge over the Tâmega river is also named after him, as are several roads.",
"title": "Death"
}
] | Duarte José Pacheco was a Portuguese engineer, minister of public works and mayor of Lisbon who made major improvements to the civil infrastructure of Portugal as a minister of the Estado Novo regime. He is considered to be one of the most notable Portuguese politicians of the 20th century. | 2023-12-12T09:37:51Z | 2023-12-14T12:16:21Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duarte_Pacheco |
75,543,861 | PB-48 Pishin-II | [] | 2023-12-12T09:39:10Z | 2023-12-13T06:43:47Z | [
"Template:Redirect category shell"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PB-48_Pishin-II |
||
75,543,887 | Pencho Koychev | Pencho Genchev Koychev (Bulgarian: Пенчо Генчев Койчев; 27 January 1876—27 January 1957) was a Bulgarian architect known for his monumental public buildings.
Pencho Koychev was born in Dryanovo to the professional builder Gencho Radev Koychev and Tsana Docheva. The family moved to Silistra in 1879. He attended middle school in Silistra and high school in Ruse. Koychev studied civil engineering and architecture at Ghent University in Belgium under Louis Cloquet and graduated in 1901 with honours.
Upon his graduation, Koychev returned to the Principality of Bulgaria and worked as the district architect of Pleven, at the Ministry of Public Works and at the Agency for Railway and Harbour Buildings. He taught at the National Academy of Arts (1910–1914) and at the Sofia High School of Technology (1914–1917). Since 1924, he headed the Department of Architecture at the Ministry of Public Works.
Pencho Koychev's architecture style was influenced by National Romanticism. The Pleven Mausoleum draws inspiration from medieval Byzantine architecture, while the Pazardzhik post office and the Tsarska Bistritsa palace are based on the vernacular style of the Bulgarian National Revival. His later works like the court houses in Sofia and Ruse are more strictly classical, austere and monumental. Koychev himself considered his career to have started with his favourite work, the mausoleum in Pleven, and to have ended with his most grandiose design, the court house in Sofia. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Pencho Genchev Koychev (Bulgarian: Пенчо Генчев Койчев; 27 January 1876—27 January 1957) was a Bulgarian architect known for his monumental public buildings.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Pencho Koychev was born in Dryanovo to the professional builder Gencho Radev Koychev and Tsana Docheva. The family moved to Silistra in 1879. He attended middle school in Silistra and high school in Ruse. Koychev studied civil engineering and architecture at Ghent University in Belgium under Louis Cloquet and graduated in 1901 with honours.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Upon his graduation, Koychev returned to the Principality of Bulgaria and worked as the district architect of Pleven, at the Ministry of Public Works and at the Agency for Railway and Harbour Buildings. He taught at the National Academy of Arts (1910–1914) and at the Sofia High School of Technology (1914–1917). Since 1924, he headed the Department of Architecture at the Ministry of Public Works.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Pencho Koychev's architecture style was influenced by National Romanticism. The Pleven Mausoleum draws inspiration from medieval Byzantine architecture, while the Pazardzhik post office and the Tsarska Bistritsa palace are based on the vernacular style of the Bulgarian National Revival. His later works like the court houses in Sofia and Ruse are more strictly classical, austere and monumental. Koychev himself considered his career to have started with his favourite work, the mausoleum in Pleven, and to have ended with his most grandiose design, the court house in Sofia.",
"title": ""
}
] | Pencho Genchev Koychev was a Bulgarian architect known for his monumental public buildings. Pencho Koychev was born in Dryanovo to the professional builder Gencho Radev Koychev and Tsana Docheva. The family moved to Silistra in 1879. He attended middle school in Silistra and high school in Ruse. Koychev studied civil engineering and architecture at Ghent University in Belgium under Louis Cloquet and graduated in 1901 with honours. Upon his graduation, Koychev returned to the Principality of Bulgaria and worked as the district architect of Pleven, at the Ministry of Public Works and at the Agency for Railway and Harbour Buildings. He taught at the National Academy of Arts (1910–1914) and at the Sofia High School of Technology (1914–1917). Since 1924, he headed the Department of Architecture at the Ministry of Public Works. Pencho Koychev's architecture style was influenced by National Romanticism. The Pleven Mausoleum draws inspiration from medieval Byzantine architecture, while the Pazardzhik post office and the Tsarska Bistritsa palace are based on the vernacular style of the Bulgarian National Revival. His later works like the court houses in Sofia and Ruse are more strictly classical, austere and monumental. Koychev himself considered his career to have started with his favourite work, the mausoleum in Pleven, and to have ended with his most grandiose design, the court house in Sofia. | 2023-12-12T09:44:30Z | 2023-12-14T13:01:42Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencho_Koychev |
75,543,905 | St Hubert's Church, Bridel | St Hubert's Church in Bridel is a Catholic church that belongs to the parish of Mamerdall Saint-Christophe [lb], to the deanery of Luxembourg and to the municipality of Kopstal. The foundation stone for the church, dedicated to Saint Hubert, was laid on November 9, 1969. The plans were by Bridel architect René Schmit. It was consecrated on March 19, 1972, by Bishop Jean Hengen.
On June 21, 2017, it was added to the list of classified national monuments.
The tabernacle and the cross were crafted by Jean Thill, the baptismal font by Thill and Schmit. The 307 m abstract glass concrete windows were created by Mett Hoffmann and Jean Thill. The doors were designed by Maggy Stein and show the Creation on one side and the tree of life on the other.
In 1990, the church received an organ from the Kleuker company of Brackwede, Bielefeld. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "St Hubert's Church in Bridel is a Catholic church that belongs to the parish of Mamerdall Saint-Christophe [lb], to the deanery of Luxembourg and to the municipality of Kopstal. The foundation stone for the church, dedicated to Saint Hubert, was laid on November 9, 1969. The plans were by Bridel architect René Schmit. It was consecrated on March 19, 1972, by Bishop Jean Hengen.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "On June 21, 2017, it was added to the list of classified national monuments.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The tabernacle and the cross were crafted by Jean Thill, the baptismal font by Thill and Schmit. The 307 m abstract glass concrete windows were created by Mett Hoffmann and Jean Thill. The doors were designed by Maggy Stein and show the Creation on one side and the tree of life on the other.",
"title": "Interior"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1990, the church received an organ from the Kleuker company of Brackwede, Bielefeld.",
"title": "Interior"
}
] | St Hubert's Church in Bridel is a Catholic church that belongs to the parish of Mamerdall Saint-Christophe, to the deanery of Luxembourg and to the municipality of Kopstal. The foundation stone for the church, dedicated to Saint Hubert, was laid on November 9, 1969. The plans were by Bridel architect René Schmit. It was consecrated on March 19, 1972, by Bishop Jean Hengen. On June 21, 2017, it was added to the list of classified national monuments. | 2023-12-12T09:48:47Z | 2023-12-31T23:37:19Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hubert%27s_Church,_Bridel |
75,543,907 | Ixora scheffleri | Ixora scheffleri is small to medium-sized tree species within the family Rubiaceae. It is among four Ixora species occurring in Africa than has a predominant tree habit. It has two infraspecifics, one of which is endangered, the Ixora scheffleri subsp. scheffleri.
Ixora scheffleri grows up to 17 m in height, the bark is brown to grey in color and the slash is soft and fibrous, pale pink to brownish in color. Leaves tensd to be glabrous, simple, and opposite with stipules and petioles present; leaflets are elliptic to oblong in outline. Inflorescence is corymbose in arrangement, sessile and pedunculate, peduncle reaches up to 10 cm long, flowers are white in color with pink spots on the corolla tube.
The species is endemic to Eastern Africa from Uganda southwards to Tanzania. It occurs in montane regions along the Eastern arc mountains in Uluguru, Mulanje, Imatongs and Usambara mountain ranges.
The species is used as an ornamental plant. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Ixora scheffleri is small to medium-sized tree species within the family Rubiaceae. It is among four Ixora species occurring in Africa than has a predominant tree habit. It has two infraspecifics, one of which is endangered, the Ixora scheffleri subsp. scheffleri.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Ixora scheffleri grows up to 17 m in height, the bark is brown to grey in color and the slash is soft and fibrous, pale pink to brownish in color. Leaves tensd to be glabrous, simple, and opposite with stipules and petioles present; leaflets are elliptic to oblong in outline. Inflorescence is corymbose in arrangement, sessile and pedunculate, peduncle reaches up to 10 cm long, flowers are white in color with pink spots on the corolla tube.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The species is endemic to Eastern Africa from Uganda southwards to Tanzania. It occurs in montane regions along the Eastern arc mountains in Uluguru, Mulanje, Imatongs and Usambara mountain ranges.",
"title": "Distribution"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The species is used as an ornamental plant.",
"title": "Uses"
}
] | Ixora scheffleri is small to medium-sized tree species within the family Rubiaceae. It is among four Ixora species occurring in Africa than has a predominant tree habit. It has two infraspecifics, one of which is endangered, the Ixora scheffleri subsp. scheffleri. | 2023-12-12T09:48:56Z | 2023-12-14T09:33:05Z | [
"Template:Reflist",
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"Template:Cite book",
"Template:Cite web",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixora_scheffleri |
75,543,932 | Lesley Ramseier | Lesley Ramseier (born 5 June 1997) is a Swiss footballer who plays for the Swiss side FC Zurich. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Lesley Ramseier (born 5 June 1997) is a Swiss footballer who plays for the Swiss side FC Zurich.",
"title": ""
}
] | Lesley Ramseier is a Swiss footballer who plays for the Swiss side FC Zurich. | 2023-12-12T09:59:45Z | 2023-12-13T18:30:02Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Infobox football biography",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Ramseier |
75,543,977 | Osman Aşkın Bak | Osman Aşkın Bak (born October 11, 1966) is a Turkish mechanical engineer, politician and the current Minister of Youth and Sports.
His family originates from the Derinsu village of the Pazar district of Rize.
He attended Kabataş Boys High School from 1980 to 1983, and met later president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who lived in the same neighborhood during this period. He later attended and graduated from Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in 1987. During his university years, he managed the football team Esenler Erokspor, and participated in election preparations for the Welfare Party alongside Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.
In 1988, he moved to London, later beginning his postgraduate on Business Management and Industrial Engineering at the University of Nottingham, during which he worked as a football referee in Nottingham for two years. In 1992, he completed his postgraduate and returned to Turkey, beginning his doctorate at Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science on Industrial Engineering.
He served as a member of the Executive Board of the Foreign Economic Relations Board of Turkey and the Turkish-Iranian Business Council. He has also served as a Council Member at the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce and served as General Secretary, President, and Board Member in various sports clubs.
He was elected as a Member of Parliament for Istanbul in the 24th term and for Rize in the 25th, 26th and 27th Term. He became a member of the Turkish Group of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly and the Spokesperson of the Foreign Affairs Commission. He was elected as the Deputy Chairman of the Political Committee of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly. He has also served as Chairman of the Anti-Doping Investigation Commission. He previously served as Minister of Youth and Sports in the 65th cabinet of Turkey, and is currently serving as the Minister of Youth and Sports in the 67th cabinet of Turkey.
Bak is fluent in English and knows an intermediate amount of German and Farsi. He is married and has 4 children.
Osman Aşkın Bak on Twitter | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Osman Aşkın Bak (born October 11, 1966) is a Turkish mechanical engineer, politician and the current Minister of Youth and Sports.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "His family originates from the Derinsu village of the Pazar district of Rize.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He attended Kabataş Boys High School from 1980 to 1983, and met later president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, who lived in the same neighborhood during this period. He later attended and graduated from Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in 1987. During his university years, he managed the football team Esenler Erokspor, and participated in election preparations for the Welfare Party alongside Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1988, he moved to London, later beginning his postgraduate on Business Management and Industrial Engineering at the University of Nottingham, during which he worked as a football referee in Nottingham for two years. In 1992, he completed his postgraduate and returned to Turkey, beginning his doctorate at Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science on Industrial Engineering.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He served as a member of the Executive Board of the Foreign Economic Relations Board of Turkey and the Turkish-Iranian Business Council. He has also served as a Council Member at the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce and served as General Secretary, President, and Board Member in various sports clubs.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "He was elected as a Member of Parliament for Istanbul in the 24th term and for Rize in the 25th, 26th and 27th Term. He became a member of the Turkish Group of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly and the Spokesperson of the Foreign Affairs Commission. He was elected as the Deputy Chairman of the Political Committee of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly. He has also served as Chairman of the Anti-Doping Investigation Commission. He previously served as Minister of Youth and Sports in the 65th cabinet of Turkey, and is currently serving as the Minister of Youth and Sports in the 67th cabinet of Turkey.",
"title": "Political career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "Bak is fluent in English and knows an intermediate amount of German and Farsi. He is married and has 4 children.",
"title": "Personal life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Osman Aşkın Bak on Twitter",
"title": "External links"
}
] | Osman Aşkın Bak is a Turkish mechanical engineer, politician and the current Minister of Youth and Sports. | 2023-12-12T10:17:05Z | 2023-12-14T11:26:49Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osman_A%C5%9Fk%C4%B1n_Bak |
75,544,003 | National Day (Thailand) | The National Day (Thai: วันชาติ) is a public holiday in Thailand (formerly Siam). Presently, it is observed on 5 December, the birthday of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Historically, the National Day was observed on 6 April (since 1920 at least), which corresponded to the Chakri Day, the day commemorating the Chakri dynasty, and on 24 June (since 1938), which corresponded to the day of the Siamese revolution, before it was replaced in 1960 by the National Celebrations Day (Thai: วันเฉลิมฉลองของชาติ), observed on 5 December, and was revived in 2017, also observed on 5 December.
In 1920, Prince Charunsak Kridakon, Siamese diplomatic minister in Paris, informed the Siamese foreign ministry through a telegram dated 2 July that the Spanish government inquired him about any national day of Siam in order to list it on diplomatic documents and he was unsure about it because the Siamese legation in Paris used to hold national celebrations on three days, namely, the king's birthday, the New Year's Day, and the king's enthronement day. Prince Devawongse Varoprakar, Siamese foreign minister, then requested an opinion from King Vajiravudh, and the king's secretary, Prince Dhani Nivat, replied that the king said "tell them that it is 6 April, the day we call Chakri Day".
After the Siamese revolution on 24 June 1932, in which the People's Party replaced the country's absolute monarchy with a constitutional one, the government of Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena announced on 18 July 1938 that the National Day be observed on 24 June in order to commemorate the said political change.
The following year, the 24 June National Day was celebrated for the first time with great pomp and circumstance under the government of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram. On the same day, the Phibunsongkhram government also announced renaming the country from Siam to Thailand and premiered the "National Day's Song" (Thai: เพลงวันชาติ), which was composed by Montri Tramote and won a government-organised competition.
On 28 February 1940, the Phibunsongkhram administration announced 23, 24, and 25 June to be consecutive public holidays every year to commemorate the National Day. On 6 August 1948, these holidays were announced to be reduced to one day, 24 June.
On 21 May 1960, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, junta leader and prime minister, announced replacing the National Day with the National Celebrations Day observed on 5 December, the birthday of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. His announcement merely stated that the National Day observed on 24 June "was inappropriate in various respects" and a committee, headed by Prince Wan Waithayakon, had been appointed to consider changing it to another day and the committee came to a conclusion that there should be a National Celebrations Day observed on 5 December instead "so that it be in line with the tradition of monarchical countries".
On 8 June 1960, the field marshal announced removing the National Day from the list of public holidays.
Later on 7 February 2017, junta leader and prime minister General Prayut Chan-o-cha announced that he had been commanded by King Vajiralongkorn to set 5 December, the birthday of Bhumibol Adulyadej, Vajiralongkorn's father, as the country's National Day, Father's Day, and Day Commemorating the Birth of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The general's announcement gave the following as the reasons for revival of the National Day: "so that the great kindness of the king and the importance of his birthday, 5 December, would be recognised".
On 9 February 2017, Prayut announced 5 December to be a public holiday from that year on.
On 21 May 2019, King Vajiralongkorn issued a royal proclamation, without a countersignature, to repeat Prayut's 2017 announcement, ordering the nation to observe 5 December as the National Day, the Father's Day, and the Day Commemorating the Birth of King Bhumibol Adulyadej, his own father.
On the 24 June National Day, grand spectacles and celebrations used to be held across the country day and night, including parades, cannon salutes on land and sea, firework displays, khon performances, religious rites, issuance of commemorative stamps, songwriting and poetry competitions, organised sounding of car horns, amongst other activities.
On the 5 December National Day, there are only activities to pay homage to King Bhumibol Adulyadej, as by laying trays of flowers and making obeisance before his portrait. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these activities were mainly held online.
Groups of people still organise public activities on 24 June every year so as to preserve the memories about the 24 June National Day and call it the "People's National Day" (Thai: วันชาติราษฎร).
Pricha Intharapalit's novel Phon, Nikon, and Kim-nguan (Thai: พล นิกร กิมหงวน) was set during the first celebration of the 24 June National Day in 1939. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The National Day (Thai: วันชาติ) is a public holiday in Thailand (formerly Siam). Presently, it is observed on 5 December, the birthday of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Historically, the National Day was observed on 6 April (since 1920 at least), which corresponded to the Chakri Day, the day commemorating the Chakri dynasty, and on 24 June (since 1938), which corresponded to the day of the Siamese revolution, before it was replaced in 1960 by the National Celebrations Day (Thai: วันเฉลิมฉลองของชาติ), observed on 5 December, and was revived in 2017, also observed on 5 December.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In 1920, Prince Charunsak Kridakon, Siamese diplomatic minister in Paris, informed the Siamese foreign ministry through a telegram dated 2 July that the Spanish government inquired him about any national day of Siam in order to list it on diplomatic documents and he was unsure about it because the Siamese legation in Paris used to hold national celebrations on three days, namely, the king's birthday, the New Year's Day, and the king's enthronement day. Prince Devawongse Varoprakar, Siamese foreign minister, then requested an opinion from King Vajiravudh, and the king's secretary, Prince Dhani Nivat, replied that the king said \"tell them that it is 6 April, the day we call Chakri Day\".",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "After the Siamese revolution on 24 June 1932, in which the People's Party replaced the country's absolute monarchy with a constitutional one, the government of Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena announced on 18 July 1938 that the National Day be observed on 24 June in order to commemorate the said political change.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "The following year, the 24 June National Day was celebrated for the first time with great pomp and circumstance under the government of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram. On the same day, the Phibunsongkhram government also announced renaming the country from Siam to Thailand and premiered the \"National Day's Song\" (Thai: เพลงวันชาติ), which was composed by Montri Tramote and won a government-organised competition.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On 28 February 1940, the Phibunsongkhram administration announced 23, 24, and 25 June to be consecutive public holidays every year to commemorate the National Day. On 6 August 1948, these holidays were announced to be reduced to one day, 24 June.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "On 21 May 1960, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, junta leader and prime minister, announced replacing the National Day with the National Celebrations Day observed on 5 December, the birthday of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. His announcement merely stated that the National Day observed on 24 June \"was inappropriate in various respects\" and a committee, headed by Prince Wan Waithayakon, had been appointed to consider changing it to another day and the committee came to a conclusion that there should be a National Celebrations Day observed on 5 December instead \"so that it be in line with the tradition of monarchical countries\".",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "On 8 June 1960, the field marshal announced removing the National Day from the list of public holidays.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "Later on 7 February 2017, junta leader and prime minister General Prayut Chan-o-cha announced that he had been commanded by King Vajiralongkorn to set 5 December, the birthday of Bhumibol Adulyadej, Vajiralongkorn's father, as the country's National Day, Father's Day, and Day Commemorating the Birth of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The general's announcement gave the following as the reasons for revival of the National Day: \"so that the great kindness of the king and the importance of his birthday, 5 December, would be recognised\".",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "On 9 February 2017, Prayut announced 5 December to be a public holiday from that year on.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "On 21 May 2019, King Vajiralongkorn issued a royal proclamation, without a countersignature, to repeat Prayut's 2017 announcement, ordering the nation to observe 5 December as the National Day, the Father's Day, and the Day Commemorating the Birth of King Bhumibol Adulyadej, his own father.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "On the 24 June National Day, grand spectacles and celebrations used to be held across the country day and night, including parades, cannon salutes on land and sea, firework displays, khon performances, religious rites, issuance of commemorative stamps, songwriting and poetry competitions, organised sounding of car horns, amongst other activities.",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "On the 5 December National Day, there are only activities to pay homage to King Bhumibol Adulyadej, as by laying trays of flowers and making obeisance before his portrait. During the COVID-19 pandemic, these activities were mainly held online.",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Groups of people still organise public activities on 24 June every year so as to preserve the memories about the 24 June National Day and call it the \"People's National Day\" (Thai: วันชาติราษฎร).",
"title": "Activities"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "Pricha Intharapalit's novel Phon, Nikon, and Kim-nguan (Thai: พล นิกร กิมหงวน) was set during the first celebration of the 24 June National Day in 1939.",
"title": "In popular culture"
}
] | The National Day is a public holiday in Thailand. Presently, it is observed on 5 December, the birthday of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Historically, the National Day was observed on 6 April, which corresponded to the Chakri Day, the day commemorating the Chakri dynasty, and on 24 June, which corresponded to the day of the Siamese revolution, before it was replaced in 1960 by the National Celebrations Day, observed on 5 December, and was revived in 2017, also observed on 5 December. | 2023-12-12T10:26:22Z | 2023-12-13T11:19:56Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Day_(Thailand) |
75,544,010 | Daniel Levy (political analyst) | Daniel Levy is a British–Israeli analyst, commentator, author, and former advisor to the Israeli government with expertise on Middle East and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He was formerly an Israeli negotiator as part of the Taba summit and Oslo B peace process. He is current president of the U.S./Middle East Project and was among the founders of the organization J Street.
Daniel Levy is the son of Lord Michael Levy.
He studied political science at King's College, Cambridge, at both the Bachelors and Masters level. He was World Chairman of the World Union of Jewish Students in Jerusalem from 1991 to 1994.
Levy served in the Israel Defense Forces as a non-commissioned officer. From 1999 to 2000 he worked as head of the Jerusalem Affairs unit under Minister Haim Ramon. He served as an advisor to Justice Minister Yossi Beilin.
He served as an Israeli negotiator in peace talks with Palestinian leaders under Israeli Prime Ministers Yitzhak Rabin and Ehud Barak. He was lead drafter of the Geneva Initiative along with Ghaith al-Omari.
Levy is current president of the U.S./Middle East Project. He previously headed the Middle East and North Africa program at the European Council on Foreign Relations from 2012 to 2016. He has also worked at the director level on the New America Foundation's Middle East Task Force and as a fellow with the Century Foundation. He previously worked as an analyst with the International Crisis Group.
He is among the co-founders of the organization J Street and has served on the organization's advisory council. He is also a founding board member of Molad: The Center for the Renewal of Israeli Democracy as well as the Diaspora Alliance.
He serves on the board of the New Israel Fund and as a trustee of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.
Levy has worked as an editor with Foreign Policy magazine, serving as founding editor of their Middle East Channel. He publishes and speaks widely on matters related to Israel and Palestine. He has been featured in such publications and channels as The Nation, The New York Times, Ha'aretz, the BBC, Al Jazeera, and CNN.
Levy is critical of Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands, labeling such treatment "nondemocracy." He has criticized Israeli political leaders' "pursu[it of] a Jewish ethnocratic state at the expense of a Jewish democratic state."
Regarding his motivations in creating J Street, in 2009, he told The Guardian:
"What we had a hunch about, and was proven when J Street was launched, is that there is this very large constituency of Jewish Americans who do care about Israel and who are cool identifying themselves as pro-Israel. But their pro-Israelness is about the need for Israel to be at peace with its neighbours to gain security, not by being an ongoing expansionist presence. In fact, that endangers Israel."
Levy has publicly expressed concern about the "abuse" and "weaponization" of accusations of antisemitism in the context of public discourse about Palestinian and Israeli politics.
He expressed criticism of the Israeli government's actions during the 2023 Israeli war on Gaza, underscoring "the unconscionable and growing cost in civilian life" and the lack of a coherent political vision related to Israel's ongoing military actions. He also simultaneously called for a renewal of Palestinian leadership to be more "inclusive," pointing to the need to incorporate Hamas into the Palestinian Authority.
Despite being involved with the peace process himself earlier in his career, Levy has harshly criticized the recent history of diplomatic approaches to Israel for lacking enforcement mechanisms and consequences for rights violations. He expressed concern that the peace process has become "the refuge of scoundrels who want to maintain the status quo."
Levy's public statements and activities have been criticized in conservative media outlets such as The Washington Examiner and Jewish News Syndicate, including by reporter James Kirchick, and by the Middle East Forum. Critics question his perspective on historical events and lack of clearer support for Israel. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Daniel Levy is a British–Israeli analyst, commentator, author, and former advisor to the Israeli government with expertise on Middle East and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He was formerly an Israeli negotiator as part of the Taba summit and Oslo B peace process. He is current president of the U.S./Middle East Project and was among the founders of the organization J Street.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Daniel Levy is the son of Lord Michael Levy.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "He studied political science at King's College, Cambridge, at both the Bachelors and Masters level. He was World Chairman of the World Union of Jewish Students in Jerusalem from 1991 to 1994.",
"title": "Early life and education"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Levy served in the Israel Defense Forces as a non-commissioned officer. From 1999 to 2000 he worked as head of the Jerusalem Affairs unit under Minister Haim Ramon. He served as an advisor to Justice Minister Yossi Beilin.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "He served as an Israeli negotiator in peace talks with Palestinian leaders under Israeli Prime Ministers Yitzhak Rabin and Ehud Barak. He was lead drafter of the Geneva Initiative along with Ghaith al-Omari.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Levy is current president of the U.S./Middle East Project. He previously headed the Middle East and North Africa program at the European Council on Foreign Relations from 2012 to 2016. He has also worked at the director level on the New America Foundation's Middle East Task Force and as a fellow with the Century Foundation. He previously worked as an analyst with the International Crisis Group.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "He is among the co-founders of the organization J Street and has served on the organization's advisory council. He is also a founding board member of Molad: The Center for the Renewal of Israeli Democracy as well as the Diaspora Alliance.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "He serves on the board of the New Israel Fund and as a trustee of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "Levy has worked as an editor with Foreign Policy magazine, serving as founding editor of their Middle East Channel. He publishes and speaks widely on matters related to Israel and Palestine. He has been featured in such publications and channels as The Nation, The New York Times, Ha'aretz, the BBC, Al Jazeera, and CNN.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "Levy is critical of Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands, labeling such treatment \"nondemocracy.\" He has criticized Israeli political leaders' \"pursu[it of] a Jewish ethnocratic state at the expense of a Jewish democratic state.\"",
"title": "Views"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "Regarding his motivations in creating J Street, in 2009, he told The Guardian:",
"title": "Views"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "\"What we had a hunch about, and was proven when J Street was launched, is that there is this very large constituency of Jewish Americans who do care about Israel and who are cool identifying themselves as pro-Israel. But their pro-Israelness is about the need for Israel to be at peace with its neighbours to gain security, not by being an ongoing expansionist presence. In fact, that endangers Israel.\"",
"title": "Views"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "Levy has publicly expressed concern about the \"abuse\" and \"weaponization\" of accusations of antisemitism in the context of public discourse about Palestinian and Israeli politics.",
"title": "Views"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "He expressed criticism of the Israeli government's actions during the 2023 Israeli war on Gaza, underscoring \"the unconscionable and growing cost in civilian life\" and the lack of a coherent political vision related to Israel's ongoing military actions. He also simultaneously called for a renewal of Palestinian leadership to be more \"inclusive,\" pointing to the need to incorporate Hamas into the Palestinian Authority.",
"title": "Views"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "Despite being involved with the peace process himself earlier in his career, Levy has harshly criticized the recent history of diplomatic approaches to Israel for lacking enforcement mechanisms and consequences for rights violations. He expressed concern that the peace process has become \"the refuge of scoundrels who want to maintain the status quo.\"",
"title": "Views"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "Levy's public statements and activities have been criticized in conservative media outlets such as The Washington Examiner and Jewish News Syndicate, including by reporter James Kirchick, and by the Middle East Forum. Critics question his perspective on historical events and lack of clearer support for Israel.",
"title": "Views"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Daniel Levy is a British–Israeli analyst, commentator, author, and former advisor to the Israeli government with expertise on Middle East and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. He was formerly an Israeli negotiator as part of the Taba summit and Oslo B peace process. He is current president of the U.S./Middle East Project and was among the founders of the organization J Street. | 2023-12-12T10:26:43Z | 2023-12-22T19:44:09Z | [
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"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite journal",
"Template:Improve categories",
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Levy_(political_analyst) |
75,544,026 | List of storms named Pasing | The name Pasing was used for six tropical cyclones by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and its predecessor, the Philippine Weather Bureau, in the Western Pacific Ocean. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The name Pasing was used for six tropical cyclones by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and its predecessor, the Philippine Weather Bureau, in the Western Pacific Ocean.",
"title": ""
}
] | The name Pasing was used for six tropical cyclones by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) and its predecessor, the Philippine Weather Bureau, in the Western Pacific Ocean. Typhoon Shirley (1974) – a Category 1 typhoon that made landfall Japan.
Tropical Storm Shirley (1978) – a weak tropical storm that made landfall Vietnam.
Tropical Storm Hope (1982) – a strong tropical storm significant flooding caused the evacuation of several thousand people and damaged the rice crop.
Typhoon Ellen (1986) – a Category 1 typhoon that made landfall Philippines and South China.
Typhoon Hattie (1990) – the fifth tropical cyclone of a record-six to hit Japan during the 1990.
Tropical Storm Caitlin (1994) – a weak tropical storm that made landfall Taiwan and China. | 2023-12-12T10:30:36Z | 2023-12-12T10:30:36Z | [
"Template:Storm index"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Pasing |
75,544,027 | Edmund Burnside (colonial administrator) | Edmund Burnside (13 October 1873 – 20 January 1932) was a British colonial officer who served in Ceylon and the Federated Malay States, British Malaya.
Burnside began his career in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) as Private Secretary to the Chief Justice of Ceylon, serving in the post from to 1883 to 1888.
He then left for British Malaya to join the civil service of the Federated Malay States in Perak, with his first appointmemt being assistant magistrate at Kinta. From 1888 to 1903 he held various positions in Perak including asisstant Collector of Land Revenue, acting magistrate at Larut, assistant to the Secretary of the Government, acting District Treasurer, and acting District Magistrate at Matang.
In 1903, he moved to Selangor where his first appointment was as district officer in Ulu Langat. A year later he was in Kuala Lumpur as Collector of Land Revenue and Registrar of Titles, and Secretary to the Resident of Selangor. In 1911, he returned to Perak and was employed as Registrar of Titles and Superintendent of the Taiping prison, and in 1913, was appointed magistrate.
From 1913 to 1914 he was appointed acting Resident of Selangor before he returned to Perak occupying the positions of Registrar of Titles, and acting Commissioner of Trade and Customs. In 1919, he was appointed District Officer, Klang, before retiring in 1921.
Burnside was born in the Bahamas in 1873, and was the third son of Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart Burnside, barrister, and his wife Mary Elizabeth Francis. His father was Solicitor-General of the Bahamas and was later Chief Justice of Ceylon. In 1893, he married Sherwood Caton. He died in Jersey, aged 68, in 1932. | [
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"text": "Edmund Burnside (13 October 1873 – 20 January 1932) was a British colonial officer who served in Ceylon and the Federated Malay States, British Malaya.",
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},
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"text": "Burnside began his career in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) as Private Secretary to the Chief Justice of Ceylon, serving in the post from to 1883 to 1888.",
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{
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"text": "He then left for British Malaya to join the civil service of the Federated Malay States in Perak, with his first appointmemt being assistant magistrate at Kinta. From 1888 to 1903 he held various positions in Perak including asisstant Collector of Land Revenue, acting magistrate at Larut, assistant to the Secretary of the Government, acting District Treasurer, and acting District Magistrate at Matang.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "In 1903, he moved to Selangor where his first appointment was as district officer in Ulu Langat. A year later he was in Kuala Lumpur as Collector of Land Revenue and Registrar of Titles, and Secretary to the Resident of Selangor. In 1911, he returned to Perak and was employed as Registrar of Titles and Superintendent of the Taiping prison, and in 1913, was appointed magistrate.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "From 1913 to 1914 he was appointed acting Resident of Selangor before he returned to Perak occupying the positions of Registrar of Titles, and acting Commissioner of Trade and Customs. In 1919, he was appointed District Officer, Klang, before retiring in 1921.",
"title": "Career"
},
{
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"text": "Burnside was born in the Bahamas in 1873, and was the third son of Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart Burnside, barrister, and his wife Mary Elizabeth Francis. His father was Solicitor-General of the Bahamas and was later Chief Justice of Ceylon. In 1893, he married Sherwood Caton. He died in Jersey, aged 68, in 1932.",
"title": "Personal life"
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{
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"title": "References "
}
] | Edmund Burnside was a British colonial officer who served in Ceylon and the Federated Malay States, British Malaya. | 2023-12-12T10:30:40Z | 2023-12-12T16:24:54Z | [
"Template:Cite news",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burnside_(colonial_administrator) |
75,544,045 | Daraban police station attack | On 12 December 2023, Islamist insurgent group Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan attacked a police station in Daraban, Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, killing at least 23 people.
The insurgency in northwestern Pakistan began in 2004. Since the Pakistani Taliban's formation in 2007 it is led by them. After the insurgency's intensity peaked in the late 2000s and early 2010s, it slowed to a low-intensity conflict in 2017. It escalated during the early 2020s. During early 2023, Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan was founded and joined the insurgency. Pakistan says that it is merely another name for the Pakistani Taliban and that high proportion of terrorist attacks in Pakistan are carried out by Afghans. Pakistan's government accuses the Pakistani Taliban's Afghan ally, the Taliban, who govern Afghanistan, of allowing the Pakistani Taliban to use Afghanistan as a base to carry out attacks in Pakistan. In response to the large number of attacks by Afghans – including the 2022 Peshawar mosque attack by Islamic State – Khorasan Province – the Pakistani government are deporting large numbers of illegal immigrants, the vast majority of whom are Afghans.
On 12 December 2023, Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan insurgents carried out an attack on a police station in Daraban, Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The vehicle-ramming, suicide bombing and mass shooting attack killed at least 23 people and wounded 34 others. The Pakistan Army had been using the police station as a base camp.
Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan claimed responsibility for the attack. Its spokesman Mohammed Qasim stated, "Our suicide bombers attacked a military compound at 2:30 a.m. and started killing soldiers one by one. An army camp is set up in a school. More than 20 soldiers were killed in the attack". The government of Pakistan says that Tehreek-e-Jihad is a part of the Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan, and that "Tehreek-e-Jihad" is simply another name for the Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan.
The Inter-Services Public Relations, the media wing for the Pakistan Armed Forces, has stated that the Pakistan Army killed 27 militants in response, and has stated that all 6 militants involved in the attack were killed. In a statement, the prime minister of Pakistan Anwaar ul Haq Kakar said, "The whole nation pays homage to the sacrifices of the martyrs in the fight against terrorism, such coward attacks could not demoralize our forces."
Pakistan has repeatedly said that militant attacks against Pakistan are being conducted by Afghans. Afghanistan says that is not the case. On 12 December, Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned a representative for the government of Afghanistan in relation to this. It asked the Afghan government to "fully investigate and take stern action against perpetrators" and to "publicly condemn the terrorist incident at the highest level." | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "On 12 December 2023, Islamist insurgent group Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan attacked a police station in Daraban, Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, killing at least 23 people.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The insurgency in northwestern Pakistan began in 2004. Since the Pakistani Taliban's formation in 2007 it is led by them. After the insurgency's intensity peaked in the late 2000s and early 2010s, it slowed to a low-intensity conflict in 2017. It escalated during the early 2020s. During early 2023, Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan was founded and joined the insurgency. Pakistan says that it is merely another name for the Pakistani Taliban and that high proportion of terrorist attacks in Pakistan are carried out by Afghans. Pakistan's government accuses the Pakistani Taliban's Afghan ally, the Taliban, who govern Afghanistan, of allowing the Pakistani Taliban to use Afghanistan as a base to carry out attacks in Pakistan. In response to the large number of attacks by Afghans – including the 2022 Peshawar mosque attack by Islamic State – Khorasan Province – the Pakistani government are deporting large numbers of illegal immigrants, the vast majority of whom are Afghans.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "On 12 December 2023, Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan insurgents carried out an attack on a police station in Daraban, Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The vehicle-ramming, suicide bombing and mass shooting attack killed at least 23 people and wounded 34 others. The Pakistan Army had been using the police station as a base camp.",
"title": "Attack"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan claimed responsibility for the attack. Its spokesman Mohammed Qasim stated, \"Our suicide bombers attacked a military compound at 2:30 a.m. and started killing soldiers one by one. An army camp is set up in a school. More than 20 soldiers were killed in the attack\". The government of Pakistan says that Tehreek-e-Jihad is a part of the Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan, and that \"Tehreek-e-Jihad\" is simply another name for the Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan.",
"title": "Perpetrators"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The Inter-Services Public Relations, the media wing for the Pakistan Armed Forces, has stated that the Pakistan Army killed 27 militants in response, and has stated that all 6 militants involved in the attack were killed. In a statement, the prime minister of Pakistan Anwaar ul Haq Kakar said, \"The whole nation pays homage to the sacrifices of the martyrs in the fight against terrorism, such coward attacks could not demoralize our forces.\"",
"title": "Response"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Pakistan has repeatedly said that militant attacks against Pakistan are being conducted by Afghans. Afghanistan says that is not the case. On 12 December, Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs summoned a representative for the government of Afghanistan in relation to this. It asked the Afghan government to \"fully investigate and take stern action against perpetrators\" and to \"publicly condemn the terrorist incident at the highest level.\"",
"title": "Response"
}
] | On 12 December 2023, Islamist insurgent group Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan attacked a police station in Daraban, Dera Ismail Khan District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, killing at least 23 people. | 2023-12-12T10:35:31Z | 2023-12-16T17:43:49Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daraban_police_station_attack |
75,544,049 | Group of Aphrodite, Pan and Eros | The Group of Aphrodite, Pan and Eros (Greek: Αφροδίτη, Παν και Έρως) is an ancient marble Greek sculpture of the first century BC depicting the goat-legged god Pan trying to woo Aphrodite, the goddess of love and desire, unsuccessfully. It was found on the Aegean island of Delos in the early twentieth century, and is now housed in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens with inventory number 3335.
The statue was made around 100 BC, by a man named Dionysius, according to the inscription:
The marble group was discovered on the island of Delos in 1904, in a room of the Hall of the Guild of the Poseidoniasts (the worshippers of the sea-god Poseidon) from Beirut in modern-day Lebanon. According to the inscription found above the west columns, the members of this club were tradesmen, shipowners and warehousemen.
Today it is kept in Room 30 of the NAMA.
The group statue is made of Parian marble, and at 1.55 m. tall (including the base), it is slightly smaller than lifesize.
Aphrodite, the beautiful naked goddess of beauty and love is depicted in frontal with hair well-tressed and tied up with a scarf bound in a bow above her parting. She has entirely stripped down, possibly preparing for a bath, with the exception of a sandal still in her right foot. She places her weight on her right leg, while the manner in which she bends her left, relaxed leg lends a gracefulness to her stance. She uses her left hand to cover up her pubic triangle, in an attempt to protect it with her palm from the amorous advances of the horned, goat-legged Pan, depicted in profile, who in turn has seized her left wrist with his own left hand, trying to yank it away and pull her closer to him. Pan's muscular body and prominent veins, particularly seen on his left hand, also illustrate the animalistic nature of the god, as he tries to get Aphrodite to engage in sexual acts with him, which she rejects.
With her other hand, Aphrodite has brandished her sandal (leaving her left foot bare) as she tries to deter him. Aphrodite's winged little son Eros, the god of romantic love, is similarly trying to assist his mother fight off her assaulter by grasping Pan's right horn and pushing him away. Pan leans on a tree trunk (the statue's marble support) covered with animal's skin, and has left his hunting stick at the foot of the trunk. He has two long and pointed horns, his face is covered with fur and his furry legs end in goat's hooves. His is connected to the marble support via his left leg up to the buttocks.
The statue combines the heroic nudity, represented by the goddess, and the contrasting wild, animalistic, Dionysian nudity that Pan embodies. It has been described as a "characteristic example of Hellenistic rococo."
The right arm of the goddess and the upper part of the head, as well as the legs and the left arm of Eros, had to be reattached as they were broken off. Eros's right arm is missing. Pan's right leg and horns also had to be reattached. Three fingers of Aphrodite's left hand and the middle finger of her right hand were supplemented with plaster. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Group of Aphrodite, Pan and Eros (Greek: Αφροδίτη, Παν και Έρως) is an ancient marble Greek sculpture of the first century BC depicting the goat-legged god Pan trying to woo Aphrodite, the goddess of love and desire, unsuccessfully. It was found on the Aegean island of Delos in the early twentieth century, and is now housed in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens with inventory number 3335.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The statue was made around 100 BC, by a man named Dionysius, according to the inscription:",
"title": "History"
},
{
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"text": "The marble group was discovered on the island of Delos in 1904, in a room of the Hall of the Guild of the Poseidoniasts (the worshippers of the sea-god Poseidon) from Beirut in modern-day Lebanon. According to the inscription found above the west columns, the members of this club were tradesmen, shipowners and warehousemen.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Today it is kept in Room 30 of the NAMA.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "The group statue is made of Parian marble, and at 1.55 m. tall (including the base), it is slightly smaller than lifesize.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Aphrodite, the beautiful naked goddess of beauty and love is depicted in frontal with hair well-tressed and tied up with a scarf bound in a bow above her parting. She has entirely stripped down, possibly preparing for a bath, with the exception of a sandal still in her right foot. She places her weight on her right leg, while the manner in which she bends her left, relaxed leg lends a gracefulness to her stance. She uses her left hand to cover up her pubic triangle, in an attempt to protect it with her palm from the amorous advances of the horned, goat-legged Pan, depicted in profile, who in turn has seized her left wrist with his own left hand, trying to yank it away and pull her closer to him. Pan's muscular body and prominent veins, particularly seen on his left hand, also illustrate the animalistic nature of the god, as he tries to get Aphrodite to engage in sexual acts with him, which she rejects.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "With her other hand, Aphrodite has brandished her sandal (leaving her left foot bare) as she tries to deter him. Aphrodite's winged little son Eros, the god of romantic love, is similarly trying to assist his mother fight off her assaulter by grasping Pan's right horn and pushing him away. Pan leans on a tree trunk (the statue's marble support) covered with animal's skin, and has left his hunting stick at the foot of the trunk. He has two long and pointed horns, his face is covered with fur and his furry legs end in goat's hooves. His is connected to the marble support via his left leg up to the buttocks.",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "The statue combines the heroic nudity, represented by the goddess, and the contrasting wild, animalistic, Dionysian nudity that Pan embodies. It has been described as a \"characteristic example of Hellenistic rococo.\"",
"title": "Description"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "The right arm of the goddess and the upper part of the head, as well as the legs and the left arm of Eros, had to be reattached as they were broken off. Eros's right arm is missing. Pan's right leg and horns also had to be reattached. Three fingers of Aphrodite's left hand and the middle finger of her right hand were supplemented with plaster.",
"title": "Description"
}
] | The Group of Aphrodite, Pan and Eros is an ancient marble Greek sculpture of the first century BC depicting the goat-legged god Pan trying to woo Aphrodite, the goddess of love and desire, unsuccessfully. It was found on the Aegean island of Delos in the early twentieth century, and is now housed in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens with inventory number 3335. | 2023-12-12T10:36:57Z | 2023-12-14T13:12:27Z | [
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75,544,053 | 2024 in Madagascar | This article is about events in the year 2024 in Madagascar
Source: | [
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"text": "This article is about events in the year 2024 in Madagascar",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Source:",
"title": "Holidays"
}
] | This article is about events in the year 2024 in Madagascar | 2023-12-12T10:38:07Z | 2023-12-12T10:56:06Z | [
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75,544,054 | List of storms named Peni | The name Penni has been used for two tropical cyclones in the South Pacific region of the Southern Hemisphere: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The name Penni has been used for two tropical cyclones in the South Pacific region of the Southern Hemisphere:",
"title": ""
}
] | The name Penni has been used for two tropical cyclones in the South Pacific region of the Southern Hemisphere: Cyclone Peni (1980) – a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone that affected Fiji.
Cyclone Peni (1990) – a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone that did not affect any land. | 2023-12-12T10:38:32Z | 2023-12-12T10:38:32Z | [
"Template:Storm index"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Peni |
75,544,086 | 1907 in animation | Events in 1907 in animation. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Events in 1907 in animation.",
"title": ""
}
] | Events in 1907 in animation. | 2023-12-12T10:44:05Z | 2023-12-20T18:17:25Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_in_animation |
75,544,097 | List of storms named Penny | The name Penny has been used for three tropical cyclones worldwide, one in the Western Pacific ocean and two in the Australian Region.
In the Western Pacific:
In the Australian Region: | [
{
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"text": "The name Penny has been used for three tropical cyclones worldwide, one in the Western Pacific ocean and two in the Australian Region.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "In the Western Pacific:",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In the Australian Region:",
"title": ""
}
] | The name Penny has been used for three tropical cyclones worldwide, one in the Western Pacific ocean and two in the Australian Region. In the Western Pacific: Tropical Storm Penny (1998) – a severe tropical storm that affected Philippines. In the Australian Region: Cyclone Penny (1974) – a Category 2 tropical cyclone that did not affect any land.
Cyclone Penny (2018) – a Category 2 tropical cyclone that affected northern Australia. | 2023-12-12T10:45:49Z | 2023-12-13T11:19:03Z | [
"Template:Storm index"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Penny |
75,544,109 | List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Yemen | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.
Yemen ratified the convention on 8 October 2007. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The \"intangible cultural heritage\" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Yemen ratified the convention on 8 October 2007.",
"title": ""
}
] | The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) intangible cultural heritage elements are the non-physical traditions and practices performed by a people. As part of a country's cultural heritage, they include celebrations, festivals, performances, oral traditions, music, and the making of handicrafts. The "intangible cultural heritage" is defined by the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, drafted in 2003 and took effect in 2006. Inscription of new heritage elements on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists is determined by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage, an organisation established by the convention. Yemen ratified the convention on 8 October 2007. | 2023-12-12T10:48:26Z | 2023-12-13T11:18:50Z | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Yemen |
75,544,117 | Maria Billington Hawes | Maria Dowding Billington Hawes (1816 – 1886) was an English contralto singer and composer who performed in two Mendelssohn debuts.
She was baptised at St-Martin-in-the-Fields, London, on 21 June 1816, the third daughter of the composer William Hawes, who taught her to sing. Her godmother was opera singer Elizabeth Billington. She made her debut at her father's annual concert in 1832.
She was in contact with Felix Mendelssohn, whom she visited in Germany. She performed at the premier of his Lobgesang (23 September 1840) and was the principle contralto at the premier of his Elijah at the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival of 1846. The aria "O Rest in the Lord" in Elijah was written for her.
She composed 27 songs and hymns including "There be none of beauty's daughters" (1856) and "Oh Lord, thy mercies we proclaim" (1872).
On 18 July 1847 she became the second wife of James Drege Merest, a magistrate of Bury St Edmunds. She died at Ryde, Isle of Wight, on 24 April 1886. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Maria Dowding Billington Hawes (1816 – 1886) was an English contralto singer and composer who performed in two Mendelssohn debuts.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "She was baptised at St-Martin-in-the-Fields, London, on 21 June 1816, the third daughter of the composer William Hawes, who taught her to sing. Her godmother was opera singer Elizabeth Billington. She made her debut at her father's annual concert in 1832.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "She was in contact with Felix Mendelssohn, whom she visited in Germany. She performed at the premier of his Lobgesang (23 September 1840) and was the principle contralto at the premier of his Elijah at the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival of 1846. The aria \"O Rest in the Lord\" in Elijah was written for her.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "She composed 27 songs and hymns including \"There be none of beauty's daughters\" (1856) and \"Oh Lord, thy mercies we proclaim\" (1872).",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On 18 July 1847 she became the second wife of James Drege Merest, a magistrate of Bury St Edmunds. She died at Ryde, Isle of Wight, on 24 April 1886.",
"title": ""
}
] | Maria Dowding Billington Hawes was an English contralto singer and composer who performed in two Mendelssohn debuts. She was baptised at St-Martin-in-the-Fields, London, on 21 June 1816, the third daughter of the composer William Hawes, who taught her to sing. Her godmother was opera singer Elizabeth Billington. She made her debut at her father's annual concert in 1832. She was in contact with Felix Mendelssohn, whom she visited in Germany. She performed at the premier of his Lobgesang and was the principle contralto at the premier of his Elijah at the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival of 1846. The aria "O Rest in the Lord" in Elijah was written for her. She composed 27 songs and hymns including "There be none of beauty's daughters" (1856) and "Oh Lord, thy mercies we proclaim" (1872). On 18 July 1847 she became the second wife of James Drege Merest, a magistrate of Bury St Edmunds. She died at Ryde, Isle of Wight, on 24 April 1886. | 2023-12-12T10:50:08Z | 2023-12-26T19:47:07Z | [
"Template:Cite web",
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"Template:Short description",
"Template:Cite book"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Billington_Hawes |
75,544,130 | Victor Hugo Basabe | His Excellency, The Most Reverend, Mons. Don. Victor Hugo Basabe (born on 17 December 1961 in San Carlos de Zulia, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been officially appointed as the Metropolitan Archbishop of Coro. He was consecrated a bishop in 2016 and served five years as bishop of San Felipe and then from 2018 to 2023 as apostolic administrator Barquisimeto.
Don. Victor Hugo Basabe was born on 17 December 1961 in San Carlos de Zulia, Venezuela. He earned a degree in jurisprudence at the University of Zulia and then studied philosophy and theology at the Major Seminary of Barquisimeto. He was ordained a priest on 19 August 2000 and incardinated in San Carlos de Zulia. In Rome, he earned a licentiate degree in canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University and in theology from the Pontifical Athenaeum Regina Apostolorum. He has served as parish vicar, chancellor and moderator of the diocesan Curia, parish priest, and undersecretary and secretary general of the Venezuelan Episcopal Conference.
In March 2016, he was elected bishop of San Felipe. He received his episcopal consecration in May 2016. He served from 2018 to 2023 as apostolic administrator Barquisimeto.
Within the Venezuelan Episcopal Conference, he is a member of the Episcopal Commission for management, planning, administration and legal matters.
On 31 October 2023, Pope Francis appointed him as the Metropolitan Archbishop of Coro. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "His Excellency, The Most Reverend, Mons. Don. Victor Hugo Basabe (born on 17 December 1961 in San Carlos de Zulia, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been officially appointed as the Metropolitan Archbishop of Coro. He was consecrated a bishop in 2016 and served five years as bishop of San Felipe and then from 2018 to 2023 as apostolic administrator Barquisimeto.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Don. Victor Hugo Basabe was born on 17 December 1961 in San Carlos de Zulia, Venezuela. He earned a degree in jurisprudence at the University of Zulia and then studied philosophy and theology at the Major Seminary of Barquisimeto. He was ordained a priest on 19 August 2000 and incardinated in San Carlos de Zulia. In Rome, he earned a licentiate degree in canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University and in theology from the Pontifical Athenaeum Regina Apostolorum. He has served as parish vicar, chancellor and moderator of the diocesan Curia, parish priest, and undersecretary and secretary general of the Venezuelan Episcopal Conference.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "In March 2016, he was elected bishop of San Felipe. He received his episcopal consecration in May 2016. He served from 2018 to 2023 as apostolic administrator Barquisimeto.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Within the Venezuelan Episcopal Conference, he is a member of the Episcopal Commission for management, planning, administration and legal matters.",
"title": "Biography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "On 31 October 2023, Pope Francis appointed him as the Metropolitan Archbishop of Coro.",
"title": "Biography"
}
] | His Excellency, The Most Reverend, Mons. Don. Victor Hugo Basabe is a Venezuelan prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been officially appointed as the Metropolitan Archbishop of Coro. He was consecrated a bishop in 2016 and served five years as bishop of San Felipe and then from 2018 to 2023 as apostolic administrator Barquisimeto. | 2023-12-12T10:52:17Z | 2023-12-15T11:08:00Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox Christian leader",
"Template:Reflist"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo_Basabe |
75,544,131 | 1997 South American Championships in Athletics – Results | These are the results of the 1997 South American Championships in Athletics which took place at the Estadio Municipal Teodoro Bronzini in Mar del Plata, Argentina, on 4, 5 and 6 April.
6 April
4 April
6 April
4 April
4 AprilWind: +3.8 m/s
6 April
5 April
5 April
6 April
5 April
5 April
4 April
4 April
6 April
4 April
6 April
4 April
5 April
4 AprilWind: +4.5 m/s
6 AprilWind: -0.8 m/s
4 April
4 April
6 April
4 April
4 AprilWind: +8.0 m/s
6 April
5 April
6 April
5 April
5 April
6 April
4 April
6 April
4 April
6 April
4 April | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "These are the results of the 1997 South American Championships in Athletics which took place at the Estadio Municipal Teodoro Bronzini in Mar del Plata, Argentina, on 4, 5 and 6 April.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "4 AprilWind: +3.8 m/s",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 7,
"text": "5 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 8,
"text": "5 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 9,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 10,
"text": "5 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 11,
"text": "5 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 12,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 13,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 14,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 15,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 16,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 17,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 18,
"text": "5 April",
"title": "Men's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 19,
"text": "4 AprilWind: +4.5 m/s",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 20,
"text": "6 AprilWind: -0.8 m/s",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 21,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 22,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 23,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 24,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 25,
"text": "4 AprilWind: +8.0 m/s",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 26,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 27,
"text": "5 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 28,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 29,
"text": "5 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 30,
"text": "5 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 31,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 32,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 33,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 34,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 35,
"text": "6 April",
"title": "Women's results"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 36,
"text": "4 April",
"title": "Women's results"
}
] | These are the results of the 1997 South American Championships in Athletics which took place at the Estadio Municipal Teodoro Bronzini in Mar del Plata, Argentina, on 4, 5 and 6 April. | 2023-12-12T10:52:37Z | 2023-12-18T12:06:23Z | [
"Template:Col-end",
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"Template:ARG",
"Template:Sort",
"Template:CHI",
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"Template:1997 in athletics",
"Template:Bronze3",
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_South_American_Championships_in_Athletics_%E2%80%93_Results |
75,544,132 | Abe van den Ban | Abe van den Ban (born 14 October 1946) is a Dutch former footballer who last played as a defender for HFC Haarlem.
Van den Ban is a native of North Holland, Netherlands.
Van den Ban mainly operated as a defender and was described as "praised for his running ability".
Van den Ban is the son of a milk inspector. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Abe van den Ban (born 14 October 1946) is a Dutch former footballer who last played as a defender for HFC Haarlem.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Van den Ban is a native of North Holland, Netherlands.",
"title": "Early life"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Van den Ban mainly operated as a defender and was described as \"praised for his running ability\".",
"title": "Style of play"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "Van den Ban is the son of a milk inspector.",
"title": "Personal life"
}
] | Abe van den Ban is a Dutch former footballer who last played as a defender for HFC Haarlem. | 2023-12-12T10:52:38Z | 2023-12-12T18:12:38Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox football biography",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Netherlands-footy-bio-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_van_den_Ban |
75,544,147 | Gihinga Refugee Camp | Gihinga Refugee Camp is a refugee camp found in Burundi.
Gihinga refugee camp is located in Gihinga colline, Kayokwe commune, Mwaro province in Central Burundi, 50km from Bujumbura.
Gihinga refugee camp was found on 23 September 2004 to house refugees from Democratic Republic of Congo, because of the August 2004 massacre at Gatumba camp. The camp occupies 60 hectares of land with a capacity to accommodate 9000 refugees. It has 8 blocks of 288 houses. The camp has Banyamulenge, Babembe and Bafulero ethnic groups. The camp is managed by government of Burundi and United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees.
As October 2009, Gihinga refugee camp hosted 23000 refugees from Democratic Republic of Congo compared to 1910 refugees who were reported in 2005.
By 2005, these are the partner organizations who support the camp with several services.
Bwagiriza Refugee camp
WFP/UNHCR REPORT OF THE JOINT ASSESSMENT MISSION OF THE CONGOLESE REFUGEES IN BURUNDI 27-30 JUNE 2005 | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Gihinga Refugee Camp is a refugee camp found in Burundi.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Gihinga refugee camp is located in Gihinga colline, Kayokwe commune, Mwaro province in Central Burundi, 50km from Bujumbura.",
"title": "Location"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Gihinga refugee camp was found on 23 September 2004 to house refugees from Democratic Republic of Congo, because of the August 2004 massacre at Gatumba camp. The camp occupies 60 hectares of land with a capacity to accommodate 9000 refugees. It has 8 blocks of 288 houses. The camp has Banyamulenge, Babembe and Bafulero ethnic groups. The camp is managed by government of Burundi and United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees.",
"title": "Background"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "As October 2009, Gihinga refugee camp hosted 23000 refugees from Democratic Republic of Congo compared to 1910 refugees who were reported in 2005.",
"title": "Demography"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 4,
"text": "By 2005, these are the partner organizations who support the camp with several services.",
"title": "Services"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 5,
"text": "Bwagiriza Refugee camp",
"title": "See also"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 6,
"text": "WFP/UNHCR REPORT OF THE JOINT ASSESSMENT MISSION OF THE CONGOLESE REFUGEES IN BURUNDI 27-30 JUNE 2005",
"title": "External sources"
}
] | Gihinga Refugee Camp is a refugee camp found in Burundi. | 2023-12-12T10:54:46Z | 2023-12-15T07:02:04Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Cite web"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gihinga_Refugee_Camp |
75,544,149 | Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry | The Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry represents the formation of the Twenty-seventh cabinet of the Indian state Rajasthan under the leadership of Bhajan Lal Sharma, who has been elected the Fifteenth Chief Minister of Rajasthan. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Bhajan Lal Sharma, secured an absolute majority in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, winning 115 out of the 200 seats in the state assembly.
The results of the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election were released on 3 December 2023, in which the Bharatiya Janata Party secured a majority in the winning 115 of the 230 seats in the state legislative assembly. On 12 December 2023, after days of deliberations, the BJP picked Bhajan Lal Sharma, a first-time MLA, as its chief minister. Prem Chand Bairwa and Diya Kumari were chosen to be deputy chief ministers. The new government was officially sworn in on 15 December 2023.
Within a few days of the government's swearing-in, the Government of India announced that LPG cylinders would not be given at Rs. 450, which had been promised by the BJP as a part of their manifesto during the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry represents the formation of the Twenty-seventh cabinet of the Indian state Rajasthan under the leadership of Bhajan Lal Sharma, who has been elected the Fifteenth Chief Minister of Rajasthan. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Bhajan Lal Sharma, secured an absolute majority in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, winning 115 out of the 200 seats in the state assembly.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "The results of the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election were released on 3 December 2023, in which the Bharatiya Janata Party secured a majority in the winning 115 of the 230 seats in the state legislative assembly. On 12 December 2023, after days of deliberations, the BJP picked Bhajan Lal Sharma, a first-time MLA, as its chief minister. Prem Chand Bairwa and Diya Kumari were chosen to be deputy chief ministers. The new government was officially sworn in on 15 December 2023.",
"title": "History"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "Within a few days of the government's swearing-in, the Government of India announced that LPG cylinders would not be given at Rs. 450, which had been promised by the BJP as a part of their manifesto during the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election.",
"title": "History"
}
] | The Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry represents the formation of the Twenty-seventh cabinet of the Indian state Rajasthan under the leadership of Bhajan Lal Sharma, who has been elected the Fifteenth Chief Minister of Rajasthan. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Bhajan Lal Sharma, secured an absolute majority in the 2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, winning 115 out of the 200 seats in the state assembly. | 2023-12-12T10:54:56Z | 2023-12-31T14:15:42Z | [
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"Template:Cabinet table end",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Cite news",
"Template:Current Indian ministries",
"Template:Infobox government cabinet"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan_Lal_Sharma_ministry |
75,544,159 | 74th Berlin International Film Festival | The 74th annual Berlin International Film Festival, will take place between 15 and 25 February 2024 in Berlin, Germany.
Kenyan-Mexican actress Lupita Nyong'o will serve as the Jury President for the main competition.
The following films are selected for the Forum section: | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "The 74th annual Berlin International Film Festival, will take place between 15 and 25 February 2024 in Berlin, Germany.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Kenyan-Mexican actress Lupita Nyong'o will serve as the Jury President for the main competition.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The following films are selected for the Forum section:",
"title": "Official Sections"
}
] | The 74th annual Berlin International Film Festival, will take place between 15 and 25 February 2024 in Berlin, Germany. Kenyan-Mexican actress Lupita Nyong'o will serve as the Jury President for the main competition. | 2023-12-12T10:56:25Z | 2023-12-21T12:37:04Z | [
"Template:Infobox Film festival",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Commons",
"Template:Official website",
"Template:Berlin International Film Festival"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/74th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival |
75,544,173 | Some Other Woman | Some Other Woman is an upcoming American thriller film directed and produced by Joel David Moore. It stars Amanda Crew, Tom Felton and Ashley Greene.
Eve Carver (Amanda Crew), a woman whisked away to a tropical island by her husband's work for what was only supposed to be a few months. But as the months turn to years, Eve is forced to give up her own dreams as the island fever grows stronger and stronger. Reality begins to unravel around her as she encounters a strange woman (Ashley Greene) who begins taking over her life, piece by piece.
The script was written by Josh Long, Angela Gulner and Yuri Baranovsky. | [
{
"paragraph_id": 0,
"text": "Some Other Woman is an upcoming American thriller film directed and produced by Joel David Moore. It stars Amanda Crew, Tom Felton and Ashley Greene.",
"title": ""
},
{
"paragraph_id": 1,
"text": "Eve Carver (Amanda Crew), a woman whisked away to a tropical island by her husband's work for what was only supposed to be a few months. But as the months turn to years, Eve is forced to give up her own dreams as the island fever grows stronger and stronger. Reality begins to unravel around her as she encounters a strange woman (Ashley Greene) who begins taking over her life, piece by piece.",
"title": "Plot"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 2,
"text": "The script was written by Josh Long, Angela Gulner and Yuri Baranovsky.",
"title": "Production"
},
{
"paragraph_id": 3,
"text": "",
"title": "References"
}
] | Some Other Woman is an upcoming American thriller film directed and produced by Joel David Moore. It stars Amanda Crew, Tom Felton and Ashley Greene. | 2023-12-12T10:59:33Z | 2023-12-14T20:23:49Z | [
"Template:Short description",
"Template:Infobox film",
"Template:Reflist",
"Template:Citation",
"Template:Cite web",
"Template:Thriller-film-stub",
"Template:2020s-US-film-stub"
] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Some_Other_Woman |
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