gowitheflow/parallel-talks-deduplicated · Datasets at Hugging Face

english stringlengths 2 3.06k	non_english stringlengths 1 2.84k	language stringclasses 52 values
Fortunately, the future is bright.	Gelukkig is er licht aan het eind van de tunnel.	en-nl
Today, we're at an inflection point, where the moral reasons to change our food system are very compelling.	Oggi siamo a un punto di svolta: le ragioni morali per cambiare il sistema alimentare sono molto forti.	en-it
Technology is on its way and excellent alternatives are already here, and advocates are wising up to more impactful strategies.	De technologie zit in de pijplijn, er zijn al uitstekende alternatieven en activisten bedenken effectievere strategieën.	en-nl
It's incredibly empowering to have this wealth of evidence available, from history, psychology and elsewhere, to analyze using the effective altruism perspective.	Het is ongelooflijk begeesterend om deze rijkdom van bewijs te hebben, vanuit de geschiedenis, de psychologie en elders, om ze te analyseren volgens het perspectief van effectief altruïsme.	en-nl
Ultimately, that evidence suggests that we can achieve a truly humane food system if we strive towards the end of animal farming.	Uiteindelijk toont het bewijs aan dat we een echt humaan voedselsysteem kunnen verwezenlijken door te gaan voor het einde van de veehouderij.	en-nl
And public opinion is already a lot further along on this than you might think.	De publieke opinie gaat hierin al een stuk verder dan je zou denken.	en-nl
Forty-seven percent of US adults already say they support a ban on slaughter houses.	47% van de Amerikaanse volwassenen zeggen al dat ze voorstander zijn van een verbod op slachthuizen.	en-nl
As we transition, as we align our food system with our values, we're going to see a sweeping change in the relationship between humans and the other inhabitants of this planet.	Als we de overgang maken, als we ons voedselsysteem afstemmen op onze waarden, gaan we een ingrijpende verandering zien in de relatie tussen de mens en de andere bewoners van deze planeet.	en-nl
Once we're no longer eating animals three times a day, we'll see a huge relief in cognitive dissonance that frees our conscience to expand our moral circle to not just farmed animals, but other populations like dogs and cats in shelters, animals used in circuses and entertainment, and the vast number of wild animals who also need our help.	Als we geen drie keer per dag meer dieren gaan eten, zullen we een enorme opluchting in cognitieve dissonantie zien die ons geweten bevrijdt door onze morele kring uit te breiden tot niet alleen boerderijdieren, maar andere populaties zoals honden en katten in asielen, dieren die worden gebruikt in circussen en entertainment, en het grote aantal wilde dieren die ook onze hulp nodig hebben.	en-nl
Today, we're laying the foundation for future social movements just as social movements of the past laid the bedrock we now stand on.	Oggi poniamo le basi per i movimenti sociali del futuro proprio come i movimenti del passato hanno dato le basi a noi.	en-it
Richard Branson predicted that the food system will be animal-free in just 30 years.	Richard Branson voorspelde dat het voedselsysteem diervrij zal zijn in slechts 30 jaar.	en-nl
It might take a little longer than that, but it's clear that huge change is coming.	Het zal misschien een beetje langer duren dan dat, maar het is duidelijk dat er enorme verandering aankomt.	en-nl
You can stand on the right side of history and play a role in this exciting movement, whether it's by starting a business like a local restaurant or a clean-meat company, becoming an activist, making a donation, or simply sharing content on social media.	Je kunt aan de juiste kant van de geschiedenis staan en een rol spelen in deze opwindende beweging, of het nu is door het starten van een bedrijf zoals een lokaal restaurant of een schoon-vleesbedrijf, door activist te worden, door een donatie, of gewoon door inhoud te delen op de sociale media.	en-nl
You can, of course, also participate as a conscious consumer, but keep in mind that your own diet choice is just one of many ways to have an impact.	Je kunt natuurlijk ook deelnemen als bewuste consument, maar houd in gedachten dat je eigen dieetkeuze slechts één van de vele manieren is om een impact te hebben.	en-nl
This is a time of unbridled excitement and opportunity, as we look ahead at one of the next great social movements.	Dit is een tijd van ongebreidelde opwinding en kansen, als we vooruit kijken naar één van de volgende grote sociale bewegingen.	en-nl
Humanity's moral circle will continue to expand, but only if people like you and me take hold.	I principi etici dell'uomo continueranno a evolversi, ma solo se persone come noi prenderanno in mano la situazione.	en-it
It's very similar to human consolation.	Molto simile a quella umana.	en-it
And Brian's shoulders sank.	Браян засмутився.	en-uk
I never saw Brian do a project like that ever again.	Nunca mais vi o Brian fazer um projeto daqueles.	en-pt
So we see a lot of this.	Vi ser det här hela tiden.	en-sv
And they're just so uncomfortable.	Так їм незручно у такі моменти.	en-uk
He had a huge cure rate of people who had phobias.	Aveva una percentuale molto alta di persone con fobie.	en-it
Doug Dietz is a technical person.	Doug Dietz är tekniskt lagd.	en-sv
It's in the northwest of Western Australia, very pleasant place.	Це на північному заході Західної Австралії, чудове місце.	en-uk
This is a vending machine for crows.	Questo é un distributore automatico per corvi.	en-it
So here's what the org chart of the gang looks like.	Non so se qualcuno di voi	en-it
Then you have display and everything else.	Rimane il display e tutto il resto.	en-it
Well, guess what, we're not.	Thì quả nhiên chúng tôi không làm được.	en-vi
The US Navy has always had this frustrating problem with their fleet.	美國海軍艦隊一直遇到這個令人沮喪的問題，	en-zh-tw
It's something called "fouling."	Та, что мы называем «грязью».	en-ru
Now, for all you non-seafaring folk, fouling is when things like algae and barnacles and other marine materials get stuck to the sides of ships and submarines.	Per tutti voi, gente non di mare, incrostazione è quando alghe, crostacei e altri materiali marini rimangono attaccati ai lati delle navi e dei sottomarini.	en-it
Used to be able to prevent this fouling by coating ships and submarines with toxic agents, like heavy metals, but these heavy metals aren't as effective at keeping ships clean as they used to be.	Costumávamos a prevenir essas incrustações revestindo navios e submarinos com agentes tóxicos, como metais pesados, mas metais pesados não são mais eficazes em manter os navios limpos como antes.	en-pt-br
And we want clean ships because fouling on these vessels actually makes them less efficient in the water and can be easier for enemies to detect.	E queremos navios limpos porque incrustações nessas embarcações as tornam, na verdade, menos eficientes na água e podem se tornar facilmente detectáveis pelos inimigos.	en-pt-br
This is not good.	Хорошего в этом мало.	en-ru
So several years ago, the US Office of Naval Research called on one of my colleagues, engineer scientist Dr. Anthony Brennan, to devise a solution to prevent fouling without the use of these heavy metals.	Управление военно-морских исследований США в прошлом году пригласило моего коллегу доктора Энтони Бреннана, чтобы он придумал решение этой проблемы без использования тяжёлых металлов.	en-ru
See, Dr. Brennan was already investigating how things like surface roughness can prevent the attachment of organisms like algae.	Dr. Brennan já estava investigando como coisas como superfície áspera podiam prevenir a adesão de organismos como algas .	en-pt-br
But Dr. Brennan was struggling.	Но ему было нелегко.	en-ru
All of the engineered surfaces he came up with algae eventually overcame.	Tutte le superfici innovative che inventava venivano sopraffatte dalle alghe.	en-it
And then Brennan found himself at a conference in Hawaii, of all places, and noticed something rather intriguing.	Однажды Бреннан оказался на конференции в Гавайях и заметил кое-что очень интригующее.	en-ru
Take a look at these three animals: a manatee, a whale and a shark.	瞧瞧這三種動物：海牛、鯨魚和鯊魚。	en-zh-tw
Well, right.	好，沒錯。	en-zh-tw
So the whale and the manatee are filthy, but the shark is squeaky clean.	Кит и ламантин грязные, тогда как акула кристально чистая.	en-ru
This is a property unique to all sharks.	這是所有鯊魚獨有的特點。	en-zh-tw
The next time you watch Shark Week, you'll notice each and every shark you see is pristine.	Dá próxima vez que assistirem "Shark Week", vão perceber que todos os tubarões que vocês veem são imaculados.	en-pt-br
Brennan wanted to find out.	Brennan queria descobrir.	en-pt-br
So with the help of some brave graduate students, they set out to find a shark.	與幾個勇敢的研究生助手一起，他們出發去找鯊魚。	en-zh-tw
(Laughter) They found one in the shallow water and carefully took a mold of its skin using a dental impression material.	(Смех) Они нашили одну на мелководье, взяли образец её кожи и сделали медицинское заключение.	en-ru
Don't worry.	Não se preocupem, o tubarão não foi ferido no processo,	en-pt-br
The shark wasn't harmed in the process, although I'm sure he didn't appreciate it.	Акула не пострадала, хотя я уверен, что ей это не особо понравилось.	en-ru
(Laughter) So the students took the mold back to the lab and put it under a microscope, and this is what it looks like.	（笑聲）學生帶模回實驗室，用顯微鏡檢視，看起來就是這樣：	en-zh-tw
The sharkskin is comprised of little denticles, and they overlap to create a diamond-shape repeating pattern on the sharkskin.	鯊魚皮由小小的細齒組成，它們重疊在一起，在鯊魚皮上形成菱形的重複圖案。	en-zh-tw
Upon further investigation, Brennan and his team noticed that the texture on these denticles is actually what's responsible for keeping sharks clean.	Dopo ulteriori indagini, Brennan e il suo team notarono che la superficie di questi dentelli era effettivamente responsabile nel mantenere gli squali puliti.	en-it
I'm a microbiologist and infectious disease expert, and I find this fascinating.	Как микробиологу и специалисту по инфекционным заболеваниям мне этот феномен кажется захватывающим.	en-ru
I've spent my career trying to keep surfaces clean, especially the surfaces of medical devices.	我一直努力保持表面清潔，尤其是醫療設備的表面。	en-zh-tw
In hospitals this is a massive problem.	Negli ospedali questo è un problema enorme.	en-it
See, what happens is bacteria who are really normally good find themselves in places they shouldn't be as a result of some medical procedure.	Например, бактерии, которые, как правило, не представляют угрозы, оказываются там, где им не место, в результате медицинской процедуры.	en-ru
Sometime during or after surgery, bacteria latch onto the surface of a medical device, stay there, and cause a serious infection; and this makes it impossible for the body to heal.	Бывает, что во время и после операции бактерии попадают на медицинское оборудование, задерживаются там и вызывают серьёзное заражение, делая выздоровление практически невозможным.	en-ru
Take a look at these surgical wires used to close a patient's sternum following open-heart surgery.	Olhem para esses fios cirúrgicos usados para fechar o esterno de um paciente depois de uma cirurgia de coração.	en-pt-br
Notice the tiny clusters of bacteria on the surface?	Заметили крошечные скопления бактерий на проволке?	en-ru
This patient didn't heal for months until the wires were removed, and replaced with clean ones.	Questo paziente non è guarito per mesi finché i fili non sono stati rimossi e sostituiti con quelli puliti.	en-it
You know, it used to be we just used antibiotics to treat these types of infections.	Costumávamos usar só antibióticos para tratar esse tipo de infecção.	en-pt-br
Antibiotics were an amazing drug, for a while.	И это работало превосходно. Правда, недолго...	en-ru
But eventually, bacteria were exposed to antibiotics so frequently they were forced to adapt.	Mas, por fim, bactérias foram expostas a antibióticos com tanta frequência que foram forçadas a se adaptar.	en-pt-br
And survival is the key driver of evolution, and that's what we're talking about here: bacterial evolution.	Выживание играет ключевую роль в эволюции, и мы как раз об этом сейчас и говорим: об эволюции бактерий.	en-ru
Perhaps you've heard about this in the news.	Provavelmente você já ouviu sobre isso no noticiário.	en-pt-br
It's referred to as "Antimicrobial Resistance."	Si chiama "Resistenza Antimicrobica".	en-it
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention call antimicrobial resistance one of the greatest public health challenges of our time.	I Centri USA per Controllo e Prevenzione delle malattie chiamano resistenza antimicrobica una delle più grandi sfide della salute pubblica dei nostri tempi.	en-it
Illnesses that were once easily treatable are now untreatable.	Doenças que já foram facilmente tratáveis são hoje intratáveis.	en-pt-br
In the US alone every year, more than two million people will get an antibiotic resistant infection, and over 23,000 people will die as a result of that infection.	僅在美國每年就有超過兩百萬人感染抗生素抗藥性的病菌，兩萬三千多人因而死亡。	en-zh-tw
The pharmaceutical industry is rushing to develop more and more and more antimicrobials, desperately trying to outpace antimicrobial resistance.	Фармацевтическая индустрия торопится изобрести всё больше и больше антибиотиков, отчаянно пытаясь побороть устойчивость к лекарственным препаратам.	en-ru
But bacteria and germs, they evolve so much more quickly than we could innovate ways to kill them.	Но бактерии и микробы развиваются гораздо быстрее, чем мы можем разработать способы их уничтожения.	en-ru
It's clear the antimicrobial era is coming to an end, so we have to think about this in a whole new way.	Очевидно то, что эра антибиотиков подходит к концу. Так что мы должны взглянуть на ситуацию по-новому.	en-ru
What if instead of trying to kill bacteria after they cause infections, we simply make it harder for bacteria to stick to the surfaces of medical devices in the first place?	E se em vez de tentar matar as bactérias só depois de causarem infecções, primeiramente dificultássemos a adesão dessas bactérias em superfícies de equipamentos médicos?	en-pt-br
In other words, we prevent these infections from occurring altogether.	Другими словами, мы вообще не дадим им оказаться на нём.	en-ru
That's what brings me back to what we've learned from sharks.	此時回來談談我們向鯊魚學到的。	en-zh-tw
It's the texture of sharkskin that makes them resistant to fouling.	鯊魚皮的質地使牠們抗結垢。	en-zh-tw
So what if we change the texture of medical devices to make them resistant to bacteria causing so many problems?	倘若我們改變醫療器械的質地，使其能阻抗問題多多的細菌，會如何？	en-zh-tw
Dr. Brennan knew he had a major medical breakthrough on his hands.	當時布倫南醫生知道自己掌握著重大的醫學突破。	en-zh-tw
He called up some trusted friends right here in Denver Colorado, and they started a company, and they called it Sharklet Technologies.	他在科羅拉多州丹佛市這裡，召集了一些可信賴的朋友，他們成立了一家公司，名為 Sharklet Technologies。	en-zh-tw
In 2013, I joined the team, and together we used engineered surfaces mimicking the skin of sharks to prevent bacteria and other medical complications.	我在 2013 年加入團隊，我們共同做出模仿鯊魚皮膚的表面來預防細菌和其他醫療併發症。	en-zh-tw
Our first commercial device is a urological catheter, which doctors began using for patients just last year.	Nosso primeiro dispositivo comercial é um cateter urológico, que os médicos começaram a utilizar em pacientes já no ano passado.	en-pt-br
(Applause) Take a look at these example images.	(Applausi) Guardate queste immagini di esempio.	en-it
The surface on the left is a smooth surface, and the one on the right is a sharkskin-like texture.	A superfície na esquerda é uma superfície lisa, e a da direita é uma textura de pele de tubarão.	en-pt-br
Notice how much bacteria's on the smooth surface compared to the sharkskin-like surface?	Notate quanti batteri ci sono sulla superficie liscia, rispetto alla superficie simile alla pelle di squalo?	en-it
This is because the sharkskin-like texture creates an inhospitable surface for bacterial attachment and growth.	這是因為類似鯊魚皮質地的表面不利於細菌附著和生長。	en-zh-tw
It works on sharks, and it works here too because the texture takes advantage of principles of surface energy.	Funziona sugli squali e funziona anche qui perché la struttura sfrutta i principi dell'energia di superficie.	en-it
Now, surface energy is really a description of a detailed property of a surface.	表面能實際上是對表面詳細特性的描述，	en-zh-tw
It can include things like water interaction or material stiffness.	Può includere l'interazione con l'acqua o la rigidità del materiale.	en-it
The roughened sharkskin-like texture creates a surface with greater surface energy.	A textura áspera da pele de tubarão cria uma superfície de maior energia de superfície.	en-pt-br
You know, we interact with surface energy changes all the time.	Interagiamo di continuo con i cambiamenti dell'energia di superficie,	en-it
We often just don't notice it.	ma spesso non lo notiamo.	en-it
For example, we like when rain beads up and runs off our car, right?	Por exemplo, gostamos que gotas de chuva rolem para fora de nossos carros, certo?	en-pt-br
Well, this happens best with a nice coat of wax.	Bene, questo accade ancor meglio con una bella mano di cera.	en-it
Wax is a material with greater surface energy characteristics.	蠟是具有更大表面能特性的材料。	en-zh-tw
Now, we can't coat medical devices in wax, but we can change their surface texture.	Только мы не можем покрыть медоборудование воском, но мы можем изменить текстуру его поверхностей.	en-ru
And this approach works on all types of medical devices, from catheters to pacemakers, and it's effective against all types of bacteria and germs.	這種方法適用於所有類型的醫療設備，從導管到心律調節器包括在內，得以有效地抵抗各種細菌。	en-zh-tw
As it turns out, we can actually do more than just bacteria-proof medical devices.	Come si è scoperto, possiamo fare di più che soli dispositivi medici a prova di batteri.	en-it
We can prevent other medical complications through understanding the power of surface energy, things like frequent clogging, excessive blood clotting or poor healing interactions.	還可以通過了解表面能的力量來預防其他的醫學併發症，例如經常性血栓、過多的血凝塊，或不良的癒合。	en-zh-tw
The next generation of medical device surfaces inspired by the skin of sharks will actually expand how medical devices are made.	La prossima generazione di superfici di dispositivi medici ispirata alla pelle degli squali espanderà il modo in cui produrre i dispositivi medici.	en-it
Really the core issue is that we create all types of sophisticated medical devices, things to pump fluid into our blood, keep our heart beating on pace, or even stimulate brain activity.	In realtà, la questione principale è che creiamo tutti i tipi di dispositivi medici sofisticati per pompare fluido nel nostro sangue, mantenere i battiti del nostro cuore a ritmo o anche stimolare l'attività cerebrale,	en-it

Fortunately, the future is bright.

Gelukkig is er licht aan het eind van de tunnel.

en-nl

Today, we're at an inflection point, where the moral reasons to change our food system are very compelling.

Oggi siamo a un punto di svolta: le ragioni morali per cambiare il sistema alimentare sono molto forti.

en-it

Technology is on its way and excellent alternatives are already here, and advocates are wising up to more impactful strategies.

De technologie zit in de pijplijn, er zijn al uitstekende alternatieven en activisten bedenken effectievere strategieën.

en-nl

It's incredibly empowering to have this wealth of evidence available, from history, psychology and elsewhere, to analyze using the effective altruism perspective.

Het is ongelooflijk begeesterend om deze rijkdom van bewijs te hebben, vanuit de geschiedenis, de psychologie en elders, om ze te analyseren volgens het perspectief van effectief altruïsme.

en-nl

Ultimately, that evidence suggests that we can achieve a truly humane food system if we strive towards the end of animal farming.

Uiteindelijk toont het bewijs aan dat we een echt humaan voedselsysteem kunnen verwezenlijken door te gaan voor het einde van de veehouderij.

en-nl

And public opinion is already a lot further along on this than you might think.

De publieke opinie gaat hierin al een stuk verder dan je zou denken.

en-nl

Forty-seven percent of US adults already say they support a ban on slaughter houses.

47% van de Amerikaanse volwassenen zeggen al dat ze voorstander zijn van een verbod op slachthuizen.

en-nl

As we transition, as we align our food system with our values, we're going to see a sweeping change in the relationship between humans and the other inhabitants of this planet.

Als we de overgang maken, als we ons voedselsysteem afstemmen op onze waarden, gaan we een ingrijpende verandering zien in de relatie tussen de mens en de andere bewoners van deze planeet.

en-nl

Once we're no longer eating animals three times a day, we'll see a huge relief in cognitive dissonance that frees our conscience to expand our moral circle to not just farmed animals, but other populations like dogs and cats in shelters, animals used in circuses and entertainment, and the vast number of wild animals who also need our help.

Als we geen drie keer per dag meer dieren gaan eten, zullen we een enorme opluchting in cognitieve dissonantie zien die ons geweten bevrijdt door onze morele kring uit te breiden tot niet alleen boerderijdieren, maar andere populaties zoals honden en katten in asielen, dieren die worden gebruikt in circussen en entertainment, en het grote aantal wilde dieren die ook onze hulp nodig hebben.

en-nl

Today, we're laying the foundation for future social movements just as social movements of the past laid the bedrock we now stand on.

Oggi poniamo le basi per i movimenti sociali del futuro proprio come i movimenti del passato hanno dato le basi a noi.

en-it

Richard Branson predicted that the food system will be animal-free in just 30 years.

Richard Branson voorspelde dat het voedselsysteem diervrij zal zijn in slechts 30 jaar.

en-nl

It might take a little longer than that, but it's clear that huge change is coming.

Het zal misschien een beetje langer duren dan dat, maar het is duidelijk dat er enorme verandering aankomt.

en-nl

You can stand on the right side of history and play a role in this exciting movement, whether it's by starting a business like a local restaurant or a clean-meat company, becoming an activist, making a donation, or simply sharing content on social media.

Je kunt aan de juiste kant van de geschiedenis staan en een rol spelen in deze opwindende beweging, of het nu is door het starten van een bedrijf zoals een lokaal restaurant of een schoon-vleesbedrijf, door activist te worden, door een donatie, of gewoon door inhoud te delen op de sociale media.

en-nl

You can, of course, also participate as a conscious consumer, but keep in mind that your own diet choice is just one of many ways to have an impact.

Je kunt natuurlijk ook deelnemen als bewuste consument, maar houd in gedachten dat je eigen dieetkeuze slechts één van de vele manieren is om een impact te hebben.

en-nl

This is a time of unbridled excitement and opportunity, as we look ahead at one of the next great social movements.

Dit is een tijd van ongebreidelde opwinding en kansen, als we vooruit kijken naar één van de volgende grote sociale bewegingen.

en-nl

Humanity's moral circle will continue to expand, but only if people like you and me take hold.

I principi etici dell'uomo continueranno a evolversi, ma solo se persone come noi prenderanno in mano la situazione.

en-it

It's very similar to human consolation.

Molto simile a quella umana.

en-it

And Brian's shoulders sank.

Браян засмутився.

en-uk

I never saw Brian do a project like that ever again.

Nunca mais vi o Brian fazer um projeto daqueles.

en-pt

So we see a lot of this.

Vi ser det här hela tiden.

en-sv

And they're just so uncomfortable.

Так їм незручно у такі моменти.

en-uk

He had a huge cure rate of people who had phobias.

Aveva una percentuale molto alta di persone con fobie.

en-it

Doug Dietz is a technical person.

Doug Dietz är tekniskt lagd.

en-sv

It's in the northwest of Western Australia, very pleasant place.

Це на північному заході Західної Австралії, чудове місце.

en-uk

This is a vending machine for crows.

Questo é un distributore automatico per corvi.

en-it

So here's what the org chart of the gang looks like.

Non so se qualcuno di voi

en-it

Then you have display and everything else.

Rimane il display e tutto il resto.

en-it

Well, guess what, we're not.

Thì quả nhiên chúng tôi không làm được.

en-vi

The US Navy has always had this frustrating problem with their fleet.

美國海軍艦隊一直遇到這個令人沮喪的問題，

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It's something called "fouling."

Та, что мы называем «грязью».

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Now, for all you non-seafaring folk, fouling is when things like algae and barnacles and other marine materials get stuck to the sides of ships and submarines.

Per tutti voi, gente non di mare, incrostazione è quando alghe, crostacei e altri materiali marini rimangono attaccati ai lati delle navi e dei sottomarini.

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Used to be able to prevent this fouling by coating ships and submarines with toxic agents, like heavy metals, but these heavy metals aren't as effective at keeping ships clean as they used to be.

Costumávamos a prevenir essas incrustações revestindo navios e submarinos com agentes tóxicos, como metais pesados, mas metais pesados não são mais eficazes em manter os navios limpos como antes.

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And we want clean ships because fouling on these vessels actually makes them less efficient in the water and can be easier for enemies to detect.

E queremos navios limpos porque incrustações nessas embarcações as tornam, na verdade, menos eficientes na água e podem se tornar facilmente detectáveis pelos inimigos.

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This is not good.

Хорошего в этом мало.

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So several years ago, the US Office of Naval Research called on one of my colleagues, engineer scientist Dr. Anthony Brennan, to devise a solution to prevent fouling without the use of these heavy metals.

Управление военно-морских исследований США в прошлом году пригласило моего коллегу доктора Энтони Бреннана, чтобы он придумал решение этой проблемы без использования тяжёлых металлов.

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See, Dr. Brennan was already investigating how things like surface roughness can prevent the attachment of organisms like algae.

Dr. Brennan já estava investigando como coisas como superfície áspera podiam prevenir a adesão de organismos como algas .

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But Dr. Brennan was struggling.

Но ему было нелегко.

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All of the engineered surfaces he came up with algae eventually overcame.

Tutte le superfici innovative che inventava venivano sopraffatte dalle alghe.

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And then Brennan found himself at a conference in Hawaii, of all places, and noticed something rather intriguing.

Однажды Бреннан оказался на конференции в Гавайях и заметил кое-что очень интригующее.

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Take a look at these three animals: a manatee, a whale and a shark.

瞧瞧這三種動物：海牛、鯨魚和鯊魚。

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Well, right.

好，沒錯。

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So the whale and the manatee are filthy, but the shark is squeaky clean.

Кит и ламантин грязные, тогда как акула кристально чистая.

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This is a property unique to all sharks.

這是所有鯊魚獨有的特點。

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The next time you watch Shark Week, you'll notice each and every shark you see is pristine.

Dá próxima vez que assistirem "Shark Week", vão perceber que todos os tubarões que vocês veem são imaculados.

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Brennan wanted to find out.

Brennan queria descobrir.

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So with the help of some brave graduate students, they set out to find a shark.

與幾個勇敢的研究生助手一起，他們出發去找鯊魚。

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(Laughter) They found one in the shallow water and carefully took a mold of its skin using a dental impression material.

(Смех) Они нашили одну на мелководье, взяли образец её кожи и сделали медицинское заключение.

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Don't worry.

Não se preocupem, o tubarão não foi ferido no processo,

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The shark wasn't harmed in the process, although I'm sure he didn't appreciate it.

Акула не пострадала, хотя я уверен, что ей это не особо понравилось.

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(Laughter) So the students took the mold back to the lab and put it under a microscope, and this is what it looks like.

（笑聲）學生帶模回實驗室，用顯微鏡檢視，看起來就是這樣：

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The sharkskin is comprised of little denticles, and they overlap to create a diamond-shape repeating pattern on the sharkskin.

鯊魚皮由小小的細齒組成，它們重疊在一起，在鯊魚皮上形成菱形的重複圖案。

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Upon further investigation, Brennan and his team noticed that the texture on these denticles is actually what's responsible for keeping sharks clean.

Dopo ulteriori indagini, Brennan e il suo team notarono che la superficie di questi dentelli era effettivamente responsabile nel mantenere gli squali puliti.

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I'm a microbiologist and infectious disease expert, and I find this fascinating.

Как микробиологу и специалисту по инфекционным заболеваниям мне этот феномен кажется захватывающим.

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I've spent my career trying to keep surfaces clean, especially the surfaces of medical devices.

我一直努力保持表面清潔，尤其是醫療設備的表面。

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In hospitals this is a massive problem.

Negli ospedali questo è un problema enorme.

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See, what happens is bacteria who are really normally good find themselves in places they shouldn't be as a result of some medical procedure.

Например, бактерии, которые, как правило, не представляют угрозы, оказываются там, где им не место, в результате медицинской процедуры.

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Sometime during or after surgery, bacteria latch onto the surface of a medical device, stay there, and cause a serious infection; and this makes it impossible for the body to heal.

Бывает, что во время и после операции бактерии попадают на медицинское оборудование, задерживаются там и вызывают серьёзное заражение, делая выздоровление практически невозможным.

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Take a look at these surgical wires used to close a patient's sternum following open-heart surgery.

Olhem para esses fios cirúrgicos usados para fechar o esterno de um paciente depois de uma cirurgia de coração.

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Notice the tiny clusters of bacteria on the surface?

Заметили крошечные скопления бактерий на проволке?

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This patient didn't heal for months until the wires were removed, and replaced with clean ones.

Questo paziente non è guarito per mesi finché i fili non sono stati rimossi e sostituiti con quelli puliti.

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You know, it used to be we just used antibiotics to treat these types of infections.

Costumávamos usar só antibióticos para tratar esse tipo de infecção.

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Antibiotics were an amazing drug, for a while.

И это работало превосходно. Правда, недолго...

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But eventually, bacteria were exposed to antibiotics so frequently they were forced to adapt.

Mas, por fim, bactérias foram expostas a antibióticos com tanta frequência que foram forçadas a se adaptar.

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And survival is the key driver of evolution, and that's what we're talking about here: bacterial evolution.

Выживание играет ключевую роль в эволюции, и мы как раз об этом сейчас и говорим: об эволюции бактерий.

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Perhaps you've heard about this in the news.

Provavelmente você já ouviu sobre isso no noticiário.

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It's referred to as "Antimicrobial Resistance."

Si chiama "Resistenza Antimicrobica".

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The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention call antimicrobial resistance one of the greatest public health challenges of our time.

I Centri USA per Controllo e Prevenzione delle malattie chiamano resistenza antimicrobica una delle più grandi sfide della salute pubblica dei nostri tempi.

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Illnesses that were once easily treatable are now untreatable.

Doenças que já foram facilmente tratáveis são hoje intratáveis.

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In the US alone every year, more than two million people will get an antibiotic resistant infection, and over 23,000 people will die as a result of that infection.

僅在美國每年就有超過兩百萬人感染抗生素抗藥性的病菌，兩萬三千多人因而死亡。

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The pharmaceutical industry is rushing to develop more and more and more antimicrobials, desperately trying to outpace antimicrobial resistance.

Фармацевтическая индустрия торопится изобрести всё больше и больше антибиотиков, отчаянно пытаясь побороть устойчивость к лекарственным препаратам.

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But bacteria and germs, they evolve so much more quickly than we could innovate ways to kill them.

Но бактерии и микробы развиваются гораздо быстрее, чем мы можем разработать способы их уничтожения.

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It's clear the antimicrobial era is coming to an end, so we have to think about this in a whole new way.

Очевидно то, что эра антибиотиков подходит к концу. Так что мы должны взглянуть на ситуацию по-новому.

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What if instead of trying to kill bacteria after they cause infections, we simply make it harder for bacteria to stick to the surfaces of medical devices in the first place?

E se em vez de tentar matar as bactérias só depois de causarem infecções, primeiramente dificultássemos a adesão dessas bactérias em superfícies de equipamentos médicos?

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In other words, we prevent these infections from occurring altogether.

Другими словами, мы вообще не дадим им оказаться на нём.

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That's what brings me back to what we've learned from sharks.

此時回來談談我們向鯊魚學到的。

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It's the texture of sharkskin that makes them resistant to fouling.

鯊魚皮的質地使牠們抗結垢。

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So what if we change the texture of medical devices to make them resistant to bacteria causing so many problems?

倘若我們改變醫療器械的質地，使其能阻抗問題多多的細菌，會如何？

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Dr. Brennan knew he had a major medical breakthrough on his hands.

當時布倫南醫生知道自己掌握著重大的醫學突破。

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He called up some trusted friends right here in Denver Colorado, and they started a company, and they called it Sharklet Technologies.

他在科羅拉多州丹佛市這裡，召集了一些可信賴的朋友，他們成立了一家公司，名為 Sharklet Technologies。

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In 2013, I joined the team, and together we used engineered surfaces mimicking the skin of sharks to prevent bacteria and other medical complications.

我在 2013 年加入團隊，我們共同做出模仿鯊魚皮膚的表面來預防細菌和其他醫療併發症。

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Our first commercial device is a urological catheter, which doctors began using for patients just last year.

Nosso primeiro dispositivo comercial é um cateter urológico, que os médicos começaram a utilizar em pacientes já no ano passado.

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(Applause) Take a look at these example images.

(Applausi) Guardate queste immagini di esempio.

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The surface on the left is a smooth surface, and the one on the right is a sharkskin-like texture.

A superfície na esquerda é uma superfície lisa, e a da direita é uma textura de pele de tubarão.

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Notice how much bacteria's on the smooth surface compared to the sharkskin-like surface?

Notate quanti batteri ci sono sulla superficie liscia, rispetto alla superficie simile alla pelle di squalo?

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This is because the sharkskin-like texture creates an inhospitable surface for bacterial attachment and growth.

這是因為類似鯊魚皮質地的表面不利於細菌附著和生長。

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It works on sharks, and it works here too because the texture takes advantage of principles of surface energy.

Funziona sugli squali e funziona anche qui perché la struttura sfrutta i principi dell'energia di superficie.

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Now, surface energy is really a description of a detailed property of a surface.

表面能實際上是對表面詳細特性的描述，

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It can include things like water interaction or material stiffness.

Può includere l'interazione con l'acqua o la rigidità del materiale.

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The roughened sharkskin-like texture creates a surface with greater surface energy.

A textura áspera da pele de tubarão cria uma superfície de maior energia de superfície.

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You know, we interact with surface energy changes all the time.

Interagiamo di continuo con i cambiamenti dell'energia di superficie,

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We often just don't notice it.

ma spesso non lo notiamo.

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For example, we like when rain beads up and runs off our car, right?

Por exemplo, gostamos que gotas de chuva rolem para fora de nossos carros, certo?

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Well, this happens best with a nice coat of wax.

Bene, questo accade ancor meglio con una bella mano di cera.

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Wax is a material with greater surface energy characteristics.

蠟是具有更大表面能特性的材料。

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Now, we can't coat medical devices in wax, but we can change their surface texture.

Только мы не можем покрыть медоборудование воском, но мы можем изменить текстуру его поверхностей.

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And this approach works on all types of medical devices, from catheters to pacemakers, and it's effective against all types of bacteria and germs.

這種方法適用於所有類型的醫療設備，從導管到心律調節器包括在內，得以有效地抵抗各種細菌。

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As it turns out, we can actually do more than just bacteria-proof medical devices.

Come si è scoperto, possiamo fare di più che soli dispositivi medici a prova di batteri.

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We can prevent other medical complications through understanding the power of surface energy, things like frequent clogging, excessive blood clotting or poor healing interactions.

還可以通過了解表面能的力量來預防其他的醫學併發症，例如經常性血栓、過多的血凝塊，或不良的癒合。

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The next generation of medical device surfaces inspired by the skin of sharks will actually expand how medical devices are made.

La prossima generazione di superfici di dispositivi medici ispirata alla pelle degli squali espanderà il modo in cui produrre i dispositivi medici.

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Really the core issue is that we create all types of sophisticated medical devices, things to pump fluid into our blood, keep our heart beating on pace, or even stimulate brain activity.

In realtà, la questione principale è che creiamo tutti i tipi di dispositivi medici sofisticati per pompare fluido nel nostro sangue, mantenere i battiti del nostro cuore a ritmo o anche stimolare l'attività cerebrale,

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