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eef63ffc-a552-4b83-a7d1-704d323175b8 | Primordial germ cells normally develop from the wall of the yolk sac close to allantois. After folding of the embryo these cells are present in the wall of hindgut. The primordial germ cells then migrate along the dorsal mesentery of hindgut by active ameboid movement and reach the developing gonad. The primordial germ cells get mixed with the sex cords, which are thus composed of two cell types, the cells of coelomic epithelium and primordial germ cells. Here onwards development of testes and ovaries will follow a different path. | Anatomy | null | Which of the following structures give origin to the Primordial Germ cells?
A. Chorion
B. Amnion
C. Yolk sac
D. Cord blood
| Yolk sac |
56cfa20f-15b7-4da3-a165-d7bc5e754467 | A i.e. Integrity of Reflex arc'Postural Reflexes not only maintain the body in an upright balanced position but also provide the constant adjustments necessary to maintain a stable postural background for voluntary activity'- Ganong 22"V207Integrity of the postural reflex arc is therefore the single best answer of choice. | Physiology | null | The maintenance of posture in a normal adult human being depends upon:
A. Integrity of reflex arc
B. Muscle power
C. Type of muscle fibers
D. Joint movements in physiological range
| Integrity of reflex arc |
3540b138-054f-466c-8c48-a4d091dc3741 | A special type of excavator is the angle former. It is used primarily for sharpening line angles and creating retentive features in dentin in preparation for gold restorations. It also may be used when placing a bevel on enamel margins. The angle former is mon-angled and has the primary cutting edge at an angle (other than 90 degrees) to the blade.
Ref: Sturdevant's art and science of operative dentistry page e4 | Dental | null | A patient arrives at your office with their full gold crown in hand. They explain to you that another dentist delivered it last week. You then examine the crown and the preparation. Which of the following hand instruments is used for creating retentive features in dentin ?
A. Enamel hatchet
B. Angle former
C. Straight chisel
D. GMT
| Angle former |
d5c986ee-5732-494f-bbde-bd485f56c2c6 | (Ref: KDT 6/e p469) GABA is the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and glycine is the inhibitory amino acid in the spinal cord. By antagonizing the glycine receptors, strychnine can result in convulsions and other stimulatory symptoms. | Anatomy | Other topics and Adverse effects | In strychnine poisoning, convulsions occur because of the antagonist effects at receptors for:
A. Aspaate
B. Glycine
C. GABA
D. Glutamate
| Glycine |
61fc18ad-3f3e-47bb-816a-4ca157a32d6f | S2-S3 roots. There are two sphincters of the urethra a. Internal urethral sphincter (also k/a sphincter vesicae) - it is involuntary in nature - made up of smooth muscle - supplied by sympathetic nerves, from lower thoracic & upper lumbar segments of spinal cord b. External urethral sphincter (also k/a sphincter vesicae) - it is voluntary in nature - made up of striated muscle fibres - supplied by the perineal branch of the pudendal nerve (derived from spinal nerves S2,S3 & S4) - it controls the membranous urethra and is responsible for the voluntary holding of urine. | Anatomy | null | Pudendal nerve supplying motor pa to external sphincter is derived from?
A. L5-S1 roots
B. 51-S2 roots
C. L2-L3 roots
D. S2-S3 roots
| S2-S3 roots |
7f9669cf-fdc8-49c9-b888-52fbade93a6c | Guidelines of diagnosis used by the American Hea Association include major and minor criteria (ie, modified Jones criteria). In addition to evidence of a previous streptococcal infection, the diagnosis requires 2 major Jones criteria or 1 major plus 2 minor Jones criteria. Major criteria are as follows: Carditis, Migratory polyahritis, Subcutaneous nodules (ie, Aschoff bodies), Erythema marginatum, Chorea (also known as Sydenham chorea and "St Vitus dance"). Minor criteria are as follows: Clinical findings include ahralgia, fever, and previous history of ARF. Laboratory findings include elevated acute-phase reactants (eg, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C reactive protein), a prolonged PR interval, and suppoing evidence of antecedent group A streptococcal infections (ie, positive throat culture or rapid streptococcal screen and an elevated or rising streptococcal antibody titer). | Pediatrics | null | One of the following is not included in the major criteria for rheumatic hea disease?
A. Ahritis
B. Carditis
C. Erythema marginatum
D. Raised ASLO titer
| Raised ASLO titer |
7f85b600-8c40-4909-b2bb-ac11ad8a0ea2 | The tumor consists of sheets of a monotonous (i.e. similar in size and morphology) population of medium-sized lymphoid cells with high proliferative activity and apoptotic activity. The "starry sky" appearance seen under low power is due to scattered tingible body-laden macrophages (macrophages containing dead apoptotic tumor cells). The old descriptive term of "small non-cleaved cell" is misleading. The tumor cells are mostly medium in size (i.e. tumor nuclei size similar to that of histiocytes or endothelial cells). "Small non-cleaved cells" are compared to "large non-cleaved cells" of normal germinal center lymphocytes. Tumor cells possess small amount of basophilic cytoplasm with three to four small nucleoli. The cellular outline usually appears squared off. | Pathology | Haematology | "Stary sky" appearance is seen in -
A. Burkitt's lymphoma
B. Mantle cell lymphoma
C. Extra nodal marginal Zone B-cell lymphoma of MALT type
D. Chronic myeloid leukemia
| Burkitt's lymphoma |
9e3d87b5-0d19-41b9-8d24-a82a3f15a725 | Ref: Katzung 14th ed. pg. 964-65; KDTy 6th ed. pg. 826-27* Doxorubicin and daunorubicin are anti-tumor antibiotics. Activity of Daunorubicin is limited to acute leukemia while doxorubicin is effective in several solid tumors.# MOA: Cause breaks in DNA strands by activating topoisomerse II and generating quinolone type free radicals.# Doxrorubicin and daunorubicin both these antibiotics produce cardiotoxicity as a unique adverse effect.* Actinomycin D (Dactinomycin) It is a very potent antineoplastic drug, highly efficacious in Wilms' tumour and rhabdomyosarcoma# Prominent adverse effects are vomiting, stomatitis, diarrhoea, erythema and desquamation of skin, alopecia and bone marrow depression* Mitoxantrone: Recently introduced analogue of doxorubicin with lower cardiotoxicity, probably because it does not produce quinine type free radicals. Though cardiomyopathy can occur, major toxicity is marrow depression and mucosal inflammation.* Mitomycin C: This highly toxic drug is used only in resistant cancers of stomach, cervix, colon, rectum, bladder, etc# Bone marrow and GIT are the primary targets of toxicity. | Pharmacology | Anti-Cancer | Cardiomyopathy is caused by
A. Actinomycin D
B. Doxorubicin
C. Mitomycin C
D. Mitoxantrone
| Doxorubicin |
7b5c8f3a-9423-4a3c-9bcd-41bdf784ab8b | The etiologies of RCM may be grouped into broad categories as follows: Primary/idiopathic: Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF), loeffler eosinophilic endomyocardial disease Secondary: Infiltrative, amyloidosis (the most common cause of RCM in the United States), sarcoidosis , progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) , hemochromatosis, , carcinoid hea disease, glycogen storage disease of the hea, radiation/treatment induced, metastatic malignancy, anthracycline toxicity Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 467 | Medicine | C.V.S | Restrictive and constrictive cardiomyopathy occurs together in
A. Radiation
B. Adriamycin
C. Post cardiotomy
D. Amyloidosis
| Amyloidosis |
0f2cc09c-f7fa-47c2-a489-4d3a21011722 | Ans. is 4d' i.e., Single strand breako Topoisomerase I - Removes negative supercoiling.o Topoisomerase II - Relaxes positive supercoils and forms negative supercoiling by condensation, of chromosome,o Topoisomerase III - Can introduce single strand breaks during recombination that are required for DNA to be exchanged by adjacent chromosome.o Topoisomerase IV- Acts to disentangle the replicated intertwined DNA strands by making double-strand breaks that allow one duplex to pass through the other. | Biochemistry | DNA Replication | Action of topoisomerase III -
A. Remove positive supercoil
B. Remove negative supercoil
C. Form negative supercoid
D. Single strand break
| Single strand break |
409e2895-ec19-45f3-ab4a-4d9947e74f0a | BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME TRIAD- Ascites + Hepatomegaly + Abdominal pain . Treatment Side to Side Poo-caval Shunt is the most effective therapy. | Surgery | Liver | Classical triad of Budd-Chiari syndrome:
A. Fever, jaundice, abdominal pain
B. Fever, ascites, jaundice
C. Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites
D. Abdominal pain, jaundice, Hepatomegaly
| Hepatomegaly, abdominal pain, ascites |
a4b02836-4bfd-4d50-bcf7-c40703d5b9ad | Dental caries, the most common disease in the mouth, is also the most common disease of the entire body. The first step in treating this disease is to identify it, and radiology is one of the best tools available to do so. | Radiology | null | Most common disease of human body is:
A. Gingivitis
B. Hypertension
C. Diabetes
D. Dental caries
| Dental caries |
fdd8aba1-78ae-489a-bf45-4b6d85bf2949 | Volcano ulcers - Herpetic esophagitis - odynophagia Candida esophagitis Whitish plague adheres to wall of esophagus | Medicine | viral infection | Volcano ulcers in esophagus are seen in:
A. Herpetic esophagitis
B. Candida esophagitis
C. Apthous ulcer in Crohn
D. HIV esophagitis
| Herpetic esophagitis |
8b392b0e-e0cc-44cf-8b7d-32e29b93d863 | Contraction Relaxation Endothelins ANP AngiotensinII Dopamine Vasopressin PGE2 Norepinephrine cAMP Platelet-activating factor Platelet-derived growth factor Thromboxane A2 PGF2 Leukotrienes C4 and D4 Histamine Ref: Ganong's Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 678 Table 37-3 | Physiology | Cardiovascular system | Mesangial cells are contracted by
A. Histamine
B. Nitric oxide
C. Bradykinin
D. Dopamine
| Histamine |
870e3907-d606-4e2c-8bde-cadf904e74bd | d. Surfactant(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 854)Systemic or inhaled corticosteroids have been used, mainly in those infants with RDS, who continue to require respiratory support & in whom bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) develops.Routine use of corticosteroids for the prevention or treatment of BPD is not recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. | Pediatrics | New Born Infants | A preterm neonate with hyaline membrane disease needs to be treated with:
A. Dexamethasone
B. Betamethasone
C. Hydrocortisone
D. Surfactant
| Surfactant |
d1f013a3-5b44-4395-aca4-d6a5d8f30e0c | Ans. Highest on awakening and lowest during evening | Ophthalmology | null | In normal diurnal variation, intraocular pressure is:
A. Highest on awakening and lowest during evening
B. Lowest during morning and highest during evening
C. Highest in the morning and evening
D. Lowest in the morning and evening
| Highest on awakening and lowest during evening |
f2a13810-7950-498e-9161-b2ab24c79074 | Ans. B: Tibiofibular Joint I. Six types of synol joints are: Hinge Ball-and-socket Pivot Condyloid (angular or ellipsoidal) Plane (gliding) Saddle. - The elbow is an example of a hinge joint. Here, the convex and concave aiculating bones allow movement along one plane, similar to a door. -The shoulder and hip are the only ball-and-socket joints in the body. In this type of joint, one bone has a spherical head that aiculates with a corresponding concavity. This joint frees the joint to move in many directions. - In a pivot joint, one round-shaped aiculating bone fits within a corresponding depression on another bone. This joint allows one bone to rotate against the other. An example is the radioulnar joint (joint of the radius and ulna) in the forearm. - In a condyloid (angular) joint, one bone has an oval aiculating head that rests within an oval concavity. This joint permits angular movement of the bones. The metacarpophalangeal joint (junction between the metacarpals and phalanges) of the hand are examples of condyloid joints - Plane joints have two flat bones joined. The sole movement of the bones is sho gliding motions. An example of this joint is the intearsal joint (junction between the tarsal bones) of the feet. Saddle joint bones have convex and concave surfaces similar to a saddle. This joint allows the joint to move in many directions. The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is an example saddle joint. II. As their name implies, amphiahrosis joints (slightly movable joints) have limited movement. The two types of amphiahrosis joints are: Syndesmosis (fibrous) Symphysis (cailaginous). - A Syndesmosis joint occurs when two bones join by a section of cailage. The junction between the tibia and fibula is an example. A symphysis joint forms when two bones fuse by a fibrocailage pad. Typical symphysis joints are between the pubic symphysis (pubic bones in the pelvis), and in the veebral column between individual veebrae. Interveebral discs act as weight-bearing shock absorbers for walking, jumping, and lifting. III. An immovable joint is called a synahrosis. The two types of this joint are: Sutures Gomphoses. - Sutures are joined by sho fibers of dense fibrous connective tissue and are in the skull. - The single example of a gomphosis joint is the teeth sitting within their sockets. IV. An example of a bony fusion joint is the fusion of the three bones forming a coxa (hip bone): the ilium, ischium, and pubis. | Surgery | null | Example of syndesmosis joint is: September 2007
A. Tibiotalar joint
B. Tibiofibular joint
C. Elbow joint
D. Carpometacarpal joint
| Tibiofibular joint |
e3661b5b-ea0f-4f44-a528-cc9b0d4fcd38 | Sanguarine,a toxic alkalpid from argemone oil interfers with the oxidation of pyruvic acid which accumulates in the blood causing epidemic dropsy.seeds of argemone mexicana closely resembles mustard seeds.(Ref.PARK'S textbook of social and preventive medicine 21st edition page no.608) | Social & Preventive Medicine | Nutrition and health | Epidemic dropsy results from -
A. Dhatura poisoning
B. Argemone poisoning
C. Aluminum phosphide poisoning
D. Organophosphorus poisoning
| Argemone poisoning |
1f72a502-fe4a-474e-ac7e-35763a68c907 | Sullivan's Index : Life expectancy - Duration of disability. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null | Sullivan's Index is
A. Disability Free Life expectancy(DFLE)
B. Disability Adjusted Life expectancy(DALE)
C. Quality Adjusted Life Expectancy(QALE)
D. Health Adjusted Life Expectancy(HALE)
| Disability Free Life expectancy(DFLE) |
1c698c37-de43-40b3-9346-b812efd0e4b3 | Tegmen tympani forms the roof of the middle ear and it also extends posteriorly to form a roof of aditus and antrum. Reference: Dhingra 6th edition | ENT | Ear | Which structure prevents spread of infection from middle ear to brain
A. Tegmen tympani
B. Cribriform plate
C. Fundus tympani
D. Petrous apex
| Tegmen tympani |
b5cfc71b-6813-41e6-aec8-850c0d7ae272 | The word "vagus" means wandering in Latin. This is a very appropriate name, as the vagus nerve is the longest cranial nerve. It runs all the way from the brain stem to pa of the colon. Ref - medscape.com | Anatomy | Head and neck | Longest cranial nerve is
A. Vagus
B. Trigeminal
C. Trochlear
D. Olfactory
| Vagus |
b002b576-466a-4c78-a73e-aca6d3979fa7 | - any patient treated with category I of DOTS who has a positive s near at 5 months of the treatment should be considered as failure case. - the patient should be staed with Category II treatment afresh. Reference : Park's textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no:188 <\p> | Social & Preventive Medicine | Communicable diseases | A patient with sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis is on ATT for the last 5 months but the patient is still positive fo AFB in the sputum. This case refers to -
A. New case
B. Failure case
C. Relapse case
D. Drug defaulter
| Failure case |
b117ad23-4b1b-48a3-a7fc-546be44e6140 | Excess CO2 in aerial blood (hypercarbia/hypercapnia) has a direct peripheral effect; it causes cutaneous vasodilation. However, it acts on the VMC, resulting in increased sympathetic vasoconstrictor discharge. This will result in vasoconstriction in other vascular beds. These effects tend to cancel out, yet there is increased blood pressure. The overwhelming effect of CO2 on the VMC would cause hypeension. Hence, option D is correct. The increased sympathetic discharge would also cause tachycardia, mydriasis. There is cerebral and cutaneous vasodilation. Cutaneous vasodilation leads to flushed skin and warm extremities. There is increased sweating. | Physiology | Respiratory System Pa 3 | Hypercarbia is characterized by:
A. Miosis
B. Cool extremities
C. Bradycardia
D. Hypeension
| Hypeension |
f9b0da95-2384-4512-b3a4-58822417f156 | Ans. A. Lipophilic. (Ref KDT 6th/pg. 19; Harrison's 17th edition, page 29)APPARENT VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION (Theoretical volume occupied by the total absorbed drug amount at the plasma concentration.)# Vd = amount of drug in the body / plasma drug concentrationFactors governing the volume of drug distribution:# Lipid: Water partition Co-efficient of the drug: Lipid insoluble drugs do not enter cells - V approximates extracellular fluid volume, e.g. streptomycin, gentamicin 0.25L/kg.# pKa value of the drug.# Degree of plasma protein binding: The volume of distribution of drugs extensively bound to plasma proteins but not to tissue components approaches plasma volume (are largely restricted to the vascular compartment) and hence have low V values e.g. diclofenac and warfarin (99% bound) V = 0.15L/kg.# Affinity for different tissues: By contrast, for drugs highly bound to tissues, the volume of distribution can be far greater than any physiologic space. Thus, drugs sequestrated in tissues may have, V much more than total body water or even body mass, e.g. digoxin 6 L/kg, propranolol 4L/kg, morphine 3.5 L/kg, because most of the drug is present in other tissues and plasma concentration is low. Thus, in case of poisoning, drugs with large volume of distribution are not easily removed by hemodialysis.# Fat: lean body mass ratio, which can very with age, sex, obesity, etc.# Diseases like CHF, uremia, cirrhosisVd COMPARTMENT DRUG TYPESLowBlood (4-8 L)Large/charged molecules; plasma protein boundMediumECFSmall hydrophilic moleculesHighAll tissues including fatSmall lipophilic molecules, especially if bound to tissue proteinHarrison's 17th edition, page 29.............DRUG DISTRIBUTIONIn a typical 70-kg human, plasma volume is ~3 L, blood volume is ~5.5 L, and extracellular water outside the vasculature is ~42 L. The volume of distribution of drugs extensively bound to plasma proteins but not to tissue components approaches plasma volume; warfarin is an example. By contrast, for drugs highly bound to tissues, the volume of distribution can be far greater than any physiologic space. For example, the volume of distribution of digoxin and tricyclic antidepressants is hundreds of liters, obviously exceeding total-body volume. Such drugs are not readily removed by dialysis, an important consideration in overdose.Only when distribution is near-complete does the concentration of digoxin in plasma reflect pharmacologic effect. For this reason, there should be a 6-8 h wait after administration before plasma levels of digoxin are measured as a guide to therapy.Educational pointsClinical Implications of Altered Protein BindingThe acute-phase reactant ?l-acid glycoprotein binds to basic drugs, such as lidocaine or quinidine, and is increased in a range of common conditions, including myocardial infarction, surgery, neoplastic disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and burns. This increased binding can lead to reduced pharmacologic effects at therapeutic concentrations of total drug. Conversely, conditions such as hypoalbuminemia, liver disease, and renal disease can decrease the extent of drug binding, particularly of acidic and neutral drugs, such as phenytoin. Here, plasma concentration of free drug is increased, so drug efficacy and toxicity are enhanced if total (free + bound) drug concentration is used to monitor therapy. | Pharmacology | General Pharmacology | Which of the following drug have high volume of distribution of drug?
A. Lipophilic
B. Hydrophilic
C. Highly protein bound
D. Drug with low therapeutic index
| Lipophilic |
06f554cd-8f61-4a0a-adee-9336fa2d5768 | (B) Pericarditis # CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS> Pericarditis: Asymptomatic. One-third of patients with seropositive RA.> Myocarditis.> Endocarditis.> Conduction defects.> Coronary vasculitis.> Granulomatous aortitis. | Medicine | Miscellaneous | Most common cardiac involvement in Rheumatoid arthritis is
A. Conduction defects
B. Pericarditis
C. Myocarditis
D. Infective Endocarditis
| Pericarditis |
81de7992-2502-46af-9d9b-59a74acec651 | Doxorubicin, Cisplatin and Mitomycin all are used in TACE. However the most commonly used agent is Doxorubicin. Ref: Quality-Improvement Guidelines for Hepatic Transaerial Chemoembolization: Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol | Medicine | null | The MOST commonly used chemotherapeutic agent in trans aerial chemoembolisaion for hepatocellular carcinoma is:
A. Doxorubicin
B. Cisplatin
C. Mitomycin C
D. 5 FU
| Doxorubicin |
2b7fa72e-2316-4014-bbe7-a979903ff20a | Cricothyroid Vocalis which is the internal pa of thyroarytenoid act as tensor of vocal cord. Muscles acting as abductors of vocal cords: posterior cricoarytenoid Adductors of vocal cords: lateral cricoarytenoid, interarytenoid and thyroarytenoid (external pa). Muscles which acts as openers of laryngeal inlet: Thyroepiglottic (pa of thyroarytenoid) Muscles which close laryngeal inlet: Interarytenoid (oblique pa), aryepiglottic (posterior oblique pa of interarytenoids). | ENT | null | Which of the following muscle act as tensor of vocal cord?
A. Vocalis
B. Cricothyroid
C. Cricoarytenoid
D. Thyroarytenoid
| Cricothyroid |
3831d323-da2c-4f5c-af28-ac9d570f3019 | Nitazoxanide is Doc for Cryptosporidium.
Cotrimoxazole is Doc for Cyclospora and isospora. | Microbiology | null | Doc for Cryptosporidium parvum is
A. Nitazoxanide
B. Cotrimoxazole
C. Ivermectin
D. DEC
| Nitazoxanide |
592e66af-1312-4a6d-8f39-b5aafed8c2d2 | The term pneumoperitoneum refers to the presence of air within the peritoneal cavity. The most common cause is a perforation of the abdominal viscus--most commonly, a perforated ulcer. At least 2 radiographs should be obtained, including a supine abdominal radiograph and either an erect chest image or a left lateral decubitus image. The patient should remain in position for 5-10 minutes before a horizontal-beam radiograph is acquired. A lateral chest x-ray has been found to be even more sensitive for the diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum than an erect chest x-ray. Signs of a large pneumoperitoneum include the following: The football sign, which usually represents a large collection of air within the greater sac. The gas-relief sign, the Rigler sign, and the double-wall sign are all terms applied to the visualization of the outer wall of bowel loops caused by gas outside the bowel loop and normal intraluminal gas. The lateral umbilical ligaments, which contain the inferior epigastric vessels, may become visible as an inveed V sign in the pelvis as a result of a large pneumoperitoneum. A telltale triangle sign represents a triangular pocket of air between 2 loops of bowel and the abdominal wall. Free air under the diaphragm may depict the diaphragmatic muscle slips as arcuate soft tissue bands, arching parallel to the diaphragmatic dome. Air may be present around the spleen. | Radiology | null | Which is the best investigation to detect Pneumoperitoneum?
A. Plain X ray abdomen, erect
B. Left lateral decubitus
C. Plain X ray chest, erect
D. CT Scan
| Plain X ray chest, erect |
ac38cd09-a08f-43f5-b941-12ee7f8bcec1 | Ans. a (Eisenmenger's syndrome). (Ref. Textbook of obstetrics D C Dutta 6th ed. 296)HEART DISEASE IN PREGNANCY# The risk of fetal congenital malformations is increased by 3-10% if either parents have congenital lesions. In mother with AV septal defect, risk of having concordant abnormality in baby is very much high.# Most common heart disease in pregnancy is mitral stenosis.# Most common congenital heart disease during pregnancy is ASD.# Absolute indications for termination of pregnancy are = primary pulmonary hypertension, and Eisenmenger's syndrome as maternal mortality is otherwise found to be highest in them. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Miscellaneous (Gynae) | With which heart diseases in Pregnancy is prognosis worst:
A. Eisenmenger's syndrome
B. Aortic Stenosis
C. Mitral Stenosis
D. MVP
| Eisenmenger's syndrome |
4a4a7fb9-64fa-486c-97de-91c1d3acb790 | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Berger's Beclard's hernia ---> is the femoral hernia through the opening of the saphenous vein (named after Pierre Augustin Beclard) [Ref: www.whonamedit.comj | Surgery | null | Hernia into pouch of Douglas is ..... hernia -
A. Beclard's
B. Bochdaleks
C. Blandin's
D. Berger's
| Berger's |
b2c914c8-f99a-403d-93a9-044a5e530695 | Pathophysiology Normally, dietary copper is absorbed from the stomach and proximal small intestine and is rapidly taken into the liver, where it is stored and incorporated into caeruloplasmin, which is secreted into the blood. The accumulation of excessive copper in the body is ultimately prevented by its excretion, the most impoant route being bile. In Wilson's disease, there is almost always a failure of synthesis of caeruloplasmin; however, some 5% of patients have a normal circulating caeruloplasmin concentration and this is not the primary pathogenic defect. The amount of copper in the body at bih is normal but thereafter it increases steadily; the organs most affected are the liver, basal ganglia of the brain, eyes, kidneys and skeleton. The ATP7B gene encodes a member of the copper-transpoing P-type adenosine triphosphatase family, which functions to expo copper from various cell types. At least 200 different mutations have been described. Most cases are compound heterozygotes with two different mutations in ATP7B. Attempts to correlate the genotype with the mode of presentation and clinical course have not shown any consistent patterns. The large number of culprit mutations means that, in contrast to haemochromatosis, genetic diagnosis is not routine in Wilson's disease, although it may have a role in screening families following identification of the genotype in an index patient. Clinical features Symptoms usually arise between the ages of 5 and 45 years. Hepatic disease occurs predominantly in childhood and early adolescence, although it can present in adults in their fifties. Neurological damage causes basal ganglion syndromes and dementia, which tends to present in later adolescence. These features can occur alone or simultaneously. Other manifestations include renal tubular damage and osteoporosis, but these are rarely presenting features. Liver disease Episodes of acute hepatitis, sometimes recurrent, can occur, especially in children, and may progress to fulminant liver failure. The latter is characterised by the liberation of free copper into the blood stream, causing massive haemolysis and renal tubulopathy. Chronic hepatitis can also develop insidiously and eventually present with established cirrhosis; liver failure and poal hypeension may supervene. The possibility of Wilson's disease should be considered in any patient under the age of 40 presenting with recurrent acute hepatitis or chronic liver disease of unknown cause, especially when this is accompanied by haemolysis. Neurological disease Clinical features include a variety of extrapyramidal features, paicularly tremor, choreoathetosis, dystonia, parkinsonism and dementia . Unusual clumsiness for age may be an early symptom. Neurological disease typically develops after the onset of liver disease and can be prevented by effective treatment staed following diagnosis in the liver disease phase. This increases the impoance of diagnosis in the liver phase beyond just allowing effective management of liver disease. Ref Davidson edition23rd pg896 | Medicine | G.I.T | Enlarged liver with Hepatocellular dysfunction seen In-
A. Wilson's disease
B. Budd. Chiari syndrome
C. Alcoholic hepatitis
D. NASH
| Wilson's disease |
65401441-3add-493b-99b3-5d40c8e42df9 | Favus is a chronic infection caused most commonly by T schoenleinii and usually affecting the scalp. Most common organism associated with us is Trichophyton schoenlenii. E. floccosum- cause Tinea unguium (nail beds) M. canis- cause ECTOTHRIX(infection of hair) T. rubrum- cause Tinea cruris (groin area) | Microbiology | Mycology | The major cause of us is
A. M. canis
B. E. floccosum
C. T. rubrum
D. T. schoenlenii
| T. schoenlenii |
6a8d17d3-e69e-4372-94e9-0087c916e1d0 | <p>Screening is the search for unrecognised disease or defect by means of rapidly applied tests ,examinations or other procedures in apparently healthy individuals. Lead time is the advantage gained by screening.it is the time period between diagonosis by early detection and diagonosis by other means.That is lead time is the time difference between diagonosis by screening tests and standard test. Parks textbook of preventive and social medicine.K Park. Edition 23.Pg no: 136</p> | Social & Preventive Medicine | Screening | Time difference between screening test and standard test is known as-
A. Lead time
B. Generation time
C. CIP
D. Lag time
| Lead time |
6c23eb9c-b570-4fbc-aebd-ce3b36845406 | Ans. C: Malignancy Epidemiology - More common in males by ratio of 3:2 Lifetime complication rate: 4% - More than 50% of complications occur before age 10 History-Initial repo by Hildanus in 1598, Detailed description by Johann Meckel in 1809 Pathophysiology: Meckel's Diveiculum - Incomplete vitelline duct (omphalomesenteric) closure - Location . Proximal to ileocecal valve by 100 cm Usually within 45 to 60 cm of ileocecal valve Differential Diagnosis of Meckel's Diveiculitis-Appendicitis Complications of Meckel's Diveiculum - GI Bleeding (25-50% of complications) Often associated with ectopic gastric mucosa Hemorrhage is most common presentation under age 2 - Meckel's Diveiculitis (10-20% of complications)-Similar in presentation to Appendicitis - Bowel Obstruction Volvulus at fibrotic band attached to abdominal wall Intussusception Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia (Littre's hernia) - Other complications-Carcinoid Tumor Radiology - Radionuclide Scintigraphy (Sodium Tc-peechnetate) Preferential uptake by gastric tissue Most accurate test in Meckel's Diveiculum-Test Sensitivity is 85% in children and Test Specificity is 95% in children Less accurate in adults -Cimetidine increases accuracy in adults - Small bowel enema-Indicated for negative scintigraphy in adults - Aeriography (indicated for acute hemorrhage) | Surgery | null | Uncommon complication of meckels diveiculum is: September 2005
A. Intussusception
B. Diveiculitis
C. Malignancy
D. Increased bleeding
| Malignancy |
f0fae1ce-6c1d-4551-8ae0-6d4ea3ff4ddb | In this condition, position should be supine with wedge under right hip so the position will be a bit tilted towards the left to prevent compression of vena cava and the hea will get sufficient various return, giving good output to fetus. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Labour - III | Patient came with H/O prolonged labour (15 hrs) in emergency. On examination there were signs of obstructed labour. Ideal position for the patient to undergo the cesarean section?
A. Prone position with legs in stirrup
B. Trendelenberg with legs in stirrup
C. Supine with wedge under right hip.
D. Semi fowler position
| Supine with wedge under right hip. |
a2826d60-20a4-4746-b247-283463241eda | (C) Myasthenia gravis # ENDOCRINE MYOPATHY:> Major categories of endocrine myopathy include those associated with Adrenal dysfunction (as in Gushing disease or steroid myopathy); Thyroid dysfunction (as in myxedema coma or thyrotoxic myopathy); Parathyroid dysfunction (as in multiple endocrine neoplasia); Pituitary dysfunction; and Islands of Langerhans dysfunction (as in diabetic myopathy from ischemic infarction of the femoral muscles).> Adrenal dysfunction: Aetiology of Hypoadrenalism: includes infection, inflammatory disease, and tumor. Adrenal failure may follow pituitary failure. In hypoadrenalism, neurological manifestations such as disturbances of behavior and mentation are prominent; myopathy is not likely to be a presenting finding. Factors contributing to muscle weakness in adrenal insufficiency include circulatory insufficiency, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, impaired carbohydrate metabolism, and starvation. The etiologies of hyperadrenalism include pituitary or ectopic overproduction of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), adrenal tumors, or exogenous corticosteroid administration. Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion (i.e., Cushing's disease) is caused by a corticotroph macroadenomas in 90% of patients and by a macroadenoma in most of the rest.> Hypoparathyroidism causes tetany, with or without carpopedal spasm.> Pathophysiology of Hypoparathyroidism may involve either deficiency of parathyroid hormone or inability of the hormone to have an effect at end-receptors because of dysfunction of the hormone receptors.> Hyperparathyroidism does not cause tetany but results in muscle wasting and myopathy (i.e., proximal muscle weakness). The pathophysiology is over secretion of hormone, frequently from a parathyroid adenoma.> Myasthenia gravis: Fluctuating weakness of commonly used voluntary muscles, producing, symptoms such as diplopia ptosis and difficulty in swallowing. Weakness of affected muscle increased by activity. Associated with thymic tumor or thyrotoxicosis and rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus. Other options are clearly endocrine related myopathies. | Medicine | Miscellaneous | Which one of the following is NOT an Endocrine Myopathy?
A. Addison's disease
B. Cushing's disease
C. Myasthenia gravis
D. Primary Hypoparathyroidism
| Myasthenia gravis |
c08ab446-4073-4d0e-83a9-2cf64d28f1d9 | Postsynaptic, selective a-adrenoreceptor antagonists lower blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. They are effective antihypeensive agents used either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents. However, in clinical trials of hypeensive patients, alpha blockade has not been shown to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and moality or to provide as much protection against CHF as other classes of antihypeensive agents. These agents are also effectivein treating lower urinary tract symptoms in men with prostatic hyperophy. Nonselective a-adrenoreceptor antagonists bind to postsynaptic and presynaptic receptors and are used primarily for the management of patients with pheochromocytoma. ref:harrison&;s principles of internal medicine,ed 18,pg no 4279 | Medicine | C.V.S | Which of the following drugs should not be used in a setting of severe hypeension in elderly on empirical basis
A. Enalapril
B. Amlodipine
C. Chlohiazide
D. Prazosin
| Prazosin |
e2c7d19f-dfed-4da2-9ec5-eeb43b6356b2 | Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I represent minimal (mild) dysplasia (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, or LSIL) and is a potentially reversible process. Dysplasia is preneoplastic and may progress to carcinomas if not treated. Risk factors for cervical dysplasia and carcinoma include early age at first intercourse, multiple sexual partners, and a male partner with multiple previous sexual partners. These factors all increase the potential for infection with human papillomavirus. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure is a factor in the development of clear cell carcinomas of the vagina and cervix. The use of oral contraceptives, which contain very low amounts of hormonally active compounds, does not cause cervical dysplasia or carcinoma. Treatment of cancers does not typically result in dysplasia, although the atypical changes in epithelial cells from radiation and/or chemotherapy may be challenging to distinguish from cancer. A vitamin B12 deficiency may produce some megaloblastic epithelial changes, but not dysplasia. | Pathology | Female Genital Tract | A healthy 30-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. No abnormalities are found on physical examination. A screening Pap smear shows cells consistent with a low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). Subsequent cervical biopsy specimens confirm the presence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I. Which of the following risk factors is most likely related to her Pap smear findings?
A. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure
B. Multiple sexual partners
C. Oral contraceptive use
D. Prior treatment for a malignancy
| Multiple sexual partners |
d531b022-e90e-4bf7-8cb2-fa4dc4258e7b | Ans (b) Agent, host and environmentRef : K. Park 23rd ed. / 33-34, Park 19th/ 30A broad concept of disease causation that synthesized the basic factors of agent, host and environment (see adjacent figure)This model--agent, host and environment-- has been in use for many years. It helped epidemiologists to focus on different classes of factors, especially with regards to infectious diseases. | Social & Preventive Medicine | Principles of Epidemiology | Which of the following set is termed as epidemiological triad:
A. Endemic, epidemic and outbreaks
B. Agent, host and environment
C. Incidence, prevalence and disease load
D. Agent, man and disease
| Agent, host and environment |
b4d7e93e-7acd-46de-99d1-610c22586b69 | In skull, Ectocranial suture closure is very variable. Sometimes, there may not be ectocranial suture closure. This is called lapsed union. This occurs most often in the sagittal suture. | Forensic Medicine | Human identification | Lapsed union of skull sutures is commonly noted in:-
A. Metopic suture
B. Coronal suture
C. Saggital suture
D. Lambdoid suture
| Saggital suture |
220b31d3-fa0b-433d-ac5d-0d46de73115c | bRef: KDT, 5th ed, p. 800, 801 & 4th ed, p. 858s | Pharmacology | Skin | Which is not used in acne:(2003)
A. Erythromycin
B. Ampicillin
C. Clindamycin
D. Doxycycline
| Ampicillin |
4d530fcb-4f80-46a9-9fc7-099534a1082e | OSSIFICATION: At 2 months to 1-year Ossification of capitate stas, and at 12 years Ossification of Pisiform stas. ossification of lunate occurs at 4 years. REF: BD Chaurasia 7th edition Page no: 27. | Anatomy | Upper limb | Ossification centre for lunate appears at?
A. Bih
B. 2nd Months
C. 4 Year
D. 12 Years
| 4 Year |
addb1d09-b38e-4a9c-9405-3115adf5b319 | Takayasu's aeritis is an uncommon disorder that is most prevalent in young Asian women. In Takayasu's, an inflammatory process produces fibrous thickening of the aoic arch, causing narrowing or near obliteration of the origins of aeries that branch from the arch. Absent or diminished pulses are noted, especially in the upper extremities. Involvement of the carotid circulation can produce ocular disturbances or other neurological dysfunction (syncope or, less commonly, stroke). Buerger's disease (thromboangiitis obliterans is a disease of young-to middle-aged adult (predominantly males) smokers. It is characterized by segmental thrombosis of aeries and veins, often in extremities. Kawasaki's disease is usually seen in children, and is characterized by rash, fever, conjunctivitis, and lymphadenopathy. Coronary vasculitis and aneurysms may occur. Thrombophlebitis usually involves the deep veins of the legs and often occurs in association with predisposing factors such as immobilization, clotting disorders, hea disease, cancer, pregnancy, or tissue injury. Ref: Wyatt C., Butterwoh IV J.F., Moos P.J., Mackey D.C., Brown T.G. (2008). Chapter 9. Vascular Pathology. In C. Wyatt, J.F. Butterwoh IV, P.J. Moos, D.C. Mackey, T.G. Brown (Eds), Pathology: The Big Picture. | Pathology | null | A 22 year old female Asian immigrant presents with complaints of malaise, fever, arm pain, loss of appetite, and visual problems. Her mother states that she fainted 1 week ago. The physician cannot palpate the patient's lower extremity pulses and notes that the dial pulses are weak. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is elevated. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Buerger's disease
B. Kawasaki's disease
C. Takayasu's aeritis
D. Thrombophlebitis
| Takayasu's aeritis |
442d95b9-95e9-4e93-accf-31bd5e2fc81a | Measurement of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the standard method for assessing long-term glycemic control. When plasma glucose is consistently elevated, there is an increase in nonenzymatic glycation of hemoglobin. This alteration reflects the glycemic history over the previous 2-3 months, because erythrocytes have an average life span of 120 days (glycemic level in the preceding month contributes about 50% to the HbA1c value). Measurement of HbA1c at the "point of care" allows for more rapid feedback and may therefore assist in adjustment of therapy. A rise of 1% in HbA1c corresponds to an approx average increase of 2 mmol/L (36 mg/dL) in blood glucose. Reference : page 2410 Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 19th edition | Medicine | Endocrinology | Diabetes control is best monitored by -
A. Serum glucose
B. Post prandial blood glucose
C. HbA1c
D. HbA2c
| HbA1c |
af963518-febb-42c7-a6af-05acd337ac74 | First step
Determine whether it is acidosis or alkalosis
Increase in pH suggests alkalosis
Second step
Look at CO2 or HCO3- to determine the cause
Decreased PCO2 suggests respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis occurs because CO2 is blown off in excess equation shifts to left and H+ conc. decrease which leads to alkalosis.
Now the kidneys compensate for this alkalosis by excreting more HCOO3-. This shifts the equation to right thus H+ conc. decreases. | Medicine | null | If blood gas analysis reveal pH = 7.52, pCO = 30 ; pO2 = 105. This will be compensated by ?
A. Compensatory respiratory acidosis
B. Compensatory respiratory alkalosis
C. Compensatory metabolic acidosis
D. Compensatory metabolic alkalosis
| Compensatory metabolic acidosis |
bcc66b08-4777-47d5-802b-048eaea6bba9 | Prilocaine causes less vasodilation than other local anesthetics and thus used without using epinephrine added to the local anesthetic solution. | Anaesthesia | Regional Anesthesia | Which of the following local anaesthetic causes least vasodilation:
A. Bupivacaine
B. Prilocaine
C. Ropivacaine
D. Lignocaine
| Prilocaine |
1e5a45c2-0f7d-45f1-abba-c6d787afd274 | Ans. d. Inadequate preoperative preparation (Ref: Schwartz 9/e p1355: Sabiston 19/e p897; Bailey 26/e p762, 25/e p786- 787; Harrison 18/e p2927)Thyrotoxic crisis (storm) is an acute exacerbation of hyperthyroidism. It occurs if a thyrotoxic patient has been inadequately prepared for thyroidectomy."Thyrotoxic crisis (storm): This is an acute exacerbation of hyperthyroidism. It occurs if a thyrotoxic patient has been inadequately prepared for thyroidectomy and is now extremely rare. Very rarely, a thyrotoxic patient presents in a crisis and this may follow an unrelated operation. Symptomatic and supportive treatment is for dehydration, hyperpyrexia and restlessness. This requires the administration of intravenous fluids, cooling the patient with ice packs, administration of oxygen, diuretics for cardiac failure, digoxin for uncontrolled atrial fibrillation, sedation and intravenous hydrocortisone. Specific treatment is by carbimazole 10-20 mg 6-hourly, LugoVs iodine 10 drops 8-hourly by mouth or sodium iodide Ig i.v. Propranolol intravenously (1--2 mg) or orally (40 mg 6-hourty) will block b-adrenergic effects. " --Bailey 26/e p762Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxic crisis)It is an emergency due to decompensated hyperthyroidismQ.Treatment of Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxic crisis)Non-selective beta--blocker (Propranolol):Most valuable measure in thyroid stormQ,In thyroid storm most of the symptoms are because of adrenergic over activity due to increased tissue sensitivity to catecholamines in hyperthyroidism.This increased sensitivity is due to increased number of beta receptorsQ.Quick relief is obtained by blocking beta-receptors.Propylthiouracil:Antithyroid drug of choice for thyroid stormQReduces hormone synthesis as well as peripheral conversion of T4 to T3QCorticosteroids (Hydrocortisone):Inhibits both release of thyroid hormone from the gland and peripheral conversion of T4 to T3QIodides (Potassium iodide or lopanoic acid):Used to inhibit further hormone releaseQ from the gland.Other Measures:Diltiazem, if tachycardia is not controlled by propranolol alone.Rehydration, anxiolytics, external cooling & appropriate antibiotics | Surgery | Surgical Approaches to the Thyroid | A patient underwent thyroidectomy for Hyperthyroidism. Two days later he presented with features of thyroid storm. What is the most likely cause?(AIIMS November 2015. COMED K 2007)
A. Poor antibiotic coverage
B. Rough handling during surgery
C. Removal of parathyroid
D. Inadequate preoperative preparation
| Inadequate preoperative preparation |
fb71ea73-e6f9-4ebd-985b-b29a6a1a3d2b | Signs of mild or moderate dehydration include: Thirst ,Dry or sticky mouth. Signs of severe dehydration include: Not peeing or having very dark yellow pee. Very dry skin. Feeling dizzy. Rapid heabeat. Rapid breathing. Sunken eyes. Sleepiness, lack of energy, confusion or irritability. Fainting. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition | Pediatrics | Fluid and electrolytes | Best parameter to monitor the response to injection of a bolus dose of fluids in a dehydrated child is
A. Skin condition
B. Difference between core and surface temperature
C. Capillary refilling time
D. Radial pulse
| Radial pulse |
18ab94a6-64fb-4bff-82b3-27ab2a8ecbf9 | (A) 4-10 minutes # Decrease in cerebral blood flow to zero causes death of brain tissue within 4-10 minutes;> Values <16-18 mL/100 g tissue per minute cause infarction within an hour; and> Values <20 mL/100 g tissue per minute cause ischemia without infarction unless prolonged for several hours or days.> If blood flow is restored prior to a significant amount of cell death, the patient may experience only transient symptoms, and the clinical syndrome is called a TIA.> Tissue surrounding the core region of infarction is ischemic but reversibly dysfunctional and is referred to as the ischemic penumbra.> The penumbra may be imaged by using perfusion-diffusion imaging with MRI or CT | Pathology | Misc. | A decrease in cerebral blood flow to zero causes death of brain tissue within
A. 4 -- 10 minutes
B. 20 -- 30 minutes
C. 50 -- 60 minutes
D. 80 -- 90 minutes
| 4 -- 10 minutes |
01588023-641f-46d3-a9fb-83ce0c09bf7c | The recommended lifespan of various Cu T devices are as follows: Cu T 380A - 10 years Cu T 380Ag - 4 years Cu T 200 - 4 years Nova Cu T 200 - 5 years Cu T 220C - 3 years Multiload Cu T 250 - 3 years Multiload Cu T 375 - 5 years Ref: Comp Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sadhana Gupta, 2011, Page 308 | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null | What is the recommended lifespan of Cu T 380A is?
A. 4 years
B. 5 years
C. 3 Years
D. 10 Years
| 10 Years |
eb1b3716-9e5b-4203-a9ec-c4c7764963e0 | Ref: HL Sharma 3rd ed pg no:140 DOC for chronic glaucoma is latanoprost- PGF2 alpha analog It acts by increasing uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor | Pharmacology | Autonomic nervous system | Which of the drug's main action is increasing uveo-scleral outflow
A. Apraclonidine
B. Latanoprost
C. Timolol
D. Brinzolamide
| Latanoprost |
bb8e117f-2c6f-4d64-9f6a-62e4567222d2 | Vertebra plana
This term is used to describe uniform collapse of a vertebral body into a thin, flat disc. The most common cause is eosinophilic granuloma, with the thoracic vertebrae most frequently affected. Causes are :-
Histocytosis - X (Eosinophilic granuloma)
Leukemia
TB
Metastasis, Multiple myeloma, Ewing's sarcoma, lymphoma
Osteochondritis of vertebral body (Calve's disease)
Hemangioma
Trauma
Steroids | Orthopaedics | null | Vertebra plana seen in -a) Eosinophilia granulomab) Traumac) Paget's diseased) Malignancye) Ewing's sarcoma
A. abcd
B. bcde
C. abde
D. ade
| abde |
f0f3affb-7868-4b06-bfcf-f8ea3203005a | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Anterior communicating artery and anterior cerebral artery AZX | Surgery | Nervous System | Which is the most common site for berry aneurysm in circle of willis is seen at bifurcation between
A. Anterior communicating artery and anterior cerebral artery
B. Basilar artery and posterior cerebral artery
C. Internal carotid artery and posterior communicating artery
D. Anterior cerebral and middle cerebral artery
| Anterior communicating artery and anterior cerebral artery |
37e5fc4c-fd2e-4da8-abe7-736b9a3e6ea5 | Ans. a (Live attenuated vaccine). (Ref. Park, PSM, 17th ed., 148)VACCINESLive attenuated vaccinesInactivated or killed vaccines1.BCG1.Typhoid2.Typhoid oral2.Cholera3.Plague3.Pertussis4.Mumps4.C.S. Meningitis5.Measles5.Plague6.Rubella6.Rabies7.Yellow fever7.Influenza8.OPV8.KFD vaccine9.Influenza9.Salk (Polio)10.Epi. typhus10.Hepatitis B 11.Japanese Encephalitis | Social & Preventive Medicine | Communicable Diseases | BCG is
A. Live attenuated vaccine
B. Killed vaccine
C. Toxoid
D. Immunosuppressant agent
| Live attenuated vaccine |
1a720239-736e-4eb5-934a-ca2b0d6b43e7 | The esophagus is considered to be located in the superior and posterior mediastinum. | Anatomy | null | NOT a content of middle mediastinum:
A. Ascending aoa
B. Oesophagus
C. Pulmonary trunk
D. Phrenic nerve
| Oesophagus |
1347f5ed-eaae-4658-bed8-f1899f21a268 | Proteins that bind to DNA contain a limited number of motifs.The helix-loop-helix motif is an example found in a number of proteins that function in a number of proteins that function as transcription factors Example: zinc fingers, and leucine zippers . REF :LIPPINCOTT'S TEXTBOOK OF BICHEMISTRY ;8th EDITION ;Page no :18 AND 422. | Biochemistry | Metabolism of nucleic acids | Leucine zipper complex is
A. B cell epitomes
B. Receptor ligand protein
C. DNA binding protein
D. Membrane attack complex
| DNA binding protein |
945e7a60-65b3-4ad5-a906-1f48171ab1ef | Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage is not a cause of hypotony maculopathy. Hypotony maculopathy is low IOP associated with chorioretinal folds near macula, optic nerve head edema and vessel touosity. Causes Postoperative Hypotony Mitomycin C (MMC) toxicity of the ciliary body Overfiltering Bleb Wound Leak Traumatic Hypotony Scleral perforation Retinal Detachment Cyclodialysis Bilateral Hypotony Osmotic Dehydration Diabetic coma Uremia | Ophthalmology | Glaucoma | Hypotony maculopathy, which of the following is not a cause?
A. Perforating Corneal ulcer
B. Overfiltering bleb
C. Cyclodialysis
D. Suprachoroidal hemorrhage
| Suprachoroidal hemorrhage |
cc04631d-ca81-431e-95ef-c35461ade456 | P.falciparum Forms in peripheral blood-ring forms and gametocytes (crescent shaped) A) Most pathogenic B). No relapses in P.falciparum-exo-erythrocytic schizogony is absent C). Complications-pernicious malaria,black water fever D)pernicious malaria-1). Cerebral malaria-hyperpyrexia, coma,paralysis.Brain is congested.Capillaries of the brain are plugged with parasitised erythrocytes 2). Algid malaria-cold clammy skin leading to circulatory failure 3). Septicaemic malaria- high continuous fever with involvement of various organs Black water fever * Previously infected * Intravascular haemolysis fever and haemoglobinuria * Autoimmune mechanism * Bilious vomiting+prostration+black urine(refer pgno:60 baveja 3 rd edition) | Microbiology | parasitology | Stage of falciparum not seen in PBS is -
A. Schizont
B. Gametocyte
C. Ring form
D. Double ring
| Schizont |
1d941c9a-b62a-402c-a55d-4db6a4b63216 | Ref: Dana Textbook of Obstetrics, 5th ed pg 506 Explanation: See the following table Antihypertensives Used in Pregnancy MOA Side effects Remarks Methyl dopa Centrally acting anti-adrenergic * Drowsiness * Headache * Postnatal depression * Postural hypotension * Liver dysfunction * Leukopenia * Hemolytic anemia Contraindicated in patients taking * MAO inhibitors * Lithium * Liver failure * Positive Coombs test Clonidine Centrally acting sympathetic inhibitor * Drowsiness * Dry mouth * Dry eyes * Nausea * Reduced fetal heart rate Sudden stoppage should be avoided due to pressor effect Oxprenolot Beta blocker * Nightmares Labetalol Alpha and beta blocker * Worsening asthma * Cough * Nightmares * Bradycardia Contraindicated in asthmatics Avoided in * Pbemochoromocytoma * Heart failure, bradycardia * Peripheral vascular disease * Raynaud's phenomenon Nifedipine Calcium channel blocker * Headache * Edema * Palpitations * Nausea * Dizziness Metabolised through CYT P450-3A4 - Possible interaction with phenytoin and cisapride Hydralazine Peripheral vasodilator * Flushing * Palpitations * Headache * Nausea 2nd or 3rd line agent. Can cause autoimmune lupus | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Management and Long-Term Consequences | Antihypertensive of choice in pregnancy is:
A. Hydralazine
B. Propranolol
C. Alpha methyl dopa
D. Labetalol
| Labetalol |
a19d4bb7-7265-4a60-8dce-f029d0fad68d | Behcet syndrome is a multisystem disorder that usually presents with recurrent oral and genital ulcers. Onefouh of patients develop superficial or deep vein thrombophlebitis. Iritis, uveitis, and nondeforming ahritis may also occur. The 50-year-old drug abuser also has a multisystem disease, including systemic complaints, hypeension, skin lesions, neuropathy, and an abnormal urine sediment. This complex suggests a vasculitis, paicularly polyaeritis nodosa. The disease is a necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium muscular aeries. The pathology of the kidney includes an aeritis and, in some cases, a glomerulitis. Nodular skin lesions show vasculitis on biopsy. The 19-year-old with low back pain, morning stiffness, and eye pain has complaints that suggest ankylosing spondylitis. This is an inflammatory disorder that affects the axial skeleton. It is an autoimmune disorder that has a close association with HLA-B27 histocompatibility antigen. Anterior uveitis is the most common extraaicular complaint. Aoic regurgitation occurs in a few percent of patients. The elderly male presents with nonspecific joint complaints typical of polymyalgia rheumatica. The high erythrocyte sedimentation rate is characteristic. The transient loss of vision suggests concomitant temporal aeritis, an impoant association seen paicularly. | Surgery | null | A 50-year-old drug abuser presents with fever and weight loss. Exam shows hypeension, nodular skin rash, and peripheral neuropathy. ESR is 100 mm/L, and RBC casts are seen on urinalysis. (SELECT 1 DIAGNOSIS)
A. Behcet syndrome
B. Ankylosing spondylitis
C. Polymyalgia rheumatic
D. Polyaeritis nodosa
| Polyaeritis nodosa |
45dc7d7a-b30c-4a1a-9c8c-bad63175142c | Surgical treatment in thoracic outlet syndrome has been known to have devastating complications, especially brachial plexopathy (eg, injury to the long thoracic nerve with scapular winging). Conservative treatment appears to be the most universally accepted approach, with even surgeons recommending a prolonged trial before any operative procedure
Complications of surgical tit of thoracic outlet syndrome
Brachial plexus injury
Injury to long thoracic nerve leading to winging of the scapula
Homer's syndrome
Vascular injuries — subclavian artery , subclavian vein
Air embolus as a result of subclavian vein injury
Pneumothorax
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Thoracic outlet syndrome ( TOS ) refers to compression of the subclavian vessels and nerves of the brachial plexus in the region of the thoracic inlet. ( note that even though the actual site of pathology is the thoracic inlet the condition is called thoracic outlet syndrome )
These neurovascular structures of the upper extremity may be compressed by a variety of structures, such as
Bone- cervical rib, abnormal first rib, long transverse process of C7, osteoarthritis
Muscles- scalenus
Trauma- neck hematoma, bone dislocation, clavicular fracture
Fibrous bands- congenital or acquired
Neoplasms- Pancoast's tumor emedicine.com writes
The primary cause is believed to be mechanical or postural. Stress, depression, overuse, and habit all can lead to the forward head, droopy shoulder, and collapsed chest posture that allows the thoracic outlet to narrow and compress the neurovascular structures. Accessory ribs or fibrous bands when present, predispose the site to narrow and compression.
Management
Initial method of management is nonsurgical.
Physical and occupational therapy:
improvements in a postural sitting, standing, and sleeping positions are recommended, along with behavior modification at work.
muscle strengthening and stretching exercises
superficial or deep heat therapy
50 to 90% of patients can be treated with these nonsurgical measures.
Surgery
resection of the first rib, accessory rib or fibrous band, scalenectomy | Surgery | null | Which of the following is not a complication of surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome.
A. Pneumothorax
B. Brachial plexus injury
C. Lymphocutaneous fistula
D. Long thoracic nerve injury
| Lymphocutaneous fistula |
c26299fc-17c0-4ab7-b7dc-17de05de8936 | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Rt LR + Lt MRo Yoke muscle refers to the pair of muscles (one from each eye) which contract simultaneously during various movements.o For example, right lateral rectus and left medial rectus act as yoke muscles for Dextroversion movement.MovementYoke MusclesDextroelevationRight superior rectusLeft inferior obliqueLevoelevationLeft superior rectusRight inferior obliqueDextrodepressionRight inferior rectusLeft superior obliqueLevodepressionLeft inferior rectusRight superior obliqueDextroversionRight lateral rectusleft medial rectusLevoversionLeft lateral rectusRight medial rectus | Ophthalmology | Ocular Motility | Yoke muscle pair -
A. Rt IR + Rt SR
B. Rt LR + Rt MR
C. Rt LR + Lt MR
D. Lt LR + Lt MR
| Rt LR + Lt MR |
38052c82-e714-444e-86f7-b5160bcfe062 | *Bohler's Tuber angle and crucial angle of Gissane are measured for Intra Aicular Fractures of Calcaneum. Ref: Apley's 9th/e p.926 | Orthopaedics | Thigh, Knee,Leg,Foot & Ankle injuries | Bohler's angle is decreased in fracture of-
A. Calcaneum
B. Talus
C. Navicular
D. Cuboid
| Calcaneum |
1189f0bf-a550-4f12-99c2-f1538c1bd159 | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Anogenital wart Treatment options in wartsType of wartsTreatment optionsVarruca vulgarisCryotherapyElectric cautery, RFAWart paint (non on face, anogenital region)Mechanical removalPalmoplantar wartsWart paintCryotherapyFormain soaksFiliform wartsElectric cautery, RFAPlane wartsTrichloracetic acid touchRetionoic acidEpidermodyplasia verruciformisAcitretinAnoenital wartsPodophyllin/podophyllotoxinlmiquimodCryotherapy | Pharmacology | Skin | Iminoquimod is used in the treatment of -
A. Anogenital warts
B. Tenia versicolor
C. Melanoma
D. Sezary syndrome
| Anogenital warts |
1a997827-75b9-42ff-b347-d2b39adf6a99 | Ans: c (Ischaemia) Ref: Robbins, 7th ed,p. 12Both hypoxia and ischaemia produces irreversible cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration, but ischaemia not only compromises the supply of oxygen but also compromises metabolic substrates including glucose (which is normally provided by the blood). Therefore ischaemic injuries are more rapid and severe than hypoxic injuries.Depletion of ATP: ATP depletion and decreased ATP synthesis are frequently associated with both hypoxic and toxic (chemical) injuries. They are slower than ischaemic injury.Increased cytosolic Ca2+: Increase in cytosolic Ca2+ can occur in cell injury due to ischaemia as well as toxins. But it is not specific for irreversible cell injury. It can be found in reversible cell injury also.Also, loss of Ca2+ homeostasis is not always a proximal event in irreversible cell injury. | Pathology | Cellular Pathology | Which of the following produces irreversible cell injury faster?
A. Increased cytosolic Ca2+
B. Decreased ATP
C. Ischaemia
D. Hypoxia
| Ischaemia |
adef34e5-392a-45a4-a5a3-ec1d34dd2506 | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Guava o The richest source of vitamin C is Indian goosebery (Amla),o Important sources of vitamin C in decreasing order : -Amla > Guava > Cabbage > Amaranath > Lime > Cauliflower > Orange > Spinach > Tomato > Potato | Social & Preventive Medicine | Vitamins | Richest source of vitamin C -
A. Guava
B. Lime
C. Orange
D. Tomato
| Guava |
82f014e5-14b1-4c58-83e6-17d4a2ec93dc | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Depressiono Depresson is the most common psychiatric disorder that affect 15% of the population at some time in their lives (Mates - 8-12%; Females -20-25%). Middle aged (25-45 years) females are most commonly affected.o Note : Among the given options, depression is most common. Overall, anxiety disorder is the most common psychiatric illness. | Psychiatry | Substance Abuse | Most common psychiatric illness -
A. Depression
B. Bipolar
C. Mania
D. Cyclothymia
| Depression |
1aa45a13-94ca-4936-bde2-46b5527e91ee | Bromocriptine and cabergoline are dopamine agonists but bromocriptine usage in type 2 diabetes is approved.It has an interesting mechanism of action by inhibiting the dopamine dip that causes in early morning leading to hyperglycemia. Ref: Goodman and Gillman 13th ed | Pharmacology | Endocrinology | Dopamine agonist used in diabetes
A. Metformin
B. Bromocriptine
C. Cabergoline
D. Vanadium salts
| Bromocriptine |
a4f544bb-6dd2-4639-af78-1d9cfa683b24 | Hemothorax: Causes
trauma (most common)
tumor
tuberculosis
Diagnosis is made by needle aspiration of pleural fluid.
Harrison writes that for making a diagnosis of hemothorax, the pleural fluid hematocrit should be > 50% of the peripheral blood.
Chest X rays are taken to assess the presence and extent of pleural cavity collection (blood or simple plural fluid)
a supine position with horizontal x-ray beam (k/a decubitus position) is better than an erect film, as about 400-500 ml of blood may be hidden by diaphragm on upright chest x-ray.
Management of hemothorax
Most of the hemothorax can be t/t effectively with a large bore chest tube drainage and in most of the cases the bleeding stops as the lungs re-expands.
A small number of cases will require thoracotomy
continued bleeding
a significant blood clot has formed.
Currently, most hemothoraces requiring more than simple tube drainage can be managed with Videothoracoscopy. Thoracotomy may be needed only if more extensive exposure is needed to manage an active source of bleeding or if extensive decortication of the lung is necessary. | Surgery | null | About hemothorax -a) Seen in choriocarcinomab) Supine posture is better than erect posturec) Needle aspiration may be needed for diagnosisd) Thoracotomy is always done
A. ab
B. bc
C. acd
D. abc
| abc |
1b6cf2c7-e487-40d2-889d-a9e71edda597 | Nerve to serratus anterior or long thoracic nerve arises from the nerve root of C5-C7. Injury to this nerve causes the condition called winging of scapula due to paralysis of serratus anterior muscle. B D Chaurasia 7th edition Page no: 45 | Anatomy | Upper limb | In brachial plexus nerve arising from root is
A. Nerve to serratus anterior
B. Axillary nerve
C. Ulnar nerve
D. Suprascapular nerve
| Nerve to serratus anterior |
3c2d5abf-6069-461e-8f43-ee659192e6b9 | The Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) was developed in 1960 by John C. Greene and Jack R. Vermillion to classify and assess oral hygiene status.
To calculate the OHI, the DI and CI are summed: OHI = DI + CI
The DI and CI values range from 0 to 6.
OHI value ranges from 0 to 12.
Essentials of preventive and community dentistry
Soben Peter
5th edition
page no. 318 | Dental | null | Range of OHI is:
A. 0-4
B. 3-Jan
C. 0-6
D. 0-12
| 0-12 |
17f1fab5-fc95-4813-86a9-e8e54dbbd19c | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Loffelers serum slop Diphtheria bacilli grow on Loeffler's serum slope very rapidly and colonies can be seen in 6-8 hours, long before other bacteria grow. | Microbiology | null | A child come with fever, cold, cough, membrane over tonsils; nasal swab is taken, culture should be done on which medium for earliest diagnosis ?
A. Loffelers serum slop
B. L. J. media
C. MC Conkey's Agar
D. Citrate media
| Loffelers serum slop |
b90dd46f-ccce-4064-882e-498ee8a0ed33 | Semi-smokeless powder: It consists of a mixture of 80% black and 20% smokeless type Gunpowders: Black powder: It produces flame, smoke, and heat, and consists of granular ingredients, like sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate) Smokeless powder: It is more effective than black powder as it burns more efficiently and produces much less smoke, resulting in less blackening and tattooing around the entry wound. Ref - Krishnan Vij 5th edition pg 238-240 | Forensic Medicine | Special topics | Semi-Smoke less black powder is a mixture of
A. 50% black powder + 50% smokeless powder
B. 60% black powder + 40% smokeless powder
C. 70% black powder + 30% smokeless powder
D. 80% black powder + 20% smokeless powder
| 80% black powder + 20% smokeless powder |
ce2672dc-e8fa-472d-b89a-be3ba2cc33dc | Ans. (a) 24 hour urinary 5H.I.A.ARef: Harrison 19th ed. 1564-65* 5-HLAA is the major urinary metabolite of serotonin, a ubiquitous bioactive amine. Serotonin, and consequently 5-HLAA, are produced in excess by most carcinoid tumors, especially those producing the carcinoid syndrome of flushing, hepatomegaly, diarrhea, bronchospasm, and heart disease. | Medicine | Miscellaneous (Endocrinology) | Best test for diagnosis of Carcinoid tumor:
A. 24 hour urinary 5H.I.A.A
B. 24 hour catecholamines
C. 24 hour vaniylmandelic acid levels
D. 24 hour metanephrine levels
| 24 hour urinary 5H.I.A.A |
638f0292-d878-4116-b7bf-e3a92889ec1d | Ans. (b) Dormia BasketThe use of wire baskets under image intensifier control has been replaced by ureteroscopic techniques but they may be useful when the instruments and expertise are not available | Surgery | Kidney & Ureturs | Name the procedure shown here in ureter:
A. Stenting
B. Dormia Basket
C. Dilatation
D. Cannulation
| Dormia Basket |
92602acb-ab72-4d5f-a5e8-7207c85ccf92 | Ans. (b) Buerger's disease.Buerger's disease is also known as thromboangiitis obliterans. An inflammatory and obliterative disease of blood vessels of the extremities, mainly lower extremities. Occurring chiefly in smoker young men and leading to ischemia of the tissues and gangrene. Involvement of artery vein and nerve, most commonly involved is tibial artery. Intermittent claudication, pain at rest relieved by dangling legs. Dry gangrene in toes shows shriveled woody induration.IOC: Duplex USG (ankle brachial index: 0.5 to 0.9)Treatment: For Claudication pain, reducing the viscosity of blood pentoxifylline is used. For resting pain, lumbar sympathectomy. If gangrene, amputation done.Image source- style="font-family: Times New Roman, Times, serif"> | Surgery | Peripheral Arterial Occlusive Disease | Case of 30 year chronic smoker male, visited your clinic with this condition. Diagnosis:
A. Diabetic gangrene
B. Buerger's disease
C. Atherosclerotic plaque
D. Clostridium welchii infection
| Buerger's disease |
753272d3-7664-4621-a8ab-ca6cf6983fc1 | Prilocaine is a local anaesthetic similar to lignocaine. A metabolite of prilocaine has the potential to cause methaemoglobinemia. Prilocaine is used mainly for infiltration, nerve block and for providing intravenous regional anaesthesia. | Anaesthesia | null | Which of the following local anaesthetic has the potential to cause methamoglobinemia ?
A. Procaine
B. Prilocaine
C. Tetracaine
D. Bupivacaine
| Prilocaine |
ce1c6539-5e0b-4a1b-b3d7-81ba9fcb2d34 | <p> HIV-C is most common in India. Reference:HIV/AIDS care and counselling by ACV Dyk,4th edition,page no.21. | Social & Preventive Medicine | Communicable diseases | HIV C subtype is seen in -
A. India
B. Europe
C. America
D. Thailand
| India |
477a50e7-ec53-47c6-bd22-9a8c5ce8c5b1 | (Refer: AK Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmology, 6th edition, pg no. 50)
The contaminated contact lens provides Psuedomonas aeruginosa an idea site for attachment and biofilm production
Continuous contact of the eye to the biofilm-infested lens can lead to serious ocular diseases, such as keratitis (corneal ulcers)
The biofilm also prevent effective penetration of the antibiotics, which increase the chances of antibiotic resistance | Unknown | null | Antimicrobial resistance in frequent lens user is due to-
A. Biofilm formation
B. Improper handling
C. Unhygienic formation
D. Low potency of antibiotics
| Biofilm formation |
db3eba7a-a3ec-46ef-b041-1c76f143423d | Ans. D. CranioschisisCranioschisis (Greek: "kranion - kranion" skull, and "schisis -skhi/sis;" - split), or dysraphism, is a developmental birth defect involving the skull. In this disease, the cranium fails to close completely (especially at the occipital region). Thus, the brain is exposed to the amnios, and eventually degenerates, causing anencephaly.Craniorachischisis is on the extreme end of the dysraphism spectrum, wherein the entire length of the neural tube fails to close | Pediatrics | Genetics And Genetic Disorders | What is your diagnosis:
A. Anencephaly
B. Iniencephaly
C. Myelomeningocele
D. Craniorachischisis
| Craniorachischisis |
bf16bd33-e644-47f0-b200-abdf59c8a67e | Chlorpropamide is a first generation sulphonylurea. It causes cholestatic jaundice, intolerance to alcohol in predisposed subjects(flushing and a disulfiram like reaction). Disulfiram like reaction seen with: chlorpropomide, tolbutamide, metronidazole, gresiofulvin, cefoperazone, cefomandole etc (REF.Essential of medical pharmacology K D TRIPATHI 6 Edition, Page No - 267) | Pharmacology | Endocrinology | Flushing is common in patient taking which of the follwing oral hypoglycemic drug with alcohol:
A. Chlorprompamide
B. Phenformin
C. Glibenclamide
D. Tolazamide
| Chlorprompamide |
2b8a3961-bacc-4d6d-bd77-14258285bb24 | Ans. d (Surfactant deficiency). (Ref. Nelson, Textbook of Paediatrics, 18th/731)HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE# Common in premature, IDM and infants delivered by caesarean section.# Clinically manifests shortly after birth (dyspnoea and cyanotic attacks).# X-ray chest shows "ground glass" mottling.# As HMD progresses, influx of plasma renders the lungs more radio-opaque, reticulogranular shadowing becomes more confluent & ground glass haziness is seen with loss of clarity of diaphragm & heart.# Mortality 33%# Hyaline membrane is a homogenous eosinophilic membrane plastering the alveolar ducts and terminal bronchiole in HMD.# Rx .-Timely steroids, exogenous surfactant therapy and oxygen (not 100 %) are useful in treatment. | Pediatrics | New Born Infants | Primary cause of hyaline membrane disease is
A. Prematurity
B. Oxygen toxicity
C. Alveolar inflammation
D. Surfactant deficiency
| Surfactant deficiency |
a2914d7d-f520-476f-a51e-1e5ac51f12c7 | Ans. (a) Proximal part of VIDRef: Sabiston 20th edition, Page 1284* Meckel's diverticulum results from incomplete closure of proximal VID* Raspberry tumor (Umbilical adenoma) is persistence of distal VID | Surgery | Small & Large Intestine | Meckel's derived from;
A. Proximal part of VID
B. Distal part of VID
C. Entire VID
D. Urachus
| Proximal part of VID |
52f0d816-ae13-4537-88cb-6789a498f8d2 | Pyloric stenosis causes Metabolic alkalosis. Rest all causes metabolic acidosis. | Surgery | null | Condition which does not cause metabolic acidosis
A. Renal failure
B. Pyloric stenosis
C. Biliary fistula
D. Ureterosigmoidostomy
| Pyloric stenosis |
7368afb5-786e-410d-8674-f12ce9bdec3f | al-antitrypsin deficiency can cause cholestatic Jaundice. | Pediatrics | null | Hyperbilirubinemia in a child can be due to –a) Breast milk jaundiceb) Cystic fibrosisc) Fanconi's syndromed) α–1 antitrypsin deficiency
A. ad
B. c
C. ac
D. ab
| ad |
36724429-06b0-4f79-beee-cec6fde30782 | Firearm are of 2 types - rifled and shotgun weapons. The rifled weapon contains grooves called riffling. In shotgun no grooves are present so it is also known as smooth bore gun in which small lead shots or pellets are used which spreads to other distances when the lead pellets come out. This is called dispersion. To avoid dispersion, choking is done in which terminal end of barrel is narrowed. There are different grades of choking - full choked, half choked, quaer choked So in quaer choking maximum depression is produced. | Forensic Medicine | Ballistics | Which type of chocking in SHOT gun produce maximum dispersion of pellets?
A. Fully chocked
B. Half
C. Quaer
D. Three fouh
| Quaer |
2adacb9b-8446-43d6-891f-e7f5836b614f | Based on body surface area ( BSA) of skin involved, epidermal necrolysis is classified into SJS: less than 10% BSASJS_TEN overlap: 10-30% BSA TEN : more than 30% BSA. From illustrated synopsis of dermatology and sexually transmitted diseases neena khanna 5th edition page no 92 | Dental | Vestibulobullous disorders | Toxic epidermal necrolysis {TEN} involves body surface area
A. <10%
B. 10-20%
C. 20-30%
D. >30
| >30 |
f352b39c-1ce3-49f3-b4dc-49aa21aedb36 | TG derived from intestinal absorption of fats are transpoed in the blood as a lipoprotein complex called chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are small microscopic paicles of fats, about 1m in diameter and are responsible for transpo of exogenous (TG) in the blood. * Similarly, TG that are synthesised in Liver cells is conveed to lipoprotein paicles, called very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and thrown into the circulation. VLDL is mainly concerned with transpo of endogenous TG. In addition to above: * Fatty acids released from adipose tissue by hydrolysis of TG are thrown in the circulation as free fatty acid (FFA). They are carried in non-esterified state in plasma, hence also called NEFA. In circulation, FFA/ NEFA combines with albumin and are carried as albumin-FFA complex. Some 25 to 30 mols of FFA are present in combination with one mol. of albumin.Ref: Textbook of Medical Biochemistry 8th Edition Dr (Brig) MN Chatterjea, Rana Shinde page no: 445 | Biochemistry | Metabolism of lipid | The dietary fats are transmitted from GIT to adipocytes in the form of
A. Diacyl glycerol
B. Triacylglycerol
C. Fat misseles
D. Chylomicrons
| Chylomicrons |
4395069d-44f5-4cfc-8cf0-8d7d9ed33202 | A small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is one of many small RNA species confined to the nucleus; several of the snRNAs are involved in splicing or other RNA processing reactions.Small cytoplasmic RNAs (scRNA) are present in the cytoplasm and (sometimes are also found in the nucleus).snRNPs (snurp) are small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNAs associated with proteins).scRNPs (scyrp) are small cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins (scRNAs associated with proteins).The spliceosome is a complex formed by the snRNPs that are required for splicing together with additional protein factors.Anti-Sm is an autoimmune antiserum that defines the Sm epitope that is common to a group of proteins found in snRNPs that are involved in RNA splicing. The five snRNPs involved in splicing are U1, U2, U5, U4, and U6.Together with some additional proteins, the snRNPs from the spliceosome.All the snRNPs except U6 contain a conserved sequence that binds the Sm proteins that are recognized by antibodies generated in autoimmune disease. | Biochemistry | Metabolism of nucleic acids | Splicing activity is a function of
A. mRNA
B. snRNA
C. rRNA
D. tRNA
| snRNA |
9e81fcd0-6ca6-41ce-b874-2b46a17a50d1 | Ref. API Textbook of Medicine. Pg. 1313
Cutaneous vasculitis features – Diagnosis
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs):
Group of autoantibodies
IgG type mainly,
Produced against antigens in cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes & monocytes.
Particularly associated with systemic vasculitis, so called “ANCA-associated vasculitis”.
c-ANCA – Abs against MPO, p-ANCA - Abs Against PR3 | Unknown | null | Patient presenting with cutaneous vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, peripheral neuropathy, which of the following will help in diagnosis?
A. ANCA
B. RA factor
C. Hbsag
D. MIF
| ANCA |
f2151faa-c31b-4401-acdc-ccef4f852a3c | Characteristics Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis 1 Referred Gonococcus Meningococcus. 2 Vaccine Development No Serogroup A, B, C, Y and W-135 meningococcal infections can be prevented by vaccines. 3 Colony Morphology Smooth, round, moist, uniform grey/brown colonies with a greenish colour Smooth, round, moist, uniform large grey/brown colonies with a glistening surface and entire edges. 4 Morphology Kidney shaped with apposing ends concave. Semicircular ,diplococcus with flat apposing ends. 5 Autolyse May autolyse Autolyse 6 Maltose Fermentation No Yes 7 Nitrite Reduction Doesn't reduce nitrites. Reduce nitrites 8 Capsule No Yes (anti-phagocytic) 9 Site of Infection Infection of the anogenital tract. Colonizes the upper respiratory tract as a commensal 10 Pathogens Always a pathogen Not always considered as pathogens 11 Enzyme Production Doesn't produce gamma-glutamylaminotransferase. Produces gamma-glutamylaminotransferase. 12 Specimen Collection Transpo swab of endocervix, urethra, rectum, pharynx, conjunctiva, blood, joint fluid, aspirates from skin lesions. Collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, swab skin lesions and nasopharynx. 13 B-Lactamase Production Common Rare 14 Prevalence and Moality High prevalence and low moality Low prevalence and high moality. 15 Superbug Considered as "superbug" Not considered as "superbug" 16 Pathogenesis Cause conjunctivitis, pharyngitis, proctitis or urethritis, prostatitis, and orchitis. Cause meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as meningococcemia, a life-threatening sepsis. | Microbiology | Systemic Bacteriology Pa 1 (Gram Positive Cocci, Gram Negative Cocci) | Meningococci differ from gonococci as they:
A. Are intracellular
B. Possess a capsule
C. Causes fermentation of glucose
D. Are oxidase positive
| Possess a capsule |
0df54f8e-0373-4ef8-9d7a-83ae9f60ccca | Asparaginase. Asparaginase is an enzyme that is used as a medication and in food manufacturing. As a medication, L-asparaginase is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is given by injection into a vein, muscle, or under the skin Ref Davidson 23rd edition pg 920 | Medicine | Haematology | Enzyme used in Leukemia-
A. Asparginase
B. Lipase
C. Amylase
D. Transminase
| Asparginase |
134c5bb9-7268-4588-a165-04ed8c3964a4 | Tillaux's sign: In mesenteric cyst, the swelling moves freely in a plane at right angles to the attachment of the mesenteryRef: Bailey and love 27e pg: 1063 | Surgery | General surgery | Tillaux's sign is seen in
A. Abdominal tuberculosis
B. Peritonitis
C. Mesenteric cyst
D. Misty mesentery
| Mesenteric cyst |
d02ae023-23cd-4356-84e9-4ef4d33bba0a | Ans. is 'd' i.e., EBV (Ref: Ananthanarayan, 9th/e, p. 565 and 8th/e, p. 563)* EBV has been implicated in causation of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. | Microbiology | Human Immunodeficiency Virus | Oncogenic virus is:
A. CMV
B. VZV
C. Polio virus
D. EBV
| EBV |
ec13c2b3-9b79-42c2-ab28-e38a7132429f | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Primaseo DNA synthesis cannot commence with deoxyribonucleotides because DNA polymerase cannot add a mononucleotide to another mononucleotide.o Thus, DNA polymerase cannot initiate synthesis of complementary DNA synthesis strand of DNA on a totally single stranded template.o For this, they require RNA primer, which is a short piece of RNA formed by enzyme primase(RNA polymerase) using DNA as a template.o RNA primer is then extended by addition of deoxyribonucleotides.o Later on, the ribonucleotides of the primer are replaced by deoxyribonucleotides.# Note : Primase is actually a DNA primase which has RNA polymerase activity. This DNA primase is also called DNA polymerase a. | Biochemistry | Transcription | RNA polymerase has which activity -
A. Primase
B. Helicase
C. Ligase
D. Topoisomerase
| Primase |
5b010840-6b82-4d01-a65e-abd6ca61c438 | Ans is 'b' ie. Round worm infestation I have looked in Chapman, Sutton, Sabiston, and Schwaz without any success. Residents do not know about it (Only God Knows) | Surgery | null | Which of the following will give Medusa head colony on x-ray -
A. Hook worm infestation
B. Round worm infestation
C. Tenia solium infestation
D. a + b
| Round worm infestation |
7e27bc9a-b6c2-41ec-8918-fb330bac4ca7 | ATROPA BELLADONNA AND HYOSCYAMUS NIGER: Atropa belladonna/ deadly nightshade is a plant of Europe and Asia. All pas are toxic The active principle is - hyoscyamine. This group of compounds acts by inhibiting the muscarine effects of acetylcholine. Mydriatic Test: A drop of the solution to be tested is put into the eyes of a cat. The pupils dilate within half hour if datura is present, due to the presence of atropine. Drugs causing dilatation of pupils: Datura, Atropine, Belladonna, Cannabis, Cocaine, Alcohol | Forensic Medicine | Drug Abuse | Pupillary dilatation is seen in which of the following drug abuse ?
A. Organophosphorus compounds
B. Belladona
C. Heroin
D. Morphine
| Belladona |
55f7d887-51b7-4af8-a6d0-188ca50a6817 | DOC for Cisplatin induced nausea & vomiting within 24 hours is Ondansetron.
DOC for Cisplatin induced nausea & vomiting after 2days is Aprepitant. | Pharmacology | null | DOC for Cisplatin induced nausea & vomiting occuring within 24 hours is
A. Aprepitant
B. Fosaprepitant
C. Ondansetron
D. Promethazine
| Ondansetron |
f367eea9-0eb0-4ea4-a620-38366b30366b | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Teres minor Branches of posterior cord are :?Upper subscapular :- Supplies subscapularis.Lower subcapular :- Supplies subscapularis and teres major.Axillary nerve :- Supplies teres minor and deltoid.Thoracodorsal nerve :- Supplies latissimus dorsi.Radial nerve :- Supplies triceps and extensors of elbow, wrist and fingers. | Anatomy | null | Posterior cord supplies ?
A. Teres minor
B. Teres minor
C. Coracobrachialis
D. Long head of biceps
| Teres minor |
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