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That is to say, it creates people who only do things for incentives.
Jinak řečeno, vytváří lidi, kteří to dělají jen pro ty pobídky.
en-cs
Now the striking thing about this is that psychologists have known this for 30 years.
引人注目的是, 心理學家已經知道一點 已經有30年。
en-zh-tw
Psychologists have known about the negative consequences of incentivizing everything for 30 years.
لقد عرف الاطباء النفسيون التبعات السلبية للاكثار من الحوافز وجعلها جزء من كل شيء منذ 30 عاماً
en-ar
We know that if you reward kids for drawing pictures, they stop caring about the drawing and care only about the reward.
Vi ved, at hvis man belønner børn for at tegne billeder, bliver de ligeglade med det at tegne og tænker kun på belønningen.
en-da
If you reward kids for reading books, they stop caring about what's in the books and only care about how long they are.
اگر به بچه ها بابت کتاب خوانی پاداش بدهید، آنها دیگر به آنچه در درون کتاب است، اهمیت نمی دهند اگر به بچه ها بابت کتاب خوانی پاداش بدهید، آنها دیگر به آنچه در درون کتاب است، اهمیت نمی دهند و فقط به میزان طولانی بودن آنها اهمیت می دهند.
en-fa
If you reward teachers for kids' test scores, they stop caring about educating and only care about test preparation.
Ak odmeníte učiteľov za výsledky deti u testov, prestane ich zaujímať vzdelávanie, a sústredia sa len na prípravu na testy.
en-sk
If you were to reward doctors for doing more procedures -- which is the current system -- they would do more.
Se recompensássemos os médicos por fazer mais intervenções — como é o sistema atual — eles farão mais.
en-pt
If instead you reward doctors for doing fewer procedures, they will do fewer.
Als we in plaats daarvan dokters gaan belonen voor het uitvoeren van minder procedures, dan zullen ze er minder doen.
en-nl
What we want, of course, is doctors who do just the right amount of procedures and do the right amount for the right reason -- namely, to serve the welfare of their patients.
Was wir natürlich möchten, sind Ärzte, die genau die richtige Anzahl an Behandlungsmethoden anwenden und die richtige Anzahl aus dem richtigen Grund durchführen -- und zwar zum Wohlergehen ihrer Patienten.
en-de
Psychologists have known this for decades, and it's time for policymakers to start paying attention and listen to psychologists a little bit, instead of economists.
Психолози ово знају већ деценијама и време је да они који одлучују почну да обраћају пажњу и да мало слушају психологе, уместо економисте.
en-sr
And it doesn't have to be this way.
De nem kell így maradnia.
en-hu
We think, Ken and I, that there are real sources of hope.
พวกเรา ผมกับเคน คิดว่าเรามีความหวังจริงๆ
en-th
We identify one set of people in all of these practices who we call canny outlaws.
אנחנו מזהים סוג מסויים של אנשים בכל התחומים הללו, שאנו מכנים אותם הערמומיים המנודים.
en-he
These are people who, being forced to operate in a system that demands rule-following and creates incentives, find away around the rules, find a way to subvert the rules.
Essas são as pessoas que, sendo obrigadas a operar em um sistema que exige seguir regras e cria incentivos, encontram uma forma de evitar as regras, encontram uma forma de subverter as regras.
en-pt-br
So there are teachers who have these scripts to follow, and they know that if they follow these scripts, the kids will learn nothing.
Er zijn dus leraren die bepaalde scripts hebben om te volgen, en ze weten dat als ze deze scripts volgen, de kinderen niks zullen leren.
en-nl
And so what they do is they follow the scripts, but they follow the scripts at double-time and squirrel away little bits of extra time during which they teach in the way that they actually know is effective.
그래서 그들은 과정안을 따르되, 그 과정을 구보로 빠르게 진행해서 틈틈히 남는 시간으로 자신들이 효과적이라고 생각되는 방법으로 아이들을 가르칩니다.
en-ko
So these are little ordinary, everyday heroes, and they're incredibly admirable, but there's no way that they can sustain this kind of activity in the face of a system that either roots them out or grinds them down.
Są oni zwyczajnymi, codziennymi bohaterami, którzy są godni podziwu, ale nie ma szans by mogli kontynuować taką działalność w obliczu systemu, który albo ich wykończy albo ich zdołuje.
en-pl
So canny outlaws are better than nothing, but it's hard to imagine any canny outlaw sustaining that for an indefinite period of time.
Por eso los "proscritos astutos" son mejor que nada pero es difícil de imaginar proscritos astutos sosteniendo eso durante un tiempo indefinido.
en-es
More hopeful are people we call system-changers.
좀 더 희망적인 사람들은 우리가 '시스템 혁명가'들이라 부르는 존재들입니다.
en-ko
These are people who are looking not to dodge the system's rules and regulations, but to transform the system, and we talk about several.
彼らはシステムのルールや規制を 逃れることを志向するのではなく システムを変革することを目指すのです 私たちの議論の中に挙がる
en-ja
One in particular is a judge named Robert Russell.
Közülük egy kiemelkedő egy bíró, akit Robert Russelnek hívnak.
en-hu
And one day he was faced with the case of Gary Pettengill.
Ve bir gün Gary Pettengill vakasıyla karşı karşıya kaldı.
en-tr
Pettengill was a 23-year-old vet who had planned to make the army a career, but then he got a severe back injury in Iraq, and that forced him to take a medical discharge.
페텐길은 23살된 퇴역 군인으로, 군인을 직업으로 삼으려 했지만, 이라크에서 당한 심각한 허리 부상 때문에, 의가사제대를 하게 되었습니다.
en-ko
He was married, he had a third kid on the way, he suffered from PTSD, in addition to the bad back, and recurrent nightmares, and he had started using marijuana to ease some of the symptoms.
Bol ženatý, manželka čakala tretie dieťa, trpel post traumatickou stresovou poruchou spolu s bolesťami chrbta a častými nočnými morami, čo ho prinútilo k užívaniu marihuany, aby si tak odľahčil od symptómov.
en-sk
He was only able to get part-time work because of his back, and so he was unable to earn enough to put food on the table and take care of his family.
Заради гърба си можел да работи само на непълен работен ден и не печелел достатъчно за да изхранва и да се грижи за семейството си.
en-bg
So he started selling marijuana.
پس شروع به فروش ماریجوانا کرده بود. او در یک عملیات پاکسازی مواد، دستگیر شده بود.
en-fa
He was busted in a drug sweep.
I bio je uhvaćen u jednoj čistki.
en-hr
His family was kicked out of their apartment, and the welfare system was threatening to take away his kids.
Seine Familie wurde aus ihrer Wohnung geworfen und das Sozialsystem drohte damit, die Kinder wegzunehmen.
en-de
Under normal sentencing procedures, Judge Russell would have had little choice but to sentence Pettengill to serious jail-time as a drug felon.
Με την τυπική ποινική διαδικασία, η μόνη επιλογή που θα είχε ο δικαστής Ράσελ, θα ήταν να καταδικάσει τον Πέτενγκιλ σε μακροχρόνια φυλάκιση ως διακινητή ναρκωτικών.
en-el
But Judge Russell did have an alternative.
ولكن القاضي رسل قام ببديل
en-ar
And that's because he was in a special court.
Og det er fordi han var i en speciel retssal.
en-da
He was in a court called the Veterans' Court.
Gazi Mahkemesi adı verilen bir mahkemedeydi.
en-tr
In the Veterans' Court -- this was the first of its kind in the United States.
او در دادگاه ویژۀ اعضای سابق ارتش بود --که اولین از نوع خودش در " ایالات متحده" بود. او در دادگاه ویژۀ اعضای سابق ارتش بود --که اولین از نوع خودش در " ایالات متحده" بود.
en-fa
Judge Russell created the Veterans' Court.
Sudca Russell totiž vytvoril súd pre veteránov.
en-sk
It was a court only for veterans who had broken the law.
이곳은 법을 어긴 퇴역 군인만을 위한 법원이었습니다.
en-ko
And he had created it exactly because mandatory sentencing laws were taking the judgment out of judging.
A vytvoril ho práve preto, že trestný zákon mu neumožňoval riadiť sa vlastným úsudkom.
en-sk
No one wanted non-violent offenders -- and especially non-violent offenders who were veterans to boot -- to be thrown into prison.
Nitko nije želio nenasilne prekršitelje -- a posebno nenasilne prekršitelje koji su bili veterani -- baciti u zatvor.
en-hr
They wanted to do something about what we all know, namely the revolving door of the criminal justice system.
Те искали да направят нещо по въпрос, за който всички знаем, а именно въртящата се врата на системата на наказателното правораздаване.
en-bg
And what the Veterans' Court did, was it treated each criminal as an individual, tried to get inside their problems, tried to fashion responses to their crimes that helped them to rehabilitate themselves, and didn't forget about them once the judgment was made.
E quello che faceva il Tribunale dei Veterani, era trattare ogni persona incriminata come individuo, cercando di entrare nei loro problemi, di trovare delle soluzioni che li aiutassero a riabilitarsi, e che non si dimenticassero di loro una volta espresso il giudizio.
en-it
Stayed with them, followed up on them, made sure that they were sticking to whatever plan had been jointly developed to get them over the hump.
而是和他们一起, 跟踪他们的发展, 保证他们在按共同制定的计划 在改造, 以帮他们度过难关。
en-zh-cn
There are now 22 cities that have Veterans' Courts like this.
Momentálne 22 miest má takéto súdy pre veteránov.
en-sk
Why has the idea spread?
Come mai l'idea si è diffusa?
en-it
Well, one reason is that Judge Russell has now seen 108 vets in his Veterans' Court as of February of this year, and out of 108, guess how many have gone back through the revolving door of justice into prison.
ひとつにはラッセル判事は この法廷で 今年の2月までに 108人の退役軍人を 裁いたのですが 108人のうち何人が 司法のベルトコンベア式判断により 刑務所へと 送り込まれていったか 想像できますか?
en-ja
None. None.
Aucun. Aucun.
en-fr
Anyone would glom onto a criminal justice system that has this kind of a record.
Oricine ar înhăța un sistem de judecată penal care are asemenea rezultat.
en-ro
So here's is a system-changer, and it seems to be catching.
وهذا هو احد مغيري النظم والقوانين
en-ar
There's a banker who created a for-profit community bank that encouraged bankers -- I know this is hard to believe -- encouraged bankers who worked there to do well by doing good for their low-income clients.
Hay un banquero que creó un banco comunitario con fines de lucro que alentó a los banqueros -sé que esto es difícil de creer- alentó a los banqueros que trabajaban allí a hacer el bien haciendo el bien a sus clientes de bajos ingresos.
en-es
The bank helped finance the rebuilding of what was otherwise a dying community.
A bank támogatta pénzügyileg az amúgy haldokló közösség újjáépítését.
en-hu
Though their loan recipients were high-risk by ordinary standards, the default rate was extremely low.
ถึงแม้ว่าลูกหนี้ของพวกเขาจะมีความเสี่ยงสูงมาก อัตราหนี้เสียก็อยู่ในระดับต่ำมาก
en-th
The bank was profitable.
Bank tersebut berhasil meraih laba.
en-id
The bankers stayed with their loan recipients.
ธนาคารดูแลลูกหนี้ของพวกเขา
en-th
They didn't make loans and then sell the loans.
Eles não faziam empréstimos e depois vendiam os empréstimos.
en-pt-br
They serviced the loans.
대출상품을 훌륭한 서비스로서 제공했습니다.
en-ko
They made sure that their loan recipients were staying up with their payments.
Se aseguraron de que los beneficiarios de sus préstamos efectuaran sus pagos.
en-es
Banking hasn't always been the way we read about it now in the newspapers.
Το τραπεζικό σύστημα δεν ήταν πάντα όπως διαβάζουμε σήμερα στις εφημερίδες.
en-el
Even Goldman Sachs once used to serve clients, before it turned into an institution that serves only itself.
Até a Goldman Sachs costumava servir os seus clientes, antes de se tornar uma instituição que apenas se serve a si mesma.
en-pt
Banking wasn't always this way, and it doesn't have to be this way.
Bankieren was niet altijd zo, en het hoeft ook niet zo te zijn.
en-nl
So there are examples like this in medicine -- doctors at Harvard who are trying to transform medical education, so that you don't get a kind of ethical erosion and loss of empathy, which characterizes most medical students in the course of their medical training.
Vannak aztán ilyen példák az orvoslásban is - orvosok a Harvardon, akik próbálják az orvosi képzést átalakítani oly módon, hogy ne legyél kitéve az ún. etikai eróziónak és empátiavesztésnek, amely a legtöbb medikus hallgatót jellemzi, medikusi képzésük során.
en-hu
And the way they do it is to give third-year medical students patients who they follow for an entire year.
E lo fanno affidando ai loro studenti del terzo anno pazienti che dovranno seguire per un intero anno.
en-it
So the patients are not organ systems, and they're not diseases; they're people, people with lives.
Así, los pacientes no son sistemas de órganos, ni enfermedades; son personas, personas que tienen vidas.
en-es
And in order to be an effective doctor, you need to treat people who have lives and not just disease.
I kako biste postali učinkoviti doktor, morate tretirati ljude koji imaju živote a ne samo bolesti.
en-hr
In addition to which there's an enormous amount of back and forth, mentoring of one student by another, of all the students by the doctors, and the result is a generation -- we hope -- of doctors who do have time for the people they treat.
Além disso, há uma enorme quantidade de idas e vindas, orientação de um aluno por outro, de todos os estudantes pelos médicos, e o resultado é uma geração - esperamos - de médicos que têm tempo para as pessoas que eles tratam.
en-pt-br
So there are lots of examples like this that we talk about.
所以有很多像我們今天討論一樣的例子。
en-zh-tw
Each of them shows that it is possible to build on and nurture character and keep a profession true to its proper mission -- what Aristotle would have called its proper telos.
Secili prej tyre tregon qe eshte e mundur te ndertosh dhe te kujdesesh per karakterin dhe te mbash nje profesion te vertete ne misionin e tij -- ajo qe Aristoteli do ta kishte quajtur telosi i tij.
en-sq
And Ken and I believe that this is what practitioners actually want.
Ve Ken ve ben, aslında uygulayıcıların istediğinin bu olduğuna inanıyoruz.
en-tr
People want to be allowed to be virtuous.
人們想要被允許 能是美德的。
en-zh-tw
They want to have permission to do the right thing.
適切なことをする資格を持ちたいとも思います
en-ja
They don't want to feel like they need to take a shower to get the moral grime off their bodies everyday when they come home from work.
De vil ikke føle at de har brug for et bad for at få den moralske "snavs" af deres kroppe hver dag når de kommer hjem fra arbejde.
en-da
Aristotle thought that practical wisdom was the key to happiness, and he was right.
Аристотель считал, что житейская мудрость и есть ключ к счастью, и он был прав.
en-ru
There's now a lot of research being done in psychology on what makes people happy, and the two things that jump out in study after study -- I know this will come as a shock to all of you -- the two things that matter most to happiness are love and work.
有許多心理學研究都在探索 是什麽讓人快樂幸福, 有兩樣東西反復被提及出現- 我知道這會讓你們所有人大吃一驚- 最影響幸福的兩樣東西是 愛和工作。
en-zh-tw
Love: managing successfully relations with the people who are close to you and with the communities of which you are a part.
Ljubav: uspješno upravljanje odnosima s ljudima koji su vam bliski i zajednicima čiji ste dio.
en-hr
Work: engaging in activities that are meaningful and satisfying.
Munka: olyan tevékenységekben részt vállalni, amelyek számunkra értelmesnek és kielégítőnek számítanak.
en-hu
If you have that, good close relations with other people, work that's meaningful and fulfilling, you don't much need anything else.
Eğer buna sahipsiniz, diğer insanlarla iyi yakın ilişkiler içinde, anlamlı ve tatmin edici bir işte, daha fazlasına ihtiyaç duymazsınız.
en-tr
Well, to love well and to work well, you need wisdom.
Pois bem, amar bem e trabalhar bem, você precisa de sabedoria.
en-pt-br
Rules and incentives don't tell you how to be a good friend, how to be a good parent, how to be a good spouse, or how to be a good doctor or a good lawyer or a good teacher.
Regulile și stimulentele nu-ți spun cum să fii un prieten bun, un părinte bun, cum să fii un soț bun, sau cum să fii un medic bun sau un avocat bun sau un învățător bun.
en-ro
Rules and incentives are no substitutes for wisdom.
Kurallar ve teşvikler bilgeliğe eşdeğer değillerdir.
en-tr
Indeed, we argue, there is no substitute for wisdom.
知恵に代わるものはない― それが私たちの主張です
en-ja
And so practical wisdom does not require heroic acts of self-sacrifice on the part of practitioners.
Практична мудрост не захтева херојска дела личне пожртвованости од стране професионалаца.
en-sr
In giving us the will and the skill to do the right thing -- to do right by others -- practical wisdom also gives us the will and the skill to do right by ourselves.
Tým, že dáva vôľu a schopnosť robiť správne veci -- robiť správne veci pre ostatných -- praktická múdrosť nám taktiež dáva vôľu a schopnosť robiť to správne pre nás.
en-sk
My big idea is a very, very small idea that can unlock billions of big ideas that are at the moment dormant inside us.
הרעיון הגדול שלי הוא רעיון מאוד, מאוד קטן שיכול לשחרר מיליארד רעיונות גדולים שכרגע רדומים בתוכנו.
en-he
And my little idea that will do that is sleep.
その小さなアイディアとは 睡眠です
en-ja
(Laughter) (Applause) This is a room of type A women.
é o sono. (Risos) (Aplausos) Este é um salão de mulheres do tipo A.
en-pt-br
This is a room of sleep-deprived women.
Це кімната жінок позбавлених сну.
en-uk
And I learned the hard way the value of sleep.
На тежак начин сам научила колика је вредност сна.
en-sr
Two-and-a-half years ago, I fainted from exhaustion.
İki buçuk yıl önce, yorgunluktan bayıldım.
en-tr
I hit my head on my desk.
Udarila sam glavom o svoj stol, razbila sam jagodičnu kost,
en-hr
I broke my cheekbone, I got five stitches on my right eye.
мені наклали 5 швів на праве око.
en-uk
And I began the journey of rediscovering the value of sleep.
Ve uykunun değerini tekrar keşfetme yolculuğuna çıktım.
en-tr
And in the course of that, I studied, I met with medical doctors, scientists, and I'm here to tell you that the way to a more productive, more inspired, more joyful life is getting enough sleep.
為此, 我做研究、 找醫生、科學家 我今天在此告訴各位 要更有生產力、 找更多靈感、生活更開心 就是多睡點
en-zh-tw
(Applause) And we women are going to lead the way in this new revolution, this new feminist issue.
(aplaudiment) I les dones liderarem el camí en aquesta revolució, en aquesta nova causa feminista.
en-ca
We are literally going to sleep our way to the top -- literally -- (Laughter) (Applause) because unfortunately, for men, sleep deprivation has become a virility symbol.
यूँ कह लीजिए कि हम सोते सोते शीर्ष तक पहुँचेंगे. (ठहाका) (तालियाँ) क्योंकि दुर्भाग्य से, पुरुषों के लिए कम नींद लेना पुरुषत्व की निशानी बन गई है.
en-hi
I was recently having dinner with a guy who bragged that he had only gotten four hours sleep the night before.
Fa poc sopava amb un tío que fanfarronejava d'haver dormit només quatre hores la nit anterior.
en-ca
And I felt like saying to him -- but I didn't say -- I felt like saying, "You know what? if you had gotten five, this dinner would have been a lot more interesting."
मुझे लगा कि मैं उनसे कहूँ -- हालाकिं मैंने कहा नहीं -- पर मेरा मन हुआ कहने का कि, 'जानते हैं? अगर आपने पाँच घंटे सोए होते, तो ये डिनर कुछ कम उबाऊ होता.'
en-hi
(Laughter) There is now a kind of sleep deprivation one-upmanship.
(Risate) C'è al momento in circolazione un tipo di competizione basata sulla mancanza di sonno.
en-it
Especially here in Washington, if you try to make a breakfast date, and you say, "How about eight o'clock?"
Vooral hier in Washington: als je een ontbijtvergadering wil regelen, en je zegt: "Past acht uur?
en-nl
they're likely to tell you, "Eight o'clock is too late for me, but that's OK, I can get a game of tennis in and do a few conference calls and meet you at eight."
ka te ngjare te thone,"Ora 8 eshte shume vone per mua, por cdo gje eshte ne rregull, une mund te luaj nje loje tenis, dhe te bej disa thirje telefoni dhe te takoj ty ne ora 8."
en-sq
And they think that means they are so incredibly busy and productive, but the truth is, they're not, because we, at the moment, have had brilliant leaders in business, in finance, in politics, making terrible decisions.
Og de tror, det betyder, at de er så utroligt travle og produktive, men det er de i virkeligheden ikke, for vi har i øjeblikket haft fantastiske ledere i forretning, i finans, i politik, som har taget elendige beslutninger.
en-da
So a high IQ does not mean that you're a good leader, because the essence of leadership is being able to see the iceberg before it hits the Titanic.
Torej visok I.Q. ne pomeni, da si dober vodja, ker je osnova za vodenje da vidiš ledeno goro, še preden zadane Titanik.
en-sl
(Laughter) And we've had far too many icebergs hitting our Titanics.
We hebben veel te veel ijsbergen gehad die onze Titanics raakten.
en-nl
In fact, I have a feeling that if Lehman Brothers was Lehman Brothers and Sisters, they might still be around.
Ik heb het gevoel dat als Lehman Brothers Lehman Brothers and Sisters was geweest, ze misschien nog zouden bestaan.
en-nl