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It forms antibodies and those antibodies can protect you.
O antígeno forma anticorpos, e esses anticorpos nos protegem.
en-pt-br
So those kind of vaccines can induce an immune response, but as you see here, that immune response tends to go up and back down, and you need to get another dose and another dose to maintain protection.
Então, este tipo de vacinas podem induzir uma reação imunitária, mas, como vocês veem aqui, a reação imunitária tende a subir e a descer e vocês precisam de outra dose, e de outra dose para manter a proteção.
en-pt
We and other scientists around the world are finding molecules that can boost a vaccine response.
אנחנו, ומדענים אחרים מסביב לעולם, מוצאים מולקולות שיכולות להמריץ את התגובה החיסונית.
en-he
Those are called adjuvants, from the Latin "adjuvare," to help or aid.
Dat worden adjuvantia genoemd, van het Latijnse ‘adjuvare’, of helpen.
en-nl
Adjuvants are molecules we might add to a vaccine to get a stronger response.
אדג'וונטים הם מולקולות שאנחנו יכולים להוסיף לחיסון כדי לקבל תגובה חזקה יותר.
en-he
And in the presence of the adjuvant, depicted here in red, you have a much more profound activation of the white blood cells of your immune system, and generate a much more profound immune response, with much higher antibody levels, more rapidly, and that lasts a long time for durable immunity.
Junto ao adjuvante, que na ilustração está em vermelho, temos uma ativação muito mais efetiva dos glóbulos brancos do seu sistema imunológico, que causa uma resposta imunológica muito mais intensa, com um nível maior de anticorpos, mais rapidamente, e isso dura por um longo tempo, estendendo a duração da imunidade.
en-pt-br
Interestingly, these adjuvants have different effects depending on the age or other demographic factors of the individual.
Interessant is dat deze adjuvantia verschillende effecten hebben afhankelijk van de leeftijd of andere demografische factoren van het individu.
en-nl
Which brings me to the notion of precision vaccines.
Ceea ce aduce în discuție noțiunea de vaccinuri personalizate.
en-ro
This is the idea that we will take precision medicine -- you know what precision medicine is, right, that's the idea that populations may vary in their response to a particular medicine -- and apply that to vaccines.
Essa é a ideia de que nós teremos medicina de precisão — vocês sabem o que é medicina de precisão, não sabem? é a ideia de que a população pode variar na reação a um determinado remédio e aplicar isso às vacinas.
en-pt
And here in Boston Children's Hospital at the Precision Vaccines Program I direct, we have five approaches, stepwise approaches we take, to build precision vaccines that are tailored to vulnerable populations.
Iar aici, la Spitalul de Copii din Boston, în cadrul Programul Vaccinurilor Personalizate pe care îl conduc, avem cinci abordări, abordări în trepte, pentru a crea vaccinuri personalizate, care sunt destinate populațiilor vulnerabile.
en-ro
Number one, we need to understand what the attitude of a given population is towards a vaccine.
Etapa um: precisamos entender o tipo de atitude de uma certa população com relação a uma vacina.
en-pt-br
You could build the most sophisticated vaccine in the world, but if nobody wants to take it, you're going nowhere.
נוכל לבנות את החיסון המתוחכם ביותר בעולם, אבל אם אף אחד לא רוצה להשתמש בו, זה מבוי סתום.
en-he
Number two, we have to think of the route of immunization.
Número dois, precisamos de pensar no percurso da imunização.
en-pt
Most vaccines are intramuscular, or IM, but there are others, intranasal, oral and others.
De meeste vaccins zijn intramusculair, of IM, maar ook intranasaal, oraal en andere.
en-nl
Then, as I just described to you, vaccines have components.
Como já vos descrevi, as vacinas têm componentes.
en-pt
All vaccines have an antigen, that's the part of the microbe that your body remembers, that you might make antibodies or cell-mediated immunity against.
Alle vaccins hebben een antigeen, dat is het deel van de microbe dat je lichaam zich herinnert, waardoor je antilichamen of celgemedieerde immuniteit kunt maken.
en-nl
And we might add an adjuvant, as we talked about, to boost an immune response.
E podemos adicionar um adjuvante, como mencionei, para reforçar uma resposta imunológica.
en-pt-br
There are many different antigens to choose from and many different adjuvants.
יש הרבה אנטיגנים לבחירה, והרבה אדג'וונטים שונים.
en-he
How are we going to make that decision?
Cum îi vom alege?
en-ro
And the menu of these keeps growing.
E a variedade tem aumentado ainda mais.
en-pt-br
So on our team, we've developed ways to test vaccines outside the body -- in Latin, that's "in vitro" -- in a tissue culture dish.
În echipa noastră, am creat moduri de a testa vaccinurile în afara corpului — în latină, se numește „in vitro” — folosind culturi celulare.
en-ro
So we use tissue engineering with blood cells to immunize outside the body and study the effect of the vaccine against, for example, infants or elderly individuals or others.
Am folosit ingineria țesuturilor și celulele roșii ale sângelui pentru a imuniza în afara corpului uman și a studia efectele vaccinurilor asupra copiilor, persoanelor bătrâne sau a altora.
en-ro
And if you think about it, this is critical, because if you look at all the infections we want to build vaccines against, like Zika virus and Ebola virus and HIV and others, all the candidate antigens, all the candidate adjuvants, all the different populations, it's going to be impossible to do large, phase III clinical trials for every combination.
אם תחשבו על זה, זה חיוני, כי אם תבחנו את כל הזיהומים כנגדם נרצה לחסן, כמו וירוס הזיקה או האבולה ו- HIV ואחרים, כל האנטיגנים המועמדים, כל האדג'וונטים המועמדים, כל האוכלוסיות השונות, זה בלתי אפשרי לבצע ניסוים קלינים נרחבים בשלב III לכל קומבינציה.
en-he
This is where we think being able to test vaccines outside the body can make a big difference to accelerate vaccine development.
Aici intervine testarea vaccinurilor în afara corpului, care poate schimba și accelera dezvoltarea vaccinurilor.
en-ro
And finally, this whole effort is to drive an immune response that will protect against that particular pathogen, getting antibodies and other cells to defend the body.
Dit is allemaal bedoeld om een ​​immuunrespons te stimuleren die beschermt tegen die specifieke ziekteverwekker, waarbij antilichamen en andere cellen het lichaam gaan verdedigen.
en-nl
We are also using additional innovative approaches to bring the most cutting-edge science to vaccine development.
אנחנו גם משתמשים בגישה חדשנית נוספת להביא את המדע המתקדם ביותר אל פיתוח החיסונים.
en-he
We're taking a deeper dive as to how current vaccines protect.
We graven dieper in hoe de huidige vaccins werken.
en-nl
We've formed an international consortium to study how hepatitis B vaccine protects newborns from hepatitis B infection.
Am creat o asociație internațională pentru a studia cum vaccinurile împotriva hepatitei B protejează nou-născuții de infecția cu virusul hepatic B.
en-ro
And to do this, we've developed a technique called small sample, big data.
Hiertoe ontwikkelden we een techniek die we ‘small sample, big data’ noemen.
en-nl
We can get a tiny little drop of baby blood before immunization, and take a tiny little drop after immunization, and we can measure the inventory of all the cells, and all the genes and all the molecules in that drop of blood, and we can compare after the vaccine to before the vaccine in that same baby and understand in a deep way exactly how that successful vaccine protects.
We nemen een klein druppeltje babybloed vóór de immunisatie, en een ​​kleine druppel ná de immunisatie, en we maken de inventaris van alle cellen en alle genen en alle moleculen in die bloeddruppel, en we vergelijken de situatie ná het vaccin met die vóór het vaccin bij diezelfde baby en begrijpen op een diepe manier hoe dat succesvolle vaccin precies beschermt.
en-nl
And those lessons we can use to build the next vaccines in the future.
E podemos usar essas informações para criar novas vacinas no futuro.
en-pt-br
So this diagram is really illustrating a tiny drop of blood yielding huge amounts of information, tens of thousands of analytes, and that hairball is meant to depict the gene pathways that are turned on and the molecular pathways that are turned on.
Este diagrama ilustra uma gotícula de sangue trazendo enorme quantidade de dados, dezenas de milhares de analitos, e aquela "bola emaranhada" representa os percursos de genes e percursos moleculares ativados.
en-pt-br
So much more to come on that, and very exciting science.
Mai urmează atât de multe, e o știință foarte palpitantă.
en-ro
So we are partnering with scientists around the world to bring all these new technologies to invigorate vaccine development in a Precision Vaccines network.
אז אנחנו משתפים פעולה עם מדענים סביב העולם כדי לשלב את כל הטכנולוגיה החדשה הזו, לרענן את פיתוח החיסונים ברשת של חיסונים מדוייקים.
en-he
We are going to advance personalized vaccines for vulnerable populations around the world.
Nós promoveremos vacinas personalizadas para populações vulneráveis em todo o mundo.
en-pt-br
Our team includes scientists, technical experts and physicians.
Ons team bestaat uit wetenschappers, technische experts en artsen.
en-nl
And we're developing vaccines against infectious diseases like pertussis, which is whooping cough.
אנחנו מפתחים חיסונים נגד מחלות מדבקות כמו שעלת,
en-he
We have a whooping cough vaccine, but it requires multiple doses, and the immunity keeps dropping.
We hebben een kinkhoestvaccin, maar het vereist meerdere doses, en de immuniteit blijft maar dalen.
en-nl
We want to develop a single-shot pertussis vaccine.
We willen een eenmalig kinkhoestvaccin ontwikkelen.
en-nl
We're working on a vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus, the number one cause of infant hospitalization in the United States.
Estamos trabalhando numa vacina para o vírus sincicial respiratório, a causa número um das internações infantis nos Estados Unidos.
en-pt-br
A better vaccine against influenza, and, of course, HIV.
Een beter vaccin tegen influenza, en natuurlijk hiv.
en-nl
We're also looking at vaccines against cancer, allergy and, interestingly, opioid overdose.
Também estamos a trabalhar em vacinas contra o cancro, alergias e, curiosamente, contra a "overdose" por opioides.
en-pt
So, this is my final message to you.
Dit wil ik nog eens benadrukken:
en-nl
Vaccines protect you and your loved ones and the people around you.
Vaccins beschermen jou en je dierbaren en de mensen om je heen.
en-nl
Not only do they protect you against infection, they prevent you from spreading it to others.
Não só os protegem da infecção, como também impedem que vocês a espalhem para os outros.
en-pt-br
Get immunized.
Vacinem-se.
en-pt-br
Scientific progress is fragile and can be lost.
קידמה מדעית היא שבירה ואנחנו יכולים לאבד אותה.
en-he
We must foster accurate and respectful public dialogue.
Trebuie să susținem un dialog public corect și respectuos.
en-ro
And finally, we're on the verge of great things, a new era of vaccination.
E, finalmente, estamos quase alcançando algo grande, uma nova era da vacinação.
en-pt-br
We've just scratched the surface of what can be accomplished.
Suntem doar la început în ceea ce se poate realiza.
en-ro
Please advocate for this research.
Por favor, defendam esta investigação.
en-pt
My drawings got to star in the movie, too.
גם הציורים שלי זכו לככב בסרט.
en-he
Are they friend or foe? Is there anybody he can go mate with?
І можна з ним паруватись чи ні?
en-uk
It's kind of a trade-off between thinking and social.
É uma espécie de troca entre o pensar e o ser social.
en-pt
That was, like, we considered that super cool.
Considerávamos isso o máximo!
en-pt
How many got poked with the prodder?
quantos tiveram de levar choques elétricos,
en-pt
And it's very, very simple.
וזה מאד מאד פשוט.
en-he
Maybe it's what the CIA is supposed to do for us.
आई. ऐ. का यही काम हैं
en-hi
I'm from India.
मी भारतीय आहे.
en-mr
The home of ancient mathematics.
जो पुरातन गणित का गढ़ है।
en-hi
But me, I just hated math.
पण मी गणिताचा द्वेष करते.
en-mr
(Laughter) Until it saved my life.
(हशा) गणिताने माझे जीवन वाचविले तोपर्यंत हा द्वेष चालला.
en-mr
I grew up in Akola, a small town 700 miles away from the capital city.
राजधानी प[सून ७०० मैलावरील अकोला शहरात मी लहानाची मोठी झाली.
en-mr
In my community, we never had a culture of girls attending school beyond the age of 10 or 12 years.
हमारे समाज में, लड़कियों की स्कूल जाने की प्रथा नहीं थी खासकर १० से १२ साल की उम्र के बाद।
en-hi
In fact, some women would tell me, "Why do you need education?
काही स्त्रिया मला सांगायच्या "काय गरज आहे तुला शिक्षणाची? "
en-mr
Just learn the household work so that you can take care of your family."
घरची कामे शिका म्हणजे संसार चागला करता येईल.
en-mr
But I never wanted to abide myself by the "normal" rules for girls.
हे प्रचलित सामन्य नियम पाळणे मला आवडेना.
en-mr
And I would think to myself, instead of just learning the household work, why not learn how to make money so that I can actually take care of my family?
और मैं सोचा करती थी, केवल घर के काम-काज सीखने के बजाए, क्यों ना मैं पैसे कमाना भी सीखूं ताकि मैं वास्तव में अपने परिवार की ज़िम्मेदारी उठा सकूँ?
en-hi
(Laughter) I knew if I had to do something different, I would have to stay in school.
(हंसी) मुझे एहसास था, अगर मुझे कुछ अलग करना है, तो मुझे स्कूल में रहना होगा।
en-hi
But that was hard.
पर यह कठिन था।
en-hi
As it was socially not accepted, everybody was against it.
ते सामाजिक दृष्ट्या अयोग्य समजले जाई त्यामुळे त्यास अनेकांचा विरोध होता.
en-mr
But I was a stubborn young girl.
पण मी जिद्दीची मुलगी होती.
en-mr
I did everything I could to continue studying, even if that meant stitching school uniforms or making festival greeting cards.
मला शिकण्य साठी जे करावे लागले ते सर्व मी केले. त्यासाठी मी कपडे हि शिवले. सभारम्भाची निमंत्रण पत्रे तयार केलीत.
en-mr
I did all that.
मैंने वह सब कुछ किया।
en-hi
Well, I had excellent grades in all subjects.
और, हर विषय में मेरे अंक भी उत्तम थे।
en-hi
All except one.
अपवाद होता एका विषयचा.
en-mr
You guessed it: math.
सही सोचा आपने: गणित।
en-hi
All these calculations, formulas, multiplication; I just couldn't get them right.
गुणाकार, सूत्रे, आकडेमोड हे मला जमत नसे.
en-mr
After I finished college, I realized I had no future in Akola, so I decided to do something almost nobody in my town had ever done before: to leave my home town, by myself, a single woman.
कॉलेज के पश्चात, मैं समझ गई, कि अकोला में मेरा कोई भविष्य नहीं है, तो मैंने वह कार्य करने का निश्चय लिया, जो कस्बे में पहले किसी ने नहीं किया था: घर से बाहर जाने का, अकेले, अव्यवाहित होते हुए।
en-hi
Nobody wanted me to do that.
कोई नहीं चाहता था मै ऐसा करूं।
en-hi
I remember when I walked up to my mom and told her, "Mama, I'm leaving."
मला आठवते मी आईजवळ गेली म्हणाली 'आई मी तुझ्यापासून दूर जात आहे."
en-mr
She looked at me and said, "Uma, I know how difficult it is for you and even for me, and I cannot even support you openly, but I want you to have this."
उन्होंने मेरी और देखा और बोली, "उमा, मै जानती हूँ कि यह तुम्हारे और मेरे लिए कितना कठिन है, और मै खुलकर तुम्हारा समर्थन भी नहीं कर सकती, पर मै चाहती हूँ कि तुम यह ले लो।"
en-hi
And she hands me a gold bangle.
और उन्होंने मुझे एक सोने की चूड़ी पकड़ा दी।
en-hi
That was the only jewelry left with her.
तिच्या कडे तेवढाच दागिना उरला होता.
en-mr
She said, "I don't have much but this is for you to buy the bus ticket."
और कहा, "मेरे पास ज़्यादा तो नहीं है, पर इससे अपनी बस की टिकेट ले लेना।"
en-hi
You can see the bus ticket here.
और यह है वह बस की टिकेट।
en-hi
It's been ten years. I still have this.
१० वर्षापासून मी हे सांभाळून ठेवले आहे.
en-mr
As a promise that I won't let my mom sacrifice anything more for me.
इस प्रण से कि मै अपनी माँ को अपने लिए और त्याग नहीं करने दूंगी।
en-hi
So, on 22nd of July, 2007, I arrived in Pune, a city of four million people.
२२ जुले २००७ ला ४० लाखाच्या लोकसंख्येच्या पुण्यात आले.
en-mr
I had never been out of my village before so being in the city for the first time, I was mesmerized and excited.
मी यापूर्वी कधी गावाबाहेर गेली नव्हते. या शहरात पहिल्यांदाच आल्याने पुणे पाहून मी मोहित झाले व उत्तेजित झाले
en-mr
And scared as well.
मी घाबरली ही
en-mr
I didn't even know if I could trust the taxi driver while taking the taxi for the first time in an unknown city.
मला टॅक्सीचालकावर विश्वास ठेवावा काय पेच पडला टॅक्सी घेऊन मी अनोळख्या शहरात प्रथमच जात होते.
en-mr
Life in the city was extremely hard at first.
पहिल्यांदा त्या शहरात रहाणे मला कठीण गेले.
en-mr
I was away from my family, didn't have any friends.
मी कुटुंबापासून दूर होती येथे मला कोणी मीटर नव्हते.
en-mr
I had brought very little money with me; around three and a half dollars.
माझ्याजवळ पुरेसे पैसे नव्हते होते फक्त साडेतीन डोल्लर.
en-mr
So I used to eat every second day - every other day - so that I can save as much as I can.
इसलिए मैं भोजन भी- हर दूसरे दिन ही खाती थी- ताकि जितना हो सके, बचा सकूं।
en-hi
Yes, good things take time, but they do happen.
चांगली गोष्टी घडण्यासाठी वेळ लागतो.
en-mr
And finally, it happened to me.
और आखिरकार मेरे साथ भी, ऐसा ही हुआ।
en-hi
I was given an opportunity to work in a primary school, as a teacher.
मला प्राथमिक शाळेत नोकरी मिळाली.
en-mr
Wow, I was so happy.
और मैं इतनी खुश थी।
en-hi