gowitheflow/parallel-talks-deduplicated · Datasets at Hugging Face

english stringlengths 2 3.06k	non_english stringlengths 1 2.84k	language stringclasses 52 values
She's doing quite well, but this is actually still too much movement.	У неё хорошо получается, но она всё же слишком много двигается.	en-ru
The really difficult part of this is the noise that the scanner makes, playing in the background.	Ситуацию также усложняет шум работающего сканера. Вот аудиозаписи, которые мы сделали, чтобы приучить к нему собак.	en-ru
These are recordings that we made to acclimate the dogs to the training.	Essas são gravações que fizemos para acostumar os cães no treinamento	en-pt-br
It's very loud.	Шум очень громкий.	en-ru
This's being played at low volume just to get her used to it.	זה מושמע בעוצמה נמוכה רק כדי לסגל אותה לכך.	en-he
But it's really about 95 decibels, and it's like jackhammer loud.	אבל בעצם זה 95 דציבלים, וזה רועש כמו פטיש אויר.	en-he
(Video) GB: That's it, that what we are doing!	(Vídeo) GB: Isso mesmo!	en-pt-br
(On stage) GB: This is after about a month or two of training.	(На сцене) ГБ: Это после одного-двух месяцев тренировок.	en-ru
[Callie - Scammer training] We're at the real MRI now.	[Callie - Treinamento com escâner] Nesse momento estamos na sala de ressonância magnética.	en-pt-br
This's probably the most expensive training session ever performed.	זה כנראה האימון היקר ביותר שנערך אי פעם.	en-he
(Laughter) We get charged about 500 dollars an hour to use the MRI.	(צחוק) גובים מאתנו בערך 500 דולר לשעה על שימוש ב- MRI.	en-he
(Laughter) But we had to use the real thing at a certain point.	(Risos) Mas tínhamos que usar a máquina real em algum momento.	en-pt-br
At this point, we didn't even know how they would react to the magnetic field.	בשלב הזה לא ידענו אפילו איך הם יגיבו לשדה המגנטי.	en-he
The key thing I want you to notice is these dogs are doing it willingly, and they enjoy it.	Хочу обратить ваше внимание на то, что собаки делают всё с энтузиазмом и радостью.	en-ru
That is the whole point of this project.	זה כל הרעיון של הפרויקט הזה.	en-he
We treat these animals as family members.	Эти животные для нас словно члены семьи.	en-ru
We don't sedate them, and we don't restrain them.	אנחנו לא מרגיעים אותם ולא מרסנים אותם.	en-he
[Callie - Final training] This's actually after about two months of training.	[Калли — Последняя тренировка] Это результат примерно двух месяцев дрессировки.	en-ru
We made some modifications to the chin rest, and even a shelter dog like Callie can do this.	Мы слегка видоизменили подставку для подбородка, и c задачей справилась даже взятая из приюта Калли.	en-ru
[Full chin rest, ear muffs, tube, hand signals] If you look carefully, you also notice that she's wearing ear muffs.	[Apoio do queixo, protetor de ouvido, tubo, sinais manuais] Se olharem bem, verão que ela está usando protetores de ouvido.	en-pt-br
It's very important because the scanner is so loud, and the dogs hearing is quite sensitive.	Это очень важно, так как сканер издаёт сильный шум, а у собак очень тонкий слух.	en-ru
[This means "hot dog"] The other thing that we did - (Laughter) This's a scientific experiment, really.	[זה מסמן "נקניקיה"] הדבר הנוסף שעשינו - (צחוק) זה ניסוי מדעי, באמת.	en-he
(Laughter) [This means "no hot dog"] That's the training video.	(Смех) [А этот — «Нет сосиски»] Это съёмки процесса дрессировки.	en-ru
The "hot dog, no hot dog" hand signals, we started with this because we didn't know if this was going to work, so we decided we needed to do something really simple.	Мы выбрали для обучения команды «Сосиска» и «Нет сосиски», потому что не знали, удастся ли наше исследование, и решили начать с чего-то очень простого.	en-ru
This's just straight up Pavlovian conditioning where we taught the dogs two hand signals: this means "hot dog," and this means "no hot dog."	Esse é um clássico condicionamento pavloviano, em que ensinamos dois sinais de mão: este é "cachorro-quente", e este "sem cachorro-quente".	en-pt-br
If this technique works, what we should see is activity in the reward system of their brain to this hand signal but not this signal.	Se a técnica funcionar, o que veremos serão atividades no sistema de recompensa do cérebro neste primeiro sinal, mas não neste.	en-pt-br
I also put up a slide here.	Я также вставил сюда фотографию.	en-ru
Once we started doing this, the word got out amongst the community here in Atlanta that we're doing this crazy dog scanning project.	Только мы взялись за исследование, как по Атланте пошли разговоры о том, что мы затеяли странный проект со сканированием собак.	en-ru
We're looking for volunteers, especially people who like to train dogs and have dogs that are very well behaved.	ושאנחנו מחפשים מתנדבים, בעיקר אנשים שאוהבים לאלף כלבים ויש להם כלבים שמתנהגים יפה.	en-he
That's still true.	זה עדיין נכון.	en-he
If you have a dog that can do this or you think can do this, talk to me.	אם יש לכם כלב שיכול לעשות זאת, או שאתם חושבים שיכול, דברו אתי.	en-he
Because the project is still going on, and it's gotten quite large.	מפני שהפרויקט עדיין נמשך, והוא הפך לדי גדול.	en-he
You've seen the kind of preliminary video.	Вы посмотрели что-то вроде вводного видео.	en-ru
This's one of my favorite photos because it's kind of captures - this is the first day we were actually doing the scanning.	Esta é uma das minhas fotos favoritas, é como se captasse... esse foi o primeiro dia em que fizemos o escaneamento real.	en-pt-br
It captures the human confusion here.	היא מנציחה את הבלבול האנושי כאן.	en-he
We were just standing around trying to figure out how we are going to do this.	אנחנו סתם עומדים סביב ותוהים איך נעשה זאת.	en-he
But Callie knows, she's been trained, she's been doing this for two months; so she's ready to go.	Mas Callie sabia, tinha sido treinada, estava fazendo isso há dois meses; então ela estava pronta.	en-pt-br
The head wrap is just to keep the ear muffs in place.	A cabeça amarrada é apenas para manter os protetores de ouvido no lugar.	en-pt-br
This is what it look likes from the other end, from the business end of the scanner.	Самое важное происходит здесь — с обратной стороны сканера.	en-ru
This's actually a dog named Zen. He's a yellow lab golden retriever.	Это Зен, золотистый ретривер.	en-ru
What we're studying initially is just the reward system response.	מה שאנחנו בודקים תחילה הוא רק את תגובת מערכת התגמול.	en-he
Very simply, we got these two hand signals, and the idea is we compare the brain response to these two things.	פשוט מאד, יש לנו את שני סימני הידיים, ואנחנו משווים את תגובת המוח לשני אלו.	en-he
As I said, we have many dogs doing this now, it's not just shelter dogs.	כמו שאמרתי, יש לנו הרבה כלבים כבר שעשו זאת, לא רק כלבי מחסה.	en-he
We have dogs from service dog organizations, we have shelter dogs - really all sorts of breeds.	Temos cães de assistência, cachorros de abrigos, na verdade de todas as raças.	en-pt-br
Before I show you some of the results, I do want to say something about brain anatomy.	Я покажу вам результаты исследования, но перед тем расскажу кое-что об анатомии мозга.	en-ru
A dog brain - this slide is not to scale.	Это собачий мозг — не в натуральную величину, конечно.	en-ru
A dog brain is probably about the size of a plum or a lemon maybe, depending on the size of the dog.	מוח של כלב הוא בערך בגודל של שזיף או אולי לימון, תלוי בסוג הכלב.	en-he
It's not big, even if you have a big dog, most of the head is muscle, so just going to be aware of that.	Он небольшой; так что даже если вы владелец крупной собаки, помните, что бо́льшую часть её головы составляют мышцы.	en-ru
But I like putting up this slide because it shows the similarities of animal brains.	Но мне нравится этот слайд, так как он демонстрирует схожесть мозга человека и собаки,	en-ru
You can immediately make out common structures.	אפשר לזהות בקלות מבנים דומים.	en-he
You can see towards the right that kind of pretty structure is the cerebellum that controls various types of motor movement, and then below that, there is the brainstem.	à direita, essa estrutura é o cerebelo, que controla vários tipos de movimentos, abaixo dele está o tronco cerebral.	en-pt-br
The really the parts of the brain that are different are what we call the cortex.	Самые существенные различия можно найти в том, что мы называем корой головного мозга.	en-ru
That's the upper part, the folded part.	É essa parte superior, com dobras.	en-pt-br
The big differences between dog and human have to do with the size of the cortex and how folded it is.	As diferenças entre o cérebro dos cães e dos humanos são em relação ao tamanho do córtex e sua quantidade de dobras.	en-pt-br
What folding accomplishes is packing a lot more brain surface area into a specific volume.	מה שהקיפול מאפשר הוא אריזה של יותר שטח פנים של המוח לתוך נפח נתון.	en-he
Generally speaking, the more folded a brain, the more surface area, the more brain power, if you will.	De modo geral, quanto mais dobras o cérebro tiver, maior área de superfície, maior é a capacidade mental, se preferirem.	en-pt-br
There are lot of similarities, and there are some differences.	יש הרבה דמיון ויש גם מספר הבדלים.	en-he
What I am particularly interested in are the similarities.	Estou mais interessado nas semelhanças.	en-pt-br
Because if we were to have a commonality of experience with dogs, and other animals for that matter, we have to share the same or similar brain structures.	מפני שאם יש לנו נסיון משותף עם כלבים, ועם בעלי חיים אחרים צריכים להיות לנו גם מבני מוח דומים או זהים.	en-he
Darwin said this 150 years ago.	Darwin afirmou isso há 150 anos.	en-pt-br
What do the results look like?	Перейдём к результатам?	en-ru
This's a very compact way of summarizing an experiment which I showed you where the dogs receive two different hand signals, and we've averaged the results over, in this case, 12 dogs, I think though, we've done this probably in over 20 dogs.	Esta é uma forma breve de resumir o experimento que mostrei em que os cães recebem dois sinais de mãos, e temos uma média de resultados em relação a 12 cachorros, acho que realizamos o experimento com 20 cães.	en-pt-br
The orange areas show what parts of the brain are more active to this reward signal, this hot dog signal.	Оранжевым окрашены зоны, в которых отмечалась активность при получении сигнала вознаграждения — сигнала «Сосиска».	en-ru
What I want to emphasize is the brain response is not directly to hot dogs, it's to the hand signal that means hot dogs.	O que quero enfatizar é que a resposta cerebral não é direcionada ao cachorro-quente, e sim ao sinal que significa "cachorro-quente".	en-pt-br
You may think that's not a big deal; it's still hot dogs.	Podem pensar que isso não é relevante; é cachorro-quente.	en-pt-br
It's no surprise that dogs like hot dogs.	זה לא מפתיע שכלבים אוהבים נקניקיות.	en-he
But it is a big deal because we train this signal; it's a symbolic representation of a hot dog that the dog has learned and has learned to recognize this meaning.	אבל זה משמעותי, כי אימנו באמצעות הסימן הזה; זה ייצוג סימבולי של נקניקיה שהכלב למד ולמד לזהות את המשמעות שלו.	en-he
The particular parts of the brain that are being active are the reward system.	החלקים הספציפיים של המוח שפעילים הם מערכת התגמול.	en-he
There's kind of two hot spots.	יש מעין שני איזורים חמים.	en-he
There's a headlight type picture.	Это изображение анфас.	en-ru
That's in an area of the brain called the cortex nucleus.	na área do cérebro chamada córtex nuclear.	en-pt-br
It's the area of the brain that all mammals have, and it's the area that has the most dopamine receptors in the brain.	זה איזור במוח שיש לכל היונקים, וזה האיזור שבו יש הכי הרבה קולטני דופאמין במוח.	en-he
It's kind of the key center that links reward and motivation with action.	O ponto principal que liga recompensa e motivação à ação.	en-pt-br
Normally, when that's active in a human or any other animal, it means that something important has happened, and the animal needs to do something.	Normalmente, quando ela está ativa no humano ou em outro animal, significa que algo importante aconteceu, e o animal precisa agir.	en-pt-br
In this case it's quite simple because they will just eat the hot dogs.	В случае с собаками всё понятно — они просто съедают сосиски.	en-ru
So we proved that dog brains like hot dogs.	אז הוכחנו שהמוח של כלבים אוהב נקניקיות.	en-he
That was just the beginning.	זו היתה רק ההתחלה.	en-he
This started about four years ago, and we've since gone on and done many other experiments.	проект стартовал четыре года назад, и с тех пор мы провели множество других экспериментов.	en-ru
Most of the dogs in these pictures, are still working with us in the project.	רוב הכלבים שראיתם בתמונות האלו עדין עובדים אתנו בפרויקט.	en-he
We've done things looking at how their olfaction, or their sensory system for smell works, how they identify different people, and other dogs in their household by smell.	עשינו דברים שבהם בחנו איך חוש הריח שלהם או מערכת החישה שלהם לריח עובדת, איך הם מזהים אנשים שונים, וכלבים אחרים במשק הבית שלהם על פי ריח.	en-he
One of the things that we found is that this reward system, the same part of the brain activates when the dogs smell a familiar human, even if the human is not there.	אחד הדברים שגילינו הוא שמערכת התגמול הזו, אותו חלק של המוח פועל כשהכלב מריח אדם מוכר, אפילו אם האדם לא שם.	en-he
It shows that dogs have representations of us of our identities that persist when we are not there.	זה מראה שלכלבים יש ייצוג שלנו של הישויות שלנו, שנשארות גם כשאנחנו לא שם.	en-he
When people ask me, "Do dogs miss us when we are gone?"	Quando me perguntam: "Os cães sentem nossa falta?	en-pt-br
I have to say yes because we find evidence that they are remembering their humans, that they care about them, and that it's associated with these reward responses.	אני חייב להגיד שכן, מפני שמצאנו הוכחות שהם זוכרים את האנשים שלהם, שאכפת להם מהם, ושזה קשור לתגובות התגמול האלו.	en-he
Is it still just hot dogs?	То есть все-таки всё дело в сосиске?	en-ru
To answer this question, one of the other things that we did was we actually repeated the experiment I showed you, where we show the different hand signals.	Para responder isso, uma das outras coisas que fizemos foi repetir o experimento, em que mostramos diferentes sinais de mão.	en-pt-br
With one little twist: we manipulate who gives the signals.	Com uma pequena diferença: mudamos quem fazia os sinais.	en-pt-br
Does it matter if the dog's owner gives a signal?	האם זה משנה אם הבעלים של הכלב הוא שנותן את הסימן?	en-he
Or whether a stranger comes in and gives the signal?	Pode um estranho fazer os sinais?	en-pt-br
Or even whether a computer gives the signal?	а может, даже и компьютер?	en-ru
Because if you believe Pavlov, and all the behaviorist who followed him, it really shouldn't matter, because any signal that indicates an upcoming food treat is all the same, if animals and dogs are just kind of robots.	Согласно Павлову и другим его сторонникам-бихевеористам, это совершенно не важно, так как это всё тот же сигнал, символизирующий еду, а собаки и другие животные в этом аспекте выступают эдакими роботами.	en-ru
But in fact, we did find a difference.	Na verdade, achamos uma diferença.	en-pt-br
What's very interesting about it is that not all dogs are the same.	מה שמעניין מאד, הוא שלא כל הכלבים הם אותו דבר.	en-he
For example, my dog Callie had a much greater response in that part of the brain when a stranger gave the signals or even a computer as opposed to me!	Por exemplo, Callie teve uma resposta muito maior nessa área do cérebro quando um estranho ou mesmo um computador fazia os sinais e não eu!	en-pt-br
(Laughter) Other dogs in the project, some of the golden retrievers in the labs can have had the opposite pattern, where their owners had really elicited the strongest brain response.	(Risos) Outros cachorros no projeto, alguns dos golden retrievers do laboratório podem ter o padrão oposto, tiveram as maiores respostas com seus donos.	en-pt-br
This is very interesting because what it does is it provides us with a neural biomarker of the dog's personality profile.	Isso é muito interessante porque nos oferece um biomarcador do perfil de personalidade canina.	en-pt-br
In fact, what we've done is we've spun off a new project which we're very excited about.	Com isso, geramos um novo projeto com o qual estamos muito animados.	en-pt-br
We've partnered with Canine Companions for Independence, which is the largest service dog training organization in the United States.	חברנו עם Canine Companions for Independence שהוא ארגון אילוף כלבי השירות הגדול ביותר בארה"ב.	en-he
If you know anything about service dogs, they're incredibly difficult to train.	Как вы, возможно, знаете, обучить служебную собаку невероятно сложно.	en-ru
It's very expensive, and there's a very low success rate.	Это очень дорогостоящий и малоуспешный процесс.	en-ru

She's doing quite well, but this is actually still too much movement.

У неё хорошо получается, но она всё же слишком много двигается.

en-ru

The really difficult part of this is the noise that the scanner makes, playing in the background.

Ситуацию также усложняет шум работающего сканера. Вот аудиозаписи, которые мы сделали, чтобы приучить к нему собак.

en-ru

These are recordings that we made to acclimate the dogs to the training.

Essas são gravações que fizemos para acostumar os cães no treinamento

en-pt-br

It's very loud.

Шум очень громкий.

en-ru

This's being played at low volume just to get her used to it.

זה מושמע בעוצמה נמוכה רק כדי לסגל אותה לכך.

en-he

But it's really about 95 decibels, and it's like jackhammer loud.

אבל בעצם זה 95 דציבלים, וזה רועש כמו פטיש אויר.

en-he

(Video) GB: That's it, that what we are doing!

(Vídeo) GB: Isso mesmo!

en-pt-br

(On stage) GB: This is after about a month or two of training.

(На сцене) ГБ: Это после одного-двух месяцев тренировок.

en-ru

[Callie - Scammer training] We're at the real MRI now.

[Callie - Treinamento com escâner] Nesse momento estamos na sala de ressonância magnética.

en-pt-br

This's probably the most expensive training session ever performed.

זה כנראה האימון היקר ביותר שנערך אי פעם.

en-he

(Laughter) We get charged about 500 dollars an hour to use the MRI.

(צחוק) גובים מאתנו בערך 500 דולר לשעה על שימוש ב- MRI.

en-he

(Laughter) But we had to use the real thing at a certain point.

(Risos) Mas tínhamos que usar a máquina real em algum momento.

en-pt-br

At this point, we didn't even know how they would react to the magnetic field.

בשלב הזה לא ידענו אפילו איך הם יגיבו לשדה המגנטי.

en-he

The key thing I want you to notice is these dogs are doing it willingly, and they enjoy it.

Хочу обратить ваше внимание на то, что собаки делают всё с энтузиазмом и радостью.

en-ru

That is the whole point of this project.

זה כל הרעיון של הפרויקט הזה.

en-he

We treat these animals as family members.

Эти животные для нас словно члены семьи.

en-ru

We don't sedate them, and we don't restrain them.

אנחנו לא מרגיעים אותם ולא מרסנים אותם.

en-he

[Callie - Final training] This's actually after about two months of training.

[Калли — Последняя тренировка] Это результат примерно двух месяцев дрессировки.

en-ru

We made some modifications to the chin rest, and even a shelter dog like Callie can do this.

Мы слегка видоизменили подставку для подбородка, и c задачей справилась даже взятая из приюта Калли.

en-ru

[Full chin rest, ear muffs, tube, hand signals] If you look carefully, you also notice that she's wearing ear muffs.

[Apoio do queixo, protetor de ouvido, tubo, sinais manuais] Se olharem bem, verão que ela está usando protetores de ouvido.

en-pt-br

It's very important because the scanner is so loud, and the dogs hearing is quite sensitive.

Это очень важно, так как сканер издаёт сильный шум, а у собак очень тонкий слух.

en-ru

[This means "hot dog"] The other thing that we did - (Laughter) This's a scientific experiment, really.

[זה מסמן "נקניקיה"] הדבר הנוסף שעשינו - (צחוק) זה ניסוי מדעי, באמת.

en-he

(Laughter) [This means "no hot dog"] That's the training video.

(Смех) [А этот — «Нет сосиски»] Это съёмки процесса дрессировки.

en-ru

The "hot dog, no hot dog" hand signals, we started with this because we didn't know if this was going to work, so we decided we needed to do something really simple.

Мы выбрали для обучения команды «Сосиска» и «Нет сосиски», потому что не знали, удастся ли наше исследование, и решили начать с чего-то очень простого.

en-ru

This's just straight up Pavlovian conditioning where we taught the dogs two hand signals: this means "hot dog," and this means "no hot dog."

Esse é um clássico condicionamento pavloviano, em que ensinamos dois sinais de mão: este é "cachorro-quente", e este "sem cachorro-quente".

en-pt-br

If this technique works, what we should see is activity in the reward system of their brain to this hand signal but not this signal.

Se a técnica funcionar, o que veremos serão atividades no sistema de recompensa do cérebro neste primeiro sinal, mas não neste.

en-pt-br

I also put up a slide here.

Я также вставил сюда фотографию.

en-ru

Once we started doing this, the word got out amongst the community here in Atlanta that we're doing this crazy dog scanning project.

Только мы взялись за исследование, как по Атланте пошли разговоры о том, что мы затеяли странный проект со сканированием собак.

en-ru

We're looking for volunteers, especially people who like to train dogs and have dogs that are very well behaved.

ושאנחנו מחפשים מתנדבים, בעיקר אנשים שאוהבים לאלף כלבים ויש להם כלבים שמתנהגים יפה.

en-he

That's still true.

זה עדיין נכון.

en-he

If you have a dog that can do this or you think can do this, talk to me.

אם יש לכם כלב שיכול לעשות זאת, או שאתם חושבים שיכול, דברו אתי.

en-he

Because the project is still going on, and it's gotten quite large.

מפני שהפרויקט עדיין נמשך, והוא הפך לדי גדול.

en-he

You've seen the kind of preliminary video.

Вы посмотрели что-то вроде вводного видео.

en-ru

This's one of my favorite photos because it's kind of captures - this is the first day we were actually doing the scanning.

Esta é uma das minhas fotos favoritas, é como se captasse... esse foi o primeiro dia em que fizemos o escaneamento real.

en-pt-br

It captures the human confusion here.

היא מנציחה את הבלבול האנושי כאן.

en-he

We were just standing around trying to figure out how we are going to do this.

אנחנו סתם עומדים סביב ותוהים איך נעשה זאת.

en-he

But Callie knows, she's been trained, she's been doing this for two months; so she's ready to go.

Mas Callie sabia, tinha sido treinada, estava fazendo isso há dois meses; então ela estava pronta.

en-pt-br

The head wrap is just to keep the ear muffs in place.

A cabeça amarrada é apenas para manter os protetores de ouvido no lugar.

en-pt-br

This is what it look likes from the other end, from the business end of the scanner.

Самое важное происходит здесь — с обратной стороны сканера.

en-ru

This's actually a dog named Zen. He's a yellow lab golden retriever.

Это Зен, золотистый ретривер.

en-ru

What we're studying initially is just the reward system response.

מה שאנחנו בודקים תחילה הוא רק את תגובת מערכת התגמול.

en-he

Very simply, we got these two hand signals, and the idea is we compare the brain response to these two things.

פשוט מאד, יש לנו את שני סימני הידיים, ואנחנו משווים את תגובת המוח לשני אלו.

en-he

As I said, we have many dogs doing this now, it's not just shelter dogs.

כמו שאמרתי, יש לנו הרבה כלבים כבר שעשו זאת, לא רק כלבי מחסה.

en-he

We have dogs from service dog organizations, we have shelter dogs - really all sorts of breeds.

Temos cães de assistência, cachorros de abrigos, na verdade de todas as raças.

en-pt-br

Before I show you some of the results, I do want to say something about brain anatomy.

Я покажу вам результаты исследования, но перед тем расскажу кое-что об анатомии мозга.

en-ru

A dog brain - this slide is not to scale.

Это собачий мозг — не в натуральную величину, конечно.

en-ru

A dog brain is probably about the size of a plum or a lemon maybe, depending on the size of the dog.

מוח של כלב הוא בערך בגודל של שזיף או אולי לימון, תלוי בסוג הכלב.

en-he

It's not big, even if you have a big dog, most of the head is muscle, so just going to be aware of that.

Он небольшой; так что даже если вы владелец крупной собаки, помните, что бо́льшую часть её головы составляют мышцы.

en-ru

But I like putting up this slide because it shows the similarities of animal brains.

Но мне нравится этот слайд, так как он демонстрирует схожесть мозга человека и собаки,

en-ru

You can immediately make out common structures.

אפשר לזהות בקלות מבנים דומים.

en-he

You can see towards the right that kind of pretty structure is the cerebellum that controls various types of motor movement, and then below that, there is the brainstem.

à direita, essa estrutura é o cerebelo, que controla vários tipos de movimentos, abaixo dele está o tronco cerebral.

en-pt-br

The really the parts of the brain that are different are what we call the cortex.

Самые существенные различия можно найти в том, что мы называем корой головного мозга.

en-ru

That's the upper part, the folded part.

É essa parte superior, com dobras.

en-pt-br

The big differences between dog and human have to do with the size of the cortex and how folded it is.

As diferenças entre o cérebro dos cães e dos humanos são em relação ao tamanho do córtex e sua quantidade de dobras.

en-pt-br

What folding accomplishes is packing a lot more brain surface area into a specific volume.

מה שהקיפול מאפשר הוא אריזה של יותר שטח פנים של המוח לתוך נפח נתון.

en-he

Generally speaking, the more folded a brain, the more surface area, the more brain power, if you will.

De modo geral, quanto mais dobras o cérebro tiver, maior área de superfície, maior é a capacidade mental, se preferirem.

en-pt-br

There are lot of similarities, and there are some differences.

יש הרבה דמיון ויש גם מספר הבדלים.

en-he

What I am particularly interested in are the similarities.

Estou mais interessado nas semelhanças.

en-pt-br

Because if we were to have a commonality of experience with dogs, and other animals for that matter, we have to share the same or similar brain structures.

מפני שאם יש לנו נסיון משותף עם כלבים, ועם בעלי חיים אחרים צריכים להיות לנו גם מבני מוח דומים או זהים.

en-he

Darwin said this 150 years ago.

Darwin afirmou isso há 150 anos.

en-pt-br

What do the results look like?

Перейдём к результатам?

en-ru

This's a very compact way of summarizing an experiment which I showed you where the dogs receive two different hand signals, and we've averaged the results over, in this case, 12 dogs, I think though, we've done this probably in over 20 dogs.

Esta é uma forma breve de resumir o experimento que mostrei em que os cães recebem dois sinais de mãos, e temos uma média de resultados em relação a 12 cachorros, acho que realizamos o experimento com 20 cães.

en-pt-br

The orange areas show what parts of the brain are more active to this reward signal, this hot dog signal.

Оранжевым окрашены зоны, в которых отмечалась активность при получении сигнала вознаграждения — сигнала «Сосиска».

en-ru

What I want to emphasize is the brain response is not directly to hot dogs, it's to the hand signal that means hot dogs.

O que quero enfatizar é que a resposta cerebral não é direcionada ao cachorro-quente, e sim ao sinal que significa "cachorro-quente".

en-pt-br

You may think that's not a big deal; it's still hot dogs.

Podem pensar que isso não é relevante; é cachorro-quente.

en-pt-br

It's no surprise that dogs like hot dogs.

זה לא מפתיע שכלבים אוהבים נקניקיות.

en-he

But it is a big deal because we train this signal; it's a symbolic representation of a hot dog that the dog has learned and has learned to recognize this meaning.

אבל זה משמעותי, כי אימנו באמצעות הסימן הזה; זה ייצוג סימבולי של נקניקיה שהכלב למד ולמד לזהות את המשמעות שלו.

en-he

The particular parts of the brain that are being active are the reward system.

החלקים הספציפיים של המוח שפעילים הם מערכת התגמול.

en-he

There's kind of two hot spots.

יש מעין שני איזורים חמים.

en-he

There's a headlight type picture.

Это изображение анфас.

en-ru

That's in an area of the brain called the cortex nucleus.

na área do cérebro chamada córtex nuclear.

en-pt-br

It's the area of the brain that all mammals have, and it's the area that has the most dopamine receptors in the brain.

זה איזור במוח שיש לכל היונקים, וזה האיזור שבו יש הכי הרבה קולטני דופאמין במוח.

en-he

It's kind of the key center that links reward and motivation with action.

O ponto principal que liga recompensa e motivação à ação.

en-pt-br

Normally, when that's active in a human or any other animal, it means that something important has happened, and the animal needs to do something.

Normalmente, quando ela está ativa no humano ou em outro animal, significa que algo importante aconteceu, e o animal precisa agir.

en-pt-br

In this case it's quite simple because they will just eat the hot dogs.

В случае с собаками всё понятно — они просто съедают сосиски.

en-ru

So we proved that dog brains like hot dogs.

אז הוכחנו שהמוח של כלבים אוהב נקניקיות.

en-he

That was just the beginning.

זו היתה רק ההתחלה.

en-he

This started about four years ago, and we've since gone on and done many other experiments.

проект стартовал четыре года назад, и с тех пор мы провели множество других экспериментов.

en-ru

Most of the dogs in these pictures, are still working with us in the project.

רוב הכלבים שראיתם בתמונות האלו עדין עובדים אתנו בפרויקט.

en-he

We've done things looking at how their olfaction, or their sensory system for smell works, how they identify different people, and other dogs in their household by smell.

עשינו דברים שבהם בחנו איך חוש הריח שלהם או מערכת החישה שלהם לריח עובדת, איך הם מזהים אנשים שונים, וכלבים אחרים במשק הבית שלהם על פי ריח.

en-he

One of the things that we found is that this reward system, the same part of the brain activates when the dogs smell a familiar human, even if the human is not there.

אחד הדברים שגילינו הוא שמערכת התגמול הזו, אותו חלק של המוח פועל כשהכלב מריח אדם מוכר, אפילו אם האדם לא שם.

en-he

It shows that dogs have representations of us of our identities that persist when we are not there.

זה מראה שלכלבים יש ייצוג שלנו של הישויות שלנו, שנשארות גם כשאנחנו לא שם.

en-he

When people ask me, "Do dogs miss us when we are gone?"

Quando me perguntam: "Os cães sentem nossa falta?

en-pt-br

I have to say yes because we find evidence that they are remembering their humans, that they care about them, and that it's associated with these reward responses.

אני חייב להגיד שכן, מפני שמצאנו הוכחות שהם זוכרים את האנשים שלהם, שאכפת להם מהם, ושזה קשור לתגובות התגמול האלו.

en-he

Is it still just hot dogs?

То есть все-таки всё дело в сосиске?

en-ru

To answer this question, one of the other things that we did was we actually repeated the experiment I showed you, where we show the different hand signals.

Para responder isso, uma das outras coisas que fizemos foi repetir o experimento, em que mostramos diferentes sinais de mão.

en-pt-br

With one little twist: we manipulate who gives the signals.

Com uma pequena diferença: mudamos quem fazia os sinais.

en-pt-br

Does it matter if the dog's owner gives a signal?

האם זה משנה אם הבעלים של הכלב הוא שנותן את הסימן?

en-he

Or whether a stranger comes in and gives the signal?

Pode um estranho fazer os sinais?

en-pt-br

Or even whether a computer gives the signal?

а может, даже и компьютер?

en-ru

Because if you believe Pavlov, and all the behaviorist who followed him, it really shouldn't matter, because any signal that indicates an upcoming food treat is all the same, if animals and dogs are just kind of robots.

Согласно Павлову и другим его сторонникам-бихевеористам, это совершенно не важно, так как это всё тот же сигнал, символизирующий еду, а собаки и другие животные в этом аспекте выступают эдакими роботами.

en-ru

But in fact, we did find a difference.

Na verdade, achamos uma diferença.

en-pt-br

What's very interesting about it is that not all dogs are the same.

מה שמעניין מאד, הוא שלא כל הכלבים הם אותו דבר.

en-he

For example, my dog Callie had a much greater response in that part of the brain when a stranger gave the signals or even a computer as opposed to me!

Por exemplo, Callie teve uma resposta muito maior nessa área do cérebro quando um estranho ou mesmo um computador fazia os sinais e não eu!

en-pt-br

(Laughter) Other dogs in the project, some of the golden retrievers in the labs can have had the opposite pattern, where their owners had really elicited the strongest brain response.

(Risos) Outros cachorros no projeto, alguns dos golden retrievers do laboratório podem ter o padrão oposto, tiveram as maiores respostas com seus donos.

en-pt-br

This is very interesting because what it does is it provides us with a neural biomarker of the dog's personality profile.

Isso é muito interessante porque nos oferece um biomarcador do perfil de personalidade canina.

en-pt-br

In fact, what we've done is we've spun off a new project which we're very excited about.

Com isso, geramos um novo projeto com o qual estamos muito animados.

en-pt-br

We've partnered with Canine Companions for Independence, which is the largest service dog training organization in the United States.

חברנו עם Canine Companions for Independence שהוא ארגון אילוף כלבי השירות הגדול ביותר בארה"ב.

en-he

If you know anything about service dogs, they're incredibly difficult to train.

Как вы, возможно, знаете, обучить служебную собаку невероятно сложно.

en-ru

It's very expensive, and there's a very low success rate.

Это очень дорогостоящий и малоуспешный процесс.

en-ru